diff --git a/-7dYXCHtTFY.txt b/-7dYXCHtTFY.txt
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+++ b/-7dYXCHtTFY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8885 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's start what's energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this being a Sloan class we do cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a Sloan class we do cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a Sloan class we do cold
+calls so I walk up to Eric and I say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls so I walk up to Eric and I say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls so I walk up to Eric and I say how
+should we define energy for this class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we define energy for this class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we define energy for this class I
+find energy is currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currency so we should be doing monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so we should be doing monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so we should be doing monetary
+economics as opposed to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as opposed to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as opposed to thinking about
+electric power and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I see energy going into everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see energy going into everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see energy going into everything we
+manufacture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture
+but if it's just money then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's just money then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's just money then there's
+nothing special about this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing special about this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing special about this class we
+could just do plain old price theory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do plain old price theory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do plain old price theory or
+we could just plain old micro or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just plain old micro or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just plain old micro or we
+could do plain old plain old like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do plain old plain old like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do plain old plain old like
+monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's see if everybody agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see if everybody agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see if everybody agrees
+Julian where are you on this how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian where are you on this how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian where are you on this how would
+you define energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define energy
+okay we're now we're now into basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're now we're now into basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're now we're now into basic
+physics even I remember that I am an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics even I remember that I am an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics even I remember that I am an
+alumnus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumnus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumnus
+perhaps we could be a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps we could be a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps we could be a little less
+abstract what are some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract what are some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract what are some interesting
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+that fit under that very broad 801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit under that very broad 801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit under that very broad 801
+heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading
+heading I mean these energy firm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading I mean these energy firm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading I mean these energy firm very
+broad varieties of giving the lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad varieties of giving the lights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad varieties of giving the lights on
+transportation manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation manufacturing
+it's really kind of integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really kind of integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really kind of integrated
+everything we do from like an economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do from like an economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do from like an economics
+engineer it supports all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer it supports all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer it supports all of our
+communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications
+like without energy or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like without energy or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like without energy or at least
+electrical energy in petroleum energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical energy in petroleum energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical energy in petroleum energy we
+would really aim it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really aim it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really aim it
+nowhere but we'll probably exclude the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere but we'll probably exclude the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere but we'll probably exclude the
+ability to do work that you have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do work that you have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do work that you have just
+personally it would probably exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally it would probably exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally it would probably exclude
+some forms of energy that doesn't do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forms of energy that doesn't do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forms of energy that doesn't do you
+that don't do useful work but but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't do useful work but but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't do useful work but but what
+you're saying is there's a wide variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is there's a wide variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is there's a wide variety
+of sources and a wide variety of uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sources and a wide variety of uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sources and a wide variety of uses
+that's true but you could probably as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but you could probably as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but you could probably as
+you just did name the principal ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just did name the principal ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just did name the principal ones
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me ask Sam why are you interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask Sam why are you interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask Sam why are you interested in
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+step one back why are you interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one back why are you interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one back why are you interested in
+that I think one of the main you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think one of the main you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think one of the main you have
+right now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now with
+international relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're interested in energy security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're interested in energy security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're interested in energy security
+kinds of questions okay yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions okay yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions okay yeah um
+developing nations that haven't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing nations that haven't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing nations that haven't yet
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can you think about some can there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you think about some can there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you think about some can there be
+some sort of leapfrogging strategy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of leapfrogging strategy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of leapfrogging strategy the
+way developing countries have bypassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way developing countries have bypassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way developing countries have bypassed
+wireline telephones and jump to mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireline telephones and jump to mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireline telephones and jump to mobile
+is there something like that in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something like that in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something like that in energy
+you know we're going to do less on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to do less on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to do less on
+developed countries than I'd like but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries than I'd like but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries than I'd like but we
+will do some because that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do some because that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do some because that's a very
+interesting question okay variety of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question okay variety of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question okay variety of a
+variety of interests we had a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of interests we had a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of interests we had a couple of
+definitions of the energy problem I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of the energy problem I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of the energy problem I'm
+sorry for the us focus but we will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for the us focus but we will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for the us focus but we will we
+will broaden we had a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will broaden we had a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will broaden we had a couple of
+definitions of energy problem in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of energy problem in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of energy problem in those
+answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+one has to do with the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to do with the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to do with the possibility of
+running out sustainability another has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out sustainability another has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out sustainability another has
+to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+environment is there are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is there are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is there are there any other
+aspects to the energy problem and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to the energy problem and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to the energy problem and energy
+security international dependence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security international dependence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security international dependence are
+there any other aspects to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other aspects to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other aspects to the energy
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+that people have thought about I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have thought about I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have thought about I mean if
+there is an energy problem you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an energy problem you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an energy problem you hear
+about it all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all the time
+is there anything else Sara a cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anything else Sara a cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anything else Sara a cost and
+market efficiency because you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market efficiency because you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market efficiency because you don't have
+storage you have things like wind power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage you have things like wind power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage you have things like wind power
+that can cause a lot of problems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can cause a lot of problems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can cause a lot of problems in the
+market so there are two to two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so there are two to two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so there are two to two things
+there one is even if we don't run out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one is even if we don't run out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one is even if we don't run out it
+might get really expensive so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get really expensive so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get really expensive so it's not a
+question of oh my god this is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of oh my god this is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of oh my god this is the last
+drop of oil it's oh my god this drop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop of oil it's oh my god this drop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop of oil it's oh my god this drop of
+oil is seven thousand dollars that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil is seven thousand dollars that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil is seven thousand dollars that's a
+different kind of problem economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of problem economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of problem economists
+like the second part I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second part I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second part I think that the
+world tends to get you to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world tends to get you to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world tends to get you to the second
+kind not the last drop but the expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind not the last drop but the expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind not the last drop but the expensive
+and then the issue of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the issue of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the issue of how do you
+actually do renewables when renewables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do renewables when renewables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do renewables when renewables
+don't work like dispatchable power okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work like dispatchable power okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work like dispatchable power okay
+those are those are energy problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why haven't they been solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why haven't they been solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why haven't they been solved
+yeah that was that either either you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was that either either you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was that either either you're
+waving for flies or you have your ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving for flies or you have your ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving for flies or you have your ready
+to go well so one of the problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go well so one of the problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go well so one of the problems like
+David prices in the u.s. people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David prices in the u.s. people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David prices in the u.s. people need to
+focus usually just a whistle on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus usually just a whistle on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus usually just a whistle on the
+supply side but it's actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side but it's actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side but it's actually kind of
+both supply you demand and the US has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both supply you demand and the US has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both supply you demand and the US has
+one of the highest demands for energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the highest demands for energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the highest demands for energy in
+the entire world so you know the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world so you know the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world so you know the country
+used to be a major oil exporter prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be a major oil exporter prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be a major oil exporter prior to
+World War two and now we're like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War two and now we're like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War two and now we're like one of
+the major oil reporters so a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major oil reporters so a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major oil reporters so a big problem
+it's actually the brutality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the brutality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the brutality of the
+consumers being in the u.s. excessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers being in the u.s. excessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers being in the u.s. excessive
+spending someone's support well apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending someone's support well apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending someone's support well apart
+from being terrible people which I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being terrible people which I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being terrible people which I give
+you uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh I mean
+there are a lot of you know it cost us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of you know it cost us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of you know it cost us
+money to import all this oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to import all this oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to import all this oil
+right expensive the price varies I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right expensive the price varies I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right expensive the price varies I'll
+talk about that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that a little bit
+why is this not a problem that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this not a problem that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this not a problem that the
+markets why are some of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets why are some of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets why are some of these problems
+problems that markets solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that markets solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that markets solve
+um I think that there are huge barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that there are huge barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that there are huge barriers
+to entry because the cost of laying down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to entry because the cost of laying down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to entry because the cost of laying down
+the infrastructure you talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure you talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure you talk about the
+power distribution infrastructures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power distribution infrastructures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power distribution infrastructures
+immense and it's something that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense and it's something that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense and it's something that I think
+only entities such as the government can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only entities such as the government can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only entities such as the government can
+and for um because I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for um because I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for um because I don't think that
+the private sector will be capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector will be capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector will be capable of
+funding such a huge research endeavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding such a huge research endeavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding such a huge research endeavor
+well except almost all the u.s. power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well except almost all the u.s. power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well except almost all the u.s. power
+grid is privately funded and privately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is privately funded and privately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is privately funded and privately
+owned not all of it but most of it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned not all of it but most of it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned not all of it but most of it so we
+built it before but you have a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it before but you have a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it before but you have a point
+where I would go with that I'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I would go with that I'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I would go with that I'll spend
+some time on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time on this is
+things move slowly in energy because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things move slowly in energy because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things move slowly in energy because of
+all the capital doesn't mean they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the capital doesn't mean they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the capital doesn't mean they don't
+move but they move slowly in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move but they move slowly in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move but they move slowly in one
+presentation we use the analogy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we use the analogy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we use the analogy of
+turning a tanker you can do it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning a tanker you can do it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning a tanker you can do it it's not
+easy and it takes a while Jackie you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and it takes a while Jackie you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and it takes a while Jackie you had
+a thought oh yeah there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought oh yeah there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought oh yeah there's a lot of
+consensus as to what should be done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus as to what should be done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus as to what should be done is
+essentially wide variety of pinyons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially wide variety of pinyons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially wide variety of pinyons and
+interests estate political economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests estate political economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests estate political economic
+social that there's no weight or there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social that there's no weight or there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social that there's no weight or there
+hasn't been a way so far -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been a way so far -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been a way so far -
+so we could maybe two alternative ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could maybe two alternative ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could maybe two alternative ways
+which we heard a lot about in the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we heard a lot about in the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we heard a lot about in the recent
+past to deal with the oil use problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past to deal with the oil use problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past to deal with the oil use problem is
+drill baby drill or conservation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill baby drill or conservation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill baby drill or conservation and you
+know you could imagine a world in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could imagine a world in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could imagine a world in which
+you would do both but you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do both but you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do both but you're right
+there's no there's no particular no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no particular no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no particular no
+particular consensus does there need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular consensus does there need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular consensus does there need to
+be a consensus now think about food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a consensus now think about food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a consensus now think about food
+there's no consensus on food we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no consensus on food we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no consensus on food we don't
+have a food problem but we lot and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a food problem but we lot and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a food problem but we lot and you
+know we're leading that we're leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're leading that we're leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're leading that we're leading
+the obesity epidemic I'm doing my part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obesity epidemic I'm doing my part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obesity epidemic I'm doing my part
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+but we don't have a national food policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have a national food policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have a national food policy
+really we have a farm policy but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we have a farm policy but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we have a farm policy but it's
+been in place for a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in place for a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in place for a long time and
+doesn't actually do that much so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually do that much so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually do that much so why do
+we need an energy policy I think we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need an energy policy I think we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need an energy policy I think we are
+requires some major steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some major steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some major steps that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+government or large or businesses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you're worried about scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're worried about scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're worried about scale
+questions so since you posed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so since you posed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so since you posed the
+question you can answer the question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you can answer the question yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you can answer the question yes
+I think it's not necessarily from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's not necessarily from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's not necessarily from
+corporations now having money to us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations now having money to us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations now having money to us in
+energy projects but that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy projects but that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy projects but that's not really
+true but the government is necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but the government is necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but the government is necessary
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you know what most of the you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what most of the you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what most of the you know very
+very major image problems energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very major image problems energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very major image problems energy
+projects will involve an investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects will involve an investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects will involve an investment
+timeline that will take 20-30 years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline that will take 20-30 years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline that will take 20-30 years to
+pay back so as people will run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back so as people will run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back so as people will run a
+corporation I mean they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation I mean they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation I mean they don't have a
+personal interest necessarily invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal interest necessarily invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal interest necessarily invest
+that because they're not the timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they're not the timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they're not the timeline
+that they're going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be that
+corporation is so limited so a big part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation is so limited so a big part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation is so limited so a big part
+of it is just kind of like the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is just kind of like the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is just kind of like the structure
+of corporations does it really favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corporations does it really favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corporations does it really favor
+that sort of investment so the Gandhis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of investment so the Gandhis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of investment so the Gandhis
+step back they call like long term ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back they call like long term ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back they call like long term ages
+but we did build the existing power grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did build the existing power grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did build the existing power grid
+and all of the existing infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the existing infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the existing infrastructure
+with private money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with private money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with private money
+so what's new now well I think back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's new now well I think back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's new now well I think back then
+also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like
+my corporation seems to be run much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my corporation seems to be run much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my corporation seems to be run much more
+by you know large families so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know large families so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know large families so in that
+case people didn't have interests in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case people didn't have interests in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case people didn't have interests in how
+companies would perform over the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would perform over the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would perform over the long
+run because they were thinking about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run because they were thinking about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run because they were thinking about you
+know my kids are gonna take over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my kids are gonna take over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my kids are gonna take over this
+company and I'm thinking about how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and I'm thinking about how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and I'm thinking about how I
+mean like a big part of a how III give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like a big part of a how III give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like a big part of a how III give
+you that possibility but in electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that possibility but in electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that possibility but in electric
+power it wasn't true Thomas Edison set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it wasn't true Thomas Edison set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it wasn't true Thomas Edison set
+up the first company it was not a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the first company it was not a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the first company it was not a family
+company so electric power doesn't fit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so electric power doesn't fit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so electric power doesn't fit it
+I mean let me try another non lines you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean let me try another non lines you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean let me try another non lines you
+would andreas as I mention also that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would andreas as I mention also that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would andreas as I mention also that one
+issue with electricity for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with electricity for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with electricity for example is
+that once it's in the grid you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once it's in the grid you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once it's in the grid you have no
+idea if you cannot differentiate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if you cannot differentiate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if you cannot differentiate whether
+it comes from coal or from nuclear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from coal or from nuclear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from coal or from nuclear from
+whatever source so that's an issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever source so that's an issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever source so that's an issue in
+pricing which may cause issues in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing which may cause issues in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing which may cause issues in each
+industry cause like people not to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry cause like people not to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry cause like people not to take
+initiative to from different sources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative to from different sources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative to from different sources to
+solve a common problem which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a common problem which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a common problem which could be
+the grid there could be something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid there could be something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid there could be something else
+and another thing is that which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another thing is that which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another thing is that which is also
+true that when food so I got kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that when food so I got kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that when food so I got kind of
+perplexed by that is that it's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexed by that is that it's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexed by that is that it's a it's an
+international issue that we both may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international issue that we both may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international issue that we both may
+involve many players to it's hard to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve many players to it's hard to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve many players to it's hard to to
+have different countries seeing agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different countries seeing agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different countries seeing agree
+upon the same standards as we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the same standards as we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the same standards as we've talked
+to look we've heard all about developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look we've heard all about developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look we've heard all about developing
+countries which develop to know them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries which develop to know them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries which develop to know them so
+we're going I let me pursue that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going I let me pursue that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going I let me pursue that a
+little bit because I think it takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because I think it takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because I think it takes us
+down the road I've been hoping to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the road I've been hoping to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the road I've been hoping to go
+down which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down which is
+why do we all need to agree we don't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we all need to agree we don't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we all need to agree we don't all
+have common food standards we don't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have common food standards we don't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have common food standards we don't all
+have agreement on a lot of things why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have agreement on a lot of things why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have agreement on a lot of things why
+are many countries involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many countries involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many countries involved
+why my Canada in the US need to agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why my Canada in the US need to agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why my Canada in the US need to agree on
+certain things related to energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things related to energy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things related to energy because
+I mean somebody's have come to my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean somebody's have come to my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean somebody's have come to my mind
+right now or firstly that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or firstly that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or firstly that you have the
+allocation of the sources of energy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of the sources of energy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of the sources of energy are
+are given in the world's say you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given in the world's say you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given in the world's say you may
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region the source where you have them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the source where you have them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the source where you have them as
+opposed to source where you use it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to source where you use it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to source where you use it might
+not be the same so then again you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the same so then again you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the same so then again you may
+have to reconsider between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reconsider between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reconsider between those two
+countries plus what you do here may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries plus what you do here may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries plus what you do here may
+affect so if I pollute here it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect so if I pollute here it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect so if I pollute here it affects
+ah I heard the magic word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I heard the magic word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I heard the magic word
+if we pollute here it affects Canada if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pollute here it affects Canada if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pollute here it affects Canada if
+we burn coal in Ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we burn coal in Ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we burn coal in Ohio
+it affects people around the power plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects people around the power plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects people around the power plant
+elsewhere we talked about pollution an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere we talked about pollution an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere we talked about pollution an
+awful lot of energy policy is driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of energy policy is driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of energy policy is driven by
+environmental concerns you will recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns you will recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns you will recall
+from basic economics the notion of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basic economics the notion of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basic economics the notion of an
+externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality
+that activity a done by an entity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity a done by an entity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity a done by an entity a
+affects entity be outside the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects entity be outside the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects entity be outside the market
+climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change
+local pollution of various kinds drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local pollution of various kinds drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local pollution of various kinds drives
+a lot of energy policy which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy policy which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy policy which is one
+reason why people talk about renewables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why people talk about renewables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why people talk about renewables
+climate change is that issue writ large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is that issue writ large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is that issue writ large
+and we will come very large and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will come very large and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will come very large and we'll
+come back to that the other way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that the other way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that the other way that
+concept works is if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept works is if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept works is if you think about
+energy security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security
+so I don't have an SUV but if I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have an SUV but if I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have an SUV but if I had an
+SUV I could drive my SUV burn all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SUV I could drive my SUV burn all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SUV I could drive my SUV burn all the
+gas I wanted I would contribute to oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas I wanted I would contribute to oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas I wanted I would contribute to oil
+imports but guess what and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports but guess what and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports but guess what and that would
+make us less secure as a country but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us less secure as a country but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us less secure as a country but the
+effect on me of that insecurity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on me of that insecurity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on me of that insecurity is
+trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+there's an externality there it's argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an externality there it's argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an externality there it's argued
+if you think about oil imports as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about oil imports as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about oil imports as being
+undesirable when I Drive it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable when I Drive it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable when I Drive it affects
+imports doesn't affect me affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports doesn't affect me affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports doesn't affect me affects
+everybody else in the room because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else in the room because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else in the room because they
+live in a country that imports more oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a country that imports more oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a country that imports more oil
+so the arguments for a lot of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the arguments for a lot of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the arguments for a lot of this stuff
+is externalities and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is externalities and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is externalities and we're going to
+spend some time on it but the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time on it but the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time on it but the reason
+private the basic reason private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private the basic reason private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private the basic reason private
+business hasn't solved all of it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business hasn't solved all of it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business hasn't solved all of it there
+are other problems too but the some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other problems too but the some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other problems too but the some of
+the core problems are because the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core problems are because the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core problems are because the market
+doesn't deal with externalities that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't deal with externalities that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't deal with externalities that's
+sort of a definition market doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a definition market doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a definition market doesn't
+solve pollution market doesn't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve pollution market doesn't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve pollution market doesn't solve
+other kinds of externalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of externalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of externalities
+okay if you listen to the State of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you listen to the State of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you listen to the State of the
+Union I'm sure you found it riveting ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union I'm sure you found it riveting ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union I'm sure you found it riveting ah
+the president called as he had in Prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president called as he had in Prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president called as he had in Prior
+speeches for a clean energy standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeches for a clean energy standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeches for a clean energy standard
+so and the way he done he had done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the way he done he had done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the way he done he had done it
+earlier was X percent of electricity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier was X percent of electricity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier was X percent of electricity has
+to come from clean sources by 2020 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from clean sources by 2020 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from clean sources by 2020 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a chance that Congress will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a chance that Congress will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a chance that Congress will
+pass that but the interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that but the interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that but the interesting question
+is what might you mean by clean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what might you mean by clean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what might you mean by clean and
+that's just that's the only phrase he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's the only phrase he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's the only phrase he
+used in the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the speech
+what do you think he meant by clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think he meant by clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think he meant by clean
+think about all the ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the ways you can
+generate electricity which sources count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electricity which sources count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electricity which sources count
+is clean yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clean yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clean yeah
+clean on a stair even more good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean on a stair even more good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean on a stair even more good
+full-size oh and I got some more for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-size oh and I got some more for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-size oh and I got some more for the
+environment necessarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment necessarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment necessarily the
+infrastructure no you mean he means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure no you mean he means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure no you mean he means
+environmental exactly right uh not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental exactly right uh not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental exactly right uh not clear
+he means nuclear a lot of people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he means nuclear a lot of people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he means nuclear a lot of people don't
+think nuclear is clean but renewables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think nuclear is clean but renewables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think nuclear is clean but renewables
+are clean yeah any other thoughts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clean yeah any other thoughts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clean yeah any other thoughts I
+don't know what I forget whether he met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what I forget whether he met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what I forget whether he met
+renewables yeah when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewables yeah when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewables yeah when you
+see on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solar power renewables in general yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar power renewables in general yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar power renewables in general yeah I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+biomass properly done can do that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass properly done can do that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass properly done can do that it's a
+little tricky there's a little startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky there's a little startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky there's a little startup
+problem I mean you cut down all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean you cut down all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean you cut down all the
+trees and burn them on its face it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and burn them on its face it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and burn them on its face it's not
+a great thing to do but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great thing to do but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great thing to do but if you're
+planting you can keep that you can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting you can keep that you can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting you can keep that you can keep
+that sustainable after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sustainable after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sustainable after a while
+he actually also meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually also meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually also meant
+some uses of natural gas which get half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uses of natural gas which get half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uses of natural gas which get half
+credit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit uh
+it's kind of complicated is this going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of complicated is this going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of complicated is this going
+to be raise or lower the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be raise or lower the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be raise or lower the price of
+electricity if we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+early raise probably raise because if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early raise probably raise because if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early raise probably raise because if it
+was going to lower it you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to lower it you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to lower it you probably
+wouldn't need a federal push to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't need a federal push to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't need a federal push to get it
+done right that the market can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done right that the market can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done right that the market can deal with
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I'm not quite sure why I asked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not quite sure why I asked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not quite sure why I asked that
+question because the obvious answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because the obvious answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because the obvious answer is
+legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation
+so we've fiddled and diddled with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've fiddled and diddled with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've fiddled and diddled with a lot
+of these questions and I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions and I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions and I I want to
+answer that question myself because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question myself because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question myself because the
+question is why is there a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why is there a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why is there a social
+science class in the Energy Studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science class in the Energy Studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science class in the Energy Studies
+minor what in heaven's name the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor what in heaven's name the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor what in heaven's name the social
+science have to do with what's clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science have to do with what's clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science have to do with what's clean
+what are the reasons why we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the reasons why we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the reasons why we have an
+energy problem what are our concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy problem what are our concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy problem what are our concerns
+whether you achieve that goal or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you achieve that goal or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you achieve that goal or not
+I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you
+sort of how those of us who thought up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how those of us who thought up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how those of us who thought up
+this course think about the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course think about the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course think about the energy
+system from a social science point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from a social science point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from a social science point of
+view this may be my my best graphic ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this may be my my best graphic ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this may be my my best graphic ever
+so most of what we talk about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of what we talk about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of what we talk about when we
+talk about energy our flows from things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about energy our flows from things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about energy our flows from things
+like coal through say electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coal through say electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coal through say electricity
+generation into the provision of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation into the provision of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation into the provision of energy
+services like toasting your toast in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services like toasting your toast in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services like toasting your toast in the
+morning and an awful lot of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and an awful lot of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and an awful lot of technology
+is in here is in how do you get primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in here is in how do you get primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in here is in how do you get primary
+energy from the Sun from coal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the Sun from coal from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the Sun from coal from
+nuclear power whatever how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power whatever how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power whatever how do you
+convert it to something useful and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to something useful and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to something useful and then
+how do you get services from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get services from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get services from it and
+that's great stuff I'll have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great stuff I'll have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great stuff I'll have something
+to say about about what's in that box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about about what's in that box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about about what's in that box
+but that's not mainly just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not mainly just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not mainly just to get
+systems straight as opposed to devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems straight as opposed to devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems straight as opposed to devices
+that's not mainly what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not mainly what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not mainly what we're going to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+we're going to talk about what drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what drives
+the flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flows
+well there's a supply side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a supply side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a supply side
+you find energy you convert it some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find energy you convert it some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find energy you convert it some of
+that's done by governments some of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done by governments some of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done by governments some of it's
+done by private enterprises there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by private enterprises there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by private enterprises there's a
+demand for energy services mainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for energy services mainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for energy services mainly not
+for energy where does that come from how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy where does that come from how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy where does that come from how
+are those decisions made how are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those decisions made how are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those decisions made how are the
+supply decisions made so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply decisions made so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply decisions made so if you think
+about devices and systems in here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about devices and systems in here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about devices and systems in here what
+whether in the higher boxes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in the higher boxes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in the higher boxes are the
+decisions about how they're operated how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how they're operated how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how they're operated how
+intensively they're used supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively they're used supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively they're used supply and
+demand interact too many arrows supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand interact too many arrows supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand interact too many arrows supply
+and demand interact through markets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand interact through markets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand interact through markets the
+markets as well as the decisions on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets as well as the decisions on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets as well as the decisions on both
+sides affect what's in that technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides affect what's in that technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides affect what's in that technology
+box and how it's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and how it's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and how it's used
+stepping back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping back
+there are a whole lot of things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a whole lot of things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a whole lot of things that I
+think of as stocks things like reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as stocks things like reserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as stocks things like reserves
+of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil
+existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing
+infrastructure cars you could add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure cars you could add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure cars you could add
+technologies that sort of underlie the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that sort of underlie the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that sort of underlie the
+operation of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the system
+and that's the underlie the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the underlie the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the underlie the operation
+they too are shaped by decisions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too are shaped by decisions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too are shaped by decisions on this
+by and demand-side how much gasoline you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and demand-side how much gasoline you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and demand-side how much gasoline you
+use is is shaped by today's technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is is shaped by today's technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is is shaped by today's technology
+it's also shaped by past purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also shaped by past purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also shaped by past purchasing
+decisions of cars how much do we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions of cars how much do we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions of cars how much do we use to
+heat buildings is shaped by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat buildings is shaped by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat buildings is shaped by the
+latest fancy technology and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest fancy technology and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest fancy technology and the
+buildings that were built a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings that were built a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings that were built a half a
+century ago and what retrofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century ago and what retrofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century ago and what retrofit
+possibilities there are but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities there are but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities there are but you know
+that's fun so we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fun so we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fun so we're going to look at
+decisions on the supply and demand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on the supply and demand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on the supply and demand side
+but those decisions are affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those decisions are affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those decisions are affected by
+regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+and the markets are affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the markets are affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the markets are affected by
+regulations and laws of various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations and laws of various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations and laws of various kinds
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+there's a natural tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a natural tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a natural tendency
+to take those as given to say okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take those as given to say okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take those as given to say okay what
+I need to know to operate in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to know to operate in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to know to operate in this world
+is well what are the laws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what are the laws and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what are the laws and
+regulations that affect what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that affect what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that affect what we can do
+in the energy sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy sphere
+but if you want to change things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to change things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to change things and
+I heard a number of you wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard a number of you wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard a number of you wanting to
+change things that's not good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change things that's not good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change things that's not good enough
+because what goes on in laws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what goes on in laws and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what goes on in laws and
+regulations effects what gets done down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations effects what gets done down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations effects what gets done down
+here what's used to do what to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's used to do what to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's used to do what to produce
+to convert to use and effects the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert to use and effects the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert to use and effects the kinds
+of decisions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decisions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decisions that
+households firms other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households firms other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households firms other kinds of
+organizations universities make so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations universities make so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations universities make so we're
+going to spend a little time saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a little time saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a little time saying
+where do those come from what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do those come from what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do those come from what's the
+political process look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those political processes are shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those political processes are shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those political processes are shaped
+obviously by firms and households and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously by firms and households and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously by firms and households and
+other organizations I will also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations I will also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations I will also say
+we will so there's a little political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will so there's a little political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will so there's a little political
+science there there will also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science there there will also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science there there will also be a
+little bit of organizational behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of organizational behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of organizational behavior
+here and a little bit of psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a little bit of psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a little bit of psychology
+there when we look at how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when we look at how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when we look at how these
+decisions actually get made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions actually get made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions actually get made
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+behind everything are a set of norms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind everything are a set of norms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind everything are a set of norms and
+values and traditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and traditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and traditions
+that really shaped the political context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really shaped the political context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really shaped the political context
+you listen to any campaign speech you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you listen to any campaign speech you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you listen to any campaign speech you
+hear a lot of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot of that you
+don't necessarily hear a lot of you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily hear a lot of you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily hear a lot of you hear
+a lot of that and then some specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that and then some specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that and then some specific
+policy but you hear a lot of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but you hear a lot of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but you hear a lot of that and
+that's important and campaign speeches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important and campaign speeches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important and campaign speeches
+in different countries say different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different countries say different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different countries say different
+things when they sound themes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when they sound themes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when they sound themes about
+traditions and values and norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditions and values and norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditions and values and norms
+but the political process operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the political process operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the political process operates
+within them and we'll talk about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within them and we'll talk about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within them and we'll talk about that so
+we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about
+not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only
+sort of how systems work and how supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how systems work and how supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how systems work and how supply
+and demand interact in the energy space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand interact in the energy space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand interact in the energy space
+but in fact how that whole structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact how that whole structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact how that whole structure is
+shaped by if you will a higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by if you will a higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by if you will a higher order
+more fundament more fundamental the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fundament more fundamental the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fundament more fundamental the
+higher the higher order in the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the higher order in the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the higher order in the chart
+processes in the political sphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in the political sphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in the political sphere and
+the social sphere so the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social sphere so the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social sphere so the reason why
+we're doing social science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing social science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing social science is
+the system involves people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system involves people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system involves people and
+social science economics political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science economics political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science economics political
+science sociology anthropology social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science sociology anthropology social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science sociology anthropology social
+psychology things I've read about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology things I've read about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology things I've read about at
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+these are all ways of looking at systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all ways of looking at systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all ways of looking at systems
+that involve people and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve people and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve people and if you want to
+change a system that involves people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a system that involves people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a system that involves people you
+need to think about the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about the kinds of things
+we're going to talk about here so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about here so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about here so we're
+going to try to give you some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to give you some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to give you some basic
+understanding or at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding or at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding or at least some
+sensitivity to the tools that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to the tools that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to the tools that come out
+of the social sciences that can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the social sciences that can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the social sciences that can help you
+understand and with some luck can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and with some luck can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and with some luck can help
+you drive change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drive change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drive change
+this is not a prediction or a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a prediction or a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a prediction or a course
+where we talk about the future will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talk about the future will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talk about the future will look
+like X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X
+that's for you guys to decide this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for you guys to decide this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for you guys to decide this is a
+course where we try to help you shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where we try to help you shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where we try to help you shape
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+the annual energy review comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual energy review comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual energy review comes out of
+the Energy Information Agency it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Energy Information Agency it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Energy Information Agency it says
+AER 2010 it's published in 2011 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AER 2010 it's published in 2011 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AER 2010 it's published in 2011 the
+latest data or 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest data or 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest data or 2010
+this is energy consumption per person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is energy consumption per person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is energy consumption per person in
+the United States over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States over time
+you will notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice
+that it sort of Peaks I don't know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sort of Peaks I don't know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sort of Peaks I don't know in
+the seventies someplace and is flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventies someplace and is flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventies someplace and is flat
+now if you think about how the cars we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think about how the cars we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think about how the cars we
+drive compare it well you may not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive compare it well you may not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive compare it well you may not know
+this but how the cars we drive compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but how the cars we drive compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but how the cars we drive compared
+to the cars folks drove in the 70s they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cars folks drove in the 70s they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cars folks drove in the 70s they
+are bigger and have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger and have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger and have a lot more
+horsepower and what our homes look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower and what our homes look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower and what our homes look like
+compared to homes built in the 70s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to homes built in the 70s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to homes built in the 70s is
+they are bigger and they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are bigger and they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are bigger and they tend to be
+centrally air-conditioned if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrally air-conditioned if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrally air-conditioned if you think
+about computer use and appliance use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer use and appliance use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer use and appliance use
+there's a lot more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more of it
+but energy consumption per capita is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but energy consumption per capita is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but energy consumption per capita is
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+what that I'll show you energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that I'll show you energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that I'll show you energy per
+dollar of GDP but you might expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of GDP but you might expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of GDP but you might expect it to
+be declining and what that tells you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be declining and what that tells you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be declining and what that tells you is
+first of all there's there's efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all there's there's efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all there's there's efficiency
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+second of all if you think for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all if you think for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all if you think for a minute
+maybe we're doing different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're doing different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're doing different things
+than we did in the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we did in the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we did in the 70s
+like less manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like less manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like less manufacturing
+another graph I love this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another graph I love this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another graph I love this graph
+impossible to read I expect from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to read I expect from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to read I expect from the
+back but this is energy consumption per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but this is energy consumption per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but this is energy consumption per
+person across the states and they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person across the states and they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person across the states and they're on
+the virtuous right end is Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtuous right end is Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtuous right end is Massachusetts
+how about that we are good folks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about that we are good folks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about that we are good folks is
+there anybody here from Wyoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody here from Wyoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody here from Wyoming
+anybody nobody from Wyoming no I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody nobody from Wyoming no I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody nobody from Wyoming no I'll
+admit to being from Wyoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit to being from Wyoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit to being from Wyoming
+all right I'm betting against Alaska how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm betting against Alaska how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm betting against Alaska how
+about Louisiana North Dakota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Louisiana North Dakota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Louisiana North Dakota
+working from the left and IA is Iowa yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working from the left and IA is Iowa yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working from the left and IA is Iowa yes
+Iowa anybody for my Shirley somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa anybody for my Shirley somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa anybody for my Shirley somebody's
+from Iowa okay we have no Midwesterners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Iowa okay we have no Midwesterners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Iowa okay we have no Midwesterners
+here how about Texas South Dakota or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how about Texas South Dakota or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how about Texas South Dakota or
+Kentucky ah we have the Texas delegation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky ah we have the Texas delegation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky ah we have the Texas delegation
+okay gentlemen how come were you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay gentlemen how come were you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay gentlemen how come were you so much
+less energy than you do per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy than you do per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy than you do per capita
+pick it Wyatt take a run what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it Wyatt take a run what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it Wyatt take a run what do you
+think we do a lot of firing any time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we do a lot of firing any time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we do a lot of firing any time so
+that may have something you do it them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may have something you do it them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may have something you do it them
+farming is actually a fairly energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming is actually a fairly energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming is actually a fairly energy
+intensive activity these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive activity these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive activity these days
+you're driving a lot of machinery it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're driving a lot of machinery it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're driving a lot of machinery it
+uses a lot of energy so that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a lot of energy so that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a lot of energy so that's one thing
+okay anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah go ahead let Massachusetts where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go ahead let Massachusetts where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go ahead let Massachusetts where a
+lot of people walk especially in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people walk especially in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people walk especially in Boston
+and South Dakota everything's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and South Dakota everything's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and South Dakota everything's really
+spread apart so everybody drives it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread apart so everybody drives it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread apart so everybody drives it so
+it's lower density there's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lower density there's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lower density there's probably a
+lot more driving per capita yeah Matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more driving per capita yeah Matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more driving per capita yeah Matt
+you had a you raised it you identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a you raised it you identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a you raised it you identified
+as one of this crowd it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of this crowd it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of this crowd it's what
+air conditioning hotter summers probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air conditioning hotter summers probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air conditioning hotter summers probably
+a lot more central air a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more central air a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more central air a
+lot more spread out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more spread out yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more spread out yeah
+it's interesting when you first think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting when you first think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting when you first think
+about energy use in Massachusetts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy use in Massachusetts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy use in Massachusetts you
+might think gee we have cold winters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think gee we have cold winters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think gee we have cold winters we
+must heat these buildings you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must heat these buildings you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must heat these buildings you notice
+there's Hawaii right next to us well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Hawaii right next to us well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Hawaii right next to us well
+they don't heat anything ever really so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't heat anything ever really so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't heat anything ever really so
+there are lots of lots of differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of lots of differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of lots of differences
+and you pointed to some of them they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pointed to some of them they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pointed to some of them they're
+transportation related there's also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation related there's also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation related there's also not
+a lot of manufacturing in Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of manufacturing in Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of manufacturing in Massachusetts
+anymore so we don't have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so we don't have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so we don't have a big
+industrial load yeah wait California's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial load yeah wait California's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial load yeah wait California's
+California right next to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California right next to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California right next to in
+Massachusetts there oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts there oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts there oh
+yeah California California also there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah California California also there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah California California also there's
+a lot of farming and like we drive a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of farming and like we drive a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of farming and like we drive a lot
+so all true but very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all true but very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all true but very little
+manufacturing anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you're right it is yeah there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right it is yeah there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right it is yeah there are a
+lot of hustles here I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hustles here I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hustles here I mean there's
+Arizona and you want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona and you want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona and you want to talk about
+central air conditioning you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central air conditioning you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central air conditioning you have to
+have central air conditioning in Arizona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have central air conditioning in Arizona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have central air conditioning in Arizona
+yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so
+whereas Northern California you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Northern California you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Northern California you still
+need it but it's not desperate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it but it's not desperate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it but it's not desperate yeah
+Jessica how does this do manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica how does this do manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica how does this do manufacturing
+for example does it ration it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example does it ration it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example does it ration it to the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the plant is what about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the plant is what about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the plant is what about some of
+these are the big states that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the big states that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the big states that make
+electricity they have big coal plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity they have big coal plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity they have big coal plants
+big oil plants big everything are exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big oil plants big everything are exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big oil plants big everything are exact
+proportions for that state it'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions for that state it'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions for that state it'll be in
+the state it'll be in the state so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state it'll be in the state so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state it'll be in the state so I
+mean California is a pretty light user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean California is a pretty light user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean California is a pretty light user
+of electricity we're a pretty light user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity we're a pretty light user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity we're a pretty light user
+of electricity Hawaii is light in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity Hawaii is light in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity Hawaii is light in part
+because those are states where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are states where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are states where it's
+really a offensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a offensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a offensive
+it's expensive here for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expensive here for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expensive here for a variety of
+reasons California heavily environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons California heavily environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons California heavily environmental
+Hawaii its Hawaii I mean it's it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii its Hawaii I mean it's it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii its Hawaii I mean it's it's all
+oil fired and the oil comes by tanker so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil fired and the oil comes by tanker so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil fired and the oil comes by tanker so
+yeah I can say that I assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can say that I assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can say that I assume the
+differences also come from like state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences also come from like state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences also come from like state
+laws and regulations and how those few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and regulations and how those few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and regulations and how those few
+like I mean for example he's mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean for example he's mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean for example he's mentioned
+liquor surprise I assume it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquor surprise I assume it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquor surprise I assume it might be
+just because have different taxes so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because have different taxes so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because have different taxes so it
+might be more expensive in ten states or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more expensive in ten states or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more expensive in ten states or
+oil may be cheaper more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil may be cheaper more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil may be cheaper more expensive
+gasoline something that yeah some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline something that yeah some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline something that yeah some of
+that some of that I mean that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of that I mean that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of that I mean that we'll talk
+about some of this state regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of this state regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of this state regulations
+some of the states like California for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the states like California for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the states like California for
+instance had and Texas for that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance had and Texas for that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance had and Texas for that matter
+have strong programs favoring renewables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong programs favoring renewables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong programs favoring renewables
+which allowed a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allowed a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allowed a bit
+but you could imagine down the road at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could imagine down the road at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could imagine down the road at
+adding a lot the environmental standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a lot the environmental standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a lot the environmental standards
+are pretty uniform but you know we most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty uniform but you know we most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty uniform but you know we most
+of the electricity generated here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electricity generated here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electricity generated here is
+generated by gas and we're at the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by gas and we're at the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by gas and we're at the far
+end of the pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the pipeline
+so it's not Texas or Louisiana where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not Texas or Louisiana where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not Texas or Louisiana where the
+gas is there it comes it comes by comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is there it comes it comes by comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is there it comes it comes by comes
+by pipeline in fact we import some LNG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pipeline in fact we import some LNG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pipeline in fact we import some LNG
+liquefied gas goes over capita places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquefied gas goes over capita places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquefied gas goes over capita places
+that have a relatively small population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a relatively small population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a relatively small population
+for their activity like Alaska where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their activity like Alaska where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their activity like Alaska where
+there's a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of money
+not that many people doesn't that skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that many people doesn't that skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that many people doesn't that skewed
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+yeah but if you put if you put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but if you put if you put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but if you put if you put two
+alaska's next to each other you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alaska's next to each other you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alaska's next to each other you'd have
+more people but still the same per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people but still the same per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people but still the same per
+capita so I don't know if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita so I don't know if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita so I don't know if there are
+scale effects particularly I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale effects particularly I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale effects particularly I think
+density works right Alaska's doing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density works right Alaska's doing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density works right Alaska's doing a lot
+of energy intensive stuff a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy intensive stuff a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy intensive stuff a lot of
+travel within Alaska a lot of heating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel within Alaska a lot of heating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel within Alaska a lot of heating in
+Alaska I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alaska I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alaska I don't think it's
+the absolute scale I mean consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute scale I mean consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute scale I mean consider
+Hawaii which is also quite small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii which is also quite small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii which is also quite small but
+Hawaii doesn't they're not they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii doesn't they're not they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii doesn't they're not they're not
+mining anything there's nothing to mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining anything there's nothing to mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining anything there's nothing to mine
+they're not doing a lot of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doing a lot of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doing a lot of manufacturing
+they can't drive that much so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't drive that much so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't drive that much so okay
+Brendon you know it's mainly red states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brendon you know it's mainly red states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brendon you know it's mainly red states
+blue states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue states
+okay we'll hold that for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll hold that for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll hold that for a moment
+we want to get deeper deeper into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get deeper deeper into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get deeper deeper into the
+semester before we're really political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester before we're really political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester before we're really political
+but ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ah
+so this is this is energy per dollar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is energy per dollar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is energy per dollar of
+GDP and it's been declining for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP and it's been declining for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP and it's been declining for a long
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting
+efficiency reflecting the decline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency reflecting the decline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency reflecting the decline of
+manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting
+well those are two big ones but probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those are two big ones but probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those are two big ones but probably
+other factors as well efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors as well efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors as well efficiency and
+energy use efficiency and electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use efficiency and electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use efficiency and electricity
+generation and and other dimensions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and and other dimensions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and and other dimensions I
+find this one interesting that's BTUs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this one interesting that's BTUs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this one interesting that's BTUs
+per dollar so that's real on real this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per dollar so that's real on real this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per dollar so that's real on real this
+is dollars on dollars this is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dollars on dollars this is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dollars on dollars this is energy
+spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending
+and you'll see that's not so stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that's not so stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that's not so stable and
+that's one reason that's that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason that's that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason that's that's one
+component of what people think of as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of what people think of as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of what people think of as the
+energy problem right I mean all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy problem right I mean all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy problem right I mean all of a
+sudden we're cruising along in fat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden we're cruising along in fat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden we're cruising along in fat and
+happy and boom we moved from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and boom we moved from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and boom we moved from something
+like 8 percent of GDP to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 8 percent of GDP to something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 8 percent of GDP to something like
+14 percent of GDP to pay the energy bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 percent of GDP to pay the energy bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 percent of GDP to pay the energy bill
+over a few years and then this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a few years and then this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a few years and then this this is
+this is come on where are we this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is come on where are we this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is come on where are we this is the
+recent recent oil spike and oil collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent recent oil spike and oil collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent recent oil spike and oil collapse
+this is a lot we'll talk about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot we'll talk about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot we'll talk about this in
+next Wednesday and this is a period when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday and this is a period when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday and this is a period when
+we got very complacent about energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got very complacent about energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got very complacent about energy and
+you didn't hear much about energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't hear much about energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't hear much about energy from
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+prices move and that is a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices move and that is a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices move and that is a source of
+concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me talk about sources of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about sources of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about sources of energy
+consumption if you extend this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption if you extend this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption if you extend this graph
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+way back it starts with wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back it starts with wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back it starts with wood
+all right you go back far enough New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you go back far enough New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you go back far enough New
+England didn't have forests they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England didn't have forests they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England didn't have forests they were
+cut down for energy and gradually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down for energy and gradually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down for energy and gradually it
+dawned on people that perhaps that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawned on people that perhaps that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawned on people that perhaps that's not
+a good way forward they're these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way forward they're these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way forward they're these
+wonderful photographs I'll grab what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful photographs I'll grab what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful photographs I'll grab what if
+I can of Vermont basically hills of mud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can of Vermont basically hills of mud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can of Vermont basically hills of mud
+hills of mud because the wood was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills of mud because the wood was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills of mud because the wood was there
+they cut the wood down that gave them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cut the wood down that gave them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cut the wood down that gave them a
+scrub they used to scrub to a gray sheep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrub they used to scrub to a gray sheep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrub they used to scrub to a gray sheep
+there was a big boom in wool Your Grave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big boom in wool Your Grave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big boom in wool Your Grave
+sheep they eat everything you get raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep they eat everything you get raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep they eat everything you get raw
+dirt it runs down when it rains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirt it runs down when it rains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirt it runs down when it rains
+we moved from wood to coal so you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved from wood to coal so you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved from wood to coal so you'd have
+a wood peek over here and coal going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wood peek over here and coal going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wood peek over here and coal going up
+but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is
+since 1950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1950
+this renewable energy which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this renewable energy which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this renewable energy which is pretty
+high and grows in 1950 and grows slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and grows in 1950 and grows slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and grows in 1950 and grows slowly
+is mostly hydro mostly big dams built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly hydro mostly big dams built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly hydro mostly big dams built in
+the 30s and 40s you'll see not too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30s and 40s you'll see not too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30s and 40s you'll see not too many
+built since the recent run-up is other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built since the recent run-up is other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built since the recent run-up is other
+things you see nuclear power go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you see nuclear power go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you see nuclear power go up and
+go flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go flat
+coal continues to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal continues to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal continues to rise
+natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas
+you might you might think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might you might think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might you might think that this
+downturn has something to do with policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downturn has something to do with policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downturn has something to do with policy
+and you'd be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd be right
+this has something to do with prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has something to do with prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has something to do with prices
+but you see natural gas kind of flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see natural gas kind of flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see natural gas kind of flat
+with a little uptick here at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little uptick here at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little uptick here at the end
+we're going to spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend a lot of time
+talking about that uptick at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that uptick at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that uptick at the end and
+oil continues to grow if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil continues to grow if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil continues to grow if you look at
+imports imported energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports imported energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports imported energy
+we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically
+pretty self-sufficient except for oil a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty self-sufficient except for oil a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty self-sufficient except for oil a
+whole lot of this a whole lot of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of this a whole lot of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of this a whole lot of this is
+natural gas from Canada which is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas from Canada which is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas from Canada which is that's
+like 80% of our natural gas imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80% of our natural gas imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80% of our natural gas imports
+which doesn't keep too many people up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't keep too many people up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't keep too many people up
+nights unless you're a hockey fan but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights unless you're a hockey fan but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights unless you're a hockey fan but
+but oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oil
+overtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime
+continued to grow until recently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to grow until recently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to grow until recently and
+we'll talk about that let me unpack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that let me unpack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that let me unpack that
+a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so
+since at least the 1970s there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since at least the 1970s there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since at least the 1970s there's been
+this desire to have oil into penner G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this desire to have oil into penner G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this desire to have oil into penner G
+independence which really means oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence which really means oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence which really means oil
+independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence
+since we're a coal exporter most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're a coal exporter most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're a coal exporter most of our
+natural gas imports are from Canada the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas imports are from Canada the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas imports are from Canada the
+main and electricity nothing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main and electricity nothing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main and electricity nothing happens
+much across the border the main story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much across the border the main story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much across the border the main story
+historically has been okay we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically has been okay we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically has been okay we're going
+to be independent ok this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be independent ok this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be independent ok this is going to be
+great ok and there goes consumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great ok and there goes consumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great ok and there goes consumption and
+in the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meantime
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+depending how you measure it peaked some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how you measure it peaked some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how you measure it peaked some
+long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago
+not for want of drilling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for want of drilling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for want of drilling the
+other the interesting fact again you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the interesting fact again you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the interesting fact again you'll
+notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+that little uptick at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little uptick at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little uptick at the end
+that little uptick at the end is shale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little uptick at the end is shale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little uptick at the end is shale
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you've been following the paper shale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've been following the paper shale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've been following the paper shale
+is the big story in fossil fuels it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the big story in fossil fuels it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the big story in fossil fuels it's
+also a big environmental story and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a big environmental story and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a big environmental story and we
+will spend some time on it but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spend some time on it but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spend some time on it but that
+little uptick and there's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uptick and there's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uptick and there's a similar
+uptick in natural gas is a big deal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptick in natural gas is a big deal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptick in natural gas is a big deal the
+start of something this graph won't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of something this graph won't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of something this graph won't look
+like this in five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in five years
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how's that for complexity this is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that for complexity this is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that for complexity this is energy
+flows and you can spend all day long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and you can spend all day long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and you can spend all day long
+looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+and it would be good for you but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be good for you but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be good for you but let me
+just point out a few highlights over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out a few highlights over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out a few highlights over
+here really is sort of primary energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really is sort of primary energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really is sort of primary energy
+how many BTUs with a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many BTUs with a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many BTUs with a hundred percent
+efficiency would there be and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency would there be and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency would there be and the
+petroleum we use the coal we use the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum we use the coal we use the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum we use the coal we use the gas
+we use and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use and so on
+you see first of all that petroleum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see first of all that petroleum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see first of all that petroleum and
+coal and gas are still the main story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you go to the right you will also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the right you will also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the right you will also see
+this is how much energy does useful work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how much energy does useful work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how much energy does useful work
+this is the energy that gets lost mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy that gets lost mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy that gets lost mainly
+in waste heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in waste heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in waste heat
+so anybody looking at that diagram would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anybody looking at that diagram would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anybody looking at that diagram would
+say gee there's an enormous opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gee there's an enormous opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gee there's an enormous opportunity
+for efficiency now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for efficiency now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for efficiency now
+could also see an electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also see an electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also see an electricity
+there's a lot of it wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of it wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of it wasted
+it's mostly at the generating station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly at the generating station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly at the generating station
+and a lot of money and effort has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of money and effort has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of money and effort has gone
+into reducing that but it is not it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into reducing that but it is not it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into reducing that but it is not it is
+not trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trivial
+the other thing to note is do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing to note is do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing to note is do the
+breakdown by residential commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown by residential commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown by residential commercial
+industrial in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial in and
+transportation it's not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation it's not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation it's not quite as
+for residential plus commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for residential plus commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for residential plus commercial
+industrial and transportation but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial and transportation but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial and transportation but it's
+kind of close its ballpark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close its ballpark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close its ballpark
+1/3 in each in each bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 in each in each bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 in each in each bucket
+transportation is obviously almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation is obviously almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation is obviously almost all
+oil and most of the oil goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and most of the oil goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and most of the oil goes to
+transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation
+you see the beginnings I mean solar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the beginnings I mean solar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the beginnings I mean solar is
+trivial when dizzle is a lot bigger it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial when dizzle is a lot bigger it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial when dizzle is a lot bigger it's
+grown rapidly a little bit of and hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown rapidly a little bit of and hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown rapidly a little bit of and hydro
+is pretty steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty steady
+again you can stare at these it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can stare at these it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can stare at these it's
+interesting to look at this graph over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at this graph over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at this graph over
+time and I'll show you an old one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'll show you an old one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'll show you an old one but
+but that's sort of the basic flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's sort of the basic flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's sort of the basic flow
+outline of the system that's that red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the system that's that red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the system that's that red
+box and what it looks like unpacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we go this is I just find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go this is I just find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go this is I just find this
+interesting I did it a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I did it a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I did it a few years ago
+this is who uses industrial on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is who uses industrial on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is who uses industrial on that
+industrial box where does it go what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial box where does it go what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial box where does it go what
+industry is use energy and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is use energy and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is use energy and it turns out
+that a quarter of it goes to bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a quarter of it goes to bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a quarter of it goes to bulk
+chemicals just heat to drive reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals just heat to drive reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals just heat to drive reactions
+paper gets 10% oil refining gets 15% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper gets 10% oil refining gets 15% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper gets 10% oil refining gets 15% and
+the rest is pretty pretty spread if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is pretty pretty spread if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is pretty pretty spread if you
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+energy like BTUs per vat dollar of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like BTUs per vat dollar of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like BTUs per vat dollar of value
+added turns out cement is very energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added turns out cement is very energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added turns out cement is very energy
+intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive
+as those of you who know cement will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as those of you who know cement will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as those of you who know cement will
+recognize that it's a major source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it's a major source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it's a major source of
+co2 emissions both the energy and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 emissions both the energy and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 emissions both the energy and and
+the reaction that that energy produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction that that energy produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction that that energy produces
+now if you look forward and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look forward and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look forward and we're going
+to do a fair amount of looking forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a fair amount of looking forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a fair amount of looking forward
+this is sort of a general consensus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a general consensus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a general consensus and
+it underlies I think the reasons why a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it underlies I think the reasons why a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it underlies I think the reasons why a
+lot of you are here you sense this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you are here you sense this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you are here you sense this is a
+place where change needs to happen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where change needs to happen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where change needs to happen of
+one kind or another again I didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind or another again I didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind or another again I didn't I
+didn't make it required reading but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make it required reading but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make it required reading but you
+can look at the National Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the National Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the National Research
+Council report that this is from to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council report that this is from to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council report that this is from to see
+why they think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not easy
+here's what that graph looked like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what that graph looked like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what that graph looked like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with doesn't look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with doesn't look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with doesn't look that
+different main difference is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different main difference is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different main difference is you could
+stare at these again this will be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at these again this will be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at these again this will be on
+stellar it's not as complete the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar it's not as complete the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar it's not as complete the main
+difference you can see is that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you can see is that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you can see is that we used
+to use a fair amount of oil to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a fair amount of oil to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a fair amount of oil to generate
+electricity we don't do that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity we don't do that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity we don't do that anymore
+we really don't use oil for electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't use oil for electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't use oil for electricity
+for a range of reasons it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a range of reasons it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a range of reasons it's too
+expensive among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive among other things
+and that's still transportation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's still transportation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's still transportation is
+mostly oil we still use a lot of coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly oil we still use a lot of coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly oil we still use a lot of coal
+oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil
+coal natural gas the other stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal natural gas the other stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal natural gas the other stuff is
+still pretty was pretty small is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty was pretty small is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty was pretty small is pretty
+small there's still again this rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small there's still again this rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small there's still again this rejected
+energy useful energy waste energy useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy useful energy waste energy useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy useful energy waste energy useful
+energy so if you look at this you say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if you look at this you say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if you look at this you say my
+heavens again you can look at the flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavens again you can look at the flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavens again you can look at the flows
+and this is that they weren't quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is that they weren't quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is that they weren't quite as
+good at doing this graph at Livermore as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at doing this graph at Livermore as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at doing this graph at Livermore as
+they came to be in later years you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to be in later years you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to be in later years you look
+at it you say you know the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it you say you know the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it you say you know the system
+doesn't move fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move fast
+how can it move well it could move if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can it move well it could move if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can it move well it could move if we
+all decided in a lot of utilities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all decided in a lot of utilities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all decided in a lot of utilities you
+can opt to buy green electricity that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can opt to buy green electricity that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can opt to buy green electricity that is
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+if 20% of the people 20% of the usage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if 20% of the people 20% of the usage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if 20% of the people 20% of the usage is
+green then the utility is obliged to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green then the utility is obliged to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green then the utility is obliged to get
+20% of its of its energy from green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of its of its energy from green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of its of its energy from green
+sources we could all say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources we could all say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources we could all say
+and your parents could all say we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your parents could all say we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your parents could all say we want
+green electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green electricity
+well if everybody did that it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if everybody did that it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if everybody did that it would be a
+big change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big change
+not quite clear with what the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite clear with what the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite clear with what the companies
+would do or how they'd cook with it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do or how they'd cook with it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do or how they'd cook with it it
+would be a big change is it likely no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a big change is it likely no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a big change is it likely no
+it's expensive and what I do isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expensive and what I do isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expensive and what I do isn't going
+to affect the system much if we all do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect the system much if we all do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect the system much if we all do
+it together at Mike but that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together at Mike but that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together at Mike but that's another
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+suppose we develop great new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we develop great new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we develop great new
+technologies which I hope many of you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which I hope many of you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which I hope many of you do
+well where's the money come from energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where's the money come from energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where's the money come from energy
+is a number of people said at the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number of people said at the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number of people said at the art
+set is a big dollar business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is a big dollar business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is a big dollar business
+you don't do it you know you don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do it you know you don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do it you know you don't do it
+at the PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the PC
+three people in a garage don't don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people in a garage don't don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people in a garage don't don't do
+the Facebook of energy I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Facebook of energy I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Facebook of energy I mean there's
+scope for IT and energy but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope for IT and energy but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope for IT and energy but if you
+really want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to change
+how the work gets done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the work gets done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the work gets done
+you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking
+serious Rd you're talking serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious Rd you're talking serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious Rd you're talking serious
+scaling should the government decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling should the government decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling should the government decide
+where to invest if so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you rely on a large energy firm some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you rely on a large energy firm some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you rely on a large energy firm some
+of them are really big Southern Company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are really big Southern Company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are really big Southern Company
+is building a nuclear reactor first in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is building a nuclear reactor first in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is building a nuclear reactor first in a
+long time that's a lot of money Intel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time that's a lot of money Intel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time that's a lot of money Intel
+spends billions on fabs so maybe Intel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends billions on fabs so maybe Intel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends billions on fabs so maybe Intel
+should spend the billions are they going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should spend the billions are they going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should spend the billions are they going
+to do it Southern Company going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it Southern Company going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it Southern Company going to do
+something radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something radical
+small companies we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small companies we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small companies we're going to talk
+about this because the question of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because the question of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because the question of what
+kinds of organizations are best suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of organizations are best suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of organizations are best suited
+to do what in the innovation process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what in the innovation process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what in the innovation process is
+kind of important here I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of important here I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of important here I mean if you
+think you're going to revolutionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're going to revolutionize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're going to revolutionize
+electricity generation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity generation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity generation with
+$100,000 and three people no no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and three people no no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and three people no no you
+might produce something basic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might produce something basic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might produce something basic that
+somebody would buy that would be sold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would buy that would be sold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would buy that would be sold to
+somebody bigger that might but figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody bigger that might but figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody bigger that might but figuring
+out how that process works is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how that process works is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how that process works is important
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+another way to transform the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to transform the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to transform the energy
+system is to really tighten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is to really tighten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is to really tighten
+environmental regulation and if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental regulation and if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental regulation and if you've
+been reading the paper you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reading the paper you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reading the paper you've been
+reading about regulations of coal-fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about regulations of coal-fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about regulations of coal-fired
+power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants
+that some of them will have to shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of them will have to shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of them will have to shut down
+well if you really tighten environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you really tighten environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you really tighten environmental
+regulation you would could transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you would could transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you would could transform the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+are there votes for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there votes for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there votes for it
+is it going to be done at the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to be done at the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to be done at the state
+level the federal level does it matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the federal level does it matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the federal level does it matter
+which where it's done where the votes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which where it's done where the votes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which where it's done where the votes
+for it how would you get the votes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it how would you get the votes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it how would you get the votes for
+it what's the opposition look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's the opposition look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's the opposition look like and
+what about this regulatory process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this regulatory process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this regulatory process
+as EPA gone wild the courts gone wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as EPA gone wild the courts gone wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as EPA gone wild the courts gone wild
+how does that how does that work there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that how does that work there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that how does that work there
+no laws passed you have a blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no laws passed you have a blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no laws passed you have a blocking
+Republican coalition in Congress and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican coalition in Congress and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican coalition in Congress and yet
+EPA is coming out with these very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPA is coming out with these very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPA is coming out with these very strong
+environmental rules what's that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental rules what's that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental rules what's that cut
+where does that come from very strong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come from very strong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come from very strong is
+perceived by industry where does it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived by industry where does it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived by industry where does it come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+how is it driven where might it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it driven where might it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it driven where might it go
+you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine
+extension of state programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of state programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of state programs
+29 states in the District of Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 states in the District of Columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 states in the District of Columbia
+now requires certain fractions of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now requires certain fractions of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now requires certain fractions of energy
+to be electricity to be generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be electricity to be generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be electricity to be generated from
+renewable sources you could tighten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable sources you could tighten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable sources you could tighten
+those California has tightened it pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those California has tightened it pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those California has tightened it pretty
+tight Texas has been very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight Texas has been very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight Texas has been very effective
+Texas has a lot of wind energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas has a lot of wind energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas has a lot of wind energy
+an absurd amount of wind energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absurd amount of wind energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absurd amount of wind energy you
+could imagine you know we got EPA from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine you know we got EPA from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine you know we got EPA from a
+social movement we got the civil rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social movement we got the civil rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social movement we got the civil rights
+laws from a social movement you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws from a social movement you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws from a social movement you could
+imagine a social movement that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a social movement that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a social movement that would
+basically call for transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically call for transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically call for transformation of
+course people would have to agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course people would have to agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course people would have to agree on
+what the transformation should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the transformation should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the transformation should be
+it would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would need
+something coherent something simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coherent something simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coherent something simple
+something like Martin Luther King's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Martin Luther King's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Martin Luther King's
+speeches something like Silent Spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeches something like Silent Spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeches something like Silent Spring
+the banned DDT because people got upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banned DDT because people got upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banned DDT because people got upset
+that birds were dying would require some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that birds were dying would require some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that birds were dying would require some
+rallying cry like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rallying cry like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rallying cry like that
+is it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible
+and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+how we go to do energy security and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we go to do energy security and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we go to do energy security and what
+does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean
+suppose we're completely self-sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're completely self-sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're completely self-sufficient
+for oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil
+does that mean we're immune to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean we're immune to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean we're immune to
+international price shocks does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international price shocks does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international price shocks does that
+mean closing the Straits of Hormuz would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean closing the Straits of Hormuz would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean closing the Straits of Hormuz would
+have no effect on us what if the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no effect on us what if the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no effect on us what if the lights
+went out in Europe what would that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out in Europe what would that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out in Europe what would that do
+what if world prices went up would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if world prices went up would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if world prices went up would we
+subsidize oil to keep domestic prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize oil to keep domestic prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize oil to keep domestic prices
+down so when you think about how my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so when you think about how my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so when you think about how my
+transformation happened on electric cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation happened on electric cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation happened on electric cars
+powered by coal I have to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered by coal I have to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered by coal I have to say I
+love to ask my environmentalist friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to ask my environmentalist friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to ask my environmentalist friends
+in the Midwest who have electric cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Midwest who have electric cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Midwest who have electric cars
+whether they're enjoying their coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're enjoying their coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're enjoying their coal
+powered car or not but because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered car or not but because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered car or not but because it is
+so it takes a takes a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes a takes a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes a takes a little bit of a
+systems view so two observations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems view so two observations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems view so two observations and
+then I'll let us go and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll let us go and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll let us go and the the
+observations are that in this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are that in this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are that in this business
+history matters and I have to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history matters and I have to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history matters and I have to give you
+this graph because it's it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph because it's it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph because it's it it's a
+fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic
+the visual display of quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual display of quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual display of quantitative
+information beautiful book at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information beautiful book at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information beautiful book at some time
+your life read it it's it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life read it it's it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life read it it's it's a it's a
+book on how can you use visual displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on how can you use visual displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on how can you use visual displays
+to get across information this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get across information this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get across information this shows
+when capacity was when us generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when capacity was when us generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when capacity was when us generating
+capacity was built and how it's powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity was built and how it's powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity was built and how it's powered
+so you get a whole lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a whole lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a whole lot of information
+out of this you get out of this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this you get out of this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this you get out of this that
+there's a lot of capacity still running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of capacity still running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of capacity still running
+built before 1960 a ton of capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built before 1960 a ton of capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built before 1960 a ton of capacity
+built before 1980 a lot of coal capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built before 1980 a lot of coal capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built before 1980 a lot of coal capacity
+built before 1980 the recent capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built before 1980 the recent capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built before 1980 the recent capacity
+over here is almost all gas although you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is almost all gas although you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is almost all gas although you
+see a little cold coming online here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little cold coming online here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little cold coming online here
+it's almost all gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost all gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost all gas and
+very recently wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently wind
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+there's a lot of money invested in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of money invested in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of money invested in these
+plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and
+for at least some of them coal is cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least some of them coal is cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least some of them coal is cheap
+the plants built the running cost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plants built the running cost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plants built the running cost the
+cost of buying the coal putting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of buying the coal putting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of buying the coal putting it in
+and generating electricity from it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generating electricity from it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generating electricity from it is
+really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low
+so the cost of shutting them down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cost of shutting them down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cost of shutting them down and
+replacing them doesn't matter what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing them doesn't matter what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing them doesn't matter what they
+cost to build it's a cost of the cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to build it's a cost of the cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to build it's a cost of the cost is
+premature replacement could be very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premature replacement could be very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premature replacement could be very high
+and that's what we're hearing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're hearing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're hearing on the
+other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand
+many of these are really dirty and buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these are really dirty and buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these are really dirty and buy
+and compared to the new stuff really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compared to the new stuff really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compared to the new stuff really
+inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turning that ship is not easy turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning that ship is not easy turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning that ship is not easy turning
+that ship is not easy yeah all the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ship is not easy yeah all the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ship is not easy yeah all the new
+stuff is gas that's just swell and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is gas that's just swell and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is gas that's just swell and that
+trends going to continue and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends going to continue and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends going to continue and this is in
+response to a bunch of subsidies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a bunch of subsidies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a bunch of subsidies and
+regulations the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations the wind
+but these guys are still here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these guys are still here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these guys are still here they're
+still here Oh in the nuclear plants it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still here Oh in the nuclear plants it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still here Oh in the nuclear plants it's
+an interesting question how long will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting question how long will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting question how long will
+the nuclear plants stay they've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear plants stay they've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear plants stay they've gotten
+more efficient over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient over time
+they can run for a while will we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can run for a while will we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can run for a while will we build
+new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ones
+final example of how history matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final example of how history matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final example of how history matters
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+US oil reserves so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US oil reserves so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US oil reserves so no
+we explored for oil in the lower 48 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explored for oil in the lower 48 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explored for oil in the lower 48 we
+explored for oil in Alaska we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored for oil in Alaska we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored for oil in Alaska we're
+exploring for oil have explored for oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring for oil have explored for oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring for oil have explored for oil
+offshore that's us oil reserves over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore that's us oil reserves over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore that's us oil reserves over
+time so it's not that we pumped out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's not that we pumped out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's not that we pumped out it's
+not the difference between 30 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the difference between 30 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the difference between 30 billion
+barrels and I don't know 22 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels and I don't know 22 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels and I don't know 22 billion
+barrels is the amount we've produced no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels is the amount we've produced no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels is the amount we've produced no
+we've produced a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've produced a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've produced a lot more
+but after a while if you produce a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after a while if you produce a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after a while if you produce a lot
+today it becomes harder to find tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it becomes harder to find tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it becomes harder to find tomorrow
+I who does how much there is but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I who does how much there is but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I who does how much there is but what
+there is is hard to find we're deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is is hard to find we're deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is is hard to find we're deep
+underwater off Los Angeles Boston Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater off Los Angeles Boston Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater off Los Angeles Boston Los
+Angeles off New Orleans Louisiana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles off New Orleans Louisiana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles off New Orleans Louisiana
+that's not cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not cheap
+O'Town a mile and drill that's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Town a mile and drill that's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Town a mile and drill that's just not
+cheap it was cheaper in Alaska here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap it was cheaper in Alaska here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap it was cheaper in Alaska here but
+you know we've pumped a lot of oil out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've pumped a lot of oil out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've pumped a lot of oil out
+of Alaska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alaska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alaska
+so that history that decision that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that history that decision that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that history that decision that we're
+going to use domestic oil today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use domestic oil today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use domestic oil today
+has implications for tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has implications for tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has implications for tomorrow
+okay I'm going to stop there oh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to stop there oh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to stop there oh and I
+should just make the make the point yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just make the make the point yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just make the make the point yeah
+over the period of this graph world oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period of this graph world oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period of this graph world oil
+reserves then it actually includes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves then it actually includes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves then it actually includes us
+but we're small world oil reserves more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're small world oil reserves more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're small world oil reserves more
+than doubled because people look for oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doubled because people look for oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doubled because people look for oil
+in new places people have been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new places people have been looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new places people have been looking
+for oil in the US and it gets harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil in the US and it gets harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil in the US and it gets harder to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+okay questions or comments
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-T34yGp4T7A.txt b/-T34yGp4T7A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e643d224aedc3628af3897168560c9076534efb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-T34yGp4T7A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an example or rather a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example or rather a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example or rather a story
+that's supposed to give us some insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to give us some insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to give us some insight
+and some intuition about what the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some intuition about what the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some intuition about what the law of
+iterated expectations really means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations really means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations really means
+suppose that you work for a forecasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you work for a forecasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you work for a forecasting
+company and suppose that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and suppose that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and suppose that you make
+forecasts by calculating expected values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts by calculating expected values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts by calculating expected values
+of the quantities that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantities that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantities that you want to
+forecast and of course when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast and of course when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast and of course when you
+calculate an expected value you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an expected value you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an expected value you always
+use whatever information you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whatever information you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whatever information you have so
+here we have the beginning of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the beginning of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the beginning of the year
+and you are working for a company that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are working for a company that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are working for a company that's
+trying to forecast the sales during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to forecast the sales during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to forecast the sales during the
+month of February that's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month of February that's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month of February that's a random
+variable capital X you're sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital X you're sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital X you're sitting in
+your office in the beginning of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your office in the beginning of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your office in the beginning of the year
+what is going to be your forecast it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to be your forecast it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to be your forecast it's
+going to be the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the expected value of the
+random variable X so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X so this is the
+forecast that you make at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that you make at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that you make at this point in
+time now time goes by and we are sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now time goes by and we are sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now time goes by and we are sitting
+now in the beginning of February or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the beginning of February or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the beginning of February or the
+end of January at that time you obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of January at that time you obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of January at that time you obtain
+some new information which is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new information which is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new information which is the value
+little Y of a random variable Capital y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y of a random variable Capital y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y of a random variable Capital y
+what should your new forecast be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should your new forecast be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should your new forecast be well
+once you have this information in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have this information in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have this information in your
+hands your new forecast should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands your new forecast should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands your new forecast should be the
+expected value of x given the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x given the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x given the specific
+available information that you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available information that you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available information that you have so
+this is the revised forecast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the revised forecast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the revised forecast as
+calculated at the end of January but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated at the end of January but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated at the end of January but if
+you are sitting here in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are sitting here in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are sitting here in the beginning of
+the year and you ask yourself what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year and you ask yourself what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year and you ask yourself what is
+the revised forecast going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revised forecast going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revised forecast going to be your
+answer will be I don't know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer will be I don't know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer will be I don't know what is
+going to be it's random it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be it's random it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be it's random it depends on
+what capital y will end up being my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what capital y will end up being my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what capital y will end up being my
+revised forecast is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised forecast is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised forecast is a random variable
+the expected value of x given Y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of x given Y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of x given Y which
+will take this particular numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take this particular numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take this particular numerical
+value if it turns out that the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if it turns out that the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if it turns out that the random
+variable Y takes a specific value little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y takes a specific value little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y takes a specific value little
+Y so this is the forecast calculated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so this is the forecast calculated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so this is the forecast calculated at
+this point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time
+this is the forecast viewed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the forecast viewed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the forecast viewed in the
+beginning of the year at which time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the year at which time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the year at which time we
+do not know yet the value of the revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know yet the value of the revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know yet the value of the revised
+forecast now what does the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast now what does the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast now what does the law of
+iterated expectations tell us in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations tell us in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations tell us in this
+case it tells us that the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it tells us that the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it tells us that the expected value
+of the revised forecast is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the revised forecast is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the revised forecast is the same as
+the original forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does this mean in practical terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it means that given today's forecast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that given today's forecast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that given today's forecast the
+original forecast you do not expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original forecast you do not expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original forecast you do not expect the
+next forecast the revised one to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next forecast the revised one to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next forecast the revised one to be
+higher or lower it could be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher or lower it could be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher or lower it could be either
+higher or lower but on the average you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher or lower but on the average you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher or lower but on the average you
+expect the revision of the forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the revision of the forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the revision of the forecast
+going from this one to that one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from this one to that one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from this one to that one the
+revised one that revision on the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised one that revision on the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised one that revision on the average
+to be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to zero
+you do not expect forecasts to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not expect forecasts to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not expect forecasts to be
+revised either upwards or downwards on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised either upwards or downwards on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised either upwards or downwards on
+the average of course this is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of course this is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of course this is not what
+happens always in real life so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens always in real life so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens always in real life so suppose
+that capital X the quantity you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capital X the quantity you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capital X the quantity you're
+forecasting is the cost of some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting is the cost of some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting is the cost of some big
+project and your original budget or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and your original budget or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and your original budget or
+original forecast expected value of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original forecast expected value of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original forecast expected value of x is
+what you expect the cost of the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect the cost of the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect the cost of the project
+to be well from experience with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well from experience with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well from experience with real
+life we kind of know that budgets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life we kind of know that budgets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life we kind of know that budgets or
+cost estimates tend to be revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost estimates tend to be revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost estimates tend to be revised
+upwards more often than downwards does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards more often than downwards does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards more often than downwards does
+this real-life fact contradict the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real-life fact contradict the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real-life fact contradict the law
+of iterated expectations well not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iterated expectations well not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iterated expectations well not really
+what is going on here is that real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on here is that real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on here is that real life
+forecasts are not really honestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts are not really honestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts are not really honestly
+calculated expected values but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated expected values but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated expected values but maybe
+they're calculated with some implicit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calculated with some implicit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calculated with some implicit or
+hidden biases so that the forecasts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden biases so that the forecasts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden biases so that the forecasts that
+are given are actually not the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given are actually not the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given are actually not the expected
+values so there is no contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so there is no contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so there is no contradiction
+between this mathematical fact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this mathematical fact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this mathematical fact and
+possible life experiences
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-r0hWGcNLSI.txt b/-r0hWGcNLSI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f76fbcf3c8e58b1df9e3a7a387ab1b1a9062ebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-r0hWGcNLSI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8858 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+started so last class we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so last class we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so last class we talked about
+some things that happened with rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that happened with rectifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that happened with rectifier
+sort of on the DC side today I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on the DC side today I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on the DC side today I'd like to
+talk about some measures that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some measures that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some measures that we use
+when we're looking at the AC side so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at the AC side so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at the AC side so for
+example if I had a rectifier connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I had a rectifier connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I had a rectifier connected
+to the grid but what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grid but what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grid but what we're going to talk
+about about applies to all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about applies to all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about applies to all kinds of
+energy transfers mediated by time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfers mediated by time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfers mediated by time
+varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying
+waveforms before I get into it however I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms before I get into it however I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms before I get into it however I
+just wanted to remind you of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to remind you of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to remind you of a few
+definitions because we'll kind of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions because we'll kind of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions because we'll kind of come
+back and use them and the first of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and use them and the first of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and use them and the first of these
+is simply the RMS or the root mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square of a signal so if I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a signal so if I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a signal so if I have the
+signal X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal X of
+T the root mean square is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the root mean square is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the root mean square is the square
+root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean of x^2 of T and I'd call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of x^2 of T and I'd call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of x^2 of T and I'd call that
+xrms okay so why there there's a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrms okay so why there there's a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrms okay so why there there's a variety
+of reasons why you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasons why you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasons why you might want to
+calculate the RMS of a signal but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the RMS of a signal but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the RMS of a signal but it's
+particularly useful in ener in thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly useful in ener in thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly useful in ener in thinking
+about energy why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy why
+because suppose I had a for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because suppose I had a for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because suppose I had a for example a
+current waveform I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current waveform I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current waveform I of
+T into a resistor okay and I said how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T into a resistor okay and I said how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T into a resistor okay and I said how
+much power is being transferred into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power is being transferred into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power is being transferred into
+that resistor on average okay well P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistor on average okay well P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistor on average okay well P of
+T is simply equal to uh V *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I which would be equal to I of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I which would be equal to I of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I which would be equal to I of t
+2 * R okay and then if I wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * R okay and then if I wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * R okay and then if I wanted the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+power I would calculate that as 1 / T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I would calculate that as 1 / T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I would calculate that as 1 / T
+the integral over T of i^ 2 of T DT * R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over T of i^ 2 of T DT * R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over T of i^ 2 of T DT * R
+okay so I can take out the r and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can take out the r and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can take out the r and this
+gives me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me I
+RMS squar * R Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS squar * R Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS squar * R Okay so
+calculating the RMS of a current means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the RMS of a current means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the RMS of a current means
+it's the DC quantity it's the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the DC quantity it's the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the DC quantity it's the fixed
+quantity that will transfer the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that will transfer the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that will transfer the same
+amount of power into a resistor as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power into a resistor as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power into a resistor as a
+current or I could have done this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or I could have done this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or I could have done this with a
+voltage okay if it's a resistor okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay if it's a resistor okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay if it's a resistor okay so
+I don't need to know everything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to know everything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to know everything about
+the waveform all I need to know is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveform all I need to know is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveform all I need to know is this
+RMS and irms S time r or vrms S / R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS and irms S time r or vrms S / R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS and irms S time r or vrms S / R
+gives me the power disspation a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the power disspation a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the power disspation a resistor
+okay now if I don't have Jewel heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I don't have Jewel heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I don't have Jewel heating
+if I don't have resistive loss maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't have resistive loss maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't have resistive loss maybe the
+RMS isn't the right quantity but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS isn't the right quantity but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS isn't the right quantity but very
+often it is so that's why we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it is so that's why we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it is so that's why we tend to
+care about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about it
+okay the second thing first of all any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second thing first of all any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second thing first of all any
+questions about the meaning or use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the meaning or use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the meaning or use of
+root mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square the second thing I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square the second thing I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square the second thing I'd like to
+remind you of is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of is the notion of
+orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I think it's particularly obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think it's particularly obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think it's particularly obvious
+what orthogonality means when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what orthogonality means when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what orthogonality means when you have a
+pair of vectors right that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of vectors right that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of vectors right that they're
+perpendicular in some sense but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular in some sense but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular in some sense but what
+does it mean for continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean for continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean for continuous time
+waveforms well two waveforms x of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms well two waveforms x of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms well two waveforms x of T and
+Y of T are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval if the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if the following
+um the integral from A to B of X of T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the integral from A to B of X of T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the integral from A to B of X of T *
+y of T DT is equal to zero okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of T DT is equal to zero okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of T DT is equal to zero okay this is
+the natural Assumption of the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural Assumption of the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural Assumption of the inner
+product for for sort of discrete sets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for for sort of discrete sets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for for sort of discrete sets or
+vectors or something onto continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors or something onto continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors or something onto continuous
+time waveforms okay so if I if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveforms okay so if I if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveforms okay so if I if I take
+the product of the two x oft and Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the two x oft and Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the two x oft and Y of
+and I integrate them over the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I integrate them over the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I integrate them over the interval
+I'm interested and I get zero that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested and I get zero that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested and I get zero that means
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+orthogonal what that implies among many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal what that implies among many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal what that implies among many
+other things for example is if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things for example is if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things for example is if you know
+I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had
+some element and I had a voltage say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element and I had a voltage say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element and I had a voltage say the
+voltage was X of T and the current was y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage was X of T and the current was y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage was X of T and the current was y
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+T that would suggest that over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that would suggest that over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that would suggest that over that
+interval of time x of T and Y of T would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of time x of T and Y of T would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of time x of T and Y of T would
+conspire to deliver zero energy into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspire to deliver zero energy into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspire to deliver zero energy into the
+element okay so we have a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay so we have a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay so we have a general
+definition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for
+orthogonality and has some implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality and has some implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality and has some implications
+about voltages and currents if I use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about voltages and currents if I use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about voltages and currents if I use it
+for that all right just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that all right just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that all right just as a
+reminder okay come back to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder okay come back to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder okay come back to some
+trigonometry if I have the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry if I have the integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry if I have the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of s of n Omega T Time s of M Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of s of n Omega T Time s of M Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of s of n Omega T Time s of M Omega t
+plus some angle f d Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to zero if n not equal to M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero if n not equal to M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero if n not equal to M
+meaning if I have two sinusoids at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if I have two sinusoids at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if I have two sinusoids at
+different frequencies and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies and here I'm
+thinking about you know on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you know on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you know on some
+commensurate interval so n and M are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commensurate interval so n and M are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commensurate interval so n and M are
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+different they're orthogonal If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're orthogonal If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're orthogonal If I
+multiply sign at one frequency by Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply sign at one frequency by Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply sign at one frequency by Co
+cosine or S of another frequency and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or S of another frequency and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or S of another frequency and I
+integrate them I'm going to get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate them I'm going to get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate them I'm going to get zero
+okay as long as I'm over a commencer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as long as I'm over a commencer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as long as I'm over a commencer
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+so s at one frequency is orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s at one frequency is orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s at one frequency is orthogonal to
+sine waves at any other frequency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine waves at any other frequency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine waves at any other frequency right
+and this is the fundamental trick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the fundamental trick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the fundamental trick that
+we use to develop 4A Series right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to develop 4A Series right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to develop 4A Series right that's
+how we extract out 4A coefficients is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we extract out 4A coefficients is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we extract out 4A coefficients is
+using the orthogonality of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the orthogonality of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the orthogonality of different
+frequencies another thing I'll remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies another thing I'll remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies another thing I'll remind
+you of is simply that if I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of is simply that if I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of is simply that if I have the
+integral of 0 over 2 pi of s of Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 0 over 2 pi of s of Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 0 over 2 pi of s of Omega T
+* cosine of Omega t d Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* cosine of Omega t d Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* cosine of Omega t d Omega
+T I will get zero right so not only are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I will get zero right so not only are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I will get zero right so not only are
+sinusoids at different frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids at different frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids at different frequencies
+orthogonal but S is orthogonal to cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but S is orthogonal to cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but S is orthogonal to cosine
+even at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the same
+frequency okay and that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay and that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay and that's just a
+straightforward trig identity easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward trig identity easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward trig identity easy to
+prove okay in general more generally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove okay in general more generally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove okay in general more generally we
+can write um that the 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write um that the 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write um that the 1 over 2
+pi the integral over 0 to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the integral over 0 to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the integral over 0 to 2 pi
+of sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin Omega
+T time sin of Omega t plus some angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T time sin of Omega t plus some angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T time sin of Omega t plus some angle
+f d Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f d Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f d Omega
+T is simply equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is simply equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is simply equal
+to2 cine of five right so if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 cine of five right so if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 cine of five right so if f is
+90° um that becomes a cosine and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° um that becomes a cosine and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° um that becomes a cosine and I get
+zero if f is zero and I have S squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if f is zero and I have S squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if f is zero and I have S squared
+this is really saying that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really saying that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really saying that the average
+value of s^ squar over an interval is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of s^ squar over an interval is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of s^ squar over an interval is a
+half okay so this is just basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so this is just basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so this is just basic
+trigonometry again but it's a handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry again but it's a handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry again but it's a handy
+result to remember okay and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result to remember okay and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result to remember okay and we'll see
+why we care about this shortly any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we care about this shortly any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we care about this shortly any
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so we'll come back and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll come back and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll come back and use
+that but let's start to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but let's start to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but let's start to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um AC
+waveforms okay and let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms okay and let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms okay and let's talk about
+plugging something into the wall okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging something into the wall okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging something into the wall okay so
+here's my wall here's I have vs Sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my wall here's I have vs Sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my wall here's I have vs Sin
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay and if I you know go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and if I you know go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and if I you know go back to the
+source somewhere in there I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source somewhere in there I'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source somewhere in there I'll have a
+breaker or a fuse and then I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker or a fuse and then I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker or a fuse and then I'll have
+some wall wiring hopefully very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wall wiring hopefully very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wall wiring hopefully very low
+resistance I'll call this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance I'll call this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance I'll call this R
+wire right right and then I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire right right and then I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire right right and then I'll come
+somewhere eventually to my plug and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere eventually to my plug and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere eventually to my plug and I
+can plug something in okay uh and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug something in okay uh and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug something in okay uh and here's
+my load resistor that I'm going to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my load resistor that I'm going to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my load resistor that I'm going to plug
+into the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rabel okay uh you know maybe this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabel okay uh you know maybe this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabel okay uh you know maybe this is my
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+heater um to keep me nice and toasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater um to keep me nice and toasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater um to keep me nice and toasty
+warm in the winter because it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm in the winter because it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm in the winter because it's a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+cold okay so I'm going to go plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold okay so I'm going to go plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold okay so I'm going to go plug this
+into the wall all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wall all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wall all
+right first of all just as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first of all just as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first of all just as an
+aside why do we have this fuser breaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside why do we have this fuser breaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside why do we have this fuser breaker
+here what's it designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do uh well that's that's true but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh well that's that's true but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh well that's that's true but for
+what reason specifically what what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what reason specifically what what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what reason specifically what what's it
+preventing an overcurrent of if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing an overcurrent of if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing an overcurrent of if the
+source is not like consistent and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is not like consistent and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is not like consistent and you
+know spikes it'll break that's true I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know spikes it'll break that's true I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know spikes it'll break that's true I I
+think those those are exactly correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think those those are exactly correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think those those are exactly correct
+answers the thing I was actually looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the thing I was actually looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the thing I was actually looking
+for is a little bit more subtle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is a little bit more subtle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is a little bit more subtle right
+why would the you know if certainly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would the you know if certainly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would the you know if certainly if
+the source goes crazy and gets too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source goes crazy and gets too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source goes crazy and gets too big
+we would want it to pop out but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want it to pop out but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want it to pop out but what
+it's really designed to protect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really designed to protect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really designed to protect you
+actually that's a that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a that's a very good
+thought actually turns out not to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought actually turns out not to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought actually turns out not to be the
+load right I mean one thing is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load right I mean one thing is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load right I mean one thing is if
+something goes wrong with the load and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong with the load and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong with the load and
+the load draws too much current the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load draws too much current the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load draws too much current the you
+don't really rely on the breaker or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really rely on the breaker or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really rely on the breaker or the
+fuse to protect it by then this thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse to protect it by then this thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse to protect it by then this thing's
+toast right what the breaker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast right what the breaker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast right what the breaker is
+specifically designed to I mean if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically designed to I mean if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically designed to I mean if it's
+the fuse in the equipment maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuse in the equipment maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuse in the equipment maybe it's
+trying to help you prevent the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help you prevent the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help you prevent the equipment
+from burning down but the breaker back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from burning down but the breaker back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from burning down but the breaker back
+in your home or in the wall is designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your home or in the wall is designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your home or in the wall is designed
+to protect the wiring right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect the wiring right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect the wiring right because you
+could in principle plug something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in principle plug something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in principle plug something in
+that would be you know happy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be you know happy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be you know happy enough
+wouldn't die but would draw too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't die but would draw too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't die but would draw too much
+current and then what happens when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and then what happens when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and then what happens when your
+wall wies overheat they start a fire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall wies overheat they start a fire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall wies overheat they start a fire and
+then really bad things happen right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then really bad things happen right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then really bad things happen right so
+the fuse the breaker is really designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuse the breaker is really designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuse the breaker is really designed
+to make sure that the wiring doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the wiring doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the wiring doesn't
+overheat it's not you know you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheat it's not you know you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheat it's not you know you can't
+count on that helping you protect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on that helping you protect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on that helping you protect your
+equipment your equipment you might put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment your equipment you might put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment your equipment you might put
+your own fuse in there to help you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own fuse in there to help you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own fuse in there to help you keep
+the equipment from burning down okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment from burning down okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment from burning down okay but
+it's a good it's a good thought so so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good it's a good thought so so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good it's a good thought so so it
+is to protect things but really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to protect things but really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to protect things but really it's
+designed to protect the wire okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to protect the wire okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to protect the wire okay now
+for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most
+purposes right we can usually ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes right we can usually ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes right we can usually ignore the
+wire resistance right so let's let's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire resistance right so let's let's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire resistance right so let's let's for
+the moment pretend the wire resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment pretend the wire resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment pretend the wire resistance
+is zero because if you're burning lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because if you're burning lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because if you're burning lots
+of power in The Wire you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power in The Wire you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power in The Wire you're probably
+unhappy anyways okay so let's just we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy anyways okay so let's just we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy anyways okay so let's just we'll
+just ignore that for our calculations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore that for our calculations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore that for our calculations so
+what is the power going into my space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the power going into my space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the power going into my space
+heater here okay well P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater here okay well P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater here okay well P of
+T you know here's V subel here's I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you know here's V subel here's I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you know here's V subel here's I right
+so P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P of
+T would equal as we calculated would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would equal as we calculated would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would equal as we calculated would
+just be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be equal to
+i^2 of T * R which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i^2 of T * R which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i^2 of T * R which would be
+uh if VL is approxim equal to vs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if VL is approxim equal to vs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if VL is approxim equal to vs because
+I'm ignoring the the wiring resistance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ignoring the the wiring resistance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ignoring the the wiring resistance I
+could calculate it that way and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could calculate it that way and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could calculate it that way and I could
+say that the average power I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the average power I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the average power I'll just
+call that P or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that P or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that P or
+pav is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pav is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pav is simply
+irms squar time R okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms squar time R okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms squar time R okay
+RL okay so um if for example uh V if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL okay so um if for example uh V if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL okay so um if for example uh V if if
+vrms is equal to 115
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms is equal to 115
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms is equal to 115
+volts all right that means a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts all right that means a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts all right that means a peak
+sinusoid more like 170 volts okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid more like 170 volts okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid more like 170 volts okay and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fuse or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse or the
+breaker is 15 amps okay um now this plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker is 15 amps okay um now this plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker is 15 amps okay um now this plug
+here if you're if your two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you're if your two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you're if your two
+plugs you you have a long one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugs you you have a long one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugs you you have a long one and a
+short one right if your plug looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short one right if your plug looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short one right if your plug looks like
+this that's a 15 that's a 15 amp circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's a 15 that's a 15 amp circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's a 15 that's a 15 amp circuit
+right so it's intended that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's intended that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's intended that you're
+plugging that back into a 15 amp line if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging that back into a 15 amp line if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging that back into a 15 amp line if
+you looked at this one in particular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at this one in particular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at this one in particular it
+actually has another sideways pin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has another sideways pin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has another sideways pin that
+you could actually make plug something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually make plug something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually make plug something
+in up to 20 amps and you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in up to 20 amps and you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in up to 20 amps and you'd have a
+slightly different plug to do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different plug to do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different plug to do that right
+and that means the wall wiring in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means the wall wiring in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means the wall wiring in this
+case is a little bit heftier and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is a little bit heftier and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is a little bit heftier and can
+carry more current and the breakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry more current and the breakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry more current and the breakers
+designed to carry that okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to carry that okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to carry that okay so this is
+by The Bu but suppose I had a 115 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by The Bu but suppose I had a 115 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by The Bu but suppose I had a 115 volts
+RMS which is about what it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS which is about what it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS which is about what it's supposed to
+be and 15 amps that would give me if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and 15 amps that would give me if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and 15 amps that would give me if I
+plug this into here uh would give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this into here uh would give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this into here uh would give me
+about 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.7
+KW right so in fact if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW right so in fact if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW right so in fact if you go to the
+store and you look you'll see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and you look you'll see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and you look you'll see a lot of
+space heaters rated for just about 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space heaters rated for just about 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space heaters rated for just about 1.7
+kilow or a lot of things you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilow or a lot of things you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilow or a lot of things you're going to
+plug in at home why because you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in at home why because you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in at home why because you can put
+them on a 15 amp circuit and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a 15 amp circuit and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a 15 amp circuit and that's what
+a lot of people have in their homes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have in their homes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have in their homes okay
+so all right that's good um I can stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right that's good um I can stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right that's good um I can stay
+nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and
+warm suppose uh suppose I wanted to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm suppose uh suppose I wanted to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm suppose uh suppose I wanted to plug
+in a different load so suppose I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different load so suppose I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different load so suppose I come
+back and here's VSS sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and here's VSS sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and here's VSS sin Omega
+T okay and here's my fuse and my wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and here's my fuse and my wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and here's my fuse and my wire
+room and now I'll come and plug you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and now I'll come and plug you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and now I'll come and plug you know
+suppose I plug in an inductor into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I plug in an inductor into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I plug in an inductor into the
+wall here L I mean it's not that cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall here L I mean it's not that cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall here L I mean it's not that cold
+these days you know maybe I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days you know maybe I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days you know maybe I just want to
+you know while I'm working you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know while I'm working you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know while I'm working you know
+bathe in the luxurian magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathe in the luxurian magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathe in the luxurian magnetic fields
+from my inductors sorry plug an inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my inductors sorry plug an inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my inductors sorry plug an inductor
+in the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wall
+okay well again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ignoring um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring um our
+wire so I'm assuming that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire so I'm assuming that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire so I'm assuming that this
+voltage is the same as the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is the same as the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is the same as the source
+voltage okay then what would I get well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay then what would I get well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay then what would I get well
+I would get I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T would be what well V is equal to l the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be what well V is equal to l the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be what well V is equal to l the
+IDT so this should be 1 L the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDT so this should be 1 L the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDT so this should be 1 L the integral
+of vs Sin of Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vs Sin of Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vs Sin of Omega T
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+okay well this should be equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this should be equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this should be equal to minus
+V Subs over Omega L cosine of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Subs over Omega L cosine of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Subs over Omega L cosine of Omega
+T okay all right so that's what I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay all right so that's what I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay all right so that's what I sort
+of get for a result for my current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get for a result for my current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get for a result for my current in
+steady state into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state into my
+inductor okay what is the power that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay what is the power that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay what is the power that's
+being transferred into the inductor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transferred into the inductor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transferred into the inductor on
+average why don't we calculate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average why don't we calculate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average why don't we calculate that we
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p is equal to uh 1 over 2 pi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is equal to uh 1 over 2 pi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is equal to uh 1 over 2 pi the
+integral from 0 to 2 pi of the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 2 pi of the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 2 pi of the voltage
+which is vs Sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the
+current minus vs over Omega l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current minus vs over Omega l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current minus vs over Omega l
+cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega
+t d Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t d Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t d Omega
+T I just did my average an angle instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I just did my average an angle instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I just did my average an angle instead
+of in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in time
+okay well what does this work out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what does this work out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what does this work out to be
+well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is
+um minus vs^ 2 over 2 pi Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minus vs^ 2 over 2 pi Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minus vs^ 2 over 2 pi Omega
+L times the integral over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L times the integral over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L times the integral over 2
+pi of s Omega T cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T can anybody tell me what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T can anybody tell me what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T can anybody tell me what that
+is z zero why is it zero because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is z zero why is it zero because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is z zero why is it zero because the
+voltage is a sign and the current is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is a sign and the current is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is a sign and the current is a
+cosine and we just decided that SS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and we just decided that SS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and we just decided that SS and
+cosiness were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness were
+orthogonal okay so I'm going to draw no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal okay so I'm going to draw no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal okay so I'm going to draw no
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+power um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into my inductor right that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my inductor right that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my inductor right that kind of
+makes sense because the inductor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because the inductor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because the inductor is
+ideally a lossless element right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally a lossless element right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally a lossless element right so it
+shouldn't be able to absorb average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to absorb average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to absorb average
+power what I am doing however I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power what I am doing however I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power what I am doing however I'm not
+absorbing power on average but I do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing power on average but I do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing power on average but I do have
+current right there's current going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right there's current going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right there's current going into
+the inductor and there's voltage on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor and there's voltage on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor and there's voltage on the
+inductor so I do have some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor so I do have some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor so I do have some energy
+transfer instantaneously or what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer instantaneously or what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer instantaneously or what I have
+is sort of Slash of energy from the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of Slash of energy from the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of Slash of energy from the wall
+into the inductor and from the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inductor and from the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inductor and from the inductor
+back into the wall okay but no loss as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the wall okay but no loss as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the wall okay but no loss as
+long as as long as I can ignore our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as as long as I can ignore our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as as long as I can ignore our
+wire okay that's what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire okay that's what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire okay that's what's known as
+reactive power transfer be because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive power transfer be because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive power transfer be because it's
+a reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactive
+component okay so that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay so that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay so that makes
+sense um but notice that while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um but notice that while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um but notice that while I'm
+drawing no average power I still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing no average power I still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing no average power I still have
+current right and that means I am still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right and that means I am still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right and that means I am still
+you know I have some current here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I have some current here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I have some current here so I
+am still dissipating some energy in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am still dissipating some energy in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am still dissipating some energy in that
+wiring resistance and I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring resistance and I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring resistance and I'm still
+Limited in the current I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limited in the current I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limited in the current I can
+draw before the the breaker goes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw before the the breaker goes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw before the the breaker goes before
+the fuse pops right because the fuse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuse pops right because the fuse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuse pops right because the fuse is
+designed to essentially pop or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to essentially pop or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to essentially pop or the
+breaker is designed to pop based on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker is designed to pop based on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker is designed to pop based on in
+long-term RMS current okay so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term RMS current okay so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term RMS current okay so what does
+that look like well if I could figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like well if I could figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like well if I could figure
+out the RMS current irms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the RMS current irms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the RMS current irms
+here is equal to the peak value it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to the peak value it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to the peak value it's a
+sinusid it's a peak value over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusid it's a peak value over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusid it's a peak value over the
+square of two so it would be vs over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of two so it would be vs over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of two so it would be vs over the
+< TK 2 Omega L okay so if I again have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK 2 Omega L okay so if I again have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK 2 Omega L okay so if I again have
+omega is equal to 377 radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega is equal to 377 radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega is equal to 377 radians per
+second in the United States that's 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in the United States that's 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in the United States that's 60
+hertz essentially okay uh L of about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz essentially okay uh L of about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz essentially okay uh L of about 20
+m henries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+irms of about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms of about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms of about 15
+amps at 115 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ac okay so what does that mean if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac okay so what does that mean if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac okay so what does that mean if I go
+out and get myself a 21 mentry inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and get myself a 21 mentry inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and get myself a 21 mentry inductor
+and I plug it in Life's good right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I plug it in Life's good right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I plug it in Life's good right I
+enjoy the magnetic fields if I instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the magnetic fields if I instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the magnetic fields if I instead
+brought my 19 mhenry inductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought my 19 mhenry inductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought my 19 mhenry inductor and
+plugged it in well I'm going to lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged it in well I'm going to lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged it in well I'm going to lose the
+breaker and you know I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker and you know I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker and you know I'm going to be
+sitting in the dark okay so while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the dark okay so while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the dark okay so while the
+inductor doesn't consume average power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor doesn't consume average power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor doesn't consume average power
+it does draw a mean Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does draw a mean Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does draw a mean Square
+current okay and it does degrade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and it does degrade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and it does degrade the
+ability of me to utilize my source right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of me to utilize my source right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of me to utilize my source right
+so I have two outlets here suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have two outlets here suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have two outlets here suppose I'm
+putting in my 20 mhenry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in my 20 mhenry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in my 20 mhenry
+inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+okay um and I can I can do that Life's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and I can I can do that Life's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and I can I can do that Life's
+good good right nothing's going wrong I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good right nothing's going wrong I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good right nothing's going wrong I
+haven't exceeded the breaker but now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't exceeded the breaker but now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't exceeded the breaker but now if
+I want to plug in my space heater as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to plug in my space heater as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to plug in my space heater as
+well cuz I'm feeling cold I'm out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cuz I'm feeling cold I'm out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cuz I'm feeling cold I'm out of
+luck right because I'm already drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck right because I'm already drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck right because I'm already drawing
+15 amps RMS I draw any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 amps RMS I draw any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 amps RMS I draw any more
+current the breaker goes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the breaker goes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the breaker goes okay so
+plugging in the inductor hasn't used any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the inductor hasn't used any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the inductor hasn't used any
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+energy but it has degraded my ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it has degraded my ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it has degraded my ability to
+draw power from the source right I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw power from the source right I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw power from the source right I've
+utilized I the capability of the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized I the capability of the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized I the capability of the source
+to deliver me energy even though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver me energy even though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver me energy even though I
+haven't used the energy okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't used the energy okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't used the energy okay any
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that now as you might imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now as you might imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now as you might imagine the
+utility hates that right their job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility hates that right their job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility hates that right their job is to
+sell you energy um and you're using up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you energy um and you're using up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you energy um and you're using up
+the capacity without using up the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity without using up the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity without using up the energy
+all right so what people have done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what people have done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what people have done is
+they've sort of come up with a measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've sort of come up with a measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've sort of come up with a measure
+of energy utilization how well are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy utilization how well are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy utilization how well are you
+utilizing the capability of the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizing the capability of the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizing the capability of the source
+to deliver you energy okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver you energy okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver you energy okay and this
+measure is known as power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is known as power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is known as power factor
+okay so power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor is defined as follows it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is defined as follows it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is defined as follows it's the
+average power you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average power you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average power you're
+drawing divided by the RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing divided by the RMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing divided by the RMS
+voltage times the RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage times the RMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage times the RMS
+current all right now when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current all right now when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current all right now when I talk about
+power factor we mean the power factor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor we mean the power factor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor we mean the power factor at
+a port right so I have some pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a port right so I have some pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a port right so I have some pair of
+wires okay and you know I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires okay and you know I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires okay and you know I look at this
+port this interface is two wire pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port this interface is two wire pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port this interface is two wire pair and
+I'm talking about some voltage V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about some voltage V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about some voltage V and
+some current I here right so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some current I here right so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some current I here right so it's the
+basically relating to the power that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically relating to the power that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically relating to the power that's
+going across this dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across this dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across this dash line
+okay and why do I choose this measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and why do I choose this measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and why do I choose this measure
+well what would be if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistor okay the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is equal to
+vrms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms
+irms so the power factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms so the power factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms so the power factor is
+one okay so I basically best utilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I basically best utilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I basically best utilize
+that source as I can right I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that source as I can right I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that source as I can right I'm drawing
+the energy out of the source and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy out of the source and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy out of the source and it's
+you know all going to me all the RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all going to me all the RMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all going to me all the RMS
+current is contributing to energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is contributing to energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is contributing to energy
+transfer from the source to the load or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer from the source to the load or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer from the source to the load or
+across this boundary okay if I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this boundary okay if I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this boundary okay if I had an
+inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l or a capacitor C for that matter I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l or a capacitor C for that matter I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l or a capacitor C for that matter I'd
+have average power is equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have average power is equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have average power is equal to zero and
+I'd have a power factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have a power factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have a power factor of
+zero right that means I'm utilizing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that means I'm utilizing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that means I'm utilizing up
+the capability of the source by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability of the source by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability of the source by drawing
+RMS current but delivering no energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS current but delivering no energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS current but delivering no energy
+okay so the power factor has a magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the power factor has a magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the power factor has a magnitude
+that's less than one the big the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than one the big the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than one the big the best
+case from the utilities perspective if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case from the utilities perspective if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case from the utilities perspective if
+your power factor is one that means all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your power factor is one that means all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your power factor is one that means all
+the current I'm drawing is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current I'm drawing is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current I'm drawing is going to
+energy transfer the power factor can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer the power factor can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer the power factor can go
+down to zero which means I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero which means I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero which means I'm drawing
+current but I'm not drawing any power on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current but I'm not drawing any power on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current but I'm not drawing any power on
+average okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay any questions about that
+general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea
+yeah the power factor of one then would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the power factor of one then would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the power factor of one then would
+all the electricity be burned up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmission power factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission power factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission power factor of
+one okay first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay first of
+all the transmission line I when I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the transmission line I when I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the transmission line I when I talk
+about power factor I'm talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about power factor I'm talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about power factor I'm talking about it
+at a place so I'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a place so I'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a place so I'm talking about the
+voltage here and the current here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here and the current here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here and the current here okay
+so power factor doesn't concern itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so power factor doesn't concern itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so power factor doesn't concern itself
+with what energy is being dissipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what energy is being dissipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what energy is being dissipated
+elsewhere okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere okay
+all it's saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's saying is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the current I'm using here is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current I'm using here is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current I'm using here is doing the
+best possible job of transferring Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible job of transferring Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible job of transferring Energy
+across this boundary without wasting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this boundary without wasting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this boundary without wasting any
+of it okay that's not to say that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it okay that's not to say that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it okay that's not to say that there
+is no dissipation you know back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no dissipation you know back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no dissipation you know back over
+here somewhere okay and with a resistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere okay and with a resistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere okay and with a resistive
+load a power factor of one means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load a power factor of one means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load a power factor of one means you're
+doing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as
+little uh Badness as you can right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh Badness as you can right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh Badness as you can right right
+in other words in order to draw energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words in order to draw energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words in order to draw energy
+in this example yeah I am dissipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example yeah I am dissipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example yeah I am dissipating
+something in the wire there is some loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the wire there is some loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the wire there is some loss
+for the utility that they're paying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the utility that they're paying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the utility that they're paying for
+right but I'm sort of minimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I'm sort of minimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I'm sort of minimizing the
+amount that's getting burned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that's getting burned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that's getting burned in the
+wiring resistance to transfer energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring resistance to transfer energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring resistance to transfer energy to
+my load whereas in the inductive case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my load whereas in the inductive case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my load whereas in the inductive case I
+was doing the opposite thing I was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing the opposite thing I was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing the opposite thing I was sort
+of you know not taking in energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know not taking in energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know not taking in energy but
+still causing them to have to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still causing them to have to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still causing them to have to pay for
+the loss in the transmission line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss in the transmission line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss in the transmission line
+does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+sense other questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense other questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense other questions or
+comments yeah so when we say the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments yeah so when we say the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments yeah so when we say the average
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+at is the idea then that it would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the idea then that it would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the idea then that it would be if
+you had some element at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had some element at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had some element at
+that say it again if we say average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say it again if we say average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say it again if we say average
+power at a court then it's as if we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power at a court then it's as if we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power at a court then it's as if we if
+we were to have some resistant element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to have some resistant element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to have some resistant element
+at that Port that's what it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that Port that's what it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that Port that's what it would be
+right yes if I had some resistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes if I had some resistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes if I had some resistive
+element on the yeah the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the yeah the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the yeah the question is what
+the power at the Port it's the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power at the Port it's the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power at the Port it's the power
+that's going across this dash line on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going across this dash line on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going across this dash line on
+average okay so if I have a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so if I have a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so if I have a resistor
+over here that's where it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay so we have this notion of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so we have this notion of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so we have this notion of power
+factor by the way power factor can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor by the way power factor can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor by the way power factor can
+technically be between between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically be between between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically be between between one and
+minus one right minus one a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one right minus one a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one right minus one a negative
+number would just suggest that actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would just suggest that actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would just suggest that actual
+power is Flowing that way okay um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is Flowing that way okay um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is Flowing that way okay um but
+the utility is quite concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility is quite concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility is quite concerned with
+power factor and not to be confused with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor and not to be confused with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor and not to be confused with
+actual power dissipation I should say by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual power dissipation I should say by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual power dissipation I should say by
+the way that this average power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that this average power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that this average power is
+sometimes known as uh quote unquote real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power so if you talk hear somebody talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so if you talk hear somebody talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so if you talk hear somebody talk
+about real power that's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real power that's what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real power that's what they're
+talking about vrms irms is known what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about vrms irms is known what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about vrms irms is known what's
+known as apparent power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is greater than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is greater than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is greater than or equal to the
+real power okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real power okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real power okay
+um and this is just saying sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is just saying sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is just saying sort of what
+effective power would I be drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective power would I be drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective power would I be drawing
+considering that I have that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering that I have that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering that I have that much
+current and that much voltage all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and that much voltage all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and that much voltage all right
+if if it was going into a resistive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it was going into a resistive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it was going into a resistive load
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+so let's expand our thoughts a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's expand our thoughts a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's expand our thoughts a little
+bit because I been so far talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because I been so far talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because I been so far talking about
+resistors and inductors and capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors and inductors and capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors and inductors and capacitors
+which have the characteristic that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have the characteristic that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have the characteristic that they
+all draw sinal waveforms okay so nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all draw sinal waveforms okay so nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all draw sinal waveforms okay so nothing
+wrong with anything we've done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with anything we've done so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with anything we've done so far
+but the world is bigger than that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the world is bigger than that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the world is bigger than that and
+let let's come back and think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's come back and think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's come back and think about um
+for example the rectifier we had from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the rectifier we had from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the rectifier we had from
+last time okay so last time we said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time okay so last time we said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time okay so last time we said okay
+um you know I'm going to hook up to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I'm going to hook up to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I'm going to hook up to some
+ac voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+source right so I have a sinusal voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source right so I have a sinusal voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source right so I have a sinusal voltage
+source and then that's coming into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and then that's coming into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and then that's coming into some
+rectifier and I'm getting some output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier and I'm getting some output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier and I'm getting some output
+current which is ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is ideally
+DC and maybe I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC and maybe I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC and maybe I would say
+okay let's talk about this current drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about this current drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about this current drawn
+from the rectifier I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rectifier I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rectifier I of
+T okay so what does that look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so what does that look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so what does that look like in
+the example we had last time okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example we had last time okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example we had last time okay if I
+have a sinusoidal voltage source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right for a power converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right for a power converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right for a power converter
+circuit you know the best case scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit you know the best case scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit you know the best case scenario
+is it looks like a resistor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it looks like a resistor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it looks like a resistor right
+because that's when you get power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's when you get power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's when you get power factor
+a one unfortunately a lot of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one unfortunately a lot of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one unfortunately a lot of power
+converters don't look like that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters don't look like that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters don't look like that and in
+fact if we took the halfwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we took the halfwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we took the halfwave
+rectifier from last time and I said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier from last time and I said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier from last time and I said what
+did the line current look like it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the line current look like it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the line current look like it would
+look like this it would look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this it would look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this it would look like in
+positive half the line cycle it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive half the line cycle it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive half the line cycle it would
+give me some current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some current
+ID and in the second half of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and in the second half of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and in the second half of the line
+cycle it would give me zero all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle it would give me zero all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle it would give me zero all right so
+I'd be drawing a square wave and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be drawing a square wave and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be drawing a square wave and in fact
+in that half wave rectifier waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that half wave rectifier waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that half wave rectifier waveform
+it's actually a square wave with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a square wave with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a square wave with an
+offset particularly horrible okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset particularly horrible okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset particularly horrible okay and
+here's Omega T this is pi and this is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Omega T this is pi and this is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Omega T this is pi and this is 2
+pi all right so the point is when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi all right so the point is when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi all right so the point is when we
+start introducing power conversion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start introducing power conversion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start introducing power conversion we
+can also often have nonlinear loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also often have nonlinear loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also often have nonlinear loads
+meaning that even when I'm driving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that even when I'm driving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that even when I'm driving it
+with a sinusal voltage I don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sinusal voltage I don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sinusal voltage I don't get a
+sinusoidal current okay so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal current okay so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal current okay so let's start
+to think about you know how might I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about you know how might I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about you know how might I
+represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+okay and this is particularly when I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is particularly when I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is particularly when I did
+this halfwave rectifier was a halfwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this halfwave rectifier was a halfwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this halfwave rectifier was a halfwave
+rectifier with an inductive filter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier with an inductive filter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier with an inductive filter um
+which draws that kind of square wavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which draws that kind of square wavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which draws that kind of square wavy
+waveform well let's let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform well let's let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform well let's let's think about
+you know how I might represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how I might represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how I might represent this
+current I of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I of t
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right one way to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one way to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one way to think about that
+is in periodic steady state I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in periodic steady state I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in periodic steady state I get a
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+current right so n PSS is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right so n PSS is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right so n PSS is what I'm
+talking about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about right
+now I can represent I of t with a 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can represent I of t with a 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can represent I of t with a 4A
+Series so I of T we might write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so I of T we might write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so I of T we might write this as
+the summation from Nal 0 to Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation from Nal 0 to Infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation from Nal 0 to Infinity of
+I subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subn
+s of n Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of n Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of n Omega
+t+ 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t+ 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t+ 5
+subn okay this is one way I could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn okay this is one way I could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn okay this is one way I could write
+a 4A series okay we can find the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4A series okay we can find the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4A series okay we can find the fora
+coefficients and just to be clear I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and just to be clear I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and just to be clear I'm
+I'm defining ph0 to be equal to Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining ph0 to be equal to Pi / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining ph0 to be equal to Pi / 2
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+90° so that I sub Z is just the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° so that I sub Z is just the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° so that I sub Z is just the DC
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+well so I can represent this pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I can represent this pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I can represent this pink
+waveform or or any other AC waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform or or any other AC waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform or or any other AC waveform
+that's not sinusoidal as as long as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not sinusoidal as as long as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not sinusoidal as as long as it's
+periodic with some 4A series okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with some 4A series okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with some 4A series okay you
+can relatively easily show what the RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relatively easily show what the RMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relatively easily show what the RMS
+of that waveform is if I have if I break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that waveform is if I have if I break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that waveform is if I have if I break
+it down with this 4 Series we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down with this 4 Series we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down with this 4 Series we could
+write RMS as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write RMS as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write RMS as follows
+irms is simply equal to the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms is simply equal to the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms is simply equal to the square root
+of i0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i0
+2 + 12 i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 12 i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 12 i1
+2+ + 12 i n 2 and so forth okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2+ + 12 i n 2 and so forth okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2+ + 12 i n 2 and so forth okay so it
+sort of becomes the sum of the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of becomes the sum of the squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of becomes the sum of the squares
+the halves are because of the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halves are because of the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halves are because of the mean
+square of the individual components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the individual components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the individual components and
+I not it's constant so it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not it's constant so it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not it's constant so it doesn't have a
+half okay how do you find this well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay how do you find this well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay how do you find this well you
+could just apply the definition of RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just apply the definition of RMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just apply the definition of RMS
+with this waveform and then use orth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this waveform and then use orth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this waveform and then use orth
+ality and it'll pop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ality and it'll pop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ality and it'll pop out
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so fine I can express my um RMS current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fine I can express my um RMS current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fine I can express my um RMS current
+all right how would I write the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how would I write the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how would I write the power
+associated with that waveform given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that waveform given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that waveform given this
+well what I could do is I could say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I could do is I could say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I could do is I could say this
+um the average power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the average power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the average power
+p i could write as V of T time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p i could write as V of T time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p i could write as V of T time the
+average of V of T time I of T right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of V of T time I of T right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of V of T time I of T right so
+this would be 1 over 2 pi integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be 1 over 2 pi integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be 1 over 2 pi integral from
+0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 2
+pi of vs Sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the
+summation n = 0 to Infinity I subn sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation n = 0 to Infinity I subn sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation n = 0 to Infinity I subn sin
+of n Omega t + 5 subn D Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n Omega t + 5 subn D Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n Omega t + 5 subn D Omega
+t Okay so I've got this integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so I've got this integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so I've got this integral of a
+product I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I can
+interchange my summation and integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange my summation and integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange my summation and integration
+here okay so what would this give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what would this give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what would this give me
+this would give me um 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would give me um 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would give me um 1 over 2
+pi vs I sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi vs I sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi vs I sub
+one um I'm sorry I 1 over 2 pi V Subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um I'm sorry I 1 over 2 pi V Subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um I'm sorry I 1 over 2 pi V Subs
+sorry uh summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nal 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 0 to
+Infinity of s i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of s i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of s i
+subn s of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn s of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn s of Omega
+t s of n Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t s of n Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t s of n Omega
+t d Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t d Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t d Omega
+T okay that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody uh there should be an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uh there should be an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uh there should be an integral
+in here shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there thank you
+okay so all I've done is I've pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all I've done is I've pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all I've done is I've pulled out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+summation okay but look at this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation okay but look at this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation okay but look at this what
+would you tell me and this should be sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you tell me and this should be sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you tell me and this should be sin
+n Omega t + 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subn okay what would you tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn okay what would you tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn okay what would you tell me about
+this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+well if n's not equal to one what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if n's not equal to one what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if n's not equal to one what is
+this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral
+zero because sinusoids at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because sinusoids at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because sinusoids at different
+frequencies are orthogonal all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are orthogonal all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are orthogonal all right so
+I can throw every other term but the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can throw every other term but the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can throw every other term but the N
+equal one term away and so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one term away and so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one term away and so what I'm
+going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is
+uh and I can put this one over 2 pi here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I can put this one over 2 pi here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I can put this one over 2 pi here
+and if we come back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we come back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we come back to my
+original um equation here I have that 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original um equation here I have that 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original um equation here I have that 1
+over 2 pi here so what I get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi here so what I get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi here so what I get is
+vs time i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs time i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs time i1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+2 cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the nice thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the nice thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the nice thing is that
+this everything drops out so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everything drops out so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everything drops out so what does
+this tell me this says if I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tell me this says if I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tell me this says if I have this
+distorted waveform it's no longer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted waveform it's no longer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted waveform it's no longer a
+sinusoid this pink current that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid this pink current that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid this pink current that has a
+whole bunch of harmonic junk in it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of harmonic junk in it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of harmonic junk in it okay
+the only part of that that contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only part of that that contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only part of that that contributes
+to average power to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to average power to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to average power to real
+power is the fundamental of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is the fundamental of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is the fundamental of the
+current because every other current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current because every other current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current because every other current
+component at all other frequencies DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component at all other frequencies DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component at all other frequencies DC
+and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all
+harmonics is orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics is orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics is orthogonal to the
+voltage okay moreover it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay moreover it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay moreover it's not just the
+fundamental but it depends upon the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental but it depends upon the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental but it depends upon the the
+cosine of that fundamental in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of that fundamental in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of that fundamental in other
+words it's only the component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's only the component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's only the component of the
+fundamental that's in Phase with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental that's in Phase with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental that's in Phase with the
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+right if 51 was Zero cosine of 51 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if 51 was Zero cosine of 51 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if 51 was Zero cosine of 51 would
+be one so if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one so if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one so if I if I
+decomposed the current the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed the current the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed the current the fundamental
+current into something that was in Phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into something that was in Phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into something that was in Phase
+with the voltage and something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage and something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage and something that was
+90 degrees out of phase of the voltage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 degrees out of phase of the voltage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 degrees out of phase of the voltage I
+can split it up that way right only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can split it up that way right only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can split it up that way right only the
+component that's in Phase with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that's in Phase with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that's in Phase with the
+voltage contributes the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage contributes the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage contributes the energy
+transfer okay so if I want to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer okay so if I want to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer okay so if I want to transfer
+energy right the only part of that pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right the only part of that pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right the only part of that pink
+wave form that's helping me is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave form that's helping me is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave form that's helping me is the part
+at the frequency of the sine wave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequency of the sine wave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequency of the sine wave a
+voltage and only the the piece of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and only the the piece of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and only the the piece of that
+fundamental component that's in Phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component that's in Phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component that's in Phase
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+okay I could rewrite this remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I could rewrite this remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I could rewrite this remember that
+for a sinusoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sinusoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sinusoid the
+RMS is 1 over thek of two * the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS is 1 over thek of two * the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS is 1 over thek of two * the peak
+value right so I could have Rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right so I could have Rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right so I could have Rewritten
+this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+RMS i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS i1
+RMS Co sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS Co sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS Co sign of
+51 all right that's just to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 all right that's just to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 all right that's just to say that
+this half comes from the comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half comes from the comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half comes from the comes from the
+sort of the uh RMS component so I can re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the uh RMS component so I can re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the uh RMS component so I can re
+I could write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could write it this way
+too okay so what does this say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so what does this say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so what does this say about
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+factor all right well I can I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor all right well I can I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor all right well I can I can write
+this average power power factor so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this average power power factor so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this average power power factor so now
+that I can write it I can say what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can write it I can say what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can write it I can say what is
+the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+factor and when I'm saying what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and when I'm saying what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and when I'm saying what is the
+power factor in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor in this particular
+particular example I'm saying what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I'm saying what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I'm saying what's the
+power factor at this port right here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor at this port right here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor at this port right here at
+the r rectifier input Port because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r rectifier input Port because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r rectifier input Port because I
+have this K and vs Sin Omega T here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this K and vs Sin Omega T here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this K and vs Sin Omega T here
+okay the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the power
+factor is simply going to be um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is simply going to be um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is simply going to be um the
+average power which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vrms time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms time
+i1 RMS s the RMS of just the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 RMS s the RMS of just the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 RMS s the RMS of just the fundamental
+component uh times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component uh times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component uh times the
+cosine of the fundamental phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the fundamental phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the fundamental phase of the
+current divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current divided by
+vrms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vrms
+irms okay or I could cancel out vrms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms okay or I could cancel out vrms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms okay or I could cancel out vrms
+because they're both just the RMS of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both just the RMS of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both just the RMS of a
+sine wave right and this would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave right and this would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave right and this would give us
+i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1
+RMS over irms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS over irms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS over irms
+times the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+decomposition is useful this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is useful this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is useful this piece
+here is sometimes called K subd the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is sometimes called K subd the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is sometimes called K subd the
+Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor okay what's it a measure of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay what's it a measure of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay what's it a measure of it's
+saying look this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look this is the
+irms of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms of the whole
+thing i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RMS is simply equal to the square < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS is simply equal to the square < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS is simply equal to the square < TK
+of 12 i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12 i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12 i1
+2 okay so it's saying this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so it's saying this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so it's saying this is a
+measure this Factor this Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this Factor this Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this Factor this Distortion
+factor is a measure of how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is a measure of how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is a measure of how much the
+harmonic content is degrading my power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content is degrading my power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content is degrading my power
+factor I just told you that all the IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor I just told you that all the IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor I just told you that all the IC
+content doesn't help you transfer energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content doesn't help you transfer energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content doesn't help you transfer energy
+that means it's degrading your power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's degrading your power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's degrading your power
+factor so this number KD is clearly some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so this number KD is clearly some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so this number KD is clearly some
+number of magnitude less than one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of magnitude less than one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of magnitude less than one right
+if i1 if it's a pure sinusoid i1 of RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i1 if it's a pure sinusoid i1 of RMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i1 if it's a pure sinusoid i1 of RMS
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+irms and so that becomes one but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms and so that becomes one but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irms and so that becomes one but when I
+start to add in any harmonic components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to add in any harmonic components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to add in any harmonic components
+or DC components irms becomes bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or DC components irms becomes bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or DC components irms becomes bigger
+than ir1 of RMS and this Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ir1 of RMS and this Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ir1 of RMS and this Distortion
+Factor starts degrading my power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor starts degrading my power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor starts degrading my power factor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this here is sometimes called K Theta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is sometimes called K Theta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is sometimes called K Theta or
+the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor and F1 is sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and F1 is sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and F1 is sometimes called the
+power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle right this is saying suppose I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle right this is saying suppose I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle right this is saying suppose I had
+a pure you know suppose my Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure you know suppose my Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure you know suppose my Distortion
+Factor was just one right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor was just one right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor was just one right there's no
+Distortion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion okay
+well if my phase angle 51 of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if my phase angle 51 of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if my phase angle 51 of the current
+with respect to the voltage is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the voltage is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the voltage is zero
+they're in Phase then this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in Phase then this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in Phase then this becomes
+one as the current starts to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as the current starts to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as the current starts to get out of
+phase with the voltage this cosine of 51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase with the voltage this cosine of 51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase with the voltage this cosine of 51
+has a magnitude less than one okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a magnitude less than one okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a magnitude less than one okay so we
+can kind of hurt our power factor we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of hurt our power factor we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of hurt our power factor we can
+hurt our ability to utilize the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt our ability to utilize the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt our ability to utilize the source
+to transfer energy it's not how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer energy it's not how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer energy it's not how much
+energy we're dissipating it's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we're dissipating it's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we're dissipating it's how much
+UTI ation do we have I can damage it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UTI ation do we have I can damage it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UTI ation do we have I can damage it in
+two ways I can damage it by drawing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways I can damage it by drawing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways I can damage it by drawing a
+bunch of harmonic current that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of harmonic current that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of harmonic current that doesn't
+deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver
+power or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power or by
+delivering components of current that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering components of current that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering components of current that
+are out of phase with the voltage which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out of phase with the voltage which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out of phase with the voltage which
+also doesn't deliver power okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doesn't deliver power okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doesn't deliver power okay so this
+is kind of a very useful way sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a very useful way sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a very useful way sometimes
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose
+um decompose what's going on because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decompose what's going on because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decompose what's going on because if
+I really cared about the power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really cared about the power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really cared about the power factor
+I might need to know that and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might need to know that and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might need to know that and and you
+say well why is that true because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why is that true because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why is that true because
+suppose I connected up a rectifier like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I connected up a rectifier like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I connected up a rectifier like
+this with drawing the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with drawing the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with drawing the square wave
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+okay first of all this would be horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all this would be horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all this would be horrible
+because it has a DC value which a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a DC value which a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a DC value which a lot of
+Transformers doesn't doesn't like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers doesn't doesn't like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers doesn't doesn't like you
+doing but suppose I put that aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but suppose I put that aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but suppose I put that aside
+um within my 15 amp limit I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um within my 15 amp limit I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um within my 15 amp limit I have a
+limited amount of power I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of power I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of power I can
+draw um with this Rec fire just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um with this Rec fire just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um with this Rec fire just because
+of the harmonic currents the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harmonic currents the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harmonic currents the fundamental
+of this pink waveform is actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this pink waveform is actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this pink waveform is actually in
+Phase with the voltage so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase with the voltage so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase with the voltage so I'm not
+hurting myself by having phase shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting myself by having phase shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting myself by having phase shifts
+like I did with an inductor or capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I did with an inductor or capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I did with an inductor or capacitor
+but I am hurting myself or limiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I am hurting myself or limiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I am hurting myself or limiting the
+amount of power I can draw uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power I can draw uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power I can draw uh by the
+fact that there's a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's a certain amount of
+non-fundamental component in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fundamental component in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fundamental component in the current
+waveform well if I got rid of the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform well if I got rid of the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform well if I got rid of the DC
+component for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component for
+example um suddenly my RMS would go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um suddenly my RMS would go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um suddenly my RMS would go down
+and my power transfer would stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my power transfer would stay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my power transfer would stay the
+same and I'd be a happier camper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and I'd be a happier camper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and I'd be a happier camper right
+that might be one thing I could do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be one thing I could do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be one thing I could do for
+example but these kind of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but these kind of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but these kind of calculations
+can tell you you know how are you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you you know how are you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you you know how are you what
+should you do to do better utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you do to do better utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you do to do better utilization
+of your Source whereas the best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your Source whereas the best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your Source whereas the best thing
+you can do is look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is look like a
+resistor okay any questions about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor okay any questions about any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor okay any questions about any of
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+far yeah um you made a couple comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yeah um you made a couple comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yeah um you made a couple comments
+about utilities caring a lot about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about utilities caring a lot about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about utilities caring a lot about this
+it seems like all of the stuff that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like all of the stuff that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like all of the stuff that this
+involves is like on the user end can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves is like on the user end can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves is like on the user end can the
+utility do anything about this or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility do anything about this or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility do anything about this or is it
+just I they wish we would do better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I they wish we would do better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I they wish we would do better at
+our job yeah that's a very very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job yeah that's a very very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job yeah that's a very very good
+question um the answer is if you are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um the answer is if you are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um the answer is if you are an
+industrial user of power right if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial user of power right if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial user of power right if you're
+if you're running a big Factory that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're running a big Factory that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're running a big Factory that's
+you know drawing lots of electricity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know drawing lots of electricity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know drawing lots of electricity for
+whatever your industrial processes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your industrial processes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your industrial processes yes
+the utility can come and say uh you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility can come and say uh you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility can come and say uh you've
+got to clean this up or what they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to clean this up or what they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to clean this up or what they really
+do is they start charging you if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they start charging you if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they start charging you if your
+power factor is not good enough right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor is not good enough right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power factor is not good enough right
+and then you go clean it up because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go clean it up because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go clean it up because you
+don't want to pay them all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pay them all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pay them all right so
+that's one way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way it's
+limited but you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited but you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited but you're absolutely right
+there there are some perverse incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are some perverse incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are some perverse incentives
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+increasingly uh for different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly uh for different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly uh for different kinds of
+loads requirements are being placed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads requirements are being placed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads requirements are being placed on
+the quality of the waveforms drawn okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the waveforms drawn okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the waveforms drawn okay
+and that's a very complex thing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very complex thing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very complex thing in some
+cases they actually quote power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they actually quote power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they actually quote power factor
+in some cases they quote other measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases they quote other measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases they quote other measures
+like they assume that your phase angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they assume that your phase angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they assume that your phase angle
+is going to be happy but how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be happy but how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be happy but how much
+Distortion do you put in and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion do you put in and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion do you put in and that
+becomes you know if you want your energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes you know if you want your energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes you know if you want your energy
+star rating for example on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star rating for example on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star rating for example on your
+Appliance then suddenly you got to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appliance then suddenly you got to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appliance then suddenly you got to meet
+that or if you want to sell a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or if you want to sell a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or if you want to sell a computer
+power supply you there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply you there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply you there are certain
+standard standards you have to meet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard standards you have to meet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard standards you have to meet but
+those are a little bit halfhazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a little bit halfhazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a little bit halfhazard
+because you know people were doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know people were doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know people were doing all
+kinds of nasty stuff to the grid back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nasty stuff to the grid back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nasty stuff to the grid back in
+the day and nobody paid attention and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and nobody paid attention and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and nobody paid attention and
+and now they're trying to clean it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they're trying to clean it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they're trying to clean it up
+after the fact so it's mostly if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact so it's mostly if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact so it's mostly if you're
+a big industrial user of energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big industrial user of energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big industrial user of energy that
+they're really regulating your power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really regulating your power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really regulating your power
+factor but increasingly with other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but increasingly with other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but increasingly with other kinds
+of loads especially as you know new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loads especially as you know new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loads especially as you know new
+kinds of power supplies and things come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of power supplies and things come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of power supplies and things come
+up there they're more and more strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there they're more and more strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there they're more and more strict
+regulations but excellent question other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations but excellent question other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations but excellent question other
+questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts okay I should point out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts okay I should point out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts okay I should point out one
+thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breakdown um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown um
+this whole breakdown into Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole breakdown into Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole breakdown into Distortion
+factor and displacement Factor worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and displacement Factor worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and displacement Factor worked
+because I assumed that the voltage was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I assumed that the voltage was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I assumed that the voltage was a
+sinusoid and then the current might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and then the current might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and then the current might have
+harmonics right I could have done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics right I could have done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics right I could have done the
+same kind of breakdown if the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of breakdown if the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of breakdown if the current
+was a sinusoid and the voltage had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sinusoid and the voltage had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sinusoid and the voltage had
+harmonics right in that case it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics right in that case it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics right in that case it would
+just be V1 RMS over vrms and then cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be V1 RMS over vrms and then cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be V1 RMS over vrms and then cosine
+of the phase shift okay if you have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phase shift okay if you have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phase shift okay if you have both
+the voltage is not sinusoidal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage is not sinusoidal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage is not sinusoidal and the
+current is not sinusoidal you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is not sinusoidal you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is not sinusoidal you can't
+break break things down this way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break break things down this way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break break things down this way okay
+you can however still calculate power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can however still calculate power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can however still calculate power
+factor and it turns out that the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and it turns out that the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and it turns out that the way you
+get a power factor of one which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a power factor of one which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a power factor of one which is the
+best you can do is you make your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do is you make your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do is you make your current
+waveform look exactly like your voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform look exactly like your voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform look exactly like your voltage
+waveform it has the same harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform it has the same harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform it has the same harmonic
+content and the same same phase shift at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and the same same phase shift at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and the same same phase shift at
+every frequency and that's the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every frequency and that's the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every frequency and that's the best you
+can do to transfer energy okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to transfer energy okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to transfer energy okay and you
+can think about it as as transfer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about it as as transfer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about it as as transfer the
+least the the most energy per unit loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the the most energy per unit loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the the most energy per unit loss
+back in the source somewhere is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the source somewhere is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the source somewhere is the way
+you might think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any other questions before we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions before we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions before we show
+you some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of these
+things yeah is there any intuitive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah is there any intuitive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah is there any intuitive way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+understand where the apparent power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where the apparent power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where the apparent power is
+going from the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the harmonic
+components or or what like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or or what like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or or what like what is
+actually causing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually causing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually causing that
+um Distortion so so well what's causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Distortion so so well what's causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Distortion so so well what's causing
+the Distortion has something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Distortion has something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Distortion has something to do with
+the circuit okay so this is all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit okay so this is all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit okay so this is all positive
+on posited on you know I have a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on posited on you know I have a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on posited on you know I have a voltage
+waveform and I have a current waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform and I have a current waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform and I have a current waveform
+right and this supposed the current's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this supposed the current's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this supposed the current's
+distorted right so what's causing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted right so what's causing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted right so what's causing all
+that has to do with the circuit okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with the circuit okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with the circuit okay the
+way you might think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you might think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you might think about the
+impact is very much in you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is very much in you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is very much in you know sort of
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+about how does the harmonics content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does the harmonics content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does the harmonics content
+right this comes back to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this comes back to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this comes back to the fact that
+sinusoids at different frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids at different frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids at different frequencies are
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+and so you degrade your energy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you degrade your energy transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you degrade your energy transfer
+because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that
+orthogonality and S and cosine at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality and S and cosine at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality and S and cosine at a
+given frequency is orthogonal and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given frequency is orthogonal and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given frequency is orthogonal and that
+causes this degradation so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes this degradation so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes this degradation so that's the
+way I would look at it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I would look at it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I would look at it in terms of
+what's causing that or how do you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's causing that or how do you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's causing that or how do you fix
+that that's more of a circuit thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's more of a circuit thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's more of a circuit thing or
+or a system design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issue okay let's do a demo mon has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue okay let's do a demo mon has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue okay let's do a demo mon has has
+very kindly set this uh up and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kindly set this uh up and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kindly set this uh up and what this
+is is this is a piece of equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this is a piece of equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this is a piece of equipment
+that's designed to uh look at line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's designed to uh look at line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's designed to uh look at line
+waveforms and measure uh power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms and measure uh power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms and measure uh power factor
+and other things of signals right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things of signals right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things of signals right so
+basically things that get plugged into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically things that get plugged into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically things that get plugged into
+this power strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power strip
+um this box analyzes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this box analyzes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this box analyzes the
+voltage and the current waveform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the current waveform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the current waveform and
+then computes things like power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then computes things like power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then computes things like power factor
+for you and I don't know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and I don't know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and I don't know what this
+particular yokawa power analyzer costs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular yokawa power analyzer costs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular yokawa power analyzer costs I
+I think it was under 10k so for you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was under 10k so for you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was under 10k so for you you
+know if want one at home you can go buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if want one at home you can go buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if want one at home you can go buy
+one actually you can get one cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually you can get one cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually you can get one cheaper
+these days but that's that's about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days but that's that's about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days but that's that's about what
+this cost um so what you can see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost um so what you can see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost um so what you can see here is
+she has the voltage waveform running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has the voltage waveform running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has the voltage waveform running
+it's 110 volts but there's no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 110 volts but there's no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 110 volts but there's no current
+because she has nothing plugged in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she has nothing plugged in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she has nothing plugged in now
+mon is going to plug in a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mon is going to plug in a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mon is going to plug in a traditional
+incandescent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light
+bulb here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb here we
+go a Lambda 4 up there for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a Lambda 4 up there for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a Lambda 4 up there for whatever
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+uh is the symbol they're using for power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the symbol they're using for power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the symbol they're using for power
+factor but what you can see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but what you can see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but what you can see is the
+current which is in purple is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is in purple is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is in purple is basically
+sidal and in Phase with our nice voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidal and in Phase with our nice voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidal and in Phase with our nice voltage
+and so we get a power factor of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get a power factor of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get a power factor of one and
+you can see she does a nice job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see she does a nice job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see she does a nice job of
+lighting up this kind of very edisonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting up this kind of very edisonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting up this kind of very edisonian
+uh bulb so thanks let's try and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bulb so thanks let's try and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bulb so thanks let's try and that was
+I one thing I didn't point out that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I one thing I didn't point out that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I one thing I didn't point out that was
+about 50 Watts there so that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 Watts there so that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 Watts there so that kind of
+makes sense for that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for that kind of
+brightness what mon is going to P plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness what mon is going to P plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness what mon is going to P plug
+in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right
+now is a fluorescent light bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there we actually getting a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we actually getting a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we actually getting a lot
+brighter light here right that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter light here right that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter light here right that's this is
+brighter than the incandescent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the incandescent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the incandescent light
+bulb um notice that we're only drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb um notice that we're only drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb um notice that we're only drawing
+about 12 Watts so from an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 Watts so from an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 Watts so from an energy
+consumption just purely how much power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption just purely how much power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption just purely how much power
+we're drawing from the grid this is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drawing from the grid this is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drawing from the grid this is way
+better deal even though the light's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better deal even though the light's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better deal even though the light's kind
+of not as nice okay and if we did an LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not as nice okay and if we did an LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not as nice okay and if we did an LED
+bulb it would be even better okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb it would be even better okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb it would be even better okay but
+look at the current waveform okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the current waveform okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the current waveform okay that
+current waveform the purple is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current waveform the purple is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current waveform the purple is
+absolutely horrible right it's massively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely horrible right it's massively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely horrible right it's massively
+dominated by its harmonics right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by its harmonics right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by its harmonics right you can
+kind of visually see that yeah it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visually see that yeah it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visually see that yeah it sort
+of has a fundamental component but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has a fundamental component but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has a fundamental component but it's
+pretty bad right the reason this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty bad right the reason this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty bad right the reason this has a
+diode rectifier in it at the front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode rectifier in it at the front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode rectifier in it at the front end
+okay but instead of running it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but instead of running it with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but instead of running it with an
+inductive filter they use the capactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive filter they use the capactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive filter they use the capactive
+filter so you get this kind of big pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so you get this kind of big pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so you get this kind of big pulse
+of current and then nothing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current and then nothing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current and then nothing and then
+that internal capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that internal capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that internal capacitor
+discharges okay so this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharges okay so this leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharges okay so this leads to
+terrible power factor and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible power factor and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible power factor and you can see
+that the power factor is only about 0.53
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the power factor is only about 0.53
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the power factor is only about 0.53
+right so what that says is if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what that says is if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what that says is if you use
+lots of these bulbs you're kind of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of these bulbs you're kind of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of these bulbs you're kind of U
+utilizing up the capability of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizing up the capability of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizing up the capability of your
+source to deliver power what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to deliver power what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to deliver power what that means
+is while we're not measuring it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is while we're not measuring it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is while we're not measuring it here
+you're dissipating more power back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dissipating more power back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dissipating more power back into
+the wall wiring than you need to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall wiring than you need to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall wiring than you need to okay
+and in fact if you went and bought one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you went and bought one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you went and bought one
+of the really new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the really new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the really new
+LED um one of the really new LED power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED um one of the really new LED power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED um one of the really new LED power
+supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies
+they might have a much better power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have a much better power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have a much better power
+factor because they're sort of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor because they're sort of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor because they're sort of being
+incentivized if you want the energy star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized if you want the energy star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized if you want the energy star
+stamp to do that last example we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp to do that last example we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp to do that last example we'll show
+you uh is uh one that doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh is uh one that doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh is uh one that doesn't have a
+power converter this is a fan so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter this is a fan so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter this is a fan so this is
+a typical motor load okay and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical motor load okay and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical motor load okay and here you
+see the current is reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the current is reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the current is reasonably
+sinusoidal but there's a phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal but there's a phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal but there's a phase shift
+between the voltage and the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the voltage and the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the voltage and the current
+right the current lags the voltage why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the current lags the voltage why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the current lags the voltage why
+because it has to magnetize the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to magnetize the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to magnetize the motor
+and the motor doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the motor doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the motor doesn't look like a
+perfect resistive load so we get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect resistive load so we get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect resistive load so we get energy
+transfer and there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and there's a little bit of
+distortion owing to the machine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion owing to the machine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion owing to the machine the
+electric machine but nonetheless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric machine but nonetheless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric machine but nonetheless it's
+pretty close to sinusoidal but we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to sinusoidal but we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to sinusoidal but we only
+get about7 power factor because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about7 power factor because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about7 power factor because of this
+lag okay so people are asking about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag okay so people are asking about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag okay so people are asking about well
+what about if you're a big industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if you're a big industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if you're a big industrial
+user right a lot of big industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user right a lot of big industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user right a lot of big industrial
+companies they have lots of motor loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they have lots of motor loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they have lots of motor loads
+right that that the the they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that the the they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that the the they're using
+you know the pumps and whatever have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pumps and whatever have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pumps and whatever have you
+they're driving right and that tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're driving right and that tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're driving right and that tends to
+generate inductively loaded power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate inductively loaded power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate inductively loaded power factor
+okay so this isn't so much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this isn't so much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this isn't so much the
+Distortion Factor this is displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion Factor this is displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion Factor this is displacement
+Factor the interesting thing you can fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor the interesting thing you can fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor the interesting thing you can fix
+that one if I put some capacitor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one if I put some capacitor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one if I put some capacitor in
+parallel with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with the
+line I could sort of source I could kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I could sort of source I could kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I could sort of source I could kind
+of cancel out the inductive element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancel out the inductive element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancel out the inductive element and
+kind of clean up my power factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clean up my power factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clean up my power factor and
+make it very close to one so if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very close to one so if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very close to one so if your
+problem is phase shift you can fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is phase shift you can fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is phase shift you can fix it
+with by adding some rea reactance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with by adding some rea reactance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with by adding some rea reactance to the
+line or susceptance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or susceptance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or susceptance to the
+line if your problem is because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if your problem is because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if your problem is because you've
+got a crummy power converter distorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a crummy power converter distorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a crummy power converter distorting
+things that's much harder to fix and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's much harder to fix and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's much harder to fix and you
+kind of got to fix your power converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got to fix your power converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got to fix your power converter
+typically although there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically although there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically although there are other
+tricks as well so that's about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks as well so that's about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks as well so that's about it for
+today on power factor are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on power factor are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on power factor are there any
+final questions before we wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up yeah the power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah the power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah the power supply
+com I'm sorry power supp coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com I'm sorry power supp coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com I'm sorry power supp coming from the
+out oh is the is the power that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out oh is the is the power that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out oh is the is the power that was
+showing coming from the outlet yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing coming from the outlet yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing coming from the outlet yes it
+was is it common place to not see to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is it common place to not see to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is it common place to not see to be
+120 volts ah so that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 volts ah so that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 volts ah so that's a very good
+question in this particular case uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in this particular case uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in this particular case uh we
+were running this through a variac which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running this through a variac which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running this through a variac which
+lets us modulate the voltage a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us modulate the voltage a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us modulate the voltage a little
+bit but the answer is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but the answer is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but the answer is more
+broadly um typical range of voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly um typical range of voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly um typical range of voltage is
+sort of minus 15% to plus 10% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minus 15% to plus 10% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minus 15% to plus 10% of the
+nominal and in fact if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal and in fact if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal and in fact if you're going to
+make a laptop power supply you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a laptop power supply you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a laptop power supply you got to
+make it go down way low because the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it go down way low because the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it go down way low because the line
+can be all over the place the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be all over the place the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be all over the place the thing is
+that's pretty sinos soidal actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty sinos soidal actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty sinos soidal actually
+you'll often see it often Clips at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll often see it often Clips at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll often see it often Clips at the
+top with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top with very
+old-fashioned Peak clip clipping loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned Peak clip clipping loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned Peak clip clipping loads
+so you can get a lot of distortion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get a lot of distortion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get a lot of distortion on
+your voltage too even though this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voltage too even though this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voltage too even though this is
+pretty sinusal so yeah it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sinusal so yeah it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sinusal so yeah it's not as
+accurate as you might wish it to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate as you might wish it to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate as you might wish it to be all
+right have a great day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0IF8oBg_Zd8.txt b/0IF8oBg_Zd8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b43b738a75efb391565555a214f202342f812399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0IF8oBg_Zd8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think our reason for really giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think our reason for really giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think our reason for really giving
+a public face to the class in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public face to the class in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public face to the class in the course
+itself but also on OpenCourseWare I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but also on OpenCourseWare I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but also on OpenCourseWare I
+think there's a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a number of different
+dimensions associated with that first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions associated with that first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions associated with that first I
+think it's a sort of personal I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a sort of personal I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a sort of personal I think
+that Professor teller started this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor teller started this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor teller started this class
+and we really want to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we really want to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we really want to make these
+materials available to people and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials available to people and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials available to people and really
+kind of build on that legacy of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of build on that legacy of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of build on that legacy of the work
+that he's done and if the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's done and if the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's done and if the work that
+we've contributed this year can help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've contributed this year can help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've contributed this year can help the
+class continue on and continue to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class continue on and continue to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class continue on and continue to grow
+and flourish I think that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flourish I think that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flourish I think that's a really
+exciting part the second piece i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting part the second piece i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting part the second piece i think
+is really for the for the students the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really for the for the students the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really for the for the students the
+opportunity to interact with people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to interact with people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to interact with people in
+the wider community to share their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wider community to share their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wider community to share their work
+the work that they've done I think all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that they've done I think all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that they've done I think all
+of our students are very proud of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our students are very proud of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our students are very proud of the
+work that they've done they really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that they've done they really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that they've done they really got
+into the projects and working with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the projects and working with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the projects and working with their
+clients and so in having a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and so in having a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and so in having a public
+showcase at the end and having them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcase at the end and having them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcase at the end and having them
+communicate their work online in video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate their work online in video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate their work online in video
+or through ocw i think is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or through ocw i think is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or through ocw i think is part of the
+learning experience i think and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience i think and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience i think and the
+third piece is that we really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third piece is that we really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third piece is that we really think
+there's a big opportunity in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big opportunity in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big opportunity in terms of
+assistive technology education or kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive technology education or kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive technology education or kind
+of project based education that we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of project based education that we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of project based education that we work
+with people with disabilities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people with disabilities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people with disabilities in the
+cambridge or boston area but in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge or boston area but in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge or boston area but in a lot of
+ways this model could be applied to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this model could be applied to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this model could be applied to a
+lot of other places a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other places a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other places a lot of other
+colleges or universities in other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges or universities in other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges or universities in other in
+other towns or cities in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other towns or cities in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other towns or cities in the United
+States or around the world there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States or around the world there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States or around the world there's
+there's really a huge need or a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really a huge need or a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really a huge need or a huge
+opportunity I think to work in assistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity I think to work in assistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity I think to work in assistive
+technology a lot of potential partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology a lot of potential partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology a lot of potential partners
+just spread geographically and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spread geographically and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spread geographically and we want
+to kind of communicate how we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of communicate how we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of communicate how we did it
+here and maybe share some materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and maybe share some materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and maybe share some materials that
+make it a little bit easier for somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little bit easier for somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little bit easier for somebody
+thinking about doing this or maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing this or maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing this or maybe just
+to inspire them to think about how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inspire them to think about how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inspire them to think about how they
+might be able to work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to work on a
+a course or project like this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course or project like this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course or project like this I think
+one of the more public aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the more public aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the more public aspects of the
+class as well was the fact that we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as well was the fact that we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as well was the fact that we asked
+our students to write a blog post over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students to write a blog post over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students to write a blog post over
+the semester and so all of them had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester and so all of them had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester and so all of them had to
+write four different blog posts and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write four different blog posts and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write four different blog posts and a
+public blog for the class and and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public blog for the class and and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public blog for the class and and one
+thing that's very important to me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's very important to me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's very important to me when
+we teach about disability is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we teach about disability is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we teach about disability is that we're
+not coming in as saviors and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not coming in as saviors and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not coming in as saviors and we're not
+coming into like oh let's share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into like oh let's share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into like oh let's share
+wonderful engineering knowledge with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful engineering knowledge with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful engineering knowledge with you
+and one of the central aspects of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the central aspects of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the central aspects of this
+class is that is user centered design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that is user centered design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that is user centered design
+and we have to recognize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to recognize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to recognize that the
+clients themselves understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients themselves understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients themselves understand a
+disability the best and they understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability the best and they understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability the best and they understand
+type of challenges that come with living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of challenges that come with living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of challenges that come with living
+with a disability the best so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a disability the best so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a disability the best so one of the
+great things about having those blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great things about having those blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great things about having those blog
+posts was that the community outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts was that the community outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts was that the community outside
+could also engage with students and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also engage with students and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also engage with students and say
+well this is a good idea maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a good idea maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a good idea maybe this is
+not a good idea have you considered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea have you considered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea have you considered this
+other aspect and so we think that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect and so we think that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect and so we think that by
+engaging our users that also just makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging our users that also just makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging our users that also just makes
+the design process a lot more rigorous
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0Q6kYWnhaks.txt b/0Q6kYWnhaks.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6d6e49ac0c09bb10e8199df954b9d190667c83c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0Q6kYWnhaks.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+Our first task is to work on the datapath
+logic needed to execute ALU instructions with
+
+two register operands.
+
+Each instruction requires the same processing
+steps:
+
+Fetch, where the 32-bit encoded instruction
+is read from main memory from the location
+
+specified by the program counter (PC).
+
+Decode, where the opcode field (instruction
+bits [31:26]) is used to determine the values
+
+for the datapath control signals.
+
+Read, where the contents of the registers
+specified by the RA and RB fields (instruction
+
+bits [20:16] and [15:11]) are read from the
+register file.
+
+Execute, where the requested operation is
+performed on the two operand values.
+
+We'll also need to compute the next value
+for the PC.
+
+And Write-back, where the result of the operation
+is written to the register file in the register
+
+specified by the RC field (instruction bits
+[25:21]).
+
+The system's clock signal is connected to
+the register file and the PC register.
+
+At the rising edge of the clock, the new values
+computed during the Execute phase are written
+
+to these registers.
+
+The rising clock edge thus marks the end of
+execution for the current instruction and
+
+the beginning of execution for the next instruction.
+
+The period of the clock, i.e., the time between
+rising clock edges, needs to be long enough
+
+to accommodate the cumulative propagation
+delay of the logic that implements the 5 steps
+
+described here.
+
+Since one instruction is executed each clock
+cycle, the frequency of the clock tells us
+
+the rate at which instructions are executed.
+
+If the clock period was 10ns, the clock frequency
+would be 100 MHz and our Beta would be executing
+
+instructions at 100 MIPS!
+
+Here's a sketch showing the hardware needed
+for the Fetch and Decode steps.
+
+The current value of the PC register is routed
+to main memory as the address of the instruction
+
+to be fetched.
+
+For ALU instructions, the address of the next
+instruction is simply the address of the current
+
+instruction plus 4.
+
+There's an adder dedicated to performing the
+"PC+4" computation and that value is routed
+
+back to be used as the next value of the PC.
+
+We've also included a MUX used to select the
+initial value for the PC when the RESET signal
+
+is 1.
+
+After the memory propagation delay, the instruction
+bits (ID[31:0]) are available and the processing
+
+steps can begin.
+
+Some of the instruction fields can be used
+directly as-is.
+
+To determine the values for other control
+signals, we'll need some logic that computes
+
+their values from the bits of the opcode field.
+
+Now let's fill in the datapath logic needed
+to execute ALU instructions with two register
+
+operands.
+
+The instruction bits for the 5-bit RA, RB
+and RC fields can be connected directly to
+
+the appropriate address inputs of the register
+file.
+
+The RA and RB fields supply the addresses
+for the two read ports and the RC field supplies
+
+the address for the write port.
+
+The outputs of the read data ports are routed
+to the inputs of the ALU to serve as the two
+
+operands.
+
+The ALUFN control signals tell the ALU what
+operation to perform.
+
+These control signals are determined by the
+control logic from the 6-bit opcode field.
+
+For specificity, let's assume that the control
+logic is implemented using a read-only memory
+
+(ROM), where the opcode bits are used as the
+ROM's address and the ROM's outputs are the
+
+control signals.
+
+Since there are 6 opcode bits, we'll need
+2^6 = 64 locations in the ROM.
+
+We'll program the contents of the ROM to supply
+the correct control signal values for each
+
+of the 64 possible opcodes.
+
+The output of the ALU is routed back to the
+write data port of the register file, to be
+
+written into the RC register at the end of
+the cycle.
+
+We'll need another control signal, WERF ("write-enable
+register file"), that should have the value
+
+1 when we want to write into the RC register.
+
+Let me introduce you to Werf, the 6.004 mascot,
+who, of course, is named after her favorite
+
+control signal, which she's constantly mentioning.
+
+Let's follow the flow of data as we execute
+the ALU instruction.
+
+After the instruction has been fetched, supplying
+the RA and RB instruction fields, the RA and
+
+RB register values appear on the read data
+ports of the register file.
+
+The control logic has decoded the opcode bits
+and supplied the appropriate ALU function
+
+code.
+
+You can find a listing of the possible function
+codes in the upper right-hand corner of the
+
+Beta Diagram handout.
+
+The result of the ALU's computation is sent
+back to the register file to be written into
+
+the RC register.
+
+Of course, we'll need to set WERF to 1 to
+enable the write.
+
+5.oo Here we see one of the major advantages
+of a reduced-instruction set computer architecture:
+
+the datapath logic required for execution
+is very straightforward!
+
+The other form of ALU instructions uses a
+constant as the second ALU operand.
+
+The 32-bit operand is formed by sign-extending
+the 16-bit two's complement constant stored
+
+in the literal field (bits [15:0]) of the
+instruction.
+
+In order to select the sign-extended constant
+as the second operand, we added a MUX to the
+
+datapath.
+
+When its BSEL control signal is 0, the output
+of the register file is selected as the operand.
+
+When BSEL is 1, the sign-extended constant
+is selected as the operand.
+
+The rest of the datapath logic is the same
+as before.
+
+Note that no logic gates are needed to perform
+sign-extension - it's all done with wiring!
+
+To sign-extend a two's complement number,
+we just need to replicate the high-order,
+
+or sign, bit as many times as necessary.
+
+You might find it useful to review the discussion
+of two's complement in Lecture 1 of Part 1
+
+of the course.
+
+So to form a 32-bit operand from a 16-bit
+constant, we just replicate it's high-order
+
+bit (ID[15]) sixteen times as we make the
+connection to the BSEL MUX.
+
+During execution of ALU-with-constant instructions,
+the flow of data is much as it was before.
+
+The one difference is that the control logic
+sets the BSEL control signal to 1, selecting
+
+the sign-extended constant as the second ALU
+operand.
+
+As before, the control logic generates the
+appropriate ALU function code and the output
+
+of the ALU is routed to the register file
+to be written back to the RC register.
+
+Amazingly, this datapath is sufficient to
+execute most of the instructions in the Beta
+
+ISA!
+
+We just have the memory and branch instruction
+left to implement.
+
+That's our next task.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/17Z89x_ZWQ4.txt b/17Z89x_ZWQ4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc936b299bbebf08cae41c75dec262b60c65572a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/17Z89x_ZWQ4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this last lecture of this unit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this last lecture of this unit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this last lecture of this unit we
+continue with some of our earlier themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with some of our earlier themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with some of our earlier themes
+and then introduce one new notion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then introduce one new notion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then introduce one new notion the
+notion of independence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of independence of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of independence of random
+variables we will start by elaborating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we will start by elaborating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we will start by elaborating a
+bit more on the subject of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more on the subject of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more on the subject of conditional
+probability mass functions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mass functions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mass functions we have
+already discussed the case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed the case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed the case where we
+condition a random variable on an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition a random variable on an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition a random variable on an event
+here we will talk about conditioning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we will talk about conditioning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we will talk about conditioning a
+random variable on another random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable on another random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable on another random
+variable and we will develop yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we will develop yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we will develop yet another
+version of the total probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the total probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the total probability and
+total expectation theorem there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expectation theorem there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expectation theorem there are no
+new concepts here just new notation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new concepts here just new notation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new concepts here just new notation I
+should say however that notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say however that notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say however that notation is
+important because it guides you on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it guides you on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it guides you on how
+to think about problems in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about problems in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about problems in the most
+economical way the one new concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical way the one new concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical way the one new concept that
+we will introduce is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will introduce is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will introduce is the notion of
+independence of random variables it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of random variables it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of random variables it is
+actually not an entirely new concept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not an entirely new concept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not an entirely new concept it
+is defined more or less the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined more or less the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined more or less the same way as
+independence of events and has a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of events and has a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of events and has a similar
+intuitive interpretation two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive interpretation two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive interpretation two random
+variables are independent if information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are independent if information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are independent if information
+about the value of one of them does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the value of one of them does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the value of one of them does not
+change your model or beliefs about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your model or beliefs about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your model or beliefs about the
+other on the mathematical side we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other on the mathematical side we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other on the mathematical side we will
+see that independence leads to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that independence leads to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that independence leads to some
+additional nice properties of means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional nice properties of means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional nice properties of means and
+variances we will conclude this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances we will conclude this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances we will conclude this lecture
+and this unit on discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this unit on discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this unit on discrete random
+variables by considering a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by considering a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by considering a rather
+difficult problem the hard problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem the hard problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem the hard problem we
+will see that by being systematic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that by being systematic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that by being systematic and
+using some of the tricks that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of the tricks that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of the tricks that we have
+learned we can calculate the mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned we can calculate the mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned we can calculate the mean and
+variance of a rather complicated random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a rather complicated random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a rather complicated random
+variable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1s2H3QssiMw.txt b/1s2H3QssiMw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d9ec0323cd5404eaefffa72d503a145dbb45c1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1s2H3QssiMw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+Hi.
+
+In this session, we're going to
+cover a nice review problem
+
+that will look at how
+to infer one random
+
+variable based on another.
+
+And in this problem, we're given
+two random variables--
+
+X and Y--
+
+and we're also given their joint
+pdf, which we're told is
+
+a constant 2/3 within the
+region bounded by
+
+these orange lines.
+
+And outside of the region,
+the joint pdf is 0.
+
+So the first thing we're going
+to look at, or the first thing
+
+that we're asked to do, is find
+the LMS estimator of Y
+
+based on X. Now, remember that
+LMS estimator is really just a
+
+conditional expectation.
+
+So the LMS estimator of Y based
+on X is the conditional
+
+expectation of Y, given X.
+
+Now, when we have a plot of
+the joint pdf and we're
+
+dealing with these two random
+variables, and especially when
+
+the joint pdf is constant like
+this, it's often easy to
+
+calculate this conditional
+expectation visually.
+
+So what we really need to do
+is just say, given any
+
+particular value of X, what
+is the conditional
+
+expectation of Y?
+
+So what we can do is we can just
+pick some values of X and
+
+see visually what that initial
+expectation is.
+
+So for example, if X is 1/2,
+given that X is 1/2, and since
+
+this whole joint pdf is uniform,
+then the conditional
+
+slice of Y will be from
+here to here.
+
+And that slice, the conditional
+distribution of Y,
+
+given that X is 1/2, will
+also be uniform.
+
+So it'll be uniform
+from here to here.
+
+And if it's uniform, we know
+that the conditional
+
+expectation will just be
+the midpoint here.
+
+ 
+
+And so that would be what the
+conditional expectation of Y
+
+would be, given that X is 1/2.
+
+And we could do the same
+thing for X equals 1.
+
+And we'll see that again,
+because everything is uniform,
+
+this slice is also going
+to be uniform.
+
+And so the conditional
+expectation will again be the
+
+midpoint, which is there.
+
+And then if we just look at it
+within this region, it's
+
+always going to be
+the midpoint.
+
+And so we get that the initial
+expectation of Y, given X,
+
+will just look like that line,
+which you can think of it as
+
+just bisecting this angle formed
+by these two parts of
+
+the region.
+
+But things are a little bit
+different, though, when we
+
+move to the region where
+X is between 1 and 2.
+
+Between 1 and 2, say
+at 1 and 1/2, this
+
+line doesn't continue.
+
+Because now, the slice of Y goes
+from here to here, and
+
+again, it's still uniform.
+
+So the midpoint would
+be there.
+
+And similarly for X equals
+2, it would be here.
+
+And so for X between 1 and 2,
+the conditional expectation
+
+actually looks like this.
+
+So you see that there's actually
+two linear parts of
+
+it, but there's a kink
+at X equals 1.
+
+And so by looking at this
+visually and taking advantage
+
+of the fact that everything is
+uniform, we can pretty easily
+
+figure out what this conditional
+expectation is.
+
+So now, let's actually just
+write it out algebraically.
+
+So for X between 0 and 1, we
+said that it's this line,
+
+which if we look at it, that's
+just 1/2 of X. Now, this is
+
+for X between 0 and 1.
+
+And if X is between 1 and 2,
+it's going to be this line,
+
+which is a slope of 1.
+
+And if we extend this
+down, it hits the
+
+y-axis at negative 1/2.
+
+So it's X minus 1/2, if
+X is between 1 and 2.
+
+ 
+
+And otherwise, it's undefined.
+
+So we'll focus on these
+two cases here.
+
+ 
+
+Now, the second part of the
+question, now that we know
+
+what the LMS estimator is, we're
+asked to find what is
+
+the traditional mean squared
+error of this estimator?
+
+So we want to know
+how good is it.
+
+And one way of capturing
+that is to look at the
+
+mean squared error.
+
+And so recall that the
+conditional mean squared error
+
+is given by this expression.
+
+ 
+
+So what we're saying is this is
+what we estimate Y to be.
+
+This is what y really is, so
+this difference is how wrong,
+
+or the error in our estimate.
+
+We square it, because otherwise,
+positive and
+
+negative errors might cancel
+each other out,
+
+so we square it.
+
+And then this just looking
+at each individual
+
+value of x for now.
+
+So this is why it's
+the conditional
+
+mean squared error.
+
+So how do we calculate this?
+
+Well, remember that this g of
+X, we said the LMS estimator
+
+is just a conditional
+expectation.
+
+So it's just expectation
+of Y, given X.
+
+Well, then if you look at this,
+what this reminds you
+
+of, it reminds you of the
+definition of what a
+
+conditional variance is.
+
+A variance is just, you take the
+random variable, subtract
+
+its mean, square it, and take
+the expectation of that.
+
+This is no different, except
+that everything is now the
+
+conditional world of X.
+
+So this is actually the
+conditional variance of Y,
+
+given X is little x.
+
+What is the conditional
+variance of Y, given
+
+that X is little x?
+
+Now, we can again go back
+to this plot to
+
+try to help us out.
+
+We can split this up
+into regions again.
+
+So just take some little x as
+an example and see what the
+
+variance is.
+
+So if little x is 1/2, then we
+know that the conditional
+
+distribution of Y would
+be uniform, we said,
+
+from 0 up to here.
+
+Well, that point is this
+from 0 to 1/2.
+
+And remember, the variance of a
+uniform distribution is just
+
+the width of the uniform
+distribution
+
+squared, divided by 12.
+
+And so in this case, the width
+would be 1/2 squared over 12.
+
+And in general, for the region
+of X between 0 and 1, the
+
+width of the conditional
+distribution of Y will always
+
+be X, because the width will
+go from 0 to wherever X is.
+
+So because of that, the
+conditional variance will just
+
+be X squared, the width squared,
+over 12, when X is
+
+between 0 and 1.
+
+Now, let's think about the
+other case, where X is
+
+between 1 and 2.
+
+Well, if X is between 1 and
+2, we're over here.
+
+And now, if we take the
+conditional distribution of Y,
+
+it's again uniform.
+
+But the width now, instead of
+varying with Y, it's always
+
+going to be the same width.
+
+Each of these slices have the
+same width, and the width goes
+
+from here-- this is X minus
+1, and that's X.
+
+So if the width is always going
+to be a constant of 1.
+
+And so this variance is
+going to be 1/12.
+
+ 
+
+And from that, we get our answer
+for the conditional
+
+mean squared error.
+
+Now, part c asks us to find the
+mean squared error, which
+
+is given by this expression.
+
+ 
+
+And we'll see that it looks very
+similar to this, which
+
+was the conditional mean
+squared error.
+
+And now, given what we
+know from part b,
+
+this is easy to calculate.
+
+We can just apply total
+expectation, because this is
+
+just equal to the integral
+of the conditional
+
+mean squared error.
+
+ 
+
+And then we need to also
+multiply this by the pf of x,
+
+and then integrate over X. And
+that integral will should be
+
+from X equals 0 to 2, because
+that's the only range that
+
+applies for x, given
+this joint pdf.
+
+Now, in order to do this first,
+though, we need to
+
+figure out what the
+pdf of X is.
+
+ 
+
+In order to do that, we can go
+back to our original joint pdf
+
+of X and Y and marginalize it.
+
+So marginalizing, you could
+think of it as taking this
+
+joint pdf and collapsing it onto
+the x-axis so that you
+
+take everything and
+integrate out Y.
+
+Now to do that, let's
+do that up here.
+
+ 
+
+We can split it up into
+two sections.
+
+So the section of X between 0
+and 1, we integrate the joint
+
+pdf from Y equals 0 to Y
+equals X, which is this
+
+portion of this line.
+
+So we integrate Y. The joint pdf
+is 2/3, and we integrate Y
+
+out from Y equals 0 to X. And
+then for the portion of X from
+
+1 to 2, we again integrate
+Y out.
+
+Now we integrate Y from
+X minus 1 up to X.
+
+So this is X between 0 and 1,
+and this is X between 1 and 2.
+
+ 
+
+So we just do some little bit
+of calculus, and we get that
+
+this is going to be 2/3 X when
+X is between 0 and 1.
+
+And it's going to be 2/3 when
+X is between 1 and 2.
+
+So now that we have what the
+marginal pdf of X is, we can
+
+plug that into this, and plug in
+what we had for b, and then
+
+calculate what this
+actually is.
+
+So remember, we need to take
+care of these two cases, these
+
+two regions--
+
+X between 0 and 1, and
+X between 1 and 2.
+
+So the conditional mean squared
+error for X between 0
+
+and 1 is X squared over 2.
+
+So between 0 and 1, this first
+part is X squared over 12.
+
+The pdf of X in that same
+region is 2/3 x.
+
+And we integrate that in the
+region from x equals 0 to 1.
+
+And then, we also have the
+second region which
+
+is X from 1 to 2.
+
+In that region, the traditional
+mean squared error
+
+from part b is 1/12.
+
+The marginal pdf of X is 2/3,
+and we do this integral.
+
+And if you just carry out some
+calculus here, you'll get that
+
+the final answer is
+equal to 5/72.
+
+ 
+
+Now, the last part of this
+question asks us, is this mean
+
+squared error the same thing--
+
+does it equal the expectation
+of the conditional variance?
+
+ 
+
+And it turns out that
+yes, it does.
+
+And to see that, we can just
+take this, and use the law of
+
+iterated expectations, because
+iterated expectations tells us
+
+this is in fact equal to the
+expectation of Y minus g of X
+
+squared, given X. That's just
+applying law of iterated
+
+expectations.
+
+And then, if we look at this,
+this part that's inside is
+
+exactly equal to the conditional
+variance of Y,
+
+given X. And so these two
+are, in fact, the same.
+
+In part c, we calculated what
+the marginal pdf of X is, and
+
+it'll actually be used later
+on in this problem.
+
+So for future reference, let's
+just write it down here in
+
+this corner.
+
+Now, so far in this
+problem, we've
+
+looked at the LMS estimator.
+
+And of course, there are
+other estimators that
+
+you can use as well.
+
+And now in part d, let's look
+at the linear LMS estimator.
+
+Now remember, the linear LMS
+estimator is special, because
+
+it forces the estimator to have
+a linear relationship.
+
+So the estimator is going to
+be a linear function of X.
+
+Now, compare that
+to what the LMS
+
+estimator was in this case.
+
+It was two linear pieces,
+but there was a kink.
+
+And so the entire estimator
+wasn't actually linear in X.
+
+Now, the LLMS estimator, or the
+linear LMS estimator, will
+
+give us the linear estimator.
+
+It's going to be a linear
+function of X.
+
+And we know that we have
+a formula for this.
+
+Is the expectation of Y plus the
+covariance of X and Y over
+
+the variance of X times X minus
+expectation of X. All
+
+right, so in order to calculate
+what this is, we
+
+just need to calculate
+what four things are.
+
+Now, let's start with this last
+one, the expected value
+
+of X. To calculate the expected
+value of X, we just
+
+use a formula.
+
+And from before, we know
+what the pdf of X is.
+
+And so we know that this
+is just going to be X
+
+times fx of x dx.
+
+And in particular, this will
+give us that from 0 to 1, it's
+
+going to be X times the
+pdf of X is 2/3 X,
+
+so it's 2/3 X squared.
+
+ 
+
+And from 1 to 2, it's going to
+be X times the pdf of X, which
+
+is just 2/3, so it's 2/3 X dx.
+
+And when you calculate
+this out, you'll get
+
+that is equal to 11/9.
+
+Now, let's calculate the
+variance of X next.
+
+In order to calculate that,
+let's use the formula that
+
+variance is equal to the
+expectation of X squared minus
+
+the expectation of X
+quantity squared.
+
+We had the expectation of X,
+so let's calculate what the
+
+expectation of X squared is.
+
+Now, it's the same idea.
+
+Instead, we have X squared
+times f of X dx.
+
+And we'll get the same
+sort of formula.
+
+We'll split it up again into
+two different parts from X
+
+equals 0 to X equals 1.
+
+It's going to be X squared
+times pdf, so
+
+it's 2/3 X cubed dx.
+
+And then from X equals 1 to
+2, it's going to be X
+
+squared times 2/3.
+
+So it's 2/3 X squared dx.
+
+And when we calculate this
+out, we'll get that
+
+it's equal to 31/18.
+
+ 
+
+From that, we know that the
+variance is going to be equal
+
+to expectation of X squared
+minus expectation of X
+
+quantity squared.
+
+Now, expectation of X
+squared is 31/18.
+
+Expectation of X is 11/9.
+
+And when we calculate this,
+we get that the
+
+variance is equal to 37/162.
+
+So now we have this,
+and we have that.
+
+Let's calculate what expectation
+of Y is.
+
+Expectation of Y, let's
+calculate it using the law of
+
+iterated expectations.
+
+The law of iterated expectations
+tells us that
+
+this is equal to the expectation
+of Y conditioned
+
+on X.
+
+Now, we already know what
+expectation of Y
+
+conditioned on X is.
+
+That was the LMS estimator that
+we calculated earlier.
+
+It's this.
+
+So now we just need to
+calculate this out,
+
+and we can do that.
+
+So we know that in the range
+from X between 0 and 1, it's
+
+equal to 1/2 X. So in the range
+from 0 to 1, it's equal
+
+to 1/2 X. But then, we have to
+use total expectation, so we
+
+have to multiply by the pdf
+of X in that region
+
+which is 2/3 X dx.
+
+And then in the range from
+X equals 1 to 2, this
+
+conditional expectation
+is X minus 1/2.
+
+ 
+
+And the pdf of X in that
+region is 2/3.
+
+ 
+
+Now, when we calculate out this
+value, we'll get that
+
+it's equal to 7/9.
+
+ 
+
+And now, the last piece is the
+covariance of X and Y.
+
+Remember, the covariance, we
+can calculate that as the
+
+expectation of X times Y minus
+the expectation of X times the
+
+expectation of Y. We already
+know the expectation of X and
+
+the expectation of Y, so we
+just need to calculate the
+
+expectation of X times Y,
+the product of the two.
+
+And for that, we'll use the
+definition, and we'll use the
+
+joint pdf that we have.
+
+So this is going to be a double
+integral of X times Y
+
+times the joint pdf.
+
+ 
+
+And the tricky part here is just
+figuring out what these
+
+limits are.
+
+So we'll integrate
+in this order--
+
+X and Y.
+
+Now, let's split this up.
+
+So let's focus on
+splitting X up.
+
+So for X between 0 and 1, we
+just need to figure out what's
+
+the rate right range of Y to
+integrate over such that this
+
+is actually non-zero.
+
+Because remember, the
+joint pdf is easy.
+
+It's just a constant 2/3.
+
+But it's only a constant
+2/3 within this region.
+
+So the difficult part is just
+figuring out what the limits
+
+are in order to specify
+that region.
+
+So for X between 0 and 1, Y
+has to be between 0 and X,
+
+because this line is Y equals
+X. So we need to integrate
+
+from 0 to X--
+
+X times Y times the joint
+pdf, which is 2/3.
+
+ 
+
+And now, let's do the other
+part, which is X from 1 to 2.
+
+Well, if X is from 1 to 2, in
+order to fall into this
+
+region, Y has to be between X
+minus 1 and X. So we integrate
+
+Y from X minus 1 to X. Against,
+it's X times Y times
+
+the joint pdf, which is 2/3.
+
+ 
+
+And now, once we have this set
+up, the rest of it we can just
+
+do some calculus.
+
+And what we find is
+that the final
+
+answer is equal to 41/36.
+
+ 
+
+Now, what that tells us is that
+the covariance of X and
+
+Y, which is just expectation
+of X times Y, the product,
+
+minus expectation of X times
+expectation of Y.
+
+We know expectation
+of X times Y now.
+
+It's 41/36.
+
+Expectation of X is 11/9.
+
+Expectation of Y is 7/9.
+
+So when we substitute all of
+that in, we get that this
+
+covariance is 61/324.
+
+All right, so now we have
+everything we need.
+
+Expectation of Y is here.
+
+Covariance is here.
+
+Variance of X is here.
+
+And expectation of X is here.
+
+So let's substitute that in, and
+we can figure out what the
+
+actual LLMS estimator is.
+
+So expectation of Y
+we know is 7/9.
+
+Expectation of X is 11/9.
+
+ 
+
+And when you divide the
+covariance, which is 61/324,
+
+by the variance, which is
+37/162, we'll get 61/74.
+
+And so that is the LLMS
+estimator that we calculated.
+
+And notice that it is,
+in fact, linear in X.
+
+So let's plot that and see
+what it looks like.
+
+So it's going to be a
+line, and it's going
+
+to look like this.
+
+So at X equals 2, it's actually
+a little bit below 1
+
+and 1/2, which is what the
+LMS estimator would be.
+
+At X equals 1, it's actually a
+little bit above 1/2, which is
+
+what the LMS estimator
+would be.
+
+And then it crosses 0 around
+roughly 1/4, and it drops
+
+actually below 0.
+
+So if we connect the dots,
+it's going to look
+
+something like this.
+
+So notice that it's actually not
+too far away from the LMS
+
+estimator here.
+
+But it doesn't have the kink
+because it is a line.
+
+And note also that it actually
+drops below.
+
+So when X is very small, you
+actually estimate negative
+
+values of Y, which is actually
+impossible, given the joint
+
+pdf distribution that
+we're given.
+
+And that is sometimes a feature
+or artifact of the
+
+linear LMS estimator, that
+you'll get values that don't
+
+necessarily seem
+to make sense.
+
+So now that we've calculated
+the linear LMS estimator in
+
+part d, which is this, and the
+LMS estimator in part a, which
+
+is this, we've also compared
+them visually.
+
+The linear LMS estimator
+is the one in pink,
+
+the straight line.
+
+And the LMS estimator is the
+one in black with the kink.
+
+It's an interesting question
+to now ask, which
+
+one of these is better?
+
+And in order to judge that, we
+need to come up with some sort
+
+of criterion to compare
+the two with.
+
+And the one that we're going
+to look at in part e is the
+
+mean squared error.
+
+Which one gives the lower
+mean squared error.
+
+And so specifically, we're going
+to ask ourselves which
+
+of these two estimators
+gives us the smaller
+
+mean squared error?
+
+ 
+
+Is it the linear LMS estimator
+given by l of X?
+
+Or is it the LMS estimator,
+given by g of X?
+
+Now, we know that the LMS
+estimator is the one that
+
+actually minimizes this.
+
+The LMS estimator is designed
+to minimize the
+
+mean squared error.
+
+And so we know that given any
+estimator of X, this one will
+
+have the smallest mean
+squared error.
+
+And so the linear LMS estimator,
+its mean squared
+
+error has to be at least as
+large as the LMS estimators.
+
+And the last part of the
+question now asks us to look
+
+at a third type of estimator,
+which is the MEP estimator.
+
+Now, we want to ask, why is it
+that we haven't been using the
+
+MEP estimator in this problem?
+
+Well, remember what the
+MEP estimator does.
+
+In this case, what we would
+do is it would take the
+
+conditional distribution ratio
+of Y given any value of X. And
+
+then it would pick the value
+of Y that gives the highest
+
+value in the conditional
+distribution.
+
+And that would be the
+MEP estimate of Y.
+
+But the problem in this case is
+that if you take any slice
+
+here, so a condition on any
+value of X, any of these
+
+slices, if you just take this
+out and look at it, it's going
+
+to be uniform.
+
+This is what the conditional
+distribution of Y given X is.
+
+It's going to be uniform between
+0 and X. Now, what the
+
+MEP rule tells us is we're going
+to pick the value of Y
+
+that gives us the highest point
+in this conditional
+
+distribution.
+
+You can think of it as a
+posterior distribution.
+
+Now, what's the problem here?
+
+Well, every single point gives
+us exactly the same value for
+
+this conditional distribution.
+
+And so there's no
+unique MEP rule.
+
+Every single value of Y has
+just the same conditional
+
+distribution.
+
+So there's no sensible way of
+choosing a value based on the
+
+MEP rule in this case.
+
+But compare that with the LMS
+estimator, which is just get
+
+conditional expectation.
+
+In that case, we can always
+find a conditional
+
+expectation.
+
+In this case, the conditional
+expectation is the midpoint,
+
+which is X/2, just as
+had found in part a.
+
+OK, so in this problem, we
+reviewed a bunch of different
+
+ideas in terms of inference, and
+we took a joint pdf of X
+
+and Y, and we used that to
+calculate the LMS estimator,
+
+the linear LMS estimator.
+
+We compared the two, and then we
+also looked at why in this
+
+case, the MEP estimator doesn't
+really make sense.
+
+All right, so I hope that
+was helpful, and we'll
+
+see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2HpF8R_cjR8.txt b/2HpF8R_cjR8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7e17e7fd934a8ba826dc4fece5aa1bb7657f33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2HpF8R_cjR8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4024 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are two people
+they're both standing but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both standing but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both standing but they're
+standing in two completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in two completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in two completely different
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+which person would be easier to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which person would be easier to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which person would be easier to push
+over if you wanted to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if you wanted to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if you wanted to push
+this person over where would you apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person over where would you apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person over where would you apply a
+force and what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and what about
+this person the answers to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person the answers to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person the answers to all these
+questions can be explained using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions can be explained using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions can be explained using the
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+of torque this video is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of torque this video is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of torque this video is part of the
+representations video series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations video series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations video series
+information can be represented in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can be represented in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can be represented in words
+through mathematical symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mathematical symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mathematical symbols
+graphically or in 3d models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically or in 3d models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically or in 3d models
+representations are used to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are used to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are used to develop a
+deeper and more flexible understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper and more flexible understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper and more flexible understanding
+of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects
+systems and processes hi i'm sanjay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and processes hi i'm sanjay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and processes hi i'm sanjay
+sarma professor of mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarma professor of mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarma professor of mechanical
+engineering at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering at mit
+in this video we will be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will be talking about
+torque and balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque and balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque and balance
+in order to understand these core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand these core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand these core
+concepts you'll need a working knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts you'll need a working knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts you'll need a working knowledge
+of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors
+and their uses specifically you must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their uses specifically you must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their uses specifically you must be
+familiar with force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with force
+displacement and torque we will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and torque we will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and torque we will also
+assume that you know how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you know how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you know how to compute
+a cross product and how to use the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross product and how to use the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross product and how to use the right
+hand rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule
+and that you've done problems involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you've done problems involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you've done problems involving
+the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass
+of an object our objective is to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object our objective is to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object our objective is to improve
+your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability
+to draw torque diagrams and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw torque diagrams and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw torque diagrams and give you
+some practice with setting them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice with setting them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice with setting them up
+by the end you should also understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end you should also understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end you should also understand
+what is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is needed
+for human beings to balance we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for human beings to balance we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for human beings to balance we'll start
+with an activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an activity
+everyone stand up and spread out across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone stand up and spread out across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone stand up and spread out across
+the room you'll need a partner for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room you'll need a partner for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room you'll need a partner for this
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+when i say go your goal is to carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say go your goal is to carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say go your goal is to carefully
+push your partner over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push your partner over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push your partner over
+use the smallest amount of force you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the smallest amount of force you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the smallest amount of force you can
+you will switch partners halfway through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will switch partners halfway through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will switch partners halfway through
+so be gentle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be gentle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be gentle
+when you push consider where you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you push consider where you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you push consider where you should
+push and in what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push and in what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push and in what direction
+try many different approaches here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try many different approaches here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try many different approaches here are
+some questions that may help you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions that may help you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions that may help you think
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+in a scientific manner when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a scientific manner when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a scientific manner when it comes to
+your push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your push
+where will you push what direction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will you push what direction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will you push what direction will
+you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push
+how hard will you push consider your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard will you push consider your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard will you push consider your
+partner as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner as well
+how is your partner standing what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is your partner standing what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is your partner standing what is the
+flow like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow like
+under your partner's feet can your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under your partner's feet can your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under your partner's feet can your
+partner balance well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner balance well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner balance well
+are you ready go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your teacher will now lead you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teacher will now lead you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teacher will now lead you in a
+short discussion about this activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short discussion about this activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short discussion about this activity
+pause the video here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's continue our investigation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue our investigation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue our investigation of
+torque imbalance in the human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque imbalance in the human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque imbalance in the human body
+take a look at this next video clip in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this next video clip in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this next video clip in
+which mit researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mit researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mit researchers
+colin fredericks and jennifer french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colin fredericks and jennifer french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colin fredericks and jennifer french
+demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate
+the effectiveness of properly applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effectiveness of properly applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effectiveness of properly applied
+torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is called saison stance this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called saison stance this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called saison stance this is a
+basic stance in martial arts known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stance in martial arts known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stance in martial arts known for
+its stability along a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its stability along a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its stability along a particular
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+this is my colleague mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my colleague mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my colleague mathematician
+jennifer french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jennifer french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jennifer french
+jen knows that the stance is strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jen knows that the stance is strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jen knows that the stance is strong
+along certain directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along certain directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along certain directions
+such as the one she's pulling in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can also withstand a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also withstand a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also withstand a great deal of
+force in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the opposite direction
+i'm not going to be knocked over if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to be knocked over if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to be knocked over if
+she's pushing or pulling along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's pushing or pulling along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's pushing or pulling along that
+particular line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however jen knows the stance's weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however jen knows the stance's weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however jen knows the stance's weak
+point if she pushes along a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if she pushes along a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if she pushes along a different
+line it'll knock me right down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it'll knock me right down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it'll knock me right down to the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this isn't just martial arts this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just martial arts this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just martial arts this is
+science torque controls my ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science torque controls my ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science torque controls my ability to
+balance and we're going to show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and we're going to show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and we're going to show you how
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to analyze the situation let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the situation let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the situation let's look at
+what physical properties are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what physical properties are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what physical properties are important
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+what forces do you think are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what forces do you think are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what forces do you think are involved
+pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video
+to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next draw a simple diagram that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next draw a simple diagram that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next draw a simple diagram that you can
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+to find the net torque on this man pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the net torque on this man pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the net torque on this man pause
+the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video
+while you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the simplest way to represent this man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way to represent this man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way to represent this man
+is with a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a rectangle
+you should remove any other details and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should remove any other details and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should remove any other details and
+draw our forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw our forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw our forces
+so that we can tell exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can tell exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can tell exactly where
+they're applied to his body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applied to his body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applied to his body
+finally if you were to draw a diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if you were to draw a diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if you were to draw a diagram
+showing someone resisting a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing someone resisting a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing someone resisting a push
+how would you do it which of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do it which of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do it which of these three
+is most appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is most appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is most appropriate
+pause the video to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you may be wondering why we can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be wondering why we can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be wondering why we can use a
+two-dimensional diagram to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional diagram to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional diagram to discuss
+a three-dimensional situation the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional situation the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional situation the reason
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that all of our forces are applied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of our forces are applied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of our forces are applied in
+the same plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plane
+simplifying the problem while our torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the problem while our torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the problem while our torque
+vectors point in and out of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors point in and out of the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors point in and out of the screen
+on this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this diagram
+we can represent that fairly easily in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can represent that fairly easily in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can represent that fairly easily in a
+more complex situation we may need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex situation we may need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex situation we may need to
+draw something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw something
+more fully three-dimensional as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fully three-dimensional as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fully three-dimensional as our
+torques might point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques might point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques might point
+in other directions this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other directions this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other directions this next
+video clip will walk you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video clip will walk you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video clip will walk you through a
+partial analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial analysis
+of the situation you will need a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the situation you will need a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the situation you will need a way to
+take notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take notes
+and draw diagrams while you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i couldn't push colin over by applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't push colin over by applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't push colin over by applying a
+force in a stable direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in a stable direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in a stable direction
+yet when i applied the same force in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet when i applied the same force in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet when i applied the same force in a
+different direction i could push him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction i could push him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction i could push him
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+how did i know this torque here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know this torque here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know this torque here you see
+two two-dimensional views representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two-dimensional views representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two-dimensional views representing
+colin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colin
+the width of the base represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the base represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the base represents the
+distance between his feet the wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between his feet the wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between his feet the wide
+square is the view of column from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is the view of column from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is the view of column from the
+side and stable stance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and stable stance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and stable stance
+the narrow rectangle is the view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrow rectangle is the view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrow rectangle is the view of
+colin from straight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colin from straight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colin from straight on
+let's draw in the forces acting on colin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw in the forces acting on colin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw in the forces acting on colin
+as i push him in the stable directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i push him in the stable directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i push him in the stable directions
+start by drawing the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by drawing the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by drawing the center of mass
+which we assume is at the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we assume is at the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we assume is at the center of the
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+the force of gravity pulls straight down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force of gravity pulls straight down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force of gravity pulls straight down
+with magnitude three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with magnitude three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with magnitude three halves
+there's also the force of my push of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the force of my push of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the force of my push of
+length one which we place at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one which we place at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one which we place at the
+location that the force is applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that the force is applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that the force is applied
+this push shifts collin's weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this push shifts collin's weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this push shifts collin's weight
+entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+to his back foot so the normal force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his back foot so the normal force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his back foot so the normal force is
+applied there with magnitude equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied there with magnitude equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied there with magnitude equal and
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+that of gravity the force of friction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of gravity the force of friction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of gravity the force of friction is
+also at this foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at this foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at this foot
+equal and opposite the magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite the magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite the magnitude and
+direction of the push force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the push force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the push force
+recall that torque is r cross f that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that torque is r cross f that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that torque is r cross f that is
+torque occurs when a force is applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque occurs when a force is applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque occurs when a force is applied
+some displacement distance from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some displacement distance from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some displacement distance from a
+reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point
+we can choose any reference point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose any reference point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose any reference point we
+like and the net torque we compute will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and the net torque we compute will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and the net torque we compute will
+be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same
+for this problem i will choose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem i will choose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem i will choose my
+reference point to be the pivot point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point to be the pivot point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point to be the pivot point
+why don't you try this problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you try this problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you try this problem but
+choose the center of mass as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the center of mass as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the center of mass as the
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+point let's get back to the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let's get back to the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let's get back to the problem the
+push force and the gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push force and the gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push force and the gravitational force
+are applied some distance from the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applied some distance from the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applied some distance from the pivot
+point at the foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at the foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at the foot
+so they will create torque however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they will create torque however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they will create torque however the
+friction force and normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force and normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force and normal force
+are applied at the pivot point so r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applied at the pivot point so r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applied at the pivot point so r is
+zero and we can ignore them as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we can ignore them as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we can ignore them as we
+compute the net torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the net torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the net torque
+let's compute the torque due to the push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the torque due to the push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the torque due to the push
+force the vector r is the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the vector r is the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the vector r is the displacement
+from the pivot point to where the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pivot point to where the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pivot point to where the force
+is applied we decompose this vector into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied we decompose this vector into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied we decompose this vector into
+its x and y components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its x and y components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its x and y components
+we use a coordinate system with origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use a coordinate system with origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use a coordinate system with origin
+at the pivot point to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pivot point to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pivot point to determine
+the r vector to be four i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r vector to be four i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r vector to be four i
+plus three j the magnitude of the push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three j the magnitude of the push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three j the magnitude of the push
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+is negative one i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative one i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative one i
+the magnitude of torque can be found as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of torque can be found as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of torque can be found as
+the magnitude of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of r
+times the magnitude of f times sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the magnitude of f times sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the magnitude of f times sine
+theta where theta is the angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta where theta is the angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta where theta is the angle between
+the two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vectors
+thus the magnitude is the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the magnitude is the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the magnitude is the area of the
+parallelogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram
+formed by r and f since the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by r and f since the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by r and f since the area of this
+parallelogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram
+is also the area of the rectangle formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the area of the rectangle formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the area of the rectangle formed
+by f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by f
+and r sine theta or the component of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r sine theta or the component of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r sine theta or the component of r
+that's perpendicular to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to f
+we can see this magnitude visually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see this magnitude visually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see this magnitude visually as
+the area of this rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this rectangle
+we will show the magnitudes in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show the magnitudes in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show the magnitudes in this way
+because it's very easy to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very easy to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very easy to see the
+relative magnitudes of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitudes of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitudes of the various
+torques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques
+so for the push force the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the push force the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the push force the area
+is 3 which means that the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 which means that the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 which means that the magnitude of
+the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque
+is 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the direction of the torque vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the torque vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the torque vector is
+along the axis of rotation caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the axis of rotation caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the axis of rotation caused by
+this force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force
+we find the direction using the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the direction using the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the direction using the right
+hand rule point our fingers along r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule point our fingers along r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule point our fingers along r
+and curl along f in this case we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curl along f in this case we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curl along f in this case we find
+the direction to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction to be
+out of the board or positive k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the board or positive k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the board or positive k
+so this tells us that the torque due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us that the torque due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us that the torque due to
+the push force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push force
+is equal to 3k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 3k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 3k
+we can also find the torque vector by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also find the torque vector by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also find the torque vector by
+taking the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the determinant
+of the following 3x3 matrix the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following 3x3 matrix the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following 3x3 matrix the first
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+is i j and k the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i j and k the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i j and k the second row
+are the x y and z components of the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the x y and z components of the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the x y and z components of the r
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+and the third row is the x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third row is the x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third row is the x y and z
+components of the force vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the force vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the force vector
+because r and f lie in the same plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because r and f lie in the same plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because r and f lie in the same plane
+the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z
+components are zero in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are zero in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are zero in our example
+the force is pointing in the negative i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is pointing in the negative i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is pointing in the negative i
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+and r we found to be 4i plus 3j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r we found to be 4i plus 3j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r we found to be 4i plus 3j
+computing it this way we also find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing it this way we also find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing it this way we also find that
+the torque is 3k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque is 3k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque is 3k
+now let's find the torque due to gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's find the torque due to gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's find the torque due to gravity
+the vector r is found by connecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector r is found by connecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector r is found by connecting the
+pivot point to the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot point to the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot point to the center of mass
+we leave it to you to pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave it to you to pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave it to you to pause the video
+and determine the components of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and determine the components of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and determine the components of r
+using this coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we find the magnitude of the torque by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the magnitude of the torque by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the magnitude of the torque by
+taking the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the component
+of r that is perpendicular to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r that is perpendicular to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r that is perpendicular to f
+pointing in the x direction then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the x direction then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the x direction then the
+magnitude is the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the area
+of the rectangle between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rectangle between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rectangle between these two
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+again we find the direction using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we find the direction using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we find the direction using the
+right hand rule we find the torque to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand rule we find the torque to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand rule we find the torque to be
+pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+into the board at the pivot point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the board at the pivot point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the board at the pivot point
+since the x component of the r vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the x component of the r vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the x component of the r vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the force due to gravity is 3 halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the force due to gravity is 3 halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the force due to gravity is 3 halves
+pointing in the negative j direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the negative j direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the negative j direction
+the magnitude of the torque due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the torque due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the torque due to
+gravity is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is 3
+and it points in the negative k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it points in the negative k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it points in the negative k
+direction so the torque is negative 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so the torque is negative 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so the torque is negative 3
+k at the pivot point adding the push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k at the pivot point adding the push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k at the pivot point adding the push
+torque and the gravity torque together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque and the gravity torque together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque and the gravity torque together
+we find that we get zero this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that we get zero this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that we get zero this means that
+there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+rotation about the pivot point now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the pivot point now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the pivot point now let's
+look in the unstable direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the unstable direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the unstable direction
+we have all the same forces as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the same forces as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the same forces as before
+force of gravity at the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of gravity at the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of gravity at the center of mass
+the push force a normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push force a normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push force a normal force
+at the back foot as well as a friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back foot as well as a friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back foot as well as a friction
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the magnitudes of all of these forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitudes of all of these forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitudes of all of these forces
+are the same as in the other diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same as in the other diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same as in the other diagram
+let's compute the torque due to the push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the torque due to the push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the torque due to the push
+force the vector r connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the vector r connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the vector r connects
+the pivot point to the place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot point to the place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot point to the place where the
+force is applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using our coordinate axes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our coordinate axes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our coordinate axes with the
+origin placed at the pivot point we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin placed at the pivot point we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin placed at the pivot point we find
+this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector
+to be i plus 3j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we find the magnitude of the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the magnitude of the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the magnitude of the torque
+vector as the area of the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector as the area of the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector as the area of the rectangle
+formed by the force vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by the force vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by the force vector
+and the component of r perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the component of r perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the component of r perpendicular to
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+thus the area is one times three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the area is one times three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the area is one times three
+or three in order to find the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three in order to find the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three in order to find the direction
+we use the right hand rule point our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the right hand rule point our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the right hand rule point our
+fingers along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers along
+r curl in the direction of f and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r curl in the direction of f and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r curl in the direction of f and our
+thumb points out of the board so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb points out of the board so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb points out of the board so the
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+of the torque is k since the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the torque is k since the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the torque is k since the magnitude
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+3 that tells us the torque due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 that tells us the torque due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 that tells us the torque due to the
+push is 3k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push is 3k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push is 3k
+at the pivot point finally let's find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pivot point finally let's find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pivot point finally let's find
+the torque due to gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque due to gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque due to gravity
+start by drawing the r vector from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by drawing the r vector from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by drawing the r vector from the
+pivot point to the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot point to the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot point to the center of mass
+now let's decompose this vector into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's decompose this vector into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's decompose this vector into its
+x and y components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y components
+we leave this as an exercise to u using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave this as an exercise to u using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave this as an exercise to u using
+the coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate system
+shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the magnitude of the torque due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the torque due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the torque due to
+gravity at the pivot point is found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity at the pivot point is found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity at the pivot point is found by
+the area of the rectangle formed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of the rectangle formed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of the rectangle formed by the
+force vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force vector
+and the x component of the r vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x component of the r vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x component of the r vector
+the direction is found using the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is found using the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is found using the right
+hand rule pointing our fingers along r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule pointing our fingers along r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule pointing our fingers along r
+and curling around f in other words into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curling around f in other words into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curling around f in other words into
+the board or negative k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the torque due to gravity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the torque due to gravity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the torque due to gravity is
+one half times three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half times three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half times three halves
+or three fourths pointing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three fourths pointing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three fourths pointing in the
+negative k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative k
+direction the net torque about the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the net torque about the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the net torque about the pivot
+point is the sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the sum of these two
+in other words the torque push plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the torque push plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the torque push plus the
+torque due to gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque due to gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque due to gravity
+is the net torque about the pivot point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the net torque about the pivot point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the net torque about the pivot point
+which is two and a quarter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two and a quarter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two and a quarter in the
+positive k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive k
+direction that means that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that means that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that means that there is a
+total net rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total net rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total net rotation
+about the pivot point causing colin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pivot point causing colin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pivot point causing colin to
+fall over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we leave it as an exercise for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave it as an exercise for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave it as an exercise for you to
+use the determinant in order to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the determinant in order to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the determinant in order to compute
+the torque vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque vectors
+if you computed the net torque using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you computed the net torque using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you computed the net torque using the
+center of mass as the reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass as the reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass as the reference point
+you should notice that the networks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should notice that the networks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should notice that the networks you
+found are equal to the networks that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found are equal to the networks that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found are equal to the networks that we
+computed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that you've seen torque and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've seen torque and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've seen torque and
+balancing in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing in detail
+let's consider a more complex problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a more complex problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a more complex problem
+this one is a bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a bit tricky
+i'll show you how it works i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you how it works i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you how it works i'm going to
+take a chair and place it next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a chair and place it next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a chair and place it next to the
+wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+i'll put my toes up to the wall and step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put my toes up to the wall and step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put my toes up to the wall and step
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+toe to heel twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i step sideways until i'm over the chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i step sideways until i'm over the chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i step sideways until i'm over the chair
+then i went forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i went forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i went forward
+until my head touches the wall pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until my head touches the wall pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until my head touches the wall pick up
+the chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chair
+and stand up or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stand up or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stand up or not
+this is something that most women can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that most women can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that most women can do
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+men cannot maybe you think it's a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men cannot maybe you think it's a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men cannot maybe you think it's a trick
+here's a video of some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a video of some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a video of some of your
+professors trying to lift the chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors trying to lift the chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors trying to lift the chair
+themselves okay walk up to the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves okay walk up to the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves okay walk up to the wall
+yes and then heel toe you'll tell that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and then heel toe you'll tell that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and then heel toe you'll tell that's
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+one more time and now translate over but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time and now translate over but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time and now translate over but
+don't come in or out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come in or out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come in or out
+okay now bend over the wall bend over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now bend over the wall bend over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now bend over the wall bend over
+put your head on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your head on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your head on the wall
+pick the chair up now stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toes against the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pick up the chair first clean pick up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the chair first clean pick up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the chair first clean pick up of
+the chair please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chair please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chair please
+stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay come on over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+all right okay and then do it one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay and then do it one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay and then do it one more
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+the other foot okay okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other foot okay okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other foot okay okay now
+can you translate over a little bit just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you translate over a little bit just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you translate over a little bit just
+move over but don't go in or out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now pick up the chair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now pick up the chair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now pick up the chair and
+now stand up no no don't do it again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now stand up no no don't do it again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now stand up no no don't do it again you
+have to pick up the chair clean pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's your turn to try get together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's your turn to try get together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's your turn to try get together
+with your partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your partner
+again and bring a chair over to the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and bring a chair over to the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and bring a chair over to the wall
+why don't you pause the video and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video and give
+it a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that you've attempted the chairlift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've attempted the chairlift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've attempted the chairlift
+let's return to our seats and discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's return to our seats and discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's return to our seats and discuss
+what happened if you wanted to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened if you wanted to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened if you wanted to figure
+out why this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why this happens
+what information would you need what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information would you need what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information would you need what
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+would you have to make discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have to make discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have to make discuss the
+matter with your partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with your partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with your partner
+try to draw a diagram of the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw a diagram of the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw a diagram of the situation
+pause the video here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video here
+while you work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many of you should be wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you should be wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you should be wondering about
+the center of mass for this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass for this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass for this situation
+this diagram shows typical locations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram shows typical locations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram shows typical locations for
+the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass
+in men on your left and women on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in men on your left and women on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in men on your left and women on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+not only are men typically taller but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are men typically taller but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are men typically taller but
+their center of mass is usually higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their center of mass is usually higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their center of mass is usually higher
+in their bodies this is not always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their bodies this is not always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their bodies this is not always true
+but it is fairly typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is fairly typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is fairly typical
+using this information work with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this information work with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this information work with your
+partner to try to explain what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner to try to explain what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner to try to explain what is
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+why can women left the chair when men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can women left the chair when men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can women left the chair when men
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+you do not need to obtain a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not need to obtain a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not need to obtain a numerical
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+instead use reasoned arguments diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead use reasoned arguments diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead use reasoned arguments diagrams
+and well-supported assumptions to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well-supported assumptions to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well-supported assumptions to prove
+your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer
+only use calculations if you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only use calculations if you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only use calculations if you cannot
+support your answer in any other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support your answer in any other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support your answer in any other way
+pause the video and give it a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you ready to see the solution let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you ready to see the solution let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you ready to see the solution let's
+take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look
+for this section we will measure torques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this section we will measure torques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this section we will measure torques
+around the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the center of mass
+this will simplify our work so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will simplify our work so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will simplify our work so that we
+don't have to worry about the person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about the person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about the person's
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+and the pull of gravity this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pull of gravity this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pull of gravity this diagram
+shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+the man lifting the chair you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man lifting the chair you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man lifting the chair you can see
+that the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the center of mass
+is outside his body and has been moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is outside his body and has been moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is outside his body and has been moved
+forward and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and down
+by the chair this diagram shows the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the chair this diagram shows the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the chair this diagram shows the same
+for the woman her center of mass is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the woman her center of mass is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the woman her center of mass is also
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+outside her body but is much closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside her body but is much closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside her body but is much closer to
+her legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her legs
+if we draw a line for the man to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw a line for the man to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw a line for the man to
+indicate where his toes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate where his toes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate where his toes are
+you can see that the center of mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the center of mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the center of mass is
+beyond the edge of his foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the edge of his foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the edge of his foot
+no matter how hard he tries he simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how hard he tries he simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how hard he tries he simply
+cannot apply force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot apply force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot apply force
+in the right place to lift that chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right place to lift that chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right place to lift that chair
+on our diagram we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our diagram we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our diagram we can see that the
+torque will always point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque will always point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque will always point in the
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+out of the screen it will rotate the man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the screen it will rotate the man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the screen it will rotate the man
+counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise
+pushing his head harder into the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing his head harder into the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing his head harder into the wall
+the harder he pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harder he pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harder he pushes
+the worse it will be the woman however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worse it will be the woman however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worse it will be the woman however
+has her center of mass above her feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has her center of mass above her feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has her center of mass above her feet
+she can stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can stand up
+because her feet are able to apply force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because her feet are able to apply force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because her feet are able to apply force
+in the proper location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proper location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proper location
+and direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we draw a torque diagram we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw a torque diagram we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw a torque diagram we can see
+that the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the direction
+of torque applied by her feet will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of torque applied by her feet will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of torque applied by her feet will be
+into the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the screen
+by applying more force she can rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying more force she can rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying more force she can rotate
+her upper body clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her upper body clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her upper body clockwise
+and stand up whereas the man cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stand up whereas the man cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stand up whereas the man cannot
+today we hope that you have improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we hope that you have improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we hope that you have improved
+your ability to draw torque diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to draw torque diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to draw torque diagrams
+and to analyze torque problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to analyze torque problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to analyze torque problems that
+occur in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the real world
+torque is an important quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is an important quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is an important quantity that
+comes into play in countless situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into play in countless situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into play in countless situations
+around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us
+from machinery to buildings to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from machinery to buildings to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from machinery to buildings to the
+simple act of walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple act of walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple act of walking
+i hope you've enjoyed this look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you've enjoyed this look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you've enjoyed this look at one
+of its most fascinating applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2oK7Eb0YZ9U.txt b/2oK7Eb0YZ9U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df9d7cd1ea9647f8c5b92e58ed643a157629b80f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2oK7Eb0YZ9U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have a rigid body and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a rigid body and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a rigid body and it's
+rotating about a fixed axis and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about a fixed axis and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about a fixed axis and we know
+that the angular acceleration Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angular acceleration Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angular acceleration Alpha is
+given now it may be a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given now it may be a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given now it may be a function of time
+and we'd like to find from this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd like to find from this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd like to find from this the
+angular velocity and how much angle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity and how much angle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity and how much angle has
+rotated in sometime interval so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated in sometime interval so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated in sometime interval so the
+first thing we have to do is choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we have to do is choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we have to do is choose a
+point in the rigid body and introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the rigid body and introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the rigid body and introduce a
+coordinate system here we have our angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system here we have our angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system here we have our angle
+Theta and with this point we have our R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and with this point we have our R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and with this point we have our R
+hat and our Theta hat Direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and our Theta hat Direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and our Theta hat Direction and
+recall that by the right hand rule the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that by the right hand rule the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that by the right hand rule the K
+hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is
+going out of the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of the plane of the
+figure and so we have our coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure and so we have our coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure and so we have our coordinate
+system and we wrote Alpha as the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we wrote Alpha as the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we wrote Alpha as the second
+derivative of theta with respect to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of theta with respect to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of theta with respect to time
+K hat now our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat now our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat now our goal is to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+Omega which we'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega which we'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega which we'll write
+as the first derivative of D Theta DT K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the first derivative of D Theta DT K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the first derivative of D Theta DT K
+hat and also to find Theta as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and also to find Theta as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and also to find Theta as a function
+of time now recall that our notation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time now recall that our notation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time now recall that our notation was
+that Alpha Z was the Omega Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alpha Z was the Omega Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alpha Z was the Omega Z
+dtal d^2 Theta DT ^2 and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtal d^2 Theta DT ^2 and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtal d^2 Theta DT ^2 and in this
+notation Omega Z was equal to D Theta DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation Omega Z was equal to D Theta DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation Omega Z was equal to D Theta DT
+now what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do is we're
+going to integrate Alpha just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate Alpha just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate Alpha just like we
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+in simple circular motion kinematics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simple circular motion kinematics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simple circular motion kinematics for
+Point like objects and so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point like objects and so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point like objects and so what we have
+here is that for some time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that for some time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that for some time interval
+Omega Z at time T minus Omega Z 0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z at time T minus Omega Z 0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z at time T minus Omega Z 0 is the
+integral of T Prime equals 0 to T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of T Prime equals 0 to T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of T Prime equals 0 to T of
+alpha Z which is our component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Z which is our component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Z which is our component of the
+angular acceleration we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration we have an
+integration variable DT Prime and recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable DT Prime and recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable DT Prime and recall
+that that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that implies
+that Omega ZT can have some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega ZT can have some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega ZT can have some initial
+value at time T equals 0 plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at time T equals 0 plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at time T equals 0 plus this
+integral relationship which is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral relationship which is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral relationship which is what we
+want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure
+out by direct integration now this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by direct integration now this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by direct integration now this only
+works when Alpha Z is some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when Alpha Z is some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when Alpha Z is some function of
+time in order to get the angle Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in order to get the angle Theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in order to get the angle Theta of
+T we use we integrate again where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we use we integrate again where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we use we integrate again where we
+have Theta of t0 is the integral from T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Theta of t0 is the integral from T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Theta of t0 is the integral from T
+Prime equal 0 to T Prime equal T of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal 0 to T Prime equal T of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal 0 to T Prime equal T of this
+function Omega Z again we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Omega Z again we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Omega Z again we have some
+integration variable T Prime DT Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable T Prime DT Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable T Prime DT Prime
+and so we see that Theta of T can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we see that Theta of T can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we see that Theta of T can have
+some initial value plus this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial value plus this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial value plus this integral
+relationship T Prime equal T of Omega z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship T Prime equal T of Omega z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship T Prime equal T of Omega z
+t Prime DT Prime and this is how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Prime DT Prime and this is how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Prime DT Prime and this is how we can
+figure out the how the point p has an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the how the point p has an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the how the point p has an a
+component of angular velocity and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular velocity and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular velocity and what
+angle the the point P sweeps out in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the the point P sweeps out in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the the point P sweeps out in some
+time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4PBYm3FuUNQ.txt b/4PBYm3FuUNQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a396e5d8b8d98af92a3621ed0ab46e5fffd7c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4PBYm3FuUNQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1307 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK, this lecture,
+this day, is differential
+
+equations day.
+
+I just feel even though these
+are not on the BC exams, that
+
+we've got everything
+we need to actually
+
+see calculus in use.
+
+We've got the derivatives of
+the key functions and ready
+
+for a differential equation.
+
+And there it is.
+
+When I look at that equation--
+
+so it's a differential equation
+because it has the
+
+derivatives of y as well as
+y itself in the equation.
+
+And when I look at it, I see
+it's a second order equation
+
+because there's a second
+derivative.
+
+It's a linear equation because
+second derivative, first
+
+derivative, and y itself are
+separate, no multiplying of y
+
+times y prime.
+
+In fact, the only
+multiplications are by these
+
+numbers m, r and k, and those
+are constant numbers coming
+
+from the application.
+
+So I have a constant
+coefficient, linear, second
+
+order, differential equation,
+and I'd like to solve it.
+
+And we can do it because it uses
+the very functions that
+
+we know how to find
+derivatives of.
+
+Let me take two or three special
+cases where those
+
+functions appear purely.
+
+So one special case is if
+I knock out the second
+
+derivative term, and let
+me just choose--
+
+rewrite it in the way it looks
+easiest and best. It's just
+
+the derivative of y as
+some multiple of y.
+
+It's now first order, and we
+know the function that solves
+
+that equation.
+
+When the derivative equals the
+function itself, that's the
+
+exponential.
+
+If I want to have an extra
+factor a here, then I
+
+need e to the at.
+
+And usually, in fact, we expect
+that with a first order
+
+equation, in the solution
+there'll be some constant that
+
+we can set later to match
+the starting condition.
+
+And that constant
+shows up here.
+
+It's just if e to the at solves
+that equation, as it
+
+does, because when I take the
+derivative, down comes on a,
+
+so does c times e to the at.
+
+That's because the equation
+is linear.
+
+So that's a nice one.
+
+Pure exponential.
+
+OK, ready for this one.
+
+So this one, I don't have
+this middle term.
+
+I just have the second
+derivative and the function.
+
+And let me again change to
+letters I like, putting the ky
+
+on the other side with
+a minus sign.
+
+So this omega squared
+will be k/m when I
+
+reorganize that equation.
+
+My point is we can solve this
+equation, the second
+
+derivative equaling minus
+the function.
+
+We've met that.
+
+That's this equation
+that the sine and
+
+the cosine both solve.
+
+There we get two solutions for
+this second order equation.
+
+And just as with the a in this
+problem, so with this number
+
+here, I'll just jiggle the sine
+and the cosine a little
+
+bit so that we get omega to come
+down twice when I take
+
+two derivatives.
+
+So the solution here will be--
+
+one solution will be the cosine
+of omega t because two
+
+derivatives of the cosine
+is minus the cosine--
+
+that's what this asks for--
+
+with the factor omega
+coming out twice.
+
+And another solution will
+be sine of omega t
+
+for the same reason.
+
+And again, now with a second
+order equation, I'm expecting
+
+a couple of constants to be
+able to choose later.
+
+And here they are: c cosine
+omega t and d sine omega t.
+
+That's the general solution
+to that equation.
+
+So we know that.
+
+And these are the two
+important ones.
+
+There's another less important
+one and an
+
+extremely simple one.
+
+Suppose all that went away, and
+I just had as a third very
+
+special case d second y
+dt squared equals 0.
+
+We sure know the solution
+to that.
+
+What functions have second
+derivative equals 0?
+
+Well, a constant function
+does, certainly.
+
+A constant, even its first
+derivative is 0
+
+much less its second.
+
+And then t does.
+
+Its first derivative is
+1 and then the second
+
+derivative is 0.
+
+So there show up the
+powers of t.
+
+Well, the first two powers, t to
+the 0 and t to the 1, show
+
+up in that very special case.
+
+Sine and cosine show up here.
+
+e to the at shows up here.
+
+And now let me tell you the
+good part of this lecture.
+
+The solution to this equation
+and in fact to equations of
+
+third, fourth, all orders, are
+products of these ones that we
+
+know: exponentials times sines
+and cosines times powers of t.
+
+That's all we need to solve
+constant coefficient
+
+differential equations.
+
+So I plan now to go ahead
+and solve the--
+
+and move toward this equation.
+
+I should have said that's a
+fundamental equation of
+
+engineering.
+
+m stands for some mass.
+
+Oh yeah, let me draw a picture,
+and you'll see why I
+
+chose to choose t rather than
+x, because things are
+
+happening in time.
+
+And what is happening?
+
+Let me show you.
+
+What's happening in time is
+typically this would be a
+
+problem with us some kind of a
+spring hanging down, and on
+
+that spring is a mass m.
+
+OK, so what happens if I--
+
+I've pulled that mass down, so
+I've stretched the spring, and
+
+then I let go.
+
+Then what does the spring do?
+
+Well, the spring will pull the
+mass back upwards, and it will
+
+pull it back up to the point
+where it squeezes, compresses
+
+the spring.
+
+The spring will be--
+
+like instead of being
+stretched out,
+
+it'll be the opposite.
+
+It'll be compressed in.
+
+And then when compressed in,
+it'll push the mass.
+
+Being compressed, the
+spring will push.
+
+It'll push the mass down again
+and up again, and I get
+
+oscillation.
+
+Oscillation is what
+I'm seeing here.
+
+And what are examples of
+oscillation in real life?
+
+The spring or a clock,
+especially a grandfather clock
+
+that's swinging back and forth,
+back and forth, so I'll
+
+just put a clock.
+
+Music, a violin string
+is oscillating.
+
+That's where the beautiful
+sound comes from.
+
+Our heart is in and out,
+in and out, a regular
+
+oscillation.
+
+I could add molecules.
+
+They oscillate extremely
+quickly.
+
+So this equation that I'm
+aiming for comes up in
+
+biology, in chemistry--
+
+for molecules, it's a very
+important equation--
+
+in physics and mechanics and
+engineering for springs.
+
+It comes up in economics.
+
+It's everywhere.
+
+And by choosing constant
+coefficients, I have the basic
+
+model and the simplest model.
+
+OK, so I'll talk in this
+language of springs, but it's
+
+all these oscillations that lead
+to equations like that.
+
+Actually, this model often
+would have r equals 0.
+
+So let me take that case
+r equals 0 again.
+
+So where does the equation
+come from?
+
+Can I do two cents worth of
+physics and then go back to
+
+the math, solving
+the equation.
+
+The physics is just remembering
+Newton's
+
+Law: f equals ma.
+
+So there is the m, the mass.
+
+The a is the acceleration.
+
+That's the second derivative,
+right?
+
+You don't mind if I write that
+as second derivative.
+
+Acceleration, the mass
+is constant.
+
+We're not going at the speed of
+light here so we can assume
+
+that mass is not being
+converted to energy.
+
+It's mass.
+
+And then what's the force?
+
+Well, for this spring
+force, for this
+
+spring, what did we say?
+
+So y is going this way.
+
+It's the disposition, the
+displacement of the spring.
+
+When it's down like that, when
+y is positive, the spring is
+
+pulling back.
+
+The force from the spring
+is pulling back.
+
+And the force from the spring
+is proportional to y.
+
+And the proportionality constant
+is my number k.
+
+That fact that I
+just said is--
+
+and I guess it's pulling
+opposite to a positive y.
+
+When y is positive, and this
+spring is way down, the force
+
+is pulling it up,
+pulling in the
+
+negative direction, upwards.
+
+So I need that minus sign.
+
+So that k is the stiffness
+of the spring.
+
+This is Hooke's Law, that the
+force coming from a spring is
+
+proportional to the stretch.
+
+And the constant in there is
+Hooke's constant, the spring
+
+constant k.
+
+So now that if I put the minus
+ky over there as plus ky, you
+
+see my equation again.
+
+But this is the one that we were
+able to solve right here.
+
+Do you see that this is the
+case where r is 0 in this
+
+first model?
+
+r is 0 because r involves
+resistance: r for resistance,
+
+air resistance, damping.
+
+And right now, I don't
+have that.
+
+I just have a little spring
+that'll oscillate forever.
+
+It'll oscillate forever
+following sine and cosine.
+
+That's exactly what the
+spring will do.
+
+It will just go on forever,
+and the c and the d, their
+
+constants, will depend
+on how it started.
+
+Did it start from rest?
+
+If it started from rest, there
+would be no sine term.
+
+It's easy to find
+c and d later.
+
+The real problem is to solve the
+equation, and we've done
+
+it for this equation.
+
+OK, and let's just
+remember this.
+
+Let me repeat that when I put
+that onto the other side and
+
+divide by k, then I see the--
+oh, divided by m, sorry--
+
+then I see the omega squared.
+
+So omega squared is k/m.
+
+Right.
+
+Oh, it is k/m, right.
+
+OK, that's the simple case,
+pure sines and cosines.
+
+Now I'm letting in
+some resistance.
+
+So now I'm coming back
+to my equation.
+
+Let me write it again.
+
+m y double prime--
+
+second derivative--
+
+plus 2r y prime--
+
+first derivative--
+
+plus ky--
+
+0-th derivative equals 0.
+
+I want to solve that equation
+now for any
+
+numbers m and r and k.
+
+OK, well, the nice thing is that
+the exponential function
+
+takes us right to the answer,
+the best plan here.
+
+So this is the most important
+equation you would see in a
+
+differential equations course.
+
+And then the course kind of goes
+past, and then you easily
+
+forget this is the most
+important and the simplest.
+
+Why is it simple?
+
+Because if the key idea--
+
+this is the key idea: try
+y equals e to the--
+
+an exponential e to the
+something times t.
+
+Let me call that something
+lambda.
+
+You might have preferred c.
+
+I'm happy with c or any
+other number there.
+
+Yeah, OK, I'll call that lambda,
+just because it gives
+
+it a little Greek importance.
+
+All right, so I try this.
+
+I substitute that into the
+equation, and I'm going to
+
+choose lambda to make
+things work.
+
+OK, but here's the key.
+
+The key idea is so easy.
+
+Now, put it into the equation.
+
+So what happens when I put--
+
+when this is y, take
+two derivatives.
+
+Well, let me start with
+taking no derivatives.
+
+So I have down here the k
+e to the lambda t, and
+
+over here is a 0.
+
+And now let me back up to
+the first derivative.
+
+So that's 2r times
+the derivative
+
+of this guy y prime.
+
+I'm just substituting this
+into the equation.
+
+So what's the derivative?
+
+We know that the derivative of
+this brings down the lambda.
+
+We already did it.
+
+lambda e to the lambda
+t, right?
+
+That's the derivative.
+
+And what about this one?
+
+This one is going to be
+an m y double prime.
+
+What happens with
+two derivatives?
+
+Bring down lambda twice, two
+times, so I have lambda
+
+squared e to the lambda t.
+
+And then in a minute, you know
+what I'm going to do.
+
+I'm going to cancel that common
+factor e to the lambda
+
+t, which is never 0 so I can
+safely divide it out, and then
+
+write the equation we get.
+
+OK, let me write that out
+more with more space.
+
+m lambda squared plus
+2r lambda--
+
+taking that--
+
+plus k is 0.
+
+This is the equation.
+
+It's just an ordinary
+quadratic equation.
+
+It's a high school
+algebra equation.
+
+Lambda appears squared because
+we had two derivatives.
+
+We had a second derivative, and
+so I need the quadratic
+
+formula to know--
+
+I expect two answers,
+two lambdas.
+
+And that's normal for a second
+order equation, and I'll get
+
+two solutions: e to the lambda
+1t and e to the lambda 2t.
+
+Two different exponentials will
+both solve the problem.
+
+All right, what's the lambda?
+
+Well, can I just recall
+the quadratic formula?
+
+Well, it's a little messy, but
+it's not too bad here, just to
+
+show that I remember it.
+
+And the 2 there is kind of
+handy with the quadratic
+
+formula because then I just get
+minus an r plus or minus
+
+the square root of r squared.
+
+And it's not minus 4km, but
+because of the 2 there, it's
+
+just minus km.
+
+And then I divide by m.
+
+OK, well, big deal.
+
+I get two roots.
+
+Let me use numbers.
+
+So what you see there
+is like solving the
+
+differential equation.
+
+Not too bad.
+
+Now let me put in numbers to
+show what's typical, and, of
+
+course, as those numbers
+change, we'll
+
+see different lambdas.
+
+And actually, as the numbers
+change, that will take us
+
+between the exponential stuff
+and the oscillating stuff.
+
+All right, let me take one
+where I think it start--
+
+I think this will be-- so
+this is example one.
+
+I'll choose m equal 1 y
+double prime plus--
+
+let me take r to be 3, so
+then I have 6y prime.
+
+And let me choose k
+to be 8y equals 0.
+
+All right, now we've
+got numbers.
+
+So the numbers are m equals
+1, r equals 3, k equals 8.
+
+And I claim we can write the
+solution to that equation, or
+
+the two solutions, because there
+will be two lambdas.
+
+OK, so when I try e to the
+lambda t, plug it in, I'll get
+
+lambda twice, and then I'll get
+6 lambda once, and then
+
+I'll get 8 without a lambda
+coming down, all multiplied by
+
+e to the lambda t, which I'm
+canceling, equals 0.
+
+So I solve that equation either
+directly by recognizing
+
+that it factors into lambda
+plus 2 times lambda plus 4
+
+equals 0 or by plugging
+in r and k and m in
+
+the quadratic formula.
+
+Either way, I'm learning that
+lambda is minus 2 or minus 4.
+
+Those are the two solutions.
+
+The two decay rates, you could
+call them, because they're up
+
+in the exponent.
+
+So what's the solution?
+
+y of t, the solution to that
+equation, the general solution
+
+with a constant c and a constant
+d is an e to the
+
+minus 2t and an e
+to the minus 4t.
+
+The two lambdas are in the
+exponent, and we've solved it.
+
+So that's the point.
+
+We have the ability to solve
+differential equations based
+
+on the three most important
+derivatives we know:
+
+exponential, sines-cosines,
+powers of t.
+
+OK, ready for example two?
+
+Example two, I'm just going to
+change that 8 to a 10, so
+
+you're going to see
+a 10 show up here.
+
+All right, but that will
+make a difference.
+
+It won't just be some
+new numbers.
+
+There'll be a definite
+difference here.
+
+OK, let me go over across
+here to the one with 10.
+
+OK, so now my equation is 1y
+double prime, 6y prime still,
+
+and now 10y is equals to 0,
+remembering prime means
+
+derivative.
+
+OK, so again, I try y is
+e to the lambda t.
+
+I plug it in.
+
+When I have two derivatives,
+bring down lambda squared.
+
+One derivative brings
+down lambda.
+
+No derivatives leaves
+the 10, equals 0.
+
+That's my equation for lambda.
+
+Ha!
+
+I don't know how to
+factor that one.
+
+And in fact, I better use the
+quadratic formula just to show
+
+what happens here.
+
+So the quadratic formula will
+be the two roots lambda.
+
+Can I remember that
+dumb formula?
+
+Minus r plus or minus the square
+root of r squared minus
+
+km, all divided by m.
+
+I got the 2's and the
+4's out of it by
+
+taking r to be 3 here.
+
+OK, so it's minus 3 plus or
+minus the square root of r
+
+squared is 9 minus 1 times 10.
+
+k and m is 10 divided by 1.
+
+Ha!
+
+You see something different's
+going on here.
+
+I have the square root
+of a negative number.
+
+Over there, if I wrote out that
+square root, you would
+
+have seen the square
+root of plus 1.
+
+That gave me minus 3 plus
+1 or minus 3 minus 1.
+
+That was the minus
+2 and minus 4.
+
+Now I'm different.
+
+Now seeing the square root of
+minus 1, so this is minus 3
+
+plus or minus i.
+
+So I see the solution y of t.
+
+You see, this is i here, the
+square root of minus 1.
+
+We can deal with that.
+
+It's a complex number,
+an imaginary number.
+
+And the combination minus 3 plus
+i is a complex number,
+
+and we have to accept that
+that's our lambda.
+
+So I have any multiple of c,
+and the lambda here is
+
+minus 3 plus i t.
+
+And the second solution is
+e minus 3 minus i t.
+
+I found the general solution.
+
+We could say done, except you
+might feel, well, how did
+
+imaginary--
+
+what are we going to do with
+these imaginary numbers here?
+
+How did they get in this
+perfectly real
+
+differential equation?
+
+Well, they slipped in because
+the solutions
+
+were not real numbers.
+
+The solutions were minus
+3 plus or minus i.
+
+But we can get real again.
+
+So this is one way to write the
+answer, but I just want to
+
+show you using the earlier
+lecture, using the beautiful
+
+fact that Euler discovered.
+
+So now let me complete this
+example by remembering Euler's
+
+great formula for e to the it.
+
+Because you see we have an e
+to the minus 3t, perfectly
+
+real, decaying.
+
+The spring is slowing down
+because of air resistance.
+
+But we also have
+an e to the it.
+
+That's what Euler's formulas
+about and Euler's formula says
+
+that e to the it is the
+cosine of t plus i
+
+times the sine of t.
+
+So it's through Euler's
+formula that these
+
+oscillations are coming in.
+
+The direct method led
+to an e to the it.
+
+But the next day, Euler
+realized that e
+
+to the minus it--
+
+or probably being Euler, it
+didn't take till next day--
+
+will be minus i sine t.
+
+So both e to the it and e to
+the minus it, they both can
+
+get replaced by sines
+and cosines.
+
+So in place of e to the
+it, I'll put that.
+
+In place of e to the minus
+it, I put that one.
+
+The final result is--
+
+can I just jump to that?
+
+The final result is that with
+some different constants, we
+
+have the cosine--
+
+oh!
+
+let me not forget e
+to the minus 3t.
+
+That's part of this answer.
+
+I'm damping this out by e to the
+minus 3t, this resistance
+
+r, times cosine of t and the e
+to the minus 3t sine of t.
+
+OK, that's good.
+
+General solution, back
+to a real numbers.
+
+It describes a damped
+oscillation.
+
+It's damped out.
+
+It's slowing down.
+
+Rather, it's decaying.
+
+The amplitude is-- the
+spring is like--
+
+it's like having a shock
+absorber or something.
+
+It's settling down to the center
+point pretty fast. But
+
+as it settles, it's goes back
+across that center point,
+
+oscillates across.
+
+OK, now you might finally ask,
+the last step of this lecture,
+
+where do powers of t come in?
+
+Where does t come in?
+
+So far we've seen exponentials
+come in.
+
+We've seen sines and
+cosines come in.
+
+Can I do a last example just
+here in the corner, which will
+
+be y double prime, 6 y prime,
+and now this time instead of 8
+
+or 10, I'm going to
+take 9y equals 0.
+
+OK, can we use this as example
+3, which we can solve?
+
+You know that I'm going to
+try y equals to lambda t.
+
+Let me substitute that.
+
+I'll get lambda squared coming
+from two derivatives, lambda
+
+coming from one derivative, 9
+coming from no derivatives.
+
+I've got my quadratic equation
+that's supposed
+
+to give me two lambdas.
+
+Little problem here.
+
+When I factor this, it factors
+into lambda plus 3
+
+squared equals 0.
+
+So the answer, the lambda,
+is minus 3 twice.
+
+Twice!
+
+The two lambdas happen to hit
+the same value: minus 3.
+
+OK, we don't have any
+complex stuff here.
+
+It's two real values that
+happen to coincide.
+
+And when that happens, well,
+minus 3 tells us that a
+
+solution e to the
+minus 3t works.
+
+Where do we get the
+other solution?
+
+We want two solutions to a
+second order equation.
+
+I can't just use e to
+the minus 3t again.
+
+I need a second solution, and
+it shows up at this--
+
+it's typical of math
+that it shows--
+
+something special happens at
+this special situation of a
+
+double root, and the solutions
+will be e to the minus 3t and
+
+t e to the minus 3t.
+
+That's the last step, and
+maybe I just put it--
+
+well, where am I going
+to put it?
+
+I'll bring this down and
+just put it here.
+
+So now I'm solving this
+particular problem y is a
+
+multiple of e to the minus 3t.
+
+Good, but I can't just repeat
+it for the second one.
+
+So the second one, it just turns
+out that then is when a
+
+little factor t appears.
+
+You might like to substitute
+that for practice with the
+
+product rule.
+
+If you substitute that in the
+differential equation, you'll
+
+find everything cancels,
+and it works.
+
+So the conclusion is linear
+constant coefficient
+
+differential equations are
+completely solved by trying e
+
+to the lambda t and finding
+that number lambda.
+
+If it's a real number,
+we have exponentials.
+
+If it's an imaginary number,
+we have sines and cosines.
+
+If it's a repeated number,
+we have an extra
+
+factor t showing up.
+
+That's the exceptional event
+in that particular case.
+
+So there you go.
+
+Differential equations
+with constant
+
+coefficients we can handle.
+
+You can handle.
+
+Thank you.
+
+This has been a production
+of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses, please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4VH8SW9Tq2A.txt b/4VH8SW9Tq2A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acb7bcf8e3ad28932478ddc10ecc99130c2d7147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4VH8SW9Tq2A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture at least for quite a while in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture at least for quite a while in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture at least for quite a while in
+this class on our kind of Relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class on our kind of Relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class on our kind of Relativity
+um sub unit and today I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sub unit and today I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sub unit and today I want to talk
+about a project that I've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a project that I've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a project that I've been working
+on for a long time probably since not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for a long time probably since not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for a long time probably since not
+since before you were born most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since before you were born most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since before you were born most of you
+but since many of you were probably like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since many of you were probably like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since many of you were probably like
+literally toddlers I've been working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally toddlers I've been working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally toddlers I've been working on
+this project for a long time it's slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project for a long time it's slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project for a long time it's slow
+uh it's it's crazy slow but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's crazy slow but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's crazy slow but it's also
+been really fun for me uh and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really fun for me uh and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really fun for me uh and hopefully
+some of it will be of interest for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it will be of interest for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it will be of interest for you
+as well so this is a book that I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so this is a book that I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so this is a book that I'm just
+slowly slowly kind of working on little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly slowly kind of working on little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly slowly kind of working on little
+pieces here and there and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces here and there and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces here and there and I think it
+kind of fits into this part of our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fits into this part of our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fits into this part of our class
+I thought we'd talk about this as I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought we'd talk about this as I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought we'd talk about this as I kind
+of wrap up for the for this early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrap up for the for this early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrap up for the for this early
+relativity unit and then on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity unit and then on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity unit and then on Wednesday
+we'll launch into yet another crazy new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll launch into yet another crazy new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll launch into yet another crazy new
+intellectual Adventure we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual Adventure we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual Adventure we'll start
+thinking about Quantum Theory so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Quantum Theory so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Quantum Theory so today
+we'll have our heads squarely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have our heads squarely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have our heads squarely in
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity
+so I like to think about this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like to think about this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like to think about this material
+in the following way I like to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way I like to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way I like to start out
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+if many of us maybe even before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if many of us maybe even before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if many of us maybe even before this
+class it started have been asked to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it started have been asked to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it started have been asked to kind
+of picture in our minds Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture in our minds Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture in our minds Albert Einstein
+I bet a lot of us would have a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet a lot of us would have a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet a lot of us would have a picture
+kind of like this one would come to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like this one would come to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like this one would come to mind
+so late late in his career he's an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so late late in his career he's an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so late late in his career he's an old
+old man kind of rumpled in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old man kind of rumpled in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old man kind of rumpled in his
+sweatshirt uh near the end of his of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweatshirt uh near the end of his of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweatshirt uh near the end of his of his
+career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career
+and more importantly in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more importantly in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more importantly in this picture
+he's alone he's just kind of sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's alone he's just kind of sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's alone he's just kind of sitting
+quietly with his thoughts all he seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quietly with his thoughts all he seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quietly with his thoughts all he seems
+to need uh are you know note note paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need uh are you know note note paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need uh are you know note note paper
+and and quiet he wants it famously told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and quiet he wants it famously told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and quiet he wants it famously told
+a journalist that his ideal occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a journalist that his ideal occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a journalist that his ideal occupation
+would have been a Lighthouse Keeper he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a Lighthouse Keeper he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a Lighthouse Keeper he
+really really wanted to be left alone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really wanted to be left alone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really wanted to be left alone is
+that it was the story that's what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was the story that's what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was the story that's what it was
+meant to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to emphasize
+and yet as many many scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet as many many scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet as many many scholars
+have been uh finding for decades now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been uh finding for decades now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been uh finding for decades now
+this kind of uh image this this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh image this this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh image this this kind of
+carefully crafted image of Einstein as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully crafted image of Einstein as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully crafted image of Einstein as
+all alone as separate or apart from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all alone as separate or apart from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all alone as separate or apart from the
+world from the world of human Affairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world from the world of human Affairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world from the world of human Affairs
+that image doesn't really hold up very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image doesn't really hold up very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image doesn't really hold up very
+well once we start doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well once we start doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well once we start doing a little
+digging we don't have to work very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging we don't have to work very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging we don't have to work very hard
+to find a very very different image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a very very different image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a very very different image of
+Albert Einstein the person not one aloof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein the person not one aloof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein the person not one aloof
+or apart from the world but actually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or apart from the world but actually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or apart from the world but actually as
+a kind of Thoroughly political animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of Thoroughly political animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of Thoroughly political animal
+someone who was deeply enmeshed uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who was deeply enmeshed uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who was deeply enmeshed uh in
+political moments political causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political moments political causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political moments political causes
+throughout his entire life very bravely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout his entire life very bravely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout his entire life very bravely
+as a young person right through the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a young person right through the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a young person right through the end
+of his life as a very very famous kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his life as a very very famous kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his life as a very very famous kind
+of celebrity so you don't have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of celebrity so you don't have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of celebrity so you don't have to take
+my word for it is one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word for it is one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word for it is one of my favorite
+examples the U.S Federal Bureau of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the U.S Federal Bureau of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the U.S Federal Bureau of
+Investigations the FBI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investigations the FBI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investigations the FBI
+considered Albert Einstein such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered Albert Einstein such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered Albert Einstein such a
+dangerous political radical that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous political radical that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous political radical that was
+their concern that they kept him under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their concern that they kept him under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their concern that they kept him under
+surveillance much of it totally illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance much of it totally illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance much of it totally illegal
+surveillance for 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance for 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance for 20 years
+they thought he was a thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought he was a thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought he was a thoroughly
+political creature and uh as far as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political creature and uh as far as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political creature and uh as far as some
+were concerned a kind of dangerous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were concerned a kind of dangerous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were concerned a kind of dangerous one
+so radical so here's one example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so radical so here's one example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so radical so here's one example from
+his fbiophile was it was classified uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fbiophile was it was classified uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fbiophile was it was classified uh
+for for decades even after his death it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for decades even after his death it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for decades even after his death it
+was released in response to a Freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was released in response to a Freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was released in response to a Freedom of
+Information Act some years ago so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Act some years ago so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Act some years ago so now
+anyone can get his entire file you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can get his entire file you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can get his entire file you know
+at the click of a button just Google it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the click of a button just Google it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the click of a button just Google it
+and you you can find the whole PDF so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can find the whole PDF so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can find the whole PDF so we
+have primary sources like the FBI's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have primary sources like the FBI's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have primary sources like the FBI's own
+Reckoning of this very political figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reckoning of this very political figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reckoning of this very political figure
+Albert Einstein we have lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein we have lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein we have lots and lots of
+really interesting materials by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting materials by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting materials by other
+Scholars more recently as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars more recently as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars more recently as well
+Einstein's own writings on politics his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own writings on politics his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own writings on politics his
+essays and newspapers his speeches in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays and newspapers his speeches in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays and newspapers his speeches in
+large before large Gatherings uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large before large Gatherings uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large before large Gatherings uh and
+Analysis of the kind of changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis of the kind of changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis of the kind of changing
+political views that he was espousing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political views that he was espousing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political views that he was espousing
+and debating about uh there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debating about uh there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debating about uh there's a very
+interesting book you might enjoy by Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book you might enjoy by Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book you might enjoy by Fred
+Jerome called the Einstein file is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerome called the Einstein file is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerome called the Einstein file is
+actually really based on this FBI file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really based on this FBI file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really based on this FBI file
+and other materials so we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other materials so we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other materials so we have lots of
+examples from early in Einstein's career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from early in Einstein's career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from early in Einstein's career
+all the way to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the end
+that he was in many ways thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was in many ways thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was in many ways thoroughly
+engaged in the political world very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in the political world very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in the political world very much
+unlike this kind of stereotypical image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike this kind of stereotypical image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike this kind of stereotypical image
+with which I started of Einstein alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which I started of Einstein alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which I started of Einstein alone
+and apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apart
+so that really has been driving my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that really has been driving my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that really has been driving my
+questions for this book project for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for this book project for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for this book project for a
+really long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time
+um and how which is how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how which is how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how which is how to think about
+what is arguably Einstein's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is arguably Einstein's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is arguably Einstein's most
+significant scientific Legacy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant scientific Legacy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant scientific Legacy the
+general theory of relativity which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity which we'll
+talk a lot about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about today
+that scientific work has also usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scientific work has also usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scientific work has also usually
+been cast much like Einstein himself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cast much like Einstein himself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cast much like Einstein himself as
+the sort of thing apart as somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing apart as somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing apart as somehow
+beautiful and pristine and separate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and pristine and separate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and pristine and separate from
+the kind of messy dramas or the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of messy dramas or the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of messy dramas or the human
+history over the course of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history over the course of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history over the course of the 20th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+one of my favorite examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite examples of that
+comes not only in in in in verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes not only in in in in verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes not only in in in in verbal
+descriptions but even pictorial form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions but even pictorial form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions but even pictorial form
+this cartoon I'm showing in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon I'm showing in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon I'm showing in the middle
+of the screen here is a cartoon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screen here is a cartoon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screen here is a cartoon uh
+called the Temple of Relativity it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Temple of Relativity it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Temple of Relativity it was
+drawn by the very accomplished physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn by the very accomplished physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn by the very accomplished physicist
+and cosmologist George gamoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosmologist George gamoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosmologist George gamoff
+some of you might recognize gamma's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might recognize gamma's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might recognize gamma's name
+he helped invent what we now call The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he helped invent what we now call The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he helped invent what we now call The
+Big Bang picture of the cosmos he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang picture of the cosmos he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang picture of the cosmos he was a
+very accomplished nuclear physicist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accomplished nuclear physicist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accomplished nuclear physicist and
+cosmologist he was also an award-winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmologist he was also an award-winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmologist he was also an award-winning
+Popular Science writer and he did his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Popular Science writer and he did his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Popular Science writer and he did his
+own illustrations he loved making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own illustrations he loved making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own illustrations he loved making these
+Whimsical cartoons so in in one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical cartoons so in in one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical cartoons so in in one of his
+popular books from the early 1950s he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular books from the early 1950s he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular books from the early 1950s he he
+drew the temple relativity he's meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew the temple relativity he's meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew the temple relativity he's meant to
+Bear more than passing resemblance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bear more than passing resemblance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bear more than passing resemblance to
+the Taj Mahal it is supposed to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Taj Mahal it is supposed to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Taj Mahal it is supposed to be some
+pristine Temple sort of a part from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine Temple sort of a part from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine Temple sort of a part from the
+messiness you can see here we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiness you can see here we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiness you can see here we'll talk
+about the zoom today carved into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the zoom today carved into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the zoom today carved into the
+seemingly marble Dome are what we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly marble Dome are what we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly marble Dome are what we now
+call the field equations from Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the field equations from Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the field equations from Einstein's
+general theory of relativity we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity we'll talk
+about those uh here is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those uh here is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those uh here is something called
+the geodesic equation these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geodesic equation these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geodesic equation these are the
+actual equations taken directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual equations taken directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual equations taken directly from
+Einstein's relativity but meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's relativity but meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's relativity but meant to be
+this kind of pristine Temple apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of pristine Temple apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of pristine Temple apart from
+the messiness of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messiness of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messiness of the world
+it wasn't only gamoff this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't only gamoff this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't only gamoff this was
+reinforced over and over again here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced over and over again here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced over and over again here's
+another one of my favorite examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of my favorite examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of my favorite examples and
+the preface to a relatively uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preface to a relatively uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preface to a relatively uh
+influential very nice textbook by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential very nice textbook by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential very nice textbook by the
+mathematical physicist John singe back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist John singe back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist John singe back
+in 1960 so even after Einstein's death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1960 so even after Einstein's death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1960 so even after Einstein's death
+and he writes in the in the prefaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he writes in the in the prefaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he writes in the in the prefaces
+book all about uh general relativity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book all about uh general relativity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book all about uh general relativity of
+all physicists the general relativist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all physicists the general relativist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all physicists the general relativist
+has the least social commitment let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the least social commitment let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the least social commitment let the
+relativists rejoice in the Ivory Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativists rejoice in the Ivory Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativists rejoice in the Ivory Tower
+where he has peace to seek understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he has peace to seek understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he has peace to seek understanding
+of Einstein's theory as long as a busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Einstein's theory as long as a busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Einstein's theory as long as a busy
+world is satisfied to do its jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is satisfied to do its jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is satisfied to do its jobs
+without him which seems to me to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without him which seems to me to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without him which seems to me to sound
+an awful lot like that image of Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot like that image of Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot like that image of Einstein
+the person kind of alone and apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person kind of alone and apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person kind of alone and apart from
+the from the the hustle and bustle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the the hustle and bustle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the the hustle and bustle of
+everyday life and so it's been driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life and so it's been driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life and so it's been driving
+this research project for me for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research project for me for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research project for me for for
+well now going on 20 years is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now going on 20 years is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now going on 20 years is better
+from 20 years is is do it is this any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 20 years is is do it is this any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 20 years is is do it is this any
+more accurate for our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate for our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate for our understanding of
+general relativity than that earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity than that earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity than that earlier
+portrait of Einstein was compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of Einstein was compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of Einstein was compared to the
+now enormous documentary evidence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now enormous documentary evidence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now enormous documentary evidence we
+have uh to the contrary Einstein himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh to the contrary Einstein himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh to the contrary Einstein himself
+was actually not an anti-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually not an anti-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually not an anti-social
+anti-political person he was thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-political person he was thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-political person he was thoroughly
+enmeshed in the in the flux of everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enmeshed in the in the flux of everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enmeshed in the in the flux of everyday
+life and as I've been as I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and as I've been as I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and as I've been as I've been
+working on this on this book project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this on this book project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this on this book project
+some some parts with with very dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some parts with with very dear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some parts with with very dear
+friends and colleagues but it has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and colleagues but it has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and colleagues but it has that
+same question about general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question about general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question about general relativity
+itself is that also part of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is that also part of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is that also part of the kind of
+flux of the human history and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of the human history and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of the human history and not
+somehow separated or apart So today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow separated or apart So today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow separated or apart So today
+we're going to talk for the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk for the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk for the first part
+of the class about Einstein's own roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class about Einstein's own roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class about Einstein's own roots
+to what became known as a general theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what became known as a general theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what became known as a general theory
+of relativity and for that of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relativity and for that of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relativity and for that of course you
+have both you have two different primers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both you have two different primers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both you have two different primers
+one of them totally optional on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them totally optional on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them totally optional on the
+canvas site one of the Maya signed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas site one of the Maya signed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas site one of the Maya signed as
+part of the regular reading is hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the regular reading is hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the regular reading is hopefully
+a helpful orientation very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a helpful orientation very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a helpful orientation very little
+mathematics and strictly as an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and strictly as an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and strictly as an option
+for those who might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who might be interested in
+have a little more time there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little more time there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little more time there's a a
+little more quantitative primer I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more quantitative primer I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more quantitative primer I wrote
+up some years ago first for some Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some years ago first for some Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some years ago first for some Europe
+students in my in my physics research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in my in my physics research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in my in my physics research
+group totally optional but for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group totally optional but for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group totally optional but for those who
+are interested so we'll sit for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested so we'll sit for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested so we'll sit for a while
+what what was Einstein thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what was Einstein thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what was Einstein thinking about
+what became this this theory that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became this this theory that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became this this theory that we now
+know is General activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is General activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is General activity
+then we'll look at two moments uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look at two moments uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look at two moments uh in in
+in the in the kind of expanding history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the kind of expanding history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the kind of expanding history
+of that work one of them pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that work one of them pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that work one of them pretty close to
+Einstein's own day where Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own day where Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own day where Einstein
+himself was still a central partner uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself was still a central partner uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself was still a central partner uh
+in in helping other people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in helping other people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in helping other people think about
+this new work uh teach them engage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new work uh teach them engage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new work uh teach them engage with
+them debate with them uh and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them debate with them uh and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them debate with them uh and so on and
+then we'll jump ahead in the timeline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll jump ahead in the timeline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll jump ahead in the timeline of
+it we'll look at some efforts uh soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll look at some efforts uh soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll look at some efforts uh soon
+after the second World War uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the second World War uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the second World War uh actually
+closer to home some of it uh handled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to home some of it uh handled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to home some of it uh handled
+right here at MIT and Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at MIT and Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at MIT and Associated
+Laboratories so for that we'll jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories so for that we'll jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories so for that we'll jump
+ahead in our timeline and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead in our timeline and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead in our timeline and then we'll
+kind of turn the clock back a bit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of turn the clock back a bit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of turn the clock back a bit for
+Wednesday when we when we jump into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday when we when we jump into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday when we when we jump into our
+quantum theory unit so that's our plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory unit so that's our plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory unit so that's our plan
+for today is we're going to sit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today is we're going to sit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today is we're going to sit with
+General activity really across a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General activity really across a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General activity really across a pretty
+long stretch of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long stretch of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long stretch of time
+now the first thing to recognize about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first thing to recognize about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first thing to recognize about
+the general theory of relativity is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general theory of relativity is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general theory of relativity is that
+it took Einstein a long long time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took Einstein a long long time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took Einstein a long long time to get
+there he worked for the better part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he worked for the better part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he worked for the better part of a
+decade nearly 10 years non-stop between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade nearly 10 years non-stop between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade nearly 10 years non-stop between
+the publication that you now are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication that you now are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication that you now are very
+familiar with his publication on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with his publication on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with his publication on the
+electrodynamics but moving bodies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics but moving bodies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics but moving bodies what
+soon became known as the special theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon became known as the special theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon became known as the special theory
+of relativities you know that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relativities you know that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relativities you know that was
+published in 1905 perhaps over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 1905 perhaps over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 1905 perhaps over the
+objections of referees like yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections of referees like yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections of referees like yourselves
+for your paper one assignment that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your paper one assignment that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your paper one assignment that came
+out in o5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in o5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in o5
+he wrapped up what we would now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrapped up what we would now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrapped up what we would now
+recognize as the general theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as the general theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as the general theory of
+relativity fully 10 years later late in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity fully 10 years later late in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity fully 10 years later late in
+the Autumn of 1915. this is an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Autumn of 1915. this is an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Autumn of 1915. this is an amazing
+story where we have unbelievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story where we have unbelievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story where we have unbelievable
+documentation of many many many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation of many many many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation of many many many of these
+steps along that 10-year intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps along that 10-year intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps along that 10-year intellectual
+Journey we have for example Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey we have for example Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey we have for example Einstein's
+own personal notebooks there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal notebooks there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal notebooks there's just a
+few pages there are a bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few pages there are a bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few pages there are a bunch of these
+These are from a critical moment around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are from a critical moment around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are from a critical moment around
+1912-13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912-13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912-13
+along this path between 05 and 1915.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this path between 05 and 1915.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this path between 05 and 1915.
+these have been kind of lovingly poured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have been kind of lovingly poured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have been kind of lovingly poured
+over by an international team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by an international team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by an international team of
+physicists and historians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and historians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and historians and
+philosophers of science translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers of science translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers of science translated
+transcribed and then translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed and then translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed and then translated
+oftentimes into English his notes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes into English his notes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes into English his notes of
+course were in German I love these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were in German I love these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were in German I love these
+because they show him making mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they show him making mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they show him making mistakes
+all the time Crossing things out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time Crossing things out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time Crossing things out like
+starting all over again he made enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting all over again he made enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting all over again he made enormous
+numbers of mathematical mistakes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of mathematical mistakes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of mathematical mistakes which
+gives me at least a little bit of Hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me at least a little bit of Hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me at least a little bit of Hope
+uh and we can now see almost day to day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can now see almost day to day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can now see almost day to day
+for certain critical periods how was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain critical periods how was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain critical periods how was
+this thinking changing in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thinking changing in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thinking changing in addition to
+his notebooks we also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his notebooks we also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his notebooks we also have this
+unbelievable resource called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable resource called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable resource called the
+collected papers of Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected papers of Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected papers of Albert Einstein
+which had been uh uh edited and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been uh uh edited and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been uh uh edited and put
+together again by an international team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again by an international team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again by an international team
+of physicists and mathematicians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physicists and mathematicians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physicists and mathematicians and
+historians and philosophers uh a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and philosophers uh a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and philosophers uh a very
+large team they've been working at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large team they've been working at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large team they've been working at this
+for decades and they put out a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decades and they put out a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decades and they put out a new
+volume every reveley every year and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume every reveley every year and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume every reveley every year and a
+half to two years they've now gotten all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to two years they've now gotten all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to two years they've now gotten all
+the way into the late 1920s starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way into the late 1920s starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way into the late 1920s starting
+from his birth in 1879. he lived until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his birth in 1879. he lived until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his birth in 1879. he lived until
+1955 and 30 years still to go I wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1955 and 30 years still to go I wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1955 and 30 years still to go I wish
+them luck it's an amazing resource they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them luck it's an amazing resource they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them luck it's an amazing resource they
+also do regular translations in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do regular translations in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do regular translations in English
+as well it's an amazing amazing resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's an amazing amazing resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's an amazing amazing resource
+many many many of these uh volumes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many of these uh volumes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many of these uh volumes now
+are available entirely for free online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available entirely for free online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available entirely for free online
+too which is even more extraordinary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too which is even more extraordinary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too which is even more extraordinary so
+you anyone can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anyone can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anyone can now
+just read through Einstein's mail even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read through Einstein's mail even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read through Einstein's mail even
+in English let alone in Germany it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English let alone in Germany it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English let alone in Germany it's
+extraordinary so with these resources we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary so with these resources we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary so with these resources we
+can we can document to unprecedented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can document to unprecedented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can document to unprecedented
+Precision uh this kind of 10-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision uh this kind of 10-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision uh this kind of 10-year
+intellectual work I'm not going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual work I'm not going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual work I'm not going to take
+you through that in real time this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through that in real time this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through that in real time this class
+won't take 10 years but I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't take 10 years but I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't take 10 years but I want to give
+some highlights along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some highlights along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some highlights along the way
+so we know from that body of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know from that body of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know from that body of work that
+he began Einstein began working toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he began Einstein began working toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he began Einstein began working toward
+what would become the general theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would become the general theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would become the general theory of
+relativity as early as 1907.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity as early as 1907.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity as early as 1907.
+not right in 1905 but pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right in 1905 but pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right in 1905 but pretty soon
+afterwards he began thinking of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards he began thinking of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards he began thinking of it
+because a different a very prestigious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a different a very prestigious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a different a very prestigious
+German physicist in fact one who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German physicist in fact one who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German physicist in fact one who would
+go on to win the Nobel Prize named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to win the Nobel Prize named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to win the Nobel Prize named
+Johannes shark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannes shark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannes shark
+uh invited Einstein to write a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invited Einstein to write a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invited Einstein to write a review
+article Stark was not an expert on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article Stark was not an expert on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article Stark was not an expert on
+relativity he was immersed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity he was immersed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity he was immersed in the
+behavior of atoms in external electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of atoms in external electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of atoms in external electric
+Fields some of you might still recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields some of you might still recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields some of you might still recognize
+Stark's name we still talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark's name we still talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark's name we still talk about the
+Stark effect or if we're speaking German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark effect or if we're speaking German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark effect or if we're speaking German
+the shark effect same guy so things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shark effect same guy so things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shark effect same guy so things like
+the impact on the radiation that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on the radiation that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on the radiation that comes
+out of certain excited atoms if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of certain excited atoms if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of certain excited atoms if the
+atoms are in some electric field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are in some electric field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are in some electric field that
+was what Stark was immersed in he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what Stark was immersed in he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what Stark was immersed in he was a
+he was an editor of a different Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was an editor of a different Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was an editor of a different Journal
+not the other than the physique but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the other than the physique but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the other than the physique but a
+kind of annual reviews journal and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of annual reviews journal and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of annual reviews journal and he
+invited Young Einstein saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited Young Einstein saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited Young Einstein saying you know
+this stuff is pretty interesting people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff is pretty interesting people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff is pretty interesting people
+aren't paying attention yet uh which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't paying attention yet uh which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't paying attention yet uh which was
+correct by 1907 as we saw last time very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct by 1907 as we saw last time very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct by 1907 as we saw last time very
+few people had turns to pay much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people had turns to pay much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people had turns to pay much
+attention to Einstein's work so Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to Einstein's work so Stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to Einstein's work so Stark
+very generously invited Young Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very generously invited Young Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very generously invited Young Einstein
+to write a review of his own work to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a review of his own work to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a review of his own work to try
+to get a little more attention in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a little more attention in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a little more attention in his
+other journal and while working on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other journal and while working on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other journal and while working on that
+review article Einstein began trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review article Einstein began trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review article Einstein began trying to
+generalize his work on special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize his work on special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize his work on special
+relativity as you may remember for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity as you may remember for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity as you may remember for
+special relativity he had restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity he had restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity he had restricted
+attention to observers who Moved at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to observers who Moved at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to observers who Moved at a
+concert constant speed they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert constant speed they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert constant speed they didn't have
+to be sitting exactly at rest it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sitting exactly at rest it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sitting exactly at rest it wasn't
+clear what exactly rest would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what exactly rest would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what exactly rest would mean
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+if motion was relative but he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if motion was relative but he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if motion was relative but he would
+restrict attention to people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict attention to people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict attention to people who are
+moving at constant speeds with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at constant speeds with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at constant speeds with respect
+to each other neither speeding up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other neither speeding up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other neither speeding up or
+slowing down not accelerating that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down not accelerating that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down not accelerating that's
+what we what was meant by this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what was meant by this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what was meant by this term
+inertial observers or initial frames of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial observers or initial frames of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial observers or initial frames of
+reference so he tried now that the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so he tried now that the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so he tried now that the next
+obvious question to ask would be can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious question to ask would be can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious question to ask would be can you
+generalize those results to arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize those results to arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize those results to arbitrary
+states of motion not restricted to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of motion not restricted to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of motion not restricted to only
+constant speeds what if an observer were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant speeds what if an observer were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant speeds what if an observer were
+speeding up or slowing down can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up or slowing down can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up or slowing down can you
+accommodate this framework of Relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate this framework of Relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate this framework of Relativity
+to accelerations and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerations and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerations and that's what we
+begin thinking about in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin thinking about in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin thinking about in the context of
+this sort of expansive review article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of expansive review article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of expansive review article
+for Johanna Stark's Journal and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Johanna Stark's Journal and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Johanna Stark's Journal and as
+Einstein recalled some years later he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein recalled some years later he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein recalled some years later he
+was sitting at his desk at the patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting at his desk at the patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting at his desk at the patent
+office he still had his day job he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office he still had his day job he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office he still had his day job he
+hadn't even been promoted remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't even been promoted remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't even been promoted remember
+and he looked out the window and saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he looked out the window and saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he looked out the window and saw
+across the street a window washer up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the street a window washer up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the street a window washer up
+several stories high who had an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several stories high who had an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several stories high who had an accident
+and slipped and fell off the scaffolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slipped and fell off the scaffolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slipped and fell off the scaffolding
+now luckily Einstein said it had a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now luckily Einstein said it had a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now luckily Einstein said it had a happy
+ending the window washer was caught by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending the window washer was caught by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending the window washer was caught by a
+kind of canvas canopy did not crash to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of canvas canopy did not crash to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of canvas canopy did not crash to
+the ground he was unharmed but Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground he was unharmed but Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground he was unharmed but Einstein
+what Einstein focused mostly on was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Einstein focused mostly on was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Einstein focused mostly on was the
+experience of that window washer as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of that window washer as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of that window washer as he
+was falling between when he left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was falling between when he left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was falling between when he left the
+scaffolding and when he was captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding and when he was captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding and when he was captured by
+that canvas awning the canopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that canvas awning the canopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that canvas awning the canopy
+during that intervening period as he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that intervening period as he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that intervening period as he was
+accelerating in free fall toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating in free fall toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating in free fall toward the
+ground his tools were falling at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground his tools were falling at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground his tools were falling at the
+exact same rate as he was his bucket his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same rate as he was his bucket his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same rate as he was his bucket his
+squeegee anything all his tools that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeegee anything all his tools that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeegee anything all his tools that he
+had with him up there on the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had with him up there on the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had with him up there on the high
+scaffolding so while he was accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding so while he was accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding so while he was accelerating
+everything with him was falling at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with him was falling at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with him was falling at the
+exact same rate and that suggested to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same rate and that suggested to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same rate and that suggested to
+Einstein that that was different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein that that was different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein that that was different from
+what would have happened if he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened if he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened if he had
+stayed at rest and just dropped his can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed at rest and just dropped his can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed at rest and just dropped his can
+it seemed that the acceleration had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed that the acceleration had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed that the acceleration had
+somehow counter balanced or or canceled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow counter balanced or or canceled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow counter balanced or or canceled
+out the effects of gravity if he was If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the effects of gravity if he was If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the effects of gravity if he was If
+he if the window washer was standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he if the window washer was standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he if the window washer was standing
+still and dropping stuff they would fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and dropping stuff they would fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and dropping stuff they would fall
+further and further away from him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and further away from him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and further away from him
+instead everything's falling exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead everything's falling exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead everything's falling exactly
+with him as if it hadn't been dropped at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him as if it hadn't been dropped at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him as if it hadn't been dropped at
+all as if they were feeling no gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all as if they were feeling no gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all as if they were feeling no gravity
+whatsoever relative to him everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever relative to him everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever relative to him everything
+fell at the same rate it looked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell at the same rate it looked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell at the same rate it looked very
+much like acceleration was somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like acceleration was somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like acceleration was somehow
+canceling the ordinary impact of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling the ordinary impact of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling the ordinary impact of gravity
+he starts thinking about this he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts thinking about this he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts thinking about this he calls
+it in fact the happiest thought of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in fact the happiest thought of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in fact the happiest thought of my
+life as early as 1907.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life as early as 1907.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life as early as 1907.
+he then does what Einstein often did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then does what Einstein often did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then does what Einstein often did in
+this part of his career he begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of his career he begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of his career he begins
+thinking through very simple sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through very simple sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through very simple sounding
+scenarios just like the opening passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios just like the opening passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios just like the opening passage
+in his 1905 paper on the electrodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his 1905 paper on the electrodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his 1905 paper on the electrodynamics
+of moving bodies now he's not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving bodies now he's not thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving bodies now he's not thinking
+about a moving bar magnet and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a moving bar magnet and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a moving bar magnet and a
+conducting coil he's thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting coil he's thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting coil he's thinking about
+people like that window washer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like that window washer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like that window washer in
+various states of accelerated motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various states of accelerated motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various states of accelerated motion so
+first you consider someone at rest in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you consider someone at rest in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you consider someone at rest in an
+elevator and the elevator has no windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator and the elevator has no windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator and the elevator has no windows
+so this person's sealed basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this person's sealed basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this person's sealed basically this
+window that small windowless box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window that small windowless box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window that small windowless box and
+she's sealed in there with two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's sealed in there with two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's sealed in there with two very
+important scientific tools a tennis ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important scientific tools a tennis ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important scientific tools a tennis ball
+and a stopwatch no lasers yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stopwatch no lasers yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stopwatch no lasers yeah because
+they weren't invented so the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't invented so the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't invented so the person
+inside the steel box at rest on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the steel box at rest on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the steel box at rest on the
+ground floor no motion conducts a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground floor no motion conducts a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground floor no motion conducts a very
+extensive experiment she holds out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive experiment she holds out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive experiment she holds out the
+tennis ball let's go and then times how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis ball let's go and then times how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis ball let's go and then times how
+long it takes until the ball hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes until the ball hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes until the ball hits the
+floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor
+okay then unbeknotes to her her advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then unbeknotes to her her advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then unbeknotes to her her advisor
+who's not a great advisor grad students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's not a great advisor grad students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's not a great advisor grad students
+raises the entire elevator up to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the entire elevator up to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the entire elevator up to the top
+floor and then cuts the cable and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and then cuts the cable and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and then cuts the cable and now
+knowing that she has time for one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that she has time for one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that she has time for one last
+experiment in her unfortunately short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in her unfortunately short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in her unfortunately short
+career the Gratitude inside the elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career the Gratitude inside the elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career the Gratitude inside the elevator
+does this one more time she drops the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this one more time she drops the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this one more time she drops the
+tennis ball and times how long it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis ball and times how long it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis ball and times how long it's
+going to take till it hits the floor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take till it hits the floor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take till it hits the floor it
+never hits the floor at least not while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never hits the floor at least not while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never hits the floor at least not while
+she's watching while she and the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's watching while she and the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's watching while she and the entire
+elevator are in free fall much like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator are in free fall much like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator are in free fall much like for
+that window washer everything falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window washer everything falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window washer everything falls
+together at the same rate which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at the same rate which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at the same rate which means
+the tennis ball doesn't really leave its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tennis ball doesn't really leave its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tennis ball doesn't really leave its
+initial position relative to say her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position relative to say her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position relative to say her
+hand the ball does not race toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the ball does not race toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the ball does not race toward the
+floor as it had over here when she let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor as it had over here when she let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor as it had over here when she let
+go uh when the elevator was at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh when the elevator was at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh when the elevator was at rest
+while the entire laboratory frame while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the entire laboratory frame while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the entire laboratory frame while
+the entire elevator is falling in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire elevator is falling in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire elevator is falling in fact
+accelerating in free fall then much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating in free fall then much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating in free fall then much like
+for the window washer everything inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the window washer everything inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the window washer everything inside
+that laboratory environment falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that laboratory environment falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that laboratory environment falls
+together the same right so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the same right so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the same right so you don't
+have a relative motion of the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a relative motion of the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a relative motion of the ball
+leaving her hand and racing toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving her hand and racing toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving her hand and racing toward the
+floor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor okay
+then Einstein takes this to sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Einstein takes this to sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Einstein takes this to sort of the
+opposite extreme now imagine that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite extreme now imagine that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite extreme now imagine that this
+grad student in the elevator has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student in the elevator has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student in the elevator has an
+identical twin she's sealed up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twin she's sealed up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twin she's sealed up in a
+spaceship with no windows out very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship with no windows out very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship with no windows out very far
+away from any large planets or stars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from any large planets or stars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from any large planets or stars or
+any masses so she's out in in basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any masses so she's out in in basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any masses so she's out in in basically
+empty space she turns on the the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space she turns on the the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space she turns on the the engine
+on her rocket ship so now her rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her rocket ship so now her rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her rocket ship so now her rocket
+begins to accelerate Upward at a faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to accelerate Upward at a faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to accelerate Upward at a faster
+and faster speed while the engine's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faster speed while the engine's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faster speed while the engine's
+firing so now her entire windowless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing so now her entire windowless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing so now her entire windowless
+frame is accelerating at a constant rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is accelerating at a constant rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is accelerating at a constant rate
+upward she does the same experiment her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward she does the same experiment her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward she does the same experiment her
+sister had done she releases a tennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister had done she releases a tennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister had done she releases a tennis
+ball in Times how long it takes to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in Times how long it takes to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in Times how long it takes to hit
+the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor
+and in fact once he lets go it will hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact once he lets go it will hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact once he lets go it will hit
+the floor we would say from outside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor we would say from outside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor we would say from outside that
+she lets go the ball hangs still there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she lets go the ball hangs still there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she lets go the ball hangs still there's
+no external forces in the ball but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no external forces in the ball but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no external forces in the ball but
+meanwhile the floor of the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the floor of the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the floor of the laboratory
+races up accelerates upwards toward it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races up accelerates upwards toward it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races up accelerates upwards toward it
+but as far as she knows all she sees is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as far as she knows all she sees is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as far as she knows all she sees is
+the following she releases the ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following she releases the ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following she releases the ball and
+some little while later some time later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little while later some time later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little while later some time later
+on her clock the boss knocks into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her clock the boss knocks into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her clock the boss knocks into the
+floor okay now so now she turns off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor okay now so now she turns off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor okay now so now she turns off the
+engine turns on retro Rockets brings her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine turns on retro Rockets brings her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine turns on retro Rockets brings her
+ship to to rest so now her ship is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship to to rest so now her ship is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship to to rest so now her ship is at
+rest away from any large masses away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest away from any large masses away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest away from any large masses away
+from planets or Stars it's not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from planets or Stars it's not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from planets or Stars it's not moving
+let alone not accelerating it's just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone not accelerating it's just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone not accelerating it's just at
+rest in outer space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest in outer space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest in outer space
+she does the same experiment releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she does the same experiment releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she does the same experiment releases
+the ball and now the ball just hangs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball and now the ball just hangs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball and now the ball just hangs
+there it doesn't change its relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it doesn't change its relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it doesn't change its relative
+position with respect to her hand or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position with respect to her hand or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position with respect to her hand or the
+floor it doesn't crash into the floor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor it doesn't crash into the floor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor it doesn't crash into the floor so
+I have these four scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have these four scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have these four scenarios
+sometimes when the Observer releases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when the Observer releases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when the Observer releases the
+ball it a little while later smashes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball it a little while later smashes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball it a little while later smashes the
+floor other times when the Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor other times when the Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor other times when the Observer
+releases the ball it hangs there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the ball it hangs there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the ball it hangs there and
+doesn't race toward the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't race toward the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't race toward the floor
+now Einstein pulls the same trick he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Einstein pulls the same trick he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Einstein pulls the same trick he'd
+pulled in 1905 he says there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled in 1905 he says there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled in 1905 he says there's an
+asymmetry in the explanation there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in the explanation there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in the explanation there are
+actually Four distinct phenomena only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Four distinct phenomena only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Four distinct phenomena only
+two the ball either does hit the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the ball either does hit the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the ball either does hit the floor
+or it doesn't again it's not like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it doesn't again it's not like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it doesn't again it's not like the
+coil is really in motion uh so excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil is really in motion uh so excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil is really in motion uh so excuse me
+the magnitude emotion in the coil at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude emotion in the coil at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude emotion in the coil at
+rest there's a relative motion moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest there's a relative motion moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest there's a relative motion moving
+magnet induced current he's pulling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet induced current he's pulling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet induced current he's pulling the
+same kind of argument here at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of argument here at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of argument here at the start
+of his thinking about how to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his thinking about how to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his thinking about how to generalize
+his special theory of relativity only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his special theory of relativity only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his special theory of relativity only
+two phenomena does the ball hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phenomena does the ball hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phenomena does the ball hit the
+floor or not however until this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor or not however until this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor or not however until this time
+physicists had given totally separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists had given totally separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists had given totally separate
+non-overlapping physical explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-overlapping physical explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-overlapping physical explanations
+for what Einstein argues was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what Einstein argues was really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what Einstein argues was really the
+same thing they've given too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they've given too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they've given too many
+explanations for too few phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for too few phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for too few phenomena
+so let's take the cases where the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take the cases where the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take the cases where the ball
+does crash into the floor when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does crash into the floor when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does crash into the floor when we're
+describing the situation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the situation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the situation where the
+elevator is at rest on the ground floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator is at rest on the ground floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator is at rest on the ground floor
+here on Earth we appeal to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on Earth we appeal to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on Earth we appeal to things like
+Gravity the massive planet Earth exerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity the massive planet Earth exerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity the massive planet Earth exerts
+some force on that tennis ball it exerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some force on that tennis ball it exerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some force on that tennis ball it exerts
+a gravitational attraction that pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gravitational attraction that pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gravitational attraction that pulls
+the ball downward and so therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball downward and so therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball downward and so therefore the
+ball under the influence of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball under the influence of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball under the influence of gravity
+smacks into the floor that's case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smacks into the floor that's case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smacks into the floor that's case one
+for the case of the accelerating rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of the accelerating rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of the accelerating rocket
+ship in outer space we never use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship in outer space we never use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship in outer space we never use the
+word gravity at all we never even talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word gravity at all we never even talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word gravity at all we never even talk
+about forces really the ball is subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forces really the ball is subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forces really the ball is subject
+to no forces once she releases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no forces once she releases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no forces once she releases it
+nothing is touching the ball nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is touching the ball nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is touching the ball nothing is
+earning a force but the floor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning a force but the floor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning a force but the floor of a
+laboratory is accelerating upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory is accelerating upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory is accelerating upward
+because of its firing engine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its firing engine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its firing engine we
+certainly never need to use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly never need to use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly never need to use the word
+gravity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity there
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+as far as Einstein is concerned if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as Einstein is concerned if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as Einstein is concerned if these
+are small Laboratories with no way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small Laboratories with no way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small Laboratories with no way of
+gathering information from the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering information from the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering information from the outside
+world no windows no radios no Telegraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world no windows no radios no Telegraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world no windows no radios no Telegraph
+stations and so on then how could anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and so on then how could anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and so on then how could anyone
+ever distinguish which scenario they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever distinguish which scenario they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever distinguish which scenario they
+were in how would one twin know that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in how would one twin know that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in how would one twin know that she
+was really really in an elevator at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really really in an elevator at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really really in an elevator at rest
+in a gravitational field on Earth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gravitational field on Earth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gravitational field on Earth and
+her identical twin really really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her identical twin really really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her identical twin really really know
+that she's in an accelerating spaceship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's in an accelerating spaceship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's in an accelerating spaceship
+very far from the earth or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from the earth or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from the earth or any other
+planet all they could do was perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet all they could do was perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet all they could do was perform
+local experiments in their local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local experiments in their local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local experiments in their local
+Laboratories at least that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories at least that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories at least that was the
+argument I said had made you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I said had made you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I said had made you can still
+hear the echo of a kind of Erin's Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the echo of a kind of Erin's Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the echo of a kind of Erin's Mark
+positive isn't there what could become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive isn't there what could become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive isn't there what could become
+objects of positive experience for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of positive experience for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of positive experience for them
+conduct tests like drop a ball in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct tests like drop a ball in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct tests like drop a ball in time
+how long until it hits the floor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long until it hits the floor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long until it hits the floor so
+these thought experiments are what help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thought experiments are what help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thought experiments are what help
+Einstein begin to flesh out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein begin to flesh out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein begin to flesh out that
+intuition of insight that he that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of insight that he that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of insight that he that he
+seemed to have gotten watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have gotten watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have gotten watching the
+window washer fall from his window the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window washer fall from his window the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window washer fall from his window the
+gravity and acceleration become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and acceleration become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and acceleration become
+interchangeable that the effects we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable that the effects we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable that the effects we
+might attribute to one could just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might attribute to one could just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might attribute to one could just as
+readily be attributed to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily be attributed to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily be attributed to the other
+depending on on situations that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on situations that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on situations that that
+might be beyond our our observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be beyond our our observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be beyond our our observation
+he calls this the equivalence principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls this the equivalence principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls this the equivalence principle
+The Deep underlying equivalence as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Deep underlying equivalence as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Deep underlying equivalence as far
+as he's concerned between the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he's concerned between the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he's concerned between the effects of
+gravity and acceleration that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and acceleration that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and acceleration that's what he
+calls the happiest thought of his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the happiest thought of his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the happiest thought of his life
+now that sits with him for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that sits with him for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that sits with him for a little
+while he goes on and his other work will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he goes on and his other work will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he goes on and his other work will
+look at quite a he was busy with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at quite a he was busy with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at quite a he was busy with many
+things in the same time period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the same time period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the same time period and
+quantum theory as we'll look at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory as we'll look at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory as we'll look at in the
+in the coming classes but these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coming classes but these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coming classes but these ideas
+can kind of sit with him and a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of sit with him and a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of sit with him and a few years
+later he develops his follow-on thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later he develops his follow-on thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later he develops his follow-on thought
+experiment still thinking very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment still thinking very simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment still thinking very simply
+not quantitatively really at all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quantitatively really at all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quantitatively really at all very
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+um kind of uh pictures and thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of uh pictures and thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of uh pictures and thought
+experiments imagine that that spaceship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments imagine that that spaceship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments imagine that that spaceship
+now in outer space really does have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in outer space really does have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in outer space really does have some
+windows let's say it has a window near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows let's say it has a window near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows let's say it has a window near
+the top hatch and near the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top hatch and near the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top hatch and near the floor
+so it has Windows near the top and near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has Windows near the top and near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has Windows near the top and near
+the bottom maybe it's fact maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom maybe it's fact maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom maybe it's fact maybe it's
+all windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all windows
+very strong reinforced Plexiglas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong reinforced Plexiglas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong reinforced Plexiglas or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+and now let's say that a light beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's say that a light beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's say that a light beam
+pierces the ship enters the ship from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pierces the ship enters the ship from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pierces the ship enters the ship from
+near the top one of these top Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the top one of these top Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the top one of these top Windows
+while the ship's engine is firing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the ship's engine is firing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the ship's engine is firing so
+while the ship itself is accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the ship itself is accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the ship itself is accelerating
+upward the light beam comes in through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward the light beam comes in through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward the light beam comes in through a
+top window and while the light beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top window and while the light beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top window and while the light beam
+traverses that ship in the short while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverses that ship in the short while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverses that ship in the short while
+that the light beam travels across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light beam travels across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light beam travels across the
+ship the ship itself is accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship the ship itself is accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship the ship itself is accelerating
+upward so by the time that light beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward so by the time that light beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward so by the time that light beam
+crosses the spaceship it exits near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the spaceship it exits near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the spaceship it exits near the
+floor it enters near the ceiling exits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor it enters near the ceiling exits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor it enters near the ceiling exits
+near the floor because the ship itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the floor because the ship itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the floor because the ship itself
+has accelerated during the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has accelerated during the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has accelerated during the time the
+light wave has been traversing the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light wave has been traversing the ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light wave has been traversing the ship
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now he says what would that look like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he says what would that look like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he says what would that look like to
+Observer inside the ship well she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer inside the ship well she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer inside the ship well she would
+see the light beam enter by uh the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the light beam enter by uh the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the light beam enter by uh the by
+the top hatch and exit by the floor she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top hatch and exit by the floor she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top hatch and exit by the floor she
+would see the path of that light beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the path of that light beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the path of that light beam
+Bend what the Observer inside the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend what the Observer inside the ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend what the Observer inside the ship
+would see and say oh the light entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see and say oh the light entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see and say oh the light entered
+there above my head and left below my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there above my head and left below my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there above my head and left below my
+feet its path has been bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet its path has been bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet its path has been bent
+now if she really believes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if she really believes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if she really believes the
+equivalence principle she could say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle she could say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle she could say the
+same phenomenon that we attribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same phenomenon that we attribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same phenomenon that we attribute to
+acceleration must occur in situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration must occur in situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration must occur in situations
+that we talk about gravity If gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talk about gravity If gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talk about gravity If gravity
+and acceleration are interchangeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acceleration are interchangeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acceleration are interchangeable
+that's the upshot of this equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the upshot of this equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the upshot of this equivalence
+principle then this bending of the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle then this bending of the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle then this bending of the path
+of light that we might have attributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light that we might have attributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light that we might have attributed
+to the ship's acceleration that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ship's acceleration that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ship's acceleration that exact
+same phenomenon should be happening in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same phenomenon should be happening in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same phenomenon should be happening in a
+gravitational field as well when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field as well when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field as well when the
+ship is at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship is at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship is at rest
+so Einstein convinces himself so far no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Einstein convinces himself so far no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Einstein convinces himself so far no
+one else by 1910 or 1911 or so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else by 1910 or 1911 or so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else by 1910 or 1911 or so that
+gravity must bend the path of light if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity must bend the path of light if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity must bend the path of light if
+we can attribute those effects due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can attribute those effects due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can attribute those effects due to
+acceleration in a frame that otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in a frame that otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in a frame that otherwise
+has an absence of gravity then what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an absence of gravity then what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an absence of gravity then what if
+we had no particular motion the ship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had no particular motion the ship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had no particular motion the ship is
+at rest but in a gravitational field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest but in a gravitational field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest but in a gravitational field
+equivalence principle says the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle says the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle says the same
+thing should apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing should apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing should apply
+now that begins a new train of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that begins a new train of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that begins a new train of thought
+remember for Einstein he had convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for Einstein he had convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for Einstein he had convinced
+himself by 1905 that light is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself by 1905 that light is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself by 1905 that light is special
+remember that was the second postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was the second postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was the second postulate
+of this 1905 paper on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this 1905 paper on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this 1905 paper on the
+electrodynamics of moving bodies nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics of moving bodies nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics of moving bodies nothing
+travels faster than light and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels faster than light and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels faster than light and we all
+agree on its speed at least according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on its speed at least according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on its speed at least according to
+Einstein's second posture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's second posture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's second posture
+so people can use light to chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people can use light to chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people can use light to chart
+shortest distances between two points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest distances between two points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest distances between two points in
+space nothing could possibly have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space nothing could possibly have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space nothing could possibly have gotten
+from point A to point B faster than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point A to point B faster than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point A to point B faster than a
+light beam if everyone agrees on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light beam if everyone agrees on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light beam if everyone agrees on its
+speed and nothing can go faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and nothing can go faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and nothing can go faster than
+light so light becomes a kind of mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so light becomes a kind of mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so light becomes a kind of mapping
+tool we can use light beams at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool we can use light beams at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool we can use light beams at least in
+our imagination as a thought experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our imagination as a thought experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our imagination as a thought experiment
+to map out the shortest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to map out the shortest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to map out the shortest possible
+distances between different locations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between different locations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between different locations or
+positions in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in space
+so now if a light beam could be if its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if a light beam could be if its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if a light beam could be if its
+path could be curved by gravity due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path could be curved by gravity due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path could be curved by gravity due to
+this argument from the equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument from the equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument from the equivalence
+principle that sounds to Einstein like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that sounds to Einstein like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that sounds to Einstein like
+saying that space through which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that space through which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that space through which the
+light is traveling itself could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is traveling itself could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is traveling itself could be
+curved by gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved by gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved by gravity
+that the path that the light is mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the path that the light is mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the path that the light is mapping
+out is telling you something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is telling you something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is telling you something about the
+underlying space and not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying space and not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying space and not just the
+accidents of the path of the ship or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents of the path of the ship or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents of the path of the ship or the
+presence of this or that planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of this or that planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of this or that planet
+that the sort of uh mapping tool on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of uh mapping tool on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of uh mapping tool on
+which we should all agree should enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we should all agree should enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we should all agree should enable
+us to map the shortest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to map the shortest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to map the shortest possible
+distances throughout space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances throughout space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances throughout space
+and if the path becomes Bent by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the path becomes Bent by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the path becomes Bent by this
+kind of argument then maybe space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of argument then maybe space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of argument then maybe space is
+bent or even post minkowski space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent or even post minkowski space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent or even post minkowski space time
+this is the first time where Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time where Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time where Einstein
+begins to give grudging except grudging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to give grudging except grudging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to give grudging except grudging
+admiration or respect to the work from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration or respect to the work from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration or respect to the work from
+Hermann minkowski we looked at together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hermann minkowski we looked at together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hermann minkowski we looked at together
+last time this is where remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is where remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is where remember
+minkowski the geometer and so the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski the geometer and so the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski the geometer and so the real
+meaning of Einstein's special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of Einstein's special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of Einstein's special relativity
+was that space and time themselves meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that space and time themselves meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that space and time themselves meant
+very little there was a union called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little there was a union called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little there was a union called
+space time that mattered and we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time that mattered and we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time that mattered and we should
+map that using all the tools of geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map that using all the tools of geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map that using all the tools of geometry
+Einstein years later now four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein years later now four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein years later now four five six
+years later four years later comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later four years later comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later four years later comes back
+to that kind of geometrical view as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that kind of geometrical view as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that kind of geometrical view as well
+we should think about space time and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think about space time and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think about space time and not
+consider the geometrical properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the geometrical properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the geometrical properties of
+that object space and time shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object space and time shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object space and time shoes
+together and if space time could be bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and if space time could be bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and if space time could be bent
+that means the rules of geometry that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the rules of geometry that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the rules of geometry that we
+that we apply to quantify relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we apply to quantify relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we apply to quantify relationships
+in that space-time they might not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that space-time they might not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that space-time they might not be the
+geometry that he learned as a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that he learned as a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that he learned as a young
+student they might not be euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student they might not be euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student they might not be euclidean
+geometry in fact they would in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry in fact they would in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry in fact they would in general
+be non-euclidean they would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-euclidean they would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-euclidean they would be the
+geometry that professional geometers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that professional geometers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that professional geometers had
+developed in the middle Decades of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the middle Decades of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the middle Decades of the
+19th century just before Einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century just before Einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century just before Einstein was
+born to generalize what we used to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born to generalize what we used to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born to generalize what we used to just
+call geometry now we have to specify oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call geometry now we have to specify oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call geometry now we have to specify oh
+we mean euclidean geometry as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean euclidean geometry as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean euclidean geometry as opposed to
+these self-consistent but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these self-consistent but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these self-consistent but different
+variations and by the way here on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and by the way here on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and by the way here on a
+pause as well again some of you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause as well again some of you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause as well again some of you might be
+familiar with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this
+there's a really pretty cool like 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really pretty cool like 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really pretty cool like 10 or
+11 minute YouTube video that my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 minute YouTube video that my son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 minute YouTube video that my son
+shared with me he's in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with me he's in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with me he's in high school
+getting really into computer graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting really into computer graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting really into computer graphics
+and computer gaming unfortunately um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer gaming unfortunately um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer gaming unfortunately um but
+I mean that's in making games not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's in making games not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's in making games not just
+Lincoln but he found some really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln but he found some really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln but he found some really cool
+YouTube videos on visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos on visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos on visualizing
+non-euclidean geometry and I thought one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-euclidean geometry and I thought one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-euclidean geometry and I thought one
+was pretty cool so I put that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty cool so I put that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty cool so I put that in the
+canvas night as well totally optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas night as well totally optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas night as well totally optional
+but if you got 10 minutes to spare I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you got 10 minutes to spare I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you got 10 minutes to spare I
+think you might enjoy it a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you might enjoy it a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you might enjoy it a much better
+uh Dynamic animations than this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dynamic animations than this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dynamic animations than this but the
+idea was what even in Einstein's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was what even in Einstein's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was what even in Einstein's day
+this stuff was well known to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff was well known to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff was well known to the to the
+professionals to the mathematicians uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals to the mathematicians uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals to the mathematicians uh
+who were geometers like minkowski if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were geometers like minkowski if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were geometers like minkowski if we
+do if we practice geometry say on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if we practice geometry say on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if we practice geometry say on the
+surface of a sphere what comes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere what comes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere what comes to be
+called a positively curved uh spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a positively curved uh spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a positively curved uh spatial
+surface or spatial manifold then a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or spatial manifold then a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or spatial manifold then a lot
+of the regular rules we're used to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regular rules we're used to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regular rules we're used to from
+ordinary or euclidian geometry they no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary or euclidian geometry they no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary or euclidian geometry they no
+longer apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer apply
+so for example we can construct parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we can construct parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we can construct parallel
+lines two lines that are each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines two lines that are each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines two lines that are each
+perpendicular to the equator say of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the equator say of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the equator say of this
+sphere so they're both cross the Equator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so they're both cross the Equator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so they're both cross the Equator
+at the Same by making the same angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Same by making the same angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Same by making the same angle
+sorry the same right angle so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the same right angle so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the same right angle so they're
+perpendic they're they're perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendic they're they're perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendic they're they're perpendicular
+to the same line that makes that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same line that makes that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same line that makes that should
+say suggest they're both parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suggest they're both parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suggest they're both parallel to
+each other by Euclid's usual rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other by Euclid's usual rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other by Euclid's usual rules and
+yet they don't remain parallel forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they don't remain parallel forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they don't remain parallel forever
+those lines that that are parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines that that are parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines that that are parallel to
+each other here converge at the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other here converge at the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other here converge at the North
+and South Pole of the sphere so parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and South Pole of the sphere so parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and South Pole of the sphere so parallel
+lines don't stay parallel in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines don't stay parallel in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines don't stay parallel in fact they
+can intersect likewise we can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can intersect likewise we can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can intersect likewise we can construct
+triangles the shortest possible paths to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the shortest possible paths to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the shortest possible paths to
+make a closed three-sided surface a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a closed three-sided surface a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a closed three-sided surface a
+three-sided shape we can do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-sided shape we can do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-sided shape we can do that with
+say these two lines that each cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these two lines that each cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these two lines that each cross
+um the the equator and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the equator and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the equator and then and then
+converge at the North Pole well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge at the North Pole well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge at the North Pole well now
+we've made a triangle on this positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made a triangle on this positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made a triangle on this positively
+curved surface but the sum of the angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved surface but the sum of the angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved surface but the sum of the angles
+inside that triangle by necessity have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that triangle by necessity have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that triangle by necessity have
+to add up to more than 180 degrees we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add up to more than 180 degrees we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add up to more than 180 degrees we
+have 90 degrees here one right angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 90 degrees here one right angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 90 degrees here one right angle
+another 90 degrees here that's two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 90 degrees here that's two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 90 degrees here that's two right
+angles we've already hit 180 and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles we've already hit 180 and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles we've already hit 180 and there's
+some angle it could be one degree it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle it could be one degree it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle it could be one degree it
+could be you know 100 degrees but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you know 100 degrees but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you know 100 degrees but some
+angle larger than zero up here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle larger than zero up here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle larger than zero up here so the
+sum some of the interior angles of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum some of the interior angles of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum some of the interior angles of our
+triangle exceed 180 and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle exceed 180 and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle exceed 180 and that should
+never happen uh in euclidean Geometry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never happen uh in euclidean Geometry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never happen uh in euclidean Geometry so
+all these ways in which the geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ways in which the geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ways in which the geometry of
+space-time that Einstein kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that Einstein kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that Einstein kind of
+grudgingly begins to think he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grudgingly begins to think he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grudgingly begins to think he has to
+worry about we are going to depart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about we are going to depart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about we are going to depart from
+the ordinary rules of euclidean geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary rules of euclidean geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary rules of euclidean geometry
+now he begins to sweat because he cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he begins to sweat because he cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he begins to sweat because he cut
+almost all of his math courses as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of his math courses as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of his math courses as a
+university student remember minkowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university student remember minkowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university student remember minkowski
+had such a low opinion of him and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a low opinion of him and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a low opinion of him and vice
+versa uh when he was a college student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa uh when he was a college student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa uh when he was a college student
+Einstein used to borrow the notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein used to borrow the notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein used to borrow the notes for
+math classes from Mostly two people his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math classes from Mostly two people his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math classes from Mostly two people his
+his girlfriend who became his first wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his girlfriend who became his first wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his girlfriend who became his first wife
+in the labor marriage and from another a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the labor marriage and from another a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the labor marriage and from another a
+friend of his Marcel Grossman Grossman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of his Marcel Grossman Grossman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of his Marcel Grossman Grossman
+loved the mathematics he didn't cut any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved the mathematics he didn't cut any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved the mathematics he didn't cut any
+math classes and in fact he went on to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math classes and in fact he went on to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math classes and in fact he went on to a
+very illustrious career as a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very illustrious career as a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very illustrious career as a professor
+of mathematics Grossman's own specialty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics Grossman's own specialty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics Grossman's own specialty
+in fact became these non-euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact became these non-euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact became these non-euclidean
+geometries he loved this stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries he loved this stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries he loved this stuff like
+doing geometry on the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing geometry on the surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing geometry on the surface of a
+sphere or on a hyperbolic saddle-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere or on a hyperbolic saddle-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere or on a hyperbolic saddle-like
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+so as luck would have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as luck would have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as luck would have it
+Einstein I mentioned briefly in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein I mentioned briefly in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein I mentioned briefly in our
+previous class I started to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous class I started to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous class I started to get started
+getting new job offers starting in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting new job offers starting in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting new job offers starting in like
+1909 1910 by 1912 he'd been hired back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1909 1910 by 1912 he'd been hired back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1909 1910 by 1912 he'd been hired back
+to Zurich for a new academic Post in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zurich for a new academic Post in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zurich for a new academic Post in
+fact he was at the same University where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he was at the same University where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he was at the same University where
+Grossman was now teaching mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grossman was now teaching mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grossman was now teaching mathematics
+so he went to his friend Grossman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he went to his friend Grossman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he went to his friend Grossman and
+said basically can you help me out again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said basically can you help me out again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said basically can you help me out again
+just as you bailed me out in college so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you bailed me out in college so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you bailed me out in college so
+he began collaborating very actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he began collaborating very actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he began collaborating very actively
+together Grossman took on Einstein his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together Grossman took on Einstein his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together Grossman took on Einstein his
+his peer Einstein was a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his peer Einstein was a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his peer Einstein was a professor of
+physics but Grossman began tutoring him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but Grossman began tutoring him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but Grossman began tutoring him
+in what was to mathematicians by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what was to mathematicians by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what was to mathematicians by this
+point pretty familiar geometry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point pretty familiar geometry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point pretty familiar geometry the
+geometry of non-euclidean spaces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of non-euclidean spaces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of non-euclidean spaces so
+together throughout 1912 and 13 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together throughout 1912 and 13 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together throughout 1912 and 13 they
+began publishing a number of Articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began publishing a number of Articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began publishing a number of Articles
+together in particular Grossman teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in particular Grossman teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in particular Grossman teaching
+Einstein the rudiments of how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein the rudiments of how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein the rudiments of how to do
+geometry on curved surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry on curved surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry on curved surfaces
+uh and then uh Einstein eventually moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then uh Einstein eventually moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then uh Einstein eventually moved
+to a new position in Berlin they stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new position in Berlin they stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new position in Berlin they stopped
+actively collaborating but Einstein had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively collaborating but Einstein had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively collaborating but Einstein had
+learned enough from Grossman during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned enough from Grossman during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned enough from Grossman during that
+very intense period of collaboration uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intense period of collaboration uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intense period of collaboration uh
+in around 1912-13 or so that he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in around 1912-13 or so that he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in around 1912-13 or so that he was able
+to then continue those new mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then continue those new mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then continue those new mathematics
+mathematical techniques on his own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical techniques on his own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical techniques on his own and
+then by November of 1915 two more years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by November of 1915 two more years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by November of 1915 two more years
+still even after connecting with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still even after connecting with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still even after connecting with uh
+Grossman took three years he arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grossman took three years he arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grossman took three years he arrived at
+what we now call the field equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call the field equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call the field equations of
+Einstein's General's theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's General's theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's General's theory of
+relativity he didn't get there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity he didn't get there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity he didn't get there with
+Grossman but using the tools that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grossman but using the tools that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grossman but using the tools that he
+learned with gross when he got to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned with gross when he got to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned with gross when he got to this
+expression this was what was part was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this was what was part was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this was what was part was
+was carved into that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was carved into that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was carved into that kind of
+Make-Believe marble temple in George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Make-Believe marble temple in George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Make-Believe marble temple in George
+gamoff's cartoon I like to say I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamoff's cartoon I like to say I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamoff's cartoon I like to say I'm not
+advocating body art but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating body art but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating body art but if you're
+looking for new tattoo you can do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for new tattoo you can do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for new tattoo you can do a lot
+worse than this it's pretty awesome it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than this it's pretty awesome it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than this it's pretty awesome it's
+short enough to tweet this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short enough to tweet this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short enough to tweet this is just an
+extraordinary expression what it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary expression what it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary expression what it's doing
+is quantifying what become the new rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quantifying what become the new rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quantifying what become the new rules
+for Einstein's general relativity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Einstein's general relativity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Einstein's general relativity this
+side over here the R's and the G munu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side over here the R's and the G munu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side over here the R's and the G munu
+and all that that's really what he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that that's really what he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that that's really what he had
+learned from Grossmont that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from Grossmont that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from Grossmont that's the
+mathematics of characterizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of characterizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of characterizing the
+curvature or the warping of a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature or the warping of a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature or the warping of a curved
+space-time the degree to which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time the degree to which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time the degree to which it
+deviates from ordinary or euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviates from ordinary or euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviates from ordinary or euclidean
+geometry this is doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry this is doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry this is doing things like
+gradients like rates of steepest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients like rates of steepest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients like rates of steepest rates
+have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed
+um how how much does a surface of Bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how how much does a surface of Bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how how much does a surface of Bend
+between point a and point B and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between point a and point B and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between point a and point B and how do
+you quantify that and again that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quantify that and again that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quantify that and again that was a
+bit vague I have a bit more on that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vague I have a bit more on that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vague I have a bit more on that in
+the optional primer on the canvas side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optional primer on the canvas side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optional primer on the canvas side
+totally optional this is this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally optional this is this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally optional this is this this is
+the mathematics of how to quantify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics of how to quantify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics of how to quantify the
+bending and warping of space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and warping of space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and warping of space and time
+mostly which the techniques in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly which the techniques in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly which the techniques in which you
+learn from Grossman the other side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from Grossman the other side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from Grossman the other side is
+sort of characterizing where this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of characterizing where this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of characterizing where this stuff
+is this is talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is talking about the
+distribution of matter and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of matter and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of matter and energy
+throughout space where is this stuff how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout space where is this stuff how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout space where is this stuff how
+densely is it packed uh here versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely is it packed uh here versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely is it packed uh here versus
+there and so as the as the later General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so as the as the later General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so as the as the later General
+relativist John Wheeler famously like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativist John Wheeler famously like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativist John Wheeler famously like to
+say we can read this equation in one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we can read this equation in one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we can read this equation in one in
+either of two ways we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of two ways we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of two ways we can say that
+warping space tells matter how to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warping space tells matter how to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warping space tells matter how to move
+or matter tells space and time how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or matter tells space and time how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or matter tells space and time how to
+bet it's this incredible Union between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet it's this incredible Union between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet it's this incredible Union between
+the geometry of space and time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of space and time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of space and time and the
+distribution of stuff of matter energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of stuff of matter energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of stuff of matter energy
+and that's what becomes the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what becomes the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what becomes the general
+theory of relativity so by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity so by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity so by the end of
+this 10-year journey by no means when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10-year journey by no means when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10-year journey by no means when he
+started by the end of that Einstein had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by the end of that Einstein had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by the end of that Einstein had
+convinced himself albeit SOC almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced himself albeit SOC almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced himself albeit SOC almost no
+one else he convinced himself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else he convinced himself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else he convinced himself that
+gravity was nothing but geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity was nothing but geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity was nothing but geometry
+that there was no force of gravity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was no force of gravity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was no force of gravity at
+all there was no need to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there was no need to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there was no need to talk about a
+big Mass like the Earth tugging exerting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Mass like the Earth tugging exerting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Mass like the Earth tugging exerting
+a force on say the tennis ball in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force on say the tennis ball in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force on say the tennis ball in our
+lab assistant's hand or on the moon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab assistant's hand or on the moon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab assistant's hand or on the moon or
+the sun exerting a force on the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun exerting a force on the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun exerting a force on the earth
+the entire language of gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire language of gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire language of gravitational
+force like from Newton uh it was simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force like from Newton uh it was simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force like from Newton uh it was simply
+kind of beside the point it was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of beside the point it was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of beside the point it was uh
+Superfluous much like Einstein thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous much like Einstein thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous much like Einstein thought
+The Ether was what's really happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether was what's really happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether was what's really happening
+according to Einstein is that objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Einstein is that objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Einstein is that objects
+are following the shortest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are following the shortest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are following the shortest possible
+paths they can but they're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths they can but they're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths they can but they're doing it
+through regions of space and time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through regions of space and time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through regions of space and time that
+need not be flat so that things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not be flat so that things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not be flat so that things are
+moving as short on a shorter path as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving as short on a shorter path as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving as short on a shorter path as
+they can through a geometry that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can through a geometry that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can through a geometry that might
+be pretty unusual through curved space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty unusual through curved space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty unusual through curved space
+and time so in this kind of character of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time so in this kind of character of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time so in this kind of character of
+regular example you've probably seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular example you've probably seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular example you've probably seen
+before you can think of the of warping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can think of the of warping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can think of the of warping
+space time as a stretched taut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time as a stretched taut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time as a stretched taut
+um uh trampoline a kind of rubber sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh trampoline a kind of rubber sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh trampoline a kind of rubber sheet
+we can plop a large heavy bowling ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plop a large heavy bowling ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plop a large heavy bowling ball
+in the middle that could be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle that could be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle that could be like the
+sun's a very large mass it will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun's a very large mass it will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun's a very large mass it will have a
+larger quantitative effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger quantitative effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger quantitative effect on the
+geometry near it it'll warp space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry near it it'll warp space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry near it it'll warp space and
+time considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time considerably
+and then smaller objects like a ping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then smaller objects like a ping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then smaller objects like a ping
+pong ball uh which could represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pong ball uh which could represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pong ball uh which could represent the
+Earth they're going to skitter around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth they're going to skitter around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth they're going to skitter around in
+that now warped surface and that warped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now warped surface and that warped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now warped surface and that warped
+space time so the Earth is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time so the Earth is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time so the Earth is trying to
+move on as straight a line as it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on as straight a line as it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on as straight a line as it can
+it's just getting constantly deflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just getting constantly deflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just getting constantly deflected
+from it's what would have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's what would have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's what would have been a
+straight path because the surface on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight path because the surface on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight path because the surface on
+which is moving has been bent has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is moving has been bent has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is moving has been bent has been
+warped or deformed by the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warped or deformed by the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warped or deformed by the presence of
+this large mass of the sun so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large mass of the sun so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large mass of the sun so that's
+what Einstein convinces himself after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Einstein convinces himself after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Einstein convinces himself after
+this 10 years or really eight years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10 years or really eight years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10 years or really eight years of
+pretty solid work that's how we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty solid work that's how we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty solid work that's how we should
+account for gravitation so let me pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for gravitation so let me pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for gravitation so let me pause
+there uh stop sharing my screen and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh stop sharing my screen and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh stop sharing my screen and ask
+for any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no questions at all this is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions at all this is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions at all this is totally
+intuitive everyone already knew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive everyone already knew this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive everyone already knew this
+come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+you're doing better than Einstein by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing better than Einstein by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing better than Einstein by not
+cutting your classes so maybe it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting your classes so maybe it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting your classes so maybe it all
+adds up that this would be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up that this would be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up that this would be totally
+sensible for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible for you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if not I'm happy to March forward I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not I'm happy to March forward I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not I'm happy to March forward I just
+want to make sure we have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure we have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure we have that kind of
+basic uh sense of how Einstein uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh sense of how Einstein uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh sense of how Einstein uh over
+this long period has to develop both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long period has to develop both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long period has to develop both
+both new tools or actually has to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both new tools or actually has to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both new tools or actually has to learn
+uh what would that by then standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what would that by then standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what would that by then standard
+tools and apply it to what seemed like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and apply it to what seemed like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and apply it to what seemed like a
+very familiar situation uh Aiden asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar situation uh Aiden asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar situation uh Aiden asked
+were people believing Einstein or were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people believing Einstein or were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people believing Einstein or were
+they still doubting very good so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still doubting very good so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still doubting very good so let's
+talk about that in the next part so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in the next part so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in the next part so the
+short answer is most people hadn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer is most people hadn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer is most people hadn't even
+heard about this yet for reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about this yet for reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about this yet for reasons that
+we'll talk about in the next main unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in the next main unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in the next main unit
+and and some of those who did hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and some of those who did hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and some of those who did hear about
+it were very very skeptical and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were very very skeptical and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were very very skeptical and maybe
+for understandable reasons that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understandable reasons that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understandable reasons that's that's
+like that's even stranger sounding I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's even stranger sounding I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's even stranger sounding I
+think than all that relativity stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think than all that relativity stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think than all that relativity stuff
+right there's no force of gravity every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no force of gravity every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no force of gravity every
+single success from from Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single success from from Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single success from from Newton's
+physics is thrown out the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is thrown out the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is thrown out the universal
+theory of gravity means nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of gravity means nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of gravity means nothing that
+kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing
+The public's perception of gravity's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The public's perception of gravity's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The public's perception of gravity's
+point a good question from silu uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a good question from silu uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a good question from silu uh was
+was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really
+um for those who had at least a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for those who had at least a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for those who had at least a little
+formal schooling even through high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal schooling even through high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal schooling even through high
+school would have learned about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school would have learned about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school would have learned about things
+like uh the the great Triumph as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the the great Triumph as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the the great Triumph as we've
+seen at the time the great Triumph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen at the time the great Triumph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen at the time the great Triumph of
+Newton's universal gravitation it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's universal gravitation it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's universal gravitation it wasn't
+just that Newton seemed like you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that Newton seemed like you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that Newton seemed like you know he
+got all right Newton's work had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all right Newton's work had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all right Newton's work had been
+subjected time and time again since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected time and time again since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected time and time again since
+Newton's own day right up to Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's own day right up to Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's own day right up to Einstein's
+day to to increasingly precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to to increasingly precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to to increasingly precise
+quantitative tests it were it passed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative tests it were it passed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative tests it were it passed it
+virtually every known test from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every known test from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every known test from
+astronomy from Celestial mechanics it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy from Celestial mechanics it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy from Celestial mechanics it
+helps astronomers predict where various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps astronomers predict where various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps astronomers predict where various
+objects should move in the Sky by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects should move in the Sky by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects should move in the Sky by
+assuming there was a force of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there was a force of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there was a force of gravity
+between say the Sun and the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between say the Sun and the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between say the Sun and the Earth
+between the Earth and the moon there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Earth and the moon there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Earth and the moon there
+were a few little anomalies that kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a few little anomalies that kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a few little anomalies that kept
+people busy but it was otherwise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people busy but it was otherwise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people busy but it was otherwise this
+sort of crowding achievement people used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of crowding achievement people used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of crowding achievement people used
+it in the mid uh late 1700s early 1800s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the mid uh late 1700s early 1800s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the mid uh late 1700s early 1800s
+I can't remember now I have to look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remember now I have to look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remember now I have to look it
+up to predict whole new planets from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to predict whole new planets from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to predict whole new planets from the
+wobble and other objects so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobble and other objects so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobble and other objects so the the
+planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet
+um was it Uranus or Neptune was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was it Uranus or Neptune was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was it Uranus or Neptune was
+discovered that way now I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that way now I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that way now I'm really
+forgetting uh you know there was so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting uh you know there was so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting uh you know there was so much
+confidence in Newton's Laws including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in Newton's Laws including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in Newton's Laws including
+his law of gravitation that people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his law of gravitation that people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his law of gravitation that people could
+actually find new stuff in the sky that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find new stuff in the sky that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find new stuff in the sky that
+had been literally unknown to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been literally unknown to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been literally unknown to the
+Ancients on the strength of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ancients on the strength of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ancients on the strength of using
+Newton's law of gravity to go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law of gravity to go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law of gravity to go out and
+find it and make sense of it so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it and make sense of it so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it and make sense of it so it was a
+pretty big deal for Einstein to say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big deal for Einstein to say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big deal for Einstein to say oh
+there's no force of gravity it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no force of gravity it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no force of gravity it's a lot
+like saying oh there's no ether and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying oh there's no ether and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying oh there's no ether and so
+not surprisingly people needed a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly people needed a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly people needed a little
+more evidence and and more than just his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more evidence and and more than just his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more evidence and and more than just his
+say-so to jump on board and as aorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say-so to jump on board and as aorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say-so to jump on board and as aorus
+knows from from Reading ahead we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows from from Reading ahead we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows from from Reading ahead we're
+going to see a lot begins to change uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a lot begins to change uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a lot begins to change uh
+uh in 1919 we'll come to that real soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 1919 we'll come to that real soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 1919 we'll come to that real soon
+excellent questions any other changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent questions any other changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent questions any other changes
+here let's see Jesus says what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's see Jesus says what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's see Jesus says what does it
+mean when we talk about the energy of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we talk about the energy of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we talk about the energy of an
+orbit ah that correlate to a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit ah that correlate to a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit ah that correlate to a difference
+energy of a different geometry space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a different geometry space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a different geometry space
+time yes that very good so it gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes that very good so it gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes that very good so it gets it
+gets actually a bit complicated Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets actually a bit complicated Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets actually a bit complicated Einstein
+itself didn't even quite realize this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself didn't even quite realize this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself didn't even quite realize this at
+first one of the first people to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one of the first people to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one of the first people to really
+tackle that was actually extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle that was actually extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle that was actually extraordinary
+mathematical physicist Emmy nerder who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist Emmy nerder who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist Emmy nerder who
+was in gerting him uh and uh so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in gerting him uh and uh so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in gerting him uh and uh so who
+began thinking about how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began thinking about how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began thinking about how can we
+characterize energy in a self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize energy in a self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize energy in a self-consistent
+way in the context of this um of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the context of this um of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the context of this um of this uh
+a new new framework for curving space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new new framework for curving space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new new framework for curving space
+time so how to handle energy or energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so how to handle energy or energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so how to handle energy or energy
+densities and generativity was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and generativity was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and generativity was actually
+really tricky Einstein itself uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tricky Einstein itself uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tricky Einstein itself uh was
+certainly not the first to get there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not the first to get there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not the first to get there we
+now have tools some of them dating back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have tools some of them dating back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have tools some of them dating back
+as early as I mean they're from around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as early as I mean they're from around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as early as I mean they're from around
+this time with which we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time with which we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time with which we can actually
+characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize
+um the energy at least within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the energy at least within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the energy at least within one
+observer's frame the energy of say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer's frame the energy of say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer's frame the energy of say a
+particular orbit we can compare energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular orbit we can compare energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular orbit we can compare energy
+differences we can certainly talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we can certainly talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we can certainly talk about
+the energy density how much energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density how much energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density how much energy per
+per unit volume of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume of space
+um so the energetics get get complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the energetics get get complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the energetics get get complicated
+as well and Oris now tells us he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and Oris now tells us he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and Oris now tells us he wasn't
+only reading ahead he actually grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reading ahead he actually grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reading ahead he actually grew up
+near where part of the next story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where part of the next story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where part of the next story is
+going to take place so that's cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take place so that's cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take place so that's cool so
+let's turn to the next Point actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to the next Point actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to the next Point actually
+good questions if any more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions if any more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions if any more questions
+come up of course as usual feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up of course as usual feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up of course as usual feel free to
+to put in the chat or wait till our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in the chat or wait till our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in the chat or wait till our next
+round uh D.A says how to remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round uh D.A says how to remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round uh D.A says how to remove the
+equivalence principle to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle to the to the
+energy density tensor uh okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density tensor uh okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density tensor uh okay yeah so
+that is that was a very good question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that was a very good question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that was a very good question so
+that's really what he learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what he learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what he learned from
+Grossman so he began his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grossman so he began his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grossman so he began his first
+Einstein's first efforts on this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's first efforts on this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's first efforts on this were
+long before he'd actually learned any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before he'd actually learned any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before he'd actually learned any of
+this fancy math engrossman he was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fancy math engrossman he was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fancy math engrossman he was trying
+to do things with scalar functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things with scalar functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things with scalar functions
+potentials a lot like the kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials a lot like the kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials a lot like the kind of work
+that uh William Thompson and James Clark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh William Thompson and James Clark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh William Thompson and James Clark
+Max were doing for electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max were doing for electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max were doing for electronics
+and he was therefore trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was therefore trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was therefore trying to
+generalize the uh laplace's equation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize the uh laplace's equation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize the uh laplace's equation if
+you remember from your classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from your classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from your classical
+mechanics one can characterize Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics one can characterize Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics one can characterize Newton's
+law of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of gravity
+uh in terms of not only of forces but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of not only of forces but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of not only of forces but in
+terms of simpler mathematical quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of simpler mathematical quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of simpler mathematical quantities
+uh like scalar functions sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like scalar functions sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like scalar functions sort of a
+vector Force you can have a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Force you can have a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Force you can have a scalar
+relationship some scale potential Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship some scale potential Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship some scale potential Phi
+and then you can relate the changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can relate the changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can relate the changes in
+Space the the um the gradient squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space the the um the gradient squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space the the um the gradient squared or
+nebula of that scalar function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nebula of that scalar function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nebula of that scalar function that
+would then be sourced by the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be sourced by the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be sourced by the energy
+density by by or by the matter density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density by by or by the matter density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density by by or by the matter density
+by where the mass is distributed per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by where the mass is distributed per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by where the mass is distributed per
+unit volume so as I begin thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume so as I begin thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume so as I begin thinking about
+gravity should still be somehow related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity should still be somehow related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity should still be somehow related
+to where the stuff is in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where the stuff is in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where the stuff is in a kind of
+density but then we learn from from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but then we learn from from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but then we learn from from uh
+the mathematician Grossman there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematician Grossman there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematician Grossman there are
+more complicated mathematical ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated mathematical ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated mathematical ways to
+characterize these non-euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize these non-euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize these non-euclidean
+manifolds like these mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifolds like these mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifolds like these mathematical
+objects called tensors you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects called tensors you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects called tensors you can learn
+more about those if that's new to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about those if that's new to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about those if that's new to you in
+that optional primer then to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optional primer then to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optional primer then to keep a
+tensor relationship to make the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor relationship to make the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor relationship to make the equation
+self-consistent he had to really I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent he had to really I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent he had to really I had
+to relate a tensor quantity for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate a tensor quantity for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate a tensor quantity for the
+curvature of space and time to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of space and time to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of space and time to some
+tensor generalization no longer a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor generalization no longer a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor generalization no longer a single
+scalar field that would characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field that would characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field that would characterize
+where this stuff is so as I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this stuff is so as I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this stuff is so as I began
+thinking about a very simple single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a very simple single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a very simple single
+scalar potential and therefore a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar potential and therefore a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar potential and therefore a single
+scalar matter density and he began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar matter density and he began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar matter density and he began
+learning from Grossman he'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from Grossman he'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from Grossman he'd have to
+treat that in a more mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that in a more mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that in a more mathematical
+generalized way Victoria says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized way Victoria says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized way Victoria says if
+generosity says objects instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity says objects instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity says objects instead of
+follow the shortest paths uh what point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the shortest paths uh what point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the shortest paths uh what point
+are you trying to get to right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you trying to get to right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you trying to get to right so
+they're still right so they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still right so they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still right so they're still
+trying to minimize a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize a way of
+characterizing the energy of their path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the energy of their path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the energy of their path
+that Einstein didn't know that yet um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein didn't know that yet um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein didn't know that yet um
+that wasn't true and that wasn't too on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't true and that wasn't too on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't true and that wasn't too on
+his mind in 1915 but the path these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mind in 1915 but the path these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mind in 1915 but the path these
+objects will take still come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects will take still come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects will take still come from
+minimizing the kind of total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the kind of total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the kind of total energy
+associated with the path they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the path they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the path they're just
+doing so through a space time that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so through a space time that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so through a space time that's no
+longer euclidean and that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer euclidean and that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer euclidean and that's the kind of
+work that people like Emmy nerder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that people like Emmy nerder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that people like Emmy nerder and
+David Hilbert and eventually Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Hilbert and eventually Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Hilbert and eventually Einstein
+himself began to work on uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself began to work on uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself began to work on uh in the
+months and years after uh November 1915.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and years after uh November 1915.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and years after uh November 1915.
+these are great questions let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are great questions let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are great questions let's take a
+last one from Sarah then I'll move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one from Sarah then I'll move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one from Sarah then I'll move on
+Sarah says no you couldn't geometry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah says no you couldn't geometry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah says no you couldn't geometry it's
+a term describe anything that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term describe anything that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term describe anything that isn't
+euclidean drug that's correct there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean drug that's correct there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean drug that's correct there are
+indeed several types of non-nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed several types of non-nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed several types of non-nuclear
+geometries it's totally right and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries it's totally right and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries it's totally right and there
+are two um very simple kinds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two um very simple kinds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two um very simple kinds to
+characterize um kind of global spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize um kind of global spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize um kind of global spaces
+that have a constant curvature uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a constant curvature uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a constant curvature uh and
+those can be either positive with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can be either positive with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can be either positive with the
+same curvature everywhere some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same curvature everywhere some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same curvature everywhere some some
+non-zero positive value or some non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero positive value or some non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero positive value or some non-zero
+negative value everywhere or anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value everywhere or anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value everywhere or anything in
+between it could be lumpy and could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between it could be lumpy and could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between it could be lumpy and could have
+a much more complicated surface and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more complicated surface and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more complicated surface and in
+that video that I linked to that YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that video that I linked to that YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that video that I linked to that YouTube
+video in the on the camera side actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in the on the camera side actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in the on the camera side actually
+the the person who made that video does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the person who made that video does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the person who made that video does
+a really nice job going through some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice job going through some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice job going through some of
+that stuff and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff and it's kind of
+um most symmetrical forms of non-eucanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most symmetrical forms of non-eucanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most symmetrical forms of non-eucanic
+geometries that depart from ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries that depart from ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries that depart from ordinary
+euclide so you might enjoy that short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclide so you might enjoy that short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclide so you might enjoy that short
+video as well or or a little bit more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video as well or or a little bit more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video as well or or a little bit more in
+my optional primer I do that chat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my optional primer I do that chat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my optional primer I do that chat more
+these are excellent questions good let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are excellent questions good let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are excellent questions good let
+me press on let's go to the next part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me press on let's go to the next part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me press on let's go to the next part of
+uh of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the material
+it picks up on some of these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it picks up on some of these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it picks up on some of these questions
+here after all like who who took any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after all like who who took any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after all like who who took any of
+this seriously how did people find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seriously how did people find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seriously how did people find out
+about it now you might have recalled I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it now you might have recalled I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it now you might have recalled I
+mentioned Einstein got to this form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned Einstein got to this form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned Einstein got to this form that
+we now recognize the field equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now recognize the field equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now recognize the field equations
+relating the warping of space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating the warping of space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating the warping of space and time
+to the distribution of stuff to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the distribution of stuff to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the distribution of stuff to where
+the matter and energy are he got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter and energy are he got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter and energy are he got there
+in November late November 1915 factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in November late November 1915 factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in November late November 1915 factors
+November 25th you know the exact date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 25th you know the exact date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 25th you know the exact date
+you gave a talk on it at the Prussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave a talk on it at the Prussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave a talk on it at the Prussian
+Academy of Sciences on Thursday the 25th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of Sciences on Thursday the 25th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of Sciences on Thursday the 25th
+of November 9 15. well as you may recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of November 9 15. well as you may recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of November 9 15. well as you may recall
+that was not a quiet time in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not a quiet time in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not a quiet time in the history
+of say Germany or much of Europe by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say Germany or much of Europe by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say Germany or much of Europe by that
+point the first world war the war to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the first world war the war to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the first world war the war to end
+all wars so people first thought had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wars so people first thought had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wars so people first thought had
+been raging for more than a year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been raging for more than a year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been raging for more than a year the
+first world war broke out in August of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world war broke out in August of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world war broke out in August of
+1914 in the midst of Einstein's uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1914 in the midst of Einstein's uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1914 in the midst of Einstein's uh quite
+significant uh struggles toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant uh struggles toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant uh struggles toward the
+general theory of relativity so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity so we
+immediately are thrown back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately are thrown back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately are thrown back into the
+question of Relativity and the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Relativity and the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Relativity and the very
+messy very confusing chaotic and bloody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy very confusing chaotic and bloody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy very confusing chaotic and bloody
+state of human Affairs by asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of human Affairs by asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of human Affairs by asking the
+simple question who else can work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple question who else can work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple question who else can work on
+relativity we're thrown immediately back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity we're thrown immediately back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity we're thrown immediately back
+into this question of people in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this question of people in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this question of people in real
+times and places in these cases some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and places in these cases some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and places in these cases some
+quite dramatic often very dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite dramatic often very dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite dramatic often very dangerous
+times and places so here's a map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and places so here's a map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and places so here's a map of
+Europe in around the time of 1914 around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe in around the time of 1914 around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe in around the time of 1914 around
+the time of the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the war
+I've shown in the big star here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown in the big star here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown in the big star here is
+roughly where Berlin is that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly where Berlin is that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly where Berlin is that's where
+Einstein was by the time he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was by the time he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was by the time he was
+finishing this work and we want to ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing this work and we want to ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing this work and we want to ask a
+question of how did he begin to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how did he begin to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how did he begin to sort of
+share working knowledge or information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share working knowledge or information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share working knowledge or information
+about this exciting new set of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this exciting new set of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this exciting new set of ideas
+with colleagues who were not in Berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colleagues who were not in Berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colleagues who were not in Berlin
+with colleagues elsewhere in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colleagues elsewhere in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colleagues elsewhere in Germany
+with colleagues in other countries both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colleagues in other countries both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colleagues in other countries both
+to East and to the west and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to East and to the west and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to East and to the west and we'll see
+you to begin asking that question we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to begin asking that question we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to begin asking that question we're
+immediately thrown into the realities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately thrown into the realities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately thrown into the realities of
+the first World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first World War
+one of the very first people anywhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the very first people anywhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the very first people anywhere on
+the planet to get kind of up to speed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet to get kind of up to speed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet to get kind of up to speed on
+this new material of generativity was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new material of generativity was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new material of generativity was a
+Russian mathematician named the sevalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian mathematician named the sevalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian mathematician named the sevalid
+Fredericks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredericks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredericks
+turns out Fredericks was originally from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out Fredericks was originally from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out Fredericks was originally from
+St Petersburg in Northern Russia but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St Petersburg in Northern Russia but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St Petersburg in Northern Russia but he
+was very talented and was doing a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very talented and was doing a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very talented and was doing a kind
+of post-doctoral appointment a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of post-doctoral appointment a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of post-doctoral appointment a kind of
+research position with the world famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research position with the world famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research position with the world famous
+mathematician David Hilbert in gertingen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician David Hilbert in gertingen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician David Hilbert in gertingen
+within Germany so Frederick's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Germany so Frederick's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Germany so Frederick's the
+Russian mathematician was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian mathematician was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian mathematician was working with
+David Hilbert in gergingen uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Hilbert in gergingen uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Hilbert in gergingen uh and we
+know from Einstein's of voluminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from Einstein's of voluminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from Einstein's of voluminous
+correspondence and his Diaries even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence and his Diaries even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence and his Diaries even so
+on that Einstein had befriended Hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that Einstein had befriended Hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that Einstein had befriended Hilbert
+Frederick's main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick's main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick's main
+sponsor and would actually make long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor and would actually make long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor and would actually make long
+visits to gertingen in fact sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits to gertingen in fact sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits to gertingen in fact sort of like
+two weeks at a time those visits could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks at a time those visits could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks at a time those visits could
+continue even after War had broken out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue even after War had broken out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue even after War had broken out
+after all Einstein was a German civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all Einstein was a German civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all Einstein was a German civil
+servant by this point he was working he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant by this point he was working he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant by this point he was working he
+was employed by the Prussian Academy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was employed by the Prussian Academy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was employed by the Prussian Academy of
+Sciences so he was certainly allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences so he was certainly allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences so he was certainly allowed to
+travel within Germany even after War had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel within Germany even after War had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel within Germany even after War had
+broken out so we know he not only could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken out so we know he not only could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken out so we know he not only could
+he did make multiple lengthy trips from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did make multiple lengthy trips from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did make multiple lengthy trips from
+Berlin to curtigan to visit with friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin to curtigan to visit with friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin to curtigan to visit with friends
+and colleagues like Hilbert like Emmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleagues like Hilbert like Emmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleagues like Hilbert like Emmy
+nurther whom I mentioned who was also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurther whom I mentioned who was also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurther whom I mentioned who was also at
+curtingen and other colleagues he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtingen and other colleagues he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtingen and other colleagues he would
+often say for two weeks sometimes he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often say for two weeks sometimes he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often say for two weeks sometimes he'd
+say as the personal house guest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as the personal house guest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as the personal house guest of
+Hilbert he actually live in Hilbert's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert he actually live in Hilbert's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert he actually live in Hilbert's
+house they were very had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house they were very had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house they were very had lots of
+opportunity for informal discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for informal discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for informal discussion
+Frederick's met Einstein on one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick's met Einstein on one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick's met Einstein on one of these
+visits they began to learn from Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits they began to learn from Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits they began to learn from Einstein
+directly and began to to pursue the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and began to to pursue the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and began to to pursue the work
+even after Einstein had went back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after Einstein had went back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after Einstein had went back to
+Berlin with this circle encouraging that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin with this circle encouraging that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin with this circle encouraging that
+was that was studying material after war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was studying material after war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was studying material after war
+broke out after these visits had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke out after these visits had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke out after these visits had already
+had started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had started
+now Frederick's this Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Frederick's this Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Frederick's this Russian
+mathematician was a Russian in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician was a Russian in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician was a Russian in Germany
+after those two countries that declared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after those two countries that declared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after those two countries that declared
+war against each other so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war against each other so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war against each other so he was
+detained almost immediately as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detained almost immediately as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detained almost immediately as a
+civilian prisoner he was literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian prisoner he was literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian prisoner he was literally
+locked up he was imprisoned because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked up he was imprisoned because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked up he was imprisoned because he
+was a Russian citizen in Germany after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Russian citizen in Germany after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Russian citizen in Germany after
+the Nations had declared war uh he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nations had declared war uh he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nations had declared war uh he had a
+very powerful friend and sponsor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful friend and sponsor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful friend and sponsor in the
+person of David Hilbert Hilbert was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person of David Hilbert Hilbert was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person of David Hilbert Hilbert was a
+very prominent kind of local figure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prominent kind of local figure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prominent kind of local figure so
+we know that Frederick's uh didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that Frederick's uh didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that Frederick's uh didn't
+suffer nearly as badly as many others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer nearly as badly as many others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer nearly as badly as many others
+did in these uh sometimes quite horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in these uh sometimes quite horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in these uh sometimes quite horrible
+conditions in these prisoner War camps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in these prisoner War camps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in these prisoner War camps
+in fact Fredericks could on occasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact Fredericks could on occasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact Fredericks could on occasion
+still have visits from people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have visits from people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have visits from people like
+Hilbert and other members of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert and other members of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert and other members of the uh
+Guardian research group he can continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guardian research group he can continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guardian research group he can continue
+thinking about relativity even while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about relativity even while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about relativity even while
+locked up after the war had ended he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked up after the war had ended he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked up after the war had ended he was
+released he was repatriated to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released he was repatriated to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released he was repatriated to his
+native Saint Petersburg which by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Saint Petersburg which by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Saint Petersburg which by this
+point had undergone the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point had undergone the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point had undergone the Russian
+Revolution it was now known as Leningrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution it was now known as Leningrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution it was now known as Leningrad
+or petrograd it went through several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or petrograd it went through several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or petrograd it went through several
+name changes uh and once he was there he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name changes uh and once he was there he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name changes uh and once he was there he
+began teaching the first ever classes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began teaching the first ever classes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began teaching the first ever classes in
+anywhere within Russia on general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere within Russia on general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere within Russia on general
+relativity one of his first disciples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity one of his first disciples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity one of his first disciples
+was a very talented Russian mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very talented Russian mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very talented Russian mathematical
+physicist physicist named Alexander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist physicist named Alexander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist physicist named Alexander
+Friedman they began teaching a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman they began teaching a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman they began teaching a course
+together on relativity they taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on relativity they taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on relativity they taught
+people like bloody Norfolk George gamoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like bloody Norfolk George gamoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like bloody Norfolk George gamoff
+he's the person I mentioned earlier with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the person I mentioned earlier with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the person I mentioned earlier with
+the the uh the the cartoon drawing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the the cartoon drawing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the the cartoon drawing of
+the Temple of Relativity they taught Lev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Temple of Relativity they taught Lev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Temple of Relativity they taught Lev
+Landau and then Landau everyone else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landau and then Landau everyone else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landau and then Landau everyone else in
+Russia basically in the Soviet Union so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia basically in the Soviet Union so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia basically in the Soviet Union so
+he created the first school of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he created the first school of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he created the first school of
+Relativity but he couldn't do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relativity but he couldn't do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relativity but he couldn't do it right
+away and he happened to learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and he happened to learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and he happened to learn the
+material and be able to transmit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and be able to transmit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and be able to transmit the
+material all because of the dynamic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material all because of the dynamic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material all because of the dynamic the
+changing dynamics of the first World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing dynamics of the first World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing dynamics of the first World War
+there was another effort to try to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another effort to try to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another effort to try to sort
+of move working knowledge of Relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of move working knowledge of Relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of move working knowledge of Relativity
+Eastward from Berlin in the midst of war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastward from Berlin in the midst of war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastward from Berlin in the midst of war
+and that involves Einstein's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that involves Einstein's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that involves Einstein's close
+colleague Carl schwartzfield shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Carl schwartzfield shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Carl schwartzfield shown here
+so short Shield was actually a a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so short Shield was actually a a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so short Shield was actually a a an
+observational astronomer as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational astronomer as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational astronomer as well as a
+mathematical physicist at the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist at the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist at the time that
+was actually not so uncommon we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually not so uncommon we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually not so uncommon we'll see
+several people even just today who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people even just today who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people even just today who did
+both of those roles those roles would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those roles those roles would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those roles those roles would
+sort of specialize and separate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of specialize and separate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of specialize and separate over the
+course of the 20th century but short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the 20th century but short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the 20th century but short
+Shield was publishing papers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield was publishing papers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield was publishing papers in
+mathematical physics and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physics and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physics and in
+observational astronomy throughout his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational astronomy throughout his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational astronomy throughout his
+career he spent quite a large part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career he spent quite a large part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career he spent quite a large part of
+his career in gerting any knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career in gerting any knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career in gerting any knew that
+Crowd by um by the later time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crowd by um by the later time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crowd by um by the later time that
+Einstein moved to Berlin schwarzoo was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein moved to Berlin schwarzoo was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein moved to Berlin schwarzoo was
+nearby in Potsdam running an observatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby in Potsdam running an observatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby in Potsdam running an observatory
+close to Berlin he and Einstein got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Berlin he and Einstein got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Berlin he and Einstein got to
+know each other so short show got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other so short show got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other so short show got to
+learn directly from Einstein about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn directly from Einstein about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn directly from Einstein about this
+developing work on what would become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing work on what would become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing work on what would become the
+general theory of relativity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity and then
+when war broke out in the summer of 1914
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when war broke out in the summer of 1914
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when war broke out in the summer of 1914
+schwartzfield at age 40 volunteered for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwartzfield at age 40 volunteered for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwartzfield at age 40 volunteered for
+the Infantry he was such a patriotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Infantry he was such a patriotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Infantry he was such a patriotic
+German citizen that he decided he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German citizen that he decided he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German citizen that he decided he could
+best spend his time by literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best spend his time by literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best spend his time by literally
+fighting uh as a as a soldier you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting uh as a as a soldier you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting uh as a as a soldier you know
+boots on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boots on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boots on the ground
+to fight so he was sent to the Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight so he was sent to the Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight so he was sent to the Eastern
+front he was sent to the Russian front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front he was sent to the Russian front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front he was sent to the Russian front
+now he's a German soldier far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's a German soldier far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's a German soldier far from
+Berlin but still in the German army so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin but still in the German army so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin but still in the German army so
+he was still able to exchange mail with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was still able to exchange mail with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was still able to exchange mail with
+Einstein Einstein was a German civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein Einstein was a German civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein Einstein was a German civil
+servant short she was a member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant short she was a member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant short she was a member of the
+German army so even though shoreshoe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German army so even though shoreshoe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German army so even though shoreshoe was
+basically in Russia right on the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in Russia right on the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in Russia right on the front
+he and Einstein could still at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and Einstein could still at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and Einstein could still at least
+trade letters and postcards many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade letters and postcards many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade letters and postcards many of
+which have survived we have this amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have survived we have this amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have survived we have this amazing
+documentary material Einstein mailed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary material Einstein mailed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary material Einstein mailed to
+short Shield some of the updates as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Shield some of the updates as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Shield some of the updates as he
+was working more and more on relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working more and more on relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working more and more on relativity
+through the Autumn of 1915 after short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Autumn of 1915 after short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Autumn of 1915 after short
+Shield had already deployed Einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield had already deployed Einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield had already deployed Einstein was
+convinced that no one not I signed not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that no one not I signed not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that no one not I signed not
+anyone would ever be able to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone would ever be able to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone would ever be able to find an
+exact solution to his new equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution to his new equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution to his new equations
+these equations as I explained in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations as I explained in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations as I explained in that
+optional primer the equations are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional primer the equations are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional primer the equations are highly
+non-linear they don't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear they don't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear they don't have the same
+structure say of Maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure say of Maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure say of Maxwell's equations
+from electromagnetism the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electromagnetism the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electromagnetism the gravitational
+terms can act on each on themselves we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms can act on each on themselves we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms can act on each on themselves we
+have a highly non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a highly non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a highly non-linear
+um form of the mathematic equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um form of the mathematic equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um form of the mathematic equations and
+in general there's no rule that says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general there's no rule that says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general there's no rule that says you
+know non-linear equations can can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non-linear equations can can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non-linear equations can can always
+be solved exactly Einstein was convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved exactly Einstein was convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved exactly Einstein was convinced
+he'd always have to find approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd always have to find approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd always have to find approximations
+of the sort he'd already been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort he'd already been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort he'd already been working
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+so imagine Einstein's surprise when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine Einstein's surprise when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine Einstein's surprise when he
+gets another communication back from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets another communication back from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets another communication back from the
+Russian front from his colleague Carl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian front from his colleague Carl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian front from his colleague Carl
+schwartsfield who on some down time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwartsfield who on some down time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwartsfield who on some down time
+between fighting was able to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fighting was able to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fighting was able to work out
+the first known exact solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first known exact solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first known exact solution to
+Einstein's own field equations schwart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own field equations schwart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own field equations schwart
+Shields found what we now call the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shields found what we now call the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shields found what we now call the short
+Shield solution he named it in his honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield solution he named it in his honor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield solution he named it in his honor
+the solution for the warping of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution for the warping of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution for the warping of space
+and time and the vicinity of a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and the vicinity of a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and the vicinity of a spherical
+Mass like the sun let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass like the sun let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass like the sun let's say you have a
+large mass sitting still at rest how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mass sitting still at rest how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mass sitting still at rest how
+much will it deform the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much will it deform the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much will it deform the surrounding
+space time in this kind of spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time in this kind of spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time in this kind of spherically
+symmetric uh way around it we still use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric uh way around it we still use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric uh way around it we still use
+that to talk about motion on the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to talk about motion on the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to talk about motion on the solar
+system it led to later thoughts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it led to later thoughts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it led to later thoughts about
+things like black holes we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like black holes we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like black holes we use this
+solution all the time schwartshield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all the time schwartshield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all the time schwartshield
+derived the first exact solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the first exact solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the first exact solution to
+Einstein's field equations literally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's field equations literally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's field equations literally in
+the middle of War during a pause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of War during a pause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of War during a pause of
+fighting Einstein was unable to arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting Einstein was unable to arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting Einstein was unable to arrange
+for short Shield's paper to be published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short Shield's paper to be published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short Shield's paper to be published
+even though schwarzan was away came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though schwarzan was away came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though schwarzan was away came out
+in uh depression the proceedings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh depression the proceedings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh depression the proceedings the
+Prussian Academy of Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prussian Academy of Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prussian Academy of Sciences
+and just weeks after submitting uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just weeks after submitting uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just weeks after submitting uh the
+mail after sending the update to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail after sending the update to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail after sending the update to to
+Einstein schwarziel to come succumbs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein schwarziel to come succumbs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein schwarziel to come succumbs to
+a rare skin disease on the front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rare skin disease on the front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rare skin disease on the front and
+died here's effort number two to spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died here's effort number two to spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died here's effort number two to spread
+working knowledge of Relativity e-Sword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working knowledge of Relativity e-Sword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working knowledge of Relativity e-Sword
+you have to either wait till the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to either wait till the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to either wait till the war
+ends in a prisoner of war can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in a prisoner of war can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in a prisoner of war can be
+repatriated or you have this momentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repatriated or you have this momentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repatriated or you have this momentary
+uh kind of excitement on the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of excitement on the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of excitement on the Russian
+front that has ended the way so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front that has ended the way so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front that has ended the way so many
+lives were during the war okay one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives were during the war okay one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives were during the war okay one more
+effort to try to spend spread working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to try to spend spread working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to try to spend spread working
+knowledge Eastward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was yet another astronomic colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was yet another astronomic colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was yet another astronomic colleague
+right in Berlin uh who had befriended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in Berlin uh who had befriended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in Berlin uh who had befriended
+Einstein his name was Aaron freinlich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein his name was Aaron freinlich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein his name was Aaron freinlich
+so Friday much like schwarzen was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Friday much like schwarzen was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Friday much like schwarzen was an
+expert astronomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert astronomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert astronomer
+and he used to love hearing Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he used to love hearing Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he used to love hearing Einstein
+talk about this developing work on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this developing work on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this developing work on what
+would become the general theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become the general theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become the general theory of
+relativity Isa would often pepper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity Isa would often pepper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity Isa would often pepper
+freinlich who was much younger he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freinlich who was much younger he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freinlich who was much younger he's
+almost almost a kind of informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost a kind of informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost a kind of informal
+assistant Einstein would ask friend like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant Einstein would ask friend like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant Einstein would ask friend like
+could astronomers possibly measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could astronomers possibly measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could astronomers possibly measure this
+or that what might be observationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that what might be observationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that what might be observationally
+feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible
+uh and so they would they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they would they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they would they would have
+these kind of informal discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of informal discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of informal discussions
+Einstein by 1912 1913 had convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein by 1912 1913 had convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein by 1912 1913 had convinced
+himself from this argument like I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself from this argument like I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself from this argument like I gave
+before that gravitation the warping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that gravitation the warping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that gravitation the warping of
+space-time should bend the path of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time should bend the path of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time should bend the path of light
+and he began to wonder and began to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he began to wonder and began to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he began to wonder and began to talk
+with with freundik the astronomer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with freundik the astronomer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with freundik the astronomer if
+this could ever be observable and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could ever be observable and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could ever be observable and he
+hatched Einstein hatched a plan saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched Einstein hatched a plan saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched Einstein hatched a plan saying
+maybe you could just barely note it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could just barely note it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could just barely note it
+measure this effect during a total solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this effect during a total solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this effect during a total solar
+eclipse and here was the argument he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eclipse and here was the argument he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eclipse and here was the argument he
+actually wrote letters to other strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote letters to other strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote letters to other strong
+relations letter he wrote to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations letter he wrote to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations letter he wrote to the
+American astronomer George Ellery Hale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American astronomer George Ellery Hale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American astronomer George Ellery Hale
+in 1913.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1913.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1913.
+trying to encourage astronomers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to encourage astronomers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to encourage astronomers to
+really look for this effect the idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look for this effect the idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look for this effect the idea was
+that the astronomers would take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the astronomers would take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the astronomers would take a
+photograph of some field of stars some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph of some field of stars some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph of some field of stars some
+constellations at some some evening uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellations at some some evening uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellations at some some evening uh
+when the when they had clear viewing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when they had clear viewing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when they had clear viewing and
+there was there was uh at a point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was there was uh at a point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was there was uh at a point in the
+Earth's orbit when the sun was so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's orbit when the sun was so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's orbit when the sun was so to
+speak behind us when the Earth was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak behind us when the Earth was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak behind us when the Earth was
+between the Sun and these distant Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Sun and these distant Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Sun and these distant Stars
+being photographed so photographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being photographed so photographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being photographed so photographic
+constellation at a moment of the Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation at a moment of the Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation at a moment of the Earth's
+orbit when the sun was so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit when the sun was so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit when the sun was so to speak
+behind us okay then wait roughly six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind us okay then wait roughly six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind us okay then wait roughly six
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+photograph that exact same constellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph that exact same constellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph that exact same constellation
+that same field of distant stars but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same field of distant stars but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same field of distant stars but now
+when the sun was immediately between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sun was immediately between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sun was immediately between the
+Earth and those and that constellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and those and that constellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and those and that constellation
+now of course if if the sun is directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course if if the sun is directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course if if the sun is directly
+between us and those Stars it'll be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between us and those Stars it'll be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between us and those Stars it'll be too
+bright it will be daytime we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright it will be daytime we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright it will be daytime we would be
+able to see them so Einstein says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see them so Einstein says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see them so Einstein says oh
+wait for a total solar eclipse wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for a total solar eclipse wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for a total solar eclipse wait for
+a time when the moon moves exactly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when the moon moves exactly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when the moon moves exactly into
+position to block nearly all that glare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to block nearly all that glare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to block nearly all that glare
+of the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Sun
+during that very brief moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that very brief moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that very brief moment of
+totality when it's dark again on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totality when it's dark again on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totality when it's dark again on Earth
+take a photograph again with telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a photograph again with telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a photograph again with telescopes
+of that particular constellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that particular constellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that particular constellation
+and compare the apparent positions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare the apparent positions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare the apparent positions with
+respect to still more distant Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to still more distant Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to still more distant Stars
+distant away in the field of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant away in the field of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant away in the field of view
+and Einstein's prediction was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Einstein's prediction was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Einstein's prediction was that the
+the apparent positions should shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparent positions should shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparent positions should shift
+should splay outward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should splay outward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should splay outward
+when the light was was Bent by the uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the light was was Bent by the uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the light was was Bent by the uh by
+passing near the sun compared to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing near the sun compared to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing near the sun compared to when
+the sun was nowhere near the starlight's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun was nowhere near the starlight's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun was nowhere near the starlight's
+path this is what would soon come to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path this is what would soon come to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path this is what would soon come to be
+called gravitational lensing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gravitational lensing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gravitational lensing there's a
+large mass of the sun should act like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mass of the sun should act like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mass of the sun should act like a
+lens deforming the space and time around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens deforming the space and time around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens deforming the space and time around
+it bending the path focusing the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bending the path focusing the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bending the path focusing the path
+from the more distant Stars so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the more distant Stars so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the more distant Stars so as we
+Trace back the path we assume that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace back the path we assume that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace back the path we assume that light
+must have taken will attribute it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have taken will attribute it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have taken will attribute it to a
+further splayed out position compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further splayed out position compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further splayed out position compared to
+kind of reference stars or even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reference stars or even further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reference stars or even further
+away that pass kind of nowhere near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that pass kind of nowhere near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that pass kind of nowhere near the
+Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun
+so you have a larger field to set your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a larger field to set your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a larger field to set your
+kind of coordinates and ask do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coordinates and ask do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coordinates and ask do you see
+any apparent displacement by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any apparent displacement by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any apparent displacement by a
+measurable amount Einstein could now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable amount Einstein could now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable amount Einstein could now
+begin to calculate how much he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to calculate how much he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to calculate how much he thought
+it should slay out do you measure any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should slay out do you measure any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should slay out do you measure any
+displacement of the stars during a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the stars during a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the stars during a total
+solar eclipse foreign like say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar eclipse foreign like say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar eclipse foreign like say that
+actually is possible we could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is possible we could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is possible we could actually
+perform measures with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform measures with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform measures with the with the
+requisite angular resolution we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisite angular resolution we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisite angular resolution we could do
+that that calculate when the next total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that calculate when the next total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that calculate when the next total
+solar eclipse would be and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar eclipse would be and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar eclipse would be and where the
+best viewing would be Einstein now uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best viewing would be Einstein now uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best viewing would be Einstein now uses
+his new um his new uh uh Prestige and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his new um his new uh uh Prestige and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his new um his new uh uh Prestige and
+the Prussian Academy of Sciences to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prussian Academy of Sciences to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prussian Academy of Sciences to get
+friend like a grant uh to do it finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend like a grant uh to do it finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend like a grant uh to do it finally
+put together a small team they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a small team they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a small team they get
+equipment they set out for where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment they set out for where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment they set out for where the
+best viewing of this new Eclipse will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best viewing of this new Eclipse will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best viewing of this new Eclipse will be
+it's going to be best seen in late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be best seen in late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be best seen in late
+August 1914 from the Crimea they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August 1914 from the Crimea they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August 1914 from the Crimea they get
+there just in time unfortunately not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just in time unfortunately not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just in time unfortunately not in
+time for the eclipse they get there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the eclipse they get there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the eclipse they get there just
+in time for the outbreak of war between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time for the outbreak of war between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time for the outbreak of war between
+Germany and Russia Russia having claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and Russia Russia having claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and Russia Russia having claimed
+the Crimea so Frey link was now in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crimea so Frey link was now in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crimea so Frey link was now in what
+was really recently claimed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really recently claimed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really recently claimed to be
+Russian territory just when the Russians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian territory just when the Russians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian territory just when the Russians
+and the Germans declared war against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Germans declared war against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Germans declared war against
+each other he and his whole team were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other he and his whole team were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other he and his whole team were
+captured locked up as prisoners of War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured locked up as prisoners of War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured locked up as prisoners of War
+they're equipped and confiscated they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equipped and confiscated they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equipped and confiscated they
+could not conduct the observation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not conduct the observation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not conduct the observation so
+this third effort to move uh working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third effort to move uh working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third effort to move uh working
+knowledge of relatively Eastward is once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of relatively Eastward is once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of relatively Eastward is once
+again foiled by the very human situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again foiled by the very human situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again foiled by the very human situation
+of the first World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first World War
+let's take one example one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take one example one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take one example one or two
+examples trying to move uh working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples trying to move uh working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples trying to move uh working
+knowledge Westward now let's go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge Westward now let's go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge Westward now let's go in the
+opposite direction from Berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from Berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from Berlin
+even after War had broken out Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after War had broken out Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after War had broken out Einstein
+could and in fact did make several trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could and in fact did make several trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could and in fact did make several trips
+uh to visit colleagues outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to visit colleagues outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to visit colleagues outside of
+Germany he was a German civil servant he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany he was a German civil servant he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany he was a German civil servant he
+was literally a government employee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was literally a government employee of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was literally a government employee of
+the Prussian Academy of Sciences but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prussian Academy of Sciences but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prussian Academy of Sciences but he
+could travel not to countries that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could travel not to countries that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could travel not to countries that were
+at war with Germany couldn't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at war with Germany couldn't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at war with Germany couldn't go to
+France or Britain but he could go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France or Britain but he could go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France or Britain but he could go to
+countries that were still neutral like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that were still neutral like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that were still neutral like
+the Netherlands and that was very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Netherlands and that was very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Netherlands and that was very good
+for Einstein because he had a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Einstein because he had a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Einstein because he had a very very
+dear friend shown here it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear friend shown here it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear friend shown here it's a little
+fuzzy photograph this colleague here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy photograph this colleague here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy photograph this colleague here uh
+Paul Aaron Fest was leading a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Aaron Fest was leading a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Aaron Fest was leading a research
+group in Leiden they had been friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Leiden they had been friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Leiden they had been friends
+for a long time and Einstein as we again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and Einstein as we again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and Einstein as we again
+know from his letters and Diaries made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from his letters and Diaries made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from his letters and Diaries made
+multiple long trips to visit with Aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple long trips to visit with Aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple long trips to visit with Aaron
+Festus group and Lyden even after war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festus group and Lyden even after war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festus group and Lyden even after war
+broke out again staying for a week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke out again staying for a week or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke out again staying for a week or
+two at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at a time
+it was during those trips after War had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was during those trips after War had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was during those trips after War had
+broken out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken out
+when Einstein first met and befriended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Einstein first met and befriended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Einstein first met and befriended
+another one of these researchers Willem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these researchers Willem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these researchers Willem
+desitter who like Carl schwartzshield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desitter who like Carl schwartzshield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desitter who like Carl schwartzshield
+was both a mathematical physicist and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was both a mathematical physicist and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was both a mathematical physicist and an
+observational astronomer so he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational astronomer so he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational astronomer so he was able
+to coach the sitter in person during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coach the sitter in person during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coach the sitter in person during
+these during these uh long visits about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these during these uh long visits about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these during these uh long visits about
+this developing work on General activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this developing work on General activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this developing work on General activity
+and in fact they could trade mail even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact they could trade mail even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact they could trade mail even
+afterwards because desitter was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards because desitter was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards because desitter was in a
+neutral country the male could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral country the male could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral country the male could get
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+and so DeSoto learned literally directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so DeSoto learned literally directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so DeSoto learned literally directly
+from Einstein through these coaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Einstein through these coaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Einstein through these coaching
+sessions Banning him in person by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions Banning him in person by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions Banning him in person by the
+ins and outs of this new work as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins and outs of this new work as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins and outs of this new work as it was
+being developed one thing Einstein could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed one thing Einstein could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed one thing Einstein could
+not do was either visit or even trade a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do was either visit or even trade a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do was either visit or even trade a
+single postcard with colleagues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single postcard with colleagues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single postcard with colleagues in
+Britain so the war had choked off all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain so the war had choked off all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain so the war had choked off all
+direct content even indirect contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct content even indirect contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct content even indirect contact
+like the mail between say Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the mail between say Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the mail between say Arthur
+Eddington who was in Cambridge England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington who was in Cambridge England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington who was in Cambridge England
+and Einstein in Berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Einstein in Berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Einstein in Berlin
+Eddington was a third one of these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington was a third one of these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington was a third one of these kinds
+of creatures we've now met he was both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creatures we've now met he was both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creatures we've now met he was both a
+tremendously talented mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously talented mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously talented mathematical
+physicist and an active observational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist and an active observational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist and an active observational
+astronomer Eddington had been Wrangler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomer Eddington had been Wrangler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomer Eddington had been Wrangler
+he might even have been senior writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he might even have been senior writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he might even have been senior writers
+certainly a very high ranking Wrangler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a very high ranking Wrangler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a very high ranking Wrangler
+in his student days with a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his student days with a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his student days with a mathematical
+tripos he was one of the few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripos he was one of the few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripos he was one of the few people
+anywhere on the planet who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere on the planet who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere on the planet who was
+especially well equipped to handle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially well equipped to handle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially well equipped to handle the
+new mathematics of non-euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new mathematics of non-euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new mathematics of non-euclidean
+geometry and apply it to real questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and apply it to real questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and apply it to real questions
+of astrophysical interest uh as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of astrophysical interest uh as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of astrophysical interest uh as any
+astronomer would want to and yet he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomer would want to and yet he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomer would want to and yet he
+couldn't learn about the word from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't learn about the word from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't learn about the word from
+Einstein he couldn't get access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein he couldn't get access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein he couldn't get access to the
+German journals from the blockade he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German journals from the blockade he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German journals from the blockade he
+couldn't get letters from einsteiner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get letters from einsteiner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get letters from einsteiner
+postcards or vice versa so what we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcards or vice versa so what we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcards or vice versa so what we now
+know happened was that he began getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know happened was that he began getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know happened was that he began getting
+letters from Willem to sitter that Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters from Willem to sitter that Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters from Willem to sitter that Dutch
+uh astronomer whom Einstein met and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh astronomer whom Einstein met and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh astronomer whom Einstein met and
+befriended in Leiden the Netherlands was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+befriended in Leiden the Netherlands was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+befriended in Leiden the Netherlands was
+a neutral country the male could travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutral country the male could travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutral country the male could travel
+between the Netherlands and England it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Netherlands and England it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Netherlands and England it
+could separately travel between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could separately travel between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could separately travel between the
+Netherlands and Germany no male could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands and Germany no male could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands and Germany no male could
+travel directly between England and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel directly between England and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel directly between England and
+Germany so desira began writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany so desira began writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany so desira began writing out
+English language primers on this yet not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language primers on this yet not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language primers on this yet not
+yet published work from Einstein trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet published work from Einstein trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet published work from Einstein trying
+to get Eddington up to speed as a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get Eddington up to speed as a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get Eddington up to speed as a kind
+of Correspondence course on this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Correspondence course on this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Correspondence course on this very
+new very un otherwise little-known work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new very un otherwise little-known work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new very un otherwise little-known work
+on General activity there's some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on General activity there's some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on General activity there's some really
+interesting work on Eddington a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work on Eddington a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work on Eddington a lot of
+it by my friend Matt Stanley Matt and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by my friend Matt Stanley Matt and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by my friend Matt Stanley Matt and I
+were in grad school together he's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in grad school together he's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in grad school together he's now
+professor at New York University he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at New York University he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at New York University he's
+written two books on this the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written two books on this the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written two books on this the most
+recent one uh came out in in 2019 pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent one uh came out in in 2019 pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent one uh came out in in 2019 pretty
+recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matt is really an expert on Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt is really an expert on Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt is really an expert on Arthur
+Stanley Eddington at this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley Eddington at this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley Eddington at this work
+so Eddington it turns out I learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Eddington it turns out I learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Eddington it turns out I learned from
+Matt was not only mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt was not only mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt was not only mathematical
+physicists and astronomer he was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and astronomer he was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and astronomer he was also a
+Quaker very devoted Quaker and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quaker very devoted Quaker and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quaker very devoted Quaker and therefore
+during the first world war he became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first world war he became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first world war he became a
+conscientious objector meaning he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscientious objector meaning he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscientious objector meaning he
+refused to fight uh for the British army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to fight uh for the British army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to fight uh for the British army
+because he refused to fight on general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he refused to fight on general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he refused to fight on general
+principles he was a pacifist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles he was a pacifist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles he was a pacifist
+conscientious objector in keeping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscientious objector in keeping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscientious objector in keeping with
+with his Quaker faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his Quaker faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his Quaker faith
+that was a very very difficult thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very very difficult thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very very difficult thing to
+be in Wartime Britain in the first world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in Wartime Britain in the first world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in Wartime Britain in the first world
+war again I learned from from Matthew's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war again I learned from from Matthew's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war again I learned from from Matthew's
+work many British historians in catalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work many British historians in catalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work many British historians in catalog
+for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time
+the the typical response for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the typical response for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the typical response for
+conscientious objectors in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscientious objectors in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscientious objectors in the first
+world war in Britain was to lock them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war in Britain was to lock them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war in Britain was to lock them up
+to jail them or send them to the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail them or send them to the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail them or send them to the front
+for sort of ambulance Duty very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of ambulance Duty very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of ambulance Duty very very
+whether they were trained as medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they were trained as medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they were trained as medical
+professionals not so either they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals not so either they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals not so either they were
+locked up for the duration of War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked up for the duration of War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked up for the duration of War
+typically or sent directly to the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically or sent directly to the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically or sent directly to the front
+to work not to fight but to work a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work not to fight but to work a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work not to fight but to work a kind
+of first aid ambulance Duty whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first aid ambulance Duty whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first aid ambulance Duty whether or
+not they had any medical training very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they had any medical training very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they had any medical training very
+very difficult to be a conscientious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to be a conscientious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to be a conscientious
+objector in Britain in the first world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objector in Britain in the first world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objector in Britain in the first world
+war Addington it turns out had again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war Addington it turns out had again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war Addington it turns out had again
+much like the mathematician of assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the mathematician of assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the mathematician of assembly
+Fredericks Eddington had some powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredericks Eddington had some powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredericks Eddington had some powerful
+um kind of uh senior colleagues who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of uh senior colleagues who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of uh senior colleagues who who
+were able to Wrangle a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to Wrangle a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to Wrangle a different
+situation among them was the astronomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation among them was the astronomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation among them was the astronomer
+Royal Frank Dyson based uh in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royal Frank Dyson based uh in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royal Frank Dyson based uh in London
+Frank Dyson thought this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank Dyson thought this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank Dyson thought this was uh
+basically arranged a scheme to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically arranged a scheme to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically arranged a scheme to save
+Eddington from jail I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington from jail I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington from jail I think it was
+willing to go to jail he had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to go to jail he had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to go to jail he had no
+objection but to say heading from jail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection but to say heading from jail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection but to say heading from jail
+and at least it's important to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least it's important to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least it's important to save
+Cambridge University from embarrassment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge University from embarrassment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge University from embarrassment
+it became more and more bad press to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became more and more bad press to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became more and more bad press to
+have this young fit able-bodied you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this young fit able-bodied you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this young fit able-bodied you know
+young person Arthur Eddington at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young person Arthur Eddington at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young person Arthur Eddington at
+Cambridge not going to go help out as so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge not going to go help out as so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge not going to go help out as so
+many other young men from Cambridge both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other young men from Cambridge both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other young men from Cambridge both
+faculty students had done so it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty students had done so it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty students had done so it's at
+least as much to save Eddington skin as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as much to save Eddington skin as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as much to save Eddington skin as
+a safe face for this very elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safe face for this very elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safe face for this very elite
+institution of Cambridge they worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution of Cambridge they worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution of Cambridge they worked out
+a deal where eddington's wartime service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal where eddington's wartime service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal where eddington's wartime service
+would be spent preparing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be spent preparing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be spent preparing a new
+scientific experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific experiment
+Eddington would prepare the next version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington would prepare the next version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington would prepare the next version
+of these Eclipse Expeditions which none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Eclipse Expeditions which none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Eclipse Expeditions which none
+of which had actually been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which had actually been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which had actually been really
+successful yet the same exact thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful yet the same exact thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful yet the same exact thing that
+everyone freundik had tried to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone freundik had tried to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone freundik had tried to do but
+was foiled by the onset of War and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was foiled by the onset of War and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was foiled by the onset of War and the
+Eddington would spend his service in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington would spend his service in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddington would spend his service in
+honor of the British crown preparing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of the British crown preparing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of the British crown preparing for
+this Eclipse Expedition quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Eclipse Expedition quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Eclipse Expedition quite
+extraordinary it's good to have powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary it's good to have powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary it's good to have powerful
+friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends
+so the next uh total eclipse beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next uh total eclipse beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next uh total eclipse beyond the
+one that was spoiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was spoiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was spoiled
+in August 1914 was going to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in August 1914 was going to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in August 1914 was going to happen in
+May of 1919 as Oris knows very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May of 1919 as Oris knows very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May of 1919 as Oris knows very well and
+in fact the path of totality the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the path of totality the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the path of totality the path
+that would be best seeing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be best seeing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be best seeing for
+astronomers stretch sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers stretch sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers stretch sort of in the
+opposite direction not in a Crimea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction not in a Crimea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction not in a Crimea or
+Eastern Europe or into Asia but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Europe or into Asia but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Europe or into Asia but instead
+stretching from the tiny spit of islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching from the tiny spit of islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching from the tiny spit of islands
+off the course of off the coast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the course of off the coast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the course of off the coast of
+Western Africa not too far from Morocco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western Africa not too far from Morocco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western Africa not too far from Morocco
+but in the Atlantic Ocean stretching all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the Atlantic Ocean stretching all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the Atlantic Ocean stretching all
+the way toward Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way toward Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way toward Brazil
+so a swath from basically just off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a swath from basically just off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a swath from basically just off the
+uh the western coast of Africa through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the western coast of Africa through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the western coast of Africa through
+parts of South America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of South America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of South America
+and so Eddington and and the astronomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Eddington and and the astronomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Eddington and and the astronomer
+Royal Frank Dyson put up two small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royal Frank Dyson put up two small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royal Frank Dyson put up two small
+observing teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing teams
+uh to go head out to each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to go head out to each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to go head out to each of those
+locations one would head up would set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations one would head up would set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations one would head up would set up
+on the island of Principe one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the island of Principe one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the island of Principe one of the
+islands off uh not too far from Morocco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands off uh not too far from Morocco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands off uh not too far from Morocco
+and the other would head off for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other would head off for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other would head off for uh for
+Brazil for sobral Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil for sobral Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil for sobral Brazil
+the the eclipse would happen in May of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the eclipse would happen in May of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the eclipse would happen in May of
+1919. of course no one at the time knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919. of course no one at the time knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919. of course no one at the time knew
+when the war would end they began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the war would end they began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the war would end they began
+planning as early uh in the war as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning as early uh in the war as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning as early uh in the war as it
+happened the war ended in November of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the war ended in November of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the war ended in November of
+1918 on November 11th in fact we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1918 on November 11th in fact we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1918 on November 11th in fact we still
+celebrate Armistice Day or in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate Armistice Day or in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate Armistice Day or in the United
+States often call it Veterans Day so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States often call it Veterans Day so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States often call it Veterans Day so the
+war ended just before the eclipse but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war ended just before the eclipse but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war ended just before the eclipse but
+after many of the plans have been set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after many of the plans have been set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after many of the plans have been set in
+motion the eclipse itself happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the eclipse itself happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the eclipse itself happened
+during continuing wartime probations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during continuing wartime probations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during continuing wartime probations was
+still enormously disrupted to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still enormously disrupted to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still enormously disrupted to travel
+anywhere uh let alone through these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere uh let alone through these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere uh let alone through these sort
+of international steamer trips the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of international steamer trips the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of international steamer trips the two
+teams set out they they performed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams set out they they performed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams set out they they performed these
+measurements they bring all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements they bring all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements they bring all the
+equipment and the photographic plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and the photographic plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and the photographic plates
+back to London and Cambridge they boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to London and Cambridge they boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to London and Cambridge they boil
+down the numbers for six more months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the numbers for six more months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the numbers for six more months and
+in November of 1919 almost one year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in November of 1919 almost one year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in November of 1919 almost one year to
+the day after the end of fighting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after the end of fighting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after the end of fighting in the
+first world war Eddington and Dyson call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world war Eddington and Dyson call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world war Eddington and Dyson call
+a special rare joint meeting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special rare joint meeting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special rare joint meeting of the
+Royal Society of Britain and the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royal Society of Britain and the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royal Society of Britain and the Royal
+Astronomical Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps up to the podium and says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps up to the podium and says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps up to the podium and says in
+effect Einstein was right this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Einstein was right this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Einstein was right this becomes
+unbelievable news all around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable news all around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable news all around the world
+uh you now you have a British team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you now you have a British team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you now you have a British team
+confirming the work of a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming the work of a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming the work of a German
+scientist in the midst of a war to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist in the midst of a war to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist in the midst of a war to
+overthrow the king of English science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overthrow the king of English science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overthrow the king of English science
+Isaac Newton this was this couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton this was this couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton this was this couldn't be
+juicier international news one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juicier international news one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juicier international news one year
+after the end of fighting here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the end of fighting here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the end of fighting here's one
+example one of my favorite examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of my favorite examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of my favorite examples that
+the headline in the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headline in the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headline in the New York Times
+coverage lights all a skew in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage lights all a skew in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage lights all a skew in the
+heavens men of science more or less a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavens men of science more or less a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavens men of science more or less a
+Gog over results of eclipse observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gog over results of eclipse observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gog over results of eclipse observations
+I always say we don't use the word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always say we don't use the word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always say we don't use the word of
+God nearly enough anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God nearly enough anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God nearly enough anymore
+Einstein theory Triumph triumphs Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein theory Triumph triumphs Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein theory Triumph triumphs Stars
+not where they seemed or calculated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where they seemed or calculated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where they seemed or calculated to
+be but nobody need worry it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but nobody need worry it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but nobody need worry it's not that
+the sky is falling and so on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky is falling and so on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky is falling and so on this is
+what catapults Albert Einstein to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what catapults Albert Einstein to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what catapults Albert Einstein to
+worldwide Fame this is why more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide Fame this is why more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide Fame this is why more and more
+people begin to at least consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people begin to at least consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people begin to at least consider the
+possibility that space-time is governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that space-time is governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that space-time is governed
+by geometry and could be curved this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by geometry and could be curved this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by geometry and could be curved this is
+when Einstein itself becomes not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Einstein itself becomes not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Einstein itself becomes not just a
+well-known figure among working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known figure among working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known figure among working
+scientists but actually literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists but actually literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists but actually literally a
+worldwide media sensation not too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide media sensation not too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide media sensation not too long
+after this announcement Einstein sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this announcement Einstein sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this announcement Einstein sets
+out for his first world Tory sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for his first world Tory sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for his first world Tory sales
+literally around the world all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally around the world all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally around the world all the way
+to the United States to Japan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States to Japan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States to Japan and
+travels back and mines it back in Berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels back and mines it back in Berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels back and mines it back in Berlin
+he's greeted in New York City like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's greeted in New York City like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's greeted in New York City like like
+a celebrity he's paraded through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a celebrity he's paraded through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a celebrity he's paraded through the
+streets on his follow-up visit he meets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets on his follow-up visit he meets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets on his follow-up visit he meets
+movie stars like Charlie Chaplin this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie stars like Charlie Chaplin this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie stars like Charlie Chaplin this is
+why we can buy T-shirts and coffee mugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can buy T-shirts and coffee mugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can buy T-shirts and coffee mugs
+with Einstein's face on it because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Einstein's face on it because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Einstein's face on it because of
+eddington's amazing announcement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddington's amazing announcement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddington's amazing announcement in
+November of 1919. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November of 1919. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November of 1919. okay
+so very soon after that in fact just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very soon after that in fact just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very soon after that in fact just
+while while this news was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while while this news was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while while this news was still
+reverberating all around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverberating all around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverberating all around the world
+Einstein gave a follow-up interview for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein gave a follow-up interview for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein gave a follow-up interview for
+a reporter in the London Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reporter in the London Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reporter in the London Times
+in November of 1919. and he said today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in November of 1919. and he said today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in November of 1919. and he said today
+I'm described in Germany as a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm described in Germany as a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm described in Germany as a German
+servant and in England as a Swiss Jew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant and in England as a Swiss Jew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant and in England as a Swiss Jew
+because the English still didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the English still didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the English still didn't want to
+give any credit to the Germans and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give any credit to the Germans and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give any credit to the Germans and the
+Germans wanted to claim all the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans wanted to claim all the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans wanted to claim all the credit
+for him he goes on to say should it ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him he goes on to say should it ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him he goes on to say should it ever
+be my fate to be represented as a bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my fate to be represented as a bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my fate to be represented as a bet
+Noir as if it looks like my work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noir as if it looks like my work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noir as if it looks like my work is
+wrong if the results don't hold up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if the results don't hold up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if the results don't hold up I
+should on the contrary become a Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should on the contrary become a Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should on the contrary become a Swiss
+Jew for the Germans and a German Savant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jew for the Germans and a German Savant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jew for the Germans and a German Savant
+for the English meaning they'll each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the English meaning they'll each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the English meaning they'll each
+claim the other side as well for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the other side as well for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the other side as well for this
+for this turkey they both love me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this turkey they both love me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this turkey they both love me when
+the work is right they both want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is right they both want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is right they both want to
+blame the other side if the work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame the other side if the work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame the other side if the work is
+wrong because the English and Germans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because the English and Germans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because the English and Germans
+still don't like each other and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't like each other and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't like each other and it
+closes with a florist she says this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closes with a florist she says this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closes with a florist she says this is
+yet another application of the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another application of the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another application of the theory of
+relativity he was a pretty good media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity he was a pretty good media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity he was a pretty good media
+guy well it turns out even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well it turns out even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well it turns out even this
+prediction turned out to be true much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction turned out to be true much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction turned out to be true much
+sooner than Einstein had had expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just months after this interview months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just months after this interview months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just months after this interview months
+into the sort of worldwide hoopla about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sort of worldwide hoopla about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sort of worldwide hoopla about
+the results of the eclipse Expedition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of the eclipse Expedition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of the eclipse Expedition
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+events in Germany began to turn very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in Germany began to turn very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in Germany began to turn very
+dark very quickly There Rose what became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark very quickly There Rose what became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark very quickly There Rose what became
+known as the Deutsche physique movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Deutsche physique movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Deutsche physique movement
+it's usually translated not as German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually translated not as German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually translated not as German
+physics would be a literal translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics would be a literal translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics would be a literal translation
+but as Aryan physics this is some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Aryan physics this is some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Aryan physics this is some of the
+earliest Proto stirrings of what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest Proto stirrings of what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest Proto stirrings of what would
+grow into part of the Nazi party as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow into part of the Nazi party as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow into part of the Nazi party as
+early as spring of 1920 April of 1920
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early as spring of 1920 April of 1920
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early as spring of 1920 April of 1920
+just months after his November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just months after his November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just months after his November
+announcement in 1919.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement in 1919.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement in 1919.
+groups began holding rallies political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups began holding rallies political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups began holding rallies political
+rallies to denounce general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rallies to denounce general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rallies to denounce general relativity
+not to denounce Einstein the Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to denounce Einstein the Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to denounce Einstein the Jewish
+internationalist pacifist who himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationalist pacifist who himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationalist pacifist who himself
+had had uh spoken out against the war it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had uh spoken out against the war it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had uh spoken out against the war it
+was over determined that these folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over determined that these folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over determined that these folks
+wouldn't like Einstein the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't like Einstein the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't like Einstein the individual
+they were denouncing the warping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were denouncing the warping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were denouncing the warping of
+space-time they were it was mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time they were it was mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time they were it was mostly
+organized by as we now know by political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized by as we now know by political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized by as we now know by political
+opportunists so we're looking for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunists so we're looking for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunists so we're looking for any
+reason to kind of gin up media attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to kind of gin up media attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to kind of gin up media attention
+Einstein was in the news he was an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was in the news he was an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was in the news he was an easy
+person therefore to have as a Target to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person therefore to have as a Target to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person therefore to have as a Target to
+get your own efforts in the news that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your own efforts in the news that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your own efforts in the news that
+hasn't changed to our Twitter field day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed to our Twitter field day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed to our Twitter field day
+today these folks were also media Savvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today these folks were also media Savvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today these folks were also media Savvy
+but it wasn't these kind of political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't these kind of political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't these kind of political
+operatives who got the spotlight it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operatives who got the spotlight it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operatives who got the spotlight it was
+in fact usually these two gentlemen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact usually these two gentlemen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact usually these two gentlemen
+shown on your screen here Johanna Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on your screen here Johanna Stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on your screen here Johanna Stark
+that's the same Stark who had invited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same Stark who had invited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same Stark who had invited
+Einstein to write the review article in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein to write the review article in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein to write the review article in
+1907 and the interim he had received the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1907 and the interim he had received the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1907 and the interim he had received the
+Nobel Prize in physics for his work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize in physics for his work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize in physics for his work on
+radiation from excited Adams he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from excited Adams he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from excited Adams he was
+joined by Philip Leonard who was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined by Philip Leonard who was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined by Philip Leonard who was also a
+Nobel Laureate a German experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Laureate a German experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Laureate a German experimental
+physicist we'll learn more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist we'll learn more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist we'll learn more about
+Leonard's work Leonard got his Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard's work Leonard got his Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard's work Leonard got his Nobel
+Prize in 1905 for having conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in 1905 for having conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in 1905 for having conducted
+experiments on the photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on the photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on the photoelectric effect
+Einstein would later win his Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein would later win his Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein would later win his Nobel Prize
+for a theater theoretical explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a theater theoretical explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a theater theoretical explanation of
+lennard's results these folks should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lennard's results these folks should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lennard's results these folks should
+have been able to get along right two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been able to get along right two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been able to get along right two
+Nobel laureates with closed captioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel laureates with closed captioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel laureates with closed captioning
+not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a great man of science it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great man of science it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great man of science it's usually
+translated great great researchers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated great great researchers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated great great researchers of
+nature A History of Science in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature A History of Science in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature A History of Science in
+biographical form labans Bishop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographical form labans Bishop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographical form labans Bishop
+so what did he do in this book here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did he do in this book here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did he do in this book here's a
+here's a sample page from Leonard's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a sample page from Leonard's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a sample page from Leonard's book
+uh Great Men of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Great Men of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Great Men of science
+he argued in a kind of two-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argued in a kind of two-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argued in a kind of two-point
+strategy the first part according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy the first part according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy the first part according to
+Leonard and this is a thick volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard and this is a thick volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard and this is a thick volume of
+many examples to prove to try to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples to prove to try to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples to prove to try to prove
+his point the first part is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his point the first part is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his point the first part is that
+Einstein's work is disgusting it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's work is disgusting it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's work is disgusting it is
+repugnant to the Aryan sensibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repugnant to the Aryan sensibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repugnant to the Aryan sensibility and
+I'll give some one example of that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give some one example of that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give some one example of that what
+do you mean by that that's part one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean by that that's part one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean by that that's part one part
+two he stole it from us key results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two he stole it from us key results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two he stole it from us key results
+argued Leonard have been plagiarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued Leonard have been plagiarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued Leonard have been plagiarized
+from properly Aryan researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from properly Aryan researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from properly Aryan researchers
+so it's disgusting and it's ours it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's disgusting and it's ours it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's disgusting and it's ours it's a
+very strange form of argument then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange form of argument then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange form of argument then again
+he was a Nazi so what do you want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a Nazi so what do you want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a Nazi so what do you want okay
+step one uh it's repuged into an Aryan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one uh it's repuged into an Aryan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one uh it's repuged into an Aryan
+sensibility he there are examples like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibility he there are examples like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibility he there are examples like
+this that get written up in pamphlets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that get written up in pamphlets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that get written up in pamphlets
+and books all over the place they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and books all over the place they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and books all over the place they would
+say things like the concept of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like the concept of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like the concept of force
+which was introduced by Aryan scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was introduced by Aryan scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was introduced by Aryan scientists
+by which they mean Newton and Galileo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which they mean Newton and Galileo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which they mean Newton and Galileo
+and Descartes not exactly German so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Descartes not exactly German so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Descartes not exactly German so two
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+uh they were injured by Aryan scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they were injured by Aryan scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they were injured by Aryan scientists
+obviously arises from a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously arises from a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously arises from a personal
+experience of human labor of manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of human labor of manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of human labor of manual
+creation of working the land a very sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of working the land a very sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of working the land a very sort
+of active uh rhetoric this had been and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of active uh rhetoric this had been and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of active uh rhetoric this had been and
+is the essential content of the life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the essential content of the life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the essential content of the life of
+Aryan man a kind of romantic Nostalgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aryan man a kind of romantic Nostalgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aryan man a kind of romantic Nostalgia
+for an agrarian German past when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an agrarian German past when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an agrarian German past when the
+pure race in their terms had had worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure race in their terms had had worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure race in their terms had had worked
+the land they knew the meaning of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land they knew the meaning of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land they knew the meaning of force
+in their muscles because they pushed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their muscles because they pushed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their muscles because they pushed the
+plow only in their words only in a feat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plow only in their words only in a feat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plow only in their words only in a feat
+Cosmopolitan Jew like Einstein could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmopolitan Jew like Einstein could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmopolitan Jew like Einstein could
+ever dispense with the concept of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever dispense with the concept of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever dispense with the concept of force
+part one the work is disgusting part two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one the work is disgusting part two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one the work is disgusting part two
+he stole it from us there indeed was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he stole it from us there indeed was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he stole it from us there indeed was a
+little-known german-speaking naturalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little-known german-speaking naturalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little-known german-speaking naturalist
+long before there was a country of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before there was a country of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before there was a country of
+Germany it was in in one of the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany it was in in one of the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany it was in in one of the German
+territories named Johann soldner as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories named Johann soldner as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories named Johann soldner as
+early as 1803 long before this time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early as 1803 long before this time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early as 1803 long before this time he
+published an article which then Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published an article which then Stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published an article which then Stark
+and Leonard the Nobel laureates were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Leonard the Nobel laureates were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Leonard the Nobel laureates were
+republished in the Gestapo press in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republished in the Gestapo press in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republished in the Gestapo press in
+1921. still there had done a very clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1921. still there had done a very clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1921. still there had done a very clever
+calculation he'd use purely Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation he'd use purely Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation he'd use purely Newtonian
+gravity to calculate the deviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity to calculate the deviation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity to calculate the deviation of
+the path of Starlight as it moves near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of Starlight as it moves near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of Starlight as it moves near
+the Sun not because he thought space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun not because he thought space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun not because he thought space
+time was curved basically he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was curved basically he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was curved basically he thought
+there should be a balance of forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a balance of forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a balance of forces
+there's a gravitational force a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gravitational force a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gravitational force a
+universal force of gravity that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal force of gravity that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal force of gravity that should
+have an impact on the momentum Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on the momentum Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on the momentum Vector of
+that light wave as a thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light wave as a thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light wave as a thoroughly
+classical Newtonian calculation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical Newtonian calculation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical Newtonian calculation very
+clever uh and and thoroughly forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever uh and and thoroughly forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever uh and and thoroughly forgotten
+now it didn't seem to matter to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it didn't seem to matter to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it didn't seem to matter to the
+later Nazis uh that soldier's result was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Nazis uh that soldier's result was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Nazis uh that soldier's result was
+exactly one half of Einstein value it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one half of Einstein value it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one half of Einstein value it is
+not what was tested by the eclipse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what was tested by the eclipse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what was tested by the eclipse uh
+experiments it was not consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it was not consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it was not consistent with
+the results announced uh in London that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results announced uh in London that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results announced uh in London that
+was a nice city they could dispense with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a nice city they could dispense with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a nice city they could dispense with
+the point was everyone's in the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point was everyone's in the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point was everyone's in the world's
+excited about the bending of light by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the bending of light by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the bending of light by
+gravity that was a German and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity that was a German and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity that was a German and their
+minds a property Aryan result to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds a property Aryan result to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds a property Aryan result to prove
+that all this work had come from Aryans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all this work had come from Aryans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all this work had come from Aryans
+Leonard would include these portraits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard would include these portraits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard would include these portraits in
+his book here's his portrait of Isaac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book here's his portrait of Isaac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book here's his portrait of Isaac
+Newton to show that Newton had this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton to show that Newton had this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton to show that Newton had this sort
+of proper literally proper sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proper literally proper sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proper literally proper sort of
+racial facial features like he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial facial features like he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial facial features like he didn't
+have a so-called Jewish nose so he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a so-called Jewish nose so he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a so-called Jewish nose so he would
+have these portraitures to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these portraitures to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these portraitures to use
+physiognitive the external features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiognitive the external features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiognitive the external features of
+the face to prove quote of approve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face to prove quote of approve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face to prove quote of approve to
+demonstrate that all the best work had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that all the best work had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that all the best work had
+been done by people who were racially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done by people who were racially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done by people who were racially
+pure in their terms and the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure in their terms and the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure in their terms and the work that
+Einstein was getting famous for have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was getting famous for have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was getting famous for have
+been stolen by others let me pause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stolen by others let me pause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stolen by others let me pause there
+uh and stop sharing screen any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and stop sharing screen any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and stop sharing screen any questions
+I need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah great thank you and thank you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great thank you and thank you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great thank you and thank you to
+ores and others in the chat very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores and others in the chat very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores and others in the chat very good so
+so astronomers have been conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so astronomers have been conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so astronomers have been conducting
+Eclipse Expeditions but since um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eclipse Expeditions but since um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eclipse Expeditions but since um with
+with rape Precision I mean really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rape Precision I mean really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rape Precision I mean really sort
+of precise scientific expeditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precise scientific expeditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precise scientific expeditions to
+measure various uh precise uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure various uh precise uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure various uh precise uh
+photographs of the fields of stars since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of the fields of stars since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of the fields of stars since
+the uh late 19th century and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh late 19th century and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh late 19th century and that's
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+I learned this by the way from a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned this by the way from a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned this by the way from a few
+colleagues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues but
+it's also treated if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also treated if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also treated if you're interested
+in one of the books whose covers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the books whose covers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the books whose covers I
+showed you can find it on the slides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you can find it on the slides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you can find it on the slides the
+recent book by my colleague Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent book by my colleague Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent book by my colleague Dan
+kennefick which is on on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kennefick which is on on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kennefick which is on on one of the
+slides called No shadow of a doubt it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides called No shadow of a doubt it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides called No shadow of a doubt it's
+also a fantastic book also just came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a fantastic book also just came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a fantastic book also just came out
+in 2019.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2019.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2019.
+uh and so I learned from Dan if another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so I learned from Dan if another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so I learned from Dan if another
+colleague Alex Pang that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Alex Pang that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Alex Pang that there was a
+tradition of um Eclipse Expeditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of um Eclipse Expeditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of um Eclipse Expeditions
+especially like British owners in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like British owners in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like British owners in fact
+there was a division of the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a division of the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a division of the Royal
+Astronomical Society called The Joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Astronomical Society called The Joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Astronomical Society called The Joint
+Expedition group or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expedition group or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expedition group or something like that
+and Frank Dyson had had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Frank Dyson had had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Frank Dyson had had a lot of
+experience with that so they were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with that so they were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with that so they were used
+to lugging equipment around to often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lugging equipment around to often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lugging equipment around to often
+difficult out of the way places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult out of the way places to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult out of the way places to
+conduct tests often of the sun itself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct tests often of the sun itself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct tests often of the sun itself it
+was already seen as a way to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already seen as a way to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already seen as a way to try to
+learn more about the Sun the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about the Sun the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about the Sun the outer
+Corona of the sun when when you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corona of the sun when when you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corona of the sun when when you could
+see the outer part was usually obscured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the outer part was usually obscured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the outer part was usually obscured
+by the much brighter glare so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the much brighter glare so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the much brighter glare so there's
+lots of reasons to try to photograph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of reasons to try to photograph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of reasons to try to photograph the
+Sun or the field of stars right around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun or the field of stars right around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun or the field of stars right around
+the Sun during an eclipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun during an eclipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun during an eclipse
+so that people like Frank Tyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people like Frank Tyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people like Frank Tyson
+especially a lot of experience with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a lot of experience with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a lot of experience with that
+the effort to try to actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort to try to actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort to try to actually measure
+light bending in particular uh was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bending in particular uh was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bending in particular uh was was
+really not on most people's um radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not on most people's um radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not on most people's um radar
+screen so to speak uh Einstein began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so to speak uh Einstein began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so to speak uh Einstein began
+writing letters in 1912-13 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing letters in 1912-13 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing letters in 1912-13 to
+astronomers all over the world asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers all over the world asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers all over the world asking
+them to look for it as I had that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to look for it as I had that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to look for it as I had that one
+little excerpt from his letter to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little excerpt from his letter to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little excerpt from his letter to the
+American astronomer George Hillary Hale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American astronomer George Hillary Hale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American astronomer George Hillary Hale
+he was talking a lot to to um to uh Erin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was talking a lot to to um to uh Erin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was talking a lot to to um to uh Erin
+freundik to my knowledge the the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freundik to my knowledge the the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freundik to my knowledge the the recent
+Eclipse Expedition is prior to the 1914
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eclipse Expedition is prior to the 1914
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eclipse Expedition is prior to the 1914
+attempt which was scrubbed by War we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt which was scrubbed by War we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt which was scrubbed by War we're
+not actually to measure light bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually to measure light bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually to measure light bending
+per se they were in this existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se they were in this existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se they were in this existing
+tradition of measuring all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of measuring all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of measuring all kinds of
+things you could learn from things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could learn from things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could learn from things like
+Stellar astrophysics by photographing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar astrophysics by photographing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar astrophysics by photographing
+the sun very carefully during an eclipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun very carefully during an eclipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun very carefully during an eclipse
+so there was the equipment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was the equipment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was the equipment of the
+know-how different questions I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know-how different questions I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know-how different questions I think
+that's important and those and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important and those and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important and those and that
+tradition goes back uh quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition goes back uh quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition goes back uh quite a bit
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+so so in some sense Frank Dyson could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in some sense Frank Dyson could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in some sense Frank Dyson could
+could could kind of build on existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could kind of build on existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could kind of build on existing
+knowledge teams equipment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge teams equipment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge teams equipment and
+infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+keep Eddington out of prison during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep Eddington out of prison during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep Eddington out of prison during the
+war and think about doing the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and think about doing the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and think about doing the same kind
+of experiment now in a different way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment now in a different way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment now in a different way so
+that that's the and there's more to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the and there's more to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the and there's more to say
+I'd be glad to send more references to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be glad to send more references to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be glad to send more references to
+other work includes but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other work includes but that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other work includes but that's that's
+what I've learned um in general about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've learned um in general about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've learned um in general about
+these Eclipse Expeditions uh and Oris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Eclipse Expeditions uh and Oris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Eclipse Expeditions uh and Oris
+also had asked uh was it difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had asked uh was it difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had asked uh was it difficult to
+get there uh it was indeed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there uh it was indeed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there uh it was indeed very
+difficult in general this is most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in general this is most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in general this is most people
+are still operating under kind of war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still operating under kind of war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still operating under kind of war
+war time deprivations food was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war time deprivations food was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war time deprivations food was still
+rationed uh that was often not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Einstein's view on the war celo asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Einstein's view on the war celo asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Einstein's view on the war celo asks
+very good question and again there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question and again there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question and again there's a
+lot of that in in Matt Stanley's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that in in Matt Stanley's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that in in Matt Stanley's most
+recent book uh the one I mentioned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent book uh the one I mentioned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent book uh the one I mentioned uh
+called Einstein's War the short answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Einstein's War the short answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Einstein's War the short answer
+was he was against it and very bravely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was against it and very bravely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was against it and very bravely
+um vocal about his his opposition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um vocal about his his opposition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um vocal about his his opposition which
+was unusual at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unusual at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unusual at the time
+so there was early after after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was early after after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was early after after the
+outbreak of fighting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak of fighting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak of fighting uh
+93 leading German academics including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 leading German academics including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 leading German academics including
+people like Max Planck who will hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Max Planck who will hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Max Planck who will hear a
+lot about soon signed a Manifesto a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about soon signed a Manifesto a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about soon signed a Manifesto a kind
+of proud declaration that was saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proud declaration that was saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proud declaration that was saying the
+reports of atrocities by German troops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports of atrocities by German troops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports of atrocities by German troops
+when they invaded other countries were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they invaded other countries were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they invaded other countries were
+mistaken basically saying what we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken basically saying what we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken basically saying what we now
+call fake news that's it can't be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call fake news that's it can't be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call fake news that's it can't be true
+these German soldiers were upstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these German soldiers were upstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these German soldiers were upstanding
+gentlemen was the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen was the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen was the claim
+and that they had been provoked and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they had been provoked and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they had been provoked and that
+no matter what happened they had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what happened they had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what happened they had not
+been burning libraries or raping women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been burning libraries or raping women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been burning libraries or raping women
+which it turns out in fact they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it turns out in fact they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it turns out in fact they really
+were doing so there was this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing so there was this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing so there was this this
+Manifesto from 93 very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifesto from 93 very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifesto from 93 very highly
+prestigious German academics in favor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious German academics in favor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious German academics in favor of
+defending the German war effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending the German war effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending the German war effort and
+saying in fact the Germans should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in fact the Germans should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in fact the Germans should
+conquer all of Europe because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer all of Europe because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer all of Europe because they were
+in their own minds they kind of had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own minds they kind of had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own minds they kind of had
+reached the Apex of learning and culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the Apex of learning and culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the Apex of learning and culture
+the rest of Europe should be glad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of Europe should be glad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of Europe should be glad to
+serve under German rule because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve under German rule because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve under German rule because they
+were the best at everything just ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the best at everything just ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the best at everything just ask the
+Germans not a very strong argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans not a very strong argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans not a very strong argument to
+non-jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-jones
+well this only uh further impassioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this only uh further impassioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this only uh further impassioned
+the anti-german sentiment in places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-german sentiment in places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-german sentiment in places like
+Britain and France for maybe understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and France for maybe understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and France for maybe understand
+both reasons Einstein as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both reasons Einstein as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both reasons Einstein as a kind of
+mid-career academic in Berlin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-career academic in Berlin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-career academic in Berlin in the
+heart of of the leadership of Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of of the leadership of Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of of the leadership of Germany
+uh was one of three people not 93 only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was one of three people not 93 only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was one of three people not 93 only
+three to sign a counter Manifesto that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to sign a counter Manifesto that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to sign a counter Manifesto that
+was in fact so explosive no newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact so explosive no newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact so explosive no newspaper
+would even publish until after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would even publish until after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would even publish until after the war
+because they figured they feared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they figured they feared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they figured they feared the
+newspaper was like be bombed his counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper was like be bombed his counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper was like be bombed his counter
+Manifesto said Germany is to blame war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifesto said Germany is to blame war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifesto said Germany is to blame war
+is terrible we should all find out other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is terrible we should all find out other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is terrible we should all find out other
+ways to handle international disputes he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to handle international disputes he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to handle international disputes he
+was by already very bravely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by already very bravely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by already very bravely by
+1914-15-16 an outspoken pacifist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1914-15-16 an outspoken pacifist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1914-15-16 an outspoken pacifist
+internationalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationalist
+not only in letters to his colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in letters to his colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in letters to his colleagues
+but he tried at least to be outspoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he tried at least to be outspoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he tried at least to be outspoken
+sometimes it was so seen as so radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it was so seen as so radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it was so seen as so radical
+the newspapers wouldn't even print it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspapers wouldn't even print it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspapers wouldn't even print it
+and again there's lots and lots of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's lots and lots of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's lots and lots of stuff
+on that but that's that's the not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that but that's that's the not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that but that's that's the not so
+short version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short version
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah and Jesus says it's crazy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and Jesus says it's crazy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and Jesus says it's crazy that
+science was so politicized by the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science was so politicized by the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science was so politicized by the Nazis
+yep and we're gonna see even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and we're gonna see even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and we're gonna see even more
+examples throughout throughout much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples throughout throughout much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples throughout throughout much of
+the next several weeks of the course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next several weeks of the course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next several weeks of the course I
+agree with you I mean it is crazy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you I mean it is crazy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you I mean it is crazy it's
+sad it's also unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad it's also unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad it's also unfortunately
+a recurring pattern for better or worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recurring pattern for better or worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recurring pattern for better or worse
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+humans have this ability to do horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have this ability to do horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have this ability to do horrible
+things to each other in a whole range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to each other in a whole range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to each other in a whole range of
+of settings and this uh brings out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of settings and this uh brings out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of settings and this uh brings out some
+examples that we hopefully can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we hopefully can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we hopefully can try to
+learn from uh historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I think there's there is a great point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think there's there is a great point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think there's there is a great point
+and Tiffany asked me to elaborate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tiffany asked me to elaborate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tiffany asked me to elaborate in
+this as well let me just say a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as well let me just say a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as well let me just say a bit more
+about what they're referring to for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're referring to for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're referring to for the
+later measurement so for the 1919 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later measurement so for the 1919 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later measurement so for the 1919 one
+the one that was done in sobral Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that was done in sobral Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that was done in sobral Brazil
+uh it turns out they maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turns out they maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turns out they maybe not
+surprising Oris it turned out to be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising Oris it turned out to be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising Oris it turned out to be it
+was May of unusually hot day so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was May of unusually hot day so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was May of unusually hot day so before
+the eclipse the sunshine was even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eclipse the sunshine was even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eclipse the sunshine was even
+brighter than they expected and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than they expected and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than they expected and so they
+actually messed up their calibration it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually messed up their calibration it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually messed up their calibration it
+literally began to warp some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally began to warp some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally began to warp some of the
+lenses or mirrors it was that hot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses or mirrors it was that hot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses or mirrors it was that hot on
+their equipment that they saw things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their equipment that they saw things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their equipment that they saw things
+getting out of this very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of this very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of this very careful
+alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment
+and they heard to try to recalibrate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they heard to try to recalibrate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they heard to try to recalibrate but
+they couldn't take all the time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't take all the time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't take all the time because
+they knew totality was coming so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew totality was coming so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew totality was coming so the
+team in Brazil was dealing with at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team in Brazil was dealing with at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team in Brazil was dealing with at least
+one instrument the larger more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instrument the larger more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instrument the larger more precise
+in principle of the two telescopes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle of the two telescopes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle of the two telescopes they
+brought was was physically deforming for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought was was physically deforming for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought was was physically deforming for
+their eyes because of the hot Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes because of the hot Brazilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes because of the hot Brazilian
+sun or as may tell us that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun or as may tell us that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun or as may tell us that's typically
+not uh and so it was falling out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh and so it was falling out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh and so it was falling out of
+alignment and they couldn't change it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment and they couldn't change it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment and they couldn't change it it
+took photographs but they couldn't trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took photographs but they couldn't trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took photographs but they couldn't trust
+that because it had no longer a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it had no longer a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it had no longer a proper
+calibration they had a smaller telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration they had a smaller telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration they had a smaller telescope
+that was not nearly as warped as maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not nearly as warped as maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not nearly as warped as maybe
+uh in the shade or I don't know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the shade or I don't know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the shade or I don't know how it
+worked and they took a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and they took a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and they took a bunch of
+photographic plates of that one too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plates of that one too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plates of that one too
+uh and so it turns out one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it turns out one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it turns out one of the things
+that Frank Dyson wound up doing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Frank Dyson wound up doing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Frank Dyson wound up doing and and
+in his book by Dan Kenneth he goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his book by Dan Kenneth he goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his book by Dan Kenneth he goes into
+some great detail was Dyson who had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great detail was Dyson who had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great detail was Dyson who had all
+this experience with these Eclipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experience with these Eclipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experience with these Eclipse
+Expeditions basically kind of discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expeditions basically kind of discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expeditions basically kind of discounted
+the data uh from the from the visibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data uh from the from the visibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data uh from the from the visibly
+warped no longer properly calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warped no longer properly calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warped no longer properly calibrated
+larger telescope from the sobral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger telescope from the sobral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger telescope from the sobral from
+the Brazil Expedition when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brazil Expedition when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brazil Expedition when they're
+boiling down their data doing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling down their data doing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling down their data doing their
+statistical analysis he basically tossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis he basically tossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis he basically tossed
+a bunch of data because he used his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of data because he used his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of data because he used his
+experience he drew out his experience to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience he drew out his experience to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience he drew out his experience to
+say I can't trust that because it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can't trust that because it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can't trust that because it no
+longer had met uh the systematic Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer had met uh the systematic Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer had met uh the systematic Arrow
+be too large we say today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too large we say today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too large we say today
+that later caused a lot of controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later caused a lot of controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later caused a lot of controversy
+people made it sound like uh people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people made it sound like uh people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people made it sound like uh people who
+wanted Einstein to win were massaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted Einstein to win were massaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted Einstein to win were massaging
+the data if you included that data it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data if you included that data it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data if you included that data it
+would look more like a tie it'd be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look more like a tie it'd be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look more like a tie it'd be kind
+of a a wash between the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a wash between the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a wash between the Newtonian
+prediction and the Einstein one I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and the Einstein one I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and the Einstein one I think
+Dan's analysis 10 kinetic analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan's analysis 10 kinetic analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan's analysis 10 kinetic analysis
+really quite water tight saying this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite water tight saying this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite water tight saying this was
+both proper of the standards of its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both proper of the standards of its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both proper of the standards of its time
+not done by the people who were biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done by the people who were biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done by the people who were biggest
+fans of Einstein's work in fact done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans of Einstein's work in fact done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans of Einstein's work in fact done by
+the one person who's most vocally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one person who's most vocally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one person who's most vocally
+skeptical about Einstein's results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about Einstein's results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about Einstein's results
+meeting Frank Dyson and seems not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting Frank Dyson and seems not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting Frank Dyson and seems not to
+have been a conspiracy at all but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a conspiracy at all but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a conspiracy at all but in
+fact an understandable technique the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact an understandable technique the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact an understandable technique the
+fact that we would do things differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we would do things differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we would do things differently
+today we would wait data differently to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we would wait data differently to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we would wait data differently to
+calculate systematic error doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate systematic error doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate systematic error doesn't mean
+what he was doing was a conspiracy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was doing was a conspiracy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was doing was a conspiracy the
+1912 one I think is saying that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912 one I think is saying that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912 one I think is saying that if they
+had tried to measure the deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had tried to measure the deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had tried to measure the deflection
+which is an if if they were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an if if they were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an if if they were actually
+trying to do that kind of measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do that kind of measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do that kind of measurement
+they were set up I assume for to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were set up I assume for to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were set up I assume for to do
+solar physics I'm guessing we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar physics I'm guessing we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar physics I'm guessing we can look
+it up but if they had tried to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up but if they had tried to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up but if they had tried to do this
+this further star deflection experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this further star deflection experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this further star deflection experiment
+and if they had good luck and measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they had good luck and measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they had good luck and measured
+the right answer the answer now would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer the answer now would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer the answer now would be
+one we'd expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we'd expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we'd expect
+then it would not have matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would not have matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would not have matched
+Einstein's prediction at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's prediction at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's prediction at that time
+because as or as you write we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as or as you write we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as or as you write we say
+Einstein's own calculations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own calculations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own calculations were
+changing this period in 1912 and 1913 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this period in 1912 and 1913 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this period in 1912 and 1913 he
+did not yet come to the form of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not yet come to the form of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not yet come to the form of his
+equations that we would now recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we would now recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we would now recognize
+that comes November 1915 and indeed his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes November 1915 and indeed his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes November 1915 and indeed his
+earlier predictions were off by exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier predictions were off by exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier predictions were off by exactly
+that factor of two to make them look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor of two to make them look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor of two to make them look
+like the same answer that one could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same answer that one could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same answer that one could get
+from a purely Newtonian calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a purely Newtonian calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a purely Newtonian calculation
+though no one uh knew that at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though no one uh knew that at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though no one uh knew that at the time
+and it was only 1921 that the Nazi Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was only 1921 that the Nazi Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was only 1921 that the Nazi Nobel
+laureates republished that much older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laureates republished that much older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laureates republished that much older
+very different calculation I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different calculation I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different calculation I'm going to
+pause there I won't bother of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there I won't bother of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there I won't bother of course
+going through that last part of the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that last part of the talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that last part of the talk
+I'll try to talk about it later it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to talk about it later it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to talk about it later it's on
+the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides
+but that gives us a pretty good taste to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that gives us a pretty good taste to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that gives us a pretty good taste to
+wrap up our our relativity uh unit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up our our relativity uh unit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up our our relativity uh unit and
+then on Wednesday we'll jump in uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on Wednesday we'll jump in uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on Wednesday we'll jump in uh to
+the quantum theory unit so I'll pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum theory unit so I'll pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum theory unit so I'll pause
+there please remember to work on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there please remember to work on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there please remember to work on paper
+one which is due this Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is due this Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is due this Friday
+thanks everyone stay well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7o5shPC0R2k.txt b/7o5shPC0R2k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7429617e033e14986abe792a43f3d6d372b6a2ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7o5shPC0R2k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll start today sorry I have a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start today sorry I have a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start today sorry I have a bit
+of a sore throat hoarse voice I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sore throat hoarse voice I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sore throat hoarse voice I was
+talking a lot this weekend okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot this weekend okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot this weekend okay
+also today we're gonna do jacks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also today we're gonna do jacks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also today we're gonna do jacks and
+malleability segregated witness and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability segregated witness and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability segregated witness and I'm
+endorsing Nico for the first time ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorsing Nico for the first time ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorsing Nico for the first time ever
+publicly and it's an intermittent cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly and it's an intermittent cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly and it's an intermittent cookie
+offering so if you guys want cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering so if you guys want cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering so if you guys want cookies
+it's an it's an airdrop and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an it's an airdrop and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an it's an airdrop and that you
+just you just get them all right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just get them all right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just get them all right yeah so
+yes it's a so I see my first I see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's a so I see my first I see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's a so I see my first I see oh
+I'm endorsing okay so value bility so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm endorsing okay so value bility so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm endorsing okay so value bility so
+malleability is the ability to deform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability is the ability to deform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability is the ability to deform
+under pressure for material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under pressure for material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under pressure for material right
+and so bitcoin is model off gold which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so bitcoin is model off gold which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so bitcoin is model off gold which
+is the most malleable metal you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most malleable metal you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most malleable metal you can make
+gold leaf and stuff so clearly we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold leaf and stuff so clearly we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold leaf and stuff so clearly we need
+to design Bitcoin to be malleable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design Bitcoin to be malleable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design Bitcoin to be malleable right
+I'm joking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm joking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm joking
+okay actually in the correct context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually in the correct context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually in the correct context of
+cryptography we're calling malleability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography we're calling malleability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography we're calling malleability
+when it's it's not super hard definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's it's not super hard definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's it's not super hard definition
+but it started with ciphertext where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it started with ciphertext where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it started with ciphertext where if
+you can modify a ciphertext and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can modify a ciphertext and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can modify a ciphertext and that
+modification will carry over into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification will carry over into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification will carry over into the
+plaintext when it's still cryptid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintext when it's still cryptid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintext when it's still cryptid it
+also applies to sort of messages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also applies to sort of messages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also applies to sort of messages and
+signatures in our case signatures can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures in our case signatures can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures in our case signatures can be
+malleable which means you can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable which means you can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable which means you can change the
+signature and it's still a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and it's still a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and it's still a valid
+signature so you know given a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so you know given a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so you know given a signature
+s1 on message on message m1 you modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 on message on message m1 you modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 on message on message m1 you modify
+the signature to s2 or you do that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature to s2 or you do that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature to s2 or you do that like
+S Prime and it still signs the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Prime and it still signs the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Prime and it still signs the same
+message it still validates it's true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message it still validates it's true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message it still validates it's true so
+when we were defining signatures this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were defining signatures this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were defining signatures this
+wasn't really an attack we'd considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really an attack we'd considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really an attack we'd considered
+right if you know there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you know there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you know there's still a
+signature right and you can't Forge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature right and you can't Forge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature right and you can't Forge a
+signature but you can you know dot an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but you can you know dot an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but you can you know dot an
+eye or something and the signature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye or something and the signature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye or something and the signature is
+slightly different you can't create one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different you can't create one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different you can't create one
+yourself but given a valid signature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but given a valid signature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but given a valid signature you
+can make a slightly different valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a slightly different valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a slightly different valid
+signature that's how it works in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature that's how it works in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature that's how it works in Bitcoin
+in the Bitcoin signing algorithm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Bitcoin signing algorithm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Bitcoin signing algorithm but
+there's all sorts of different kind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of different kind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of different kind you
+know context where malleability exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know context where malleability exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know context where malleability exists
+in cryptography and then part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cryptography and then part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cryptography and then part of it is
+the admins thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the admins thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the admins thing
+things still have to work for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things still have to work for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things still have to work for whatever
+definition so so if you maleate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so so if you maleate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so so if you maleate a
+signature and it no longer validates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and it no longer validates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and it no longer validates
+well that's sort of a trivial like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's sort of a trivial like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's sort of a trivial like yeah
+sure you can do that to any any bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can do that to any any bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can do that to any any bunch of
+bytes you can just flip some of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes you can just flip some of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes you can just flip some of them and
+and the whole thing doesn't work anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing doesn't work anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing doesn't work anymore
+that's easy but it has you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy but it has you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy but it has you know
+properties where it still works so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties where it still works so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties where it still works so so
+this leads to some weird stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to some weird stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to some weird stuff in
+Bitcoin where you can change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin where you can change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin where you can change a
+transaction and it's still valid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and it's still valid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and it's still valid and
+that's generally not what you want right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally not what you want right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally not what you want right
+when you're signing if you've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're signing if you've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're signing if you've got some
+kind of contract or some kind of payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contract or some kind of payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contract or some kind of payment
+and you write a check you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write a check you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write a check you don't want
+someone to be able to modify the check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to be able to modify the check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to be able to modify the check
+and still be able to cash it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be able to cash it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be able to cash it right and
+this can be you probably can I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be you probably can I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be you probably can I don't
+really use checks much but like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use checks much but like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use checks much but like they
+draw the line right like $100 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the line right like $100 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the line right like $100 and then
+they like draw a line so someone doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like draw a line so someone doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like draw a line so someone doesn't
+write and $0.99 there's something after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and $0.99 there's something after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and $0.99 there's something after
+not that that's like the greatest attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that that's like the greatest attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that that's like the greatest attack
+ever but um or 100 and then someone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever but um or 100 and then someone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever but um or 100 and then someone was
+like thousand dollars I don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thousand dollars I don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thousand dollars I don't know but
+but it's sort of like that where someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of like that where someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of like that where someone
+can change the thing you signed can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the thing you signed can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the thing you signed can
+change the thing you are agreeing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the thing you are agreeing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the thing you are agreeing to
+after the fact and it's still valid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact and it's still valid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact and it's still valid and
+it does something you don't expect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does something you don't expect okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does something you don't expect okay
+so so a review of the transaction format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so a review of the transaction format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so a review of the transaction format
+which should be probably in people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be probably in people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be probably in people's
+minds if you're looking at the homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds if you're looking at the homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds if you're looking at the homeworks
+the problem set and one thing to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set and one thing to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set and one thing to focus
+on is that the outputs don't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is that the outputs don't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is that the outputs don't look like
+the inputs right these are fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs right these are fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs right these are fundamentally
+different things right the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things right the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things right the outputs
+specify a transaction ID and an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a transaction ID and an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a transaction ID and an index
+and sorry the inputs and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sorry the inputs and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sorry the inputs and then the
+outputs specify a script in an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs specify a script in an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs specify a script in an amount
+there's there's another four byte field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's another four byte field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's another four byte field
+here that doesn't matter but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that doesn't matter but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that doesn't matter but so
+basically you're spending from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're spending from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're spending from a
+transaction and they sort of row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and they sort of row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and they sort of row and
+you're spending to just this arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending to just this arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending to just this arbitrary
+pub key but you're not spending from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub key but you're not spending from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub key but you're not spending from a
+pub key and you're not spending to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub key and you're not spending to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub key and you're not spending to a
+transaction right you don't identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction right you don't identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction right you don't identify
+your you know transaction itself here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know transaction itself here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know transaction itself here so
+so this is constantly in almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is constantly in almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is constantly in almost every
+website that shows blockchains is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that shows blockchains is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that shows blockchains is that
+it gets this wrong so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets this wrong so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets this wrong so if you look at
+like I don't know blockchain on info is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know blockchain on info is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know blockchain on info is
+the probably the most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probably the most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probably the most popular
+um and you just look at a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you look at a block and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you look at a block and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you look at a block and then you
+look at a transaction in the block no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a transaction in the block no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a transaction in the block no
+you go okay so you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go okay so you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go okay so you look at the
+transaction yeah it shows you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction yeah it shows you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction yeah it shows you know this
+address is sending to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address is sending to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address is sending to these two
+addresses and brought chayo Dafoe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and brought chayo Dafoe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and brought chayo Dafoe is
+particularly egregious and that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly egregious and that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly egregious and that there
+may actually be more than one input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may actually be more than one input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may actually be more than one input and
+two outputs in this transaction no just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outputs in this transaction no just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outputs in this transaction no just
+they they like hide change transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they like hide change transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they like hide change transactions
+away anyway so it looks like hey here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away anyway so it looks like hey here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away anyway so it looks like hey here
+you know this address had some money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this address had some money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this address had some money in
+it and it sent it to these two addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it sent it to these two addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it sent it to these two addresses
+and if I click oh where did this money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I click oh where did this money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I click oh where did this money
+come come from one a Tec easy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come come from one a Tec easy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come come from one a Tec easy and it
+shows here's the Bitcoin address and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows here's the Bitcoin address and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows here's the Bitcoin address and oh
+it's it's got multiple money you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's got multiple money you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's got multiple money you know
+multiple transactions this addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple transactions this addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple transactions this addresses
+have been involved in this is not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been involved in this is not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been involved in this is not how
+Bitcoin works right they are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin works right they are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin works right they are running
+their own sir you know database and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own sir you know database and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own sir you know database and sort
+of making up this view of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making up this view of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making up this view of the network
+which is incorrect transactions don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is incorrect transactions don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is incorrect transactions don't
+send from an address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send from an address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send from an address
+they send from another transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send from another transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send from another transactions
+previous output and this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous output and this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous output and this is very
+confusing because in the case let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because in the case let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because in the case let's say
+in this transaction right there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this transaction right there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this transaction right there is a
+what is it seven six seven six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it seven six seven six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it seven six seven six seven
+something right so it's it says yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so it's it says yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so it's it says yeah
+it's coming from one 8e whatever and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from one 8e whatever and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from one 8e whatever and if
+I click on it I get three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I click on it I get three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I click on it I get three different
+transactions there is a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions there is a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions there is a specific
+transaction that one e-180 II was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that one e-180 II was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that one e-180 II was
+involved in that is being spent from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in that is being spent from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in that is being spent from in
+this transaction I can look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction I can look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction I can look it up
+because I have an actual full node so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have an actual full node so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have an actual full node so if
+I say get raw transaction and I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say get raw transaction and I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say get raw transaction and I put it
+in here and I can see okay it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and I can see okay it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and I can see okay it was
+spending from C 8 3 8 you know spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending from C 8 3 8 you know spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending from C 8 3 8 you know spending
+from this transaction not just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this transaction not just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this transaction not just an
+address so it's it's it's really I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so it's it's it's really I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so it's it's it's really I mean
+if you're if you're coming at this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you're coming at this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you're coming at this sort
+of new it's like okay fine why you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new it's like okay fine why you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new it's like okay fine why you you
+know when you keep talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you keep talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you keep talking about this
+but if you've been working on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you've been working on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you've been working on these
+things a lot of people myself included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a lot of people myself included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a lot of people myself included
+for like six months a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like six months a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like six months a year
+I looked at these websites and I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at these websites and I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at these websites and I'm like
+oh this is how it works and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is how it works and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is how it works and then it
+would you know I don't six months in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know I don't six months in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know I don't six months in or
+something looking to go to like wait huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looking to go to like wait huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looking to go to like wait huh
+like this code is wrong but no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this code is wrong but no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this code is wrong but no this is
+the Bitcoin code that actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bitcoin code that actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bitcoin code that actually is
+running and so it's it's a weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and so it's it's a weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and so it's it's a weird thing
+to sort of get used to like no you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of get used to like no you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of get used to like no you're
+not spending from address you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spending from address you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spending from address you you don't
+show the address at all when you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the address at all when you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the address at all when you spend
+from it you spend from a specific output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it you spend from a specific output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it you spend from a specific output
+okay so so that leads to some weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that leads to some weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that leads to some weird
+issues specifically what gets signed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues specifically what gets signed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues specifically what gets signed so
+to some extent you're signing the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent you're signing the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent you're signing the whole
+transaction right you sign you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction right you sign you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction right you sign you want to
+sign everything when you when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign everything when you when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign everything when you when you're
+saying I'm sending money from here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm sending money from here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm sending money from here I'm
+sending it to here you want to like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it to here you want to like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it to here you want to like make
+sure that you're your signature covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're your signature covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're your signature covers
+the entire transaction so that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire transaction so that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire transaction so that people
+can't add stuff after remove stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't add stuff after remove stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't add stuff after remove stuff so
+you want to sign the inputs and outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sign the inputs and outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sign the inputs and outputs
+what the inputs contain signatures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inputs contain signatures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inputs contain signatures and
+you can't sign the signature right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't sign the signature right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't sign the signature right
+that's that doesn't make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that doesn't make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that doesn't make any sense
+that's the signature is the thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the signature is the thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the signature is the thing you're
+putting on at the end so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on at the end so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on at the end so it's sort of
+weird right you've got this document and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird right you've got this document and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird right you've got this document and
+you have a little line at the bottom for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little line at the bottom for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little line at the bottom for
+the signature but should the signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature but should the signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature but should the signatures
+be maybe a separate page that refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be maybe a separate page that refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be maybe a separate page that refers to
+the previous page you know it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous page you know it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous page you know it's actually
+kind of a weird confusing problem so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a weird confusing problem so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a weird confusing problem so in
+practice in Bitcoin what Satoshi did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in Bitcoin what Satoshi did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in Bitcoin what Satoshi did and
+you know 2009 you you take the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 2009 you you take the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 2009 you you take the whole
+transaction but you remove the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction but you remove the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction but you remove the signature
+fields you basically zero them out just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields you basically zero them out just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields you basically zero them out just
+put a zero there and then you sign that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a zero there and then you sign that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a zero there and then you sign that
+that sort of signature less transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of signature less transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of signature less transaction
+and then you put that signature in after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you put that signature in after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you put that signature in after
+the fact right and so that means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact right and so that means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact right and so that means if you
+change any bit of the stuff that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change any bit of the stuff that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change any bit of the stuff that gets
+signed other than the signature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed other than the signature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed other than the signature the
+signature will break right so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature will break right so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature will break right so does that
+make sense right you sort of have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense right you sort of have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense right you sort of have these
+you know you have these empty lines kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have these empty lines kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have these empty lines kind
+of and the idea is you you empty them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and the idea is you you empty them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and the idea is you you empty them
+out you make them blank lines and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you make them blank lines and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you make them blank lines and then
+you take that whole message hash it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that whole message hash it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that whole message hash it
+including the empty parts and then paste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the empty parts and then paste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the empty parts and then paste
+in those signatures after you've signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those signatures after you've signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those signatures after you've signed
+you actually you don't and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually you don't and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually you don't and you don't
+empty out that every line the line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty out that every line the line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty out that every line the line that
+you're specifically putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're specifically putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're specifically putting the
+signature in you actually put different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature in you actually put different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature in you actually put different
+few bytes in there which leads to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bytes in there which leads to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bytes in there which leads to other
+problems that I can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I can maybe
+I've done what so this seems okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done what so this seems okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done what so this seems okay right
+it's like well look I'm I can't sign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well look I'm I can't sign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well look I'm I can't sign the
+signatures sure but if you change any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures sure but if you change any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures sure but if you change any
+bit of the stuff I'm signing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the stuff I'm signing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the stuff I'm signing the
+signatures now break so this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures now break so this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures now break so this seems
+perfectly safe right no one can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly safe right no one can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly safe right no one can change
+the amounts I'm sending no one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amounts I'm sending no one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amounts I'm sending no one can
+change where I'm sending it to I'm no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where I'm sending it to I'm no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where I'm sending it to I'm no
+one contains where I'm sending from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one contains where I'm sending from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one contains where I'm sending from
+right all these things get covered in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all these things get covered in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all these things get covered in my
+signature so I'm good problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so I'm good problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so I'm good problem the
+transaction ID the way you refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID the way you refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID the way you refer to
+transactions is the hash of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions is the hash of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions is the hash of the whole
+thing it the TX ID does not zero out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it the TX ID does not zero out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it the TX ID does not zero out the
+the signature fields so the the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature fields so the the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature fields so the the identity
+of the transaction itself the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transaction itself the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transaction itself the way to
+point to and indicate where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to and indicate where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to and indicate where you're
+spending from that includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending from that includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending from that includes the
+signatures so that also seems like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures so that also seems like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures so that also seems like well
+that's okay right when I point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay right when I point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay right when I point to
+something I'm indicating the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm indicating the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm indicating the whole
+transaction the whole signed transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the whole signed transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the whole signed transaction
+so but the problem is that can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the problem is that can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the problem is that can change
+right the signature itself may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the signature itself may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the signature itself may be
+malleable and in Bitcoin it is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable and in Bitcoin it is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable and in Bitcoin it is there's
+third party malleability problems so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party malleability problems so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party malleability problems so the
+simplest one was leading zeros but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one was leading zeros but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one was leading zeros but all
+these things are numbers you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are numbers you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are numbers you could say
+okay someone's got a signature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone's got a signature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone's got a signature it's
+these this big long string of bytes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this big long string of bytes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this big long string of bytes I'm
+just gonna put zeros in the front I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna put zeros in the front I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna put zeros in the front I'm
+gonna put a zero byte in the front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put a zero byte in the front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put a zero byte in the front of it
+and that doesn't change the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that doesn't change the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that doesn't change the meaning
+right if someone says I'm sending you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if someone says I'm sending you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if someone says I'm sending you
+you know I'm sending you you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm sending you you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm sending you you know one
+thousand dollars and I put a zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars and I put a zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars and I put a zero in
+front of the one in 1,000 won't still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the one in 1,000 won't still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the one in 1,000 won't still a
+thousand however for the the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand however for the the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand however for the the purpose of
+a hash function if you have a zero byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function if you have a zero byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function if you have a zero byte
+in front that changes the whole hash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front that changes the whole hash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front that changes the whole hash and
+so they got rid of this pretty early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got rid of this pretty early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got rid of this pretty early
+they sort of you know made it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of you know made it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of you know made it so that
+you had to have the exact right number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to have the exact right number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to have the exact right number
+number you can't have any leading zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you can't have any leading zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you can't have any leading zeros
+but um the first one was just so I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the first one was just so I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the first one was just so I put
+put a zero in the front the the harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a zero in the front the the harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a zero in the front the the harder
+one is called low s where part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called low s where part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called low s where part of the
+ECDSA signature scheme I showed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECDSA signature scheme I showed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECDSA signature scheme I showed before
+that like it's this curve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like it's this curve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like it's this curve that's
+symmetric about the y axis x axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about the y axis x axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about the y axis x axis
+whether the the thing you're indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the the thing you're indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the the thing you're indicating
+is on top of the curve or it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on top of the curve or it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on top of the curve or it's sort of
+reflection on the bottom it's valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on the bottom it's valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on the bottom it's valid
+either way so for any given signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way so for any given signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way so for any given signature
+there's another signature that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another signature that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another signature that will be
+valid you just sort of flip it make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid you just sort of flip it make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid you just sort of flip it make a
+negative or positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive
+so so now there's a standard okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now there's a standard okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now there's a standard okay you
+need to have highest right low s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have highest right low s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have highest right low s
+signatures should be invalid both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures should be invalid both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures should be invalid both of
+these are really tricky because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really tricky because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really tricky because they're
+third-party malleability anyone can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third-party malleability anyone can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third-party malleability anyone can just
+listen on the network see a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen on the network see a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen on the network see a transaction
+change the signature and in doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the signature and in doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the signature and in doing so
+they will change the TX ID which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will change the TX ID which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will change the TX ID which is how
+all the software refers to transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the software refers to transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the software refers to transactions
+so it looks like a new transaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like a new transaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like a new transaction to
+all - most of the software and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all - most of the software and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all - most of the software and the
+transactions are still valid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are still valid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are still valid the
+signatures are still valid and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures are still valid and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures are still valid and you're
+not sure which one we'll get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure which one we'll get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure which one we'll get in
+there's also first party malleability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also first party malleability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also first party malleability or
+in some cases second party if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases second party if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases second party if you're
+doing transactions with multiple people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing transactions with multiple people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing transactions with multiple people
+signing so I'm not gonna go back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing so I'm not gonna go back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing so I'm not gonna go back into
+the elliptic curve signature algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elliptic curve signature algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elliptic curve signature algorithms
+but there is a nuts right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a nuts right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a nuts right there's
+randomness that you inject into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness that you inject into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness that you inject into the
+signing process it's not a it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing process it's not a it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing process it's not a it's not
+deterministic it's not that give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic it's not that give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic it's not that give it a
+message and my private key I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and my private key I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and my private key I always
+compute the same signature no that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the same signature no that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the same signature no that's not
+how I work there are signature schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I work there are signature schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I work there are signature schemes
+like that but in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but in the case of the
+elliptic curve stuff that Bitcoin uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve stuff that Bitcoin uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve stuff that Bitcoin uses
+you have to make up a random number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make up a random number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make up a random number to
+make each signature and no one knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make each signature and no one knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make each signature and no one knows
+what that random number is so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that random number is so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that random number is so you could
+use you can make up different random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you can make up different random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you can make up different random
+numbers you can make as many signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you can make as many signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you can make as many signatures
+as you want so given us given a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want so given us given a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want so given us given a message
+and your private key you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your private key you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your private key you can make
+whatever arbitrary number of signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever arbitrary number of signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever arbitrary number of signatures
+there are all different signatures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all different signatures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all different signatures but
+they're all valid signatures there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all valid signatures there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all valid signatures there is a
+sort of standard for how to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standard for how to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standard for how to make them
+the right way not randomly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way not randomly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way not randomly it's
+basically take the hash of your private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the hash of your private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the hash of your private
+key and the message being signed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and the message being signed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and the message being signed you
+know put them together hash that and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know put them together hash that and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know put them together hash that and use
+that as your random number because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as your random number because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as your random number because then
+the idea as well it's it's got secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea as well it's it's got secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea as well it's it's got secret
+information in it as well as the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in it as well as the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in it as well as the message
+specific information in it so no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific information in it so no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific information in it so no one's
+gonna be able to guess what it is so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to guess what it is so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to guess what it is so and
+it's still kind of message dependent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still kind of message dependent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still kind of message dependent so
+it'll change you time so there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll change you time so there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll change you time so there is that
+but that's that's something you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's something you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's something you can do
+that's a it's a really good idea because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a it's a really good idea because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a it's a really good idea because
+if you if you use a non random K if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you use a non random K if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you use a non random K if
+someone can guess K or if your random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone can guess K or if your random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone can guess K or if your random
+number generator is broken they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator is broken they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator is broken they can
+steal all your money they can forget you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal all your money they can forget you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal all your money they can forget you
+know figure out your private key but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know figure out your private key but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know figure out your private key but um
+so you don't want to be dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to be dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to be dependent on
+generating randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating randomness
+a nice way to model it is okay have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way to model it is okay have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way to model it is okay have some
+initial event where you've you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial event where you've you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial event where you've you're
+putting in random numbers and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in random numbers and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in random numbers and you're
+storing them and then from then on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing them and then from then on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing them and then from then on you
+want everything to be deterministic then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everything to be deterministic then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everything to be deterministic then
+you don't have to rely on random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to rely on random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to rely on random number
+generators how so it's really good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators how so it's really good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators how so it's really good idea
+to use this and I use it my software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this and I use it my software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this and I use it my software
+most most things use this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most things use this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most things use this kind of
+standard however you can't verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard however you can't verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard however you can't verify that
+anyone's actually using it it's purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's actually using it it's purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's actually using it it's purely
+internal it's a you know internal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal it's a you know internal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal it's a you know internal way
+for you to make your own signatures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to make your own signatures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to make your own signatures but
+no one can actually you can't prove can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one can actually you can't prove can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one can actually you can't prove can
+you prove no you I'm not gonna say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove no you I'm not gonna say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove no you I'm not gonna say you
+can't prove you're using it but you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove you're using it but you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove you're using it but you not
+not in any reasonable fashion yeah so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in any reasonable fashion yeah so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in any reasonable fashion yeah so no
+one knows if you're doing it so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows if you're doing it so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows if you're doing it so so this
+is an attack where you can say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an attack where you can say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an attack where you can say okay I'm
+gonna I'm gonna make a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I'm gonna make a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I'm gonna make a whole bunch of
+different signatures they're all gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different signatures they're all gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different signatures they're all gonna
+be valid but that will mean I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be valid but that will mean I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be valid but that will mean I've got a
+whole bunch of different transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of different transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of different transactions
+that are doing the same thing so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing the same thing so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing the same thing so maybe
+the question is what does this really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what does this really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what does this really do
+does this really hurt if someone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this really hurt if someone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this really hurt if someone you
+know dots an eye on your check it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dots an eye on your check it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dots an eye on your check it's the
+same amount it's going to the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount it's going to the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount it's going to the same place
+sort of who cares right outputs are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of who cares right outputs are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of who cares right outputs are the
+same then puts it's pointing to are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then puts it's pointing to are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then puts it's pointing to are the
+same it's just this like you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's just this like you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's just this like you know sort
+of annoying thing okay I tweaked it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying thing okay I tweaked it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying thing okay I tweaked it and
+I change the TX ID no big deal well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change the TX ID no big deal well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change the TX ID no big deal well in
+some ways yeah it's no big deal but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways yeah it's no big deal but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways yeah it's no big deal but a
+lot of wallets didn't deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wallets didn't deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wallets didn't deal with this
+well right so you let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right so you let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right so you let's say you're
+running a wallet you make a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a wallet you make a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a wallet you make a transaction
+and you sign and you broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sign and you broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sign and you broadcast
+transaction to d5 in CAC and it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction to d5 in CAC and it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction to d5 in CAC and it never
+gets confirmed and instead someone out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets confirmed and instead someone out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets confirmed and instead someone out
+there flips a bit changes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there flips a bit changes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there flips a bit changes your
+transaction to 9c be a 3e and that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction to 9c be a 3e and that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction to 9c be a 3e and that gets
+confirmed and your wallet just says yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed and your wallet just says yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed and your wallet just says yeah
+this this transaction you sent never got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this transaction you sent never got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this transaction you sent never got
+confirmed there's there's waltz that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed there's there's waltz that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed there's there's waltz that did
+that most of them have fixed it by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of them have fixed it by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of them have fixed it by now
+but but if you're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you're thinking of
+transaction IDs as the you know identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction IDs as the you know identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction IDs as the you know identity
+you know TX ID this is this is the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know TX ID this is this is the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know TX ID this is this is the name
+of the transaction I I create it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transaction I I create it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transaction I I create it I'm
+watching it to make to see when it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it to make to see when it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it to make to see when it gets
+confirmed and I'm not looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed and I'm not looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed and I'm not looking for
+something some maleate adverse I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something some maleate adverse I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something some maleate adverse I'm just
+watching this thing that I created never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this thing that I created never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this thing that I created never
+gets in a block weird and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in a block weird and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in a block weird and it's just
+stuck in the wallet so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the wallet so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the wallet so they're
+definitely wallets I think everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wallets I think everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wallets I think everyone's
+fixed it by now but a couple years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it by now but a couple years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it by now but a couple years ago
+definitely wallets that would have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wallets that would have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wallets that would have these
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+you know it's a wall problem right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a wall problem right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a wall problem right your
+money your money got to the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money your money got to the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money your money got to the right place
+you just need to sort of either delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to sort of either delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to sort of either delete
+stuff in your wallet or upgrade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in your wallet or upgrade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in your wallet or upgrade the
+software or tell it to somehow forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or tell it to somehow forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or tell it to somehow forget
+about this transaction and actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this transaction and actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this transaction and actually look
+on the blockchain for everything similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the blockchain for everything similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the blockchain for everything similar
+to your transaction but it did do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your transaction but it did do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your transaction but it did do some
+damage um I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage um I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage um I think so
+you know 2014 the like mount GOx thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 2014 the like mount GOx thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 2014 the like mount GOx thing
+where mount GOx got hacked suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mount GOx got hacked suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mount GOx got hacked suppose you
+know and lost all the money they blamed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and lost all the money they blamed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and lost all the money they blamed
+transaction malleability which was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction malleability which was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction malleability which was kind
+of interesting there may have been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting there may have been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting there may have been an
+attack on my ox that used transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on my ox that used transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on my ox that used transaction
+malleability the the trends the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability the the trends the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability the the trends the the
+attack probably was this which was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack probably was this which was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack probably was this which was um
+you know login to mount cox withdraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know login to mount cox withdraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know login to mount cox withdraw
+some coins modify the TX ID to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coins modify the TX ID to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coins modify the TX ID to this and
+then you know it gets confirmed you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know it gets confirmed you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know it gets confirmed you get
+your coins and then login to my ox and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coins and then login to my ox and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coins and then login to my ox and
+say hey this never happened my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey this never happened my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey this never happened my
+withdrawal didn't work and then their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal didn't work and then their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal didn't work and then their
+system would automatically issue a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would automatically issue a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would automatically issue a new
+withdrawal transaction and so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal transaction and so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal transaction and so you could
+just start taking all the money out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start taking all the money out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start taking all the money out and
+you know your balance on the system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your balance on the system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your balance on the system it's
+like when we keep trying to send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when we keep trying to send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when we keep trying to send you
+money and it keeps getting never getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and it keeps getting never getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and it keeps getting never getting
+confirmed and so we keep making new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed and so we keep making new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed and so we keep making new ones
+I don't know to what extent that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know to what extent that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know to what extent that that
+actually happened there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened there's a lot of
+contra you know it couldn't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contra you know it couldn't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contra you know it couldn't have it
+couldn't have been the whole thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have been the whole thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have been the whole thing for
+Mohawks definitely there's still a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mohawks definitely there's still a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mohawks definitely there's still a lot
+of uncertainty about that but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty about that but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty about that but it does
+show you know it's indicated if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you know it's indicated if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you know it's indicated if you
+write your own software and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your own software and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your own software and it's not
+accounting for these things you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for these things you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for these things you may be
+losing money right once he hit people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money right once he hit people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money right once he hit people
+say hey this didn't work make a new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey this didn't work make a new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey this didn't work make a new one
+and then you keep doing that and losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you keep doing that and losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you keep doing that and losing
+a ton of money but that's pretty sloppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of money but that's pretty sloppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of money but that's pretty sloppy
+practices I think another issue if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices I think another issue if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices I think another issue if
+you're spending from a unconfirmed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending from a unconfirmed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending from a unconfirmed to
+change output or a none confirmed output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change output or a none confirmed output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change output or a none confirmed output
+so you make a transaction you send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make a transaction you send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make a transaction you send the
+two different outputs you've got a TX ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different outputs you've got a TX ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different outputs you've got a TX ID
+and one you know you're sending five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one you know you're sending five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one you know you're sending five
+coins to this person and three coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins to this person and three coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins to this person and three coins
+back to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to yourself
+those that three coins back to your self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that three coins back to your self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that three coins back to your self
+output you might want to use it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you might want to use it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you might want to use it again
+pretty quickly sometimes this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly sometimes this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly sometimes this happens
+and so you've got a change output yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've got a change output yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've got a change output yes
+you know from transaction once have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from transaction once have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from transaction once have
+enough eec one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough eec one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough eec one
+so you're gonna now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna now
+spend that change output however the TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend that change output however the TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend that change output however the TX
+ID of transaction 1 changes so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID of transaction 1 changes so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID of transaction 1 changes so you're
+you're saying where you're spending from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying where you're spending from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying where you're spending from
+is no longer valid and this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer valid and this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer valid and this is a big
+problem because now you've signed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because now you've signed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because now you've signed a
+transaction that you think is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that you think is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that you think is gonna be
+valid but the the money you thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but the the money you thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but the the money you thought you
+were spending sort of moves out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were spending sort of moves out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were spending sort of moves out from
+under you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under you
+and so that transaction is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that transaction is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that transaction is no longer
+valid right tx2 is no invalid it refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid right tx2 is no invalid it refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid right tx2 is no invalid it refers
+to something which can never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something which can never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something which can never be
+confirmed because there's a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed because there's a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed because there's a you know
+different transaction that's almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transaction that's almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transaction that's almost the
+same but they're mutually exclusive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but they're mutually exclusive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but they're mutually exclusive that
+did get confirmed okay so this is bad it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did get confirmed okay so this is bad it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did get confirmed okay so this is bad it
+doesn't seem that that right and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem that that right and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem that that right and so for
+years in Bitcoin this was a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in Bitcoin this was a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in Bitcoin this was a problem that
+like wallets dealt with software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wallets dealt with software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wallets dealt with software and
+people would like oh yeah you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would like oh yeah you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would like oh yeah you have to
+like you know backup your keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know backup your keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know backup your keys
+delete your whole database and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete your whole database and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete your whole database and like
+resync the blockchain and then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resync the blockchain and then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resync the blockchain and then it'll
+find the right transactions like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the right transactions like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the right transactions like you
+know kind of hacky workarounds like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of hacky workarounds like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of hacky workarounds like that
+where it didn't happen too much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it didn't happen too much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it didn't happen too much it
+wasn't a wasn't a great attack right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a wasn't a great attack right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a wasn't a great attack right
+like you can annoy people you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can annoy people you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can annoy people you don't get
+any money so it wasn't a huge deal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money so it wasn't a huge deal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money so it wasn't a huge deal but
+it was annoying but the idea is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was annoying but the idea is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was annoying but the idea is you can
+always resize right you've got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always resize right you've got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always resize right you've got your
+private keys if the money you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys if the money you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys if the money you are
+receiving sort of shifts around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving sort of shifts around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving sort of shifts around and
+changes its location well it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its location well it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its location well it's still
+yours you just need to re-sign but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours you just need to re-sign but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours you just need to re-sign but what
+if you can't resize so the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't resize so the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't resize so the case of
+multi-sig where in most cases when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sig where in most cases when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sig where in most cases when
+you're doing transactions if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing transactions if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing transactions if you just
+have one key it's just you that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one key it's just you that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one key it's just you that's fine
+in the case of multi-sig usually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of multi-sig usually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of multi-sig usually you're
+all friends to some extent and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all friends to some extent and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all friends to some extent and you're
+all in the same organization or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the same organization or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the same organization or you know
+multiple devices that you own but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple devices that you own but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple devices that you own but but
+you can have sort of adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have sort of adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have sort of adversarial
+multi-sig where you're signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sig where you're signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sig where you're signing
+transactions with people who were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions with people who were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions with people who were you
+know you're sort of cooperating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're sort of cooperating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're sort of cooperating with
+them but you might not really trust them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you might not really trust them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you might not really trust them
+or they might be potentially attackers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might be potentially attackers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might be potentially attackers
+things like that you can definitely sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you can definitely sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you can definitely sort
+of extend your multi-sig model into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extend your multi-sig model into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extend your multi-sig model into that
+and there could be multi-sig pre-signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there could be multi-sig pre-signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there could be multi-sig pre-signed
+transactions where okay we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions where okay we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions where okay we've got this
+two of three output address this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of three output address this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of three output address this this
+output that exists and one of the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that exists and one of the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that exists and one of the two of
+three has pre signed a transaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three has pre signed a transaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three has pre signed a transaction and
+hands it over to me and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands it over to me and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands it over to me and then they
+disappear I say oh okay well I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear I say oh okay well I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear I say oh okay well I'm gonna
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+sign my side but if malleability occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign my side but if malleability occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign my side but if malleability occurs
+and the transaction ID changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transaction ID changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transaction ID changes that
+signature is no longer valid all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is no longer valid all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is no longer valid all right
+and signing something that's not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signing something that's not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signing something that's not there
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+so this is very important in payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very important in payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very important in payment
+channels lightning Network stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels lightning Network stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels lightning Network stuff that
+I'll get to in a few days and so so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get to in a few days and so so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get to in a few days and so so it
+wasn't so much that malleability was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so much that malleability was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so much that malleability was
+like a showstopper bug and everyone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a showstopper bug and everyone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a showstopper bug and everyone was
+losing tons of money it was that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing tons of money it was that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing tons of money it was that it was
+preventing kind of new cool things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing kind of new cool things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing kind of new cool things from
+happening because there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because there were a lot of
+problems with okay I'm gonna you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with okay I'm gonna you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with okay I'm gonna you know
+let's make this construction where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this construction where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this construction where we
+put money into a multi sync account and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put money into a multi sync account and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put money into a multi sync account and
+then I sign like a refund transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sign like a refund transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sign like a refund transaction
+that's got a lock time before I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got a lock time before I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got a lock time before I actually
+fund it and things like that where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund it and things like that where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund it and things like that where you
+you couldn't reliably do it because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't reliably do it because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't reliably do it because if
+either party modified their signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either party modified their signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either party modified their signature
+they could break the whole thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could break the whole thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could break the whole thing and
+they could have a tax where it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have a tax where it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have a tax where it's like
+okay we're doing something together oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're doing something together oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're doing something together oh
+look it's it got stuck well both of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's it got stuck well both of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's it got stuck well both of our
+coins got stuck in this place hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins got stuck in this place hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins got stuck in this place hmm
+now it's sort of a hostage situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's sort of a hostage situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's sort of a hostage situation and
+you can say well I think I should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well I think I should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well I think I should get
+one in half and you should get one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in half and you should get one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in half and you should get one you
+know 0.5 it's like we both put in 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 0.5 it's like we both put in 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 0.5 it's like we both put in 1 so
+so there's a tax that could happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a tax that could happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a tax that could happen and
+so this malleability was a problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this malleability was a problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this malleability was a problem for
+people trying to do new cool things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to do new cool things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to do new cool things so
+how do you fix this any ideas non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you fix this any ideas non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you fix this any ideas non
+malleable signatures so the one we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable signatures so the one we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable signatures so the one we did
+for the first homework right does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first homework right does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first homework right does anyone
+have an idea about why the Lamport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea about why the Lamport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea about why the Lamport
+signatures were non malleable like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures were non malleable like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures were non malleable like from
+problems that one yes that's right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that one yes that's right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that one yes that's right like
+but yeah they weren't right you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah they weren't right you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah they weren't right you you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there's no randomness for one I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no randomness for one I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no randomness for one I'm pretty
+sure if you flip any of the bits it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you flip any of the bits it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you flip any of the bits it's
+it's not gonna work so Lamport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gonna work so Lamport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gonna work so Lamport
+signatures are an example where yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures are an example where yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures are an example where yeah
+it's not malleable you can't produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not malleable you can't produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not malleable you can't produce
+multiple multiple Signet and multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple multiple Signet and multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple multiple Signet and multiple
+different signatures on the same message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different signatures on the same message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different signatures on the same message
+so that's good the thing is many useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good the thing is many useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good the thing is many useful
+signature schemes are malleable so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature schemes are malleable so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature schemes are malleable so to
+just say no you have to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say no you have to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say no you have to use an
+unreliable signature scheme it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable signature scheme it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable signature scheme it's not a
+great answer to the question RSA I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer to the question RSA I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer to the question RSA I'm
+pretty sure there's some weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure there's some weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure there's some weird
+stuff in RSA ECDSA a lot a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in RSA ECDSA a lot a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in RSA ECDSA a lot a lot of the
+systems have randomness in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems have randomness in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems have randomness in there and
+they're malleable so an idea that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're malleable so an idea that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're malleable so an idea that I had
+like 2014 and I was sort of going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2014 and I was sort of going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2014 and I was sort of going for
+was just don't sign your inputs at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just don't sign your inputs at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just don't sign your inputs at all
+only sign your outputs so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sign your outputs so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sign your outputs so you don't
+actually specify where you're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify where you're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify where you're sending
+money from in your signature you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from in your signature you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from in your signature you do have
+to still specify it in your transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still specify it in your transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still specify it in your transaction
+because people need to know but you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people need to know but you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people need to know but you you
+say I'm only gonna sign off on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm only gonna sign off on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm only gonna sign off on the
+outputs right the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs right the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs right the the sort of
+endorsement of my inputs is implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorsement of my inputs is implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorsement of my inputs is implicit
+because the keys match right so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the keys match right so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the keys match right so I don't
+actually sign off on which key I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sign off on which key I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sign off on which key I'm
+sending from just some stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending from just some stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending from just some stuff like that
+that's redundant right you you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's redundant right you you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's redundant right you you know I'm
+sending from these inputs because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending from these inputs because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending from these inputs because the
+keys match up and the signatures valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys match up and the signatures valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys match up and the signatures valid
+for this key I really like this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this key I really like this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this key I really like this idea
+still I think it's really fun you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I think it's really fun you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I think it's really fun you can do
+a lot of cool stuff with it it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cool stuff with it it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cool stuff with it it's also
+dangerous it allows signatures to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous it allows signatures to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous it allows signatures to be
+replayed which is sort of one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayed which is sort of one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayed which is sort of one of the big
+points of having UT exos because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of having UT exos because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of having UT exos because if you
+if you send two outputs so you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you send two outputs so you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you send two outputs so you know you
+could send you know I have address you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could send you know I have address you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could send you know I have address you
+know address one I send to two outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know address one I send to two outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know address one I send to two outputs
+so I've got output 1 output 2 and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got output 1 output 2 and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got output 1 output 2 and they
+this someone has five coins this one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this someone has five coins this one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this someone has five coins this one has
+three coins and I you know they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three coins and I you know they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three coins and I you know they're both
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+the boasts the same address both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boasts the same address both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boasts the same address both the
+same public key and then I want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same public key and then I want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same public key and then I want to spend
+and if I use this sort of signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I use this sort of signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I use this sort of signature
+scheme where I don't actually sign which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme where I don't actually sign which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme where I don't actually sign which
+input I'm spending from it can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input I'm spending from it can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input I'm spending from it can be used
+on either so maybe I'm not aware of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either so maybe I'm not aware of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either so maybe I'm not aware of this
+five one yet or it just hasn't happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one yet or it just hasn't happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one yet or it just hasn't happened
+yet I haven't seen it and I say yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I haven't seen it and I say yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I haven't seen it and I say yeah I'm
+gonna make a signature sending three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make a signature sending three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make a signature sending three
+coins over here and then someone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins over here and then someone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins over here and then someone can
+maleate the transaction without touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maleate the transaction without touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maleate the transaction without touching
+the signature and pointing over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature and pointing over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature and pointing over here and
+the signature would apply to either and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature would apply to either and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature would apply to either and
+then this is a really good deal for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a really good deal for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a really good deal for the
+miners because now I'm spending five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners because now I'm spending five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners because now I'm spending five
+coins and only outputting three and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and only outputting three and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and only outputting three and the
+miners get the two coins difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners get the two coins difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners get the two coins difference and
+so that's you know pretty dangerous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know pretty dangerous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know pretty dangerous and
+also even if they're the same i I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also even if they're the same i I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also even if they're the same i I just
+say hey I'm sending three coins to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I'm sending three coins to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I'm sending three coins to you
+and then as soon as the receiver sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as soon as the receiver sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as soon as the receiver sees
+this output oh it'll also work here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output oh it'll also work here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output oh it'll also work here I'm
+gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+another three points so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three points so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three points so this is
+mitigated by not reusing addresses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigated by not reusing addresses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigated by not reusing addresses but
+people reuse addresses there's it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reuse addresses there's it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reuse addresses there's it's you
+know so it is dangerous um I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it is dangerous um I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it is dangerous um I think in
+the context of multi-sig you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of multi-sig you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of multi-sig you can
+reliably say like okay we're not raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably say like okay we're not raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably say like okay we're not raising
+addresses because these addresses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses because these addresses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses because these addresses are
+the combination of multiple people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of multiple people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of multiple people
+working together but it would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together but it would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together but it would allow
+really cool things where you could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool things where you could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool things where you could sort
+of work backwards compute a public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work backwards compute a public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work backwards compute a public key
+that you could prove no one knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could prove no one knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could prove no one knew the
+private key to but you could still sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key to but you could still sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key to but you could still sign
+with it and like really weird crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and like really weird crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and like really weird crazy
+stuff um anyway this never got in people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um anyway this never got in people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um anyway this never got in people
+were still talking about it a week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still talking about it a week or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still talking about it a week or
+two ago like oh we can do these cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago like oh we can do these cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago like oh we can do these cool
+things with it but it's it's dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with it but it's it's dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with it but it's it's dangerous
+and so it's like you know we're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's like you know we're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's like you know we're not sure
+if it's okay any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's okay any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's okay any questions about this
+transaction malleability so far okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction malleability so far okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction malleability so far okay so
+any ideas of what you actually do to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas of what you actually do to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas of what you actually do to fix
+malleability nobody okay well okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability nobody okay well okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability nobody okay well okay we'll
+find out in one minute segregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out in one minute segregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out in one minute segregated
+witness I don't think is a good name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness I don't think is a good name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness I don't think is a good name
+separate signatures would be a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate signatures would be a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate signatures would be a much
+easier to understand name um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand name um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand name um
+so Peter will who is really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Peter will who is really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Peter will who is really good at
+Bitcoin and makes all these cool things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and makes all these cool things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and makes all these cool things
+he's not the best at naming things makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not the best at naming things makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not the best at naming things makes
+that's the cool stuff but just makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cool stuff but just makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cool stuff but just makes
+whatever weird technical name so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever weird technical name so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever weird technical name so it's a
+pretty straightforward idea the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward idea the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward idea the idea is
+when you're when you're signing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're signing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're signing a
+transaction you hash a bunch of data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you hash a bunch of data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you hash a bunch of data to
+sign but you don't include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but you don't include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but you don't include the
+signatures in the data you're hashing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures in the data you're hashing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures in the data you're hashing to
+sign them right because that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign them right because that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign them right because that wouldn't
+make any sense you can't do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense you can't do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense you can't do the same
+thing when you're referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when you're referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when you're referring to
+transactions themselves as T X IDs so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions themselves as T X IDs so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions themselves as T X IDs so in
+the exact same way that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same way that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same way that when you're
+signing you hash the data without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing you hash the data without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing you hash the data without the
+signatures when you're pointing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures when you're pointing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures when you're pointing to a
+transaction to say I'm spending from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction to say I'm spending from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction to say I'm spending from
+there also don't include the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also don't include the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also don't include the signature
+data you know just take the hash of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know just take the hash of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know just take the hash of the
+signature without say take the hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature without say take the hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature without say take the hash of
+the data without the signatures so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data without the signatures so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data without the signatures so yeah
+you just sort of have this pointer do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just sort of have this pointer do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just sort of have this pointer do I
+don't you know you've got a pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know you've got a pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know you've got a pointer to
+another input and you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another input and you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another input and you've got the
+puts where the signatures aren't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts where the signatures aren't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts where the signatures aren't in
+there so the idea is the signature can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the idea is the signature can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the idea is the signature can
+change in the transaction ID doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but what about backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what about backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what about backwards
+compatibility so this is a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility so this is a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility so this is a great idea
+why not go for it but how do you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not go for it but how do you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not go for it but how do you make it
+backwards compatible so that old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible so that old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible so that old
+software can still work with it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software can still work with it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software can still work with it right
+and it seems like you know a soft fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems like you know a soft fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems like you know a soft fork
+is I'm adding new rules to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm adding new rules to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm adding new rules to the system
+right I'm putting further restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm putting further restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm putting further restrictions
+on this seems like just a change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this seems like just a change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this seems like just a change right
+it seems like look I'm now calling thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like look I'm now calling thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like look I'm now calling thing
+I'm now defining something in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now defining something in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now defining something in a
+different way I'm removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way I'm removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way I'm removing the
+signatures from the TX ID how do we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures from the TX ID how do we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures from the TX ID how do we make
+this not appear to be a hard fork hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not appear to be a hard fork hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not appear to be a hard fork hard
+Forks easy you just say look we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks easy you just say look we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks easy you just say look we're
+changing the entire system from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the entire system from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the entire system from now on
+TX IDs don't have signatures so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX IDs don't have signatures so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX IDs don't have signatures so any
+ideas how you do this any backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas how you do this any backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas how you do this any backwards
+compatible way or just give up hard work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right so you can't change old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so you can't change old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so you can't change old
+transactions but having both at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions but having both at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions but having both at the same
+time is tricky the way you do it yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is tricky the way you do it yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is tricky the way you do it yeah so
+the idea is it would have been easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is it would have been easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is it would have been easier to
+start off this way right if Satoshi had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off this way right if Satoshi had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off this way right if Satoshi had
+just started this way it would great he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started this way it would great he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started this way it would great he
+didn't think of it it wasn't a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think of it it wasn't a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think of it it wasn't a super
+obvious thing that you know so you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing that you know so you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing that you know so you knew
+it as a soft work the way you do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a soft work the way you do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a soft work the way you do it is
+you make new outputs which don't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make new outputs which don't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make new outputs which don't require
+any signatures at all and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any signatures at all and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any signatures at all and then you just
+don't have any signatures this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any signatures this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any signatures this seems
+kind of silly signatures are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of silly signatures are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of silly signatures are pretty
+important otherwise any arbitrary person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important otherwise any arbitrary person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important otherwise any arbitrary person
+you just take all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take all the money
+but you redefine things in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you redefine things in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you redefine things in a way that
+new people know about and old people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people know about and old people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people know about and old people
+don't so this is actually what a segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so this is actually what a segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so this is actually what a segue
+output looks like the output script is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output looks like the output script is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output looks like the output script is
+just a zero and then a pub cash and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a zero and then a pub cash and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a zero and then a pub cash and then
+the sync script you know the field for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sync script you know the field for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sync script you know the field for a
+signature is just nothing you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is just nothing you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is just nothing you just don't
+put a signature there and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a signature there and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a signature there and then when
+you're running the stack you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running the stack you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running the stack you end up with
+a punky hash on the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a punky hash on the top of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a punky hash on the top of the stack
+which is some number and it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some number and it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some number and it's you know
+the interpreter looks at a number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpreter looks at a number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpreter looks at a number that's
+nonzero as true right I can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero as true right I can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero as true right I can see here
+things like that I'm going to move it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that I'm going to move it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that I'm going to move it's
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+someone was joking that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was joking that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was joking that you could
+potentially make this into a hard fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially make this into a hard fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially make this into a hard fork
+because what if the punky hash was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what if the punky hash was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what if the punky hash was zero
+and Segway you found the hash you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Segway you found the hash you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Segway you found the hash you found
+a punky that hash to zero and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a punky that hash to zero and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a punky that hash to zero and then you
+signed with it and it's a go it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed with it and it's a go it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed with it and it's a go it would
+accept it but old no it's wouldn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it but old no it's wouldn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it but old no it's wouldn't they
+actually that doesn't work but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that doesn't work but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that doesn't work but but it's
+sort of a anyway so so this for old if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a anyway so so this for old if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a anyway so so this for old if
+you're running the regular Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running the regular Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running the regular Bitcoin
+software you see this and no signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you see this and no signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you see this and no signature
+and you're like yeah this doesn't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're like yeah this doesn't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're like yeah this doesn't need a
+signature right it's just a hash like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature right it's just a hash like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature right it's just a hash like I
+don't know what this is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what this is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what this is fine
+the coins move you know evaluates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins move you know evaluates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins move you know evaluates the
+truth but the new version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth but the new version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth but the new version of the
+software sort of adds a restriction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software sort of adds a restriction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software sort of adds a restriction to
+this kind of output it says look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of output it says look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of output it says look if you
+see this this is a template this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this this is a template this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this this is a template this doesn't
+actually mean put a zero on the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean put a zero on the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean put a zero on the stack
+and put a punky hash on the stack it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put a punky hash on the stack it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put a punky hash on the stack it
+means something else now it means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something else now it means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something else now it means this
+is a pub key hash and look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pub key hash and look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pub key hash and look for a
+signature but look for a signature in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but look for a signature in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but look for a signature in a
+different place don't actually put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place don't actually put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place don't actually put it in
+the place you're supposed to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place you're supposed to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place you're supposed to put
+signatures put in a new place that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures put in a new place that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures put in a new place that and
+don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell
+the old software about this place we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old software about this place we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old software about this place we may
+we add a new field to the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add a new field to the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add a new field to the transaction
+inputs it's I don't it's in the wit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it's I don't it's in the wit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it's I don't it's in the wit it's
+sort of in the inputs but they put at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the inputs but they put at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the inputs but they put at
+the end it's kind of weird logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it's kind of weird logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it's kind of weird logically
+it's in the input you know it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the input you know it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the input you know it's the same
+but like physically it's not which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like physically it's not which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like physically it's not which is
+which is silly I like that aspect of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is silly I like that aspect of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is silly I like that aspect of it
+um but the idea is there's this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the idea is there's this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the idea is there's this new
+field in the inputs called the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the inputs called the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the inputs called the witness
+field and in cryptography witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and in cryptography witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and in cryptography witness
+mathematics it sort of means signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it sort of means signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it sort of means signature
+in this case anyway it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case anyway it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case anyway it's a little bit
+more general but the old software never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general but the old software never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general but the old software never
+sees it so the idea for here's the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it so the idea for here's the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it so the idea for here's the old
+transaction format you've got your TX ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction format you've got your TX ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction format you've got your TX ID
+and index you know 36 bytes sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and index you know 36 bytes sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and index you know 36 bytes sort of
+pointer to where what you're spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to where what you're spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to where what you're spending
+and then a signature which is a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a signature which is a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a signature which is a hundred
+bytes this stays the same and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes this stays the same and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes this stays the same and the new
+tax format the idea is ya the signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax format the idea is ya the signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax format the idea is ya the signatures
+field still there you just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field still there you just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field still there you just leave it
+empty right so you don't you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty right so you don't you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty right so you don't you're not
+putting any signature it doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting any signature it doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting any signature it doesn't look
+like you need to put a signature to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you need to put a signature to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you need to put a signature to the
+old peep the old software and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old peep the old software and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old peep the old software and then you
+have this you know third thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this you know third thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this you know third thing which is
+witness which is the same as signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness which is the same as signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness which is the same as signature
+basically slightly different format and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically slightly different format and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically slightly different format and
+like technically they put them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like technically they put them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like technically they put them all
+together and put at the end which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and put at the end which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and put at the end which is
+kind of annoying but anyway logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of annoying but anyway logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of annoying but anyway logically
+this is how they do it they make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how they do it they make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how they do it they make a new
+version of the transaction format so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the transaction format so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the transaction format so the
+old version looks like empty signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old version looks like empty signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old version looks like empty signatures
+the new version looks like here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new version looks like here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new version looks like here's this
+useless empty signature field and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless empty signature field and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless empty signature field and here's
+where the real signatures are and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the real signatures are and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the real signatures are and you
+omit the omit this to the old notes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omit the omit this to the old notes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omit the omit this to the old notes so
+when people ask for witness transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people ask for witness transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people ask for witness transactions
+when people know about this new system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people know about this new system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people know about this new system
+yeah you give it to them so they say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you give it to them so they say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you give it to them so they say hey
+yeah I'm I'm I'm hip to this new segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm I'm I'm hip to this new segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm I'm I'm hip to this new segment
+thing give me a segue transaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing give me a segue transaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing give me a segue transaction and
+you're like okay here's the witnesses at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like okay here's the witnesses at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like okay here's the witnesses at
+the end but when they don't seem to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but when they don't seem to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but when they don't seem to know
+about this and they're running older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and they're running older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and they're running older
+software and they say hey just give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and they say hey just give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and they say hey just give me
+the transaction you you give it to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction you you give it to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction you you give it to them
+without the witness at all it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the witness at all it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the witness at all it still
+looks valid to you know either one looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks valid to you know either one looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks valid to you know either one looks
+valid right however the new people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid right however the new people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid right however the new people they
+know that if you see this it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if you see this it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if you see this it does not
+mean push a zero push up up key hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean push a zero push up up key hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean push a zero push up up key hash
+there's a new rule that no this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new rule that no this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new rule that no this is a
+template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+this is segue I need a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is segue I need a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is segue I need a signature
+I need it to be in the witness field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need it to be in the witness field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need it to be in the witness field so
+if a new node gets a transaction without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a new node gets a transaction without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a new node gets a transaction without
+a witness that they know needs a witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a witness that they know needs a witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a witness that they know needs a witness
+they will declare it invalid but the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will declare it invalid but the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will declare it invalid but the old
+nodes won't be able to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes won't be able to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes won't be able to distinguish
+they'll say well it looks like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say well it looks like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say well it looks like you know
+no signatures needed here okay so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no signatures needed here okay so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no signatures needed here okay so you're
+you're sort of tricking the old software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of tricking the old software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of tricking the old software
+into accepting things they shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into accepting things they shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into accepting things they shouldn't
+actually accept in some cases right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accept in some cases right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accept in some cases right
+there may not be a valid signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be a valid signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be a valid signature
+that goes into the seg whit transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into the seg whit transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into the seg whit transaction
+but old old software will still think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but old old software will still think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but old old software will still think
+it's okay so this is how you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so this is how you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so this is how you make it
+into a soft work it's kind of ugly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a soft work it's kind of ugly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a soft work it's kind of ugly but
+yeah do you know because it's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you know because it's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you know because it's based on
+the output script you could make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output script you could make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output script you could make you
+could make a different output script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make a different output script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make a different output script
+that would have a signature that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have a signature that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have a signature that no
+signature requirement and it would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature requirement and it would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature requirement and it would still
+work even with with this new system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work even with with this new system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work even with with this new system so
+it's just based on you know we changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just based on you know we changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just based on you know we changed
+the definition of an output script you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of an output script you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of an output script you
+know so have this sort of template you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so have this sort of template you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so have this sort of template you
+can still do which like you could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do which like you could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do which like you could put a
+you could put without a zero in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put without a zero in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put without a zero in front
+you could put just a pub key hash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put just a pub key hash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put just a pub key hash and
+that's not defined inside what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not defined inside what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not defined inside what that's
+not defined anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defined anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defined anywhere
+it would just be okay yeah it evaluates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just be okay yeah it evaluates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just be okay yeah it evaluates
+the true without a signature anyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true without a signature anyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true without a signature anyone can
+spend it and you could do that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend it and you could do that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend it and you could do that that
+would happen oh so that would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen oh so that would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen oh so that would have to be
+a non segue transaction right the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non segue transaction right the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non segue transaction right the only
+way to use a tag what transaction is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to use a tag what transaction is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to use a tag what transaction is to
+have the special format for the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the special format for the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the special format for the output
+script any other questions about network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script any other questions about network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script any other questions about network
+stuff yeah so it's and in this solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yeah so it's and in this solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yeah so it's and in this solves
+malleability in a pretty good way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability in a pretty good way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability in a pretty good way right
+for the old software the old nodes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the old software the old nodes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the old software the old nodes well
+they can't change the signature because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't change the signature because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't change the signature because
+there isn't one there's nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't one there's nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't one there's nothing to
+maleate and from the new nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maleate and from the new nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maleate and from the new nodes
+perspective yes the signature can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective yes the signature can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective yes the signature can change
+but that doesn't affect the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't affect the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't affect the transaction
+ID both old and new nodes still agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID both old and new nodes still agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID both old and new nodes still agree on
+the exact same transaction ID the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same transaction ID the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same transaction ID the
+transaction ID does not include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID does not include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID does not include the
+witness field right so when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness field right so when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness field right so when you're when
+you're calculating the transaction ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating the transaction ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating the transaction ID
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+blew it all this for backwards and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew it all this for backwards and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew it all this for backwards and if
+there's this actual signature there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this actual signature there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this actual signature there that
+gets into the TX ID but if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the TX ID but if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the TX ID but if you're using
+empty signature and only using witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty signature and only using witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty signature and only using witness
+then it doesn't get into the TX ad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't get into the TX ad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't get into the TX ad at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+um so both both old and new software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so both both old and new software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so both both old and new software
+agree and that's important because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and that's important because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and that's important because if
+they didn't the merkel roots would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't the merkel roots would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't the merkel roots would look
+wrong right you take all the TX ids put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong right you take all the TX ids put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong right you take all the TX ids put
+them into a merkel route put that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a merkel route put that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a merkel route put that in the
+header um and that's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header um and that's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header um and that's really important
+that everyone agrees on that so they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone agrees on that so they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone agrees on that so they do
+they do work together so that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is kind of interesting
+you've got two different sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two different sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two different sort of you
+know old version new version operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know old version new version operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know old version new version operating
+at the same time on the network and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time on the network and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time on the network and they
+agree on a lot of stuff but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on a lot of stuff but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on a lot of stuff but they also
+sort of disagree on some things right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of disagree on some things right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of disagree on some things right so
+they agree on outputs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree on outputs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree on outputs of the
+transactions and they agreed on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and they agreed on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and they agreed on which
+inputs there are but they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs there are but they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs there are but they have a
+slightly different view of what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different view of what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different view of what these
+inputs are some of them think no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are some of them think no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are some of them think no
+signature is here some thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is here some thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is here some thing yeah
+there's a signature here that's weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a signature here that's weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a signature here that's weird
+they don't agree on how things got spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't agree on how things got spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't agree on how things got spent
+what are some other things that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some other things that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some other things that these
+two different classes of nodes would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different classes of nodes would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different classes of nodes would not
+agree on any ideas so you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on any ideas so you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on any ideas so you you you
+understand like how they see different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like how they see different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like how they see different
+transactions what are some other aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions what are some other aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions what are some other aspects
+that may be sort of interesting for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be sort of interesting for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be sort of interesting for this
+consensus system that we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus system that we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus system that we have different
+views on I forget what I put I put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views on I forget what I put I put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views on I forget what I put I put two
+things right any hint biggest argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right any hint biggest argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right any hint biggest argument
+since 2010 in Bitcoin what do these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2010 in Bitcoin what do these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2010 in Bitcoin what do these two
+different classes of nodes not agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well the transaction size yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well the transaction size yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well the transaction size yeah so
+they both see two different transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both see two different transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both see two different transactions
+one of them sees it with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them sees it with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them sees it with these
+signatures one of them sees it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures one of them sees it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures one of them sees it without
+they don't agree on how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't agree on how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't agree on how big the
+transaction is they agree on the TX ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction is they agree on the TX ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction is they agree on the TX ID
+right they agree on where the money's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they agree on where the money's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they agree on where the money's
+going where it's coming from but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going where it's coming from but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going where it's coming from but they
+have completely different views of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have completely different views of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have completely different views of how
+big this transaction is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this transaction is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this transaction is in terms of
+number of bytes so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bytes so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bytes so this is really
+interesting for many many years since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for many many years since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for many many years since
+2010 everyone's been arguing and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 everyone's been arguing and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 everyone's been arguing and one of
+the big aspects of oh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big aspects of oh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big aspects of oh we want to
+increase the block size that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the block size that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the block size that
+hard fork right everyone up to now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork right everyone up to now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork right everyone up to now you
+know we're enforcing the block size must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're enforcing the block size must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're enforcing the block size must
+be 1 million bytes or less there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 million bytes or less there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 million bytes or less there's no
+way around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around that
+right you can't just increase it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't just increase it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't just increase it that's
+we've got this rule you're breaking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this rule you're breaking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this rule you're breaking that
+rule this is a sneaky way to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this is a sneaky way to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this is a sneaky way to break the
+rule but still not tell people you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but still not tell people you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but still not tell people you're
+breaking the rule right say ok I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the rule right say ok I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the rule right say ok I'm
+enforcing a rule that there's 1 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing a rule that there's 1 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing a rule that there's 1 million
+bytes as far as I'm concerned there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes as far as I'm concerned there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes as far as I'm concerned there are
+less than 1 million bytes in this trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 million bytes in this trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 million bytes in this trans
+that in this set of transactions the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this set of transactions the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this set of transactions the new
+nodes No yeah there's there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes No yeah there's there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes No yeah there's there's more than
+a million there's like 2 million bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million there's like 2 million bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million there's like 2 million bytes
+in here we just didn't tell the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here we just didn't tell the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here we just didn't tell the people
+who you know we didn't tell the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know we didn't tell the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know we didn't tell the old
+software about all these extra bytes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software about all these extra bytes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software about all these extra bytes so
+this is kind of an interesting thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of an interesting thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of an interesting thing you
+can do so you can increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so you can increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so you can increase the
+transaction size without telling the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction size without telling the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction size without telling the old
+notes so yeah the old notes don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so yeah the old notes don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so yeah the old notes don't see
+the 100 something bytes with the pub key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 something bytes with the pub key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 something bytes with the pub key
+signature so there they see transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so there they see transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so there they see transactions
+that are much smaller around half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much smaller around half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much smaller around half the
+size depends but half the size ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size depends but half the size ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size depends but half the size ish
+so those bytes they won't count doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those bytes they won't count doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those bytes they won't count doors
+those bytes towards the 1 million byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bytes towards the 1 million byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bytes towards the 1 million byte
+block size limit so this is ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block size limit so this is ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block size limit so this is ends up
+being a soft fork that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a soft fork that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a soft fork that allows you to
+increase the block size in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the block size in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the block size in a kind of
+sneaky way right the old nodes don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky way right the old nodes don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky way right the old nodes don't
+think the block size has increased they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the block size has increased they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the block size has increased they
+think it's less than a megabyte and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's less than a megabyte and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's less than a megabyte and they
+also think this is weird I haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think this is weird I haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think this is weird I haven't seen
+any signatures for a while everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any signatures for a while everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any signatures for a while everyone
+seems to be using these transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be using these transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be using these transactions
+that don't require signatures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't require signatures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't require signatures and
+somehow everyone's getting along and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow everyone's getting along and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow everyone's getting along and not
+stealing each other's money despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing each other's money despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing each other's money despite the
+you know lack of a need for signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lack of a need for signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lack of a need for signatures
+but you know these are not intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know these are not intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know these are not intelligent
+people these are software programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these are software programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these are software programs and
+if you you know it'll just run ok yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know it'll just run ok yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know it'll just run ok yep
+yep yep you know this evaluates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep you know this evaluates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep you know this evaluates the
+truth so it's kind of cool block size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth so it's kind of cool block size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth so it's kind of cool block size
+entry soft work however you Institute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry soft work however you Institute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry soft work however you Institute a
+new rule with segue you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule with segue you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule with segue you don't want to
+just say we don't count for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say we don't count for the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say we don't count for the new
+rules we don't count signatures turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we don't count signatures turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we don't count signatures turns
+them on megabyte limit right you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on megabyte limit right you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on megabyte limit right you could
+do that but then people might spam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but then people might spam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but then people might spam
+signatures right let me make a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures right let me make a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures right let me make a giant
+signature or some kind of like 50 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature or some kind of like 50 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature or some kind of like 50 out of
+a million pub keys thing and spam the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million pub keys thing and spam the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million pub keys thing and spam the
+network and then it will still be under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and then it will still be under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and then it will still be under
+a megabyte of nah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a megabyte of nah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a megabyte of nah
+witness data but so yes and I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness data but so yes and I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness data but so yes and I've got two
+classes of data you got all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of data you got all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of data you got all the data
+that everyone sees and all the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone sees and all the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone sees and all the witness
+data that only the new notes see so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that only the new notes see so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that only the new notes see so you
+what they did is they said okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they said okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they said okay the
+witness data still counts towards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness data still counts towards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness data still counts towards that
+limit but it counts each witness bite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but it counts each witness bite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but it counts each witness bite
+counts as 1/4 of a regular bite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as 1/4 of a regular bite okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as 1/4 of a regular bite okay
+kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird
+yeah so in practice in the software what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in practice in the software what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in practice in the software what
+they do is they say okay we multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is they say okay we multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is they say okay we multiply the
+non witness bites by four so every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non witness bites by four so every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non witness bites by four so every every
+output every button the outputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output every button the outputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output every button the outputs and
+everybody liked exid inputs things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody liked exid inputs things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody liked exid inputs things
+constants like 4 bytes and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants like 4 bytes and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants like 4 bytes and then the
+witnesses just count as one regular byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnesses just count as one regular byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnesses just count as one regular byte
+and then we now say okay the new block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we now say okay the new block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we now say okay the new block
+size is 4 million bytes but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is 4 million bytes but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is 4 million bytes but they don't
+for a million weight units because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a million weight units because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a million weight units because
+they're sort of okay we've sort of got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of okay we've sort of got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of okay we've sort of got
+different weights for things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weights for things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weights for things this
+actually makes sense because the you TXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes sense because the you TXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes sense because the you TXO
+set is what you were really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is what you were really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is what you were really want to
+minimize right that database we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize right that database we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize right that database we keep
+updating every block and the signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating every block and the signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating every block and the signatures
+don't go into the ut Exocet right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go into the ut Exocet right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go into the ut Exocet right so the
+signatures you don't actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures you don't actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures you don't actually have to
+store on like a fast low latency storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store on like a fast low latency storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store on like a fast low latency storage
+so how so in a very real sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how so in a very real sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how so in a very real sense the
+signatures are sort of okay to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures are sort of okay to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures are sort of okay to make
+bigger they don't really cost as much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger they don't really cost as much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger they don't really cost as much to
+the network to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network to store
+so having this discount where you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having this discount where you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having this discount where you say
+okay the the signatures you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the signatures you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the signatures you can have a
+bunch of them that doesn't really count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them that doesn't really count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them that doesn't really count
+as much but the outputs we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much but the outputs we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much but the outputs we really need
+to minimize so this this 1/4 is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize so this this 1/4 is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize so this this 1/4 is like
+somewhat arbitrary but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat arbitrary but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat arbitrary but there are some
+calculations or like a little hand wavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or like a little hand wavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or like a little hand wavy
+but it's like yeah this is about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like yeah this is about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like yeah this is about what it
+should be to sort of try to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to sort of try to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to sort of try to balance
+thanks ok so the end result if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks ok so the end result if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks ok so the end result if you've
+got if you have this discount you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got if you have this discount you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got if you have this discount you can
+put about 80% more transactions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put about 80% more transactions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put about 80% more transactions in a
+block you get about 1.8 Meg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block you get about 1.8 Meg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block you get about 1.8 Meg's
+it depends right it depends how big your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends right it depends how big your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends right it depends how big your
+signatures are so the maximum would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures are so the maximum would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures are so the maximum would be
+you have a block that has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a block that has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a block that has one
+transaction with just a giant signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction with just a giant signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction with just a giant signature
+that's like almost 4 megabytes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like almost 4 megabytes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like almost 4 megabytes and the
+old software would see this block as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software would see this block as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software would see this block as
+being really tiny like 100-something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really tiny like 100-something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really tiny like 100-something
+bytes and the new software would see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes and the new software would see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes and the new software would see oh
+yeah this block is almost 4 megabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this block is almost 4 megabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this block is almost 4 megabytes
+but that's sort of the extreme case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's sort of the extreme case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's sort of the extreme case I
+remember generating some like 3.7 meg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember generating some like 3.7 meg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember generating some like 3.7 meg
+Tran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tran
+actually two blocks I'm testing that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two blocks I'm testing that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two blocks I'm testing that a
+while ago just to test it out it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago just to test it out it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago just to test it out it works
+but in practice you seen about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice you seen about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice you seen about this um
+and in practice today as segment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in practice today as segment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in practice today as segment has
+been you know seeing more adoption you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you know seeing more adoption you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you know seeing more adoption you
+see like 1.3 megabyte blocks you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like 1.3 megabyte blocks you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like 1.3 megabyte blocks you know
+not everyone's using it you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone's using it you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone's using it you know the
+idea is it's it's backwards compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is it's it's backwards compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is it's it's backwards compatible
+you can still use your old software but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still use your old software but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still use your old software but
+it seems like more and more software is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like more and more software is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like more and more software is
+using this you get a discount on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this you get a discount on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this you get a discount on your
+fees because your transaction seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees because your transaction seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees because your transaction seems to
+be smaller right you can fit more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller right you can fit more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller right you can fit more of
+them in a block so it's kind of cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a block so it's kind of cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a block so it's kind of cool and
+that's sort of an incentive to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of an incentive to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of an incentive to use it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+other thing you can do you can commit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do you can commit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do you can commit to
+signatures this is a little tricky if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures this is a little tricky if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures this is a little tricky if
+the signatures aren't in the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signatures aren't in the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signatures aren't in the transaction
+ID then they aren't in the merkel route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID then they aren't in the merkel route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID then they aren't in the merkel route
+right so there's nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's nothing really
+committing the signatures into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing the signatures into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing the signatures into the
+blockchain and this would actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and this would actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and this would actually work
+you could say no i have a signature i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say no i have a signature i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say no i have a signature i'll
+give it to you but it could change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to you but it could change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to you but it could change right
+it could mount it can be malli ated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mount it can be malli ated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mount it can be malli ated so
+it could be weird though right you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be weird though right you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be weird though right you could
+agree on a UTI Exocet when you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on a UTI Exocet when you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on a UTI Exocet when you could
+have disagree on how exactly you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have disagree on how exactly you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have disagree on how exactly you've got
+there so one example would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so one example would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so one example would be um
+multi-sig where there's two of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sig where there's two of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sig where there's two of three
+multi-sig Alice Bob and Carol two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sig Alice Bob and Carol two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sig Alice Bob and Carol two of
+them need to sign and then on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them need to sign and then on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them need to sign and then on my
+computer it says that Alice and Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer it says that Alice and Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer it says that Alice and Bob
+signed and on your computer it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed and on your computer it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed and on your computer it says that
+Allison Carol signed that's weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allison Carol signed that's weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allison Carol signed that's weird
+right like we're not you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like we're not you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like we're not you know for
+accountability if we want to know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability if we want to know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability if we want to know who
+who exactly endorsed these things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who exactly endorsed these things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who exactly endorsed these things we
+might disagree on it there's there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might disagree on it there's there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might disagree on it there's there would
+be no canonical like here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no canonical like here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no canonical like here's the
+blockchain here's who signed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain here's who signed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain here's who signed the
+transactions themselves would all still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions themselves would all still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions themselves would all still
+be the same but not the signatures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same but not the signatures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same but not the signatures so
+that's kind of weird but it also seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of weird but it also seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of weird but it also seems
+that well maybe that's part of the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well maybe that's part of the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well maybe that's part of the price
+you pay for fixing malleability in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay for fixing malleability in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay for fixing malleability in this
+way right if we're not if we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right if we're not if we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right if we're not if we're not
+putting the signatures into the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the signatures into the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the signatures into the like
+sort of thing that gets committed to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that gets committed to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that gets committed to in
+the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain
+then yeah signatures can change so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah signatures can change so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah signatures can change so any
+way around this seem it sort of seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around this seem it sort of seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around this seem it sort of seems
+like yeah that's the trade-off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah that's the trade-off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah that's the trade-off right
+it's easy way around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy way around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy way around it
+sneaky fun you know okay so what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky fun you know okay so what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky fun you know okay so what you do
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you commit the signatures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you commit the signatures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you commit the signatures but
+in a weird way okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a weird way okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a weird way okay so here's the
+regular old Merkel tree right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular old Merkel tree right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular old Merkel tree right this is
+the Merkel route that you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Merkel route that you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Merkel route that you put in the
+header here's all the transaction IDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header here's all the transaction IDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header here's all the transaction IDs
+and so you make these intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you make these intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you make these intermediate
+hashes you know this is the hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes you know this is the hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes you know this is the hash of
+these two things concatenated together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things concatenated together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things concatenated together
+this is a hash of these these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hash of these these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hash of these these things
+concatenate it together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate it together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate it together um
+now if the TX IDs don't have signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the TX IDs don't have signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the TX IDs don't have signatures
+yeah there's no commitment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's no commitment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's no commitment to the
+signatures in the top hash well you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures in the top hash well you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures in the top hash well you use
+this say okay I'm going to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say okay I'm going to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say okay I'm going to make these
+new witness TX IDs hashes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new witness TX IDs hashes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new witness TX IDs hashes of
+transactions that do include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that do include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that do include the
+signatures in practice you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures in practice you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures in practice you could just
+make a hash of just the signatures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a hash of just the signatures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a hash of just the signatures that
+would also work they just they just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also work they just they just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also work they just they just take
+the whole thing and now I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing and now I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing and now I've got this
+sort of like other reflected Merkel tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like other reflected Merkel tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like other reflected Merkel tree
+kind of thing where okay I take the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing where okay I take the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing where okay I take the hash
+of these two witness transact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two witness transact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two witness transact
+transaction IDs put it here and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction IDs put it here and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction IDs put it here and this one
+just drops down you know it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drops down you know it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drops down you know it's another
+Merkel tree and then you get a root for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel tree and then you get a root for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel tree and then you get a root for
+all those things call it the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things call it the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things call it the witness
+root and then what you do is you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and then what you do is you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and then what you do is you put the
+witness root in the coinbase transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness root in the coinbase transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness root in the coinbase transaction
+put it in an off return and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in an off return and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in an off return and the idea is
+the coinbase transaction doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coinbase transaction doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coinbase transaction doesn't have
+any signatures anyway right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any signatures anyway right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any signatures anyway right so you can
+put it in there that you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in there that you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in there that you don't need to
+include the transaction zero in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the transaction zero in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the transaction zero in this
+witness tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness tree
+wait they do though right but they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait they do though right but they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait they do though right but they say
+they like say that no maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like say that no maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like say that no maybe this is
+slightly inaccurate in that I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly inaccurate in that I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly inaccurate in that I think they
+actually do make a witness TX ID for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do make a witness TX ID for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do make a witness TX ID for the
+coinbase transaction but they define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase transaction but they define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase transaction but they define it
+as being zero or something so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being zero or something so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being zero or something so it's like
+weird right but you could do that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird right but you could do that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird right but you could do that they
+define a zero or they like that you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a zero or they like that you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a zero or they like that you pick
+anything you want I'd have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want I'd have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want I'd have to look at
+the code but anyway um the basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code but anyway um the basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code but anyway um the basic idea is
+for these anyway you take the hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these anyway you take the hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these anyway you take the hash of
+the whole thing including the signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing including the signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing including the signatures
+put it in the witness route put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the witness route put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the witness route put the
+witness root in the coinbase transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness root in the coinbase transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness root in the coinbase transaction
+and the coordinates transaction gets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coordinates transaction gets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coordinates transaction gets in
+to the merkel root so you are committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the merkel root so you are committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the merkel root so you are committing
+to all the signatures but on the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the signatures but on the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the signatures but on the block
+level not the transaction level right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level not the transaction level right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level not the transaction level right so
+you don't so in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't so in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't so in the case where
+I think Alice and Bob signed oh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Alice and Bob signed oh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Alice and Bob signed oh I think
+Allison Carol signed you can have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allison Carol signed you can have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allison Carol signed you can have those
+two transactions floating around on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two transactions floating around on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two transactions floating around on the
+network and we can you know they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and we can you know they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and we can you know they have
+the same TX ID and so who knows which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same TX ID and so who knows which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same TX ID and so who knows which
+ones getting into a block there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones getting into a block there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones getting into a block there they
+look almost the same many you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look almost the same many you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look almost the same many you know some
+of the software won't be able to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the software won't be able to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the software won't be able to pick
+between them however once it gets into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them however once it gets into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them however once it gets into a
+block one of them will be committed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block one of them will be committed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block one of them will be committed to
+it's like Oh ended up being here Allison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like Oh ended up being here Allison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like Oh ended up being here Allison
+Carroll that actually you know those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carroll that actually you know those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carroll that actually you know those two
+signatures actually got into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures actually got into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures actually got into the
+blockchain however you could then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain however you could then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain however you could then yeah
+you could you could prove hey no I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could prove hey no I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could prove hey no I had
+this Alice Bob signature but then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Alice Bob signature but then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Alice Bob signature but then it
+never got into the blockchain and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got into the blockchain and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got into the blockchain and maybe
+you made it after the fact it never gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made it after the fact it never gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made it after the fact it never gets
+committed to a bunch of pool software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to a bunch of pool software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to a bunch of pool software
+doesn't do this what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+haven't implemented as in they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't implemented as in they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't implemented as in they just
+don't support Segway or okay wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support Segway or okay wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support Segway or okay wouldn't
+that just not work right how but to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just not work right how but to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just not work right how but to the
+new software if you don't have so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new software if you don't have so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new software if you don't have so what's
+tepid okay well will it when one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tepid okay well will it when one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tepid okay well will it when one of the
+rules in say so segue to the soft work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in say so segue to the soft work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in say so segue to the soft work
+right you say okay we define these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say okay we define these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say okay we define these new
+transaction types we define the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction types we define the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction types we define the sort of
+template where if you have a zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template where if you have a zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template where if you have a zero and
+then this punky hash it also says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this punky hash it also says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this punky hash it also says I
+require every coinbase transaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require every coinbase transaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require every coinbase transaction and
+every I require the coinbase transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I require the coinbase transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I require the coinbase transaction
+to have this output that says opera turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this output that says opera turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this output that says opera turn
+a a 9c whatever this little random four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a 9c whatever this little random four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a 9c whatever this little random four
+random bytes and then I'd required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random bytes and then I'd required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random bytes and then I'd required to
+have the witness route in here so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the witness route in here so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the witness route in here so I've
+seen that a lot yeah so a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that a lot yeah so a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that a lot yeah so a lot of the
+yeah a lot of the software says I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot of the software says I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot of the software says I'm not
+gonna do this you know if I see a say-so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do this you know if I see a say-so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do this you know if I see a say-so
+the other thing that's nice segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that's nice segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that's nice segue
+transactions to old software look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions to old software look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions to old software look
+non-standard so I mentioned before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard so I mentioned before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard so I mentioned before that
+there's you know standard issue rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know standard issue rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know standard issue rules
+where this looks weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this looks weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this looks weird
+I'm not going to mine it I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to mine it I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to mine it I'm not going
+to relay it to my peers but if I see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relay it to my peers but if I see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relay it to my peers but if I see in
+a block well okay fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block well okay fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block well okay fine
+so segue transactions look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so segue transactions look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so segue transactions look very
+non-standard right it looks like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard right it looks like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard right it looks like there's
+no signature that's weird there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no signature that's weird there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no signature that's weird there's this
+zero like you know what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like you know what's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like you know what's going on so
+yeah you can you can still run a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can you can still run a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can you can still run a minor
+and just not even know about segue it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just not even know about segue it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just not even know about segue it's
+a little dangerous because you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little dangerous because you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little dangerous because you might see
+a block that is say what invalid but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block that is say what invalid but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block that is say what invalid but you
+wouldn't know it and so you might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know it and so you might try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know it and so you might try to
+mine on top of it so there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine on top of it so there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine on top of it so there there are
+some risks but in general most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some risks but in general most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some risks but in general most people
+are doing the right thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing the right thing you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing the right thing you could
+still mind without knowing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mind without knowing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mind without knowing about this
+stuff so any quit any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so any quit any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so any quit any questions about
+committing to the signatures oh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing to the signatures oh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing to the signatures oh yeah so
+you got this upgrade path that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this upgrade path that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this upgrade path that's kind of
+cool so it defined zero pub key hash as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so it defined zero pub key hash as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so it defined zero pub key hash as
+hey this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey this is now
+this is now paid up up yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now paid up up yes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now paid up up yes right
+interpret this weird template as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this weird template as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this weird template as the
+regular hey verify this signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular hey verify this signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular hey verify this signature
+I also when when segue software happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also when when segue software happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also when when segue software happened
+redefined a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefined a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefined a whole bunch of other
+templates like this so you know one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates like this so you know one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates like this so you know one and
+then some data or two and then some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some data or two and then some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some data or two and then some data
+you know just put a number and then put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just put a number and then put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just put a number and then put
+a bunch of data all of these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of data all of these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of data all of these are sort of
+defined as future upgrades so if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as future upgrades so if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as future upgrades so if you see
+a three block of data you now say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three block of data you now say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three block of data you now say yeah
+okay I know that segment version three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I know that segment version three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I know that segment version three
+my software will maybe pop up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my software will maybe pop up something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my software will maybe pop up something
+say hey people are using segway version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey people are using segway version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey people are using segway version
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+you're only aware of segue at version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only aware of segue at version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only aware of segue at version
+zero but and you'll consider it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but and you'll consider it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but and you'll consider it
+non-standard you won't relay it but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard you won't relay it but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard you won't relay it but if
+it's in a block yeah sure and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a block yeah sure and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a block yeah sure and you don't
+require any anything about the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require any anything about the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require any anything about the signature
+you'll just say yeah whatever weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just say yeah whatever weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just say yeah whatever weird
+witness data you provide for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness data you provide for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness data you provide for these
+outputs I don't know how to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs I don't know how to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs I don't know how to interpret
+them I'm just gonna let it all go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm just gonna let it all go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm just gonna let it all go
+through what that means is it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what that means is it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what that means is it's you know
+there's no witness needed if a witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no witness needed if a witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no witness needed if a witness
+is provided you just ignore it can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is provided you just ignore it can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is provided you just ignore it can you
+just think everything's fine this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think everything's fine this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think everything's fine this allows
+easier upgrades you have sixteen new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier upgrades you have sixteen new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier upgrades you have sixteen new
+versions to upgrade to yeah you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions to upgrade to yeah you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions to upgrade to yeah you don't
+you don't require any you know specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't require any you know specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't require any you know specific
+things about this so you can make new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this so you can make new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this so you can make new
+scripts you can make a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts you can make a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts you can make a completely
+different script interpreter you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different script interpreter you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different script interpreter you could
+say okay we're gonna port EVM to Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we're gonna port EVM to Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we're gonna port EVM to Bitcoin
+and I'll disable some of the op codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll disable some of the op codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll disable some of the op codes
+that don't apply and you know have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't apply and you know have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't apply and you know have that
+kind of thing have new smart contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing have new smart contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing have new smart contracts
+so it's kind of a fun like yeah we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of a fun like yeah we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of a fun like yeah we will
+you know and it's it's a nice easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it's it's a nice easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it's it's a nice easy
+upgrade path you could have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade path you could have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade path you could have multiple
+different things the code will be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the code will be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the code will be easier
+you could do it don't do it today right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it don't do it today right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it don't do it today right
+you could construct an output that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could construct an output that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could construct an output that's a
+2-byte and then your pub key and send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-byte and then your pub key and send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-byte and then your pub key and send it
+out there it will be probably stealable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there it will be probably stealable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there it will be probably stealable
+by miners right because everyone else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by miners right because everyone else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by miners right because everyone else is
+node will say yeah I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node will say yeah I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node will say yeah I don't know how to
+interpret this yet there's no new knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this yet there's no new knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this yet there's no new knows
+there's no rules about this yet okay let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rules about this yet okay let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rules about this yet okay let
+me okay wait let me show you some segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay wait let me show you some segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay wait let me show you some segue
+stuff okay so there's actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so there's actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so there's actually um
+there's actually like nested segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually like nested segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually like nested segue
+there's like an ugly like they should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like an ugly like they should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like an ugly like they should I
+didn't like it but yeah so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like it but yeah so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like it but yeah so this is like
+you know somewhat designed by committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somewhat designed by committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somewhat designed by committee
+II there's also this is like 2016 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the other thing I was saying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing I was saying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing I was saying with
+this I was like okay you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I was like okay you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I was like okay you've got this
+witness to UX ID and I remember people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness to UX ID and I remember people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness to UX ID and I remember people
+working on Segway and I said hey why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Segway and I said hey why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Segway and I said hey why
+don't you make the transaction IDs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you make the transaction IDs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you make the transaction IDs a
+Merkel tree of the inputs and outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel tree of the inputs and outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel tree of the inputs and outputs
+instead of just the hash of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just the hash of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just the hash of everything
+altogether then if you had a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether then if you had a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether then if you had a really big
+transaction you could prove that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you could prove that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you could prove that an
+input had been spent without sending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input had been spent without sending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input had been spent without sending the
+whole transaction over and like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole transaction over and like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole transaction over and like I
+thought that was a cool idea and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was a cool idea and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was a cool idea and then
+when I to talk to people they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I to talk to people they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I to talk to people they're like
+yeah Peter Todd already said that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Peter Todd already said that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Peter Todd already said that like
+three weeks ago and whatever we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks ago and whatever we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks ago and whatever we're not
+gonna do it like it's too late we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it like it's too late we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it like it's too late we
+already coded stuff and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already coded stuff and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already coded stuff and that's that's
+the sort of fundamental aspect of Segway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of fundamental aspect of Segway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of fundamental aspect of Segway
+it you can't really upgrade that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can't really upgrade that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can't really upgrade that in the
+new in the new script versions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new in the new script versions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new in the new script versions so
+whatever there's also still a hard rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever there's also still a hard rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever there's also still a hard rule
+and one transactions themselves being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one transactions themselves being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one transactions themselves being
+less than to make what I think so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than to make what I think so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than to make what I think so it's
+not a huge deal but it'll been cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a huge deal but it'll been cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a huge deal but it'll been cool
+another thing is there's actually a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is there's actually a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is there's actually a way
+so this this would there's no address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this would there's no address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this would there's no address
+defined for this right addresses map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for this right addresses map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for this right addresses map to
+output scripts in all the software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output scripts in all the software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output scripts in all the software and
+so when you say okay I'm sending to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say okay I'm sending to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say okay I'm sending to one
+AEC C or whatever it knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AEC C or whatever it knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AEC C or whatever it knows how to
+interpret that address build the 20-byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that address build the 20-byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that address build the 20-byte
+pub key hash script and send to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub key hash script and send to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub key hash script and send to it and
+vice versa all right so from an address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa all right so from an address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa all right so from an address
+you can get this output script and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this output script and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this output script and from
+the output script you can get an address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output script you can get an address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output script you can get an address
+so when a when a old software sees this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a when a old software sees this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a when a old software sees this
+it's just like there's no address I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like there's no address I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like there's no address I
+don't even know what that is I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what that is I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what that is I've never
+seen that and so you you people worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that and so you you people worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that and so you you people worried
+that like oh it's gonna be weird people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like oh it's gonna be weird people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like oh it's gonna be weird people
+are gonna have to upgrade to even send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna have to upgrade to even send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna have to upgrade to even send
+to people using segue right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people using segue right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people using segue right so it's
+backwards compatible but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible but if you want to
+say hey send me some some money at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey send me some some money at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey send me some some money at this
+eggwin address and then they can and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggwin address and then they can and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggwin address and then they can and so
+you say okay fine send me the money with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay fine send me the money with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay fine send me the money with
+a regular address and then we have still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular address and then we have still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular address and then we have still
+have this malleability problem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this malleability problem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this malleability problem and then
+i have a wallet that supports both and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a wallet that supports both and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a wallet that supports both and i
+can move money to my own addresses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move money to my own addresses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move money to my own addresses and
+kind of ugly so they made this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ugly so they made this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ugly so they made this like
+nested address thing which I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested address thing which I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested address thing which I don't like
+because then it actually it has both so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it actually it has both so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it actually it has both so
+you've got a signature and a witness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a signature and a witness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a signature and a witness and
+the signature is like not a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature is like not a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature is like not a real
+signature it's just pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature it's just pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature it's just pointing to the
+witness it's like really ugly there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness it's like really ugly there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness it's like really ugly there's a
+bunch of weird stuff in a segue code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of weird stuff in a segue code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of weird stuff in a segue code
+that like not I'm not super into I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like not I'm not super into I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like not I'm not super into I don't
+have to use it though right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use it though right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use it though right that's the
+beauty of these permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of these permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of these permissionless
+innovation kind of systems like like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation kind of systems like like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation kind of systems like like you
+I don't like that code okay I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like that code okay I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like that code okay I'm not
+supporting it so okay so what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting it so okay so what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting it so okay so what just
+happened okay okay so here's one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay okay so here's one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay okay so here's one that's
+nested so I did I would just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested so I did I would just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested so I did I would just like
+randomly looking through a block here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly looking through a block here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly looking through a block here's
+one and you can see it's like okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can see it's like okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can see it's like okay the
+output I'm not the outputs are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I'm not the outputs are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I'm not the outputs are probably
+also nested seg wit and the input is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also nested seg wit and the input is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also nested seg wit and the input is you
+know it's got both a script sig and a TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's got both a script sig and a TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's got both a script sig and a TX
+witness write d-x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness write d-x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness write d-x
+input with a sort of pure one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input with a sort of pure one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input with a sort of pure one is this
+one f7 and okay so you can see the oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one f7 and okay so you can see the oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one f7 and okay so you can see the oh
+wait am I not running what version am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait am I not running what version am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait am I not running what version am i
+running I think I'm running fifteen one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running I think I'm running fifteen one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running I think I'm running fifteen one
+still so I'm not seeing the address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so I'm not seeing the address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so I'm not seeing the address
+there's a new address format called Beck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new address format called Beck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new address format called Beck
+Beck 32 32 which will turn you know see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beck 32 32 which will turn you know see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beck 32 32 which will turn you know see
+it's zero and then a pub key hash or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero and then a pub key hash or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero and then a pub key hash or no
+sorry that's zero and then a script hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's zero and then a script hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's zero and then a script hash
+zero and then a pub key - you know says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then a pub key - you know says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then a pub key - you know says
+witness version zero key hash there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness version zero key hash there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness version zero key hash there's
+also an address associated with these I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an address associated with these I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an address associated with these I
+think this version of Bitcoin CLI does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this version of Bitcoin CLI does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this version of Bitcoin CLI does
+not show it but the new version does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not show it but the new version does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not show it but the new version does so
+I think if you guys have version Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if you guys have version Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if you guys have version Oh
+point sixteen point oh it'll show like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sixteen point oh it'll show like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sixteen point oh it'll show like
+here's the address and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the address and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the address and then you can see
+in the input a single input for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the input a single input for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the input a single input for this
+transaction there's a TX in witness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction there's a TX in witness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction there's a TX in witness and
+there's no scripts that you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no scripts that you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no scripts that you know there's
+a script sig field and it's just empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a script sig field and it's just empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a script sig field and it's just empty
+there's no actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no actual
+traditionally there's instead this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally there's instead this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally there's instead this big
+thing here's the signature and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here's the signature and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here's the signature and here's
+the pub key being revealed and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pub key being revealed and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pub key being revealed and then it
+also says okay here's the TX ID without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also says okay here's the TX ID without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also says okay here's the TX ID without
+the signature and then here's the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature and then here's the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature and then here's the hash
+or witness transaction ID the hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or witness transaction ID the hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or witness transaction ID the hash of
+the whole thing including the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing including the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing including the signature
+and they're different right also you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're different right also you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're different right also you've
+got size so this is actually 235 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got size so this is actually 235 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got size so this is actually 235 bytes
+right because you're including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're including the
+witnesses and then V size which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnesses and then V size which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnesses and then V size which is
+virtual size this is how big it looks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual size this is how big it looks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual size this is how big it looks to
+old software that doesn't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software that doesn't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software that doesn't know about
+segue so the new software this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue so the new software this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue so the new software this this
+knows about both right okay the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about both right okay the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about both right okay the actual
+size or witness size is 235 be size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or witness size is 235 be size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or witness size is 235 be size is
+135 53 so yeah it's not quite not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135 53 so yeah it's not quite not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135 53 so yeah it's not quite not you
+know 50% I don't know because this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 50% I don't know because this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 50% I don't know because this one
+has two outputs and the outputs don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two outputs and the outputs don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two outputs and the outputs don't
+get any smaller and the input just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any smaller and the input just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any smaller and the input just get
+smaller and then size V size and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and then size V size and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and then size V size and then
+you can see what block it's in let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what block it's in let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what block it's in let me
+get the coinbase transaction okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the coinbase transaction okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the coinbase transaction okay so the
+first transaction in the list is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first transaction in the list is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first transaction in the list is gonna
+be the coinbase transaction and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the coinbase transaction and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the coinbase transaction and I can
+get that one and okay so yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that one and okay so yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that one and okay so yeah the
+coinbase transaction has a different TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase transaction has a different TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase transaction has a different TX
+ID and hash it's size is 259 it's V size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and hash it's size is 259 it's V size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and hash it's size is 259 it's V size
+to 32 coinbase has whatever anybody they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 32 coinbase has whatever anybody they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 32 coinbase has whatever anybody they
+want and there's the actual output which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and there's the actual output which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and there's the actual output which
+is sending to this address and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sending to this address and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sending to this address and it's
+sending 12.7 nine coins and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending 12.7 nine coins and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending 12.7 nine coins and then there's
+this zero value output so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero value output so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero value output so you can have
+an output that's got a amount of coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output that's got a amount of coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output that's got a amount of coins
+set to zero still okay and it's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to zero still okay and it's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to zero still okay and it's got this
+opportunity and the opportunity a twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and the opportunity a twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and the opportunity a twenty
+one a 9e d and those four bytes mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a 9e d and those four bytes mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a 9e d and those four bytes mean
+here's this here's the segwayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this here's the segwayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this here's the segwayed
+commitment here's the witness commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment here's the witness commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment here's the witness commitment
+to the segue transaction hashes the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the segue transaction hashes the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the segue transaction hashes the root
+of all those and you have to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those and you have to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those and you have to have that
+right in order to have a valid segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in order to have a valid segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in order to have a valid segue
+block and so then we can you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and so then we can you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and so then we can you know this
+is this is segue and action I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is segue and action I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is segue and action I think most
+blocks now will have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks now will have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks now will have that
+it's also got really so there was size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also got really so there was size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also got really so there was size
+and V size right and that sort of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V size right and that sort of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V size right and that sort of makes
+sense but then you have strip no V sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but then you have strip no V sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but then you have strip no V sizes
+not strips up it's really confusing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not strips up it's really confusing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not strips up it's really confusing and
+I like size weight height what so size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like size weight height what so size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like size weight height what so size
+is I don't actually know I think size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't actually know I think size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't actually know I think size is
+interpreted same this is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted same this is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted same this is the actual
+number of bytes for this block weight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bytes for this block weight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bytes for this block weight is
+you multiply all non witness bytes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply all non witness bytes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply all non witness bytes by
+four and you leave all witness bytes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you leave all witness bytes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you leave all witness bytes as
+weight one and that has to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one and that has to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one and that has to be less than
+four million and you can see here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four million and you can see here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four million and you can see here it's
+just under formulate and then stripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just under formulate and then stripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just under formulate and then stripped
+size is the size that old nodes see yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is the size that old nodes see yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is the size that old nodes see yeah
+pretty sure anyway so it's it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure anyway so it's it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure anyway so it's it's kind of
+confusing and one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and one of the biggest
+problems in bitcoin is like names where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in bitcoin is like names where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in bitcoin is like names where
+it's like weights script pub key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like weights script pub key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like weights script pub key and
+like script sink script like like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like script sink script like like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like script sink script like like all
+these terms and names are just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms and names are just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms and names are just really
+confusing and it's sort of getting worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and it's sort of getting worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and it's sort of getting worse
+so yeah they these are not also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah they these are not also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah they these are not also it's
+like there's no V sized yet I think any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's no V sized yet I think any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's no V sized yet I think any
+I think this is actually anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is actually anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is actually anyway so
+that's how say what works in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how say what works in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how say what works in the actual
+thing but it's nice because now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but it's nice because now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but it's nice because now you can
+reliably spend from things before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably spend from things before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably spend from things before
+they're confirmed so say quit school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're confirmed so say quit school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're confirmed so say quit school
+fixes malleability increases the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes malleability increases the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes malleability increases the block
+size oh it does a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size oh it does a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size oh it does a whole bunch of other
+stuff too okay so one of the aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff too okay so one of the aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff too okay so one of the aspects
+that it fixes when you're signing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it fixes when you're signing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it fixes when you're signing a
+transaction not saying you have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction not saying you have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction not saying you have five
+inputs each time you sign you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs each time you sign you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs each time you sign you need to
+hash the whole transaction because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash the whole transaction because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash the whole transaction because it's
+slightly different right you zero out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different right you zero out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different right you zero out
+all the signature fields but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signature fields but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signature fields but on the
+signature field for the one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature field for the one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature field for the one you're
+actually signing you don't zero it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually signing you don't zero it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually signing you don't zero it out
+you put the previous public key you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the previous public key you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the previous public key you put
+the previous script they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous script they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous script they're also
+slightly different it's it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different it's it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different it's it's totally
+redundant there's no reason to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant there's no reason to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant there's no reason to put it
+there because it's already in the TX ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's already in the TX ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's already in the TX ID
+but you change things along on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you change things along on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you change things along on a little
+bit so the idea is so I'm gonna put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so the idea is so I'm gonna put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so the idea is so I'm gonna put a
+signature here I'm gonna put a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature here I'm gonna put a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature here I'm gonna put a signature
+here put a signature all five of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here put a signature all five of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here put a signature all five of them
+each time I put a signature here I hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time I put a signature here I hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time I put a signature here I hash
+the transaction right to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction right to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction right to get us
+slightly different thing design for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different thing design for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different thing design for each
+one it might not jump out at you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it might not jump out at you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it might not jump out at you but
+this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually
+oh and squared this bad right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and squared this bad right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and squared this bad right
+because the idea is as I extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the idea is as I extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the idea is as I extend the
+number of signatures required in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of signatures required in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of signatures required in a
+transaction the number of inputs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the number of inputs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the number of inputs in a
+transaction the amount of data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the amount of data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the amount of data that
+needs to be processed goes up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be processed goes up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be processed goes up with the
+square of the number of inputs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the number of inputs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the number of inputs right
+because I add an input now the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I add an input now the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I add an input now the total
+size of the transaction gets bigger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the transaction gets bigger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the transaction gets bigger so
+each time I sign I need to take a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time I sign I need to take a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time I sign I need to take a bigger
+amount of data through my hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data through my hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data through my hash function
+also the number of signatures gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the number of signatures gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the number of signatures gets
+bigger all the number of it so this is N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger all the number of it so this is N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger all the number of it so this is N
+squared it seems fine right you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it seems fine right you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it seems fine right you never
+knows except when you do so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows except when you do so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows except when you do so so there's
+like pathological block there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pathological block there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pathological block there was one
+like 2015 early in the year where some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2015 early in the year where some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2015 early in the year where some
+minor was like I'm gonna make this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor was like I'm gonna make this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor was like I'm gonna make this block
+that's one giant transaction with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one giant transaction with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one giant transaction with like
+thousands and thousands of inputs and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of inputs and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of inputs and a
+lot of software choked on it and like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of software choked on it and like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of software choked on it and like it
+took gigs of RAM to process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took gigs of RAM to process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took gigs of RAM to process the
+transaction and things like that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and things like that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and things like that so that
+was bad just in general if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bad just in general if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bad just in general if you have a
+lot of little dust outputs and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of little dust outputs and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of little dust outputs and you're
+trying to aggregate them into one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to aggregate them into one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to aggregate them into one big
+you know I'm gonna have hundred inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm gonna have hundred inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm gonna have hundred inputs
+and one output it takes forever to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one output it takes forever to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one output it takes forever to sign
+and it also takes forever to verify so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also takes forever to verify so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also takes forever to verify so
+it's you know it's pretty bad I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it's pretty bad I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it's pretty bad I remember
+sort of silly story Tim Draper's coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of silly story Tim Draper's coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of silly story Tim Draper's coins
+yeah all this dust and I was it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all this dust and I was it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all this dust and I was it was like
+nerve wracking because it was like way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve wracking because it was like way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve wracking because it was like way
+more money than I'm gonna make in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money than I'm gonna make in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money than I'm gonna make in my
+life and like moving Tim Draper's coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and like moving Tim Draper's coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and like moving Tim Draper's coins
+to somewhere else and the software by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somewhere else and the software by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somewhere else and the software by
+default just swept all the inputs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default just swept all the inputs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default just swept all the inputs right
+then with that wallet controlled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with that wallet controlled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with that wallet controlled and
+they were looking at me they're like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at me they're like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at me they're like why
+doesn't this work like was it frozen I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't this work like was it frozen I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't this work like was it frozen I'm
+like no I'm not trying to steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no I'm not trying to steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no I'm not trying to steal the
+money guys because he had like everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money guys because he had like everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money guys because he had like everyone
+is sending all these little outputs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sending all these little outputs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sending all these little outputs to
+Tim Draper's like 30,000 coins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim Draper's like 30,000 coins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim Draper's like 30,000 coins and
+remember because he's and the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember because he's and the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember because he's and the way I
+tried to spend it it took like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to spend it it took like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to spend it it took like five
+minutes to sign yeah so this is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to sign yeah so this is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to sign yeah so this is yeah
+it's it's bad right any any o of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's bad right any any o of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's bad right any any o of N
+squared this is sort of a bug egg would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is sort of a bug egg would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is sort of a bug egg would
+actually fix this the way they do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fix this the way they do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fix this the way they do it is
+they say okay we sort of pre compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay we sort of pre compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay we sort of pre compute
+these three intermediate hashes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three intermediate hashes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three intermediate hashes right
+take the whole transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the whole transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the whole transaction
+this is sort of the global transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the global transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the global transaction
+data and like precompute these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and like precompute these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and like precompute these three
+things and then for each of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then for each of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then for each of the inputs
+add another thing right here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another thing right here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another thing right here's this
+input specific so this is like global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input specific so this is like global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input specific so this is like global
+it's it's like the hash of all the TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like the hash of all the TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like the hash of all the TX
+ends the hash of all the outputs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends the hash of all the outputs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends the hash of all the outputs the
+hash of this and then here's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of this and then here's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of this and then here's the the
+input specific specific and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input specific specific and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input specific specific and then you
+know hash all these things into one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hash all these things into one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hash all these things into one one
+thing and then sign that so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then sign that so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then sign that so the idea is
+it's over in that like you compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over in that like you compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over in that like you compute these
+three and then you sort of go down keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then you sort of go down keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then you sort of go down keep
+changing this for each one so that saves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this for each one so that saves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this for each one so that saves
+a lot of time it's a much nice oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time it's a much nice oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time it's a much nice oh you
+also put in you also put in the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also put in you also put in the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also put in you also put in the amount
+being spent in your signature hash which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being spent in your signature hash which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being spent in your signature hash which
+is also redundant right because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also redundant right because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also redundant right because that's
+committed to in the TX ID that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to in the TX ID that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to in the TX ID that you're
+selling but it's really nice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling but it's really nice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling but it's really nice for
+hardware wallets because a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware wallets because a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware wallets because a lot of times
+hardware wallets are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware wallets are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware wallets are essentially
+presented with here's a hash sign it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with here's a hash sign it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with here's a hash sign it and
+they have you know it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have you know it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have you know it's it's a very
+small system you know it's a little chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small system you know it's a little chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small system you know it's a little chip
+somewhere it doesn't really know too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it doesn't really know too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it doesn't really know too
+much about Bitcoin it's just here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about Bitcoin it's just here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about Bitcoin it's just here's a
+hash sign it okay and they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash sign it okay and they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash sign it okay and they don't know
+how much they're spending so there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they're spending so there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they're spending so there could
+be a tax on Hardware wallets where again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tax on Hardware wallets where again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tax on Hardware wallets where again
+a hardware wall to sign something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hardware wall to sign something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hardware wall to sign something where
+it's actually moving too much money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually moving too much money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually moving too much money so
+it's nice to be able to like have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice to be able to like have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice to be able to like have the
+actual amount in there so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual amount in there so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual amount in there so there's a
+bunch of stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff like that
+there's a it was sort of a giant grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it was sort of a giant grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it was sort of a giant grab
+bag of like all these different little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of like all these different little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of like all these different little
+fixes things like that fixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes things like that fixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes things like that fixes
+malleability it increases the block size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability it increases the block size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability it increases the block size
+does all these other cool things people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all these other cool things people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all these other cool things people
+didn't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like it
+never really understood why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all these reason wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these reason wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these reason wait
+he seemed like good things right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that wasn't what it wasn't like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't what it wasn't like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't what it wasn't like people
+were like oh here's some little things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like oh here's some little things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like oh here's some little things I
+don't like about it cuz that was what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like about it cuz that was what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like about it cuz that was what I
+said that was like what everyone working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that was like what everyone working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that was like what everyone working
+on Bitcoin was like no one no one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Bitcoin was like no one no one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Bitcoin was like no one no one was
+like thinks it's perfect right it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinks it's perfect right it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinks it's perfect right it was
+like but what if this thing is weird why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but what if this thing is weird why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but what if this thing is weird why
+did you do that or why didn't you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do that or why didn't you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do that or why didn't you put
+this in kind of things but no the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in kind of things but no the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in kind of things but no the people
+who didn't like it really didn't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't like it really didn't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't like it really didn't like it
+you know there were there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were there's still a
+bounty on sippers head right there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounty on sippers head right there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounty on sippers head right there's you
+know death threats someone's like I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know death threats someone's like I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know death threats someone's like I'll
+pay someone to kill this guy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay someone to kill this guy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay someone to kill this guy that you
+know that it's all this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's all this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's all this is going to
+destroy Bitcoin that you know say gwit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy Bitcoin that you know say gwit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy Bitcoin that you know say gwit
+isn't bitcoin anymore because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't bitcoin anymore because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't bitcoin anymore because there
+aren't any signatures it's like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any signatures it's like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any signatures it's like no
+signatures they're still committed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures they're still committed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures they're still committed to
+just in a different way right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in a different way right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in a different way right you have
+to build this other tree and so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this other tree and so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this other tree and so lots of
+weird conspiracy I know it became like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird conspiracy I know it became like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird conspiracy I know it became like
+this really sticking point and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really sticking point and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really sticking point and so that
+sort of led to Bitcoin cash the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of led to Bitcoin cash the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of led to Bitcoin cash the whole
+idea is like Segway is bad we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is like Segway is bad we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is like Segway is bad we're making
+Bitcoin cash and Bitcoin cash forked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin cash and Bitcoin cash forked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin cash and Bitcoin cash forked off
+before seg what activated in in the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before seg what activated in in the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before seg what activated in in the main
+network interestingly Bitcoin cash uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network interestingly Bitcoin cash uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network interestingly Bitcoin cash uses
+this so they took a bunch of the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so they took a bunch of the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so they took a bunch of the code
+from Segway because you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Segway because you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Segway because you know this is a
+really good signing the improvement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good signing the improvement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good signing the improvement to
+signing the cashews but they didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing the cashews but they didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing the cashews but they didn't like
+Segway yeah I'm still not like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway yeah I'm still not like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway yeah I'm still not like I don't
+know I I there's problems I have with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I there's problems I have with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I there's problems I have with it
+too but it's you know it's an upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but it's you know it's an upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but it's you know it's an upgrade
+and that's cool I think a lot of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's cool I think a lot of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's cool I think a lot of it was
+people wanted a hard fork this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted a hard fork this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted a hard fork this was a
+software and so there was backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and so there was backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and so there was backwards
+compatibility and they wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility and they wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility and they wanted to sort of
+show that people have more control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that people have more control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that people have more control over
+Bitcoin that they want the name maybe do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin that they want the name maybe do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin that they want the name maybe do
+it might never be possible to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might never be possible to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might never be possible to have a
+hard fork to get everyone on board to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork to get everyone on board to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork to get everyone on board to
+like really switch so who knows so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really switch so who knows so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really switch so who knows so yeah
+it was interesting it took forever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was interesting it took forever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was interesting it took forever and
+that was the last change to the McLin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the last change to the McLin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the last change to the McLin
+code in terms of like consensus code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in terms of like consensus code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in terms of like consensus code and
+that would it was initially announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would it was initially announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would it was initially announced
+late 2015 in Hong Kong it's and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 2015 in Hong Kong it's and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 2015 in Hong Kong it's and then all
+of 2016 and never XO it activated what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2016 and never XO it activated what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2016 and never XO it activated what
+oddest of last year and now you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddest of last year and now you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddest of last year and now you can use
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so on your convert coin you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so on your convert coin you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so on your convert coin you're
+like I'll just take the segment code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'll just take the segment code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'll just take the segment code and
+activate it and like cool and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate it and like cool and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate it and like cool and then
+people trying to stop it and spend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to stop it and spend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to stop it and spend a lot
+of money to stop it I sorta okay another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money to stop it I sorta okay another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money to stop it I sorta okay another
+okay I don't I want to say unclear why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't I want to say unclear why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't I want to say unclear why
+cuz I don't know it's sort of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I don't know it's sort of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I don't know it's sort of weird
+there's a whole lot of opinions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole lot of opinions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole lot of opinions one
+theory is that this breaks some mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that this breaks some mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that this breaks some mining
+chips optimizations one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips optimizations one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips optimizations one of the
+optimizations these it doesn't work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations these it doesn't work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations these it doesn't work with
+a tree of height too but if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree of height too but if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree of height too but if you have a
+really tall tree you can swap TX IDs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tall tree you can swap TX IDs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tall tree you can swap TX IDs or
+you can swap intermediate nodes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can swap intermediate nodes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can swap intermediate nodes of the
+tree and you'll get a different merkel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and you'll get a different merkel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and you'll get a different merkel
+root right so you you can see if like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root right so you you can see if like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root right so you you can see if like if
+I like so it doesn't work here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like so it doesn't work here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like so it doesn't work here because
+this has to stay in place right but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to stay in place right but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to stay in place right but in
+many cases the order of the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases the order of the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases the order of the transactions
+is arbitrary right so I could I can flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is arbitrary right so I could I can flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is arbitrary right so I could I can flip
+these to it's still valid right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to it's still valid right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to it's still valid right so what
+I might do is say okay I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might do is say okay I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might do is say okay I have this
+merkel root a mining and then i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root a mining and then i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root a mining and then i want to
+flip these to calculate a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip these to calculate a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip these to calculate a different
+merkel root in mine and there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root in mine and there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root in mine and there were some
+chips that maybe did this and had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that maybe did this and had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that maybe did this and had these
+kinds of optimizations there was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of optimizations there was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of optimizations there was also
+like a patent on it and all this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a patent on it and all this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a patent on it and all this weird
+stuff going on it break it doesn't break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff going on it break it doesn't break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff going on it break it doesn't break
+but it essentially loses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it essentially loses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it essentially loses the
+optimization if you have this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization if you have this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization if you have this right
+because you say okay i'm gonna have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you say okay i'm gonna have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you say okay i'm gonna have this
+big tree i'm gonna swap something near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tree i'm gonna swap something near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tree i'm gonna swap something near
+the top and they only has to recompute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and they only has to recompute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and they only has to recompute
+like two hashes to get a numerical route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two hashes to get a numerical route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two hashes to get a numerical route
+however if i'm if i now have this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if i'm if i now have this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if i'm if i now have this sort
+of mirror image witness Merkle tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mirror image witness Merkle tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mirror image witness Merkle tree
+underneath if i say okay i'm gonna swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath if i say okay i'm gonna swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath if i say okay i'm gonna swap
+this I'm also swapping all these and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm also swapping all these and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm also swapping all these and I
+have to recompute this right maybe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recompute this right maybe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recompute this right maybe I can
+swap some of it but I have to recompute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap some of it but I have to recompute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap some of it but I have to recompute
+what this is this is gonna change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is this is gonna change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is this is gonna change it
+just as well and then I have to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well and then I have to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well and then I have to put that
+in here and this is gonna be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and this is gonna be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and this is gonna be at the
+bottom and then I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and then I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and then I'm gonna have to
+recompute everything all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute everything all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute everything all the way up to
+the Merkel rate so this was called ASIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Merkel rate so this was called ASIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Merkel rate so this was called ASIC
+boost and then there was a post no Craig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost and then there was a post no Craig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost and then there was a post no Craig
+Maxwell posted like this sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell posted like this sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell posted like this sort of like
+you your guys like accusatory mail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your guys like accusatory mail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your guys like accusatory mail and
+the mailing list last spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mailing list last spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mailing list last spring
+saying look we were trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look we were trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look we were trying to figure out
+a way to break a sick boost because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to break a sick boost because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to break a sick boost because we
+think miners have this like patented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think miners have this like patented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think miners have this like patented
+algorithm that optimizes and it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that optimizes and it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that optimizes and it gives
+you know 20 to 30 percent speed-up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 20 to 30 percent speed-up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 20 to 30 percent speed-up and
+we're worried that the patents will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worried that the patents will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worried that the patents will make
+you know one miner have a monopoly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one miner have a monopoly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one miner have a monopoly and
+be everyone else won't be competitive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be everyone else won't be competitive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be everyone else won't be competitive so
+we're trying to think is there a way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to think is there a way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to think is there a way we
+can sort of make software to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of make software to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of make software to prevent
+this from this optimization and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from this optimization and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from this optimization and then
+once they tried to look at it they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they tried to look at it they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they tried to look at it they're
+like oh wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh wait
+Segway does that you know we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway does that you know we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway does that you know we want to
+make it costly to swap things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it costly to swap things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it costly to swap things in the
+tree and say what does that oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and say what does that oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and say what does that oh so
+basically we're already we're good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're already we're good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're already we're good and
+then he was like oh wait maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he was like oh wait maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he was like oh wait maybe that's
+why all these people hate Segway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why all these people hate Segway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why all these people hate Segway
+maybe this is you know these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is you know these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is you know these these
+miners who have you know billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners who have you know billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners who have you know billions of
+dollars worth of equipment with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars worth of equipment with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars worth of equipment with these
+optimizations in it which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations in it which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations in it which would be
+rendered you know unusable by this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered you know unusable by this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered you know unusable by this new
+software change maybe they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software change maybe they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software change maybe they're trying to
+prevent it from activating it's a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent it from activating it's a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent it from activating it's a theory
+and you know that the mining company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that the mining company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that the mining company
+said no that's that's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no that's that's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no that's that's a bunch of
+nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense
+although the way they said it was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the way they said it was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the way they said it was sort
+of suspicious like yeah we we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suspicious like yeah we we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suspicious like yeah we we put
+circuitry in our chips to do this but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry in our chips to do this but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry in our chips to do this but we
+never used it strange so so who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never used it strange so so who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never used it strange so so who knows
+but yeah that's one theory I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah that's one theory I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah that's one theory I'm not sure
+how much I believe that's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I believe that's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I believe that's the real
+reason but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah because the order matters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the order matters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the order matters because
+when you validate like this transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you validate like this transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you validate like this transaction
+might create an output that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might create an output that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might create an output that this
+transaction spends and so if you swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction spends and so if you swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction spends and so if you swap
+them yeah so if you didn't have inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah so if you didn't have inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah so if you didn't have inter
+inter intra block dependencies then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter intra block dependencies then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter intra block dependencies then it
+would all be arbitrary and you could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all be arbitrary and you could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all be arbitrary and you could put
+it ordering but there are intra block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ordering but there are intra block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ordering but there are intra block
+dependencies and so the order does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and so the order does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and so the order does
+matter in many cases it doesn't right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in many cases it doesn't right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in many cases it doesn't right in
+many cases these are two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases these are two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases these are two separate
+transactions you can swap them but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions you can swap them but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions you can swap them but the
+the software does use the ordering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software does use the ordering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software does use the ordering so
+yeah there's also all sorts of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's also all sorts of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's also all sorts of other
+things would be honor what I would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would be honor what I would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would be honor what I would want
+is prepend or append the height at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prepend or append the height at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prepend or append the height at each
+stage of the Merkle tree that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the Merkle tree that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the Merkle tree that would have
+helped me out for some things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me out for some things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me out for some things because
+then it's like you know since you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like you know since you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like you know since you're at
+the bottom just put a zero at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom just put a zero at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom just put a zero at the end of
+each hash and then when you get up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each hash and then when you get up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each hash and then when you get up here
+put a one at the end of each hash easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a one at the end of each hash easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a one at the end of each hash easy
+that you know doesn't really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know doesn't really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know doesn't really change
+anything but one problem is what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but one problem is what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but one problem is what if I
+request so what I wanted to do in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request so what I wanted to do in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request so what I wanted to do in my
+software I want to request all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software I want to request all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software I want to request all the
+transaction IDs in a block I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction IDs in a block I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction IDs in a block I don't
+actually care about the transactions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about the transactions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about the transactions I
+just want to see all the TX IDs you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to see all the TX IDs you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to see all the TX IDs you know
+the way like this right if I get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way like this right if I get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way like this right if I get rid of
+the head 20 I get giant list of TX IDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head 20 I get giant list of TX IDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head 20 I get giant list of TX IDs
+the thing is and what this will let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is and what this will let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is and what this will let me
+do is to look for transactions if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to look for transactions if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to look for transactions if I have
+at exid I know I'm looking for so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at exid I know I'm looking for so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at exid I know I'm looking for so I'm
+going to look for it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look for it in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look for it in here
+the problem is what if the person I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is what if the person I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is what if the person I'm
+asking is giving me this instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is giving me this instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is giving me this instead of this
+I won't know right they all look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't know right they all look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't know right they all look like
+random numbers if I if I do the Merkle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers if I if I do the Merkle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers if I if I do the Merkle
+tree I'll go I'll get to the merkel root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I'll go I'll get to the merkel root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I'll go I'll get to the merkel root
+it's good but I don't really know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good but I don't really know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good but I don't really know that
+I'm at the bottom unless you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at the bottom unless you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at the bottom unless you know in
+it's ok and if I'm running a full node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ok and if I'm running a full node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ok and if I'm running a full node
+and I'd actually download all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd actually download all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd actually download all the
+transactions and look and ok it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and look and ok it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and look and ok it works
+but have a to have a way to say hey give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have a to have a way to say hey give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have a to have a way to say hey give
+me a list of all the TX IDs and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a list of all the TX IDs and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a list of all the TX IDs and I can
+verify that it's correct I can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that it's correct I can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that it's correct I can't do that
+right now there's ways around it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there's ways around it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there's ways around it but it
+would have been nice if then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nice if then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nice if then they
+appended a zero or something or even all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appended a zero or something or even all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appended a zero or something or even all
+you have to do is just append something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is just append something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is just append something
+at the bottom row where just append the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom row where just append the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom row where just append the
+higher zone then it would've been kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher zone then it would've been kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher zone then it would've been kind
+of cool would've been easier for me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool would've been easier for me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool would've been easier for me but
+well they're there and there's people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're there and there's people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're there and there's people
+who've written about this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've written about this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've written about this yeah
+pool operators are leaving off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool operators are leaving off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool operators are leaving off the
+waiver and if so does it weaken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiver and if so does it weaken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiver and if so does it weaken the
+whole system it's I think what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system it's I think what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system it's I think what they
+really do is they just don't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do is they just don't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do is they just don't support
+Segway so I've seen especially like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway so I've seen especially like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway so I've seen especially like yeah
+they say they're gonna support it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they're gonna support it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they're gonna support it and
+then they don't so these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they don't so these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they don't so these are sort of
+flagged their transactions yeah Segway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagged their transactions yeah Segway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagged their transactions yeah Segway
+and then they haven't actually upgraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they haven't actually upgraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they haven't actually upgraded
+their software so they can't use it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their software so they can't use it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their software so they can't use it they
+can't mine it so you see this a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't mine it so you see this a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't mine it so you see this a lot on
+Testament as well if you're making test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Testament as well if you're making test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Testament as well if you're making test
+net seg wit transactions sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net seg wit transactions sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net seg wit transactions sometimes they
+just don't get confirmed for a few hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't get confirmed for a few hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't get confirmed for a few hours
+because all the blocks that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the blocks that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the blocks that come out
+don't support it and so they won't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support it and so they won't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support it and so they won't use
+it no no it's it's it hurts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no no it's it's it hurts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no no it's it's it hurts the
+usability right if I want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability right if I want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability right if I want to use a
+Segway transact but as me running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway transact but as me running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway transact but as me running a
+Segway compatible node I require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway compatible node I require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway compatible node I require
+signatures I require all this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures I require all this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures I require all this this whole
+construction if you make a sec is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if you make a sec is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if you make a sec is
+something that looks like it spends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like it spends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like it spends a
+Segway transaction without this I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway transaction without this I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Segway transaction without this I just
+reject it so security wise it's fine yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it so security wise it's fine yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it so security wise it's fine yes
+important you know the way that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know the way that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know the way that these
+things are designed in particular that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are designed in particular that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are designed in particular that
+software design is that anyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software design is that anyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software design is that anyone who
+doesn't update to the new functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't update to the new functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't update to the new functionality
+can't hurt the security of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hurt the security of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hurt the security of the new
+that's part of the design process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the design process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the design process
+although their security might get hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although their security might get hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although their security might get hurt
+right just not not a ton but yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just not not a ton but yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just not not a ton but yeah if you
+if you haven't upgraded you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't upgraded you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't upgraded you might see
+these Segler transactions and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Segler transactions and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Segler transactions and they they
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+yeah they look weird but you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they look weird but you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they look weird but you're like
+okay fine but you can't actually verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fine but you can't actually verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fine but you can't actually verify
+the whole thing right you might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing right you might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing right you might you
+given a invalid and a valid Segway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a invalid and a valid Segway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a invalid and a valid Segway
+transaction the old software can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the old software can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the old software can't
+distinguish for the new software can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+support it it just you have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support it it just you have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support it it just you have to wait
+until someone that does support it mines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until someone that does support it mines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until someone that does support it mines
+a block yeah so if they if they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block yeah so if they if they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block yeah so if they if they try to
+support it and support it wrong you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support it and support it wrong you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support it and support it wrong you you
+ignore them you you know you don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore them you you know you don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore them you you know you don't use
+their data you don't use their block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so I think in Bitcoin now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I think in Bitcoin now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I think in Bitcoin now it's
+okay test nuts kind of weird but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay test nuts kind of weird but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay test nuts kind of weird but like
+there's segue party and you can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's segue party and you can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's segue party and you can see what
+people are doing with Segway but so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing with Segway but so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing with Segway but so yeah
+it's about 30 this is by transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 30 this is by transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 30 this is by transaction
+it's somewhere on 30 something percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere on 30 something percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere on 30 something percent
+of the transactions are using Segway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transactions are using Segway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transactions are using Segway and
+then you can see witness size percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can see witness size percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can see witness size percentage
+block size okay so sometimes you go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block size okay so sometimes you go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block size okay so sometimes you go oh
+wow I had no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I had no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I had no idea
+blocks are way under a megabyte now oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are way under a megabyte now oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are way under a megabyte now oh
+okay well free free transactions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well free free transactions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well free free transactions for
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+you want to use Bitcoin now's the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use Bitcoin now's the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use Bitcoin now's the time
+you know to pay anything that looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to pay anything that looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to pay anything that looks very
+different a month ago where you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a month ago where you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a month ago where you had a
+solid red line yeah I sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid red line yeah I sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid red line yeah I sort of you know
+nothing went below a million and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing went below a million and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing went below a million and then
+you had a little bit of Segway at stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a little bit of Segway at stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a little bit of Segway at stuff
+going on here but now you've got like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here but now you've got like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here but now you've got like
+most things in below a million so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most things in below a million so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most things in below a million so
+interesting okay so yeah so that's a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so yeah so that's a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so yeah so that's a the
+basic idea of Segway and if people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of Segway and if people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of Segway and if people have
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+stick around ask there's office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick around ask there's office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick around ask there's office hours
+tomorrow at four to six over there look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow at four to six over there look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow at four to six over there look
+at the homework and next time I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the homework and next time I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the homework and next time I'll talk
+about lightning Network payment I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lightning Network payment I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lightning Network payment I'll try
+to get into payment channels and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into payment channels and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into payment channels and see how
+far we get into lightning Network stuff
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8abBLKEZLaI.txt b/8abBLKEZLaI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..089937192f7b22ccb6618810e0acdebf3363b2a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8abBLKEZLaI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today's subject is uh momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's subject is uh momentum space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's subject is uh momentum space
+we're going to kind of discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of discover the
+relevance of momentum space um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance of momentum space um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance of momentum space um we've
+been working with wave functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with wave functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with wave functions that
+tell you the probabilities for finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the probabilities for finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the probabilities for finding a
+particle in a given position and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a given position and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a given position and that's
+sometimes called coordinate space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called coordinate space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called coordinate space or
+position space representation of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position space representation of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position space representation of quantum
+mechanics in which you talk about wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in which you talk about wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in which you talk about wave
+functions that tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that tell you about
+probabilities to find a particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to find a particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to find a particle in a
+given position but uh as you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given position but uh as you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given position but uh as you've been
+seeing with momentum there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing with momentum there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing with momentum there's a very
+intimate relation between momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate relation between momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate relation between momentum and
+position and uh today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and uh today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and uh today we're going to
+develop the ideas that lead you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the ideas that lead you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the ideas that lead you to think
+about momentum space in a way that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about momentum space in a way that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about momentum space in a way that is
+quite complementary to coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite complementary to coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite complementary to coordinate
+space um then we will be able to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um then we will be able to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um then we will be able to talk
+about expectation values of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expectation values of operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expectation values of operators
+and we're going to be move some steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be move some steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be move some steps
+into what is called interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what is called interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what is called interpretation of
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+mechanics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so
+uh operators have expectation values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operators have expectation values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operators have expectation values in
+quantum mechanics they are defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics they are defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics they are defined a
+particular way and that will be U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way and that will be U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way and that will be U
+something we're going to be doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to be doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to be doing the
+second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the
+lecture uh in the final part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh in the final part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh in the final part of the
+lecture we will consider the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we will consider the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we will consider the time
+dependence of those expectation values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of those expectation values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of those expectation values
+which is again the idea of Dynamics if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again the idea of Dynamics if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again the idea of Dynamics if
+you want to understand how your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to understand how your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to understand how your system
+evolves in time the expectation values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves in time the expectation values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves in time the expectation values
+the things that you measure may change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you measure may change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you measure may change
+in time and uh that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and uh that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and uh that's part of the
+physics of the problem so this will tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the problem so this will tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the problem so this will tie
+into the shinger equation so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the shinger equation so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the shinger equation so we're going
+to begin with the momentum space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with the momentum space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with the momentum space so
+we'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call this
+uncovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and for much of what I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and for much of what I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and for much of what I will be
+talking about in the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the first half of the
+lecture uh time will not be relevant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh time will not be relevant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh time will not be relevant so
+time will become relevant later so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will become relevant later so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will become relevant later so I
+will be writing wave functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be writing wave functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be writing wave functions that
+don't show the time but the time could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show the time but the time could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show the time but the time could
+be put there everywhere and uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put there everywhere and uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put there everywhere and uh would
+make no difference whatsoever so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no difference whatsoever so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no difference whatsoever so you
+remember these F transform statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these F transform statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these F transform statements
+that we had that the wave function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had that the wave function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had that the wave function of X
+we could put time but I said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put time but I said let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put time but I said let's
+suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress
+time is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superposition of plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves I'll write a littleit 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves I'll write a littleit 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves I'll write a littleit 5
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+x v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x v
+k so there is a superposition of plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so there is a superposition of plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so there is a superposition of plain
+waves and we used it last time to evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and we used it last time to evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and we used it last time to evolve
+wave packets and things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packets and things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packets and things like that and
+the other side of furious theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of furious theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of furious theorem is
+that 5 of K can be written by a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 5 of K can be written by a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 5 of K can be written by a pretty
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+integral in which you put P of X you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in which you put P of X you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in which you put P of X you
+change the sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign in the
+exponential and of course integrate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and of course integrate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and of course integrate now
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+now this is the wave function you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the wave function you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the wave function you've
+always uh you learned about first and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh you learned about first and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh you learned about first and uh
+this wave function as you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function as you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function as you can see is
+encoded by F of K as well if you know F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by F of K as well if you know F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by F of K as well if you know F
+of K you know of X and uh so this 5 of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K you know of X and uh so this 5 of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K you know of X and uh so this 5 of K
+has the same information in Principle as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same information in Principle as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same information in Principle as
+P of X it tells you everything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X it tells you everything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X it tells you everything that you
+need to know uh we think of it as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know uh we think of it as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know uh we think of it as saying
+well 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 5
+K has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K has the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information as P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as P of
+X and the other thing we've said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the other thing we've said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the other thing we've said about
+five of K is that it's the weight with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of K is that it's the weight with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of K is that it's the weight with
+which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're
+superposing plane waves to reconstruct s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposing plane waves to reconstruct s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposing plane waves to reconstruct s
+of X the for transform theorem is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X the for transform theorem is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X the for transform theorem is a
+representation of the wave function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the wave function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the wave function in
+terms of a superposition of plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a superposition of plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a superposition of plane waves
+and here it's the coefficient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's the coefficient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's the coefficient of the
+weight that accompanies each exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that accompanies each exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that accompanies each exponential
+so 5 K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 K is the
+weight of of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position so one thing we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so one thing we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so one thing we want to do is
+to understand even deeper what F of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand even deeper what F of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand even deeper what F of K
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+mean and uh in order to do that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and uh in order to do that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and uh in order to do that we need
+to technical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to technical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to technical um
+tool based on this equations one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool based on this equations one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool based on this equations one can
+derive a way of representing this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a way of representing this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a way of representing this object
+that we call the Delta function Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call the Delta function Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call the Delta function Delta
+functions are pretty useful for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are pretty useful for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are pretty useful for uh
+manipulating objects and FY transform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating objects and FY transform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating objects and FY transform so
+we need them so uh let's try to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need them so uh let's try to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need them so uh let's try to obtain
+what is called a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called a Delta function
+statement and uh this is done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and uh this is done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and uh this is done by
+trying to apply these two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to apply these two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to apply these two equations
+simultaneously like you start with s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously like you start with s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously like you start with s of
+X is written in terms of 5 of K but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is written in terms of 5 of K but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is written in terms of 5 of K but then
+what would happen if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you would
+substitute the value of 5 of K in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the value of 5 of K in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the value of 5 of K in here
+what kind of equation you get um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of equation you get um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of equation you get um what
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+is an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equation
+for a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Delta
+function so you begin with SI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x 1 / Square < TK 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 1 / Square < TK 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 1 / Square < TK 2
+pi and I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and I'll write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and I'll write it
+DK e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK e to the I
+KX and now I want to write 5 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and now I want to write 5 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and now I want to write 5 of
+K so I put 5 of K 1/ < TK of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so I put 5 of K 1/ < TK of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so I put 5 of K 1/ < TK of 2 pi
+integral p and now I have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral p and now I have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral p and now I have to be a little
+careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful
+in here in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here in the second
+integral X is a variable of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral X is a variable of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral X is a variable of integration
+it's a dummy variable um it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dummy variable um it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dummy variable um it doesn't have
+any physical meaning per se it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any physical meaning per se it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any physical meaning per se it
+disappears after the integration here x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears after the integration here x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears after the integration here x
+represents the point where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the point where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the point where we're
+evaluating the wave function so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the wave function so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the wave function so I just
+cannot copy the same formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot copy the same formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot copy the same formula here
+because it would be confusing it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be confusing it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be confusing it should
+be written with a different X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime because that X certainly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime because that X certainly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime because that X certainly has
+nothing to do with the X we're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the X we're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the X we're writing
+here so here it is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here it is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here it is we've
+written now this integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written now this integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written now this integral and
+let's rewrite it still differently we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite it still differently we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite it still differently we'll
+write as integral DX Prime with change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as integral DX Prime with change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as integral DX Prime with change
+the orders of integration with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orders of integration with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orders of integration with
+impunity um if you're trying to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impunity um if you're trying to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impunity um if you're trying to be very
+rigorous mathematically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous mathematically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous mathematically this is
+something you worry about in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you worry about in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you worry about in physics
+problems that we deal with uh it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we deal with uh it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we deal with uh it doesn't
+make a difference so here we have DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference so here we have DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference so here we have DX
+Prime s of X Prime then a 1 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime s of X Prime then a 1 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime s of X Prime then a 1 / 2
+pi integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi integral
+DK e to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK e to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK e to the i
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime so this is what the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so this is what the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so this is what the integral
+became and you look at it and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became and you look at it and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became and you look at it and you say
+well here is s of X and is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here is s of X and is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here is s of X and is equal to the
+integral over X Prime of s of X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over X Prime of s of X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over X Prime of s of X Prime
+Time some other function of X and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time some other function of X and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time some other function of X and X
+Prime this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime this is a
+function of x x - x prime or x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x x - x prime or x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x x - x prime or x and x
+Prime if you wish it doesn't depend on k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime if you wish it doesn't depend on k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime if you wish it doesn't depend on k
+k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrated and this function if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and this function if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and this function if you
+recognize it is what we call a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it is what we call a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it is what we call a Delta
+function it's a function that multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a function that multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a function that multiplied
+with an integral evaluates the integrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an integral evaluates the integrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an integral evaluates the integrant
+at a particular point so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular point so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular point so this is the
+Delta function Delta of X Prime - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X that is the way this integrals then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that is the way this integrals then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that is the way this integrals then
+would work that that is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work that that is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work that that is when you
+integrate over X Prime X Prime and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over X Prime X Prime and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over X Prime X Prime and you
+have X Prime minus something then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X Prime minus something then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X Prime minus something then the
+whole integral is the integrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole integral is the integrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole integral is the integrant
+evaluated at the point where we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the point where we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the point where we say the
+Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function
+fires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires
+so the consistency of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the consistency of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the consistency of these two
+equations s means that for all intents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations s means that for all intents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations s means that for all intents
+and purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes
+this strange integral is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange integral is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange integral is a
+representation of a Delta function so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a Delta function so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a Delta function so we
+will write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write it down
+um I can do one thing here of that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can do one thing here of that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can do one thing here of that it it
+kind of here you see the sign X Prime -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of here you see the sign X Prime -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of here you see the sign X Prime -
+x but here you see x - x Prime but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x but here you see x - x Prime but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x but here you see x - x Prime but that
+sign in fact doesn't matter it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in fact doesn't matter it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in fact doesn't matter it it's not
+there it it you can get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it it you can get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it it you can get rid of it
+because if in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if in this
+integral you can let K goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you can let K goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you can let K goes to minus
+K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the DK changes sign the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the DK changes sign the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the DK changes sign the order of
+integration changes sign and they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration changes sign and they cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration changes sign and they cancel
+each other and the effect is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and the effect is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and the effect is that you
+change the sign in the exponent so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign in the exponent so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign in the exponent so if
+you let K goes to minus K the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let K goes to minus K the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let K goes to minus K the integral
+just becomes 1 / 2 pi integral d k e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes 1 / 2 pi integral d k e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes 1 / 2 pi integral d k e to
+the i k x Prime -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i k x Prime -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i k x Prime -
+x so we'll say that this Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so we'll say that this Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so we'll say that this Delta function
+is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this
+thing exploiting this sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing exploiting this sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing exploiting this sign
+um ambiguity that you can always have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ambiguity that you can always have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ambiguity that you can always have so
+I'll write it again um in the way most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it again um in the way most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it again um in the way most
+people write the formula which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write the formula which is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write the formula which is at
+this moment switching x and x Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment switching x and x Prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment switching x and x Prime so
+you will write it as Delta of x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will write it as Delta of x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will write it as Delta of x - x
+Prime is 1 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is 1 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is 1 / 2
+piun integral from Infinity to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piun integral from Infinity to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piun integral from Infinity to minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+DK e to the i k x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+so this is a pretty useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty useful
+formula and we need it all the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and we need it all the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and we need it all the time that
+we do Fury transforms as you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do Fury transforms as you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do Fury transforms as you will see
+very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon
+um it's a strange integral though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a strange integral though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a strange integral though
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's if you have x equal to X Prime this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you have x equal to X Prime this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you have x equal to X Prime this
+is zero and you get infinity so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and you get infinity so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and you get infinity so it's
+it's a function they s of zero when x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function they s of zero when x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function they s of zero when x -
+x Prime is different from0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x Prime is different from0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x Prime is different from0
+somehow all this wave superimposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow all this wave superimposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow all this wave superimposed to
+zero but when X is equal to X prime it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but when X is equal to X prime it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but when X is equal to X prime it
+blows up so it's it does the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up so it's it does the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up so it's it does the right thing
+it morally does the right thing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it morally does the right thing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it morally does the right thing but it's
+a singular kind of expression and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singular kind of expression and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singular kind of expression and uh we
+therefore manipulate it with care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore manipulate it with care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore manipulate it with care and
+typically we use it inside of integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we use it inside of integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we use it inside of integrals
+so it's a very nice formula we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very nice formula we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very nice formula we're going
+to need it and uh it brings here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need it and uh it brings here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need it and uh it brings here for the
+first time in our course I guess uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time in our course I guess uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time in our course I guess uh the
+Delta functions and uh this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions and uh this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions and uh this is something
+you should if you have not ever played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should if you have not ever played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should if you have not ever played
+with Delta functions this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Delta functions this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Delta functions this may be
+something interesting to ask in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting to ask in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting to ask in
+recitation or you can try to prove for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation or you can try to prove for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation or you can try to prove for
+example just like we show that Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just like we show that Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just like we show that Delta of
+Min - x is the same as Delta of X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - x is the same as Delta of X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - x is the same as Delta of X the
+delta of a being a number time x is 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta of a being a number time x is 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta of a being a number time x is 1/
+absolute value of a * Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a * Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a * Delta of
+x uh those are two simple properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh those are two simple properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh those are two simple properties of
+Delta functions and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions and uh you
+could uh practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh practice
+uh by just trying to prove them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by just trying to prove them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by just trying to prove them for
+example use this integral representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example use this integral representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example use this integral representation
+to show them
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B6a9FaYI730.txt b/B6a9FaYI730.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afb61779ae76b76e3b11c9fef52fe6e691bf5af8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B6a9FaYI730.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for one-dimensional collisions let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one-dimensional collisions let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one-dimensional collisions let's
+talk about two objects one and object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about two objects one and object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about two objects one and object
+two moving with velocity v1 and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two moving with velocity v1 and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two moving with velocity v1 and another
+object v2 moving with velocity v2 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object v2 moving with velocity v2 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object v2 moving with velocity v2 let's
+say they're moving on the ground now I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're moving on the ground now I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're moving on the ground now I'd
+like to introduce the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce the concept of
+relative velocity concept that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity concept that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity concept that we
+experience all the time in our lives but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience all the time in our lives but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience all the time in our lives but
+let's see what it actually means so V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what it actually means so V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what it actually means so V
+relative I'm going to define this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative I'm going to define this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative I'm going to define this to be
+the velocity of one minus the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of one minus the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of one minus the velocity
+of two now because of this minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two now because of this minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two now because of this minus sign
+that seems a little bit of that abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems a little bit of that abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems a little bit of that abstract
+but one typical example where we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one typical example where we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one typical example where we see
+this all the time is four people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the time is four people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the time is four people
+traveling on highways you might have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling on highways you might have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling on highways you might have two
+cars one car overtaking the other car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars one car overtaking the other car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars one car overtaking the other car
+but if you're sitting in car one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're sitting in car one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're sitting in car one it
+looks like car two is going quite slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like car two is going quite slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like car two is going quite slow
+so let's just take typical highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just take typical highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just take typical highway
+example so you might have V one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you might have V one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you might have V one and
+we'll give this some speed so we'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give this some speed so we'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give this some speed so we'll make
+it 60 miles per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 60 miles per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 60 miles per hour
+and we just call this a one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just call this a one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just call this a one dimensional
+problem I had and V two notice we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I had and V two notice we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I had and V two notice we're not
+speeding on a highway v2 is going at 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding on a highway v2 is going at 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding on a highway v2 is going at 50
+miles per hour I had very slow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles per hour I had very slow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles per hour I had very slow and the
+relative velocity v1 minus v2 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity v1 minus v2 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity v1 minus v2 so that's
+what we're calling the relative that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're calling the relative that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're calling the relative that's
+60 miles per hour minus 50 miles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 miles per hour minus 50 miles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 miles per hour minus 50 miles per
+hour I had and that's just ten miles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour I had and that's just ten miles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour I had and that's just ten miles per
+hour and that's what people experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and that's what people experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and that's what people experienced
+when one car is approaching another car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one car is approaching another car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one car is approaching another car
+if you're in car to car one seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in car to car one seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in car to car one seems like
+it's coming at you at 10 miles per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming at you at 10 miles per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming at you at 10 miles per hour
+this is what we mean by relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we mean by relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we mean by relative
+velocity there's another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity there's another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity there's another important
+example so that's example one the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's example one the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's example one the other
+important example to look at example two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example to look at example two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example to look at example two
+is when two objects are moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when two objects are moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when two objects are moving in
+opposite directions so let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions so let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions so let's just write
+here a let's write them terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a let's write them terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a let's write them terms of
+components this time so we have V 1 X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components this time so we have V 1 X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components this time so we have V 1 X 1
+and we have B 2 and let's make V 1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have B 2 and let's make V 1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have B 2 and let's make V 1 X
+positive so object 1 is moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so object 1 is moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so object 1 is moving in
+direction and let's write this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and let's write this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and let's write this one is
+v2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2x
+we don't have to call this initial we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to call this initial we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to call this initial we
+just call it B 2x I hat and here v 2x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it B 2x I hat and here v 2x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it B 2x I hat and here v 2x is
+equal to minus V 1 X so it's component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus V 1 X so it's component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus V 1 X so it's component
+is negative and even though we drew an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative and even though we drew an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative and even though we drew an
+arrow in this picture the picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow in this picture the picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow in this picture the picture is
+still fine because if the component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fine because if the component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fine because if the component is
+negative it means it's moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it means it's moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it means it's moving in the
+opposite direction the key arrow is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction the key arrow is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction the key arrow is the
+unit vector when we're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector when we're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector when we're writing
+components and now the relative in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and now the relative in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and now the relative in this
+case is V 1 X I hat minus V 2 X I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is V 1 X I hat minus V 2 X I hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is V 1 X I hat minus V 2 X I hat
+that's V 1 X I had - - so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's V 1 X I had - - so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's V 1 X I had - - so there's
+another V 1 X I hat so the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another V 1 X I hat so the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another V 1 X I hat so the relative
+speed velocity in this case has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed velocity in this case has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed velocity in this case has a
+component that's twice the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that's twice the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that's twice the speed of the
+one if two objects are moving together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if two objects are moving together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if two objects are moving together
+at the same speed the relative velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same speed the relative velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same speed the relative velocity
+the way we've defined it has twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've defined it has twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've defined it has twice the
+magnitude of either velocity and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of either velocity and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of either velocity and this is
+important example to consider in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example to consider in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example to consider in
+collisions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions now
+this relative velocity concept we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relative velocity concept we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relative velocity concept we'll see
+will add a new way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add a new way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add a new way of thinking about
+elastic collisions with no external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions with no external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions with no external
+forces in one dimension
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BZfqcnlpofI.txt b/BZfqcnlpofI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00e510fb797dac0592432d9e5bd4eaab4f926379
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BZfqcnlpofI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to try to run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try to run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try to run through
+things pretty quickly and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pretty quickly and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pretty quickly and if you don't
+have any sort of video experience or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any sort of video experience or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any sort of video experience or
+still photography experience a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still photography experience a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still photography experience a lot of
+this will sound foreign to you if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will sound foreign to you if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will sound foreign to you if you do
+some of it will be very familiar but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it will be very familiar but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it will be very familiar but but
+either way if what i'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way if what i'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way if what i'm saying is
+confusing because of the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because of the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because of the sort of the
+density of it i would just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of it i would just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of it i would just sort of
+encourage you not to be too freaked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you not to be too freaked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you not to be too freaked out
+because the takeaways are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the takeaways are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the takeaways are actually
+fairly simple I mean it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple I mean it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple I mean it's kind of like
+again there's a lot of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's a lot of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's a lot of complicated
+technology and a lot of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and a lot of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and a lot of complicated
+technique but the base is pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique but the base is pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique but the base is pretty pretty
+simple and what I'm going to do part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and what I'm going to do part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and what I'm going to do part of
+what I want to do today is just expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do today is just expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do today is just expose
+you to some concepts and terms that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to some concepts and terms that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to some concepts and terms that you
+actually may not have to really fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually may not have to really fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually may not have to really fully
+grasp or have like mastery of in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp or have like mastery of in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp or have like mastery of in order
+to make your video but it's worth it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your video but it's worth it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your video but it's worth it to
+at least kind of know what they are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least kind of know what they are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least kind of know what they are I
+think yeah I'll know but i do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah I'll know but i do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah I'll know but i do want to
+i'm going to i'm very cognizant of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to i'm very cognizant of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to i'm very cognizant of not
+wanting to spend more than like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to spend more than like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to spend more than like 30
+minutes so can you tell me if I'm if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so can you tell me if I'm if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so can you tell me if I'm if I'm
+you know like maybe tend to to just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like maybe tend to to just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like maybe tend to to just kind
+of give me a wave or something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give me a wave or something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give me a wave or something you know
+condensed even more okay so visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed even more okay so visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed even more okay so visual
+language I mean there's a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I mean there's a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I mean there's a sort of a
+question you know what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know what do we mean by
+visual language because it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual language because it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual language because it's kind of a
+contradiction in terms sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction in terms sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction in terms sometimes we
+think of language and the visual as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of language and the visual as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of language and the visual as
+being at odds with each other you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at odds with each other you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at odds with each other you know
+we have text we have speech and we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have text we have speech and we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have text we have speech and we talk
+about oh well we got to make it visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh well we got to make it visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh well we got to make it visual
+so you know what is a visual language it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what is a visual language it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what is a visual language it
+goes back to something that I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to something that I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to something that I talked
+about in the first class and I in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first class and I in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first class and I in some
+ways what I'm going to do today is try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways what I'm going to do today is try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways what I'm going to do today is try
+to build on some of those things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build on some of those things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build on some of those things that I
+sort of raced through them we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of raced through them we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of raced through them we have all
+of these plastic elements of film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these plastic elements of film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these plastic elements of film that
+we can manipulate and today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can manipulate and today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can manipulate and today I'm going to
+focus on a handful of them in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on a handful of them in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on a handful of them in particular
+camera because the camera is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera because the camera is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera because the camera is kind of the
+you know the speech device that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the speech device that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the speech device that allows
+us to speak in this visual language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to speak in this visual language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to speak in this visual language and
+Elizabeth made a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth made a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth made a really interesting
+point or quoted a very interesting kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or quoted a very interesting kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or quoted a very interesting kind
+of way of thinking about it which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way of thinking about it which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way of thinking about it which was
+all of us understand this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us understand this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us understand this language
+better than any generation that's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any generation that's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any generation that's ever
+lived because we just have consumed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived because we just have consumed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived because we just have consumed at
+our entire lives but that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire lives but that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire lives but that doesn't mean
+we can speak it and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can speak it and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can speak it and you know
+understanding it is a great for Stepan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it is a great for Stepan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it is a great for Stepan
+speaking it but you really have to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it but you really have to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it but you really have to kind
+of unpack it and think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unpack it and think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unpack it and think about it
+consciously in order to be able to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously in order to be able to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously in order to be able to kind
+of reproduce it or change it and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reproduce it or change it and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reproduce it or change it and make it
+what you want it to be anyway so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want it to be anyway so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want it to be anyway so I'm
+going to race through some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to race through some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to race through some of these
+fairly quickly focus mostly on camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly focus mostly on camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly focus mostly on camera
+and I'm going to dispense with sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to dispense with sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to dispense with sound
+right away because I just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away because I just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away because I just want to say
+about sound don't dispense with it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sound don't dispense with it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sound don't dispense with it right
+away don't do what I'm doing it is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away don't do what I'm doing it is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away don't do what I'm doing it is super
+super important getting as I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super important getting as I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super important getting as I think I
+mentioned this the other day getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this the other day getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this the other day getting
+good sound is absolutely critical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sound is absolutely critical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sound is absolutely critical and
+sometimes sound can be more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sound can be more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sound can be more important
+than pitch and all the stuff I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pitch and all the stuff I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pitch and all the stuff I'm going
+to talk about it's also sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it's also sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it's also sort of the
+boring part sometimes you know well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring part sometimes you know well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring part sometimes you know well you
+know is the microphone close enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the microphone close enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the microphone close enough to
+me I don't know you know who's listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I don't know you know who's listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I don't know you know who's listening
+to me and I okay good all right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and I okay good all right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and I okay good all right because
+it's really important because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important because if you
+don't hear me and or even if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hear me and or even if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hear me and or even if you can
+sort of hear me but it's a camera like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hear me but it's a camera like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hear me but it's a camera like
+and it's six feet away there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's six feet away there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's six feet away there's a huge
+barrier between your audience and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier between your audience and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier between your audience and your
+material so do not skimp on sound you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so do not skimp on sound you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so do not skimp on sound you
+know the environmental sound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the environmental sound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the environmental sound is
+important it's important to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's important to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's important to be in a
+quiet room it's important to have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet room it's important to have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet room it's important to have a good
+mic placement it's important not to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic placement it's important not to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic placement it's important not to have
+a signal be too soft or too loud listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal be too soft or too loud listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal be too soft or too loud listen
+with your ears and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your ears and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your ears and then you know
+creatively you can do so much with sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively you can do so much with sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively you can do so much with sound
+too with music and sound effects but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too with music and sound effects but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too with music and sound effects but I
+don't really have time to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have time to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have time to talk about
+that stuff so yeah yeah okay good I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff so yeah yeah okay good I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff so yeah yeah okay good I just
+want to sort of make the pitch to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of make the pitch to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of make the pitch to not
+forget about sound in all of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about sound in all of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about sound in all of this but
+let's go let's go on and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go let's go on and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go let's go on and talk about
+about camera and I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about camera and I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about camera and I don't know if you
+know there any theater people here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there any theater people here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there any theater people here or
+people who've done theater but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who've done theater but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who've done theater but I want to
+start with this concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this concept of the
+proscenium you know film and video film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proscenium you know film and video film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proscenium you know film and video film
+at least has been around for over 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least has been around for over 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least has been around for over 100
+years 125 years or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 125 years or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 125 years or something like that
+you know the sort of first Edison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sort of first Edison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sort of first Edison
+experiments or the lumiere brothers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or the lumiere brothers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or the lumiere brothers in
+France I think it was they know the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France I think it was they know the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France I think it was they know the late
+19th century and for the first 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century and for the first 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century and for the first 20 years
+of the technology the way people kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the technology the way people kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the technology the way people kind of
+accessed it or thought about it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed it or thought about it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed it or thought about it and the
+kinds of things that people did were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that people did were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that people did were
+based on theater and because that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on theater and because that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on theater and because that of
+course is thousands of years old it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is thousands of years old it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is thousands of years old it's
+you know in a theater you sit in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a theater you sit in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a theater you sit in an
+audience and there's a frame which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and there's a frame which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and there's a frame which is
+the proscenium and then stuff happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proscenium and then stuff happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proscenium and then stuff happens in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+in the in the frame and a lot of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the frame and a lot of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the frame and a lot of the you
+know plastic elements that we ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know plastic elements that we ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know plastic elements that we ran
+through the other day are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other day are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other day are very very
+relevant you've got lighting you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant you've got lighting you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant you've got lighting you've got
+staging you've got frame you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staging you've got frame you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staging you've got frame you know sort
+of placement of people you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of placement of people you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of placement of people you've got
+costumes you've got sound effects music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costumes you've got sound effects music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costumes you've got sound effects music
+even all sorts of things very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even all sorts of things very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even all sorts of things very very
+similar but it all happens in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but it all happens in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but it all happens in this kind
+of static frame right there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of static frame right there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of static frame right there in the
+middle of your field of view and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of your field of view and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of your field of view and it was
+really literally about 20 years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really literally about 20 years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really literally about 20 years before
+people started going Oh with a camera we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started going Oh with a camera we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started going Oh with a camera we
+can do something a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something a little bit different
+than that the for the first films and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that the for the first films and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that the for the first films and
+these were wildly popular films I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were wildly popular films I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were wildly popular films I mean
+it's already a big industry very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already a big industry very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already a big industry very quickly
+it turned into a major major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned into a major major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned into a major major
+entertainment and communication industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and communication industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and communication industry
+but people would set up a camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people would set up a camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people would set up a camera and
+then people would do their thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people would do their thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people would do their thing in
+front of the camera and then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera and then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera and then they would
+project the thing and people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the thing and people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the thing and people would be
+like wow this is really cool this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow this is really cool this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow this is really cool this is
+like theater except you know we can ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like theater except you know we can ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like theater except you know we can ship
+watch it again and again and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it again and again and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it again and again and this is
+very relevant to educational video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very relevant to educational video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very relevant to educational video
+because that is essentially what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is essentially what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is essentially what a
+lecture is the lecture is a proscenium a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is the lecture is a proscenium a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is the lecture is a proscenium a
+presentation of material and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of material and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of material and the
+question which you're asking yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which you're asking yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which you're asking yourselves
+in this class is okay we got that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class is okay we got that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class is okay we got that we get
+that you know when we watch media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know when we watch media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know when we watch media
+whether it's online or on television or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's online or on television or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's online or on television or
+in a theater obviously we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a theater obviously we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a theater obviously we have
+progressed way beyond that visually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressed way beyond that visually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressed way beyond that visually in
+terms of visual language and the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of visual language and the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of visual language and the tools
+and techniques that we use to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and techniques that we use to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and techniques that we use to do that
+are the things that you need to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that you need to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that you need to do in
+order to become conversant in this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to become conversant in this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to become conversant in this you
+know quote unquote visual language not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quote unquote visual language not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quote unquote visual language not
+just a consumer of it but a speaker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a consumer of it but a speaker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a consumer of it but a speaker of
+it so I'm going to go over something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm going to go over something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm going to go over something
+that that I it's sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I it's sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I it's sort of like a
+convenient bucket to to put things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient bucket to to put things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient bucket to to put things into
+and I you know it's also easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know it's also easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know it's also easy to
+remember when I think about camera I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I think about camera I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I think about camera I
+think about the 4 f's and you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the 4 f's and you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the 4 f's and you know some
+of them are F because I want I make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are F because I want I make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are F because I want I make them
+BF just as easier I so f stop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF just as easier I so f stop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF just as easier I so f stop or
+exposure and if you know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and if you know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and if you know anything about
+photography or film f-stop is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography or film f-stop is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography or film f-stop is the
+aperture of the camera lens and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of the camera lens and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of the camera lens and you can
+let more or less light in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let more or less light in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let more or less light in but
+what I mean by that actually is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that actually is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that actually is not just
+the f-stop or the exposure of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f-stop or the exposure of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f-stop or the exposure of the lens
+but how you control the light it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how you control the light it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how you control the light it could
+be lighting it could be the shutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lighting it could be the shutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lighting it could be the shutter
+speed if there are a million different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed if there are a million different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed if there are a million different
+ways of controlling the exposure of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of controlling the exposure of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of controlling the exposure of what
+you're filming a second thing is focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're filming a second thing is focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're filming a second thing is focus
+first thing about focus is it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing about focus is it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing about focus is it's a good
+idea to have it it's kind of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to have it it's kind of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to have it it's kind of one of
+those non-negotiable things you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those non-negotiable things you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those non-negotiable things you really
+do want something to be in focus in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want something to be in focus in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want something to be in focus in your
+frame sometimes you might not but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame sometimes you might not but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame sometimes you might not but it's
+better to do that in post you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to do that in post you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to do that in post you know
+always make sure something's in focus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make sure something's in focus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make sure something's in focus I
+you may be working with cameras that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be working with cameras that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be working with cameras that
+take care of this for you both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of this for you both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of this for you both of these
+the exposure and the focus i'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure and the focus i'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure and the focus i'm not sure
+is that true okay that you guys will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true okay that you guys will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true okay that you guys will be
+working with you want necessarily it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with you want necessarily it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with you want necessarily it's
+not a yeah an element that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a yeah an element that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a yeah an element that you can
+control necessarily on the device or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control necessarily on the device or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control necessarily on the device or you
+can control that only by fooling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control that only by fooling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control that only by fooling the
+device which is something you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device which is something you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device which is something you could
+might want to do if you get more sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do if you get more sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do if you get more sort of
+comfortable with it um did you focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with it um did you focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with it um did you focus on
+these cameras you just literally touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cameras you just literally touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cameras you just literally touch
+the touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch
+in focus and exposure we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus and exposure we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus and exposure we're going to
+have to tweak with the external lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tweak with the external lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tweak with the external lighting
+yeah yeah 99 times out of 100 is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah 99 times out of 100 is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah 99 times out of 100 is pretty
+straightforward and you know the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and you know the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and you know the auto
+systems on these on newer cameras are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems on these on newer cameras are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems on these on newer cameras are
+really pretty good about it so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty good about it so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty good about it so I'm not
+going to spend a lot of time dwelling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time dwelling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time dwelling on
+that but they're kind of non-negotiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but they're kind of non-negotiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but they're kind of non-negotiable
+you know you want to get a good exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to get a good exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to get a good exposure
+and you want to get something in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to get something in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to get something in focus
+and nine times out of ten that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine times out of ten that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine times out of ten that something
+is someone's face the person who you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is someone's face the person who you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is someone's face the person who you're
+filming not always but usually third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming not always but usually third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming not always but usually third one
+is focal length and that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focal length and that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focal length and that is basically
+you know how many millimeters you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many millimeters you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many millimeters you are
+shooting at from wide angle to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting at from wide angle to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting at from wide angle to tell a
+photo and you know your camera you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo and you know your camera you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo and you know your camera you're
+not going to be changing lenses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be changing lenses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be changing lenses on the
+chemical you can zoom in and out focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical you can zoom in and out focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical you can zoom in and out focal
+length is not the same thing as wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is not the same thing as wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is not the same thing as wide
+shot or close up people often think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot or close up people often think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot or close up people often think that
+think that that's true but it's not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's true but it's not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's true but it's not you
+can go completely wide angle on a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go completely wide angle on a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go completely wide angle on a camera
+and then walk up I can walk right up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then walk up I can walk right up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then walk up I can walk right up to
+Elizabeth and get a get a close-up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth and get a get a close-up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth and get a get a close-up and
+similarly I can go all the way telephoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly I can go all the way telephoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly I can go all the way telephoto
+and walk back 50 feet and get a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk back 50 feet and get a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk back 50 feet and get a wide
+shot but they have very very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot but they have very very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot but they have very very different
+kinds of resonances and feelings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of resonances and feelings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of resonances and feelings and
+emotions so when i'll try to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions so when i'll try to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions so when i'll try to talk a
+little bit about that in a minute you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that in a minute you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that in a minute you
+might want to do everything at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do everything at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do everything at a very
+long lens you might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long lens you might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long lens you might want to do
+everything at a wide angle it will mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at a wide angle it will mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at a wide angle it will mean
+something different it will feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different it will feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different it will feel
+different framing this is the big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different framing this is the big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different framing this is the big one
+and this is kind of like the catch-all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of like the catch-all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of like the catch-all
+that I throw all of this sort of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I throw all of this sort of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I throw all of this sort of real
+you know real thinking about visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know real thinking about visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know real thinking about visual
+language into it's not just framing as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language into it's not just framing as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language into it's not just framing as I
+talked about the other day like oh gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the other day like oh gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the other day like oh gee
+what you know do I Center somebody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know do I Center somebody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know do I Center somebody to
+put them on the right on the left it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the right on the left it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the right on the left it's
+the entire structure of your your video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire structure of your your video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire structure of your your video
+how am I going to shoot this where am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to shoot this where am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to shoot this where am I
+going to put the camera how is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the camera how is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the camera how is it going
+to edit together is the camera going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to edit together is the camera going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to edit together is the camera going to
+move is it not going to move so framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move is it not going to move so framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move is it not going to move so framing
+is the big one and that's mostly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the big one and that's mostly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the big one and that's mostly what
+I'm going to talk about today what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about today what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about today what in
+that broader context quickly so exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that broader context quickly so exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that broader context quickly so exposure
+just to get this out of the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get this out of the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get this out of the way this is
+what an aperture looks like in the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an aperture looks like in the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an aperture looks like in the lens
+again it's automated for you big number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's automated for you big number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's automated for you big number
+means not a lot of like getting through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not a lot of like getting through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not a lot of like getting through
+little number means a lot of lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little number means a lot of lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little number means a lot of lights
+getting through this affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through this affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through this affects the
+exposure in a way that I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in a way that I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in a way that I'm not going to
+get into but basically you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into but basically you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into but basically you have a lot
+more depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth of field
+a lot more will be in focus the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more will be in focus the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more will be in focus the smaller
+the whole because the the photons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole because the the photons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole because the the photons that
+get through are more more directed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through are more more directed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through are more more directed their
+less scattered and we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less scattered and we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less scattered and we talked about this
+just just as a sort of an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just as a sort of an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just as a sort of an example of
+plastic elements of film so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic elements of film so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic elements of film so these are
+two stills from science out loud videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stills from science out loud videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stills from science out loud videos
+I think we saw a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we saw a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we saw a little bit of the
+exoplanets video the other day I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoplanets video the other day I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoplanets video the other day I don't
+know if you've seen this one on plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've seen this one on plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've seen this one on plants
+okay um what I thought was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what I thought was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what I thought was really
+interesting about these two frames is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about these two frames is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about these two frames is if
+I was storyboarding this you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was storyboarding this you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was storyboarding this you know what
+would I do what would I draw I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do what would I draw I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do what would I draw I would
+draw something like this right medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw something like this right medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw something like this right medium
+shot you know presenting a camera but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot you know presenting a camera but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot you know presenting a camera but
+that doesn't capture anything about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't capture anything about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't capture anything about what
+is you know compelling about these shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know compelling about these shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know compelling about these shots
+it's all the other stuff you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the other stuff you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the other stuff you know here
+we are launching into space deep space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are launching into space deep space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are launching into space deep space
+to look at planets and here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at planets and here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at planets and here we are
+bright welcoming you know the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright welcoming you know the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright welcoming you know the world of
+plants it's kind of an obvious point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants it's kind of an obvious point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants it's kind of an obvious point but
+but this tells us nothing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this tells us nothing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this tells us nothing about that
+unless you then add a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you then add a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you then add a lot of other
+information and that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and that's kind of what
+storyboarding is about it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding is about it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding is about it's not just
+about kind of what does my shot look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of what does my shot look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of what does my shot look
+like but it's about we know what is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but it's about we know what is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but it's about we know what is all
+this stuff in the shot that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff in the shot that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff in the shot that's going to
+really make it compelling and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make it compelling and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make it compelling and it's the
+time it's really a great moment to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's really a great moment to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's really a great moment to start
+thinking about you know locations field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you know locations field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you know locations field
+of flowers Wow yeah I guess I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flowers Wow yeah I guess I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flowers Wow yeah I guess I need a
+field of flowers where am I going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of flowers where am I going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of flowers where am I going to get
+that or what if everything was black you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or what if everything was black you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or what if everything was black you
+know what if it's a black screen and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what if it's a black screen and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what if it's a black screen and how
+are we going to shoot that lighting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to shoot that lighting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to shoot that lighting I
+don't know if that's even an option here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's even an option here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's even an option here
+I just I'm not going to go into it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I'm not going to go into it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I'm not going to go into it but
+we have a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a like
+doing lighting but come talk to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lighting but come talk to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lighting but come talk to either
+one of us there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of us there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of us there
+the only yeah the only thing I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only yeah the only thing I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only yeah the only thing I'm going
+to say about lighting is is it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about lighting is is it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about lighting is is it's kind of
+like being a doctor like first do no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being a doctor like first do no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being a doctor like first do no
+harm if you bring the ring lights out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm if you bring the ring lights out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm if you bring the ring lights out
+and you don't know kind of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't know kind of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't know kind of what you're
+doing and you aren't sort of trained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and you aren't sort of trained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and you aren't sort of trained on
+the kit you can break the kit you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kit you can break the kit you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kit you can break the kit you can
+hurt yourself or someone else or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt yourself or someone else or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt yourself or someone else or you can
+ruin your video on the other hand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin your video on the other hand it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin your video on the other hand it's
+really really an important tool and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really an important tool and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really an important tool and when
+something that you know you can't shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know you can't shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know you can't shoot
+certain kinds of things without some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of things without some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of things without some
+kind of lighting I'm not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lighting I'm not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lighting I'm not necessarily
+recommending that you try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending that you try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending that you try to use
+artificial lights or you know become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial lights or you know become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial lights or you know become a
+lighting expert it's a little beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting expert it's a little beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting expert it's a little beyond the
+scope but if it's if there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope but if it's if there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope but if it's if there's something
+like you know to go back to this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know to go back to this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know to go back to this example
+you have to light to get to get it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to light to get to get it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to light to get to get it look
+like that that some kind of lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that some kind of lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that some kind of lightning
+has to be done you know maybe not film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be done you know maybe not film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be done you know maybe not film
+lighting or video lighting but some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting or video lighting but some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting or video lighting but some kind
+of like you know lighting setup has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know lighting setup has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know lighting setup has to
+be created in order to get to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created in order to get to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created in order to get to look like
+that yeah I'm sorry oh you can improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I'm sorry oh you can improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I'm sorry oh you can improve
+it but you have to you have to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you have to you have to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you have to you have to begin
+with something that that's been filmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that that's been filmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that that's been filmed
+with that intention except that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that intention except that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that intention except that you want
+to do in your video you can come talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in your video you can come talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in your video you can come talk to
+me about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about it
+you can't achieve some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't achieve some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't achieve some of these things
+with Jake your props like I've done I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Jake your props like I've done I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Jake your props like I've done I'm
+not proud that's okay oh you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not proud that's okay oh you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not proud that's okay oh you don't even
+know genki till you've like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know genki till you've like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know genki till you've like you have
+been on some of the shoots I thought Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on some of the shoots I thought Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on some of the shoots I thought Oh
+totally yeah you don't need a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally yeah you don't need a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally yeah you don't need a super
+fancy left kick no absolutely and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy left kick no absolutely and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy left kick no absolutely and and
+that's exactly what I'm about to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I'm about to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I'm about to get
+into to do like that sort of like dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into to do like that sort of like dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into to do like that sort of like dark
+room thing I mean you don't need a fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room thing I mean you don't need a fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room thing I mean you don't need a fancy
+video light kit but you do need to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video light kit but you do need to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video light kit but you do need to light
+the person and yeah it could be a desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and yeah it could be a desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and yeah it could be a desk
+lamp with paper over it to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp with paper over it to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp with paper over it to sort of
+smooth it out you know to diffuse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it out you know to diffuse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it out you know to diffuse the
+light but you will need to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but you will need to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but you will need to do something
+it's not going to just magically happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to just magically happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to just magically happen
+and that's the point of this lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the point of this lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the point of this lighting
+doesn't necessarily mean a video light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean a video light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean a video light
+kit it means being aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit it means being aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit it means being aware of the
+environment and the available light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and the available light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and the available light that
+you're shooting in and taking that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shooting in and taking that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shooting in and taking that into
+account either be either by manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account either be either by manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account either be either by manipulating
+thats thing like a light kit or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thats thing like a light kit or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thats thing like a light kit or by
+taking advantage of the best light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the best light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the best light in
+the world which is the Sun I so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world which is the Sun I so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world which is the Sun I so you know
+for example if I was shooting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if I was shooting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if I was shooting in this
+room and I didn't have any lights I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I didn't have any lights I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I didn't have any lights I
+might love that background out there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might love that background out there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might love that background out there but
+shooting somebody in front of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting somebody in front of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting somebody in front of that
+window is not going to be possible if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window is not going to be possible if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window is not going to be possible if I
+want to get the background because by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the background because by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the background because by
+the time I expose for the person's face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I expose for the person's face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I expose for the person's face
+the background is going to be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background is going to be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background is going to be completely
+blown out and if I expose for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown out and if I expose for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown out and if I expose for the
+background the person is silhouetted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the person is silhouetted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the person is silhouetted so
+unless I want that look I really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I want that look I really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I want that look I really can't
+happen unless I bring in lights and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen unless I bring in lights and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen unless I bring in lights and it
+would actually take quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually take quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually take quite a bit of
+lighting fluorescence you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting fluorescence you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting fluorescence you know you can
+do a lot with fluorescent overheads I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot with fluorescent overheads I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot with fluorescent overheads I
+mean the difference between me standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the difference between me standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the difference between me standing
+here look at my face here and look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look at my face here and look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look at my face here and look at my
+face you know here where do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face you know here where do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face you know here where do you want
+your person to stand and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your person to stand and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your person to stand and you can
+manipulate that kind of thing even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate that kind of thing even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate that kind of thing even in a
+lab or a classroom or some other setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab or a classroom or some other setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab or a classroom or some other setting
+you can make choices based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make choices based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make choices based on the
+available light or the the ambient light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available light or the the ambient light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available light or the the ambient light
+that will help you and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you and you know the
+other thing to think about you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to think about you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to think about you know in
+terms of exposure going back to exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of exposure going back to exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of exposure going back to exposure
+is what do I want to be properly exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do I want to be properly exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do I want to be properly exposed
+in that face you know floating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that face you know floating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that face you know floating in
+blackness the face is properly exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackness the face is properly exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackness the face is properly exposed
+everything else is very very dark that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is very very dark that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is very very dark that
+the face is properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face is properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face is properly
+goes in the flower shot the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in the flower shot the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in the flower shot the whole thing
+is properly exposed this mutt is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is properly exposed this mutt is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is properly exposed this mutt is you
+know it's more even lighting there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's more even lighting there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's more even lighting there's
+some nice modeling on the face but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice modeling on the face but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice modeling on the face but but
+the whole point of that is that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of that is that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of that is that you want
+to see the environment you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the environment you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the environment you want to see
+the flowers you want to have this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flowers you want to have this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flowers you want to have this very
+vibrant bright scene so being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrant bright scene so being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrant bright scene so being very
+sensitive to the light that's available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the light that's available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the light that's available
+is part of lighting it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of lighting it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of lighting it's not necessarily
+like setting up a bunch of light stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like setting up a bunch of light stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like setting up a bunch of light stands
+and you know video lights and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know video lights and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know video lights and you know
+spending two hours when you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending two hours when you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending two hours when you should have
+been shooting your your scene because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shooting your your scene because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shooting your your scene because
+it'd be also be very time consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be also be very time consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be also be very time consuming
+quick tip online yeah most of you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick tip online yeah most of you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick tip online yeah most of you will
+probably be filming indoors and relying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be filming indoors and relying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be filming indoors and relying
+a lot like the only caveat to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people here but for me like the glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here but for me like the glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here but for me like the glasses
+is a big shadow poor glaring the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big shadow poor glaring the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big shadow poor glaring the lens
+yeah for that like maybe a desk lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for that like maybe a desk lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for that like maybe a desk lamp
+that also shown on your face from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also shown on your face from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also shown on your face from a
+little bit below to hide their shadows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit below to hide their shadows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit below to hide their shadows
+particularly as Elizabeth mentioned if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as Elizabeth mentioned if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as Elizabeth mentioned if
+you defuse that light with like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you defuse that light with like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you defuse that light with like some
+kind of tissue or something in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tissue or something in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tissue or something in front of
+it because one thing about lighting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because one thing about lighting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because one thing about lighting you
+know the first do no harm when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first do no harm when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first do no harm when you're
+lighting faces harsh direct light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting faces harsh direct light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting faces harsh direct light
+whether it's sunlight or desk lamps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's sunlight or desk lamps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's sunlight or desk lamps or
+video lights you know are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video lights you know are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video lights you know are very
+unflattering so that's absolutely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unflattering so that's absolutely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unflattering so that's absolutely a
+great a great tip but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a great tip but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a great tip but I think it's
+always a good idea to sort of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good idea to sort of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good idea to sort of try to
+defuse it you know you can put like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defuse it you know you can put like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defuse it you know you can put like if
+it's if it's not a hot light you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's not a hot light you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's not a hot light you can
+even put like a tissue or paper towel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even put like a tissue or paper towel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even put like a tissue or paper towel a
+white paper towel in front of it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white paper towel in front of it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white paper towel in front of it and it
+will give this very nice soft light but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give this very nice soft light but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give this very nice soft light but
+if you're shooting something indoors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're shooting something indoors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're shooting something indoors and
+you just feel like the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just feel like the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just feel like the person
+probably because it's like an overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because it's like an overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because it's like an overhead
+left at casa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at casa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at casa
+so just experiment with like a desk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just experiment with like a desk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just experiment with like a desk or
+something yeah and I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah and I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah and I'm not going to go
+into focus too much because again I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into focus too much because again I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into focus too much because again I know
+you're going to be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be working with
+autofocus but just to say you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofocus but just to say you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofocus but just to say you know make
+sure that what you want to be in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that what you want to be in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that what you want to be in focus
+is in focus you there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in focus you there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in focus you there are all sorts of
+things you can do to mess with the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do to mess with the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do to mess with the depth
+of field which is like how much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of field which is like how much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of field which is like how much of the
+plane of your image is in focus so if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of your image is in focus so if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of your image is in focus so if if
+you have a very if you're very wide open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very if you're very wide open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very if you're very wide open
+if there's not a lot of light then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's not a lot of light then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's not a lot of light then
+suddenly you have very shallow focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly you have very shallow focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly you have very shallow focus
+which means if you were filming me my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means if you were filming me my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means if you were filming me my
+face might be in focus in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face might be in focus in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face might be in focus in the background
+would be out of focus if you're if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be out of focus if you're if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be out of focus if you're if you
+are stopping way way down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stopping way way down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stopping way way down because
+there's a ton of light suddenly it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ton of light suddenly it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ton of light suddenly it's a
+very deep focus situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep focus situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep focus situation where
+everything's in focus and that may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's in focus and that may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's in focus and that may or
+may not be a good thing you may not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be a good thing you may not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be a good thing you may not want
+more focus you know there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more focus you know there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more focus you know there's something
+very nice about just what you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice about just what you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice about just what you want to be
+in focus in and everything else being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus in and everything else being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus in and everything else being
+out of focus because that makes people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of focus because that makes people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of focus because that makes people's
+eyes go to what they want what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes go to what they want what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes go to what they want what you want
+them to see it also creates depth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to see it also creates depth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to see it also creates depth in the
+frame so this is I'm that's here I am so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so this is I'm that's here I am so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so this is I'm that's here I am so
+this is under if you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is under if you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is under if you've seen this
+science out loud video engineering trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science out loud video engineering trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science out loud video engineering trash
+into treasure I won't show it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into treasure I won't show it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into treasure I won't show it but it's
+got a really nice opening which uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a really nice opening which uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a really nice opening which uses
+depth of field really effectively so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field really effectively so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field really effectively so
+this is a person talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a person talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a person talking about the
+creation of charcoal and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of charcoal and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of charcoal and in the
+foreground are the props and she's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground are the props and she's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground are the props and she's out
+of focus and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus and it's kind of
+counterintuitive because your presenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because your presenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because your presenter
+is out of focus and the props are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of focus and the props are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of focus and the props are in
+focus in the foreground but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in the foreground but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in the foreground but it's
+actually quite engaging and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite engaging and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite engaging and interesting
+and then what they do and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they do and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they do and this is
+something that you will have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you will have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you will have a hard time
+doing if you are just doing Auto focuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you are just doing Auto focuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you are just doing Auto focuses
+they shift the focus to reveal her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shift the focus to reveal her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shift the focus to reveal her and
+that's a reveal that's something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reveal that's something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reveal that's something we
+talked about the other day you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the other day you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the other day you know
+revealing things is part of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing things is part of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing things is part of the visual
+language that you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you want to think about
+whether it's bite with that cut with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's bite with that cut with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's bite with that cut with an
+edit a change of the angle a pan a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit a change of the angle a pan a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit a change of the angle a pan a
+camera move revealing your next thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera move revealing your next thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera move revealing your next thing is
+really is just kind of a key visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is just kind of a key visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is just kind of a key visual
+element so here it's like you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so here it's like you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so here it's like you know the
+the burning I forget what kind of corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burning I forget what kind of corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burning I forget what kind of corn
+yeah the burning corn husks come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the burning corn husks come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the burning corn husks come into
+frame and then the charcoal comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and then the charcoal comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and then the charcoal comes into
+frame and then the focus shifts and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and then the focus shifts and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and then the focus shifts and you
+reveal the person who's been talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the person who's been talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the person who's been talking to
+you it's cool it's quite it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's cool it's quite it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's cool it's quite it's a nice
+little opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I exactly one way to my sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I exactly one way to my sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I exactly one way to my sort of
+cricket is if you stand really far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cricket is if you stand really far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cricket is if you stand really far in
+front of your background that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of your background that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of your background that's like the
+closest what you're going to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest what you're going to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest what you're going to get that
+blurry background right in fact so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry background right in fact so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry background right in fact so if
+you wanted to film in this classroom for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to film in this classroom for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to film in this classroom for
+instance and you didn't want the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and you didn't want the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and you didn't want the stuff
+on that report to be really visible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that report to be really visible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that report to be really visible you
+would have Chris move up like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have Chris move up like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have Chris move up like all the
+way up to maybe where David is at peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to maybe where David is at peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to maybe where David is at peace
+and then she right and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she right and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she right and so that's what
+this is so again we you have a zoom lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so again we you have a zoom lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so again we you have a zoom lens
+if you go all the way wide on the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go all the way wide on the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go all the way wide on the lens
+you have much deeper focus than if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much deeper focus than if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much deeper focus than if you
+zoom all the way in so if I walk up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom all the way in so if I walk up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom all the way in so if I walk up and
+shoot Elizabeth with a very wide angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot Elizabeth with a very wide angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot Elizabeth with a very wide angle
+everything behind it will be in focus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything behind it will be in focus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything behind it will be in focus if
+I go way back there and I get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go way back there and I get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go way back there and I get the same
+kind of close up of Elizabeth with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close up of Elizabeth with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close up of Elizabeth with a
+longer apart part of the zoom everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer apart part of the zoom everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer apart part of the zoom everything
+behind will be out of focus which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind will be out of focus which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind will be out of focus which might
+be better if we don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better if we don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better if we don't care about the
+background and if it's or if it's messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and if it's or if it's messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and if it's or if it's messy
+I mean I've often been in labs it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I've often been in labs it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I've often been in labs it just
+look horrible and the best way to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look horrible and the best way to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look horrible and the best way to handle
+that is to zoom you know zoom way in go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to zoom you know zoom way in go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to zoom you know zoom way in go
+way back and have the background be way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back and have the background be way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back and have the background be way
+out of focus or you can as Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of focus or you can as Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of focus or you can as Elizabeth
+mention you can bring the person forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention you can bring the person forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention you can bring the person forward
+so that there's a lot of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there's a lot of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there's a lot of distance
+between the person and the background so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the person and the background so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the person and the background so
+so focus focal length all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so focus focal length all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so focus focal length all of these
+things relate to each other and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things relate to each other and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things relate to each other and again
+we're going to move a little quickly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move a little quickly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move a little quickly but
+yeah yep no I'm doing fine i think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep no I'm doing fine i think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep no I'm doing fine i think i
+think i'm doing okay you know this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i'm doing okay you know this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i'm doing okay you know this is an
+extreme wide-angle you can see how deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme wide-angle you can see how deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme wide-angle you can see how deep
+the focus is it just it's it's in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus is it just it's it's in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus is it just it's it's in you
+know infinity and this is a telephoto so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know infinity and this is a telephoto so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know infinity and this is a telephoto so
+it's a close-up but even the leaf behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a close-up but even the leaf behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a close-up but even the leaf behind
+the bird is is out of focus just a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird is is out of focus just a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird is is out of focus just a word
+about zooms so there are two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zooms so there are two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zooms so there are two kinds of
+zoom and there's one kind of danger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom and there's one kind of danger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom and there's one kind of danger or
+well two kinds of danger actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two kinds of danger actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two kinds of danger actually
+optical zoom which is the you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical zoom which is the you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical zoom which is the you know if
+you zoom in and out with the zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zoom in and out with the zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zoom in and out with the zoom
+control on your camera that is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control on your camera that is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control on your camera that is the way
+you change the focal length then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the focal length then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the focal length then there's
+digital zoom which is usually on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital zoom which is usually on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital zoom which is usually on these
+cameras I assume these are like this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras I assume these are like this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras I assume these are like this if
+you go past a certain point you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go past a certain point you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go past a certain point you're not
+changing the lens anymore you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the lens anymore you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the lens anymore you're just
+zooming in on the image itself digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in on the image itself digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in on the image itself digital
+the problem with that is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that is that your
+resolution goes down immediately it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution goes down immediately it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution goes down immediately it
+looks really bad it starts to pixelate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really bad it starts to pixelate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really bad it starts to pixelate
+and just fall apart so I would recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just fall apart so I would recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just fall apart so I would recommend
+that you not use the digital zoom I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you not use the digital zoom I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you not use the digital zoom I mean
+it's kind of those situations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of those situations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of those situations you know
+people say oh well one kind of use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say oh well one kind of use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say oh well one kind of use it
+I'm like well when the UFO is landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like well when the UFO is landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like well when the UFO is landing
+and Killian Court and you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Killian Court and you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Killian Court and you know you're
+just too far away to get the shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too far away to get the shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too far away to get the shot
+definitely use the digital zoom but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely use the digital zoom but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely use the digital zoom but you
+know if you don't if you have time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you don't if you have time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you don't if you have time to do
+something different or plan a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different or plan a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different or plan a little
+differently then then you know stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently then then you know stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently then then you know stick
+with the optical and also realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the optical and also realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the optical and also realize that
+you can zoom in on a frame in post when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can zoom in on a frame in post when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can zoom in on a frame in post when
+you're editing so it's generally better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're editing so it's generally better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're editing so it's generally better
+to just capture something wider so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just capture something wider so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just capture something wider so say
+you want to do like a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do like a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do like a traditional
+interview set up and you're not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview set up and you're not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview set up and you're not sure how
+close you should be in into your subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close you should be in into your subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close you should be in into your subject
+go ahead and air on this side of zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and air on this side of zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and air on this side of zooming
+out as much as possible you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as much as possible you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as much as possible you can always
+play with how much you zoom when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with how much you zoom when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with how much you zoom when you're
+editing later and the other thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing later and the other thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing later and the other thing about
+zooming I mean maybe this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming I mean maybe this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming I mean maybe this is just a
+matter of personal preference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of personal preference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of personal preference but
+generally I don't like it when I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I don't like it when I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I don't like it when I see the
+camera zooming in live time I prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera zooming in live time I prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera zooming in live time I prefer
+seeing just a clean cut from a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing just a clean cut from a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing just a clean cut from a wider
+angle to the to the zooming and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to the to the zooming and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to the to the zooming and that's
+the other part of the danger for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of the danger for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of the danger for sure
+yeah yep that's um zooms in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep that's um zooms in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep that's um zooms in general I
+mean unless you're doing it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean unless you're doing it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean unless you're doing it because you
+know what you're doing and you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're doing and you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're doing and you know all
+these rules are made to be broken that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules are made to be broken that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules are made to be broken that's
+something I should should mention right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I should should mention right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I should should mention right
+up front they're often kind of the lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front they're often kind of the lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front they're often kind of the lazy
+persons way of doing something and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons way of doing something and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons way of doing something and in
+general I would even go so far as to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I would even go so far as to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I would even go so far as to say
+even if you're not planning to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're not planning to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're not planning to show the
+zoom if you're you know if I was again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom if you're you know if I was again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom if you're you know if I was again
+filming Elizabeth and I wanted to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming Elizabeth and I wanted to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming Elizabeth and I wanted to get a
+wide shot and I so I shoot her here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide shot and I so I shoot her here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide shot and I so I shoot her here and
+then I want to close up and i zoom in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to close up and i zoom in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to close up and i zoom in on
+Elizabeth and I get the close-up there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth and I get the close-up there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth and I get the close-up there's
+something kind of unpleased about going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of unpleased about going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of unpleased about going
+from a wide angle shot to a zoomed-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a wide angle shot to a zoomed-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a wide angle shot to a zoomed-in
+telephoto shot of somebody the more sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephoto shot of somebody the more sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephoto shot of somebody the more sort
+of smart way to do it is to pick a focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smart way to do it is to pick a focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smart way to do it is to pick a focal
+length that makes Elizabeth look great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that makes Elizabeth look great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that makes Elizabeth look great
+and is what gives you what you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is what gives you what you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is what gives you what you want and
+then move the camera in don't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move the camera in don't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move the camera in don't change the
+don't change the focal length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the focal length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the focal length of the
+lens when you change the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens when you change the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens when you change the size of the
+shot so you know maybe I end up on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot so you know maybe I end up on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot so you know maybe I end up on a
+medium shot you know I mean in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium shot you know I mean in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium shot you know I mean in terms of
+the focal length and then when I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal length and then when I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal length and then when I want to
+get the close-up I pick up the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the close-up I pick up the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the close-up I pick up the camera
+in and get the close-up and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and get the close-up and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and get the close-up and that's going
+to cut better it's going to look better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut better it's going to look better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut better it's going to look better
+it's going to feel betters going to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to feel betters going to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to feel betters going to feel
+like just more controlled and like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just more controlled and like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just more controlled and like you
+sort of knew what you were doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of knew what you were doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of knew what you were doing so
+zooms very useful dangerous as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooms very useful dangerous as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooms very useful dangerous as well
+alright so back to the proscenium I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so back to the proscenium I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so back to the proscenium I just
+wanted to say a little bit about framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say a little bit about framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say a little bit about framing
+you know what shots you actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what shots you actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what shots you actually need to
+tell your story well the way you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell your story well the way you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell your story well the way you figure
+that out is exactly the way you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is exactly the way you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is exactly the way you do with
+animation or anything else you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation or anything else you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation or anything else you do a
+storyboard and this is the storyboard I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard and this is the storyboard I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard and this is the storyboard I
+did a few years ago for a narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a few years ago for a narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a few years ago for a narrative
+scene but you'll see it contains a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene but you'll see it contains a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene but you'll see it contains a lot
+of the things that we've talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we've talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we've talked about in
+this class you know who's our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class you know who's our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class you know who's our main
+character this kid how do we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character this kid how do we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character this kid how do we know that
+well the next shot is a point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the next shot is a point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the next shot is a point of view of
+what this person is seeing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this person is seeing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this person is seeing there's a
+moving shot up and you know the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving shot up and you know the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving shot up and you know the next
+thing that you see is his grandfather's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you see is his grandfather's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you see is his grandfather's
+reveal you see what they're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal you see what they're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal you see what they're looking at
+and only then do you actually see a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only then do you actually see a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only then do you actually see a wide
+shot which is a home-built airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot which is a home-built airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot which is a home-built airplane
+being pushed down a field so there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pushed down a field so there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pushed down a field so there this
+is kind of you know this visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of you know this visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of you know this visual
+storytelling a very simple thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling a very simple thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling a very simple thing like
+who's our who's our character what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's our who's our character what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's our who's our character what do
+they see who's around them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see who's around them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see who's around them and then
+revealing the whole scene could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing the whole scene could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing the whole scene could have
+been done completely differently this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done completely differently this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done completely differently this
+could have been the first shot could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been the first shot could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been the first shot could
+have been here like let's establish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been here like let's establish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been here like let's establish the
+scene let's see all the people then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene let's see all the people then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene let's see all the people then
+let's kind of you know cut in and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's kind of you know cut in and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's kind of you know cut in and see
+our main character or you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main character or you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main character or you know maybe
+maybe it's revealed later there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's revealed later there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's revealed later there's no
+right or wrong answer here but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or wrong answer here but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or wrong answer here but the point
+is is that you know you what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that you know you what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that you know you what you want to
+do is think through your scene just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is think through your scene just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is think through your scene just as
+you do with animation that whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with animation that whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with animation that whole process
+that Josh took you through is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Josh took you through is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Josh took you through is completely
+relevant to absolutely everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to absolutely everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to absolutely everything that
+you're going to shoot you know just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to shoot you know just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to shoot you know just a
+few notes about what different shots do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few notes about what different shots do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few notes about what different shots do
+wide shots establish the location the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide shots establish the location the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide shots establish the location the
+environment the spatial relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the spatial relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the spatial relationships
+they had production value I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had production value I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had production value I mean you
+know I don't know about you but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know about you but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know about you but if I
+could go to the top of this bridge I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to the top of this bridge I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to the top of this bridge I
+would shoot this shot I wouldn't not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would shoot this shot I wouldn't not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would shoot this shot I wouldn't not
+because this is awesome you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is awesome you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is awesome you know and
+that's happened I've seen that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened I've seen that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened I've seen that happen
+people get an incredible location an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get an incredible location an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get an incredible location an
+incredible view and they don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible view and they don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible view and they don't get the
+shot that shows what where they were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot that shows what where they were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot that shows what where they were you
+know that's what we call by production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's what we call by production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's what we call by production
+value you know similarly I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you know similarly I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you know similarly I think this is
+an awesome picture this was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awesome picture this was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awesome picture this was actually
+taken in 1911
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in 1911
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in 1911
+this is a this is a Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a Russian
+pre-revolution Russian nobleman in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-revolution Russian nobleman in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-revolution Russian nobleman in a
+tiny village in Russian it was taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny village in Russian it was taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny village in Russian it was taken in
+1911 it's an amazing picture but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1911 it's an amazing picture but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1911 it's an amazing picture but you
+know I would feel like I missed a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I would feel like I missed a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I would feel like I missed a huge
+amount if it was just his face I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount if it was just his face I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount if it was just his face I you
+know you learned so much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you learned so much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you learned so much about the
+environment you learned so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you learned so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you learned so much about
+the person by having a wide shot I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person by having a wide shot I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person by having a wide shot I mean
+if I was if this was a video I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was if this was a video I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was if this was a video I might
+want to also have a close-up when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to also have a close-up when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to also have a close-up when I
+started to hear about him and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to hear about him and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to hear about him and learn
+about what who he was but you know boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what who he was but you know boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what who he was but you know boy
+this is great like you know how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great like you know how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great like you know how would
+you how could you miss that so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how could you miss that so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how could you miss that so again
+showing environments getting production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing environments getting production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing environments getting production
+value establishing characters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value establishing characters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value establishing characters and
+relationships relationships in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships relationships in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships relationships in space
+closer shots well they kind of bring you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer shots well they kind of bring you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer shots well they kind of bring you
+into someone's world they reveal details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into someone's world they reveal details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into someone's world they reveal details
+closer shots of a face closer shots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer shots of a face closer shots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer shots of a face closer shots of
+what the person is looking at if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the person is looking at if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the person is looking at if you're
+explaining something obviously really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining something obviously really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining something obviously really
+good close shots that show the angle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good close shots that show the angle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good close shots that show the angle you
+know show from a good angle what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know show from a good angle what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know show from a good angle what you're
+trying to describe are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe are very very
+important so again it's kind of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so again it's kind of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so again it's kind of obvious
+but just make sure to get those as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just make sure to get those as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just make sure to get those as well
+you want to get the wide shot but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the wide shot but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the wide shot but you
+know if you're actually describing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're actually describing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're actually describing a
+process that's like a physical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's like a physical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's like a physical process
+that somebody's doing make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody's doing make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody's doing make sure you
+document it well and that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it well and that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it well and that you don't
+shoot it from the angle where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it from the angle where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it from the angle where the
+person's hand is covering the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's hand is covering the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's hand is covering the key thing
+you know just look at your look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just look at your look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just look at your look at your
+frame and see if you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and see if you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and see if you're actually
+communicating what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating what you want to
+communicate you know moving shots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate you know moving shots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate you know moving shots in
+those kinds of moving shots you can Pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of moving shots you can Pan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of moving shots you can Pan
+the camera on a tripod you can fall you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera on a tripod you can fall you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera on a tripod you can fall you
+know you can walk with the camera you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can walk with the camera you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can walk with the camera you
+can move on a dolly they have all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move on a dolly they have all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move on a dolly they have all sorts
+of great uses they are they reveal story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great uses they are they reveal story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great uses they are they reveal story
+beats you know if again to keep picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats you know if again to keep picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats you know if again to keep picking
+on Elizabeth if I want to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Elizabeth if I want to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Elizabeth if I want to introduce
+Elizabeth and I dolly or pan over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth and I dolly or pan over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth and I dolly or pan over to
+Elizabeth people want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth people want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth people want to know what the
+end of that shots going to be what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of that shots going to be what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of that shots going to be what am I
+going to see oh this person who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see oh this person who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see oh this person who's a
+character that I'm supposed to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character that I'm supposed to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character that I'm supposed to pay
+attention to or you can follow a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to or you can follow a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to or you can follow a person
+it creates a very strong point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates a very strong point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates a very strong point of view
+if someone's walking and talking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone's walking and talking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone's walking and talking and
+you're following them then we pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're following them then we pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're following them then we pay
+attention to that person because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to that person because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to that person because the
+camera is picking them out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is picking them out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is picking them out of the
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+to pay attention to so that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attention to so that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attention to so that's part of
+this visual language similarly we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visual language similarly we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visual language similarly we could
+do a point of view of that person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a point of view of that person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a point of view of that person's
+walking and then we're sending into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking and then we're sending into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking and then we're sending into
+their world so you know kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their world so you know kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their world so you know kind of a
+classic situation is someone's walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic situation is someone's walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic situation is someone's walking
+we're following them and then you cut to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're following them and then you cut to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're following them and then you cut to
+the reverse and you see what they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse and you see what they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse and you see what they see
+and now we're in their head so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're in their head so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're in their head so it's
+another another great thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another great thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another great thing and then
+there's just kind of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just kind of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just kind of you know the
+classic one of you know we have reptile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic one of you know we have reptile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic one of you know we have reptile
+brains that's the same reason we edit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains that's the same reason we edit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains that's the same reason we edit
+quickly here's a new thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly here's a new thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly here's a new thing you know
+here's an you can either it cut to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an you can either it cut to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an you can either it cut to a new
+thing or you can pan or dolly to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or you can pan or dolly to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or you can pan or dolly to a new
+thing let's see just a quick word about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's see just a quick word about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's see just a quick word about
+locations always and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations always and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations always and you're going to
+talk about this too but always scout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this too but always scout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this too but always scout
+your locations it's smart producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your locations it's smart producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your locations it's smart producing
+which elizabeth is going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which elizabeth is going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which elizabeth is going to talk about
+but it's also very smart creatively I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also very smart creatively I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also very smart creatively I've
+been in so many situations where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in so many situations where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in so many situations where I've
+gone to a location you know a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to a location you know a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to a location you know a few days
+in advance and I've completely rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance and I've completely rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance and I've completely rewritten
+my script based on the location either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my script based on the location either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my script based on the location either
+because i saw a problem that I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i saw a problem that I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i saw a problem that I wasn't
+anticipating like you know a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating like you know a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating like you know a classic
+wine is okay well we're going to film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine is okay well we're going to film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine is okay well we're going to film
+all this stuff at the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff at the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff at the electron
+microscope but there's a column here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope but there's a column here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope but there's a column here and
+I can't shoot anything from this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't shoot anything from this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't shoot anything from this angle
+oh we're really good to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're really good to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're really good to find that
+out a few days in advance because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a few days in advance because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a few days in advance because you
+can't move the microscope so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't move the microscope so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't move the microscope so what are
+you going to do or because the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do or because the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do or because the location
+is really cool and there's amazing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really cool and there's amazing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really cool and there's amazing stuff
+and you go you get very excited because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go you get very excited because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go you get very excited because
+there's all sorts of possibilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of possibilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of possibilities that
+open up that you hadn't you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up that you hadn't you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up that you hadn't you couldn't
+have ever imagined just sitting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever imagined just sitting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever imagined just sitting you know
+doing your own story board in your room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your own story board in your room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your own story board in your room
+or writing your script but suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or writing your script but suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or writing your script but suddenly
+because this place is amazing you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this place is amazing you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this place is amazing you see
+all sorts of things that you could do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things that you could do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things that you could do so
+i always suggest trying to visit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always suggest trying to visit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always suggest trying to visit your
+location one first just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location one first just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location one first just kind of
+practical scouting reasons like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical scouting reasons like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical scouting reasons like you know
+is there i could chainsaw factory next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there i could chainsaw factory next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there i could chainsaw factory next
+door you know but to because it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door you know but to because it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door you know but to because it can
+completely affect your creative vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely affect your creative vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely affect your creative vision
+and try to do it enough in advance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do it enough in advance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do it enough in advance so
+that you can incorporate what you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can incorporate what you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can incorporate what you learn
+so i'm going to just wrap up with us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to just wrap up with us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to just wrap up with us a
+couple of words about editing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words about editing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words about editing this is
+where all of this stuff comes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of this stuff comes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of this stuff comes together
+and where you find out whether your plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where you find out whether your plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where you find out whether your plan
+worked your storyboard your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked your storyboard your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked your storyboard your visual
+language your script and it's also where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language your script and it's also where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language your script and it's also where
+you fix all the things that didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix all the things that didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix all the things that didn't work
+and I guarantee you that plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guarantee you that plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guarantee you that plenty of
+things will not work there just a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will not work there just a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will not work there just a word
+about pacing be role in transition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pacing be role in transition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pacing be role in transition so
+pacing is kind of you know like how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacing is kind of you know like how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacing is kind of you know like how much
+do i edit and this is kind of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i edit and this is kind of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i edit and this is kind of the big
+question like gee what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like gee what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like gee what's the what's the
+big thing you know what's the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing you know what's the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing you know what's the secret
+what's my pacing what should it be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my pacing what should it be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my pacing what should it be like
+and I don't think there is an answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think there is an answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think there is an answer to
+this I mean when I was in film school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean when I was in film school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean when I was in film school
+20-plus years ago I was being taught by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-plus years ago I was being taught by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-plus years ago I was being taught by
+people who were trained in the 1950s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were trained in the 1950s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were trained in the 1950s and
+people who were trained in the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were trained in the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were trained in the 1950s
+will tell you two would tell us well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you two would tell us well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you two would tell us well you
+really can't edit faster than four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't edit faster than four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't edit faster than four
+seconds per shot because the human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds per shot because the human brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds per shot because the human brain
+just can't comprehend an image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't comprehend an image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't comprehend an image that
+lasts shorter than four seconds and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts shorter than four seconds and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts shorter than four seconds and I
+remember dutifully editing my very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember dutifully editing my very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember dutifully editing my very first
+piece and following that rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and following that rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and following that rule and
+watching it and going like this sucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it and going like this sucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it and going like this sucks
+like this is terrible like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is terrible like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is terrible like this is
+what's wrong with this this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with this this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with this this is like
+awful and you know it's because four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful and you know it's because four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful and you know it's because four
+seconds is a really long time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds is a really long time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds is a really long time you know
+in some cases in a lot of cases in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases in a lot of cases in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases in a lot of cases in many
+cases in most cases and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in most cases and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in most cases and you know and
+that has increased is only increased I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has increased is only increased I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has increased is only increased I
+mean my idea of a fast edit may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean my idea of a fast edit may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean my idea of a fast edit may be
+completely different than your idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different than your idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different than your idea of a
+fast edit because I'm older I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast edit because I'm older I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast edit because I'm older I don't know
+and there's also the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also the difference between
+genres and you think Elizabeth mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres and you think Elizabeth mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres and you think Elizabeth mentioned
+this briefly you know television there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this briefly you know television there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this briefly you know television there's
+a serve like you know bombard everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serve like you know bombard everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serve like you know bombard everybody
+like you know if you want to show an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know if you want to show an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know if you want to show an
+establishing shot of a house in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing shot of a house in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing shot of a house in a
+reality TV show you can't just show one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality TV show you can't just show one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality TV show you can't just show one
+shot or two shots you have to show eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot or two shots you have to show eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot or two shots you have to show eight
+shots you know there is 12 frames long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots you know there is 12 frames long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots you know there is 12 frames long
+like boom boom boom boom boom with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like boom boom boom boom boom with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like boom boom boom boom boom with like
+drums going just to like you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drums going just to like you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drums going just to like you know like
+make the reptile brain go oh oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reptile brain go oh oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reptile brain go oh oh yeah
+this is important somehow I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important somehow I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important somehow I don't know
+and it gets kind of absurd at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets kind of absurd at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets kind of absurd at a certain
+point and it can be over obviously over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it can be over obviously over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it can be over obviously over
+editing but the more typical experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing but the more typical experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing but the more typical experience
+the people who are just starting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are just starting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are just starting out
+have is that they don't shoot enough not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that they don't shoot enough not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that they don't shoot enough not
+that they shoot too much you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they shoot too much you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they shoot too much you know you
+think oh I've got three shots and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh I've got three shots and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh I've got three shots and you
+know this is going to cover like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is going to cover like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is going to cover like 30
+seconds on my video but 30 seconds it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds on my video but 30 seconds it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds on my video but 30 seconds it
+can be an eternity and if you don't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an eternity and if you don't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an eternity and if you don't if
+your shots aren't telling a story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shots aren't telling a story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shots aren't telling a story that
+could be pretty skimpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be pretty skimpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be pretty skimpy
+which brings us to be role I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings us to be role I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings us to be role I'm going to
+talk about that in one second with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in one second with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in one second with an
+example the other thing though to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the other thing though to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the other thing though to think
+about is transitions like how do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is transitions like how do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is transitions like how do I get
+from this to that I mean obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to that I mean obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to that I mean obviously you
+can just cut but is there you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just cut but is there you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just cut but is there you know is
+there an issue like I'm cutting from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an issue like I'm cutting from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an issue like I'm cutting from a
+medium shot of Chris talking talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium shot of Chris talking talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium shot of Chris talking talking
+talking to a medium shot of Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a medium shot of Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a medium shot of Elizabeth
+talking talking talking that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking talking talking that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking talking talking that's not
+necessarily super compelling you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily super compelling you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily super compelling you know do
+I need some other way of transitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need some other way of transitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need some other way of transitioning
+do i need a wide shot of the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i need a wide shot of the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i need a wide shot of the classroom
+do I need people listening you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need people listening you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need people listening you know what
+other shots so I need to tell my story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other shots so I need to tell my story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other shots so I need to tell my story
+into transition from scene to scene the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into transition from scene to scene the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into transition from scene to scene the
+b-roll I just wanted to mention have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b-roll I just wanted to mention have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b-roll I just wanted to mention have you
+guys talked about that would that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys talked about that would that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys talked about that would that even
+means at all okay I was going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means at all okay I was going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means at all okay I was going to show
+the this in the PowerPoint but b-roll is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this in the PowerPoint but b-roll is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this in the PowerPoint but b-roll is
+a term that goes back way way back like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that goes back way way back like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that goes back way way back like
+80 years ago when people edited on film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 years ago when people edited on film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 years ago when people edited on film
+the b-roll was the second roll of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b-roll was the second roll of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b-roll was the second roll of film
+that they would then composite over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would then composite over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would then composite over the
+first roll of film and it was all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first roll of film and it was all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first roll of film and it was all the
+stuff that wasn't included in the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that wasn't included in the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that wasn't included in the sort
+of main narrative and I'll show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of main narrative and I'll show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of main narrative and I'll show you what
+I mean in a minute this is a just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in a minute this is a just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in a minute this is a just a
+little sip it from a video that we shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sip it from a video that we shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sip it from a video that we shot
+not too long ago with Jeff Hoffman who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too long ago with Jeff Hoffman who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too long ago with Jeff Hoffman who's
+a professor here an arrow Astro former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor here an arrow Astro former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor here an arrow Astro former
+astronaut and we had done a storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronaut and we had done a storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronaut and we had done a storyboard
+and kind of a script plan so we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of a script plan so we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of a script plan so we knew
+when he was going to be on camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was going to be on camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was going to be on camera and
+when not the design construction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when not the design construction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when not the design construction and
+operation of aerospace vehicles have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of aerospace vehicles have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of aerospace vehicles have
+allowed us to leave the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to leave the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to leave the surface of the
+earth and fly through our planet's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth and fly through our planet's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth and fly through our planet's
+atmosphere and out into space I'm Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and out into space I'm Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and out into space I'm Jeff
+Hoffman I'm a professor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoffman I'm a professor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoffman I'm a professor in the
+Department of Arizona anyway um we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Arizona anyway um we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Arizona anyway um we knew
+that he wasn't going to be on camera in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't going to be on camera in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't going to be on camera in
+the first part so we were able to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part so we were able to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part so we were able to cut
+between takes we didn't even bother to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between takes we didn't even bother to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between takes we didn't even bother to
+you know get it really you know have him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get it really you know have him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get it really you know have him
+be compelling on camera at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be compelling on camera at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be compelling on camera at that point
+but here we knew he would be on camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we knew he would be on camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we knew he would be on camera
+so we filmed them that way and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we filmed them that way and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we filmed them that way and the first
+string out is just literally putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string out is just literally putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string out is just literally putting
+together your script in a very linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together your script in a very linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together your script in a very linear
+way the way you wrote it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the way you wrote it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the way you wrote it you know
+without any kind of fancy stuff and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of fancy stuff and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of fancy stuff and then
+i'll just show you what it looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just show you what it looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just show you what it looked like
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll just for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just for the first
+ten seconds and then i'll be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1girl all engine running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1girl all engine running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1girl all engine running
+lift we have a liftoff 32 minutes past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift we have a liftoff 32 minutes past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift we have a liftoff 32 minutes past
+the hour looked up in Apollo 11 have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour looked up in Apollo 11 have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour looked up in Apollo 11 have you
+ever wondered how lock its work have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever wondered how lock its work have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever wondered how lock its work have you
+ever looked out of the window of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever looked out of the window of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever looked out of the window of an
+airplane and wondered how something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and wondered how something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and wondered how something so
+big and heavy can actually fly have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and heavy can actually fly have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and heavy can actually fly have you
+ever wondered what happens to the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever wondered what happens to the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever wondered what happens to the human
+body in space or how a space suit keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body in space or how a space suit keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body in space or how a space suit keeps
+astronauts alive and able to work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts alive and able to work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts alive and able to work in the
+vacuum of space these topics are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum of space these topics are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum of space these topics are all
+part of aerospace engineering aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of aerospace engineering aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of aerospace engineering aerospace
+engineering is given humans the freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is given humans the freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is given humans the freedom
+to move in three dimensions the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move in three dimensions the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move in three dimensions the design
+construction and operation of aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and operation of aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and operation of aerospace
+vehicles have allowed us to leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles have allowed us to leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles have allowed us to leave the
+surface of the earth and fly through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the earth and fly through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the earth and fly through our
+planet's atmosphere and out into space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mission specialist Jeff Hoffman hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission specialist Jeff Hoffman hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission specialist Jeff Hoffman hello
+I'm Jeff Hoffman I'm a professor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Jeff Hoffman I'm a professor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Jeff Hoffman I'm a professor in the
+Department of aeronautics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of aeronautics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of aeronautics and
+astronautics at MIT before coming to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronautics at MIT before coming to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronautics at MIT before coming to MIT
+I spent 19 years at it out we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent 19 years at it out we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent 19 years at it out we were able
+to shoot with him very very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shoot with him very very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shoot with him very very quickly
+because we only need we knew what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only need we knew what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only need we knew what we
+needed on camera and we knew that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed on camera and we knew that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed on camera and we knew that we
+were going to be able to cover and fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be able to cover and fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be able to cover and fill
+and it sort of explained things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of explained things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of explained things with
+other imagery in this case a lot of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other imagery in this case a lot of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other imagery in this case a lot of it's
+obviously archival stuff but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously archival stuff but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously archival stuff but it could be
+stuff that we shot and later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we shot and later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we shot and later in the
+video their stuff that we shot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video their stuff that we shot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video their stuff that we shot because
+it was all the same plan anyway I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all the same plan anyway I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all the same plan anyway I know
+that's quick a lot of stuff thrown at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quick a lot of stuff thrown at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quick a lot of stuff thrown at
+you but I'm also I'm cognizant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I'm also I'm cognizant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I'm also I'm cognizant of the
+time so we can talk about this after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we can talk about this after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we can talk about this after
+class to a few if you like thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to a few if you like thanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to a few if you like thanks so
+just to give another example of b-roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give another example of b-roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give another example of b-roll
+be on a more likely level for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on a more likely level for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on a more likely level for you guys
+because I assume you won't be going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I assume you won't be going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I assume you won't be going out
+into outer space this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into outer space this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into outer space this is a great
+and for Anastasia's video they all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for Anastasia's video they all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for Anastasia's video they all come
+from you notice that she's not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you notice that she's not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you notice that she's not talking
+over any of it we put the be rollin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any of it we put the be rollin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any of it we put the be rollin
+because we needed to give the video a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we needed to give the video a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we needed to give the video a
+little bit of space to breathe otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of space to breathe otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of space to breathe otherwise
+it would have been just her talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been just her talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been just her talking
+constantly and saying facts so we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly and saying facts so we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly and saying facts so we wanted
+to help with the pacing of the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help with the pacing of the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help with the pacing of the video
+which was what Chris was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was what Chris was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was what Chris was talking about
+so that's why we shot funeral so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we shot funeral so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we shot funeral so if
+you're if you're especially you Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're especially you Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're especially you Paul
+because I imagine you're going to shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I imagine you're going to shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I imagine you're going to shoot
+some stuff maybe with the boats or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff maybe with the boats or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff maybe with the boats or like
+you have access to certain equipment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to certain equipment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to certain equipment and
+whoever you're filming with you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever you're filming with you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever you're filming with you're not
+only going to shoot Paul but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to shoot Paul but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to shoot Paul but I would
+also spend some time like maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also spend some time like maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also spend some time like maybe just
+doing a pan of your environment shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a pan of your environment shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a pan of your environment shooting
+some of the equipment that's around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the equipment that's around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the equipment that's around it
+may not be super relevant to what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be super relevant to what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be super relevant to what you're
+talking about exactly in those moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about exactly in those moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about exactly in those moments
+but you can always have that footage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can always have that footage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can always have that footage to
+intersperse like we did here if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersperse like we did here if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersperse like we did here if that
+makes sense and and as Chris was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense and and as Chris was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense and and as Chris was saying
+you're not always going to shoot b roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not always going to shoot b roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not always going to shoot b roll
+yourself NASA I guess is what you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself NASA I guess is what you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself NASA I guess is what you guys
+used and all their stuff is there not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and all their stuff is there not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and all their stuff is there not
+copyrighted or license so you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted or license so you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted or license so you can use
+that footage there's a lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that footage there's a lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that footage there's a lot of a lot of
+photos and pictures that you can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos and pictures that you can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos and pictures that you can look up
+I'm going to talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk a little bit more
+about music that you can use and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about music that you can use and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about music that you can use and I can
+hit graphics as well next week during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit graphics as well next week during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit graphics as well next week during
+the editing lecture but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editing lecture but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editing lecture but there are
+resources out there if you want certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources out there if you want certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources out there if you want certain
+footage that you just can't shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage that you just can't shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage that you just can't shoot
+yourself
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BiLtNbncW8o.txt b/BiLtNbncW8o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53da80d87a6e6b90f75bad9b1550f30d4cf068b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BiLtNbncW8o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that is the first step but to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that is the first step but to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that is the first step but to make
+things really clear we have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really clear we have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really clear we have to do the
+second step that it involves the BI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step that it involves the BI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step that it involves the BI
+solution so let me say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so let me say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so let me say something about
+bi as well will be so bi has similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi as well will be so bi has similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi as well will be so bi has similar
+asymptotic expansions a bi solution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic expansions a bi solution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic expansions a bi solution if
+Sai you have an example B I solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then Sai on the left would behave as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Sai on the left would behave as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Sai on the left would behave as
+minus one over pi this is for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over pi this is for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over pi this is for you
+negative one over u to the 1/4 sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one over u to the 1/4 sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one over u to the 1/4 sine of
+two-thirds u to the three-halves minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds u to the three-halves minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds u to the three-halves minus
+PI over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over four
+I'm shy on the right of X would behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm shy on the right of X would behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm shy on the right of X would behave
+as 1 over square root of pi 1 over u to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 over square root of pi 1 over u to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 over square root of pi 1 over u to
+the 1/4 e to the 2/3 you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/4 e to the 2/3 you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/4 e to the 2/3 you over
+three-halves okay this is the asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves okay this is the asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves okay this is the asymptotic
+behavior of B so what's noteworthy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of B so what's noteworthy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of B so what's noteworthy about
+it first that it oscillates for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first that it oscillates for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first that it oscillates for you
+negative that's to the left it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's to the left it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's to the left it
+oscillates instead of a closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates instead of a closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates instead of a closed and
+assign the same phase shift and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the same phase shift and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the same phase shift and then
+that on the other side for you positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the other side for you positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the other side for you positive
+if it blows up so it uses the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it blows up so it uses the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it blows up so it uses the other
+exponential and this all is reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and this all is reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and this all is reasonable
+and in fact it allows you to connect as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it allows you to connect as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it allows you to connect as
+well so in this case we would have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so in this case we would have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so in this case we would have this
+term looks like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and left one looks like so indeed if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left one looks like so indeed if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left one looks like so indeed if you
+had a bi solution the matching requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bi solution the matching requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bi solution the matching requires
+that the D term over there is much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the D term over there is much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the D term over there is much to
+the B term over here because that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B term over here because that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B term over here because that's how
+the bi solution is connected so we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bi solution is connected so we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bi solution is connected so we now
+need to relate the B to the D so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to relate the B to the D so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to relate the B to the D so I will
+write down the relation fear so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the relation fear so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the relation fear so in this
+case there's no factor of two but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's no factor of two but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's no factor of two but there
+is a minus sign so we have B must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus sign so we have B must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus sign so we have B must be
+equal to minus D so you can take B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus D so you can take B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus D so you can take B
+equals 2 minus 1 and D equals to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 minus 1 and D equals to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 minus 1 and D equals to 1 and
+we get 1 over square root of K of X sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 1 over square root of K of X sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 1 over square root of K of X sine
+X to a K of X Prime the X prime minus PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to a K of X Prime the X prime minus PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to a K of X Prime the X prime minus PI
+over 4 connects in principle to minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 connects in principle to minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 connects in principle to minus 1
+over square root of Kappa of X e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of Kappa of X e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of Kappa of X e to the
+integral from a to X cap of X Prime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a to X cap of X Prime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a to X cap of X Prime the
+X bar I think I have it all right B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X bar I think I have it all right B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X bar I think I have it all right B is
+there B's minus 1 it's over there D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there B's minus 1 it's over there D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there B's minus 1 it's over there D is
+equal to 1 that's the D term that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 that's the D term that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 that's the D term that's the
+other connection condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the technicalities are gone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the technicalities are gone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the technicalities are gone but
+the concept now requires a a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept now requires a a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept now requires a a serious
+discussion I'll give you a little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I'll give you a little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I'll give you a little time
+to take it in we've connected Airy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it in we've connected Airy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it in we've connected Airy
+functions that was the first work we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that was the first work we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that was the first work we did
+at the beginning of this lecture we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of this lecture we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of this lecture we did
+in the top blackboard justify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top blackboard justify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top blackboard justify these
+expansions we discuss how the BI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions we discuss how the BI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions we discuss how the BI
+function would originate from a contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would originate from a contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would originate from a contour
+integral as well and we didn't derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as well and we didn't derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as well and we didn't derive
+the BI asymptotic expansions but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BI asymptotic expansions but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BI asymptotic expansions but they're
+similarly derived and then we use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly derived and then we use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly derived and then we use those
+to connect things and now the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect things and now the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect things and now the question
+is whether these equations can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether these equations can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether these equations can be used
+if I know the solution on the left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the solution on the left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the solution on the left is
+like that can I say the solution on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that can I say the solution on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that can I say the solution on the
+right is like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is like that
+or if I know the solution on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I know the solution on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I know the solution on the right
+is like that can I say the equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that can I say the equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that can I say the equation is
+on the left and the same thing here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and the same thing here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and the same thing here if I
+know the solution on the left do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the solution on the left do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the solution on the left do I know
+this solution on the right and if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution on the right and if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution on the right and if I know
+the solution on the right do I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution on the right do I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution on the right do I know the
+solution on the left now it looks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution on the left now it looks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution on the left now it looks that
+yes that's what you derive but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's what you derive but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's what you derive but remember
+it's not quite simple because our whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite simple because our whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite simple because our whole
+discussion assume that okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion assume that okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion assume that okay the
+potential is strictly linear but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is strictly linear but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is strictly linear but in
+reality the potential starts to deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the potential starts to deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the potential starts to deviate
+so these things that we're right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things that we're right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things that we're right here
+are not exact asymptotic expansions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not exact asymptotic expansions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not exact asymptotic expansions that
+is the exact dominant term of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exact dominant term of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exact dominant term of the
+asymptotic expansions but here there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic expansions but here there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic expansions but here there may
+be extra terms because the solution does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extra terms because the solution does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extra terms because the solution does
+not correspond to a potential is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correspond to a potential is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correspond to a potential is exactly
+linear and anyway this is not an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and anyway this is not an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and anyway this is not an exact
+solution of the differential equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the differential equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the differential equation so
+there's a possibility of ambiguities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a possibility of ambiguities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a possibility of ambiguities
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that actually indicate the follow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually indicate the follow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually indicate the follow I
+claim this connection can only be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this connection can only be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this connection can only be done
+in this way you can only take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way you can only take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way you can only take this
+equality from the right to the left that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality from the right to the left that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality from the right to the left that
+is if you know that you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you know that you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you know that you just have a
+decaying exponential you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential you know it
+connects to this function why because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to this function why because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to this function why because if
+you know you have a decaying exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have a decaying exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have a decaying exponential
+there's zero chance there is a growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's zero chance there is a growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's zero chance there is a growing
+exponential on the right you may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the right you may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the right you may have a
+barrier that extends forever and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier that extends forever and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier that extends forever and there's
+definitely only a decaying exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely only a decaying exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely only a decaying exponential
+however the barrier looks if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the barrier looks if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the barrier looks if there's
+only a decaying exponential you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a decaying exponential you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a decaying exponential you know
+that this growing exponential is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this growing exponential is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this growing exponential is just
+not there the coefficient here is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there the coefficient here is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there the coefficient here is zero
+so you don't have the ambiguity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the ambiguity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the ambiguity that
+maybe you have a little bit of a growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have a little bit of a growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have a little bit of a growing
+exponential that connects to this so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that connects to this so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that connects to this so you
+can go from here to there on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from here to there on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from here to there on the other
+hand you cannot quite go from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you cannot quite go from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you cannot quite go from the left
+to the right why is that the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right why is that the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right why is that the reason is
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+if you just know this is on the left you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just know this is on the left you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just know this is on the left you
+would say okay now I predict a became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say okay now I predict a became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say okay now I predict a became
+exponential there but your calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential there but your calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential there but your calculation
+is not totally exact so there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not totally exact so there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not totally exact so there could be
+an infinitesimal wave of the other type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitesimal wave of the other type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitesimal wave of the other type
+on the left an infinitesimal wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left an infinitesimal wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left an infinitesimal wave of
+this time but that infinitesimal wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time but that infinitesimal wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time but that infinitesimal wave of
+this kind goes into a growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind goes into a growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind goes into a growing
+exponential and a growing exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and a growing exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and a growing exponential
+eventually overtakes this one and ruins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually overtakes this one and ruins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually overtakes this one and ruins
+your solution so you cannot really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution so you cannot really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution so you cannot really use
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+right to left the small possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left the small possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left the small possibility of
+error on the left side because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on the left side because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on the left side because you don't
+have exact solutions translates into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exact solutions translates into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exact solutions translates into an
+ambiguity concerning a positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity concerning a positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity concerning a positively
+growing exponential and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponential and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponential and it would
+overtake this so if you say oh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtake this so if you say oh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtake this so if you say oh I have
+this therefore I have this became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this therefore I have this became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this therefore I have this became
+exponential this may be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this may be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this may be a very
+inaccurate thing because maybe you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurate thing because maybe you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurate thing because maybe you have
+a little bit of the sign that you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of the sign that you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of the sign that you didn't
+see because it was much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because it was much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because it was much smaller than
+this term but that would give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term but that would give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term but that would give you a
+growing exponential so you cannot use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponential so you cannot use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponential so you cannot use
+that equation in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation in that direction
+similarly here you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here you have another
+direction the direction is this one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the direction is this one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the direction is this one it's
+crucial you can go that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial you can go that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial you can go that way
+but you cannot go the other direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you cannot go the other direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you cannot go the other direction as
+well and the reason is kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the reason is kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the reason is kind of similar
+suppose you have here you say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have here you say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have here you say okay I
+have this growing exponential you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this growing exponential you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this growing exponential you say
+somebody comes in oh there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody comes in oh there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody comes in oh there's a little
+bit of cosine here and you say well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of cosine here and you say well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of cosine here and you say well but
+a little bit of course and gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of course and gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of course and gives me a
+decaying exponential this irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential this irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential this irrelevant
+compared to this one so you are safe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this one so you are safe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this one so you are safe in
+going from this side to that side you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from this side to that side you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from this side to that side you're
+going into growing exponential any error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into growing exponential any error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into growing exponential any error
+on the left will produce a small error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left will produce a small error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left will produce a small error
+on the right on the other hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right on the other hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right on the other hand you
+cannot go honestly from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go honestly from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go honestly from right to left
+because if you had a decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you had a decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you had a decaying
+exponential this is a growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this is a growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this is a growing
+exponential if you had a decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential if you had a decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential if you had a decaying
+exponential you wouldn't see it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you wouldn't see it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you wouldn't see it here
+this one takes over but the decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one takes over but the decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one takes over but the decaying
+exponential produces a nice cosine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential produces a nice cosine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential produces a nice cosine that
+is quite comparable to this one so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite comparable to this one so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite comparable to this one so a
+decaying exponential that you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential that you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential that you don't see
+here produces on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here produces on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here produces on this side
+turn that is comparable to this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that is comparable to this one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that is comparable to this one so
+you also cannot go from this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also cannot go from this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also cannot go from this direction
+to that direction so of these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that direction so of these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that direction so of these are the
+connection formulas and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection formulas and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection formulas and these are the
+directions we've done this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions we've done this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions we've done this for this
+configuration in which we have a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in which we have a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in which we have a turning
+point of this form at the point a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this form at the point a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this form at the point a in
+which you're allowed to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're allowed to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're allowed to the left and
+forbidden to the right for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden to the right for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden to the right for convenience
+it's useful to have a formula let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to have a formula let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to have a formula let's go
+here where you have the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you have the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you have the opposite
+direction in which you have a be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which you have a be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which you have a be here
+and you have allowed to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have allowed to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have allowed to the right and
+forbidden to the left I will write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden to the left I will write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden to the left I will write those
+formulas because they are many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas because they are many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas because they are many times
+used and you will need them in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and you will need them in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and you will need them in general
+and Griffiths and other books don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Griffiths and other books don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Griffiths and other books don't have
+the patience to give you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patience to give you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patience to give you all the
+formulas this is Kappa X prime VX prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas this is Kappa X prime VX prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas this is Kappa X prime VX prime
+this is growing or decaying exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is growing or decaying exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is growing or decaying exponential
+this should be called the growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be called the growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be called the growing
+exponential on the left this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the left this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the left this is the
+forbidden region as X becomes more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden region as X becomes more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden region as X becomes more and
+more left the interval is bigger so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more left the interval is bigger so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more left the interval is bigger so this
+is a growing exponential on the left one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a growing exponential on the left one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a growing exponential on the left one
+over K of X summing b2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K of X summing b2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K of X summing b2x
+K of X Prime the X prime minus pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of X Prime the X prime minus pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of X Prime the X prime minus pi over
+four and this one again just like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and this one again just like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and this one again just like that
+when you go into the growing exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into the growing exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into the growing exponential
+so that's that relation and I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that relation and I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that relation and I kind
+right these things following this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these things following this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these things following this
+picture so you're allowed to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so you're allowed to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so you're allowed to the right
+and forbidden on the left so I write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forbidden on the left so I write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forbidden on the left so I write the
+allowed wave function to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed wave function to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed wave function to write the
+forbidden wave function to the left one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden wave function to the left one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden wave function to the left one
+over Kappa of X exponential of minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Kappa of X exponential of minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Kappa of X exponential of minus x
+to be cup of X prime VX prime goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be cup of X prime VX prime goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be cup of X prime VX prime goes into
+a decaying exponential you can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decaying exponential you can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decaying exponential you can follow
+into the other region and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the other region and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the other region and that's what we
+do here as before they became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here as before they became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here as before they became
+exponential is safe because if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is safe because if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is safe because if you know
+it's there's just a decaying exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's just a decaying exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's just a decaying exponential
+there's no possibility of having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no possibility of having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no possibility of having the
+growing exponential so these are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponential so these are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponential so these are your
+conditions for that turning point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for that turning point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for that turning point and
+that's how you use them so one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you use them so one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you use them so one example
+that we will not get to discuss now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will not get to discuss now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will not get to discuss now but
+will be in the notes is tunneling across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the notes is tunneling across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the notes is tunneling across
+a barrier and you will use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrier and you will use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrier and you will use the
+connection conditions in this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection conditions in this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection conditions in this case here
+and for this case the other ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this case the other ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this case the other ones that
+we've done so you need for tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so you need for tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so you need for tunneling
+both connection conditions it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both connection conditions it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both connection conditions it's a very
+nice exercise I recommend that you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice exercise I recommend that you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice exercise I recommend that you play
+with it and we'll well put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and we'll well put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and we'll well put it in the
+notes as well so let's stop here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C2BBAW78fYg.txt b/C2BBAW78fYg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c25af36f693b46cc1a42b618d836bb0675858dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C2BBAW78fYg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2890 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+You can probably figure out,
+I'm not Professor Guttag.
+
+He's away today.
+
+And so he's asked me to cover
+this lecture, which
+
+I'm happy to do.
+
+I'm asked to remind you
+that there is no
+
+recitation on Friday.
+
+I was expecting at least a
+smile or a small cheer.
+
+Early lead into spring break.
+
+This ought to be good.
+
+So my understanding is that
+at the end of last class,
+
+Professor Guttag was walking you
+through a set of classes.
+
+And I want to remind you
+of where you were.
+
+I want to look at one of those
+classes in a bit more detail,
+
+because we're going to
+show you one new
+
+piece of the language.
+
+And then we're going to turn to
+a different topic, which is
+
+going to be the subject for
+the next several lectures.
+
+So just to remind you where
+you were, Professor Guttag
+
+showed you a set of classes
+which started off with a
+
+person class.
+
+There's a definition I'll
+put up on the screen.
+
+This was just something that
+created a kind of object.
+
+I'm not going to go through the
+details, but you had the
+
+standard things you'd expect.
+
+You had a way of initializing
+it.
+
+So you'd make each instance.
+
+And it had a way of pulling
+out the name, so you could
+
+have a full name and
+a last name.
+
+You could get out pieces of it,
+it set birthday, it had
+
+age, it had a bunch of stuff.
+
+And that's fine.
+
+The second thing that he did
+that we do in a lot of dealing
+
+with classes is he created
+specialization of that, a
+
+thing called an MIT person.
+
+And you all know that
+MIT people are
+
+special people, right?
+
+And what did an MIT person do?
+
+Well, again, you
+can look at it.
+
+It had, again, an init method.
+
+But one of the things that was
+a little different here-- you
+
+may have seen it in some other
+places-- is that we can
+
+create, inside of that class
+
+definition, an internal variable.
+
+In this case, it was
+the ID number.
+
+So that every time we created an
+instance of this class, we
+
+could give that instance
+a special number
+
+and a unique number.
+
+And that was exactly what
+we did here, right?
+
+If you're going to create one
+of these things, you set the
+
+ID number to be the
+next number.
+
+And then you would increment
+that, so that you'd be able
+
+to, next time you created
+an instance,
+
+give it a unique number.
+
+And that let you do things like
+put things out in order,
+
+and things of that sort.
+
+There was also a method in this
+class that we're going to
+
+use in a second, which is
+something that would say, is
+
+this person a student?
+
+I'll just highlight for you
+there the definition of it,
+
+which said you'd look at the
+type of the instance and say,
+
+is it undergrad or grad?
+
+And that was the other two
+specializations we had here.
+
+We had undergraduates and
+we had graduates.
+
+And again, I'm not going to
+worry about the details.
+
+You saw this last time.
+
+Undergrads, they have some
+methods like you could create
+
+an instance of it -- you'd
+have its year.
+
+You could give back
+what the year was.
+
+And for the graduate students,
+we didn't even bother with
+
+putting details in.
+
+It could be anything you want.
+
+Now these are things that you
+ought to be getting used to
+
+looking at.
+
+So this is creating some
+class definitions.
+
+I can make some instances.
+
+There are a couple of nice
+variations like, for the MIT
+
+people, each one has a unique
+identifier, which lets us keep
+
+track of them.
+
+I think where Professor Guttag
+ended up last time was
+
+actually creating
+a course list.
+
+So a list of students in
+a class, like 6.00.
+
+So I want to show you that, and
+I want to show you some
+
+highlights of that.
+
+So there's the definition.
+
+It's on your handout as well.
+
+So what does a course list do?
+
+Well, the idea should be, it's
+a way of collecting together
+
+all the students in 6.00.
+
+So if you look at our init
+function up here, when we
+
+create an instance of a course
+list, what does it do?
+
+Well, we give it a number,
+like 6.00.
+
+And it's going to bind that
+locally inside of a
+
+definition.
+
+And it's going to create
+a collection, a list.
+
+It's going to be a list
+of all the students.
+
+Now if I'm going to do that, I
+need to have a way of putting
+
+students into the class.
+
+And I know nobody drops 6.00,
+but just in case-- drop date's
+
+coming up-- we have to have some
+way of removing a student
+
+from a class.
+
+So I'm going to have a
+method right here--
+
+oops, sorry, I'm going to
+get it from the right
+
+place, right there--
+
+that would add a student in.
+
+Now take a look at that
+for a second.
+
+It's not just putting the
+student into the list.
+
+The very bottom down here,
+that last line,
+
+self.students.append().
+
+What's that doing?
+
+Well, self, remember, refers
+to the instance.
+
+.students will get me that
+list for that instance.
+
+And then .append says, add on
+to the end of that list the
+
+person that I just added
+in, the person
+
+that is bound to who.
+
+The things above it
+are being careful.
+
+They're defensive programming.
+
+They're ways of saying, look,
+make sure that the person is
+
+actually a student.
+
+Huh.
+
+Wait a minute, where'd
+that come from?
+
+isStudent.
+
+Oh, yeah, that was up
+here in MIT person.
+
+So we're making an assumption
+here that says, we're only
+
+adding in students.
+
+No post-docs are welcome.
+
+We're going to only
+add in students.
+
+So we're taking instances of one
+of these two classes, and
+
+checking using the inherited
+method to make sure that this
+
+person is actually a student.
+
+And we're doing this in a
+careful way, which is we're
+
+going to raise an error if, in
+fact, it's not a student.
+
+And then the second thing,
+notice, that we're going to do
+
+here is we're going to say, gee,
+make sure that we're not
+
+adding you twice.
+
+So we're going to do what?
+
+We're going to say, get
+out the list of
+
+students right there.
+
+and I begin.
+
+self is pointing to the
+instance.students gives me the
+
+list of students currently
+in that instance.
+
+And I'm basically saying, is
+this person in that list?
+
+And if they are, again, I'm
+going to raise an error
+
+saying, wait a minute, you're
+already in the class.
+
+So these are things I'm sure
+you've seen before.
+
+But they're ways of being a
+little careful about the
+
+programming.
+
+The removeStudent is
+roughly the same.
+
+So let's just look at
+some examples here.
+
+I've created a set of people.
+
+And just to show you what they
+look like, let's go down here.
+
+So I've created m1.
+
+Let me do that again,
+sorry about that.
+
+I'm going to run this.
+
+All right.
+
+So if I look at m1--
+
+it's not liking me, is it?
+
+We'll try it one more time.
+
+I'm going to look at m1.
+
+It gives me back an instance
+of an object.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+if I actually say a print of m1,
+it'll print out the name.
+
+And the same thing for the
+undergraduates here.
+
+So I've made a couple of
+undergraduates, I've made a
+
+couple of graduate students.
+
+And notice what I've
+done down here.
+
+I've created a course,
+SixHundred, by calling
+
+CourseList.
+
+So CourseList is going to make
+an instance of that.
+
+I gave it the name.
+
+So we can go back over here.
+
+Let's look at what
+SixHundred says.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm sure you're used to reading
+that gobbledygook.
+
+It says, ah, it's an instance,
+and it's an instance of a
+
+CourseList.
+
+And it gives me a pointer
+to where it is.
+
+Now what if I want to see the
+students inside this course?
+
+I'd like to see, who are
+all the students there?
+
+So printing SixHundred--
+
+let's see if that does
+the right thing.
+
+Oops, no.
+
+That kind of makes
+sense, right?
+
+SixHundred is just pointing
+to an instance.
+
+So where are the students?
+
+They're sitting down inside of
+an internal variable, which
+
+is, in fact, in this case,
+the list of students.
+
+So one way I could do this is I
+could say, take SixHundred,
+
+which is an instance, and
+go into that frame that
+
+corresponds to that
+and look up the
+
+local variable, students.
+
+And if I do that, oh,
+I've got a bunch of
+
+students named Main.
+
+Now this shouldn't surprise
+you, right?
+
+This is doing what?
+
+It's giving me back that
+instance of the list.
+
+If I actually want to print out
+the names of the students,
+
+I have to do something a
+little more careful.
+
+So here's one way
+I could do it.
+
+I could say, for every student
+in that list, let's print out
+
+their name.
+
+Oh, good.
+
+You're wondering, why
+am I doing this?
+
+Well, I want to show you what's
+going on in this class.
+
+And then I want to highlight
+something for you.
+
+So let's think about
+what I just said.
+
+I want to get the names of all
+the students in the class.
+
+So I took the instance, I went
+in and pulled out an internal
+
+variable, and then I did a for
+loop that walked along it,
+
+printing those out.
+
+Is that a good idea?
+
+Is that a not-so-good idea?
+
+Is that a really bad idea?
+
+Don't you hate professors who
+ask questions at 10 o'clock in
+
+the morning?
+
+Well, I'm going to suggest that
+it's not a great idea.
+
+And here's why.
+
+I'm reaching into an instance
+and pulling out an internal
+
+variable and doing something
+with it.
+
+A much cleaner way of dealing
+with that is to build an
+
+interface, to build a function,
+a method, that
+
+belongs to that instance,
+that would give me back
+
+the pieces I want.
+
+And the reason I'd like that is
+then I don't have to worry
+
+about, if I change my mind in
+terms of how I represent
+
+things internally, all I have
+to do is think about that
+
+interface function.
+
+Right
+
+So the last thing I want to show
+you here in this example
+
+is let's look, in fact,
+right here.
+
+I've added a method called
+allStudents.
+
+But it's a little different,
+I think, than things you've
+
+probably seen before.
+
+So what's the idea?
+
+I want allStudents.
+
+To be a function, or a method.
+
+When I call that, I
+want it to give me
+
+back all of the students.
+
+Now, I could have had it just
+give me back the list, but I
+
+might want to have the method
+give me back not just all the
+
+students, but maybe some
+students, like only the
+
+undergraduates in the class.
+
+And in fact, right below
+there, I've got a
+
+method that does that.
+
+Let's look at this one.
+
+It says, I want to get back the
+
+undergraduates in the class.
+
+And what's it do?
+
+It's going to do a
+little counting.
+
+It's going to set index to 0.
+
+And then it's going to run
+through a while loop where it
+
+basically takes each student
+and checks its type.
+
+This is something you've seen
+before, taking a loop and
+
+walking along, taking each
+element of that list and
+
+saying, if it's an
+undergraduate, I'm going to
+
+give you back that student, and
+I'm incrementing index at
+
+the bottom.
+
+Here's the funky thing.
+
+I've used a word called yield.
+
+And that's different than
+you've seen before.
+
+I'm not directly accumulating
+a list.
+
+You don't see anywhere where I'm
+building up a list here.
+
+So yield is an example of a form
+that you're going to want
+
+to use called a generator.
+
+Now a generator is a little bit
+like a return, but with
+
+one big exception.
+
+If I had a return in that method
+somewhere, when it
+
+found the first thing, it's
+going to give me back the
+
+value and it's done.
+
+And so any information it stored
+about where it was in
+
+that computation--
+
+the phrase we use is it gets
+popped off the stack frame.
+
+Yield is a little different.
+
+And it's different because
+a generator--
+
+I'm going to write this
+down carefully.
+
+A generator is a function that
+remembers the point in the
+
+body where it was.
+
+It remembers the point in the
+function body where it last
+
+returned, plus all the
+local variables.
+
+So what does this mean?
+
+It says, it's going to keep
+track of what was the state
+
+when I did the computation, so
+that if I call it a second
+
+time, it goes right back to that
+state and continues the
+
+computation.
+
+If I called it a third time,
+it goes right back to that
+
+state and gives you a
+continuation on the
+
+computation.
+
+So in fact, what yield does,
+what a generator does, is what
+
+you would do what you normally
+walk through a list.
+
+But it gives you some control.
+
+So it gives you a way of
+actually deciding, how do I
+
+want to create something I
+could use in a for list.
+
+And if we go back and
+look at it, you can
+
+see it right there.
+
+The method definition for
+UGs, undergraduates--
+
+if I call it, it is basically
+going to walk through, one at
+
+a time, each element in the
+underlying representation and
+
+generate for me the next
+element of the
+
+thing I want to use.
+
+So let me show you a couple
+of examples of using it.
+
+In this case, I've buried inside
+of a for or a while
+
+loop, but if I go over here, I
+should be able to do things
+
+like, are all the students
+in SixHundred?
+
+And notice the open/close
+paren,
+
+because that's a method.
+
+I need to call it.
+
+Now you're going, whoop-de-do.
+
+That's just like the print
+thing I did before.
+
+But the difference here is I'm
+controlling now how I get
+
+access to those.
+
+And to show you just a slightly
+different way of
+
+doing this, I could now do
+things like say the following.
+
+For all the students in
+SixHundred, and I'm going to
+
+take all the students
+again in SixHundred.
+
+So notice what I'm
+doing, two loops.
+
+And I'm going to create
+something that basically keeps
+
+track of where I am in each one
+of those loops using that
+
+yield function.
+
+So take a look at what
+it printed out.
+
+That outer loop is using the
+generator to generate each
+
+element of the list.
+
+It hangs onto that, so that
+the inner loop can walk
+
+through again, a generator
+going through each
+
+element of that list.
+
+And I'm printing out
+students squared --
+
+first student times all other
+students, second student times
+
+all other students,
+third student
+
+times all other students.
+
+And of course the other
+thing I can do is I
+
+can do the same thing--
+
+sorry about that-- for s in
+SixHundred undergrads.
+
+And in this case, it's walking
+through that internal
+
+representation, generating each
+element that satisfies
+
+the constraints.
+
+OK.
+
+It's a little esoteric,
+but you're going to
+
+find it really useful.
+
+And it's the last piece, I
+think, of syntax you're going
+
+to see for a while in terms
+of the language.
+
+You could do this by just
+
+manipulating the list directly.
+
+But the idea of a generator
+you're going to find really
+
+useful when you want to
+control access to a
+
+collection.
+
+Really think of the generator as
+something that keeps track
+
+of the state of the computation,
+so it can go back
+
+and pick it up whenever
+it needs it.
+
+OK.
+
+That wraps up that
+piece of what
+
+Professor Guttag was doing.
+
+So I want to now switch to a
+completely different topic,
+
+which we're going to do today,
+we're going to do Thursday,
+
+and it may well carry into
+after spring break.
+
+The second topic deals with,
+how do we go about building
+
+computational models to
+solve real problems.
+
+And I want to start by putting
+up here a comparison.
+
+For much of the history of
+science, people focused on
+
+trying to find analytic
+methods.
+
+Big word, what does it mean?
+
+Well, an analytic model is
+something that lets you
+
+precisely predict the behavior
+of a system, just based on
+
+some initial conditions and
+a set of parameters.
+
+So this is a mathematical
+function, if you like.
+
+You can predict behavior given
+some initial conditions and
+
+some parameters.
+
+Newtonian physics, 8.01--
+
+analytic models.
+
+Spring constants--
+analytic models.
+
+They're things that let
+you predict what a
+
+system's going to do.
+
+For, I don't know, several
+centuries, this was basically
+
+what science did.
+
+It was really useful.
+
+It lead to things like calculus
+and to things like
+
+probability theory.
+
+It lead to basically
+understanding the macroscopic
+
+physical world.
+
+So it's the stuff you
+saw in high school.
+
+That's nice.
+
+But it doesn't always work.
+
+And indeed, as the 20th century
+progressed, one of the
+
+things we saw was that there are
+places where this doesn't
+
+really satisfy what you need,
+and you're better off with
+
+simulation methods, which
+is what we're going
+
+to talk about here.
+
+So what do I mean by
+simulation methods?
+
+First of all, let me talk about
+why do we want to get a
+
+simulation method.
+
+The idea was that there are
+going to be some places where
+
+it's really hard to
+build a model.
+
+So in fact, places where
+this comes up--
+
+sometimes we have systems
+that are not
+
+mathematically tractable.
+
+Again, a highfalutin word.
+
+What does it mean?
+
+It says, there are some systems
+where it's really hard
+
+to build a physical model
+that exactly predicts
+
+what's going to happen.
+
+Think weather forecasting.
+
+It doesn't work well.
+
+Actually, in Boston,
+it's easy.
+
+Just assume it's going to
+snow, and you're fine.
+
+All right.
+
+That's one reason why
+we want to move
+
+towards simulation models.
+
+Here's a second reason why
+we'd like to move towards
+
+simulation models.
+
+There's times when, in fact,
+as things get more complex,
+
+we're better off just
+successively refining a series
+
+of simulations.
+
+In other words, rather than
+spending the effort trying to
+
+build a very detailed predictive
+model, analytic
+
+model, just run a simulation
+that gives us an insight to
+
+what the problem's doing.
+
+We'll refine the simulation,
+and we can keep
+
+going on like that.
+
+The third reason you might like
+to do it is it's often
+
+easier to extract useful
+intermediate results from a
+
+simulation than it is
+to try and build a
+
+detailed analytic model.
+
+And of course, the last
+one is pretty obvious.
+
+The advent of computers
+made this possible.
+
+I want to just give you
+an example of this.
+
+Put yourself back in the 1700s
+and think about how you would
+
+do a computation.
+
+You have two choices.
+
+You can crank it out by hand.
+
+Good luck.
+
+Imagine how detailed
+a model you could
+
+actually do that way.
+
+Or you could build
+really precise,
+
+detailed mechanical models.
+
+And in fact, there are wonderful
+collections of these
+
+from people like Leonardo.
+
+For example, people that wanted
+to understand the solar
+
+system built what were called
+mechanical orreries, which
+
+were these very complex pieces
+of clockwork that allowed you
+
+to try and predict the motions
+of the planets.
+
+That's a really expensive way
+to try and do a simulation.
+
+So computation suddenly makes
+things change a lot.
+
+Now just to give you a sense of
+this, I did the following
+
+experiment this morning,
+to see how
+
+important simulation is.
+
+And I haven't really said
+what simulation means.
+
+So simulation means giving me
+an estimate, rather than a
+
+prediction.
+
+Giving me a sense of what might
+happen to a system under
+
+certain conditions and doing
+that multiple times, actually
+
+running, if you like, a model
+of the system rather than
+
+trying to predict exactly
+what's going to happen.
+
+So I did the following
+experiment this morning.
+
+I went to Google--
+
+I could have gone to Bing--
+
+and I typed in "finance
+simulation." I got 5 million
+
+hits, most of them probably
+wrong by the
+
+way, but that's OK.
+
+I typed in "biology
+simulation." I
+
+got 11 million hits.
+
+I typed in "physics
+simulation." I
+
+got 15 million hits.
+
+And then finally, I typed in
+"game simulation." How many
+
+hits do you figure I got?
+
+North or south of 15 million?
+
+North.
+
+Yeah.
+
+50 million hits.
+
+OK, so why should you care?
+
+A, it's fun to do.
+
+B, it's really a common tool
+that we want to use here.
+
+So let's think about what a
+simulation would look like,
+
+and then we're going to
+start building one.
+
+So the idea of a simulation,
+then, is-- what we're trying
+
+to do is we want to
+build a model with
+
+the following property.
+
+It's going to give useful
+information about the behavior
+
+of a system.
+
+Boy, there's a statement that
+has no content to it, right?
+
+Let me tell you what
+I mean by that.
+
+I'm going to compare this
+to an analytic model.
+
+An analytic model would exactly
+predict what this
+
+system's going to do.
+
+With a simulation, we want to
+build a model that says, if I
+
+give you some sense of the state
+of the system, it will
+
+give me some information
+about how that
+
+system is going to behave.
+
+It may not be exactly right, But
+it's going to give me some
+
+simulation of it.
+
+Another way of thinking about it
+is it's going to give me an
+
+approximation to reality.
+
+And another way of saying it
+is simulation models are
+
+descriptive, not prescriptive.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+An analytic model
+is prescriptive.
+
+You're doing 8.01 problems.
+
+You type in the definition of
+the parameters of the problem,
+
+and it would tell you, at least
+to the accuracy of the
+
+computer, exactly what's
+going to happen.
+
+With the simulation, it says,
+given a particular scenario, I
+
+can give you a good guess of
+what's going to happen.
+
+But it might actually be the
+case, by the way, that for
+
+exactly the same scenario, I
+run the simulation multiple
+
+times and I might get slightly
+different answers.
+
+Because maybe the world, as we
+said over here, is something
+
+that we can't model exactly
+mathematically.
+
+So we want to be able to have
+that ability, to sort of go
+
+back and forth.
+
+Now probably the easiest way to
+think about this is let's
+
+look at a model and
+a simulation.
+
+So the idea here is I want
+to build simulations.
+
+I want to control the
+fact then I may not
+
+get a precise answer.
+
+I might not get the same
+answer every time.
+
+But if I do enough simulations
+of a circumstance, I can get
+
+some good sense which I can
+refine of how this object's
+
+actually going to behave.
+
+So here's the example I'm
+going to start with.
+
+I'm going to go back, again,
+a couple hundred years.
+
+In 1827, a Scottish botanist
+named Robert Brown observed
+
+that a pollen particle suspended
+in water seemed to
+
+just float at random.
+
+You've probably heard
+this term.
+
+It's called Brownian motion,
+named after Robert Brown.
+
+He had no plausible
+explanation for
+
+this, by the way.
+
+He just observed it.
+
+And he made no attempt to model
+it mathematically, which
+
+kind of makes sense.
+
+That's 1827.
+
+The first really clear
+mathematical model of Brownian
+
+motion didn't come around
+until 1900.
+
+A guy named Louis Bachelier had
+a doctoral thesis called
+
+"The Theory of Speculation."
+Part of the problem for
+
+Bachelier, though, was that he
+didn't model Brownian in
+
+pollen particles.
+
+He did it in finance markets.
+
+And that was considered, at
+least at the time, completely
+
+disreputable.
+
+And so nobody paid any attention
+to his thesis.
+
+That's not going to happen
+to your thesis.
+
+Your thesis is going to be
+reputable when you get done
+
+with this place.
+
+So it took eighty years
+to get to that point.
+
+Unfortunately for poor
+Bachelier, five years later,
+
+another person came along and
+actually built the kind of
+
+model that introduced this
+sort of-- what's called
+
+stochastic thinking into
+the world of physics.
+
+This was a model that was almost
+exactly the same as
+
+Bachelier's, but it was
+used to confirm the
+
+existence of atoms.
+
+Anybody know who did
+that model in 1905?
+
+No physics buffs here.
+
+If I told you he was born in
+Switzerland, would that help?
+
+A minor guy named
+Albert Einstein.
+
+So that was one of the first
+things Einstein did, was he
+
+actually built the
+first really good
+
+model of Brownian motion.
+
+And that allowed, in fact, this
+kind of thinking to go
+
+into real-world problems.
+
+So Brownian motion is an example
+of a tool we're going
+
+to use a lot.
+
+I'm probably hiding that
+below the screen where
+
+you can't see it.
+
+It's an example of what
+we call a random walk.
+
+Random walks you're going to
+see all over the place.
+
+They're an incredibly useful way
+of building a simulation.
+
+And the essential idea of a
+random walk is, if I've got a
+
+system of interacting
+objects--
+
+could be pollen particles--
+
+I want to model what happens
+in that system under the
+
+assumption that each one of
+those things is going to move
+
+at each time step under some
+random distribution.
+
+It's going to move in a
+particular direction.
+
+I want to model what the
+overall system does.
+
+OK, let me give you some
+examples of where this is
+
+really useful.
+
+It's really useful in modeling
+physical processes.
+
+Well, we're going to start with
+pollen particles in air.
+
+But you could think about any
+kind of particle in water.
+
+You could think about
+any kind of air
+
+particle in a larger fluid.
+
+Ah, weather.
+
+Modeling weather-- if we could
+really model the motion of all
+
+those molecules-- is just a
+really large random walk.
+
+Random walks are really
+useful in
+
+understanding biological processes.
+
+For example, the kinetics of
+displacement of RNA from
+
+heteroduplexes of
+DNA is a great
+
+example of a random walk.
+
+And in fact, people interested
+in bioinformatics or
+
+computational biology will see
+random walks used all the time
+
+to try and to understand the
+displacements of things.
+
+It's really useful in
+social processes.
+
+Movement of the stock market is
+definitely a random walk,
+
+except for the day when the
+markets are all crashing for
+
+unfortunate reasons.
+
+So it's something we
+want to use a lot.
+
+In the example I'm going to use
+to motivate a random walk,
+
+we're going to build
+a simulation.
+
+Here is what was
+the traditional
+
+view of a random walk.
+
+So here's the motivation.
+
+Excuse me a second.
+
+Let's take a drunken
+university student.
+
+Not an Institute student,
+a University student.
+
+So this is a Harvard student,
+not an MIT student, because I
+
+know you're all well-behaved.
+
+At least smile at me when
+I make these bad jokes.
+
+Thank you.
+
+All right.
+
+You've got a drunken student.
+
+They're out on a big field.
+
+And they start off in the middle
+of the field, and every
+
+second, this student can take
+one step in one of the four
+
+cardinal directions.
+
+So north, south, east, west.
+
+After 1,000 seconds--
+after 1,000 steps--
+
+how far away is that student
+from where he
+
+or she started out?
+
+So I need some help here.
+
+Guesses.
+
+1,000 steps.
+
+How far away after 1,000
+steps is that student--
+
+we'll make it a he.
+
+From where he started out.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It depends on the
+probability of what direction
+
+you're going.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so let's
+assume that the steps
+
+were equally likely.
+
+The four steps-- north, south,
+east, west-- they're all
+
+equally probable.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the suggestion over here
+is, where he started.
+
+So 0 distance away.
+
+That's not a bad guess, right?
+
+You're just going in different
+directions.
+
+It's equally likely you end
+up where you started.
+
+So one possibility is 0.
+
+You end up back where
+you started.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe 150 or so?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I'm going
+to take bets here.
+
+I've got 150.
+
+It's an interesting number.
+
+Not bad.
+
+Any other guesses.
+
+This side of the crowd.
+
+I don't want to just
+do the right side.
+
+I'm very liberal.
+
+I want the left side of
+the crowd over here.
+
+Somebody over on this side.
+
+Help me out.
+
+Any other guesses?
+
+I've got 0, and I've
+got 150 steps.
+
+Boy, I get no eye contact
+when I do this.
+
+This is great.
+
+Yes, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: 500 root 2 steps?
+
+PROFESSOR: 500 root 2.
+
+Can I drop the root
+2 for second?
+
+The 500 is not a bad
+guess, right?
+
+Because you're about half
+the distance away.
+
+The root 2 we'll come
+back to in a second.
+
+Keep that in mind.
+
+All right.
+
+500.
+
+So we've got 0, we've got
+150, we've got 500.
+
+Well, gee, that's the whole
+point of building the
+
+simulation.
+
+Let's see if we can figure out
+what might happen here.
+
+Ok.
+
+And I'm going to build the
+simulation in a second.
+
+But before I do that, one of
+the good things to do is to
+
+try and build a simple model
+that we could use to get an
+
+intuition about what's
+going to happen.
+
+So I'm going to start with
+a very simple model here.
+
+There's my field.
+
+The guys who mow the lawn at
+Fenway have been over and very
+
+nicely put x- and y-axes
+onto this field.
+
+And let's assume the students
+starts off there.
+
+We'll just call that
+the origin.
+
+It doesn't matter what it is,
+but that's where the students
+
+starts off.
+
+And what I want to do is I want
+to get a very rough sense
+
+of how far away the student
+might go after a few steps.
+
+We won't be able to go very far,
+but enough steps that we
+
+can start estimating this.
+
+So they start there.
+
+After one step, there
+are the places the
+
+student could end up.
+
+Equally likely.
+
+So after one step, if I want to
+build a distance associated
+
+probability, there's probability
+1 they're 1 unit
+
+away, no matter which
+direction they went.
+
+OK, let's take this one here.
+
+Let's assume the student
+went east.
+
+In fact, they're all going
+to be roughly the same.
+
+And the second step, where
+can the student go?
+
+He can go there, he can go
+there, he can go there, or he
+
+could go there.
+
+Right?
+
+So what are the distances
+here?
+
+Well, in one out of four cases,
+he's at a distance 0,
+
+which would be back to where
+we started, which is that
+
+original pretty good guess.
+
+If he goes there or he goes
+there, those are both what
+
+distance away?
+
+Root 2, right?
+
+So it could be root 2 away,
+2 out of 4 times.
+
+And if we went east again,
+we're 2 units away.
+
+Again, with probability
+1 in 4.
+
+I'm cheating slightly here, in
+the sense that I should do the
+
+same things if the first step
+was north, south, or west, but
+
+they're all symmetric to this.
+
+So it'll all come out
+the same way.
+
+So there is what happens
+after two steps.
+
+Now let's do one more step.
+
+It's going to get a
+little messy here.
+
+But suppose I want to
+go three steps.
+
+About three possibilities.
+
+Well, I've got three
+possibilities.
+
+If I'm in this case, which is
+the 0 case, I'm here, in which
+
+case no matter which step
+I take, I'm 1 unit away.
+
+So this will say, distance 1.
+
+And the probability of being
+here was 1/4, so the
+
+probability again is still
+1/4 that one unit away.
+
+Let's take one of these,
+the root 2 ones.
+
+That says I'm either
+here or I'm there.
+
+They're going to be symmetric.
+
+If I'm here, where can I go?
+
+I've got possibilities
+going to those.
+
+So these two are 1 unit away.
+
+So half the time I'm 1
+unit away, and it was
+
+1/2 that got me there.
+
+Did I do that right?
+
+Yes.
+
+That's also with 1/4.
+
+That was getting if I went
+here or I went there.
+
+If I'm up here or I'm over
+there, that's root 5 away.
+
+So let me put that over here.
+
+So I've got a probability of
+1/2 getting there, and a
+
+probability of 1/2 from here
+of getting that, so that's
+
+also with probability of 1/4.
+
+And then what's the one
+case I have left?
+
+The case I have left is I went
+all the way over to here, two
+
+steps over, in which case
+I'm going to go what?
+
+There, there, there, or there.
+
+If I just pull these
+together--
+
+I'm just going to
+do them for you.
+
+That says, I have a probability
+of being 1 away
+
+with probability 1/16, root 5
+away with probability 1/8 --
+
+and I'm running out of room here
+-- and 3 units away with
+
+probability of 1/16.
+
+Don't sweat the details.
+
+What you can see is I'm
+just building this up.
+
+What I want you to see is what
+do the distances look like?
+
+After one step, I'm
+one unit away.
+
+After two steps,
+that was this.
+
+You can kind of do the
+math in your head.
+
+What's the expected
+distance away?
+
+What's the average distance
+I'd be away?
+
+Well, it's 0 times 1/4,
+plus root 2 times 1/2,
+
+plus 2 times 1/4.
+
+So that's 1.4, that's 2.8, and
+that's 4.8 divided by 4.
+
+So it's about 1.2.
+
+Now I'm sure you can do the math
+for three steps in your
+
+head, right?
+
+Yeah, right.
+
+But if I do that, if I add those
+things up-- you can go
+
+do this yourself-- what you'll
+find is that this is
+
+about 1.4 or 1.5.
+
+Let me make it 1.4.
+
+It's probably a little
+bit closer.
+
+All right.
+
+Why was I doing that?
+
+This is something you want to
+do as you start building a
+
+simulation, which is do a little
+bit of a calculation to
+
+get a sense of what you
+expect to happen here.
+
+So what conclusion could
+I draw from that?
+
+Admittedly on very small
+numbers, it looks like the
+
+more steps the Harvard student
+takes, on average the further
+
+away they are from the
+starting point.
+
+So your 0 was a great guess,
+but it's probably not
+
+going to work here.
+
+And we want to see why.
+
+On the other hand, 500
+that looks-- well,
+
+maybe we're still OK.
+
+Three steps, half of 3
+would be 1 and 1/2.
+
+So maybe the 500's OK.
+
+Let's see what happens
+if we do this.
+
+So what I want to do is see
+how I could build a set of
+
+classes that would let me
+build this simulation.
+
+And part of the design process
+here is I want to try and
+
+invent classes that correspond
+to the types of things I
+
+expect to see happening.
+
+So in this case,
+what do I have?
+
+I need to model a drunk, I need
+to model a field, which
+
+is where the drunk's wandering
+around in.
+
+And I'll need a third thing,
+which may not be obvious
+
+immediately.
+
+But the third thing I'm going
+to need-- so let me just put
+
+the pieces up.
+
+I need a drunk, I need a field,
+and I need to keep
+
+track of where the drunk
+is in the field.
+
+So I'm going to pull out another
+class I'm going to
+
+call a location, that's going
+to tell me where the drunk
+
+actually is.
+
+OK.
+
+With that in mind, I'm going
+to show you some code.
+
+I'm going to walk through it
+reasonably carefully, just to
+
+let you see what
+it looks like.
+
+So there is my class definition
+for a location.
+
+Now at this stage in the course,
+hopefully you can look
+
+at that and already see
+the main pieces of it.
+
+So what do we have in here?
+
+Well, we going to have
+an initialization.
+
+You can kind of see
+that right there.
+
+When I create a Location, I'm
+giving it an x and y.
+
+I'm going to make
+an assumption,
+
+which is they're floats.
+
+I'll come back to that
+in a second.
+
+And that's just going to
+store them away in
+
+some internal variables.
+
+That's things you've
+done before.
+
+So self.x gets that value,
+self.y gets that value.
+
+And of course, I could get out
+the values right there.
+
+I need to know where
+the drunk goes.
+
+So one of the things I'd like
+to do is to say, given the
+
+current location of the drunk,
+I might like to know how far
+
+away is that from some other
+location, like the place the
+
+drunk started.
+
+So that last method down
+here, distance from--
+
+notice what it's going to do.
+
+It says, if you give
+me another,
+
+which is another location--
+
+remember, self will point
+to my instance--
+
+what can I do?
+
+Well, I can just do Pythagoras's
+theorem to figure
+
+out how far away am I. I get
+the x- and y-coordinates of
+
+the other location.
+
+I get my own x- and
+y-coordinates.
+
+And then I just take those
+distances squared and take the
+
+square root of them.
+
+So it's just giving
+me distance away,
+
+which is pretty nice.
+
+There's one other method here
+which is a little funky.
+
+This is a design choice.
+
+And that method is the one
+up here called move.
+
+So the background to this
+is going to have
+
+a drunk at a location.
+
+one of the things I
+will want is to be
+
+able to change location.
+
+So move says, if you give
+me a change in x
+
+and a change in y--
+
+I'm going to assume
+they're floats--
+
+I will give you back the new
+location, which is to go from
+
+my x and y by some amount.
+
+It could be in the
+east direction.
+
+It could be in the
+north direction.
+
+But notice what it returns.
+
+It returns a new instance
+of a Location.
+
+OK.
+
+I made a couple of assumptions
+which are worth
+
+thinking about here.
+
+So one assumption is
+I'm assuming that
+
+this is a 2D world.
+
+You can't elevate.
+
+You can't rise up.
+
+There's no change in altitude.
+
+That kind of makes sense.
+
+The second assumption I made was
+I said, I want to build it
+
+in so that things like delta-x
+and delta-y are floats.
+
+What is that doing?
+
+Well, that's saying, I don't
+want to restrict myself to
+
+just moves that are only in
+the cardinal directions.
+
+I'm going to start there, but
+initially, I'd like to have
+
+the ability that the move could
+be along a diagonal, or
+
+it could be some partial step.
+
+So notice I'm making a choice
+there that is kind of nice.
+
+All right.
+
+That gives me locations.
+
+And that's a pretty
+straightforward class.
+
+So I've got locations.
+
+That's always a good start.
+
+I have this.
+
+Now again, I want
+to model a drunk
+
+wandering around in a field.
+
+So the second thing I need is I
+need to say, what's a field
+
+going to be?
+
+And I want to show you
+that definition,
+
+which is right here.
+
+And a field is basically going
+to be something that maps
+
+drunks to locations.
+
+So a field is just going to
+be a collection of drunks,
+
+keeping track of
+where they are.
+
+So let's look at what that
+definition says.
+
+When I create a field, right up
+here at the top it sets up
+
+a variable inside of that
+instance, just called drunks.
+
+And we're going to
+use a dictionary.
+
+We could use other choices, but
+the dictionary is going to
+
+be nice, because it's
+going to let us keep
+
+track of the drunks.
+
+I can add a drunk
+to the field.
+
+So notice what it says.
+
+It says, given I've got a field,
+I'm assuming I have a
+
+drunk and a location, because
+the drunk's got to be in a
+
+particular location.
+
+Notice what it does.
+
+First of all, it checks to make
+sure that I don't already
+
+have this person in
+my collection.
+
+So that first check there says,
+if this particular drunk
+
+is already in my dictionary,
+I complain.
+
+You can be drunk enough to see
+double, but you can't be drunk
+
+enough to be double.
+
+Another bad joke right
+off the back wall.
+
+Great.
+
+OK, so what else do I want?
+
+Otherwise, notice what
+I'm going to do here.
+
+I want to make sure
+you can see these
+
+things fairly cleanly.
+
+If I'm going to add a
+drunk, what do I do?
+
+Into the dictionary, under that
+label of drunk, I'm going
+
+to insert a value corresponding
+with that label.
+
+And the values going
+to be the location.
+
+So my representation here is now
+a dictionary of drunks and
+
+where they are.
+
+And that's going to be handy
+as I want to use this.
+
+And again, if I want to get out
+the location, well, I just
+
+return exactly that.
+
+The final piece is, when I go
+to move the drunk, I've got
+
+some tests here to make sure
+that I actually have a drunk.
+
+But otherwise, I'm going to ask
+the drunk to take a step
+
+right there.
+
+We have to say what
+a drunk does.
+
+That's going to give me back a
+change in x and a change in y.
+
+And then notice the funky
+little call below here.
+
+This says what?
+
+The right-hand side says, I get
+the dictionary of drunks.
+
+I go in and index into it to
+get out the actual drunk.
+
+That's this first
+part right here.
+
+That gives me back what?
+
+It gives me an instance.
+
+So the dot says, for that
+particular drunk, get its move
+
+method, which was that
+call, and have it
+
+move by that amount.
+
+And that returns for me then a
+location which I can store
+
+back into the list.
+
+All right.
+
+I made some assumptions
+about Field.
+
+They're worth pointing out.
+
+No constraints on locations.
+
+How big is this field?
+
+As big as you want.
+
+So I didn't build in a real
+physical representation of the
+
+limits of the field with every
+location represented.
+
+I just said, it's just a
+collection of drunks.
+
+So there's no limits on how
+far the drunk can go.
+
+The second assumption
+I made here is I can
+
+have multiple drunks.
+
+And we're going to have a
+simulation of that in a while.
+
+You can imagine it's going to
+be fun watching them collide
+
+with each other.
+
+All right.
+
+And the third thing is, it
+says nothing about the
+
+patterns in which
+the drunk moves.
+
+So this is a design to
+keep this clean.
+
+It says nothing about
+how the drunks move.
+
+It simply says, give me
+a change in x and y.
+
+I'll change the location.
+
+The last piece is we're going to
+capture how the drunk moves
+
+in a drunk.
+
+And there's the definition
+of the drunk.
+
+What does that say to do?
+
+Well, we're going to give it
+a name, to start it off.
+
+And the only method it has is
+that thing that's going to do
+
+a takeStep.
+
+And here's where we're going to
+build in the choices about
+
+how they can move, what you
+asked about earlier.
+
+Notice what I've done there.
+
+In this case, I've said, I'm
+going to pick at random from
+
+this set, stepChoices.
+
+And that's where I'm building
+in the idea that it's only
+
+going to move plus or minus 1
+in the x and y direction--
+
+north, south, east, west.
+
+I could clearly change that.
+
+I'm also building in here that
+it's equally likely, because
+
+random picks one of those
+equally likely.
+
+I might decide to change that.
+
+And I can certainly do that
+if I want to move to other
+
+directions.
+
+But right now, that's where
+I'm going to build it in.
+
+OK.
+
+So now we're ready to
+try the simulation.
+
+We've got what?
+
+We've got location.
+
+That's just representing
+a place.
+
+We've got fields.
+
+That just lets us map
+drunks to locations.
+
+And then we've got the ability
+to move the drunk around.
+
+So I can now think
+about making this
+
+actually move around.
+
+So let me show you
+a quick example.
+
+Let's create a drunk.
+
+I'm picking the obvious
+person.
+
+I'm going to create
+a location.
+
+We'll call the origin just
+the spot at 0, 0.
+
+And I need to create a
+field which I can do.
+
+And then I'm going to
+add Homer to this
+
+field at the origin.
+
+And now the last thing I want to
+do is I want to have Homer
+
+wander around.
+
+I want to see how far he goes.
+
+So I'm going to build a little
+function over here-- you can
+
+see right there-- called walk,
+which takes the field, takes a
+
+drunk in the field, and says how
+many steps do I want him
+
+to stagger around with?
+
+And what's it going to do?
+
+I'm going to set the start
+location to be where the drunk
+
+was initially.
+
+It might be at the origin or
+it might be somewhere else.
+
+And then I'm just going to run
+through that number of steps.
+
+So range is just saying, take
+the number of steps, just
+
+moving the drunk.
+
+And then I'll return
+how far away he is.
+
+So if I do that here, I can do
+walk with that field, with my
+
+drunk, Homer.
+
+And let's take 10 steps.
+
+Hmm.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+Let's try it again.
+
+I was getting worried
+there for second.
+
+So we're getting an interesting
+range of values.
+
+So here's the last thing
+I'd like to do.
+
+Let's actually do a simulation
+of this.
+
+And I'm going to do this
+reasonably quickly. simWalks
+
+right here is simply going to
+do what I just did, but
+
+multiple times.
+
+That is, it's going to take a
+drunk, a field, some number of
+
+steps, and it's going to run a
+bunch of trials, however many
+
+trials I want to get.
+
+So I do what I just
+did over here, and
+
+collect those together.
+
+And then I can just print out
+some statistics about how far
+
+away did the drunk
+get as I do that.
+
+And that's what drunk
+test is going to do.
+
+We're going to do it for 10
+steps, 100 steps, 1,000
+
+steps, and so on.
+
+So let me simply run that.
+
+I run drunkTest.
+
+And we'll do it with
+10 trials each.
+
+OK.
+
+Does that look right?
+
+Does that look good?
+
+You can tell this is
+a trick question.
+
+So what should you be
+looking for there?
+
+Look at it.
+
+It says, if I take 10 steps, on
+average I'm about 2 and 1/2
+
+steps away.
+
+If I take 100 steps, on average
+I'm less than two
+
+steps away.
+
+1,000 steps, I'm about
+two steps away.
+
+10,000 steps, I'm about
+two steps away.
+
+100,000 steps, on average I'm
+about two steps away.
+
+Wait a minute.
+
+Didn't we say that it looked
+like, over on that board
+
+there, that as I increased the
+number of steps, I got a
+
+little bit further away?
+
+Hmm.
+
+So I've done this
+deliberately.
+
+This suggests what?
+
+The first key point, think about
+what your simulation
+
+should return.
+
+What are good examples
+to think about?
+
+Because this doesn't
+look right.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's how I could test it.
+
+Why don't I try a simulation
+on values for
+
+which I know the answer?
+
+So I'm going to go back in
+here, and right here, I'm
+
+going to replace this with--
+
+we're either going to take
+zero steps or one step.
+
+Let's run that.
+
+Oh, don't do that to me.
+
+Oh, yes, I do have an error.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Get rid of it right there.
+
+Almost out of time, so
+this is perfect.
+
+And now let's try
+drunkStep again.
+
+Wow.
+
+If I take a random walk taking
+no steps, on average I end up
+
+2 and 1/2 units away.
+
+I teleported.
+
+That's pretty amazing.
+
+And with perfect timing, we'll
+figure out what's wrong with
+
+my simulation next time.
+
+Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CA7I2GLpgdo.txt b/CA7I2GLpgdo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ce49dec9e4a6d644cfb51b06ad3f85c450ecd70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CA7I2GLpgdo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+JOCELYN: Hi.
+
+Jocelyn here and today we're
+going to go over fall 2009
+
+exam three problem
+number four.
+
+Starting with part A--
+
+let's read the problem.
+
+In the 1920s, Jack Breitbart of
+Revlon laboratories found
+
+that acne could be treated by
+the use of benzoyl peroxide.
+
+The oxygen-oxygen bond in
+peroxide is weak and under the
+
+influence of modest heating,
+benzoyl peroxide readily
+
+decompose to form free radicals
+according to the
+
+reaction given.
+
+The rate of decomposition is
+measured at 92 degrees C at
+
+various concentrations
+and found to be--
+
+and you're given two different
+concentrations and two
+
+different rates.
+
+So part A asks, determine the
+order of reaction for the
+
+decomposition of benzoyl
+peroxide.
+
+The first thing to do is, when
+asked for the order of the
+
+decomposition reaction, we
+want to think about the
+
+general rate loss, right?
+
+We're given concentrations.
+
+We're given rates.
+
+We're asked for the order.
+
+Something you might want to
+have written down on your
+
+equation sheet or look up is the
+general rate law equation.
+
+Remember that students taking
+these exams did have an
+
+equation sheet so they could
+have this ready.
+
+The important part is that
+you know when to use this
+
+equation, what each
+of the terms mean.
+
+So r is the rate.
+
+k is a rate constant.
+
+It is a function of temperature,
+but if you're at
+
+the same temperature, that rate
+constant will not change.
+
+It's constant.
+
+c is your concentration.
+
+And n is your reaction order.
+
+So this would be the place to
+start for this question.
+
+And now we know that we're
+solving for n.
+
+So what is n in this case?
+
+Looking at what we're
+given, we can write
+
+two different equations.
+
+The first line gives us a
+specific rate for a specific
+
+concentration.
+
+The second line gives us another
+rate for a second
+
+concentration.
+
+So now we have two equations
+and two unknowns.
+
+That means we can solve for one
+of the unknowns and then
+
+could solve for the other one
+if we wanted to, but here we
+
+only care about n.
+
+So how I'm going to choose to
+solve this and you may choose
+
+to do it differently--
+
+I'm going to divide the first
+line by the second line and I
+
+get rate one over rate two
+equals c1 divided by c2 all to
+
+the n power.
+
+So that made the k drop out,
+which is one of the unknowns
+
+that I don't care about because
+the problem isn't
+
+asking for that.
+
+Now all we need to do
+is solve for n.
+
+So if we remember algebra, we're
+going to take the log of
+
+both sides.
+
+Because of the properties
+of the log, we can
+
+bring the n out front.
+
+So n equals--
+
+and plugging in the numbers
+given in the problem--
+
+they're given in the same
+units so everything will
+
+cancel out and that's good--
+
+we get that the n equals one.
+
+So this is a first
+order reaction.
+
+Now you could've probably done
+that by inspection if you're
+
+familiar with the rate law and
+how to determine that by just
+
+seeing that as the concentration
+went down by a
+
+fourth, the rate also went
+down by a fourth.
+
+However, the question asks for
+you to determine the order of
+
+reaction and so we were
+looking for more of a
+
+derivation of the problem
+instead of just an inspection
+
+because that shows that you have
+a familiarity with the
+
+general rate law equation.
+
+So now moving to part B--
+
+we are asked, on the plot below,
+sketch the variation in
+
+energy with extent of reaction
+for the decomposition of
+
+benzoyl peroxide.
+
+Assume that the ratio of
+activation energy to--
+
+delta e, which is the energy
+of the reaction--
+
+equals -2.5.
+
+Label the energy states and
+label the delta e of reaction,
+
+the activation energy for the
+forward reaction and the
+
+activation energy for the
+backward reaction.
+
+So that's asking
+us to do a lot.
+
+So first we're going to write
+down, what are we actually
+
+asked to do?
+
+So the main thing is that we're
+asked for the variation
+
+in energy with the extent
+of reaction.
+
+So as the reaction progresses,
+what's the
+
+energy of the molecule?
+
+The energy state that
+it's going through?
+
+In that plot, we're asked to
+label the energy states of the
+
+reactant and product and
+we're asked to label
+
+the delta e of reaction.
+
+So what's the net change in
+energy as well as the
+
+activation, both forward
+and backward?
+
+I would always write this to
+the side or scrap piece of
+
+paper or something because this
+is a lot of things to put
+
+on one plot and this will be a
+nice reference to help us to
+
+make sure we answered all the
+things the question is asking.
+
+So on the plot given, which I'll
+reproduce here, it has
+
+axes of extent of reaction
+and energy.
+
+The first thing to do would be
+to label the beginning and
+
+start energy states.
+
+So because we know at
+92 degrees C, this--
+
+the benzoyl peroxide--
+
+decomposes readily, we can
+assume that there's
+
+a decrease in energy.
+
+So we'll have our products
+start at a
+
+higher energy than our--
+
+sorry-- our reactant
+start at a higher
+
+energy than our products.
+
+And because the question asks us
+to label that, we're going
+
+to put in the actual labels.
+
+And so that's your reactant
+and then we
+
+have the radical product.
+
+Now that we have our beginning
+and end energy states, we need
+
+to think about what's happening
+in the middle.
+
+A clue is that he talks about
+the activation energy, right?
+
+And we know that most processes
+that we talk about
+
+have a certain activation
+energy.
+
+You can't just go straight
+from the
+
+molecule to the radical.
+
+You have to have a little
+bit of energy cuffed.
+
+And so we know we're going to
+have some type of hill that we
+
+have to go over.
+
+Furthermore, in the problem he
+states that the activation
+
+energy divided by the
+delta e is -2.5.
+
+So we know that because this
+is a negative delta e--
+
+so this is our delta e here
+and it's negative--
+
+our activation energy is two and
+a half times as large as
+
+that net change in energy.
+
+So we want to kind of just
+eyeball that in here.
+
+You didn't have to be exact,
+but relatively--
+
+it's going to be larger
+than twice the
+
+distance between here.
+
+And remember that activation
+energy is the hill, the energy
+
+costs that you have to go
+through to get to your lower
+
+energy state in the
+product size.
+
+So now that we have all of our
+energy states, we want to draw
+
+a smooth curve to show
+the variation of
+
+energy with the reaction.
+
+So connecting all these points,
+we get two valleys and
+
+a hill, right?
+
+We have two stable energy
+states and we have an
+
+activated complex corresponding
+to the
+
+activation energy there.
+
+So we have our energy diagram,
+but we need to go back to what
+
+the question is asking and see
+that we've labeled the energy
+
+states, we've labeled the delta
+e of reaction, but we
+
+need to label both
+the forward and
+
+backwards activation energy.
+
+And this is one of the things
+people had issues with--
+
+the backward activation.
+
+So forward activation
+is pretty self
+
+explanatory, right?
+
+It's the energy we need to
+overcome the activation of
+
+this process and so this is
+the Ea of the forward.
+
+Now the activation energy of the
+backward reaction is just
+
+the same concept, but
+going backwards.
+
+So if we started down here, what
+is the energy we need to
+
+get over this activation
+barrier?
+
+And so that's this full energy,
+this full amount of
+
+energy here.
+
+And so we can see that it's
+bigger than the activation
+
+energy for the forward
+reaction by the
+
+delta e of the reaction.
+
+So going back to our checklist
+here, we've answered all over
+
+the questions and so we
+can move to part C.
+
+So part C asks us, on the
+same plot above--
+
+which we have over here
+to the right--
+
+sketch the variation in energy
+with extent of reaction for
+
+the decomposition of benzoyl
+peroxide under the influence
+
+of a catalyst.
+
+So with a catalyst--
+
+first to answer this question,
+we need to know what a
+
+catalyst does.
+
+And in class, we learned that
+a catalyst will lower the
+
+activation barrier, thus
+allowing for the reaction to
+
+proceed faster.
+
+You don't necessarily get more
+product because that's
+
+governed by a different set of
+laws, but you do get the
+
+product faster.
+
+And so the way we can change
+this is that instead of having
+
+our activation barrier up there,
+we can say it's going
+
+to be somewhere here.
+
+It's going to be lowered by the
+presence of the catalyst.
+
+So we want to make a smooth
+curve again and connect this
+
+lower activation barrier.
+
+And you'd want to label this--
+
+I'll label it in white--
+
+this is the catalyzed
+curve there.
+
+As long as you've showed that
+the activation barrier was
+
+lowered by the presence of
+a catalyst, that's fine.
+
+That was what the question
+was asking for.
+
+So we've labeled everything,
+answered all the questions and
+
+we're done with this problem.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CTVFDb44ses.txt b/CTVFDb44ses.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1da2fd340af7baa2cf1c3335c1b85047ed334753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CTVFDb44ses.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so um let me uh let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so um let me uh let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so um let me uh let me start
+uh session three is about System model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh session three is about System model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh session three is about System model
+languages but before I um before I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages but before I um before I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages but before I um before I start
+uh I'd like to remind you that A1 is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd like to remind you that A1 is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd like to remind you that A1 is due
+today the first assignment is due today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the first assignment is due today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the first assignment is due today
+and uh I think neither yuanna or I or Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think neither yuanna or I or Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think neither yuanna or I or Le
+did you get a lot of questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 no I didn't get any questions yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 no I didn't get any questions yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 no I didn't get any questions yeah so
+we didn't get many questions so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get many questions so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get many questions so uh I
+think I interpret that as a positive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I interpret that as a positive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I interpret that as a positive but
+I guess we'll find out every sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we'll find out every sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we'll find out every sub
+everybody submitted okay well uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody submitted okay well uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody submitted okay well uh so we
+we're hope we're hoping to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're hope we're hoping to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're hope we're hoping to have these
+graded in about a week uh give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded in about a week uh give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded in about a week uh give you
+feedback and we'll also post a master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and we'll also post a master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and we'll also post a master
+solution okay and uh A2 is is out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and uh A2 is is out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and uh A2 is is out right
+now and the other good news is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the other good news is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the other good news is there's
+no new assignment uh today that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no new assignment uh today that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no new assignment uh today that's being
+hand the next A3 is going to go out next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the next A3 is going to go out next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the next A3 is going to go out next
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+okay um any any any questions about A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um any any any questions about A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um any any any questions about A1
+was was there something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was there something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was there something that was
+particularly uh difficult or confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly uh difficult or confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly uh difficult or confusing
+or was it straightforward any anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or was it straightforward any anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or was it straightforward any anybody
+want to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+Sam push push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam push push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam push push the
+button no our team thought it was fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button no our team thought it was fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button no our team thought it was fairly
+clear on what we what we had to do based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on what we what we had to do based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on what we what we had to do based
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+lectures okay we didn't have any trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay we didn't have any trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay we didn't have any trouble
+good all right um well let's keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right um well let's keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right um well let's keep going
+then um so the the V model is our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um so the the V model is our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um so the the V model is our our
+road map for the class uh we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road map for the class uh we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road map for the class uh we're starting
+to fill in the v we're still in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in the v we're still in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in the v we're still in the
+upper left corner and today's lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left corner and today's lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left corner and today's lecture is
+actually a little different uh it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little different uh it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little different uh it's sort
+of in the center of the V system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the center of the V system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the center of the V system
+modeling languages as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling languages as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling languages as a as a
+precondition or precursor to what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precondition or precursor to what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precondition or precursor to what we've
+been calling NBC modelbased system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been calling NBC modelbased system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been calling NBC modelbased system
+engineering so um uh what I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so um uh what I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so um uh what I'd like to
+cover to say is uh why do we need or why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover to say is uh why do we need or why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover to say is uh why do we need or why
+have these system modeling languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these system modeling languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these system modeling languages
+emerged uh particularly what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged uh particularly what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged uh particularly what do we mean
+by onology semantics and syntax and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by onology semantics and syntax and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by onology semantics and syntax and then
+we're going to give you a um I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you a um I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you a um I would I
+would characterize this as a sampler of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would characterize this as a sampler of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would characterize this as a sampler of
+three different uh system modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different uh system modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different uh system modeling
+languages that have emerged really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have emerged really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have emerged really
+within the last 10 15 years the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the last 10 15 years the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the last 10 15 years the first
+one is called OPM object process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called OPM object process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called OPM object process
+methodology the second one is called CML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology the second one is called CML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology the second one is called CML
+system modeling language and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system modeling language and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system modeling language and then the
+third one is called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one is called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one is called uh
+modelica and then we'll sort of quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelica and then we'll sort of quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelica and then we'll sort of quickly
+wrap up with uh the question you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up with uh the question you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up with uh the question you know
+what what does this mean now for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does this mean now for system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does this mean now for system
+engineering today and and tomorrow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering today and and tomorrow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering today and and tomorrow in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+future so I'd like to motivate this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I'd like to motivate this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I'd like to motivate this with
+a little exercise so you remember Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little exercise so you remember Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little exercise so you remember Mr
+Sticky from last time you came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sticky from last time you came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sticky from last time you came up with
+some requirements so it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some requirements so it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some requirements so it's kind of the
+simplest system I could think of here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest system I could think of here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest system I could think of here so
+what we'd like to do is um have you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do is um have you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do is um have you work
+in pairs again and the assignment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pairs again and the assignment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pairs again and the assignment here
+is to uh describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to uh describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to uh describe this
+system uh as as clearly as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh as as clearly as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh as as clearly as you can
+provide a description so last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a description so last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a description so last time the
+assignment was you know write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment was you know write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment was you know write a
+requirement right come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement right come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement right come up with some
+requirements that led to this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that led to this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that led to this to this
+design but today I would like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design but today I would like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design but today I would like you to
+describe what the system is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what the system is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what the system is how it
+functions and so forth as as clearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so forth as as clearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so forth as as clearly as
+you can and I would like you to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and I would like you to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and I would like you to do this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+hopefully uh you're on the WebEx uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh you're on the WebEx uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh you're on the WebEx uh
+logged into the WebEx I would like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logged into the WebEx I would like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logged into the WebEx I would like you
+to do this in teams of Two And as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this in teams of Two And as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this in teams of Two And as you're
+doing this um I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this um I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this um I don't know if you
+noticed but on the WebEx there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed but on the WebEx there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed but on the WebEx there's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+a uh note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh note
+notepad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notepad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notepad
+feature uh where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tell
+me left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh I
+see so I can't share and use the notepad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I can't share and use the notepad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I can't share and use the notepad
+at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+annotate yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+sharing but then they can't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right can they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so you can write text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shapes okay so uh the reason I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes okay so uh the reason I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes okay so uh the reason I want you
+to do this on the Whiteboard is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this on the Whiteboard is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this on the Whiteboard is such
+that we can then sort of go around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can then sort of go around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can then sort of go around and
+look at some examples okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some examples okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some examples okay so the
+assignment is take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is take five
+minutes uh turn to your partner and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh turn to your partner and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh turn to your partner and try
+to describe this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe this system
+and then we'll we'll go around and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll we'll go around and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll we'll go around and look
+at some uh we'll sample people's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some uh we'll sample people's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some uh we'll sample people's uh
+descriptions go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions go for
+it all right so so we'll modif so keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so so we'll modif so keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so so we'll modif so keep
+working on the assignment but do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the assignment but do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the assignment but do it
+locally on your computer not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally on your computer not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally on your computer not on the
+Whiteboard right and then we'll uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whiteboard right and then we'll uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whiteboard right and then we'll uh we'll
+sort of discuss it and share it and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discuss it and share it and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discuss it and share it and uh
+maybe not use the Whiteboard because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not use the Whiteboard because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not use the Whiteboard because I
+didn't realize there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize there's only one
+whiteboard that we all share I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard that we all share I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard that we all share I thought
+that you have individually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have individually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have individually the
+Whiteboard and then you can sort of pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whiteboard and then you can sort of pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whiteboard and then you can sort of pass
+it on to different people so but but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on to different people so but but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on to different people so but but if
+but if you do it locally on your machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it locally on your machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it locally on your machine
+uh then we can share the screen so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we can share the screen so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we can share the screen so it'll
+work so do it in you know do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so do it in you know do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so do it in you know do it in
+PowerPoint or or word or or sketch pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint or or word or or sketch pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint or or word or or sketch pad
+or anything you want sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay um all right so let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um all right so let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um all right so let's uh let's
+do this we're going to sort of go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we're going to sort of go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we're going to sort of go back
+and forth between here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between here and
+epfl uh let's start Maybe over here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl uh let's start Maybe over here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl uh let's start Maybe over here with
+uh naric um are you ready so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh naric um are you ready so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh naric um are you ready so I'm going
+to uh give you the ball and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give you the ball and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give you the ball and then you can
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+explain how you guys describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how you guys describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how you guys describe the
+system so what we decided to do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what we decided to do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what we decided to do was
+identify the primary function of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the primary function of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the primary function of the of
+the uh sticky Mr Sticky um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sticky Mr Sticky um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sticky Mr Sticky um so the
+primary the primary function is to trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary the primary function is to trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary the primary function is to trap
+the fly we thought this is enabled by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly we thought this is enabled by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly we thought this is enabled by a
+couple of other functions that are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other functions that are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other functions that are sort
+of at a lower layer of abstraction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at a lower layer of abstraction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at a lower layer of abstraction it's
+attracting the fly immobilizing the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting the fly immobilizing the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting the fly immobilizing the fly
+transporting the object uh to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting the object uh to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting the object uh to where you
+need to immobilize the fly and deploying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to immobilize the fly and deploying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to immobilize the fly and deploying
+the Mr Sticky and we ma this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mr Sticky and we ma this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mr Sticky and we ma this to the
+physical forms that enable the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical forms that enable the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical forms that enable the function
+so the canister the physical form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the canister the physical form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the canister the physical form of the
+canister is helping with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canister is helping with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canister is helping with the
+transporting function the sticky tape is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting function the sticky tape is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting function the sticky tape is
+helping with the mobilizing function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping with the mobilizing function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping with the mobilizing function the
+scented material we thought that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scented material we thought that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scented material we thought that would
+be helping through the attracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helping through the attracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helping through the attracting
+function and the hook maybe on top that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the hook maybe on top that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the hook maybe on top that
+you use to hang it would help with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to hang it would help with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to hang it would help with the
+deploying okay good so nice uh function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying okay good so nice uh function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying okay good so nice uh function
+form separation and you use primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form separation and you use primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form separation and you use primarily
+text right human language to describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text right human language to describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text right human language to describe it
+so uh let's see at epfl who would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's see at epfl who would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's see at epfl who would like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+share and we'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ball okay we can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball okay we can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball okay we can try
+maybe who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe who is
+speaking Maxim Maxim okay can can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Maxim Maxim okay can can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Maxim Maxim okay can can we
+give the ball to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the ball to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the ball to
+Maxim yes do you see something yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxim yes do you see something yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxim yes do you see something yeah it's
+good oh perfect so we draw uh like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oh perfect so we draw uh like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oh perfect so we draw uh like two
+the same system when deployed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same system when deployed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same system when deployed and
+deployed so we begin with a container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed so we begin with a container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed so we begin with a container
+containing the basically the sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the basically the sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the basically the sticky
+setup rolled then when unrolled we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup rolled then when unrolled we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup rolled then when unrolled we have
+the container that should be linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container that should be linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container that should be linked to
+the sticky setup with the but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sticky setup with the but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sticky setup with the but whatever
+and we have like um an external input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have like um an external input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have like um an external input
+from the in T that were that come to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the in T that were that come to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the in T that were that come to be
+stick onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead okay so that that's all okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead okay so that that's all okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead okay so that that's all okay so uh
+so I'll note here that you guys use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll note here that you guys use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll note here that you guys use
+Graphics right you use some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics right you use some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics right you use some kind of
+graphical language and at the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical language and at the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical language and at the highest
+level you have a it's like a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you have a it's like a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you have a it's like a state
+diagram right rolled unrolled so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right rolled unrolled so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right rolled unrolled so you
+show the system in two different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the system in two different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the system in two different states
+very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice
+um somebody else here on the MIT side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody else here on the MIT side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody else here on the MIT side
+and then we'll go back one more time who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll go back one more time who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll go back one more time who
+would like to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to share
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay so let's uh okay so uh we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh okay so uh we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh okay so uh we did a
+diagram showing the use of the of Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram showing the use of the of Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram showing the use of the of Mr
+Sticky so we have a user because Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sticky so we have a user because Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sticky so we have a user because Mr
+Sticky has to be rolled and unrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sticky has to be rolled and unrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sticky has to be rolled and unrolled
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+unrolled the user installs or disposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrolled the user installs or disposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrolled the user installs or disposes
+of U Mr Sticky the flies are attracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U Mr Sticky the flies are attracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U Mr Sticky the flies are attracted
+to or Mr Sticky attracts the Flies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or Mr Sticky attracts the Flies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or Mr Sticky attracts the Flies and
+the Flies stick to Mr Sticky and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Flies stick to Mr Sticky and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Flies stick to Mr Sticky and then we
+decompose Mr Sticky into the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose Mr Sticky into the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose Mr Sticky into the different
+components that that are below at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that that are below at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that that are below at a
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+level and uh yeah so it's basically at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and uh yeah so it's basically at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and uh yeah so it's basically at a
+higher level a use okay diagram so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level a use okay diagram so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level a use okay diagram so here
+we have again a graphical description uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have again a graphical description uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have again a graphical description uh
+the states are sort of implied but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are sort of implied but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are sort of implied but
+you're focusing on decomposition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on decomposition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on decomposition right
+the sub elements um very nice uh anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub elements um very nice uh anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub elements um very nice uh anybody
+else at epfl did anybody just write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else at epfl did anybody just write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else at epfl did anybody just write a
+paragraph of text or you know more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph of text or you know more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph of text or you know more of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sentences at epfl who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences at epfl who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences at epfl who wants to
+share uh Chris here Chris okay no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share uh Chris here Chris okay no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share uh Chris here Chris okay no we
+didn't uh so we didn't write a text it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh so we didn't write a text it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh so we didn't write a text it
+the text seemed a bit heavy to convey a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text seemed a bit heavy to convey a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text seemed a bit heavy to convey a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+description um in efficient terms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description um in efficient terms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description um in efficient terms uh
+what we prefer to do is decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we prefer to do is decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we prefer to do is decompose
+in uh elements and uh for each element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh elements and uh for each element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh elements and uh for each element
+gives some um uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties okay and is is that did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay and is is that did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay and is is that did you
+do this in the form of a of a list or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in the form of a of a list or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in the form of a of a list or in
+in in the form of a table or or how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the form of a table or or how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the form of a table or or how did
+you actually describe it so wait I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually describe it so wait I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually describe it so wait I'm
+trying to share the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to share the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to share the screen
+okay all right so this is we just walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so this is we just walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so this is we just walked
+on first half here we have the band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on first half here we have the band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on first half here we have the band and
+we give here properties though so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give here properties though so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give here properties though so it has
+to be made of paper or soft material has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made of paper or soft material has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made of paper or soft material has
+to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1
+to5 M long 3 cm 3 to 5 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to5 M long 3 cm 3 to 5 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to5 M long 3 cm 3 to 5 cm
+large uh it needs to have a coating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh it needs to have a coating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh it needs to have a coating
+which itself is a sticky material and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which itself is a sticky material and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which itself is a sticky material and be
+scented in order to attract flies needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scented in order to attract flies needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scented in order to attract flies needs
+to have visible color and then uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have visible color and then uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have visible color and then uh well
+the other parts here which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parts here which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parts here which I'm
+highlighting um would be really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting um would be really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting um would be really uh
+related to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the to the
+packaging so a seal cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging so a seal cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging so a seal cylindrical
+container uh with a single Us opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container uh with a single Us opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container uh with a single Us opening
+including a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a
+hanger um with possibility of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanger um with possibility of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanger um with possibility of uh
+branding on the packaging and uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding on the packaging and uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding on the packaging and uh well
+the nontoxic material would still refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nontoxic material would still refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nontoxic material would still refer
+to the the the sticky material good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the the sticky material good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the the sticky material good good
+thank you very much this is great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much this is great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much this is great so
+what you showed I would that's more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you showed I would that's more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you showed I would that's more like
+a list right and I would describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list right and I would describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list right and I would describe this
+looks like a what I would call a bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a what I would call a bill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a what I would call a bill of
+materials right it's essentially a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials right it's essentially a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials right it's essentially a list
+of the primary uh elements of form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the primary uh elements of form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the primary uh elements of form of
+the system but there's there's some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but there's there's some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but there's there's some uh
+attributes that are associated so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that are associated so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that are associated so this
+is a a list format with um in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a list format with um in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a list format with um in the form
+of a bill of materials with attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bill of materials with attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bill of materials with attributes
+attached so thank you very much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached so thank you very much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached so thank you very much that
+that's great so let's get um I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so let's get um I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so let's get um I'm going
+to share here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share here
+again and you're probably wondering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you're probably wondering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you're probably wondering you
+know uh what what the heck why why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh what what the heck why why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh what what the heck why why did
+we do this uh why did we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this uh why did we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this uh why did we do this
+exercise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and
+um that's the point I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the point I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the point I want to make
+next so here's a very simple system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so here's a very simple system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so here's a very simple system and
+we had four examples of of descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had four examples of of descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had four examples of of descriptions
+that were quite different right and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were quite different right and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were quite different right and um
+of course if you had more time they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you had more time they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you had more time they'd
+become more complete but they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more complete but they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more complete but they would be
+really different so uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different so uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different so uh this is
+fundamentally the issue that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the issue that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the issue that we've been
+facing in systems engineering for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing in systems engineering for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing in systems engineering for a long
+time the means for describing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the means for describing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the means for describing our
+artifacts whether it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts whether it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts whether it's you know
+something simple as a Mr Sticky or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple as a Mr Sticky or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple as a Mr Sticky or an
+airplane or a spacecraft or a medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or a spacecraft or a medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or a spacecraft or a medical
+device or even a service how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device or even a service how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device or even a service how would we
+describe it for first of all natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it for first of all natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it for first of all natural
+language the human natural language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the human natural language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the human natural language and
+uh as we know uh the human natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we know uh the human natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we know uh the human natural
+language is a very rich right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is a very rich right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is a very rich right there's
+very different uh ways in which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different uh ways in which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different uh ways in which we can
+express essentially the same facts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express essentially the same facts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express essentially the same facts the
+same things that's a wonderful thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things that's a wonderful thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things that's a wonderful thing if
+you're a poet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a poet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a poet
+or a writer uh but it makes system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a writer uh but it makes system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a writer uh but it makes system
+engineering challenging right because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering challenging right because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering challenging right because uh
+because it gets confusing when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets confusing when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets confusing when we're
+describing the same thing in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the same thing in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the same thing in very
+different ways uh or graphical so we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways uh or graphical so we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways uh or graphical so we saw
+some boxes and we saw some great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boxes and we saw some great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boxes and we saw some great
+examples sketches drawings uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples sketches drawings uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples sketches drawings uh so
+fundamentally the way we describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the way we describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the way we describe
+systems and this gets to the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and this gets to the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and this gets to the left half
+and right half of the brain is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right half of the brain is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right half of the brain is using
+language words sentences l lists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language words sentences l lists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language words sentences l lists or
+graphical right those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical right those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical right those are the two
+fundamental ways of describing systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental ways of describing systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental ways of describing systems
+and then we we put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we we put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we we put all these
+descriptions together in what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions together in what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions together in what we've been
+calling documents right uh we aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling documents right uh we aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling documents right uh we aggregate
+this in documents so examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in documents so examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in documents so examples of
+documents would be a requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents would be a requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents would be a requirements
+document that's what essentially you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that's what essentially you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that's what essentially you're
+doing in assignment to or a a drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in assignment to or a a drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in assignment to or a a drawing
+package right here's a even with if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package right here's a even with if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package right here's a even with if it's
+in CAD it's still essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CAD it's still essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CAD it's still essentially a
+document um so in in typically in system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document um so in in typically in system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document um so in in typically in system
+engineering all of this gets assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering all of this gets assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering all of this gets assembled
+into what we call a TDP technical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what we call a TDP technical data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what we call a TDP technical data
+package and fundamentally when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package and fundamentally when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package and fundamentally when you're
+designing a new system you're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a new system you're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a new system you're producing
+a technical data package that has you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical data package that has you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical data package that has you
+know software drawings descriptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know software drawings descriptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know software drawings descriptions and
+and that's the deliverable from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the deliverable from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the deliverable from the
+design process is this TDP technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process is this TDP technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process is this TDP technical
+data package and from that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data package and from that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data package and from that you should
+then be able to build and operate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to build and operate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to build and operate the
+system with uh as few errors mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with uh as few errors mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with uh as few errors mistakes
+misunder understandings as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunder understandings as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunder understandings as possible and
+uh fundamentally as our systems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fundamentally as our systems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fundamentally as our systems have
+been getting more and more complex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been getting more and more complex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been getting more and more complex you
+know we're now talking about the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're now talking about the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're now talking about the systems
+that need the three four five layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need the three four five layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need the three four five layers of
+decomposition uh it's very easy to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition uh it's very easy to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition uh it's very easy to have
+you know errors omissions uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know errors omissions uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know errors omissions uh different
+interpretations of this information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of this information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of this information so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+fundamentally uh but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally uh but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally uh but there are
+advantages I don't want to say it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages I don't want to say it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages I don't want to say it's it's
+it's uh categorically bad to use natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh categorically bad to use natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh categorically bad to use natural
+language and Graphics they're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and Graphics they're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and Graphics they're definitely
+Advantage familiarity to the creator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage familiarity to the creator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage familiarity to the creator of
+the description so it's it's easy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description so it's it's easy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description so it's it's easy it's
+comfortable it feels familiar and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable it feels familiar and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable it feels familiar and also
+it's not confining so you can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not confining so you can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not confining so you can be quite
+creative uh by creating descriptions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative uh by creating descriptions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative uh by creating descriptions in
+this way but the the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but the the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but the the list of
+disadvantages is quite long uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages is quite long uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages is quite long uh for
+allowing an arbitrary description uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing an arbitrary description uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing an arbitrary description uh
+room for ambiguous interpretations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for ambiguous interpretations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for ambiguous interpretations and
+errors uh it's quite difficult to update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors uh it's quite difficult to update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors uh it's quite difficult to update
+so if you make a change in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you make a change in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you make a change in one
+description that that change will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that that change will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that that change will not
+automatically propagate to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically propagate to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically propagate to the other
+descriptions um handing off these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions um handing off these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions um handing off these
+descriptions from one life cycle phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions from one life cycle phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions from one life cycle phase
+to another there's discontinuities uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another there's discontinuities uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another there's discontinuities uh in
+these handoffs um unal level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these handoffs um unal level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these handoffs um unal level of
+abstraction so what I mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so what I mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so what I mean by that is
+you may describe one part of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may describe one part of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may describe one part of the system
+in very detailed right so the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very detailed right so the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very detailed right so the last
+example we saw uh with the with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we saw uh with the with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we saw uh with the with the with
+the list with the bill of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list with the bill of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list with the bill of materials
+there was quite a bit of detail there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was quite a bit of detail there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was quite a bit of detail there on
+you know the scent and the attributes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the scent and the attributes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the scent and the attributes of
+the tape uh but but one of the other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape uh but but one of the other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape uh but but one of the other at
+least a couple of the other descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a couple of the other descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a couple of the other descriptions
+didn't have that level of detail when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that level of detail when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that level of detail when it
+came to the tape so the the the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the tape so the the the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the tape so the the the level of
+abstraction could be quite different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction could be quite different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction could be quite different uh
+in the different uh ways to describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different uh ways to describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different uh ways to describe it
+and then you know for a complex system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know for a complex system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know for a complex system
+you can imagine that uh the amount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that uh the amount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that uh the amount the
+volume of information grows a lot and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of information grows a lot and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of information grows a lot and so
+you can walk into any uh program manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk into any uh program manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk into any uh program manager
+and systems Engineers office and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems Engineers office and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems Engineers office and see
+bookshelves right full of binders dozens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookshelves right full of binders dozens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookshelves right full of binders dozens
+and dozens of binders with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dozens of binders with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dozens of binders with with
+documents thousands and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents thousands and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents thousands and thousands of
+pages and many of them are never read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and many of them are never read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and many of them are never read
+right that's the big issue so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the big issue so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the big issue so that's
+that's been the the kind of way in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been the the kind of way in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been the the kind of way in with
+which we've been doing system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've been doing system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've been doing system
+engineering uh traditionally so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh traditionally so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh traditionally so the idea
+here is that um in order to uh mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that um in order to uh mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that um in order to uh mitigate
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Justice than phase a conceptual design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice than phase a conceptual design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice than phase a conceptual design
+phasee B preliminary and detail design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasee B preliminary and detail design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasee B preliminary and detail design
+uh phase C is is testing and launch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phase C is is testing and launch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phase C is is testing and launch you
+know phase e is Operation so usually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know phase e is Operation so usually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know phase e is Operation so usually uh
+not the same people do conceptual design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same people do conceptual design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same people do conceptual design
+poor design testing so all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor design testing so all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor design testing so all the the
+technical data package these artifacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical data package these artifacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical data package these artifacts
+have to be transferred and handed off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be transferred and handed off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be transferred and handed off to
+new people who who then work on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people who who then work on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people who who then work on the next
+phase that's what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that's what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that's what I mean by
+handoffs and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the idea is in order to mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the idea is in order to mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the idea is in order to mitigate
+some of these disadvantages of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these disadvantages of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these disadvantages of natural
+you know language and graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know language and graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know language and graphical
+description um there has been a and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description um there has been a and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description um there has been a and this
+has been recognized for a long time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been recognized for a long time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been recognized for a long time a
+need to be uh more precise perhaps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be uh more precise perhaps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be uh more precise perhaps more
+confining but to create languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining but to create languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining but to create languages that
+allow us to describe systems much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to describe systems much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to describe systems much more
+precisely um and so I'll mention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely um and so I'll mention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely um and so I'll mention a
+couple of the past efforts and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the past efforts and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the past efforts and you can
+you can read about these um each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read about these um each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read about these um each of
+these has a so I'll mention Bond graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has a so I'll mention Bond graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has a so I'll mention Bond graphs
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+1960 uh this is was actually invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 uh this is was actually invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 uh this is was actually invented
+here at MIT by a professor in mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT by a professor in mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT by a professor in mechanical
+engineering um his name his name was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering um his name his name was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering um his name his name was
+Harry painter Professor painter created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry painter Professor painter created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry painter Professor painter created
+Bond graphs you can think of bond graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond graphs you can think of bond graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond graphs you can think of bond graphs
+as block diagrams where different blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as block diagrams where different blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as block diagrams where different blocks
+have uh ports or interfaces where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh ports or interfaces where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh ports or interfaces where
+information material energy Flows In and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information material energy Flows In and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information material energy Flows In and
+Out and you can comp ose a system out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out and you can comp ose a system out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out and you can comp ose a system out of
+these blocks these Bond graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks these Bond graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks these Bond graphs are
+essentially and uh naric will will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and uh naric will will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and uh naric will will talk
+about modelica and uh which is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modelica and uh which is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modelica and uh which is sort of a
+a modern version of bond graphs it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern version of bond graphs it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern version of bond graphs it has
+other features too but this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other features too but this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other features too but this has been
+this has been sort of one attempt uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been sort of one attempt uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been sort of one attempt uh
+another one that's very well known is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that's very well known is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that's very well known is
+idaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idaf
+IDF uh about 20 years later this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDF uh about 20 years later this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDF uh about 20 years later this was uh
+created uh by the Air Force the US Air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created uh by the Air Force the US Air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created uh by the Air Force the US Air
+Force and this is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force and this is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force and this is essentially a
+description of systems that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of systems that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of systems that's very
+functionally oriented so it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally oriented so it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally oriented so it shows you
+what functions are involved and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what functions are involved and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what functions are involved and we saw
+one of the descriptions was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the descriptions was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the descriptions was very
+functionally oriented and and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally oriented and and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally oriented and and how the
+functions of the system uh relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the system uh relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the system uh relate to
+each other and uh but but generally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and uh but but generally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and uh but but generally um
+these these system languages have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these system languages have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these system languages have not
+fully been deployed right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully been deployed right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully been deployed right some
+organizations use them others don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations use them others don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations use them others don't use
+them and the main reason for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the main reason for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the main reason for that is
+twofold first of all uh some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twofold first of all uh some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twofold first of all uh some of these
+languages were incomplete they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages were incomplete they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages were incomplete they they
+would focus only in one aspect like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would focus only in one aspect like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would focus only in one aspect like
+functions or you know the the the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or you know the the the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or you know the the the block
+nature of the system the block diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the system the block diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the system the block diagrams
+and uh a lot of them were not executable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a lot of them were not executable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a lot of them were not executable
+so they would be graphical but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would be graphical but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would be graphical but you
+couldn't actually simulate and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't actually simulate and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't actually simulate and actually
+check whether that description was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether that description was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether that description was
+complete or accurate so um since then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete or accurate so um since then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete or accurate so um since then
+and the other thing of course important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing of course important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing of course important
+is domain agnostic so what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is domain agnostic so what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is domain agnostic so what I mean by
+this is that the system modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that the system modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that the system modeling
+language should be applicable for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language should be applicable for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language should be applicable for any
+kind of cyber physical IC System again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cyber physical IC System again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cyber physical IC System again
+if you're designing you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're designing you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're designing you know a
+spacecraft a an aircraft medical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft a an aircraft medical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft a an aircraft medical device
+any kind of product the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of product the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of product the language
+shouldn't have to be adapted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to be adapted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to be adapted the
+language sort of covers all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language sort of covers all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language sort of covers all these
+applications that's the idea so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that's the idea so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that's the idea so whatever
+language it is that you're that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it is that you're that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it is that you're that you're
+using or developing it has to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using or developing it has to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using or developing it has to have these
+three things any language has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things any language has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things any language has these
+three things so the first is ontology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things so the first is ontology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things so the first is ontology
+and I I uh reference here the Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I uh reference here the Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I uh reference here the Wikipedia
+articles on these things some some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles on these things some some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles on these things some some of my
+colleagues in Academia it's a big debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in Academia it's a big debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in Academia it's a big debate
+you know is Wikipedia a legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is Wikipedia a legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is Wikipedia a legitimate
+source of information or is it not uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of information or is it not uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of information or is it not uh my
+position on this is that it is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on this is that it is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on this is that it is I think
+Wikipedia is is is it's definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia is is is it's definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia is is is it's definitely not
+perfect you know depending on what topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect you know depending on what topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect you know depending on what topic
+you're looking at but it's a self sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at but it's a self sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at but it's a self sort
+of self-correcting system so I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-correcting system so I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-correcting system so I actually
+go to Wikipedia and then I there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Wikipedia and then I there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Wikipedia and then I there's
+references and you can di dive deeper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references and you can di dive deeper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references and you can di dive deeper so
+I give you the Wikipedia links here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you the Wikipedia links here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you the Wikipedia links here for
+these three things first ontology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three things first ontology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three things first ontology so
+ontology is a very fancy work word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology is a very fancy work word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology is a very fancy work word
+uh what ontology actually is Mark why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what ontology actually is Mark why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what ontology actually is Mark why
+don't you come up here you're you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you come up here you're you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you come up here you're you're an
+instructor today ontology fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor today ontology fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor today ontology fundamentally
+is uh describing the the entities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh describing the the entities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh describing the the entities that
+are allowed to exist in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to exist in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to exist in the language
+right uh subjects nouns adverbs uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh subjects nouns adverbs uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh subjects nouns adverbs uh what
+are the the objects the entities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the objects the entities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the objects the entities that
+can exist right so it's a very it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exist right so it's a very it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exist right so it's a very it's a
+kind of very abstract thing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of very abstract thing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of very abstract thing but it's
+essentially the library of words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the library of words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the library of words and
+objects that are allowed to exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are allowed to exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are allowed to exist in
+that language um and then how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language um and then how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language um and then how these
+entities can be grouped uh perhaps in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities can be grouped uh perhaps in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities can be grouped uh perhaps in a
+hierarchy and subdivided so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy and subdivided so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy and subdivided so it
+essentially constrains the universe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially constrains the universe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially constrains the universe of
+things you can describe in that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can describe in that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can describe in that language
+the the shorter the smaller your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shorter the smaller your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shorter the smaller your
+ontology is the more uh confined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology is the more uh confined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology is the more uh confined the
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+semantics semantics is uh basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics semantics is uh basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics semantics is uh basically it's
+a it's a branch of of of of Science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a branch of of of of Science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a branch of of of of Science of
+of philosophy which is fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophy which is fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophy which is fundamentally
+assigning meaning to those objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning meaning to those objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning meaning to those objects that
+are described in the ontology and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are described in the ontology and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are described in the ontology and so uh
+the the way that's that that we say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way that's that that we say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way that's that that we say this
+is that it's the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's the relationship between
+the signifiers so the signifiers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signifiers so the signifiers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signifiers so the signifiers are
+words letters symbols right graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words letters symbols right graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words letters symbols right graphical
+symbols so how do we describe a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so how do we describe a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so how do we describe a resistor
+for example in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in electrical
+engineering a squiggly line right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering a squiggly line right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering a squiggly line right it's
+the zigzag line well if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zigzag line well if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zigzag line well if you don't know
+electrical engineering or you never you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering or you never you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering or you never you
+know you just see a squiggly line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you just see a squiggly line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you just see a squiggly line it's
+meaningless to you but if if if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless to you but if if if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless to you but if if if you know
+that semantically that means it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that semantically that means it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that semantically that means it's that's
+a resistor that's the symbol for resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistor that's the symbol for resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistor that's the symbol for resist
+that's what we mean by semantics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by semantics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by semantics and
+then the third is syntax what is syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the third is syntax what is syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the third is syntax what is syntax
+it's the set of rules uh the set of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the set of rules uh the set of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the set of rules uh the set of of
+principles and processes by which the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and processes by which the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and processes by which the um
+the objects or the entities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects or the entities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects or the entities in the
+antology can be combined to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antology can be combined to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antology can be combined to build up
+higher level information like sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level information like sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level information like sentences
+paragraphs and and so forth forth and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs and and so forth forth and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs and and so forth forth and so
+that's essentially the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the construction
+rules uh for the language so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules uh for the language so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules uh for the language so every
+language has these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has these three
+things so any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so any questions about this
+before we move into our first language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move into our first language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move into our first language
+so we're going to give three examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to give three examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to give three examples of
+system modeling languages and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system modeling languages and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system modeling languages and you'll see
+the similarities and differences but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarities and differences but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarities and differences but as
+you see these languages keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these languages keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these languages keep in mind
+they all have ontology semantics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have ontology semantics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have ontology semantics and
+syntax any any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax any any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax any any questions about that
+okay so OPM uh let me describe to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so OPM uh let me describe to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so OPM uh let me describe to you
+OPM this is uh one of the younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM this is uh one of the younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM this is uh one of the younger
+languages um and so OPM stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages um and so OPM stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages um and so OPM stands for
+object process methodology and it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object process methodology and it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object process methodology and it is uh
+it was created by Professor do Dory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was created by Professor do Dory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was created by Professor do Dory uh
+at techon uh colleague of mine um do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at techon uh colleague of mine um do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at techon uh colleague of mine um do is
+essentially a computer Scientist by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a computer Scientist by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a computer Scientist by by
+training and you'll see the Heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and you'll see the Heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and you'll see the Heritage
+here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of
+OPM um and the the big news here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM um and the the big news here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM um and the the big news here about
+OPM is OPM is not that well known yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM is OPM is not that well known yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM is OPM is not that well known yet
+it's you know if you ask around not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know if you ask around not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know if you ask around not too
+many people know OPM but I predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people know OPM but I predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people know OPM but I predict that
+in the next decade that will change very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next decade that will change very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next decade that will change very
+quickly and one of the reasons is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and one of the reasons is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and one of the reasons is that
+OPM was just now adopted as a as an ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM was just now adopted as a as an ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM was just now adopted as a as an ISO
+standard and if you know ISO the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and if you know ISO the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and if you know ISO the
+international standards organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international standards organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international standards organization
+they're located in Geneva it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're located in Geneva it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're located in Geneva it's a big
+deal to become an ISO standard it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal to become an ISO standard it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal to become an ISO standard it took
+like five years the whole process with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five years the whole process with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five years the whole process with
+committees and reviews and so the iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees and reviews and so the iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees and reviews and so the iso
+standard is actually uh OPM was adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard is actually uh OPM was adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard is actually uh OPM was adopted
+as an ISO standard as a means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an ISO standard as a means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an ISO standard as a means to
+describe and develop other standards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe and develop other standards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe and develop other standards so
+it's kind of a meta language because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a meta language because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a meta language because as
+you can imagine when you read different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine when you read different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine when you read different
+ISO standards which by the way have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO standards which by the way have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO standards which by the way have a
+lot of influence uh they're also written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of influence uh they're also written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of influence uh they're also written
+in natural language and graphics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural language and graphics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural language and graphics and
+lots of inconsistencies so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of inconsistencies so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of inconsistencies so the idea is
+that future ISO standards should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that future ISO standards should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that future ISO standards should be
+written using OPM such that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written using OPM such that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written using OPM such that they're
+clear clear and consistent and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear clear and consistent and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear clear and consistent and so forth
+so the the the history here is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the history here is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the history here is that um
+if we go back further uml there wasl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back further uml there wasl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back further uml there wasl
+which is Unified modeling language which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Unified modeling language which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Unified modeling language which
+I'm not going to talk about today is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk about today is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk about today is a
+software this is a language that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software this is a language that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software this is a language that was
+developed primarily for software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed primarily for software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed primarily for software
+engineering you know to consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you know to consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you know to consistently
+describe use cases to consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe use cases to consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe use cases to consistently
+describe uh activity and flows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh activity and flows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh activity and flows in
+software the structure of software uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software the structure of software uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software the structure of software uh
+but it's really softare centc so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really softare centc so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really softare centc so from
+uml2 we then uh sort of branched off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uml2 we then uh sort of branched off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uml2 we then uh sort of branched off
+into csml which uh Mark Chas who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into csml which uh Mark Chas who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into csml which uh Mark Chas who just
+joined us we'll we'll talk about uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined us we'll we'll talk about uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined us we'll we'll talk about uh and
+and then OPM so these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then OPM so these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then OPM so these are sort of
+derivatives ofl and there's a book it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives ofl and there's a book it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives ofl and there's a book it's
+not it's not one of the mandatory books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not one of the mandatory books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not one of the mandatory books
+for this class OPM 2002 uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class OPM 2002 uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class OPM 2002 uh if you're
+really interested in OPM I I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in OPM I I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in OPM I I recommend
+you you invest in that book it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you invest in that book it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you invest in that book it's it's
+really very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very well
+written so uh let let me um give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so uh let let me um give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so uh let let me um give you an
+example okay of how how OPM can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay of how how OPM can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay of how how OPM can be used
+so like like we said typical product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like like we said typical product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like like we said typical product
+representations are sketches engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are sketches engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are sketches engineering
+drawings or uml diagrams and software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings or uml diagrams and software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings or uml diagrams and software
+but uh the the need for a unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the the need for a unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the the need for a unified
+representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and
+fundamentally um we have functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally um we have functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally um we have functions and
+then we have objects Form and Function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have objects Form and Function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have objects Form and Function
+in systems and so what we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systems and so what we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systems and so what we would like to
+do and what the the premise of OPM is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and what the the premise of OPM is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and what the the premise of OPM is
+that we can show everything in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can show everything in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can show everything in one
+diagram type okay uh so the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram type okay uh so the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram type okay uh so the functions
+the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional
+attributes uh the objects uh and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes uh the objects uh and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes uh the objects uh and there's
+different types of objects operants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of objects operants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of objects operants
+system components consumables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system components consumables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system components consumables the
+attributes of those objects and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of those objects and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of those objects and then the
+the links and I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the links and I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the links and I'll show you the
+different types of links between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of links between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of links between these
+that exist in OPM so it's a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist in OPM so it's a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist in OPM so it's a generic
+modeling language and it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling language and it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling language and it has been
+successfully applied to System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully applied to System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully applied to System
+architecting of complex products in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecting of complex products in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecting of complex products in
+organizations I'm going to try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations I'm going to try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations I'm going to try to give
+you a pretty simple example here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a pretty simple example here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a pretty simple example here which
+is a refrigerator so think about we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a refrigerator so think about we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a refrigerator so think about we're
+going to look at the at a small kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the at a small kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the at a small kind of
+household level refrigerator Through The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household level refrigerator Through The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household level refrigerator Through The
+Eyes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eyes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eyes of
+OPM all right so here's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM all right so here's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM all right so here's the basic
+ontology of uh OPM it's very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology of uh OPM it's very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology of uh OPM it's very very simple
+and that's the the idea is to have as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the the idea is to have as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the the idea is to have as as
+few objects as few entities as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few objects as few entities as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few objects as few entities as possible
+in the language to keep it simple so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language to keep it simple so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language to keep it simple so uh
+the first one is the idea of an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is the idea of an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is the idea of an object
+okay what is an object and objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is an object and objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is an object and objects are
+drawn as these rectangles objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn as these rectangles objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn as these rectangles objects are
+defined as entities that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as entities that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as entities that have the
+potential for stable unconditional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for stable unconditional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for stable unconditional uh
+existence for some positive duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence for some positive duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence for some positive duration of
+time and objects have States within them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and objects have States within them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and objects have States within them
+so what would you what would you uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you what would you uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you what would you uh what
+would be an example of an object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of an object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of an object that
+we've talked about today go ahead maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about today go ahead maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about today go ahead maybe
+the sticky tape yeah so the sticky tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sticky tape yeah so the sticky tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sticky tape yeah so the sticky tape
+itself that's an object it exists right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that's an object it exists right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that's an object it exists right
+unconditionally it's there and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditionally it's there and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditionally it's there and what's
+important is um it could be a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is um it could be a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is um it could be a physical
+object so it has a physical existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so it has a physical existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so it has a physical existence
+but it could also be an a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could also be an a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could also be an a sort of
+informational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational
+object so for example if you have an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so for example if you have an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so for example if you have an an
+an idea right or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea right or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea right or a
+vision uh that's an object too it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision uh that's an object too it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision uh that's an object too it's not
+physical in that sense but it does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical in that sense but it does exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical in that sense but it does exist
+as an informational object okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an informational object okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an informational object okay
+uh what are states uh let's see it epfl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are states uh let's see it epfl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are states uh let's see it epfl
+what would be an example of a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be an example of a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be an example of a state
+that's associated with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object yeah that's
+okay can somebody give an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can somebody give an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can somebody give an example of a
+state yeah uh red and and red for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state yeah uh red and and red for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state yeah uh red and and red for the
+sticky tape rolled and unrolled exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky tape rolled and unrolled exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky tape rolled and unrolled exactly
+so or furled and unfurled so that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or furled and unfurled so that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or furled and unfurled so that's kind
+of a binary State there could be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a binary State there could be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a binary State there could be you
+know halfway unrolled or or you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know halfway unrolled or or you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know halfway unrolled or or you know the
+the sticky tape is full of flies or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sticky tape is full of flies or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sticky tape is full of flies or it's
+a kind of empty right those would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of empty right those would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of empty right those would be
+describing the object in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the object in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the object in terms of what
+state it is in exactly so the form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it is in exactly so the form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it is in exactly so the form is
+then the sum of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sum of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sum of all these
+objects uh so that's that's that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects uh so that's that's that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects uh so that's that's that's one
+building block and then processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block and then processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block and then processes are
+the other so what are processes oh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so what are processes oh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so what are processes oh is
+there another example yeah go ahead I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there another example yeah go ahead I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there another example yeah go ahead I
+ask a question is this uh is this k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question is this uh is this k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question is this uh is this k
+go ahead yeah it's Kia uh what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead yeah it's Kia uh what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead yeah it's Kia uh what do you
+mean by positive duration of time well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by positive duration of time well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by positive duration of time well
+mean meaning that so the object could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean meaning that so the object could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean meaning that so the object could be
+uh created right it didn't exist before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh created right it didn't exist before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh created right it didn't exist before
+it's created and it exists and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's created and it exists and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's created and it exists and then it
+could be destroyed again it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be destroyed again it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be destroyed again it could
+disappear or it could be consumed but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear or it could be consumed but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear or it could be consumed but it
+means that the object needs to exist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the object needs to exist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the object needs to exist for
+you know a nonzero period of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nonzero period of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nonzero period of time in
+order in order for it to be called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in order for it to be called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in order for it to be called an
+object right so objects uh in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so objects uh in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so objects uh in you know
+in in the world that can be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the world that can be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the world that can be described
+with OPM fundamentally objects can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with OPM fundamentally objects can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with OPM fundamentally objects can be
+created objects can be modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created objects can be modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created objects can be modified
+particularly their States can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly their States can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly their States can be
+modified and they can be destroyed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and they can be destroyed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and they can be destroyed or
+consumed that's that's basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed that's that's basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed that's that's basically it
+that's a complete set okay does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a complete set okay does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a complete set okay does that
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense okay so processes are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so processes are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so processes are what are
+processes processes are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes processes are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes processes are really
+fundamentally different from objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different from objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different from objects
+processes are shown as these ellipses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are shown as these ellipses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are shown as these ellipses
+and uh there are the patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there are the patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there are the patterns of
+transformation applied to one or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation applied to one or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation applied to one or more
+objects and processes change States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and processes change States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and processes change States so
+processes unlike objects cannot exist on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes unlike objects cannot exist on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes unlike objects cannot exist on
+their own processes only make sense if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own processes only make sense if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own processes only make sense if
+they're associated with at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're associated with at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're associated with at least one
+object okay so there processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so there processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so there processes are
+essentially the the functions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the functions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the functions that we
+develop in systems are processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in systems are processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in systems are processes that
+transform or create destroy or trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or create destroy or trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or create destroy or trans
+form objects so function emerges from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form objects so function emerges from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form objects so function emerges from
+one or more processes and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or more processes and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or more processes and then we have
+different links uh between objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different links uh between objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different links uh between objects and
+processes I'll show you two example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes I'll show you two example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes I'll show you two example here
+one is the arrow with a pointy head okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the arrow with a pointy head okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the arrow with a pointy head okay
+that's that could be a um consumption or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that could be a um consumption or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that could be a um consumption or
+uh consumption or production type link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consumption or production type link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consumption or production type link
+uh or a link with uh this little Lolli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or a link with uh this little Lolli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or a link with uh this little Lolli
+poop symbol uh this is known as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poop symbol uh this is known as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poop symbol uh this is known as an
+instrument link and so the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument link and so the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument link and so the difference
+there is that if an object is linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that if an object is linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that if an object is linked to
+a process using an arrow it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process using an arrow it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process using an arrow it means that
+something's happening to that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's happening to that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's happening to that object
+it's being created or destroyed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being created or destroyed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being created or destroyed or
+modified if an object is linked to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified if an object is linked to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified if an object is linked to a
+process using the lollipop symbol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process using the lollipop symbol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process using the lollipop symbol the
+instrument link it means that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument link it means that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument link it means that in order
+for that process to happen this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that process to happen this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that process to happen this object
+is needed it's an instrument but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed it's an instrument but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed it's an instrument but the
+object itself the instrument does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object itself the instrument does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object itself the instrument does not
+get modified in any way by the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get modified in any way by the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get modified in any way by the process
+but the process couldn't happen if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process couldn't happen if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process couldn't happen if that
+object did didn't exist did you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object did didn't exist did you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object did didn't exist did you do you
+see the difference and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference and so one of the
+really I think important things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think important things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think important things about
+OPM but any of the languages is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM but any of the languages is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM but any of the languages is that
+every box every arrow every link has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every box every arrow every link has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every box every arrow every link has
+precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+semantics and you know usually when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics and you know usually when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics and you know usually when we
+kind of doodle when we just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of doodle when we just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of doodle when we just think about
+we we put arrows and links between boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we put arrows and links between boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we put arrows and links between boxes
+we often don't really deeply think when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often don't really deeply think when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often don't really deeply think when
+I put a link in here what does that link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a link in here what does that link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a link in here what does that link
+actually mean what does link imply so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean what does link imply so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean what does link imply so
+when you do system modeling using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do system modeling using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do system modeling using these
+languages you become much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you become much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you become much much more
+precise yes please and would you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise yes please and would you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise yes please and would you push
+the mic button when you yeah Mark go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mic button when you yeah Mark go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mic button when you yeah Mark go
+ahead uh can an object be a process or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh can an object be a process or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh can an object be a process or a
+process be an object no so what about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process be an object no so what about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process be an object no so what about if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+um I guess I'm thinking in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I'm thinking in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I'm thinking in terms of like
+uh if you're there's some process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're there's some process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're there's some process for
+doing some procedure and like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some procedure and like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some procedure and like you're
+assembling a satellite or whatnot uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling a satellite or whatnot uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling a satellite or whatnot uh you
+need to modify that process so how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to modify that process so how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to modify that process so how is
+that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+thing represented in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing represented in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing represented in the process
+modifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifies
+objects but processes cannot modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but processes cannot modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but processes cannot modify
+other processes because processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes because processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes because processes are
+fundamentally in OPM acting upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally in OPM acting upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally in OPM acting upon the
+objects now processes can invoke each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects now processes can invoke each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects now processes can invoke each
+other so is it if there's a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so is it if there's a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so is it if there's a sequence of
+processes you know you have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you know you have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you know you have to do this
+assembly step before this other assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly step before this other assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly step before this other assembly
+step you can have an what's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can have an what's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can have an what's called an
+invocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invocation
+link but that's a logical dependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link but that's a logical dependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link but that's a logical dependency
+between processes but fundamentally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between processes but fundamentally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between processes but fundamentally the
+process act through the objects in OPN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process act through the objects in OPN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process act through the objects in OPN
+okay okay so um let let me let me be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um let let me let me be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um let let me let me be a
+little bit more so let's go into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more so let's go into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more so let's go into some
+more detail so at a high level uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail so at a high level uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail so at a high level uh when
+you look at the economy right products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the economy right products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the economy right products
+yes go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes go
+ahead um I have a question why create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead um I have a question why create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead um I have a question why create
+another language and not just stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another language and not just stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another language and not just stick with
+uml um so good question um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uml um so good question um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uml um so good question um there's a
+couple so when uh we'll we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple so when uh we'll we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple so when uh we'll we'll talk about
+CML which is very similar tol it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML which is very similar tol it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML which is very similar tol it's sort
+of generalized for cyber physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generalized for cyber physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generalized for cyber physical
+systems not just software so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not just software so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not just software so the the the
+reason that OPM was created because uml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that OPM was created because uml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that OPM was created because uml
+was found to be somewhat too confining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was found to be somewhat too confining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was found to be somewhat too confining
+this is more General and also the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more General and also the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more General and also the idea
+of a unified representation one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a unified representation one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a unified representation one type of
+diagram and description for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and description for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and description for any
+application so it's it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so it's it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so it's it's basically a
+kind of a more General version ofl but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a more General version ofl but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a more General version ofl but
+but the the other really important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the other really important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the other really important thing
+about OPM is that objects and processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about OPM is that objects and processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about OPM is that objects and processes
+are sort of the processes are often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the processes are often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the processes are often in
+object oriented thinking OB processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object oriented thinking OB processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object oriented thinking OB processes
+are embedded inside objects and in OPM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embedded inside objects and in OPM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embedded inside objects and in OPM
+the the processes processes processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the processes processes processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the processes processes processes
+have been emancipated to stand at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been emancipated to stand at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been emancipated to stand at the
+same level as objects those are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level as objects those are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level as objects those are the main
+differences so um let me let me go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so um let me let me go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so um let me let me go in a
+little bit more detail so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail so if you think
+about uh you know the economy uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know the economy uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know the economy uh in
+General goods and services uh goods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General goods and services uh goods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General goods and services uh goods are
+objects and services are processes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and services are processes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and services are processes okay
+so if you um if you buy a new um iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you um if you buy a new um iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you um if you buy a new um iPad
+right or a new U pencil or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or a new U pencil or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or a new U pencil or whatever it
+is you're actually buying an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're actually buying an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're actually buying an object
+right you're purchasing an object that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're purchasing an object that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're purchasing an object that's
+that's obvious but why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obvious but why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obvious but why are you
+purchasing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing that
+object so if let's say you you're buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if let's say you you're buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if let's say you you're buying
+uh a new tablet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a new tablet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a new tablet
+you're buying the tablet but what why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying the tablet but what why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying the tablet but what why
+are you buying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you buying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you buying the
+tablet Sam go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead uh you're buying the tablet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh you're buying the tablet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh you're buying the tablet to
+perform an action or process on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform an action or process on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform an action or process on
+something else to do something so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to do something so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to do something so what
+do tablets do I mean not stone tablets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do tablets do I mean not stone tablets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do tablets do I mean not stone tablets
+but modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but modern
+tablets um they allow you to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets um they allow you to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets um they allow you to work with
+software or communicate yeah so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or communicate yeah so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or communicate yeah so they're
+information right processing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right processing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right processing they're
+they're information processing devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're information processing devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're information processing devices
+and you know there's an argument our T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's an argument our T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's an argument our T
+tablets are great for consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets are great for consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets are great for consuming
+information they're maybe not as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they're maybe not as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they're maybe not as good
+for generating new information but uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for generating new information but uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for generating new information but uh so
+it's it's fundamentally you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fundamentally you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fundamentally you're
+purchasing the tablet which is a good an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing the tablet which is a good an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing the tablet which is a good an
+object in in order to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in in order to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in in order to be able to do
+information processing and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing and information
+consumption so the process is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so the process is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so the process is then
+implicit right um what's an example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit right um what's an example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit right um what's an example if
+you purchase a service what would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you purchase a service what would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you purchase a service what would be an
+example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+service what would be an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service what would be an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service what would be an example of a
+service uh let's see at epfl what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service uh let's see at epfl what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service uh let's see at epfl what what
+be an example of a service that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an example of a service that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an example of a service that you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purchase going to the dentist going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase going to the dentist going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase going to the dentist going to
+the dentist yeah one of our favorite one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dentist yeah one of our favorite one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dentist yeah one of our favorite one
+of our favorite things to do so have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our favorite things to do so have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our favorite things to do so have you
+been there recently or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah one month ago so uh I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one month ago so uh I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one month ago so uh I don't want to
+be uh you know I don't want to violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh you know I don't want to violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh you know I don't want to violate
+your privacy but can you share with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your privacy but can you share with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your privacy but can you share with us
+what happened at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened at the
+dentist um usually it's the yearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentist um usually it's the yearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentist um usually it's the yearly
+checkup you know you have to um uh check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkup you know you have to um uh check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkup you know you have to um uh check
+that there's no hidden I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no hidden I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no hidden I don't know how
+do you call that in English the carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you call that in English the carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you call that in English the carries
+yeah cavities yeah yeah cavities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cavities yeah yeah cavities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cavities yeah yeah cavities uh
+check that uh wisdom too don't mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that uh wisdom too don't mess up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that uh wisdom too don't mess up
+what you've been working on tirelessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've been working on tirelessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've been working on tirelessly
+when you were younger with braces and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were younger with braces and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were younger with braces and um
+yeah so PL also these kind of things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so PL also these kind of things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so PL also these kind of things get
+checked very good so so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked very good so so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked very good so so the the the
+going to the dent the dentist provides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the dent the dentist provides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the dent the dentist provides a
+service which is either checking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service which is either checking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service which is either checking your
+teeth or you know filling cavities which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth or you know filling cavities which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth or you know filling cavities which
+is a process and all the objects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process and all the objects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process and all the objects the
+chair on which you sit the instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair on which you sit the instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair on which you sit the instruments
+you know the uh I guess we still use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the uh I guess we still use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the uh I guess we still use
+gold sometimes in some places right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold sometimes in some places right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold sometimes in some places right
+those are those are objects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those are objects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those are objects that are
+used in the performance of the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the performance of the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the performance of the service
+you you see the you see the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see the you see the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see the you see the relationship
+so uh objects and processes always come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh objects and processes always come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh objects and processes always come
+in pairs thank you for that example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pairs thank you for that example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pairs thank you for that example so
+um let me talk about the links in OPM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me talk about the links in OPM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me talk about the links in OPM
+briefly so there are two types there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly so there are two types there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly so there are two types there's
+the structural links which link objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural links which link objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural links which link objects
+to objects and we typically use arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to objects and we typically use arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to objects and we typically use arrows
+you know is related to or we can tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is related to or we can tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is related to or we can tag
+these as well so for example something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as well so for example something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as well so for example something
+Powers something else this is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers something else this is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers something else this is known as a
+tagged link it suppresses the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged link it suppresses the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged link it suppresses the processes
+and then there's these triang Les that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's these triang Les that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's these triang Les that
+are uh essentially there's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh essentially there's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh essentially there's a kind of
+hierarchy implied there and slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy implied there and slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy implied there and slightly
+different meanings so the solid triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meanings so the solid triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meanings so the solid triangle
+means decomposition so the higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means decomposition so the higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means decomposition so the higher level
+object is composed of lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is composed of lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is composed of lower level
+objects okay so that's Mark you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects okay so that's Mark you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects okay so that's Mark you
+mentioned assembly you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned assembly you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned assembly you know you're
+creating uh the bus of the spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating uh the bus of the spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating uh the bus of the spacecraft
+and it has a whole bunch of stuff in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a whole bunch of stuff in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a whole bunch of stuff in it
+well you would use this this filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you would use this this filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you would use this this filled in
+Triangle to show that decomposition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangle to show that decomposition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangle to show that decomposition the
+second example is the characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example is the characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example is the characterization
+link so uh this is essentially relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link so uh this is essentially relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link so uh this is essentially relating
+an attribute to its kind of Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attribute to its kind of Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attribute to its kind of Master
+object specialization and generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object specialization and generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object specialization and generalization
+is the empty triangle and then this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the empty triangle and then this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the empty triangle and then this this
+funny symbol here is instantiation so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny symbol here is instantiation so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny symbol here is instantiation so uh
+essentially the the you have a you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the you have a you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the you have a you have
+a general object and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general object and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general object and then you can
+instantiate that so I have two children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate that so I have two children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate that so I have two children
+okay and then there's two I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there's two I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there's two I have two
+children which is general and uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children which is general and uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children which is general and uh there's
+two instantiations of of them one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two instantiations of of them one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two instantiations of of them one of
+them is called Gabrielle and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called Gabrielle and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called Gabrielle and one of them
+is called Christian and they're actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Christian and they're actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Christian and they're actual
+people so that's that's the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so that's that's the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so that's that's the idea of
+instantiation processes um processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation processes um processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation processes um processes are
+uh these patterns of transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these patterns of transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these patterns of transformation
+they're tricky that processes are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tricky that processes are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tricky that processes are are
+trickier to understand than the objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier to understand than the objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier to understand than the objects
+because we cannot hold or touch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we cannot hold or touch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we cannot hold or touch a
+process it's fleeting uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's fleeting uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's fleeting uh and the
+creation change or destruction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation change or destruction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation change or destruction of
+objects is what processes do um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects is what processes do um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects is what processes do um they
+rely on at least one object object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on at least one object object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on at least one object object in
+what we call the pre-processed set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the pre-processed set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the pre-processed set a
+process transforms at least one object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process transforms at least one object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process transforms at least one object
+and uh the time is implied so processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the time is implied so processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the time is implied so processes
+Take Along a timeline and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take Along a timeline and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take Along a timeline and in terms of
+the description in English we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description in English we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description in English we use the
+so-called Geren form so all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Geren form so all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Geren form so all the all the
+processes there's some examples on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes there's some examples on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes there's some examples on the
+right side use the ing form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side use the ing form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side use the ing form of a
+verb so um we can then put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb so um we can then put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb so um we can then put these
+together objects and processes so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together objects and processes so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together objects and processes so here's
+an example Le of a machine this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example Le of a machine this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example Le of a machine this is
+happens to be like a printer or copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be like a printer or copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be like a printer or copy
+machine it has a main switch the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it has a main switch the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it has a main switch the main
+switch has an attribute called main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch has an attribute called main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch has an attribute called main
+switch state which can be on or off um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch state which can be on or off um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch state which can be on or off um
+the process of switching transforms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of switching transforms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of switching transforms in
+this case the main switch state from on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the main switch state from on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the main switch state from on
+to off or we could go the other way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to off or we could go the other way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to off or we could go the other way and
+in order for this to happen we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this to happen we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this to happen we have here
+um this is actually a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually a slightly different
+than the instrument link this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the instrument link this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the instrument link this is a
+filled-in lollipop which which is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled-in lollipop which which is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled-in lollipop which which is known
+as an agent link so the operator is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an agent link so the operator is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an agent link so the operator is an
+active agent to carry out the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active agent to carry out the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active agent to carry out the switching
+process which changes the main switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which changes the main switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which changes the main switch
+state from on to off or off to on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state from on to off or off to on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state from on to off or off to on and
+the main switch state is an attribute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main switch state is an attribute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main switch state is an attribute of
+the main switch right so transporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main switch right so transporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main switch right so transporting
+this is another example transporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example transporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example transporting
+changes the state of a person from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the state of a person from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the state of a person from being
+here location a to being there location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here location a to being there location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here location a to being there location
+B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay
+so um there are seven huh coincidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um there are seven huh coincidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um there are seven huh coincidence
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+seven uh seven uh object process links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh seven uh object process links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh seven uh object process links
+in OPM so P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in OPM so P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in OPM so P
+changes uh the process changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh the process changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh the process changes the
+object say from State A to B that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object say from State A to B that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object say from State A to B that's the
+example we just looked at um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we just looked at um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we just looked at um you can
+actually hide that if you're really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hide that if you're really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hide that if you're really not
+interested in all the states and details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in all the states and details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in all the states and details
+you hide the States you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hide the States you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hide the States you don't want to
+see them and then you can replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them and then you can replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them and then you can replace that
+with What's called the aect tlink which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with What's called the aect tlink which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with What's called the aect tlink which
+is this two-sided arrow and all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this two-sided arrow and all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this two-sided arrow and all you know
+is that this process is affecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this process is affecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this process is affecting that
+object right and it's a two-sided Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right and it's a two-sided Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right and it's a two-sided Arrow
+but you you don't know exactly how but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you don't know exactly how but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you don't know exactly how but
+you know it's affected uh a result T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's affected uh a result T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's affected uh a result T
+link so this is an arrow pointing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link so this is an arrow pointing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link so this is an arrow pointing from
+the process to the object means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process to the object means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process to the object means that the
+process of transporting produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of transporting produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of transporting produces
+emissions right that weren't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions right that weren't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions right that weren't there
+before so that's a result tlink but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so that's a result tlink but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so that's a result tlink but the
+process of transporting requires or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of transporting requires or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of transporting requires or
+consumes energy so the arrow is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumes energy so the arrow is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumes energy so the arrow is pointing
+from energy into the transporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from energy into the transporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from energy into the transporting
+process because it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because it's being
+consumed uh I did mention the agent link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed uh I did mention the agent link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed uh I did mention the agent link
+so there's an operator of a vehicle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an operator of a vehicle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an operator of a vehicle and
+this you know when when we talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know when when we talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know when when we talk about uh
+autonomously driving Vehicles big topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomously driving Vehicles big topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomously driving Vehicles big topic
+right now actually it was cool at epfl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now actually it was cool at epfl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now actually it was cool at epfl
+this summer there's the the autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summer there's the the autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summer there's the the autonomous
+shuttle right on the campus the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle right on the campus the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle right on the campus the electric
+shuttle did anybody take that did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle did anybody take that did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle did anybody take that did you
+guys try that shuttle this summer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys try that shuttle this summer yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys try that shuttle this summer yeah
+yeah did you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it no I didn't but a friend is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no I didn't but a friend is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no I didn't but a friend is working
+in this kind of shuttle like um sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of shuttle like um sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of shuttle like um sitting
+for hours waiting for people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours waiting for people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours waiting for people actually
+okay so fundamentally uh I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fundamentally uh I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fundamentally uh I mean if you
+want to think of this in OPM language uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of this in OPM language uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of this in OPM language uh
+driverless vehicle is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driverless vehicle is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driverless vehicle is basically
+eliminating this right no longer needing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating this right no longer needing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating this right no longer needing
+an operator with an agent link and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator with an agent link and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator with an agent link and
+replacing this with a piece of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing this with a piece of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing this with a piece of software
+which would be uh an instrument link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be uh an instrument link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be uh an instrument link
+um so the instrument the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the instrument the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the instrument the the
+transporting process requires a vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting process requires a vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting process requires a vehicle
+and then uh we have what's known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we have what's known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we have what's known as a
+conditional link so this process can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional link so this process can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional link so this process can
+only occur if this object is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only occur if this object is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only occur if this object is in that
+particular state so this example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular state so this example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular state so this example here
+obviously ignores the existence of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously ignores the existence of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously ignores the existence of uh
+credit cards so uh you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards so uh you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards so uh you can do the
+purchasing purchasing the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing purchasing the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing purchasing the process of
+purchasing is conditional upon the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing is conditional upon the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing is conditional upon the uh
+state of the object money being being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the object money being being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the object money being being in
+in a state of enough for doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a state of enough for doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a state of enough for doing the
+purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase
+right okay so here's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so here's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so here's an example of a
+little bit more complicated this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated this is a
+level zero OPM diagram of a car of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero OPM diagram of a car of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero OPM diagram of a car of a
+vehicle so you can see in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle so you can see in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle so you can see in the upper
+right is sort of a a sketch uh of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is sort of a a sketch uh of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is sort of a a sketch uh of a
+vehicle and it has these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and it has these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and it has these different
+attributes uh Ed is engine displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes uh Ed is engine displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes uh Ed is engine displacement
+height ground clearance uh overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height ground clearance uh overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height ground clearance uh overall
+length wheelbase there's a trailer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length wheelbase there's a trailer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length wheelbase there's a trailer here
+with the towing capacity so the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the towing capacity so the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the towing capacity so the way the
+way you would U interpret this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would U interpret this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would U interpret this is that
+we have a transporting process that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a transporting process that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a transporting process that's
+our Master sort of the highest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Master sort of the highest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Master sort of the highest level
+process and it changes the attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it changes the attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it changes the attribute
+location for driver passengers and cargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location for driver passengers and cargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location for driver passengers and cargo
+from A to B right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B right and that's
+fundamentally where the value is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally where the value is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally where the value is for the
+for the owner of the vehicle and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the owner of the vehicle and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the owner of the vehicle and then we
+can zoom into the transporting process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can zoom into the transporting process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can zoom into the transporting process
+and look at subprocesses Towing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at subprocesses Towing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at subprocesses Towing
+propelling and housing and if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propelling and housing and if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propelling and housing and if you think
+about what a vehicle does at the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what a vehicle does at the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what a vehicle does at the highest
+level right it protects you it it houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right it protects you it it houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right it protects you it it houses
+you and it propels you right that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it propels you right that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it propels you right that those
+are and then you can break those into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then you can break those into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then you can break those into
+more detail and then on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail and then on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail and then on the left side
+here we have essentially uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have essentially uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have essentially uh the the
+elements of form so the automobile which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of form so the automobile which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of form so the automobile which
+is an instrument of the transporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an instrument of the transporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an instrument of the transporting
+process can be decomposed into its major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can be decomposed into its major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can be decomposed into its major
+subsystems powertrain Chassy body wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems powertrain Chassy body wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems powertrain Chassy body wheels
+and each of those are characterized you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those are characterized you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those are characterized you
+see those attribute links characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those attribute links characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those attribute links characterized
+ized by things like um uh fuel capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ized by things like um uh fuel capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ized by things like um uh fuel capacity
+engine displacement this is the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine displacement this is the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine displacement this is the design
+domain we talked about last time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain we talked about last time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain we talked about last time right
+ground clearance and so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground clearance and so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground clearance and so those are the
+design variables those are the parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design variables those are the parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design variables those are the parts and
+assemblies and then on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies and then on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies and then on the right side
+the processes the internal processes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes the internal processes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes the internal processes can
+also be characterized by uh performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be characterized by uh performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be characterized by uh performance
+or functional attributes like towing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or functional attributes like towing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or functional attributes like towing
+capacity fuel economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity fuel economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity fuel economy
+acceleration uh PV stands for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration uh PV stands for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration uh PV stands for uh
+passenger volume and cargo volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger volume and cargo volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger volume and cargo volume and
+those are things you you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things you you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things you you know when
+you're comparing different vehicles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing different vehicles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing different vehicles to
+purchase you know those are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase you know those are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase you know those are the things
+you would you would compare Vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you would compare Vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you would compare Vehicles
+against so there the internal functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against so there the internal functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against so there the internal functions
+and then the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the functional
+attributes and then up here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and then up here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and then up here there's
+there's the uh Fuel and emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the uh Fuel and emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the uh Fuel and emissions and
+safety related issues which that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety related issues which that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety related issues which that's often
+where the governments intervene and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the governments intervene and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the governments intervene and then
+regulate and you know this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate and you know this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate and you know this is sort of a
+highest level OPM of a of a vehicle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest level OPM of a of a vehicle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest level OPM of a of a vehicle and
+then if you want to see more detail you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to see more detail you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to see more detail you
+would start drilling down into these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start drilling down into these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start drilling down into these and
+you'd have multiple levels of these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have multiple levels of these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have multiple levels of these like
+a hierarchy of these diagrams yeah um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hierarchy of these diagrams yeah um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hierarchy of these diagrams yeah um so
+here what is the the use of the or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the the use of the or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the the use of the or the
+meaning of the open arrows in the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the open arrows in the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the open arrows in the it
+looks like there's a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's a couple different
+arrows here than what we had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here than what we had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here than what we had in the
+other diagram um are you talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diagram um are you talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diagram um are you talking about
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+guys no oh these these here yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys no oh these these here yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys no oh these these here yeah so
+they're they're um it's just a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're um it's just a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're um it's just a visual
+repres There's no distinction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repres There's no distinction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repres There's no distinction on the
+arrows whether they're filled in or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows whether they're filled in or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows whether they're filled in or or
+empty that's that's just a a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty that's that's just a a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty that's that's just a a kind of
+graphical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical thing
+yeah okay so one of the um yes Veronica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so one of the um yes Veronica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so one of the um yes Veronica
+do you want to push push the Buton um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to push push the Buton um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to push push the Buton um
+how would you represent uh a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you represent uh a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you represent uh a process
+that creates kind of a temporary State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates kind of a temporary State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates kind of a temporary State
+um so if you were if you're saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you were if you're saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you were if you're saying this
+is acted on an object and this changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acted on an object and this changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acted on an object and this changes
+the form of the object but the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the object but the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the object but the object
+will ultimately return to its original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ultimately return to its original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ultimately return to its original
+state kind of absent of a of a reversing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state kind of absent of a of a reversing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state kind of absent of a of a reversing
+process if it's a natural tendency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if it's a natural tendency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if it's a natural tendency for
+the object to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to return
+um how would you represent that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you represent that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you represent that change
+would you need to break it down as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you need to break it down as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you need to break it down as a
+kind of a a subprocess within the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a a subprocess within the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a a subprocess within the object
+or right so I mean and and this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or right so I mean and and this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or right so I mean and and this there's
+sometimes there's multiple is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's multiple is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's multiple is there's
+non-uniqueness in sort of representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniqueness in sort of representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniqueness in sort of representing
+the same thing but there's one process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but there's one process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but there's one process
+that brings you to the temporary State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings you to the temporary State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings you to the temporary State
+okay and then there would be a restoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there would be a restoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there would be a restoring
+process that restores you back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that restores you back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that restores you back to the
+original state does the process have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original state does the process have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original state does the process have to
+be uh a separate plan within the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh a separate plan within the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh a separate plan within the system
+because there there are certain objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there there are certain objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there there are certain objects
+right that have a tendency I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that have a tendency I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that have a tendency I'm thinking
+primarily kind of of chemical states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily kind of of chemical states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily kind of of chemical states
+where reactions would happen naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where reactions would happen naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where reactions would happen naturally
+um and it's kind of a specific thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's kind of a specific thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's kind of a specific thing but
+I was thinking about how you might model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about how you might model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about how you might model
+different systems and I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems and I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems and I was thinking
+about the engine of the car just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the engine of the car just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the engine of the car just kind of
+how things might naturally return so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things might naturally return so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things might naturally return so do
+you have to describe the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to describe the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to describe the process
+explicitly if it's not something that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly if it's not something that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly if it's not something that um
+not something that's inherently designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that's inherently designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that's inherently designed
+in if it's kind of a if it will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if it's kind of a if it will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if it's kind of a if it will happen
+anyway um I think I would I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um I think I would I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um I think I would I want to say
+you have to explicitly Define that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to explicitly Define that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to explicitly Define that so if
+it if it's a man-made process so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if it's a man-made process so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if it's a man-made process so to
+speak uh then you know that's a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak uh then you know that's a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak uh then you know that's a process
+you want to happen and then if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to happen and then if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to happen and then if the
+restoring it back to some other state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring it back to some other state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring it back to some other state is
+a natural process well it exists right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural process well it exists right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural process well it exists right
+so it it will restore the system to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it will restore the system to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it will restore the system to a
+prior state that process would also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior state that process would also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior state that process would also have
+to be modeled is there a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be modeled is there a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be modeled is there a distinction
+between how you would indicate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how you would indicate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how you would indicate a
+man-made process or a natural process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made process or a natural process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made process or a natural process
+not fundamentally okay and in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fundamentally okay and in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fundamentally okay and in fact uh
+opm's been applied to modeling how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opm's been applied to modeling how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opm's been applied to modeling how a
+cell function so there's some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell function so there's some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell function so there's some pretty
+recent work on you know cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent work on you know cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent work on you know cells are
+incredibly the biological engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly the biological engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly the biological engineering is
+just really complex so some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really complex so some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really complex so some really
+recent work on describing even you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent work on describing even you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent work on describing even you know
+the RNA and cell division using very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA and cell division using very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA and cell division using very
+much this language okay so it it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this language okay so it it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this language okay so it it doesn't
+matter whether it's an artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether it's an artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether it's an artificial
+process or a natural process thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or a natural process thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or a natural process thank you
+okay let let me go a couple more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let let me go a couple more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let let me go a couple more minutes
+and then we'll take a short break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll take a short break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll take a short break and
+then we'll talk about uh sisl and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about uh sisl and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about uh sisl and and
+modelica so um the key thing in OPM is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelica so um the key thing in OPM is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelica so um the key thing in OPM is
+there's only one type of diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one type of diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one type of diagram and
+there's also natural language that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also natural language that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also natural language that gets
+autogenerated and I'll show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autogenerated and I'll show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autogenerated and I'll show you this
+very quickly in the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly in the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly in the tool
+so as you can imagine as you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can imagine as you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can imagine as you're working
+on real systems you know these diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on real systems you know these diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on real systems you know these diagrams
+if You' showed them on one one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if You' showed them on one one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if You' showed them on one one sort of
+level you you'd have thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you you'd have thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you you'd have thousands of
+objects and links it would be a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and links it would be a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and links it would be a mess
+right so how does OPM handle complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does OPM handle complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does OPM handle complexity
+there's three fundamental mechanisms one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three fundamental mechanisms one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three fundamental mechanisms one
+is known as folding and unfolding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as folding and unfolding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as folding and unfolding what
+does that mean it's basically um related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean it's basically um related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean it's basically um related
+to the structure so folding unfolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the structure so folding unfolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the structure so folding unfolding
+means that higher level objects you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that higher level objects you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that higher level objects you can
+show the decomposition of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the decomposition of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the decomposition of the object
+objects or you can hide it that's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects or you can hide it that's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects or you can hide it that's known
+as folding and unfolding then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as folding and unfolding then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as folding and unfolding then the second
+one is called zoom in zooming or out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called zoom in zooming or out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called zoom in zooming or out
+zooming and so here's an example of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming and so here's an example of a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming and so here's an example of a uh
+here's a process and an instrument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a process and an instrument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a process and an instrument and
+an affect right that's affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affect right that's affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affect right that's affected by the
+process I want to know what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I want to know what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I want to know what's what's
+what are the subprocesses in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the subprocesses in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the subprocesses in that
+process so you can zoom into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you can zoom into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you can zoom into this
+process and it will expose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it will expose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it will expose the
+subprocesses that are happening inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses that are happening inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses that are happening inside
+that's known as in zooming and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as in zooming and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as in zooming and then
+going back the other way is called out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back the other way is called out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back the other way is called out
+zooming and then the third one I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming and then the third one I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming and then the third one I've
+already mentioned which is that States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned which is that States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned which is that States
+can be expressed or suppressed or hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed or suppressed or hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed or suppressed or hidden
+uh depending on your interest in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on your interest in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on your interest in what
+states of the system you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the system you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the system you want to look
+at um so here's the sort of level zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um so here's the sort of level zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um so here's the sort of level zero
+OPM of our refrigerator I said that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM of our refrigerator I said that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM of our refrigerator I said that was
+kind of our case study so how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our case study so how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our case study so how does a
+refrigerator work at you know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator work at you know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator work at you know at the
+sort of level zero is you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of level zero is you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of level zero is you know that's
+what the stakeholder what the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the stakeholder what the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the stakeholder what the customer
+sees don't care about the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees don't care about the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees don't care about the details of
+What's Happen happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's Happen happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's Happen happening in the
+refrigerator so we have food and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator so we have food and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator so we have food and uh
+we'll get back to this I think next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get back to this I think next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get back to this I think next week
+in the kind of creativity uh concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kind of creativity uh concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kind of creativity uh concept
+generation why do we have refrigerators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation why do we have refrigerators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation why do we have refrigerators
+fundamentally if youve you've heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally if youve you've heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally if youve you've heard this
+before you keep quiet uh maybe epfl why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you keep quiet uh maybe epfl why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you keep quiet uh maybe epfl why
+why do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+refrigerators any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ahead keep food cold yeah well that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead keep food cold yeah well that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead keep food cold yeah well that's uh
+if you're a Beer Drinker right you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a Beer Drinker right you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a Beer Drinker right you want
+cold beer right but uh if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold beer right but uh if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold beer right but uh if you really
+think about it deeply that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it deeply that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it deeply that's not really
+the primary reason right the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary reason right the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary reason right the primary
+reason is is this state change there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is is this state change there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is is this state change there
+shelf life right so the primary reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf life right so the primary reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf life right so the primary reason
+why you have refrigerators is to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have refrigerators is to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have refrigerators is to extend
+the shelf life of the food right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shelf life of the food right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shelf life of the food right so
+speaking as a systems architect system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking as a systems architect system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking as a systems architect system
+engineer a refrigerator is a food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer a refrigerator is a food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer a refrigerator is a food
+spoilage rate reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoilage rate reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoilage rate reduction
+device you see that so so the attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you see that so so the attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you see that so so the attribute
+of the food is the shelf life and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the food is the shelf life and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the food is the shelf life and we're
+going to extend the shelf life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to extend the shelf life of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to extend the shelf life of the
+food that is you know if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that is you know if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that is you know if you think about
+it sort of architecturally that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of architecturally that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of architecturally that's why we
+have refrigerators but but I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have refrigerators but but I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have refrigerators but but I agree with
+you on on on the cold beer right we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on on on the cold beer right we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on on on the cold beer right we all
+agree we want cold beer not warm beer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree we want cold beer not warm beer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree we want cold beer not warm beer so
+you're right you're right too um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right you're right too um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right you're right too um so the
+refrigerator essentially is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator essentially is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator essentially is in
+instrument of extending the food shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument of extending the food shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument of extending the food shelf
+life so the food is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so the food is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so the food is the
+operand the food is the operand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand the food is the operand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand the food is the operand the
+extending of shelf life is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending of shelf life is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending of shelf life is what we call
+the primary value delivering process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary value delivering process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary value delivering process
+that's where the value is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the value is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the value is the
+refrigerator itself is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator itself is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator itself is the product
+system and then the operator sets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then the operator sets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then the operator sets you
+know the thermostat setting at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thermostat setting at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thermostat setting at which
+temperature the refrigerator should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the refrigerator should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the refrigerator should be
+and then here we have the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here we have the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here we have the primary
+operating process which is uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating process which is uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating process which is uh what what
+allows us to keep the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to keep the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to keep the temperature of the
+food at that level and in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food at that level and in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food at that level and in order to do
+this we consume electrical power we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we consume electrical power we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we consume electrical power we
+produce waste heat and we also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce waste heat and we also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce waste heat and we also uh
+require or we conve that waste heat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require or we conve that waste heat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require or we conve that waste heat to
+the exterior air right at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exterior air right at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exterior air right at a certain
+temperature how well do refrigerators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature how well do refrigerators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature how well do refrigerators
+work in a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chamber they don't right they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber they don't right they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber they don't right they don't
+there's no way to well I guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to well I guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to well I guess you could
+radiate the heat a little bit but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate the heat a little bit but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate the heat a little bit but uh
+that not going to work very well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not going to work very well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not going to work very well you're
+not going to have conduction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have conduction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have conduction right
+because you're sort of in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're sort of in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're sort of in the middle of
+the vacuum chamber you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum chamber you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum chamber you're not going to
+have convection so you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have convection so you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have convection so you only have
+radiation and and it's not going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and and it's not going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and and it's not going to work
+very well so the exterior air is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so the exterior air is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so the exterior air is is
+important for the refrigerator to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the refrigerator to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the refrigerator to work
+so then you say well okay that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you say well okay that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you say well okay that that's
+fine I buy that but now I want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I buy that but now I want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I buy that but now I want to really
+know how does it really work so you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how does it really work so you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how does it really work so you say
+operating the refrigerator is operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the refrigerator is operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the refrigerator is operating
+but I want to do in zooming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to do in zooming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to do in zooming and
+understand how is it operating so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how is it operating so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how is it operating so what's
+the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to
+Refrigeration what's the magic word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Refrigeration what's the magic word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Refrigeration what's the magic word
+there or two magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words uh yep that's part of it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh yep that's part of it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh yep that's part of it that's
+just a a sliver of it heat exchange is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a sliver of it heat exchange is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a sliver of it heat exchange is
+part of it so the magic word is caros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it so the magic word is caros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it so the magic word is caros
+cycle right so here's a little graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right so here's a little graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right so here's a little graphic
+that sort of gets into it so the caros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of gets into it so the caros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of gets into it so the caros
+cycle is actually uh a thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is actually uh a thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is actually uh a thermodynamic
+concept right where you're your you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right where you're your you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right where you're your you're
+compressing essentially a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing essentially a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing essentially a uh a
+refrigerant your a coolant is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerant your a coolant is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerant your a coolant is being
+compressed absorbs the heat from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed absorbs the heat from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed absorbs the heat from the
+inside and then expands and condenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and then expands and condenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and then expands and condenses
+and radiates that or or conve that heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and radiates that or or conve that heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and radiates that or or conve that heat
+to the outside so here's a you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside so here's a you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside so here's a you know I
+don't know if you remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you remember your
+thermodynamics right this is a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics right this is a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics right this is a classic
+PV diagram you got the four legs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV diagram you got the four legs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV diagram you got the four legs of the
+caral cycle and actually what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caral cycle and actually what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caral cycle and actually what's really
+nice here so we we're going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice here so we we're going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice here so we we're going through this
+counterclockwise what's really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise what's really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise what's really nice
+about it is that every leg of the caral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that every leg of the caral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that every leg of the caral
+cycle is one of our processes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is one of our processes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is one of our processes right so
+compressing is this leg here from D to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing is this leg here from D to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing is this leg here from D to B
+condensing is from B to a expanding from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensing is from B to a expanding from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensing is from B to a expanding from
+a to e and then evaporation happens from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to e and then evaporation happens from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to e and then evaporation happens from
+E to D so the carnal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E to D so the carnal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E to D so the carnal
+cycle um can be decomposed into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um can be decomposed into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um can be decomposed into four
+subprocesses right these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses right these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses right these are the
+internal Pro internal processes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Pro internal processes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Pro internal processes in the
+system that are governed by physics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that are governed by physics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that are governed by physics so
+so if we take that operating process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take that operating process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take that operating process
+that we looked at before we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at before we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at before we can actually
+zoom in and see the subprocesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in and see the subprocesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in and see the subprocesses
+emerging um and so we have in cooling we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging um and so we have in cooling we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging um and so we have in cooling we
+have those four expanding evaporating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those four expanding evaporating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those four expanding evaporating
+compressing condensing but I'm adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing condensing but I'm adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing condensing but I'm adding
+the absorbing process which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorbing process which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorbing process which is that the
+heat then needs to be absorbed by the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat then needs to be absorbed by the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat then needs to be absorbed by the uh
+exterior air we have to power the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior air we have to power the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior air we have to power the device
+you can decompose that into grounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decompose that into grounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decompose that into grounding
+protecting supplying regulation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting supplying regulation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting supplying regulation right
+keeping it at the set point you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it at the set point you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it at the set point you can
+compose that that process into sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compose that that process into sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compose that that process into sensing
+switching and setting the the set point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and setting the the set point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and setting the the set point
+and then we have supporting which is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have supporting which is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have supporting which is we
+need to be open and closing closing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be open and closing closing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be open and closing closing the
+refrigerator retaining it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator retaining it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator retaining it and then
+connecting all the pieces so at level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting all the pieces so at level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting all the pieces so at level
+minus one you know we had one process at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one you know we had one process at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one you know we had one process at
+level zero which was operating right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero which was operating right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero which was operating right the
+refrigerator is operating and then as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator is operating and then as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator is operating and then as we
+zoom in to level minus one four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in to level minus one four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in to level minus one four
+processes appear powering regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes appear powering regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes appear powering regulating
+Cooling and supporting and then at level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling and supporting and then at level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling and supporting and then at level
+minus two we have 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two we have 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two we have 15
+subprocesses okay so this is a a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses okay so this is a a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprocesses okay so this is a a sort of
+a a view at level minus one you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a view at level minus one you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a view at level minus one you know our
+our four subprocesses cooling powering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our four subprocesses cooling powering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our four subprocesses cooling powering
+regulating supporting and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating supporting and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating supporting and then we can
+zoom in more okay so here's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in more okay so here's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in more okay so here's the general
+idea and we've looked at many systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we've looked at many systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we've looked at many systems
+over the years that most cyber physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years that most cyber physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years that most cyber physical
+systems or uh it says opto mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or uh it says opto mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or uh it says opto mechanical
+here but I I really mean it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I I really mean it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I I really mean it more
+generally have this kind of OPM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally have this kind of OPM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally have this kind of OPM
+structure on the right side we have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on the right side we have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on the right side we have you
+know the output that the the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the output that the the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the output that the the customer
+the stakeholder cares about the operand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholder cares about the operand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholder cares about the operand
+we have a set of specialized processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a set of specialized processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a set of specialized processes
+and these can be often organized in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be often organized in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be often organized in a
+Cascade and then we have supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade and then we have supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade and then we have supporting
+processes like powering connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes like powering connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes like powering connecting
+controlling that uh that provide support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling that uh that provide support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling that uh that provide support
+for the specialized processes M most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specialized processes M most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specialized processes M most
+systems that we've seen have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we've seen have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we've seen have this
+generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic
+architecture um how do you generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture um how do you generate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture um how do you generate an
+OPM fundamentally you can do a top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM fundamentally you can do a top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM fundamentally you can do a top down
+so you start with your stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with your stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with your stakeholders
+that's what we did in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did in the first lecture
+you know where's the value uh you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where's the value uh you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where's the value uh you start
+thinking about requirements what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about requirements what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about requirements what is this
+what functions how well the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what functions how well the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what functions how well the functions
+should be performed and you sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be performed and you sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be performed and you sort of go
+down or if you already have a system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or if you already have a system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or if you already have a system you
+can actually reverse engineer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reverse engineer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reverse engineer that
+system and from bottom up uh gen like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and from bottom up uh gen like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and from bottom up uh gen like we
+we started doing for the Mr Sticky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started doing for the Mr Sticky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started doing for the Mr Sticky and
+that's fundamentally reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fundamentally reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fundamentally reverse
+engineering so I'm um just for time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so I'm um just for time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so I'm um just for time I'm
+going to skip this uh demo but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip this uh demo but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip this uh demo but what I
+will do is I will post a video I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is I will post a video I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is I will post a video I'm going
+to make a little video with the opcat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a little video with the opcat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a little video with the opcat
+demo and post that to Stellar so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and post that to Stellar so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and post that to Stellar so you can
+sort of watch that uh so this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of watch that uh so this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of watch that uh so this is one of
+the it's it's it's still not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's it's it's still not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's it's it's still not super
+mature but it's a Java based program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature but it's a Java based program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature but it's a Java based program
+called opcat that allows you to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called opcat that allows you to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called opcat that allows you to uh
+generate object process diagrams in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate object process diagrams in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate object process diagrams in uh
+you know in a computer supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a computer supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a computer supported
+environment and store them in an XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and store them in an XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and store them in an XML
+format and so forth it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and so forth it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and so forth it allows you to
+create a hierarchy and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a hierarchy and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a hierarchy and the other thing
+that's very cool it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+autogenerator language and you can right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autogenerator language and you can right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autogenerator language and you can right
+now you can go from the graphics to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can go from the graphics to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can go from the graphics to the
+text but you can't go the other way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text but you can't go the other way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text but you can't go the other way and
+you you can see they're complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see they're complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see they're complete
+sentences you know it's not like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences you know it's not like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences you know it's not like you
+know an exciting novel when you read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an exciting novel when you read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an exciting novel when you read it
+but it is semantically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is semantically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is semantically
+precise so um we're going to switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise so um we're going to switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise so um we're going to switch to
+CML we're going to take a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML we're going to take a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML we're going to take a very short
+break are there any any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break are there any any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break are there any any questions about
+OPM you know in the system architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM you know in the system architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM you know in the system architecture
+class we spend like five six lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we spend like five six lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we spend like five six lectures on
+OPM and you get to do detailed exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM and you get to do detailed exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM and you get to do detailed exercises
+we kind of don't have time for this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of don't have time for this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of don't have time for this in
+this class but hopefully you've you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but hopefully you've you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but hopefully you've you've
+seen what it is and if you know I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen what it is and if you know I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen what it is and if you know I've
+wetted your appetite for OPM then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetted your appetite for OPM then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetted your appetite for OPM then uh the
+goal's been met any any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+OPM is it pretty clear all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM is it pretty clear all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM is it pretty clear all right so
+let's take uh yes and compared to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take uh yes and compared to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take uh yes and compared to uh
+modelica I've seen one of the links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelica I've seen one of the links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelica I've seen one of the links
+there this uh OPM is just for describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this uh OPM is just for describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this uh OPM is just for describing
+the system though it's not for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system though it's not for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system though it's not for making
+calculations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or
+simulations that's correct there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations that's correct there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations that's correct there there
+are the latest versions of OPM you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the latest versions of OPM you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the latest versions of OPM you can
+do like a logical simulation so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a logical simulation so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a logical simulation so you can
+say okay this process enables and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this process enables and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this process enables and does
+this St so it's kind of a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this St so it's kind of a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this St so it's kind of a discrete
+logical but usually it's not used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical but usually it's not used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical but usually it's not used for
+any uh mathematical calculations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh mathematical calculations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh mathematical calculations it's
+really uh the purpose of OPM is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh the purpose of OPM is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh the purpose of OPM is really
+to support conceptual design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support conceptual design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support conceptual design
+early conceptual design that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct okay uh Mark so I just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay uh Mark so I just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay uh Mark so I just a couple
+words about Mark uh he's a doctoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about Mark uh he's a doctoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about Mark uh he's a doctoral
+student right now in the Space Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student right now in the Space Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student right now in the Space Systems
+lab he's been working a lot uh on a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab he's been working a lot uh on a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab he's been working a lot uh on a um
+on an instrument called rexus I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an instrument called rexus I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an instrument called rexus I guess
+you're the chief system engineer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the chief system engineer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the chief system engineer right
+for rexus yeah and uh that was also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rexus yeah and uh that was also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rexus yeah and uh that was also the
+topic of his master's thesis so uh Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of his master's thesis so uh Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of his master's thesis so uh Mark
+really knows what he's talking about he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knows what he's talking about he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knows what he's talking about he
+knows CML quite well and thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows CML quite well and thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows CML quite well and thanks for
+doing this okay so let me let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this okay so let me let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this okay so let me let me start
+by giving kind of a high level overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving kind of a high level overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving kind of a high level overview
+of what CML is and what it aims to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what CML is and what it aims to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what CML is and what it aims to do so
+it's similar to OPM but there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar to OPM but there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar to OPM but there are a
+couple uh important differences um CML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple uh important differences um CML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple uh important differences um CML
+as always said uh it kind of is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as always said uh it kind of is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as always said uh it kind of is an
+extension or inherits a lot froml uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension or inherits a lot froml uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension or inherits a lot froml uh and
+its aim is to really provide a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its aim is to really provide a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its aim is to really provide a language
+that enables you to capture all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables you to capture all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables you to capture all the
+different aspects of uh information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of uh information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of uh information
+about a system in one place and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a system in one place and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a system in one place and this
+concept of single source of Truth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of single source of Truth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of single source of Truth is
+something that I'll kind of try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'll kind of try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'll kind of try and
+emphasize throughout my presentation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize throughout my presentation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize throughout my presentation the
+idea is if all your information is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is if all your information is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is if all your information is in
+this one model then communication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one model then communication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one model then communication is
+easy uh there's no ambiguity between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh there's no ambiguity between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh there's no ambiguity between
+versions um everyone knows where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions um everyone knows where to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions um everyone knows where to go
+to get the most up-to-date and correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the most up-to-date and correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the most up-to-date and correct
+um piece of information so that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um piece of information so that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um piece of information so that's one of
+the the emphases of csml csml is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the emphases of csml csml is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the emphases of csml csml is a
+graphical language similar to OPM um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical language similar to OPM um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical language similar to OPM um
+it's defined in terms of diagram types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined in terms of diagram types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined in terms of diagram types
+that I'll go into in a second and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll go into in a second and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll go into in a second and has
+more than just one diagram type as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just one diagram type as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just one diagram type as
+compared to OPM um but basically it aims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to OPM um but basically it aims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to OPM um but basically it aims
+to do things like capture functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things like capture functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things like capture functional
+behavioral models uh capture performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral models uh capture performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral models uh capture performance
+models capture the structural topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models capture the structural topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models capture the structural topology
+of your system the parts of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system the parts of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system the parts of your system
+and how they're all interconnected um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're all interconnected um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're all interconnected um
+and any other engineering analysis model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any other engineering analysis model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any other engineering analysis model
+is one of the big emphases emphases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the big emphases emphases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the big emphases emphases with
+cstl is integration with external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cstl is integration with external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cstl is integration with external
+analysis tools so if you have a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis tools so if you have a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis tools so if you have a thermal
+tool a structural tool Electronics tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool a structural tool Electronics tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool a structural tool Electronics tool
+something like that integrating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that integrating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that integrating this
+informational descriptional model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational descriptional model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational descriptional model with
+that analysis model and enabling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis model and enabling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis model and enabling uh
+making it easy to transformation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it easy to transformation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it easy to transformation from
+transfer information from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer information from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer information from your
+descriptive model to your analysis model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive model to your analysis model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive model to your analysis model
+do an analysis and then incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an analysis and then incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an analysis and then incorporate
+those results back into your descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those results back into your descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those results back into your descriptive
+model um is one of the the um things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um is one of the the um things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um is one of the the um things
+that cstl really is all about then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cstl really is all about then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cstl really is all about then
+another thing another difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing another difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing another difference
+compared to cstl from OPM is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to cstl from OPM is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to cstl from OPM is it
+incorporates requirements pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates requirements pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates requirements pretty
+explicitly and that's one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and that's one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and that's one of the other
+areas that um people are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that um people are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that um people are really
+interested in is if you have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is if you have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is if you have good
+modeling of requirements what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of requirements what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of requirements what sort of
+information can you glean about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can you glean about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can you glean about your
+system that you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you couldn't
+otherwise how do I Advance this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh there we go okay so um as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there we go okay so um as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there we go okay so um as I said
+system L is composed of diagrams I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system L is composed of diagrams I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system L is composed of diagrams I'll go
+into in a second kind of what each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in a second kind of what each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in a second kind of what each
+diagram what all the diagram types are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what all the diagram types are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what all the diagram types are
+and what kind of their intent is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of their intent is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of their intent is but
+here's kind of a high level overview um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's kind of a high level overview um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's kind of a high level overview um
+it might be a little bit difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a little bit difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a little bit difficult to
+read so at the top you have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so at the top you have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so at the top you have a system
+model you have requirements diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you have requirements diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you have requirements diagrams
+Behavior structure and parametrics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior structure and parametrics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior structure and parametrics um
+within requirements there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within requirements there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within requirements there's actually a
+specific requirements diagram that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific requirements diagram that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific requirements diagram that's um
+supposed to represent the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to represent the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to represent the relationship
+between requirements and your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between requirements and your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between requirements and your system
+I'll show you an example of that um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example of that um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example of that um in
+Behavior there are um diagrams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior there are um diagrams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior there are um diagrams that
+describe kind of the activity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe kind of the activity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe kind of the activity of your
+system the sequence of events that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the sequence of events that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the sequence of events that that
+may happen um there's a state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may happen um there's a state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may happen um there's a state machine
+diagram if you want to model your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram if you want to model your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram if you want to model your system
+as a States and transition between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a States and transition between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a States and transition between those
+States uh things like that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh things like that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh things like that in the
+structure there's uh diagrams that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's uh diagrams that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's uh diagrams that go
+over the decomposition of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the decomposition of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the decomposition of your system
+what is your system and what what parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your system and what what parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your system and what what parts
+make up your system both The Logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up your system both The Logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up your system both The Logical
+decomposition and the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and the physical
+decomposition um and then there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition um and then there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition um and then there's uh
+topology how are they all connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology how are they all connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology how are they all connected
+where the interfaces uh where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the interfaces uh where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the interfaces uh where are the
+characteristics of the interfaces things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the interfaces things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the interfaces things
+like that and then parametrics um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then parametrics um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then parametrics um which
+is kind of adding uh constraints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of adding uh constraints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of adding uh constraints and
+numbers to all these things um whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to all these things um whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to all these things um whether
+they be logical constraints mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be logical constraints mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be logical constraints mathematical
+constraints things like that similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints things like that similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints things like that similar to
+OPM cstl has no built-in analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM cstl has no built-in analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM cstl has no built-in analysis
+capability so you can't like run a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so you can't like run a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so you can't like run a model
+or or do a calculate an equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or do a calculate an equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or do a calculate an equation in
+system you can't really do that but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can't really do that but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can't really do that but very
+frequently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tools the the tools that Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools the the tools that Implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools the the tools that Implement
+system that I'll show you um have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that I'll show you um have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that I'll show you um have that
+kind of analysis capability built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis capability built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis capability built into
+the tool as opposed to the language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool as opposed to the language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool as opposed to the language so
+you can do things like um use a nric use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do things like um use a nric use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do things like um use a nric use
+a parametric diagram with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parametric diagram with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parametric diagram with a bunch of
+equations to create a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to create a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to create a system of
+equations that you then can solve um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you then can solve um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you then can solve um
+whether it be in the tool or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be in the tool or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be in the tool or you can
+move it to an external tool like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to an external tool like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to an external tool like
+Mathematica or something solve it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica or something solve it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica or something solve it and
+then bring that information back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bring that information back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bring that information back into
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+system um you also can do kind of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um you also can do kind of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um you also can do kind of um uh
+sequence-based computation if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence-based computation if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence-based computation if you have a
+activity diagram that says you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity diagram that says you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity diagram that says you know
+first you have to build this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you have to build this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you have to build this part of
+your system and then this part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system and then this part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system and then this part of your
+system there's things in sequence things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there's things in sequence things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there's things in sequence things
+in parallel you can run simulations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel you can run simulations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel you can run simulations like
+that um where it's all about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um where it's all about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um where it's all about you know
+have have you done everything you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have you done everything you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have you done everything you need
+to do to get to the next step um things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to get to the next step um things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to get to the next step um things
+in a more logical flow as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more logical flow as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more logical flow as opposed to
+actually mathematical equations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mathematical equations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mathematical equations you can
+do those sorts of computations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those sorts of computations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those sorts of computations as
+well um one note is that these diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um one note is that these diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um one note is that these diagrams
+although they are the main way to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they are the main way to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they are the main way to define
+your system and interface with the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system and interface with the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system and interface with the model
+um are not the model themselves uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are not the model themselves uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are not the model themselves uh so
+you can create links between diagrams if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create links between diagrams if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create links between diagrams if
+if an element shows up in one diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an element shows up in one diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an element shows up in one diagram
+and that element shows up in the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that element shows up in the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that element shows up in the same in
+in another diagram that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another diagram that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another diagram that's the same
+element if you make changes in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element if you make changes in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element if you make changes in one
+diagram that's going to propagate to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that's going to propagate to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that's going to propagate to all
+your diagrams so there's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diagrams so there's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diagrams so there's kind of a
+database back into this whole to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database back into this whole to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database back into this whole to the
+model that uh encompasses all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that uh encompasses all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that uh encompasses all the
+information so instead of having a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so instead of having a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so instead of having a bunch
+of isolated block diagrams there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolated block diagrams there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolated block diagrams there really
+just views into this model that's hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just views into this model that's hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just views into this model that's hidden
+in a backend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+database okay so I'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database okay so I'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database okay so I'll talk a little bit
+about the applications of zml um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the applications of zml um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the applications of zml um first
+is requirements engineering as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is requirements engineering as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is requirements engineering as I said
+when you can explicitly model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can explicitly model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can explicitly model
+requirements and the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and the relationship
+between requirements and your system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between requirements and your system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between requirements and your system you
+can do a lot more you know the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a lot more you know the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a lot more you know the way that
+it's typically done nowadays is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically done nowadays is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically done nowadays is with
+tons of documents I'm not sure if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of documents I'm not sure if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of documents I'm not sure if you've
+ever actually developed a system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever actually developed a system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever actually developed a system but
+there's an ungodly amount of documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ungodly amount of documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ungodly amount of documents
+um I've experienced that firsthand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've experienced that firsthand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've experienced that firsthand uh
+it's a real pain um there are tools like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real pain um there are tools like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real pain um there are tools like
+doors that will enable you to link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors that will enable you to link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors that will enable you to link
+requirements to other requirements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to other requirements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to other requirements and
+things like that that help that help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that help that help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that help that help you
+manage your requirements but what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage your requirements but what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage your requirements but what if you
+had a really explicit tie between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really explicit tie between your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really explicit tie between your
+requirements and your system you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and your system you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and your system you can
+actually represent in syml and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually represent in syml and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually represent in syml and I'll show
+you a little bit about this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about this you can
+represent Syl a textural requirement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent Syl a textural requirement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent Syl a textural requirement you
+know the mass of your system must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mass of your system must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mass of your system must be
+less than 5 kilg or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 5 kilg or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 5 kilg or something like that
+you can tie that requirement directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tie that requirement directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tie that requirement directly to
+the mass property of your system you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass property of your system you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass property of your system you can
+kind of division you can start building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of division you can start building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of division you can start building
+constraints um requirements don't aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints um requirements don't aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints um requirements don't aren't
+just textual statements they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just textual statements they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just textual statements they're actually
+constraints upon properties of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints upon properties of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints upon properties of your
+system those are the types of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system those are the types of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system those are the types of things you
+can start to do um with syml you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to do um with syml you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to do um with syml you have a
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so that isn't something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so that isn't something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so that isn't something that's
+built into the language but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the language but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the language but that is
+something you can do with um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do with um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do with um basically
+there's a whole uh API um and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole uh API um and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole uh API um and you can
+you can interface with the model I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interface with the model I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interface with the model I'll
+show you this actually in My Demo but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this actually in My Demo but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this actually in My Demo but
+you can build in rules and constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build in rules and constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build in rules and constraints
+that say check for example that all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say check for example that all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say check for example that all my
+requirements at least have they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements at least have they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements at least have they've been
+defined are satisfied you can run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined are satisfied you can run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined are satisfied you can run that
+check and it'll tell you have they been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and it'll tell you have they been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and it'll tell you have they been
+satisfied or not and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied or not and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied or not and that's something
+that's really powerful that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really powerful that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really powerful that you can't
+really do with um existing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do with um existing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do with um existing kind of
+techniques yeah thank you um and can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques yeah thank you um and can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques yeah thank you um and can you
+also like let's for example requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like let's for example requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like let's for example requirement
+changes um like the mass Ser system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes um like the mass Ser system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes um like the mass Ser system has
+to be this much as opposed to this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this much as opposed to this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this much as opposed to this much
+then would it go through and check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would it go through and check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would it go through and check and
+tell you have to now look at this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you have to now look at this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you have to now look at this this
+and this and then that effect like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and then that effect like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and then that effect like so
+you're getting you're getting you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting you're getting you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting you're getting you're
+getting down in the weeds that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting down in the weeds that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting down in the weeds that's
+something that'd be awesome if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that'd be awesome if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that'd be awesome if you could
+do right um that really again that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right um that really again that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right um that really again that's not
+something that cstl enables you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that cstl enables you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that cstl enables you to do
+natively but it gives you the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natively but it gives you the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natively but it gives you the language
+in the syntax to be able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syntax to be able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syntax to be able to write
+queries that give you that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries that give you that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries that give you that type of
+information that's kind of Where The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's kind of Where The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's kind of Where The
+Cutting Edge is right now is can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge is right now is can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge is right now is can we do
+that can we get that type of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can we get that type of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can we get that type of information
+from a Syl model that's something I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a Syl model that's something I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a Syl model that's something I'm
+really interested in for my PhD thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in for my PhD thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in for my PhD thesis
+so yeah that's something that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah that's something that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah that's something that I think is
+possible and would be really great to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and would be really great to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and would be really great to
+have in the development process of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the development process of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the development process of a
+system um so the next bullet here is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um so the next bullet here is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um so the next bullet here is on
+system description so actually one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system description so actually one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system description so actually one of
+the fundamental questions is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental questions is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental questions is how do you
+describe a domain specific system within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a domain specific system within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a domain specific system within
+CML I'll show you that CML has a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML I'll show you that CML has a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML I'll show you that CML has a pretty
+strong notion of inheritance and classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong notion of inheritance and classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong notion of inheritance and classes
+and things like that it's object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that it's object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that it's object
+oriented um and so one of the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented um and so one of the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented um and so one of the questions
+is uh I'm in space system so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh I'm in space system so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh I'm in space system so how do you
+describe a spacecraft in CML you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a spacecraft in CML you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a spacecraft in CML you know
+CML is very general but how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML is very general but how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML is very general but how do you
+actually represent uh for example a CDH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually represent uh for example a CDH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually represent uh for example a CDH
+system in CML you know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in CML you know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in CML you know what are the
+types of um uh attributes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of um uh attributes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of um uh attributes that are
+typically found how do you represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically found how do you represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically found how do you represent
+that um how does it interface with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um how does it interface with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um how does it interface with other
+parts of your system those type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your system those type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your system those type of
+questions that's another area active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that's another area active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that's another area active
+area of research domain specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of research domain specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of research domain specific
+modeling and then finally as I said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and then finally as I said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and then finally as I said um
+analysis integration with external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis integration with external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis integration with external
+analysis tools so there's quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis tools so there's quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis tools so there's quite a lot of
+lit of papers in the literature about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit of papers in the literature about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit of papers in the literature about
+going from a system a model to mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from a system a model to mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from a system a model to mat lab
+to SDK to Thermal desktop you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to SDK to Thermal desktop you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to SDK to Thermal desktop you know
+external modeling tools um taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external modeling tools um taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external modeling tools um taking that
+information out of the model doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of the model doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of the model doing an
+analysis putting it back in the model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis putting it back in the model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis putting it back in the model um
+and actually uh I think n is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually uh I think n is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually uh I think n is going to
+talk about simscape which is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about simscape which is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about simscape which is a kind of
+um analysis tool external analysis tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um analysis tool external analysis tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um analysis tool external analysis tool
+and there's actually been Papers written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's actually been Papers written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's actually been Papers written
+on how do you take system information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how do you take system information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how do you take system information
+from a system L model pull it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a system L model pull it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a system L model pull it into
+simscape process it and put it back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simscape process it and put it back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simscape process it and put it back in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model okay so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so let's talk about the
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+um there are nine types of diagrams in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are nine types of diagrams in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are nine types of diagrams in
+CML and I'll try and just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML and I'll try and just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML and I'll try and just give you a
+brief explanation of what they do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief explanation of what they do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief explanation of what they do I
+won't go into the Syntax for all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go into the Syntax for all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go into the Syntax for all of them
+because there's quite a bit of detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's quite a bit of detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's quite a bit of detail in
+the syntax but I'll show you um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax but I'll show you um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax but I'll show you um some
+examples of a couple of them so I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a couple of them so I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a couple of them so I'll go
+from left to right so um there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right so um there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right so um there's three
+there's two main classes behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two main classes behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two main classes behavior and
+structure similar to OPM um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure similar to OPM um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure similar to OPM um in the
+behavior diagram you have uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior diagram you have uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior diagram you have uh in the
+behavior diagram category you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior diagram category you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior diagram category you have
+activity diagrams which are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity diagrams which are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity diagrams which are basically
+represent flows of activities so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent flows of activities so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent flows of activities so you do
+this then you do this then you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you do this then you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you do this then you do this
+um those can be t to system elements if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those can be t to system elements if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those can be t to system elements if
+this system element has this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system element has this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system element has this sort of
+function or property or performs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or property or performs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or property or performs this
+operation on another part of system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation on another part of system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation on another part of system you
+can represent that link as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent that link as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent that link as well um
+there's a sequence diagram which uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sequence diagram which uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sequence diagram which uh is
+more about um logical ordering so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about um logical ordering so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about um logical ordering so if you
+have for example a multi-threaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example a multi-threaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example a multi-threaded
+software system and you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software system and you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software system and you have different
+threads that may need different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads that may need different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads that may need different
+different other threads to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different other threads to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different other threads to communicate
+with them or finish their computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them or finish their computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them or finish their computation
+before that thread can execute things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that thread can execute things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that thread can execute things
+like that you can do that sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can do that sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can do that sort of um
+interfacing between different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacing between different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacing between different um
+uh threads of activities uh in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh threads of activities uh in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh threads of activities uh in in a
+sequence diagram this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence diagram this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence diagram this is one of the
+diagram types that was um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram types that was um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram types that was um kind of
+inherited directly from uml as a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited directly from uml as a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited directly from uml as a very
+kind of strong um software element to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strong um software element to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strong um software element to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram um there's a state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um there's a state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um there's a state machine
+diagram so obviously State machines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so obviously State machines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so obviously State machines are
+very powerful if your system has various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful if your system has various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful if your system has various
+States if things in your system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States if things in your system are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States if things in your system are
+various States you can represent that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various States you can represent that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various States you can represent that in
+a state machine diagram and then talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state machine diagram and then talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state machine diagram and then talk
+about what are the what are the criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the what are the criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the what are the criteria
+for transitioning between states what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transitioning between states what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transitioning between states what
+would trigger a Cause transition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would trigger a Cause transition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would trigger a Cause transition between
+states what are guards that must be met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states what are guards that must be met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states what are guards that must be met
+before you can transition States things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can transition States things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can transition States things
+like that that's what we' represent in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that's what we' represent in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that's what we' represent in a
+state machine diagram um these type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine diagram um these type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine diagram um these type of
+diagrams are very powerful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams are very powerful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams are very powerful for
+describing things like concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing things like concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing things like concept of
+operations so there's been some work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so there's been some work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so there's been some work uh
+I did an internship at JPL a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did an internship at JPL a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did an internship at JPL a couple
+summers ago and they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers ago and they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers ago and they were trying to
+build up this capability to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up this capability to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up this capability to model
+concept of operations for a spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of operations for a spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of operations for a spacecraft
+so um what are all the power modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what are all the power modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what are all the power modes of
+everything what what are the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything what what are the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything what what are the time you
+know it spends this amount of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it spends this amount of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it spends this amount of time in
+this power mode then it transitions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power mode then it transitions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power mode then it transitions here
+um over for for example like a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over for for example like a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over for for example like a given
+orbit of a spacecraft that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of a spacecraft that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of a spacecraft that's sort of the
+thing that you can do with this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can do with this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can do with this set of
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+diagrams and then use case analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and then use case analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and then use case analysis
+again it's mostly focused on early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's mostly focused on early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's mostly focused on early
+concept development stakeholders how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept development stakeholders how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept development stakeholders how do
+they interface with the system where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interface with the system where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interface with the system where do
+they derive value um how does the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they derive value um how does the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they derive value um how does the user
+interact with the system things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the system things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the system things like
+that that's where you put in the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's where you put in the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's where you put in the use
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+diagram um going over to structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um going over to structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um going over to structure the
+uh block definition diagram is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh block definition diagram is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh block definition diagram is where you
+define the uh the structure of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the uh the structure of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the uh the structure of your
+system so the logical or physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the logical or physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the logical or physical
+decomposition I'll show you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition I'll show you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition I'll show you an example
+of this so have your system is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so have your system is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so have your system is a
+spacecraft it has uh various subsystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft it has uh various subsystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft it has uh various subsystems
+if you want to decompose it logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to decompose it logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to decompose it logically
+has a thermal subsystem a structur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a thermal subsystem a structur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a thermal subsystem a structur
+subsystem ADC adcs subsystem things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem ADC adcs subsystem things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem ADC adcs subsystem things like
+that you can also decompose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can also decompose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can also decompose it
+physically so your spacecraft has solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically so your spacecraft has solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically so your spacecraft has solar
+arrays it has instruments it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays it has instruments it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays it has instruments it has
+thrusters things like that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrusters things like that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrusters things like that you can
+represent those types of things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent those types of things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent those types of things in a
+block definition diagram and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block definition diagram and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block definition diagram and then
+internal block diagram is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal block diagram is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal block diagram is where you
+describe the ties with the interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the ties with the interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the ties with the interfaces
+between all the components of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all the components of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all the components of your
+system um and these can be at varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and these can be at varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and these can be at varying
+different levels of abstraction as I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of abstraction as I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of abstraction as I'll
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+you uh the parametric diagram is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the parametric diagram is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the parametric diagram is kind of
+a sub diagram type of the internal block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub diagram type of the internal block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub diagram type of the internal block
+diagram so you can again put constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so you can again put constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so you can again put constraints
+mathematical logical things like that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logical things like that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logical things like that on
+your interfaces and begin to build up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interfaces and begin to build up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interfaces and begin to build up uh
+the infrastructure for doing computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure for doing computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure for doing computation
+in the model and then a packaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model and then a packaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model and then a packaging
+diagram is um not terribly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is um not terribly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is um not terribly important
+it's really focused on the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really focused on the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really focused on the organization
+of your model how do you Scope things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your model how do you Scope things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your model how do you Scope things
+it's kind of a a modeling diagram as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a a modeling diagram as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a a modeling diagram as
+opposed to a representation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a representation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a representation of your
+system then last of all is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then last of all is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then last of all is a
+requirements diagram up top so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements diagram up top so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements diagram up top so again
+I'll show you a good example of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you a good example of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you a good example of this but
+that's where you represent how are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you represent how are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you represent how are your
+requirements related to your system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements related to your system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements related to your system um
+and then you can see here what's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can see here what's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can see here what's been
+modified and what's been taken from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and what's been taken from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and what's been taken from um
+uml and then the new diagram types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uml and then the new diagram types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uml and then the new diagram types of
+requirement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and
+parametric there were a couple diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric there were a couple diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric there were a couple diagram
+types that were eliminated from uml that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that were eliminated from uml that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that were eliminated from uml that
+were pretty uh software specific I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty uh software specific I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty uh software specific I think
+there is one called the deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one called the deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one called the deployment
+diagram like how has your software been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram like how has your software been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram like how has your software been
+deployed across various um servers or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed across various um servers or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed across various um servers or or
+users things like that that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users things like that that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users things like that that's not really
+um that's a pretty software specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a pretty software specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a pretty software specific
+thing so in a general system you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so in a general system you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so in a general system you might
+not care about that all that much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not care about that all that much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not care about that all that much that
+diagram was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram was um
+removed so let me quickly go over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so let me quickly go over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so let me quickly go over um
+some of the syntax so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the syntax so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the syntax so this is an
+interface block diagram an IBD um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface block diagram an IBD um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface block diagram an IBD um this
+is the type of diagram that I find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the type of diagram that I find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the type of diagram that I find is
+really interesting representing these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting representing these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting representing these um
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+uh interfaces so here's the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interfaces so here's the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interfaces so here's the system
+engineering ontology we typically talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering ontology we typically talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering ontology we typically talk
+about so these are this is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so these are this is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so these are this is basically a
+model of an avionics board so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of an avionics board so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of an avionics board so you have
+things like voltage converters you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like voltage converters you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like voltage converters you have
+memory volatile nonvolatile we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory volatile nonvolatile we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory volatile nonvolatile we have a
+fpga which is our main computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpga which is our main computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpga which is our main computational
+unit um we talk about these as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit um we talk about these as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit um we talk about these as being
+parts of a system in terms of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of a system in terms of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of a system in terms of a system
+engineering on to and then these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering on to and then these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering on to and then these are
+these interfaces these lines right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interfaces these lines right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interfaces these lines right
+here so in system the way we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in system the way we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in system the way we talk about
+it is these are part properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is these are part properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is these are part properties of the
+system um it's kind of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um it's kind of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um it's kind of like an
+instantiation type of thing what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation type of thing what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation type of thing what we're
+saying is all these parts can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is all these parts can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is all these parts can represent
+independent of each other and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other and then the
+you define a property of that part as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define a property of that part as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define a property of that part as
+being part of a different part if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of a different part if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of a different part if that
+makes any sense at all so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes any sense at all so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes any sense at all so for example
+this is a board right this main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a board right this main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a board right this main
+Electronics board is this whole block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics board is this whole block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics board is this whole block
+and then that has subblocks within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that has subblocks within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that has subblocks within this
+block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+which represent the sub parts that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represent the sub parts that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represent the sub parts that make
+up the board and these are called part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the board and these are called part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the board and these are called part
+properties of this um overall block we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this um overall block we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this um overall block we
+have these green little boxes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these green little boxes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these green little boxes which are
+called ports and again that's to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ports and again that's to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ports and again that's to support
+this kind of um system independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of um system independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of um system independent
+modeling so you can you can model like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so you can you can model like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so you can you can model like a
+voltage converter independent of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage converter independent of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage converter independent of any
+type of system it has maybe an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of system it has maybe an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of system it has maybe an input
+voltage and output voltage you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and output voltage you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and output voltage you can
+Define what ranges those are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what ranges those are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what ranges those are things like
+that and you can model those interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can model those interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can model those interfaces
+using ports and then these uh connectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ports and then these uh connectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ports and then these uh connectors
+which are called connectors in cstl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are called connectors in cstl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are called connectors in cstl
+which represent the interfaces uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represent the interfaces uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represent the interfaces uh
+represent how each part is tied into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent how each part is tied into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent how each part is tied into the
+kind of larger system and you could for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of larger system and you could for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of larger system and you could for
+example check that you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example check that you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example check that you don't have any
+empty ports you know if a part needs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty ports you know if a part needs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty ports you know if a part needs uh
+an input voltage you could run a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input voltage you could run a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input voltage you could run a a
+script that checks that all the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script that checks that all the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script that checks that all the parts
+have all their ports kind of satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all their ports kind of satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all their ports kind of satisfied
+um that's something you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's something you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's something you can do with
+syml okay so before I get into the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syml okay so before I get into the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syml okay so before I get into the case
+study I want to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study I want to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study I want to talk a little bit about
+what you're going to see um as always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to see um as always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to see um as always
+said I work on something called rexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I work on something called rexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I work on something called rexus
+which is the regul X-ray Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the regul X-ray Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the regul X-ray Imaging
+spectrometer it's an x-ray spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer it's an x-ray spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer it's an x-ray spectrometer
+that's flying on nasos asir Rex asteroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's flying on nasos asir Rex asteroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's flying on nasos asir Rex asteroid
+sampler return Mission um I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampler return Mission um I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampler return Mission um I've been
+working on it since 2011 when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it since 2011 when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it since 2011 when I was a
+senior here all throughout my masters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior here all throughout my masters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior here all throughout my masters
+and then now for my PhD um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now for my PhD um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now for my PhD um basically
+we're going to measure x-rays that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure x-rays that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure x-rays that are
+fluores from the asteroid surface in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluores from the asteroid surface in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluores from the asteroid surface in
+order to tell what the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tell what the elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tell what the elemental
+composition of the asteroid is so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the asteroid is so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the asteroid is so that's
+our main science goal uh and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main science goal uh and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main science goal uh and that will
+basically enable us to uh categorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically enable us to uh categorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically enable us to uh categorize
+where the asteroid is within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the asteroid is within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the asteroid is within the
+different meteorite types that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meteorite types that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meteorite types that have been
+defined on the ground based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the ground based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the ground based upon
+existing meteorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing meteorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing meteorite
+samples so um what I did from a m thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so um what I did from a m thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so um what I did from a m thesis
+was uh model the design history of rexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh model the design history of rexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh model the design history of rexus
+so how has our design evolved from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how has our design evolved from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how has our design evolved from the
+various the very beginning where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various the very beginning where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various the very beginning where it was
+very uh open-ended very abstract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh open-ended very abstract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh open-ended very abstract and
+you'll see this um to the uh current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this um to the uh current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this um to the uh current
+design which current in this case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design which current in this case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design which current in this case was
+CDR which was uh over a year ago now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR which was uh over a year ago now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR which was uh over a year ago now um
+right now the current state of Reus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the current state of Reus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the current state of Reus is
+we're almost ready to mounted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost ready to mounted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost ready to mounted the
+spacecraft so it's very exciting um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft so it's very exciting um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft so it's very exciting um just
+to give you an idea of a timeline um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an idea of a timeline um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an idea of a timeline um
+this is something I'm sure Olie will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I'm sure Olie will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I'm sure Olie will
+talk talk about in this course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talk about in this course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talk about in this course is the
+flow through the system development life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow through the system development life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow through the system development life
+cycle so we have system requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so we have system requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so we have system requirements
+review back in January of 2012 system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review back in January of 2012 system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review back in January of 2012 system I
+think it's definition review uh April
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's definition review uh April
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's definition review uh April
+2012 preliminary design review January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 preliminary design review January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 preliminary design review January
+of 2013 and then critical design review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2013 and then critical design review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2013 and then critical design review
+February of 2014 so I created models at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February of 2014 so I created models at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February of 2014 so I created models at
+each of these design points in csml and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these design points in csml and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these design points in csml and
+looked at what are the lessons we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what are the lessons we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what are the lessons we could
+have learned um we didn't use csml in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned um we didn't use csml in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned um we didn't use csml in
+rexus I was kind of looking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rexus I was kind of looking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rexus I was kind of looking back
+historically what if we had used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically what if we had used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically what if we had used it
+could we have designed our system better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have designed our system better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have designed our system better
+in any sort of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any sort of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any sort of way
+so um here is kind of a cad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um here is kind of a cad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um here is kind of a cad
+representation of how our design evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of how our design evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of how our design evolved
+and I think you can kind of get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you can kind of get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you can kind of get the idea
+back at srr we a lot of things we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at srr we a lot of things we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at srr we a lot of things we didn't
+really know what they would look like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what they would look like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what they would look like we
+didn't know what the interfaces would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what the interfaces would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what the interfaces would be
+we didn't know what all the parts would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't know what all the parts would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't know what all the parts would
+be um we had a little more development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um we had a little more development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um we had a little more development
+for SDR you can see there's more arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for SDR you can see there's more arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for SDR you can see there's more arrows
+uh the cad is a little bit more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cad is a little bit more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cad is a little bit more detailed
+the PDR um we had even more detail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDR um we had even more detail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDR um we had even more detail um
+this was actually like a buildable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually like a buildable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually like a buildable
+design this turned out to not even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design this turned out to not even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design this turned out to not even be
+buildable and then um we had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildable and then um we had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildable and then um we had more
+Evolution between PDR and CDR to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution between PDR and CDR to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution between PDR and CDR to get to
+pretty much what a design is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what a design is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what a design is there's
+actually been some Evolution after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been some Evolution after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been some Evolution after this
+as well um as sometimes happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um as sometimes happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um as sometimes happens with
+with a new system um but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new system um but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new system um but you can see
+just graphically kind of the increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just graphically kind of the increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just graphically kind of the increase in
+level of detail and level of fidelity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of detail and level of fidelity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of detail and level of fidelity of
+the state of our system um throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of our system um throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of our system um throughout
+its development cycle and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its development cycle and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its development cycle and I'll show you
+that and how that looks um in the cstl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how that looks um in the cstl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how that looks um in the cstl
+model as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as
+well so one of the things you can do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so one of the things you can do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so one of the things you can do if
+you have a cstl model is as I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cstl model is as I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cstl model is as I talked
+about you can run queries on it and pl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you can run queries on it and pl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you can run queries on it and pl
+out information that's very difficult or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out information that's very difficult or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out information that's very difficult or
+impossible to get with our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to get with our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to get with our current
+development practices so this uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development practices so this uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development practices so this uh this is
+just uh looking at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh looking at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh looking at the different
+subassemblies within rexus what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassemblies within rexus what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassemblies within rexus what are the
+number of parts in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parts in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parts in each of the
+subassemblies so you can see the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassemblies so you can see the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassemblies so you can see the general
+trend is up for all of them as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend is up for all of them as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend is up for all of them as you would
+expect um some jump up very high um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect um some jump up very high um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect um some jump up very high um some
+kind of stay basically where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stay basically where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stay basically where they were
+but in general they all increase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general they all increase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general they all increase and
+this is something you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something you might be able to
+do with um looking at like a parts list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with um looking at like a parts list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with um looking at like a parts list
+or something like that with current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that with current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that with current
+methodologies but it'd be very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies but it'd be very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies but it'd be very hard to
+get this information which is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this information which is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this information which is the number
+of ports per assembly so each interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ports per assembly so each interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ports per assembly so each interface
+has two ports so these numbers divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two ports so these numbers divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two ports so these numbers divided
+by two basically equal the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two basically equal the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two basically equal the number of
+interfaces that we have in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces that we have in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces that we have in each
+subassembly you can see again there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassembly you can see again there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassembly you can see again there's a
+general trend of increasing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trend of increasing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trend of increasing uh
+increasing number of ports um as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing number of ports um as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing number of ports um as you go
+through the life cycle so this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the life cycle so this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the life cycle so this is you
+know a piece of information you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a piece of information you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a piece of information you might
+want to use if you want to manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use if you want to manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use if you want to manage the
+complexity of your system and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of your system and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of your system and you say
+this sub assembly is getting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub assembly is getting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub assembly is getting you know
+has way too many interfaces way too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has way too many interfaces way too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has way too many interfaces way too many
+parts it's way too complex we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts it's way too complex we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts it's way too complex we need to
+think about how we've logically arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we've logically arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we've logically arranged
+our system and maybe how how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system and maybe how how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system and maybe how how can we
+rearrange it to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it to make it more
+understandable and easier to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and easier to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and easier to work with
+and then you can divide the two and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can divide the two and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can divide the two and you
+end up looking at how many um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up looking at how many um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up looking at how many um this is
+ports per part in each subassembly uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports per part in each subassembly uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports per part in each subassembly uh at
+each of the design reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the design reviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the design reviews
+and you can see uh Trends here too which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see uh Trends here too which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see uh Trends here too which
+are interesting so you can see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting so you can see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting so you can see in the
+beginning we didn't really know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we didn't really know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we didn't really know what we
+were doing some of these had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing some of these had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing some of these had a lot of
+parts ports per part some of these had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts ports per part some of these had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts ports per part some of these had
+very few they all ended up stabilizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few they all ended up stabilizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few they all ended up stabilizing
+um kind of between the three and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of between the three and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of between the three and five
+ports per part range and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports per part range and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports per part range and then you can
+look at the literature and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the literature and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the literature and say well
+typically systems um tend to be between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically systems um tend to be between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically systems um tend to be between
+five and six ports per part um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six ports per part um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six ports per part um so what
+does that mean does that mean that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean does that mean that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean does that mean that our
+system that I didn't model it correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that I didn't model it correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that I didn't model it correctly
+that's one possibility I didn't model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility I didn't model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility I didn't model to
+the lowest level of fidelity possible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest level of fidelity possible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest level of fidelity possible um
+it doesn't mean that our system is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean that our system is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean that our system is too
+simple does it mean that we're missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple does it mean that we're missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple does it mean that we're missing
+something that we haven't thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we haven't thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we haven't thought about
+does it mean that our system uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that our system uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that our system uh was
+which was intended to be simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was intended to be simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was intended to be simple and
+cheap and implementable by students is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and implementable by students is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and implementable by students is
+actually achieving that goal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually achieving that goal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually achieving that goal because
+it's beneath what you typically expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beneath what you typically expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beneath what you typically expect
+um those are the type of questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the type of questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the type of questions you
+can ask with this data but this data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask with this data but this data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask with this data but this data is
+not easy to get with the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easy to get with the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easy to get with the current
+methodologies um so this kind of uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies um so this kind of uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies um so this kind of uh very
+simple queries you can do gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple queries you can do gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple queries you can do gives you
+power on managing complexity in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power on managing complexity in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power on managing complexity in your
+system so let me now transition quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so let me now transition quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so let me now transition quickly
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+demo uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see there's no sound I know but I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's no sound I know but I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's no sound I know but I need
+to syn it up and I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to syn it up and I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to syn it up and I need
+sound so you can close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so while uh while Mark is setting up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while uh while Mark is setting up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while uh while Mark is setting up for
+the demo are there any any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo are there any any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo are there any any questions
+about CML so far any observations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about CML so far any observations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about CML so far any observations you
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have maybe at epfl you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe at epfl you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe at epfl you see the
+similarities and differences between OPM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities and differences between OPM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities and differences between OPM
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+CML what's what's the biggest difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML what's what's the biggest difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML what's what's the biggest difference
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+two there's two really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there's two really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there's two really important
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions
+yes hang hang on is there anybody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes hang hang on is there anybody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes hang hang on is there anybody at
+epfl who wants to to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this no there's not comment from epfl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no there's not comment from epfl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no there's not comment from epfl
+okay good that's fine that's fine marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good that's fine that's fine marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good that's fine that's fine marker
+you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost the the what I would say is um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the the what I would say is um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the the what I would say is um so
+first of all OPM has only one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all OPM has only one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all OPM has only one type of
+diagram right and then you go really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right and then you go really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right and then you go really
+deep sort of a deep hierarchy uh CML has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep sort of a deep hierarchy uh CML has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep sort of a deep hierarchy uh CML has
+nine different types of diagrams split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine different types of diagrams split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine different types of diagrams split
+between behavioral and structural that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between behavioral and structural that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between behavioral and structural that
+that's one difference and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one difference and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one difference and then the other
+is that CML is fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that CML is fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that CML is fundamentally
+objectoriented because it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectoriented because it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectoriented because it comes from
+objectoriented thinking and software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectoriented thinking and software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectoriented thinking and software
+whereas OPM has objects and processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas OPM has objects and processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas OPM has objects and processes
+sort of at the same level those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the same level those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the same level those are
+those are two of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two of the most important
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+okay all right um so what I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um so what I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um so what I'm showing
+you can everyone see the screen just let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can everyone see the screen just let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can everyone see the screen just let
+me know if you can't see the screen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me know if you can't see the screen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me know if you can't see the screen um
+what I'm showing you right now is a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing you right now is a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing you right now is a tool
+called Magic draw um there are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Magic draw um there are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Magic draw um there are basically
+a variety of tools provided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of tools provided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of tools provided by
+commercial vendors that enable you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial vendors that enable you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial vendors that enable you to
+build and work with CML models so CML is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and work with CML models so CML is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and work with CML models so CML is
+a language and then it's implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language and then it's implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language and then it's implemented in
+tools and this just happens to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and this just happens to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and this just happens to be one
+that's um fairly well fairly widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um fairly well fairly widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um fairly well fairly widely
+utilized um unfortunately it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized um unfortunately it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized um unfortunately it's quite
+expensive but uh anyway so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive but uh anyway so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive but uh anyway so what I'm
+showing you right now and this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you right now and this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you right now and this is going
+to be a little bit difficult because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit difficult because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit difficult because as
+you can see uh you need a big screen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see uh you need a big screen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see uh you need a big screen uh
+what I'm showing you right now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing you right now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing you right now is a
+requirements diagram so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements diagram so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements diagram so you can see that
+right here requirements diagram um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here requirements diagram um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here requirements diagram um and
+uh each of these blocks as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each of these blocks as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each of these blocks as you can see
+by the um tag here is a requirement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the um tag here is a requirement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the um tag here is a requirement so
+this is one of our operating criteria so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of our operating criteria so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of our operating criteria so
+while operating the temperature of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while operating the temperature of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while operating the temperature of all
+our components shall be maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our components shall be maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our components shall be maintained
+within operability limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within operability limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within operability limits
+straightforward requirement uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward requirement uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward requirement uh and you
+can create these satisfy relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create these satisfy relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create these satisfy relationships
+between that requirement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that requirement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that requirement and the
+components in the system that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in the system that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in the system that must
+satisfy that requirement um so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that requirement um so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that requirement um so right now
+this is this is being done at srr as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is being done at srr as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is being done at srr as you
+can see up here so this is very early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see up here so this is very early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see up here so this is very early in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+design um so we we don't have a we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um so we we don't have a we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um so we we don't have a we don't
+have it broken down fully to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it broken down fully to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it broken down fully to all the
+components but we have here's our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but we have here's our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but we have here's our main
+Electronics board it has to satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics board it has to satisfy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics board it has to satisfy that
+requirement here's our radiation cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement here's our radiation cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement here's our radiation cover
+has to satisfy that requirement so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to satisfy that requirement so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to satisfy that requirement so you
+can tie these these two things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tie these these two things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tie these these two things the
+requirement and the part of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and the part of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and the part of the system
+must satisfy the requirement and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must satisfy the requirement and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must satisfy the requirement and here
+I've tied it to Parts um so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tied it to Parts um so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tied it to Parts um so these are
+these are called blocks which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called blocks which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called blocks which are the
+fundamental unit in cstl is a block um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental unit in cstl is a block um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental unit in cstl is a block um
+so these represent parts of our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these represent parts of our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these represent parts of our system
+but you could tie it to a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could tie it to a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could tie it to a property of
+that part if you wanted to um so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part if you wanted to um so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part if you wanted to um so then
+you get into the situation I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into the situation I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into the situation I talked
+about earlier where you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier where you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier where you have the
+requirement is on the mass of must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is on the mass of must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is on the mass of must be
+less than this you can tie it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than this you can tie it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than this you can tie it to the
+mass of the system itself as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the system itself as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the system itself as opposed to
+the system you can tie it to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you can tie it to the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you can tie it to the actual
+property um which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property um which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property um which is very
+useful so um let me quickly show you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so um let me quickly show you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so um let me quickly show you uh
+one of the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the cool
+things if I delete these requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if I delete these requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if I delete these requirements
+I'm not actually you can see there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not actually you can see there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not actually you can see there's no
+requirements I'm not actually deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements I'm not actually deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements I'm not actually deleting
+them from the system itself what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the system itself what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the system itself what I'm
+just doing is I'm removing it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing is I'm removing it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing is I'm removing it from the
+diagram um but if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um but if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um but if you wanted
+to uh you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you should be able
+to uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh look
+at related elements of this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at related elements of this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at related elements of this of the
+different block so I just clicked on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different block so I just clicked on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different block so I just clicked on a
+block and I can I can choose to show all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and I can I can choose to show all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and I can I can choose to show all
+the requirements that are sat or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements that are sat or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements that are sat or the the
+things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are
+satisfied the requirements that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the requirements that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the requirements that that
+component of the system satisfies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the system satisfies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the system satisfies and
+they pop uh these requirements pop up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pop uh these requirements pop up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pop uh these requirements pop up so
+this this is showing how the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is showing how the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is showing how the the the
+diagrams themselves aren't the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams themselves aren't the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams themselves aren't the model
+there's actually back end to the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually back end to the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually back end to the model
+um and you can kind of work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can kind of work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can kind of work in the
+diagram and show her show her high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and show her show her high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and show her show her high
+things however you want but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things however you want but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things however you want but the
+information is actually kept um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is actually kept um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is actually kept um uh
+behind the diagram um so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the diagram um so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the diagram um so to
+speak so my research um looked into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak so my research um looked into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak so my research um looked into into
+topology so let me just kind of show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology so let me just kind of show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology so let me just kind of show you
+a little bit about um what I did so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about um what I did so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about um what I did so this
+is a block definition diagram again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a block definition diagram again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a block definition diagram again
+defining all the parts of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining all the parts of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining all the parts of your system
+and I just want to give you kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to give you kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to give you kind of a
+high level idea of uh the type of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level idea of uh the type of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level idea of uh the type of things
+um that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we saw
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh big first of all very big um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh big first of all very big um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh big first of all very big um these
+are all the parts of the system so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the parts of the system so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the parts of the system so we
+start hide like the mission context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start hide like the mission context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start hide like the mission context and
+the mission context contain things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission context contain things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission context contain things like
+the environment and the spacecraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and the spacecraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and the spacecraft and
+then rexus and then you can break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rexus and then you can break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rexus and then you can break down
+rexus we have B various subassemblies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rexus we have B various subassemblies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rexus we have B various subassemblies
+broken down into parts and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down into parts and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down into parts and that's how
+you get this tree structure um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this tree structure um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this tree structure um and then
+this tree structure can be tied together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree structure can be tied together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree structure can be tied together
+um I could zoom in but it's it's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could zoom in but it's it's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could zoom in but it's it's big
+again so these are all the parts of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so these are all the parts of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so these are all the parts of our
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+um let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me give you an
+example so um we have a couple of boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so um we have a couple of boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so um we have a couple of boards
+that we call our detector electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call our detector electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call our detector electronics
+and those detector Electronics have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those detector Electronics have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those detector Electronics have
+various ports um one thing they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ports um one thing they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ports um one thing they have to
+do they have this port here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have this port here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have this port here and this
+interface here which connects to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface here which connects to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface here which connects to our
+ccds so this is this is um showing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccds so this is this is um showing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccds so this is this is um showing how
+you can build interfaces um in syml so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build interfaces um in syml so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build interfaces um in syml so
+here the green boxes again are the ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the green boxes again are the ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the green boxes again are the ports
+the lines are the connectors and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines are the connectors and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines are the connectors and they're
+defining all the interfaces and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining all the interfaces and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining all the interfaces and you can
+see at a at a high level um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at a at a high level um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at a at a high level um how
+complicated things get very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things get very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things get very quick
+right this is the earliest most abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the earliest most abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the earliest most abstract
+version of our design and it already has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of our design and it already has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of our design and it already has
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+complication one thing you can do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication one thing you can do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication one thing you can do I
+talked about running scripts uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about running scripts uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about running scripts uh I'll
+show you how that works it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy so I just ran a script on the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so I just ran a script on the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so I just ran a script on the model
+that told me to find the number of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told me to find the number of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told me to find the number of parts
+in uh in the scope that I defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the scope that I defined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the scope that I defined and
+the number of ports um and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ports um and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ports um and here's the
+output of that model right here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of that model right here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of that model right here so so
+the the script itself is not even very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the script itself is not even very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the script itself is not even very
+complicated it's like 50 60 lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's like 50 60 lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's like 50 60 lines of
+code and immediately I can pull out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and immediately I can pull out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and immediately I can pull out you
+know how many ports how many parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many ports how many parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many ports how many parts
+things like that information about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that information about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that information about my
+system so let me kind of take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so let me kind of take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so let me kind of take you
+briefly through the development process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly through the development process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly through the development process
+so that was again the highest the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was again the highest the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was again the highest the most
+abstract the earliest version of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract the earliest version of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract the earliest version of our
+system srr this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system srr this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system srr this is
+SDR you can see it's starting to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SDR you can see it's starting to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SDR you can see it's starting to get a
+bit more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more uh
+complex and then uh you can go over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and then uh you can go over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and then uh you can go over to
+PDR and it starts to get really scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and you can go to CDR and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can go to CDR and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can go to CDR and it's
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+nightmare um so I I created all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare um so I I created all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare um so I I created all these
+systems all these models by hand uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems all these models by hand uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems all these models by hand uh you
+can actually build the model with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually build the model with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually build the model with the
+script um if you would like um uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script um if you would like um uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script um if you would like um uh you
+can basically do things like Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically do things like Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically do things like Define a
+pattern and then apply that pattern to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and then apply that pattern to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and then apply that pattern to
+all the parts of that type that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts of that type that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts of that type that's all
+possible um through the API and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um through the API and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um through the API and just to
+show you how much of a nightmare it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how much of a nightmare it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how much of a nightmare it was
+at CDR let me run the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at CDR let me run the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at CDR let me run the same
+script uh on the CDR model we have 230
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script uh on the CDR model we have 230
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script uh on the CDR model we have 230
+parts and 900 interfaces and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and 900 interfaces and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and 900 interfaces and this was
+not even modeling to the lowest level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even modeling to the lowest level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even modeling to the lowest level of
+fidelity possible I didn't for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity possible I didn't for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity possible I didn't for example
+model all the components all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all the components all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all the components all the
+capacitors resistors off amps and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors resistors off amps and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors resistors off amps and stuff
+on the board um and now you can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board um and now you can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board um and now you can already
+see it's it's quite large so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's it's quite large so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's it's quite large so this is
+just um kind of the idea uh Behind these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um kind of the idea uh Behind these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um kind of the idea uh Behind these
+these models would be to extend this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models would be to extend this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models would be to extend this to
+the lowest level in a real system um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest level in a real system um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest level in a real system um and
+use this basically use all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this basically use all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this basically use all the
+capabilities that you have with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that you have with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that you have with the
+model to really manage your complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to really manage your complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to really manage your complexity
+in a way that is just not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is just not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is just not possible
+currently and there's no way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently and there's no way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently and there's no way you can
+really mentally uh keep track of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mentally uh keep track of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mentally uh keep track of all
+these interfaces and understand how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interfaces and understand how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interfaces and understand how your
+system is working so having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is working so having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is working so having this
+modeling capability and querying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling capability and querying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling capability and querying
+capability is really really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability is really really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability is really really powerful
+yeah what was used during rexus uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what was used during rexus uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what was used during rexus uh for
+the systems engineering as you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems engineering as you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems engineering as you had
+applied this this after the fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied this this after the fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied this this after the fact what
+what was used to create these block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was used to create these block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was used to create these block
+diagrams or um TOA things doing do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams or um TOA things doing do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams or um TOA things doing do you
+mean during when we were developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean during when we were developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean during when we were developing
+rexus um we basically didn't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rexus um we basically didn't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rexus um we basically didn't have this
+so we didn't we were relying as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't we were relying as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't we were relying as you
+would typically do upon you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would typically do upon you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would typically do upon you know the
+capabilities of the system engineer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of the system engineer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of the system engineer or
+the team you'd have documents we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team you'd have documents we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team you'd have documents we have a
+ton of documents um but I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of documents um but I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of documents um but I was talking
+about how things weren't buildable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how things weren't buildable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how things weren't buildable I
+found a situation where um because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a situation where um because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a situation where um because of
+the way we had done our thermal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we had done our thermal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we had done our thermal system
+we were dumping spacecraft heat to space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were dumping spacecraft heat to space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were dumping spacecraft heat to space
+which you don't want to do I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't want to do I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't want to do I could
+explain why but you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why but you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why but you don't want to do
+that um and that's something we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and that's something we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and that's something we didn't
+realize at the time like if we had tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize at the time like if we had tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize at the time like if we had tried
+to build it you would would have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build it you would would have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build it you would would have had
+this Pro property of the system that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pro property of the system that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pro property of the system that we
+didn't know actually existed until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know actually existed until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know actually existed until I
+went back and looked at the model so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back and looked at the model so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back and looked at the model so um
+we definitely miss things and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we definitely miss things and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we definitely miss things and this
+should have improved the design process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have improved the design process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have improved the design process
+if we had been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had been using
+it so Mark what sort of to wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so Mark what sort of to wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so Mark what sort of to wrap up
+because we got to switch over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got to switch over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got to switch over to
+modelica what's your recommendation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelica what's your recommendation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelica what's your recommendation for
+you know let's say um students in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say um students in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say um students in the
+class got sort of intrigued by csml you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class got sort of intrigued by csml you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class got sort of intrigued by csml you
+know what's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the next
+step um there's a couple different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um there's a couple different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um there's a couple different ways
+certainly if you're interested let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you're interested let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you're interested let me
+know and I can give you resources um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I can give you resources um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I can give you resources um to
+to kind of further your understanding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of further your understanding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of further your understanding uh
+as I said working with these tools can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said working with these tools can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said working with these tools can
+can be expensive to get these tools um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expensive to get these tools um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expensive to get these tools um
+so I can help you understand what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can help you understand what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can help you understand what that
+would take um uh there is uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take um uh there is uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take um uh there is uh there are
+some beginning to be some uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beginning to be some uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beginning to be some uh uh
+companies that will do like CML training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that will do like CML training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that will do like CML training
+courses um that will sit down for a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um that will sit down for a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um that will sit down for a day
+or a week and teach you kind of CML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a week and teach you kind of CML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a week and teach you kind of CML
+basically how to work with the model how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how to work with the model how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how to work with the model how
+to build the model um I took one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the model um I took one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the model um I took one of
+those courses it was really great uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those courses it was really great uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those courses it was really great uh so
+I would yeah talk to me if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would yeah talk to me if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would yeah talk to me if you're
+interested and I can kind of steer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and I can kind of steer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and I can kind of steer you
+down the right path great thanks Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the right path great thanks Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the right path great thanks Mark
+sure very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure very
+good um so we did in 20 minutes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so we did in 20 minutes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so we did in 20 minutes what
+usually take about a week right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually take about a week right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually take about a week right there's
+a lot more depth there's a lot more dep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more depth there's a lot more dep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more depth there's a lot more dep
+great so we're going to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we're going to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we're going to we're going to
+switch over now to uh modelica which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch over now to uh modelica which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch over now to uh modelica which um
+I think is we're going to maybe run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is we're going to maybe run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is we're going to maybe run a
+couple minutes over today but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes over today but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes over today but I think
+it's important we cover all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important we cover all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important we cover all three
+languages um so let's get uh the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages um so let's get uh the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages um so let's get uh the slides
+back up and I'm going to switch here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and I'm going to switch here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and I'm going to switch here to
+naric uh he's another doctoral student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naric uh he's another doctoral student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naric uh he's another doctoral student
+in the group and um so introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the group and um so introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the group and um so introduce
+yourself and then tell us about modelica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and then tell us about modelica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and then tell us about modelica
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+you you using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you using your
+Compu for the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compu for the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compu for the demo
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onek you so hello everyone my name is NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onek you so hello everyone my name is NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onek you so hello everyone my name is NK
+I'm a doctoral student at aeroastro here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a doctoral student at aeroastro here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a doctoral student at aeroastro here
+uh my background is in gas turban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my background is in gas turban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my background is in gas turban
+engines and specifically I've been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines and specifically I've been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines and specifically I've been been
+looking at concept generation of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at concept generation of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at concept generation of gas
+turban engines automated concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turban engines automated concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turban engines automated concept
+generation and the way I got acquainted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and the way I got acquainted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and the way I got acquainted
+with modelica was that I needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modelica was that I needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modelica was that I needed to be
+able to rapidly reconfigure different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to rapidly reconfigure different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to rapidly reconfigure different
+concepts and simulate them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and simulate them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and simulate them uh
+mathematically do physics based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically do physics based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically do physics based
+simulations so in contrast to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations so in contrast to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations so in contrast to the first
+two languages medel is a lot more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two languages medel is a lot more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two languages medel is a lot more about
+rapidly being able to build physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly being able to build physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly being able to build physical
+models of systems and reconfiguring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of systems and reconfiguring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of systems and reconfiguring them
+and reusing them for later on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reusing them for later on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reusing them for later on so
+so like I mentioned modelica is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I mentioned modelica is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I mentioned modelica is
+primarily about modeling physics based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily about modeling physics based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily about modeling physics based
+modeling of systems and rapidly being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of systems and rapidly being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of systems and rapidly being
+able to reuse models and reconfigure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reuse models and reconfigure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reuse models and reconfigure
+them um it's a language again it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um it's a language again it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um it's a language again it's not a
+tool like the first two uh that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool like the first two uh that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool like the first two uh that that you
+heard about there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about there are many different
+tools which implement this language but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools which implement this language but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools which implement this language but
+I'm going to start off with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start off with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start off with just
+describing how the how the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how the how the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how the how the language
+works and then go on to describe which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and then go on to describe which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and then go on to describe which
+tools that you can use in contrast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that you can use in contrast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that you can use in contrast to
+CML there are a couple of really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML there are a couple of really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CML there are a couple of really good
+free tools that you can use and rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free tools that you can use and rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free tools that you can use and rapidly
+get into and there are a lot of library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into and there are a lot of library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into and there are a lot of library
+um that you can use with hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can use with hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can use with hundreds of
+even thousands of actually basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thousands of actually basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thousands of actually basic
+components that you can use for modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that you can use for modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that you can use for modeling
+so it's a declarative language and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a declarative language and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a declarative language and what
+what I mean by declarative is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by declarative is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by declarative is that you
+don't in in normal in in in sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't in in normal in in in sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't in in normal in in in sequential
+sort of programming you you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of programming you you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of programming you you write
+commands and you make assignments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands and you make assignments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands and you make assignments to
+various parameters here you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various parameters here you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various parameters here you just
+describe the governing equations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the governing equations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the governing equations of the
+components you you want to simulate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you you want to simulate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you you want to simulate and
+there's no particular order in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no particular order in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no particular order in which you
+do this the the models are a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this the the models are a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this the the models are a causal
+there's no direction to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direction to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direction to flow
+all you really need to do is describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you really need to do is describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you really need to do is describe
+what ports like uh Mark mentioned it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ports like uh Mark mentioned it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ports like uh Mark mentioned it's
+similar in this situation what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in this situation what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in this situation what kind of
+ports you have what kind of interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports you have what kind of interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports you have what kind of interfaces
+the components can have with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components can have with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components can have with other
+components and the governing equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the governing equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the governing equations
+and the parameters and variables um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parameters and variables um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parameters and variables um it's
+a multi-domain modeling language so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-domain modeling language so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-domain modeling language so it's
+agnostic to what kind of domain you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostic to what kind of domain you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostic to what kind of domain you're
+working in it's not particular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in it's not particular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in it's not particular to
+electrical engineering for example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering for example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering for example I'm
+going to be showing an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be showing an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be showing an electrical
+engineering example and also show a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering example and also show a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering example and also show a gas
+turban engine example with Aero elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turban engine example with Aero elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turban engine example with Aero elastic
+vibrations so you don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations so you don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations so you don't necessarily
+you're not attached to any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not attached to any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not attached to any specific
+domain it's also object orientated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it's also object orientated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it's also object orientated and
+it enables you to uh decompose systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enables you to uh decompose systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enables you to uh decompose systems
+into into subsystems or recombine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into subsystems or recombine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into subsystems or recombine them
+uh and look at them at various layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and look at them at various layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and look at them at various layers of
+abstraction it's designed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction it's designed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction it's designed to be
+efficient um so this is a quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um so this is a quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um so this is a quote from
+Professor Peter fritzen at linkoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Peter fritzen at linkoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Peter fritzen at linkoping
+University um so these are just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University um so these are just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University um so these are just about
+the sort of scale of problems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of scale of problems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of scale of problems that you
+can solve with with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve with with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve with with the with the
+medallic language obviously it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallic language obviously it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallic language obviously it depends
+on what kind of equations you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what kind of equations you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what kind of equations you're talking
+about but but um it's it's designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but but um it's it's designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but but um it's it's designed to
+be a very efficient way of simulating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very efficient way of simulating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very efficient way of simulating uh
+simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating
+systems so I really want to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so I really want to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so I really want to talk a
+little bit more about this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about this idea of
+acausal modeling that I mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acausal modeling that I mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acausal modeling that I mentioned before
+so on the left hand side is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the left hand side is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the left hand side is an
+assignment and that's typically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and that's typically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and that's typically what you
+do when you program in mat lab uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you program in mat lab uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you program in mat lab uh just
+the mat lab normal scripts f is assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mat lab normal scripts f is assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mat lab normal scripts f is assigned
+to ma or p is assign the value of RT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ma or p is assign the value of RT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ma or p is assign the value of RT for
+the equation of state of a gas and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of state of a gas and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of state of a gas and what
+that means is that you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that you know what the
+mass and acceleration are and you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and acceleration are and you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and acceleration are and you figure
+out the force and you assign that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the force and you assign that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the force and you assign that value
+to the force in modelica there's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the force in modelica there's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the force in modelica there's almost
+none of this it's equations not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this it's equations not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this it's equations not
+assignments and what I mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments and what I mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments and what I mean by that is
+this equation can be written in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation can be written in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation can be written in any
+which way as long as your system has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way as long as your system has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way as long as your system has the
+same number of equations as unknowns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of equations as unknowns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of equations as unknowns the
+the tool that you're using will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool that you're using will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool that you're using will
+interpret the language and will solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the language and will solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the language and will solve
+your problem so you can write this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem so you can write this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem so you can write this in
+any which way you want in any order as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any which way you want in any order as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any which way you want in any order as
+long as your problem is properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as your problem is properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as your problem is properly
+constrained the tool that you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained the tool that you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained the tool that you're using
+will interpret it and solve it problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will interpret it and solve it problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will interpret it and solve it problem
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so just to go into a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so just to go into a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so just to go into a little bit more
+detail um all of modelas and also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um all of modelas and also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um all of modelas and also other
+a causal modeling language that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a causal modeling language that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a causal modeling language that I'll
+mention in a little bit which is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention in a little bit which is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention in a little bit which is one of
+them is simscape um H models have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is simscape um H models have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is simscape um H models have
+essentially three parts they're designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially three parts they're designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially three parts they're designed
+to be extremely simple um the first like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extremely simple um the first like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extremely simple um the first like
+Mark mentioned is the are ports it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark mentioned is the are ports it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark mentioned is the are ports it's
+essentially identical in in to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially identical in in to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially identical in in to to to
+csml in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csml in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csml in a way
+ports are the ways that with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports are the ways that with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports are the ways that with which
+components can share information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can share information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can share information
+material or or energy for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or or energy for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or or energy for example you
+can Define any kind of Port you want all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define any kind of Port you want all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define any kind of Port you want all
+you need to really do is Define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to really do is Define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to really do is Define what
+kind of parameters it carries like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of parameters it carries like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of parameters it carries like for
+gas for example temperature pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas for example temperature pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas for example temperature pressure and
+mass flow or for electrical ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flow or for electrical ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flow or for electrical ports
+voltage and current um the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current um the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current um the second part
+of any kind of model that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any kind of model that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any kind of model that you're
+building in modelica or any or simscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in modelica or any or simscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in modelica or any or simscape
+which I'll mention a little later are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll mention a little later are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll mention a little later are
+variables and parameters so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and parameters so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and parameters so you just
+declare those and the third part are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare those and the third part are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare those and the third part are
+governing equations the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing equations the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing equations the point is that
+there's nothing else it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else it's just
+that and I'll just go through a briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll just go through a briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll just go through a briefly
+go through a simple very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a simple very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a simple very very simple
+example so for example a capacitor um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so for example a capacitor um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so for example a capacitor um at
+this is the entire code for a capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the entire code for a capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the entire code for a capacitor
+and this is what will generate u a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what will generate u a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what will generate u a
+visual image of a capacitor with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual image of a capacitor with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual image of a capacitor with the
+correct ports for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct ports for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct ports for
+you first you have pins that carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first you have pins that carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first you have pins that carry
+voltage and current so the key thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current so the key thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current so the key thing to
+notice here is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that there are
+fundamentally two types of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally two types of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally two types of variables
+flow variables and normal variables here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow variables and normal variables here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow variables and normal variables here
+uh flow variables are ones to which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow variables are ones to which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow variables are ones to which the
+kof's current law applies so mass flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kof's current law applies so mass flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kof's current law applies so mass flow
+for example every time you connect 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example every time you connect 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example every time you connect 15
+components together in a network mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components together in a network mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components together in a network mass
+flow into that Network needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into that Network needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into that Network needs to be
+conserved so the sum of mass flows into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so the sum of mass flows into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so the sum of mass flows into
+any any node has to be zero uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any node has to be zero uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any node has to be zero uh that
+doesn't apply to uh the the the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't apply to uh the the the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't apply to uh the the the standard
+variables just um so you then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables just um so you then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables just um so you then you
+essentially Define the the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Define the the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Define the the parameters
+the variables and you need to uh Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables and you need to uh Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables and you need to uh Define
+the governing equations and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the governing equations and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the governing equations and that's
+that's the capacitor for you there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the capacitor for you there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the capacitor for you there are
+slightly more complicated components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated components
+that you can use for example a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use for example a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use for example a pressure
+drop component did I lose my sharing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop component did I lose my sharing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop component did I lose my sharing no
+um in this case the interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case the interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case the interesting thing is
+the main thing to take away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing to take away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing to take away from this
+one is that if you have complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that if you have complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that if you have complicated
+mathematics describing the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics describing the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics describing the fluid
+mechanics in a component you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in a component you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in a component you can
+actually initialize with one model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually initialize with one model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually initialize with one model and
+then go to a full turbulent simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to a full turbulent simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to a full turbulent simulation
+that's what this is doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just to um get to the tool side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to um get to the tool side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to um get to the tool side of
+the equation the language I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation the language I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation the language I just showed
+you it's the same across all the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's the same across all the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's the same across all the tools
+but there are many different tools which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many different tools which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many different tools which
+you can use free and Commercial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use free and Commercial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use free and Commercial to
+actually run these models um the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run these models um the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run these models um the main
+one that you'll be using if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you'll be using if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you'll be using if you want to
+get deeper into this is open modelica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get deeper into this is open modelica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get deeper into this is open modelica
+it's free it's actually become quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free it's actually become quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free it's actually become quite
+user friendly and um and uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user friendly and um and uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user friendly and um and uh it's uh
+there's a link in the in the slides with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a link in the in the slides with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a link in the in the slides with
+from which you can download it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which you can download it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which you can download it um
+there's one from vram it's integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one from vram it's integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one from vram it's integrated
+with uh with um Mathematica which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with um Mathematica which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with um Mathematica which is
+quite useful and there's a free trial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite useful and there's a free trial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite useful and there's a free trial of
+it as well there's daa there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well there's daa there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well there's daa there are other
+ones but mainly I think open modelica is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but mainly I think open modelica is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but mainly I think open modelica is
+the one that you guys will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you guys will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you guys will be
+using okay so I think we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using okay so I think we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using okay so I think we're actually
+gonna okay gonna wrap up and then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna okay gonna wrap up and then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna okay gonna wrap up and then have
+you back next week are you yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back next week are you yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back next week are you yeah yeah
+sure okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure okay so so
+um so here here's uh just just stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here here's uh just just stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here here's uh just just stay
+around so um basically we're we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so um basically we're we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so um basically we're we're going
+to uh we're going to finish this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we're going to finish this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we're going to finish this lecture
+next week I think there's it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week I think there's it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week I think there's it's important
+enough that you really see the demo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you really see the demo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you really see the demo and
+see sort of the and it actually ties in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of the and it actually ties in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of the and it actually ties in
+kind of nicely with next week's topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nicely with next week's topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nicely with next week's topic is
+concept generation right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept generation right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept generation right this is the
+next step in the v and since you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in the v and since you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in the v and since you know
+naric your research is also on concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naric your research is also on concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naric your research is also on concept
+generation will will it it'll tie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation will will it it'll tie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation will will it it'll tie in
+nicely so I think we're going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely so I think we're going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely so I think we're going to stop
+here for today so you heard about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for today so you heard about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for today so you heard about the
+the general idea of system modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general idea of system modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general idea of system modeling
+languages that are rigorous that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are rigorous that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are rigorous that have
+ontology uh syntax and semantics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology uh syntax and semantics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology uh syntax and semantics uh
+there's there's different of these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's different of these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's different of these that
+have been proposed developed some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been proposed developed some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been proposed developed some are
+used more than others there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used more than others there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used more than others there's really
+important differences between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences between them so
+OPM is very conceptual uh CML is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM is very conceptual uh CML is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM is very conceptual uh CML is based
+onl and has these different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onl and has these different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onl and has these different type of
+diagrams and and can really help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and and can really help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and and can really help you
+flesh out your design in more detail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flesh out your design in more detail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flesh out your design in more detail and
+then modelica allows you to build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then modelica allows you to build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then modelica allows you to build these
+blocks it's a causal or uh declarative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks it's a causal or uh declarative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks it's a causal or uh declarative
+and you can actually simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually simulate the
+physics of the system pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the system pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the system pretty pretty
+readily um so the big picture here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily um so the big picture here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily um so the big picture here just
+to wrap wrap up here the big picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap wrap up here the big picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap wrap up here the big picture is
+uh is the following and we'll we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the following and we'll we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the following and we'll we'll come
+back to this next week the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this next week the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this next week the big picture
+is is basically that system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is basically that system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is basically that system engineering
+is in a transition phase the classic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a transition phase the classic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a transition phase the classic way
+of doing system engineering really for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing system engineering really for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing system engineering really for
+the last 50 years is on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 50 years is on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 50 years is on the left
+document Centric you know write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document Centric you know write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document Centric you know write your
+requirements do your drawings even CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements do your drawings even CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements do your drawings even CAD
+you know computer design is great but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know computer design is great but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know computer design is great but it
+only essentially does the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only essentially does the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only essentially does the mechanical
+part of the design right and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the design right and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the design right and so the
+result of that is as you get even rexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that is as you get even rexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that is as you get even rexus
+you saw rexus is a box like like shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw rexus is a box like like shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw rexus is a box like like shoe
+box size basically and and it go it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box size basically and and it go it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box size basically and and it go it's
+going to fit on a much bigger spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit on a much bigger spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit on a much bigger spacecraft
+and you saw how much complexity is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you saw how much complexity is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you saw how much complexity is there
+and it it gets very very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it gets very very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it gets very very difficult to
+manage all this information to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage all this information to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage all this information to prevent
+you know errors oversights any change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know errors oversights any change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know errors oversights any change
+that you make uh it doesn't propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make uh it doesn't propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make uh it doesn't propagate
+automatically in these documents so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically in these documents so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically in these documents so the
+the transition is happening to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition is happening to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition is happening to the right
+side a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side a model
+Centric uh way to do system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric uh way to do system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric uh way to do system engineering
+as think of paperless engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as think of paperless engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as think of paperless engineering
+everything you're doing is in a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you're doing is in a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you're doing is in a model
+the models are linked the models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models are linked the models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models are linked the models are
+executable the models um automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable the models um automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable the models um automatically
+propagate any changes that you make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate any changes that you make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate any changes that you make you
+know in requirements or design we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in requirements or design we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in requirements or design we're not
+quite there yet but that is where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite there yet but that is where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite there yet but that is where things
+are moving and so uh keep that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving and so uh keep that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving and so uh keep that in mind
+uh so there's no new assignment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's no new assignment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's no new assignment this
+week so next week we have A2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so next week we have A2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so next week we have A2 which is
+due the requirements please let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due the requirements please let us know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due the requirements please let us know
+if you have any we're here for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any we're here for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any we're here for you so
+I'm going to have office hours now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have office hours now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have office hours now on
+the WebEx you have the link um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the WebEx you have the link um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the WebEx you have the link um if you
+have any questions about A2 don't be shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about A2 don't be shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about A2 don't be shy
+to email me or you know uh yuana or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to email me or you know uh yuana or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to email me or you know uh yuana or or
+llu at epfl we're really here to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llu at epfl we're really here to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llu at epfl we're really here to answer
+your questions so next week topic we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions so next week topic we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions so next week topic we're
+going to finish on modelica and concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finish on modelica and concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finish on modelica and concept
+generation uh is going to be sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh is going to be sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh is going to be sort of our
+creativity concept generation is our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity concept generation is our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity concept generation is our our
+main topic next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DZHguXpwuXU.txt b/DZHguXpwuXU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c253d73cb259d8b6690ca1e383f140b33757e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DZHguXpwuXU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,857 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+GREG HUTKO: Today we're going
+to do Fall 2010, P Set Six,
+
+Problem Number Four.
+
+And for this problem we're going
+to shift away from what
+
+we've usually been talking
+about, where we're dealing
+
+with a straight equilibrium,
+setting the demand curve equal
+
+to the supply curve.
+
+And now we're going to think
+about what happens when the
+
+supplier has market power.
+
+When they're the only competitor
+in the market, and
+
+they can decide how much
+quantity they want to produce.
+
+And they don't have to worry
+about other producers coming
+
+in and producing.
+
+Problem Number Four--
+
+I'll read through Part A--
+
+states, "A monopolist
+firm faces the
+
+following cost curve.
+
+The cost equal Q squared plus
+15, where Q is the output
+
+produced, the demand for its
+product is given by P equals
+
+24 minus Q. We need to calculate
+the non-price
+
+discriminating consumer surplus,
+the producer surplus,
+
+and the deadweight loss
+associated with the monopoly."
+
+Now, what this problem's really
+going to look like-- we
+
+can think about it starting
+with this graph.
+
+Is, instead of producing output
+to the point of the
+
+equilibrium right here, the
+supplier can actually make
+
+more money by saying I'm only
+going to produce to a point
+
+right here, so this is what
+we're looking for.
+
+We're wondering how much is the
+supplier actually going to
+
+constrict the supply
+in the market.
+
+And when they constrict this
+supply, what happens is this
+
+small triangle right here
+becomes the deadweight loss.
+
+This is potential surplus that
+would have existed when this
+
+whole big triangle was
+the consumer surplus
+
+plus producer surplus.
+
+So now nobody's getting
+that triangle.
+
+But the producer surplus is much
+bigger than it would have
+
+been when it was just the space
+below the price level to
+
+the supply curve.
+
+So the producers
+are better off.
+
+The consumers are going
+to be worse off.
+
+And society as a whole-- adding
+together the producers'
+
+and the consumers' surplus--
+
+is going to be worse off.
+
+Now, the way the producers
+actually make their decision
+
+on how much to produce is, when
+they're moving this line
+
+back and forth deciding how much
+they want to constrict
+
+the quantity that they're going
+to supply, and when
+
+they're supplying more, the
+quantity they're supplying is
+
+going to be increasing.
+
+But as they supply more--
+
+since the demand curve
+is downward sloping--
+
+the price is going
+to be going down.
+
+And now the way the producer
+actually makes their
+
+production decision is to say,
+OK, I know I'm going to lose
+
+some money if I'm producing
+more, because the price is
+
+going to be falling.
+
+What I want to know is I want to
+produce as much as I can so
+
+that, at the margin, the cost
+of producing that one
+
+additional unit is the same as
+the revenue that I'm going to
+
+be taking in for that
+additional unit.
+
+The point where I'm producing,
+and the additional cost of
+
+that unit is more than the
+additional money that I'm
+
+taking in, I'm going to stop
+assuming that there's no
+
+competition.
+
+So the monopolist firm is going
+to set the marginal cost
+
+equal to the marginal revenue.
+
+So we have a total cost
+function, so calculating the
+
+marginal cost is pretty
+straightforward.
+
+I'm just going to take the
+derivative with respect to Q,
+
+and the marginal cost for
+a monopolist firm
+
+is going to be 2Q.
+
+Now, it's tempting when we
+look at this revenue
+
+function-- revenue just being
+the total quantity I'm
+
+producing times the price
+I'm receiving.
+
+It's tempting to just take the
+derivative here with respect
+
+to Q, and say that marginal
+revenue is going
+
+to be equal to price.
+
+But that's not what the
+monopolist does.
+
+Because in a competitive
+situation, we were setting
+
+marginal cost equal to P.
+
+In the monopolist situation,
+the monopolist is going to
+
+look at this P right here, and
+they're going to say I know
+
+how the consumers are going to
+respond based on my decision
+
+to produce.
+
+So I'm going to replace this
+P with the demand curve, 24
+
+minus Q. So I can plan how much
+I'm producing based on
+
+what I know the consumer's
+response to my production
+
+choice is going to be.
+
+So instead of taking the
+derivative of this function,
+
+I'm going to plug-in 24 minus Q
+and we're going to find the
+
+marginal revenue using
+this function.
+
+When we do this, we find that
+the marginal revenue is equal
+
+to 24 minus 2Q.
+
+And all we have to do now is
+we have to set the marginal
+
+revenue and the marginal cost
+equal, and we can find the
+
+quantity that's going
+to be produced at
+
+the monopolist outcome.
+
+Solving for Q, you find that
+the quantity is going to be
+
+equal to 6.
+
+And then we can solve for the
+price just by going back to
+
+the demand curve that's
+given on our graph.
+
+The price here in the
+monopolist case
+
+is going to be 18.
+
+So now we can come back
+to our graph.
+
+We know that the monopolist
+level of output is going to be
+
+6, so we can label this 0.6.
+
+We know the price that's
+going to be charged--
+
+which is not the intersection
+with the supply curve, it's
+
+going to be the intersection
+with the demand curve--
+
+this price is going to be 18.
+
+And on our graph it's going to
+also be useful to label two
+
+more points.
+
+That'll just make it easier for
+us to calculate consumer
+
+surplus, producer surplus,
+and deadweight loss.
+
+We're going to want to label
+this point right here so the
+
+equilibrium quantity is 8-- and
+you'll see in a second why
+
+I'm labeling that.
+
+And you're also going to want
+to label where, when the
+
+quantity is 6, the intersection
+
+with the supply curve.
+
+So when the quantity is 6, you
+know that the marginal cost
+
+curve is given here.
+
+So that means the intersection
+right here is going to be 12.
+
+And this is going to make our
+calculations of the area of
+
+PS, the area of CS, and
+the area of DWL just
+
+a little bit easier.
+
+Now, to calculate consumer
+surplus, I'm just going to
+
+multiply the height of this
+triangle right here by the
+
+length of the triangle,
+and I'm going to
+
+take one half of that.
+
+So consumer surplus in
+this situation is
+
+going to equal 18.
+
+And now we're going to
+do the same thing
+
+for producer surplus.
+
+We're going to add the area of
+this rectangle to the area of
+
+this triangle at the
+bottom as well.
+
+So the first term here that's
+given is the area of the
+
+rectangle, and the term here is
+the area of the triangle.
+
+Adding these together, we're
+going to find that the
+
+producer surplus is 72.
+
+And now, to calculate the
+deadweight loss you really
+
+have two options.
+
+One, you could find the total
+producer and consumer surplus
+
+at equilibrium--
+
+so the area of this large
+triangle right here.
+
+And you could subtract out the
+new consumer surplus and the
+
+new producer surplus, and you'll
+be left with only the
+
+deadweight loss.
+
+For our purposes, it's going to
+be a little bit easier to
+
+just take the height of the
+triangle and the length of the
+
+base, and to multiply through.
+
+When we do that, we're going
+to find that the deadweight
+
+loss is going to
+be equal to 6.
+
+And so you can see that the
+producer surplus is pretty
+
+high in this situation.
+
+And so the government's going
+to come in in our next
+
+problem, and they're going to
+say we have an intervention
+
+that might be able to correct
+this problem that we see in
+
+the market.
+
+Part B says, "How does charging
+the monopolist a
+
+specific tax of $8 per unit
+affect the monopoly optimum,
+
+and the welfare of consumers,
+the monopoly, and society,
+
+where society's welfare or
+surplus includes the tax
+
+revenue?"
+
+So, what's basically happening
+in this new case is we're
+
+going to start off with the same
+sort of problem where the
+
+monopolist gets to decide how
+much they're going to output.
+
+And we're interested in
+the marginal cost and
+
+the marginal revenue.
+
+Now, the marginal revenue is
+going to be represented by the
+
+same equation, and we're going
+to substitute in for price the
+
+demand curve again.
+
+And when we solve through,
+substituting in for the demand
+
+curve and taking the derivative,
+we're going to
+
+find that the marginal revenue
+is again going to be equal to
+
+24 minus 2Q.
+
+So the marginal revenue
+hasn't changed at all.
+
+What is going to change is going
+to be the total cost
+
+curve for the monopolist. So
+this was the cost curve that
+
+we started off with, but now
+for each unit Q that the
+
+monopolist produces, it's
+going to be taxed
+
+at a rate of t.
+
+So we can add in the
+cost of the tax.
+
+And in the next step, I'm going
+to take the derivative
+
+with respect to Q, and I'm going
+to substitute in for t
+
+the price of the tax, or 8.
+
+So now our new marginal cost
+is equal to 2Q plus 8.
+
+And to solve for our new
+equilibrium, we're just going
+
+to set marginal cost and
+marginal revenue equal.
+
+And when we do that, we're
+going to find that
+
+Q is equal to 4.
+
+And plugging into the demand
+curve, you're going to find
+
+that the price is equal to 20.
+
+Now in this problem, you could
+go through and you could go
+
+ahead and you could calculate
+the consumer surplus, the
+
+producer surplus, the deadweight
+loss and the tax
+
+revenue, and you could figure
+out quantitatively how much
+
+they've changed.
+
+But we're just going to draw a
+new graph, and we're going to
+
+look at the changes in consumer
+surplus, producer
+
+surplus, and deadweight loss,
+and make a qualitative
+
+assessment of how those
+quantities have changed.
+
+So on a new axes, I'm going to
+draw the old supply curve and
+
+the demand curve.
+
+Now, what's essentially
+happening is, since the
+
+suppliers know for each unit
+they're producing they're
+
+going to have to pay a tax
+of 8, the supply curve is
+
+essentially shifting
+up by 8 units.
+
+And I'm representing the new
+supply curve with an s prime.
+
+So now, instead of the suppliers
+making their
+
+monopolist decision based on
+this supply curve and the
+
+demand curve, they're now
+making it over here.
+
+And so what's going to happen is
+they're going to have some
+
+new monopolist output.
+
+And in this case, we know the
+new monopolist output is 4.
+
+We know that the new
+monopolist price
+
+is going to be 20.
+
+And so we can see on this graph
+that producer surplus is
+
+going to be represented
+by this four-sided
+
+figure right here.
+
+We know that the tax revenue
+is going to be-- since the
+
+distance from this point to this
+point is 8, from 0 to 4--
+
+this is going to represent the
+tax, this box right here.
+
+And we know that the consumer
+surplus is going to be this
+
+small triangle up top.
+
+Meanwhile, the dead weight loss
+is anything that's not
+
+represented that would have been
+in our original producer
+
+surplus, plus consumer
+surplus.
+
+So the deadweight loss is this
+large triangle over here.
+
+So basically what's happened
+is, compared to our initial
+
+case, the government's come
+in and for society--
+
+since there's less
+being produced--
+
+we've basically shifted
+the monopolist
+
+quantity over to the left.
+
+This means that, overall, the
+deadweight loss, this triangle
+
+over here, has increased
+in size.
+
+So if the deadweight loss is
+increasing, we can say that
+
+society is going to be worse
+off in this situation.
+
+In another case, it's also clear
+to see that the consumer
+
+surplus, since the consumers are
+paying a higher price for
+
+a lower quantity, we can also
+say that the consumer surplus
+
+is going to decrease.
+
+So we can safely say that the
+consumers are going to be
+
+worse off as well.
+
+And then the last interpretation
+is knowing that
+
+in the first case the producers
+were allowed to make
+
+their production decision just
+given the demand curve and
+
+their original supply curve.
+
+Now their production decision
+also has to take into account
+
+the government taking away
+some of their profits.
+
+If the government is taking
+some away some of their
+
+profits, the producers
+are necessarily going
+
+to have less surplus.
+
+So the producers are going
+to be worse off as well.
+
+So overall, the only person
+who might possibly benefit
+
+from this policy would
+be the government.
+
+But overall, the producers, the
+consumers, and society are
+
+going to be worse off.
+
+Now, the last part of this
+problem is part C. And instead
+
+of implementing a tax on the per
+unit production decision
+
+for the producers, now the
+government's going to consider
+
+a different tax policy.
+
+Part C says "How does imposing
+a tax on profits--
+
+profit after tax equals
+1 minus t--
+
+affect the monopoly optimum, and
+the welfare of consumers,
+
+the monopoly, and society?"
+
+Now basically, what's happening
+in this situation is
+
+the government's going
+to come in.
+
+And they're going to say all
+right, after you've made your
+
+decision on how much to produce,
+we're going to take a
+
+set percentage of the
+producer's surplus.
+
+So if you get a producer's
+surplus of this amount, then a
+
+certain chunk of it is going
+to go to Uncle Sam at a tax
+
+percentage which we can
+say is just x percent.
+
+Now that percentage of tax, it
+doesn't change the fact that
+
+the producers want to have as
+much surplus as possible.
+
+Just because they're going to
+lose, say, 10% of it because
+
+of Uncle Sam, it's not actually
+going to affect the
+
+fact that they want their
+producer surplus to be as big
+
+as possible.
+
+So what happens in this
+situation is that this after
+
+profit tax will not affect
+the equilibrium at all.
+
+And we're going to
+be left with the
+
+same consumer surplus.
+
+Producer surplus is going to be
+lower because of the tax,
+
+but overall, society is going
+to be left with the same
+
+social welfare.
+
+So really what this problem is
+looking at through its three
+
+parts, we look at the monopolist
+situation, and we
+
+look at how the government can
+try to adjust with tax policy
+
+what's happening
+in the market.
+
+And what we saw in our second
+scenario is that when they
+
+charge a per unit tax on the
+producers, societal welfare is
+
+going to go down.
+
+But in the third case, when
+they're just taking a set
+
+percentage from the producer
+surplus, the overall welfare
+
+for the society is going
+to stay the same.
+
+So bundled in this problem we
+had the monopolist situation,
+
+setting marginal cost equal
+to marginal revenue.
+
+And we also looked at tax
+implications on a per unit
+
+basis, and on a profit basis
+with a set tax after the
+
+production decision is made.
+
+I hope you found this
+problem helpful.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EJ6Sjn1c04Y.txt b/EJ6Sjn1c04Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbf9013136ff29472302548d4b83c284a4152343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EJ6Sjn1c04Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so in Monday's lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in Monday's lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in Monday's lecture we
+talked about how cells eventually of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how cells eventually of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how cells eventually of how
+cells replicate okay and today I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells replicate okay and today I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells replicate okay and today I want to
+talk about how now an entire organ would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how now an entire organ would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how now an entire organ would
+essentially replicate in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially replicate in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially replicate in this case is
+not going to divide but it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to divide but it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to divide but it's going to
+regenerate or renew itself okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate or renew itself okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate or renew itself okay
+and so this involves us adult stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this involves us adult stem cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this involves us adult stem cells
+and also apoptosis which you've heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also apoptosis which you've heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also apoptosis which you've heard a
+little bit about earlier in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about earlier in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about earlier in the course
+and to explain this to you I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to explain this to you I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to explain this to you I'm gonna
+have a basically a model organ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a basically a model organ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a basically a model organ that
+we'll use and we'll use it for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use and we'll use it for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use and we'll use it for a couple
+lectures and the model organ is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and the model organ is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and the model organ is going to
+be the lining of the intestine okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the lining of the intestine okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the lining of the intestine okay so
+the lining of the intestine is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lining of the intestine is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lining of the intestine is an
+epithelial tissue and I'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelial tissue and I'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelial tissue and I'll tell you a
+little bit about epithelia in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about epithelia in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about epithelia in just a
+minute but you have the intestinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but you have the intestinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but you have the intestinal
+epithelium and this is the these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium and this is the these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium and this is the these are the
+cells that are the lining of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are the lining of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are the lining of the
+intestine okay and they're one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine okay and they're one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine okay and they're one of the
+reasons that I've chosen this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I've chosen this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I've chosen this system is
+because the lining of your intestine has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the lining of your intestine has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the lining of your intestine has
+pretty remarkable regenerative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty remarkable regenerative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty remarkable regenerative
+capabilities okay so your small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities okay so your small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities okay so your small
+intestine renews about every four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine renews about every four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine renews about every four to
+five days okay so the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five days okay so the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five days okay so the vast majority of
+your cells in the intestine were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cells in the intestine were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cells in the intestine were
+basically derived in the last four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically derived in the last four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically derived in the last four to
+five days okay so you know humans aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five days okay so you know humans aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five days okay so you know humans aren't
+as cool is some organisms like newts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cool is some organisms like newts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cool is some organisms like newts and
+that you can't like cut off your arm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't like cut off your arm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't like cut off your arm and
+have it grow back but at least we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it grow back but at least we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it grow back but at least we have
+the intestine which undergoes a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestine which undergoes a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestine which undergoes a pretty
+dramatic regeneration okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic regeneration okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic regeneration okay and this is
+not the intestine is unique in how rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the intestine is unique in how rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the intestine is unique in how rapid
+this is but you have other tissues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is but you have other tissues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is but you have other tissues that
+also exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also exhibit
+continual renewal like your skin in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual renewal like your skin in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual renewal like your skin in your
+blood cells and even the cells of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells and even the cells of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells and even the cells of your
+that line your the insides of your lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line your the insides of your lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line your the insides of your lungs
+they do exhibit renewal capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do exhibit renewal capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do exhibit renewal capabilities
+okay and so I'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I'm going to use the
+intestine as sort of a model system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine as sort of a model system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine as sort of a model system it
+doesn't mean it doesn't happen in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it doesn't happen in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it doesn't happen in other
+tissues but it just happens that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues but it just happens that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues but it just happens that we can
+we really understand the intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really understand the intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really understand the intestine
+system maybe a little bit more than many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system maybe a little bit more than many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system maybe a little bit more than many
+other systems so I'm going to use it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems so I'm going to use it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems so I'm going to use it as
+an example so in thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so in thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so in thinking about the
+lining of your intestine it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining of your intestine it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining of your intestine it's important
+and it has important functions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has important functions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has important functions one
+important function of this lining is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important function of this lining is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important function of this lining is it
+has to absorb nutrients from food going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to absorb nutrients from food going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to absorb nutrients from food going
+through your intent going through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your intent going through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your intent going through your
+intestine okay so it exhibits a nutrient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine okay so it exhibits a nutrient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine okay so it exhibits a nutrient
+nutrient absorption function now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient absorption function now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient absorption function now the
+lining of your intestine much like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining of your intestine much like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining of your intestine much like your
+skin is also a barrier between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin is also a barrier between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin is also a barrier between the
+inside of your body and the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your body and the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your body and the outside
+world right because basically the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world right because basically the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world right because basically the the
+inside of your intestine is contiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your intestine is contiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your intestine is contiguous
+with the outside world right if you open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside world right if you open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside world right if you open
+your mouth you you can get down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mouth you you can get down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mouth you you can get down to the
+inside of your intestine okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your intestine okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your intestine okay so it
+serves also an important barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves also an important barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves also an important barrier
+function and one point I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and one point I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and one point I want to make
+about this system right now is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this system right now is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this system right now is that the
+intestinal epithelium like many of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal epithelium like many of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal epithelium like many of your
+other organism organs are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organism organs are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organism organs are they're
+composed of multiple cell types okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of multiple cell types okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of multiple cell types okay so
+it also has multiple cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's now consider the lining of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now consider the lining of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now consider the lining of
+the intestine and I'll the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestine and I'll the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestine and I'll the way the
+intestine morphologically looks is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine morphologically looks is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine morphologically looks is that
+there are a series of invaginations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a series of invaginations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a series of invaginations so
+this is a cross-section view through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-section view through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-section view through the
+intestine so you have to imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine so you have to imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine so you have to imagine that
+this is a cross-section view but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-section view but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-section view but that
+this is a plane and it's a plane with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plane and it's a plane with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plane and it's a plane with a
+lot of invaginations in the plane but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of invaginations in the plane but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of invaginations in the plane but
+also protrusions out of the plane and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also protrusions out of the plane and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also protrusions out of the plane and so
+you have to remember you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember you have to think
+of this as a surface and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as a surface and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as a surface and then it's
+wrapped up into a tube okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped up into a tube okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped up into a tube okay so this is
+just a very simple cross-section image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very simple cross-section image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very simple cross-section image
+of the intestine okay and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intestine okay and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intestine okay and it's the
+lining of the intestine is a sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining of the intestine is a sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining of the intestine is a sheet of
+cells so this lining is composed of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so this lining is composed of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so this lining is composed of many
+many cells they're columnar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cells they're columnar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cells they're columnar and
+morphology so what I've drawn here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology so what I've drawn here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology so what I've drawn here is
+just a small section of the intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small section of the intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small section of the intestine
+this would be the lumen out here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the lumen out here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the lumen out here this is
+where the food is or the food going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the food is or the food going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the food is or the food going
+through your intestine would be and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your intestine would be and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your intestine would be and then
+below here this is sort of interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below here this is sort of interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below here this is sort of interstitial
+fluid but inside of your body basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid but inside of your body basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid but inside of your body basically
+interstitial okay so the foods up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial okay so the foods up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial okay so the foods up here
+your the rest of your body is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the rest of your body is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the rest of your body is down here
+and there you can see that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you can see that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you can see that there are
+there's a structure to it it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a structure to it it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a structure to it it's not just
+a flat surface that's wrapped up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat surface that's wrapped up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat surface that's wrapped up but
+there are invaginations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are invaginations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are invaginations and the
+imaginations are known as intestinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginations are known as intestinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginations are known as intestinal
+crypts right much like you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypts right much like you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypts right much like you would you
+know if you bury something like a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you bury something like a body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you bury something like a body
+it would go below ground so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go below ground so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go below ground so this is the
+Crypt it's kind of below the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crypt it's kind of below the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crypt it's kind of below the surface of
+the lumen and this these projections out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lumen and this these projections out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lumen and this these projections out
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+are known as villi so they're the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as villi so they're the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as villi so they're the the
+villi of your gut okay now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villi of your gut okay now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villi of your gut okay now if we
+consider in and this this lining is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider in and this this lining is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider in and this this lining is made
+up of multiple cell types which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of multiple cell types which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of multiple cell types which I've
+outlined up here and which are in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined up here and which are in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined up here and which are in your
+handout so you don't have to write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout so you don't have to write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout so you don't have to write these
+down but this is just making the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but this is just making the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but this is just making the point
+that there are various differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are various differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are various differentiated
+cell types there are entero sites which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types there are entero sites which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types there are entero sites which
+are the absorptive cells these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the absorptive cells these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the absorptive cells these are the
+cells that are taking in nutrients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are taking in nutrients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are taking in nutrients and
+transporting them into your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting them into your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting them into your body
+there are entero and endocrine cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are entero and endocrine cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are entero and endocrine cells
+that play an important signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that play an important signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that play an important signaling
+function in the gut to regulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the gut to regulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the gut to regulate the
+biology of the gut system there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of the gut system there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of the gut system there are
+goblet cells which secrete mucus into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goblet cells which secrete mucus into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goblet cells which secrete mucus into
+the intestine system which protects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestine system which protects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestine system which protects
+these epithelial cells from digestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these epithelial cells from digestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these epithelial cells from digestive
+enzymes that are present in the lumen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that are present in the lumen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that are present in the lumen
+and there's this last cell type the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this last cell type the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this last cell type the
+Paneth cell which functions is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paneth cell which functions is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paneth cell which functions is an
+important role in regulating stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in regulating stem cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in regulating stem cells
+as I outlined in just a minute so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I outlined in just a minute so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I outlined in just a minute so these
+are all the differentiated cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the differentiated cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the differentiated cell types
+but there's a type of cell that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a type of cell that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a type of cell that's an
+undifferentiated cell type and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferentiated cell type and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferentiated cell type and that's
+the intestinal stem cell which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestinal stem cell which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestinal stem cell which will be
+the hero of today's lecture all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hero of today's lecture all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hero of today's lecture all right
+now if we consider just a small a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we consider just a small a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we consider just a small a group
+of cells what these cells look like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells what these cells look like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells what these cells look like is
+this okay so this is these are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is these are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is these are what are
+known as epithelial cells and epithelial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as epithelial cells and epithelial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as epithelial cells and epithelial
+cells have certain properties the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have certain properties the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have certain properties the first
+is you see that this end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you see that this end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you see that this end of the
+epithelial cell looks different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelial cell looks different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelial cell looks different from
+this end okay and this is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end okay and this is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end okay and this is called an
+apical basal polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so much like neurons have a polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much like neurons have a polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much like neurons have a polarity
+where the on one side of the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the on one side of the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the on one side of the neuron
+there are dendrites and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are dendrites and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are dendrites and on the other
+side of the neuron there's an axon these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the neuron there's an axon these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the neuron there's an axon these
+cells have another type of polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have another type of polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have another type of polarity
+which is called apical basal polarity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called apical basal polarity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called apical basal polarity so
+the side facing the lumen is apical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side facing the lumen is apical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side facing the lumen is apical so
+the lumen would be up here and the basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lumen would be up here and the basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lumen would be up here and the basal
+side would be down here okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side would be down here okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side would be down here okay so this is
+basically oriented along this axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oriented along this axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oriented along this axis of
+the tissue okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue okay
+we're a pickles on this side Basil's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a pickles on this side Basil's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a pickles on this side Basil's on
+this side okay and the these projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side okay and the these projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side okay and the these projections
+from an individual cell these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an individual cell these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an individual cell these are called
+micro villi and essentially this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro villi and essentially this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro villi and essentially this these
+plasma membrane corrugations increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane corrugations increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane corrugations increase
+the surface area through which nutrients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface area through which nutrients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface area through which nutrients
+can be absorbed into these cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be absorbed into these cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be absorbed into these cells okay
+now one other defining feature of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one other defining feature of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one other defining feature of these
+cells is they have proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is they have proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is they have proteins that
+protrude from the plasma membrane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are adhesion proteins the couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are adhesion proteins the couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are adhesion proteins the couple
+the cells together and actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells together and actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells together and actually the
+cells are stuck together much tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are stuck together much tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are stuck together much tighter
+than I'm drawing here such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I'm drawing here such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I'm drawing here such that the
+cells form a barrier so that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells form a barrier so that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells form a barrier so that things
+can't pass unregulated from the lumen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pass unregulated from the lumen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pass unregulated from the lumen
+into the body okay but these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the body okay but these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the body okay but these these
+proteins which I'm drawing sticking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins which I'm drawing sticking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins which I'm drawing sticking out
+of the membranes of the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the membranes of the cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the membranes of the cells are
+adhesion proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these adhesion proteins simply link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these adhesion proteins simply link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these adhesion proteins simply link
+the cells together such that they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells together such that they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells together such that they form
+as a sheet of cells or a tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sheet of cells or a tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sheet of cells or a tissue
+so they link cells together okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they link cells together okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they link cells together okay so
+these are two of the key properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two of the key properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two of the key properties of
+epithelia they have an apical basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelia they have an apical basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelia they have an apical basal
+polarity and they also exhibit cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity and they also exhibit cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity and they also exhibit cell to
+cell adhesion such that the cells reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell adhesion such that the cells reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell adhesion such that the cells reach
+out and and connect to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and connect to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and connect to each other and
+they basically are glued together or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically are glued together or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically are glued together or
+velcroed together such that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velcroed together such that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velcroed together such that they don't
+easily come apart okay now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily come apart okay now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily come apart okay now in
+considering this system what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering this system what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering this system what I'm going
+to tell you is that there is renewal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you is that there is renewal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you is that there is renewal of
+this lining and the renewal starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lining and the renewal starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lining and the renewal starts at
+the base of the crimps okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base of the crimps okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base of the crimps okay so there's
+going to be renewal and the cell renewal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be renewal and the cell renewal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be renewal and the cell renewal
+is at the base of the crypts right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the base of the crypts right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the base of the crypts right there
+are many of these crypts right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many of these crypts right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many of these crypts right you have
+you have like the surface but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like the surface but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like the surface but there are
+many many invaginations that are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many invaginations that are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many invaginations that are present
+in your gut and and the renewal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your gut and and the renewal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your gut and and the renewal is
+happening at the base of these crypts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the base of these crypts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the base of these crypts
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's because at the base of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because at the base of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because at the base of these
+crypts are where a type of cell known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypts are where a type of cell known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypts are where a type of cell known as
+intestinal stem cells lie okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cells lie okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cells lie okay so it's
+at the base of these crypts where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the base of these crypts where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the base of these crypts where there
+are what are known as intestinal stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are known as intestinal stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are known as intestinal stem
+cells and I'm going to abbreviate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and I'm going to abbreviate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and I'm going to abbreviate these
+is C's for this so I don't have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C's for this so I don't have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C's for this so I don't have to write
+out intestinal stem cell whenever I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out intestinal stem cell whenever I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out intestinal stem cell whenever I tell
+you about them okay now that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about them okay now that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about them okay now that's where
+renewal occurs and if you just had knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal occurs and if you just had knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal occurs and if you just had knew
+more and more cells getting put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more cells getting put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more cells getting put in the
+system without any removal of cells then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system without any removal of cells then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system without any removal of cells then
+the organ would get bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ would get bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ would get bigger and bigger
+right and so our intestine is more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so our intestine is more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so our intestine is more or
+less staying the same size at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less staying the same size at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less staying the same size at this point
+in our life and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our life and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our life and so
+in addition to renewal there's also cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to renewal there's also cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to renewal there's also cell
+death and what happens when cell death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death and what happens when cell death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death and what happens when cell death
+occurs is that cells are shed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is that cells are shed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is that cells are shed from the
+intestinal lining into the lumen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal lining into the lumen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal lining into the lumen so
+cells are shed into the lumen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are shed into the lumen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are shed into the lumen and then
+they just go with the rest of the crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just go with the rest of the crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just go with the rest of the crap
+that's in your intestinal lumen and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in your intestinal lumen and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in your intestinal lumen and it's
+eventually removed from the body okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually removed from the body okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually removed from the body okay so
+some cells are leaving the tissue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cells are leaving the tissue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cells are leaving the tissue and
+going into the lumen after they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the lumen after they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the lumen after they've
+existed for a few days in the intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed for a few days in the intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed for a few days in the intestine
+okay so to have an organ then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to have an organ then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to have an organ then the
+constant size renewal has to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size renewal has to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size renewal has to essentially
+be more or less equal to death okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more or less equal to death okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more or less equal to death okay and
+so you can think of this as a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of this as a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of this as a type of
+homeostatic State for this tissue where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatic State for this tissue where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatic State for this tissue where
+if renewal equals death you have what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if renewal equals death you have what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if renewal equals death you have what is
+known as tissue homeostasis where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as tissue homeostasis where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as tissue homeostasis where the
+number of cells in the system and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cells in the system and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cells in the system and as a
+whole is basically remaining the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole is basically remaining the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole is basically remaining the same
+even though there's constantly new cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there's constantly new cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there's constantly new cells
+going into the system but then the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the system but then the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the system but then the cells
+are also the older cells are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also the older cells are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also the older cells are being
+removed from the system so what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the system so what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the system so what's really
+key in this process are these intestinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in this process are these intestinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in this process are these intestinal
+stem cells so I'm first going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells so I'm first going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells so I'm first going to tell
+you about stem cells and these are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about stem cells and these are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about stem cells and these are what
+I would define as adult stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's stem cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's stem cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's stem cells that are
+associated with a particular organ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a particular organ okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a particular organ okay
+and I want to differentiate this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to differentiate this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to differentiate this right
+now between these types of stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now between these types of stem cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now between these types of stem cells
+and another type of stem cell that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another type of stem cell that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another type of stem cell that we're
+going to talk about later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about later in the course
+which is an embryonic stem cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so adult stem cells these stem cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adult stem cells these stem cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adult stem cells these stem cells are
+like intestinal stem cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intestinal stem cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intestinal stem cells are
+associated with a specific organ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a specific organ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a specific organ and
+they only give rise to cell types that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only give rise to cell types that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only give rise to cell types that
+are present in that organ okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in that organ okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in that organ okay so
+they're not they can't give rise to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they can't give rise to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they can't give rise to any
+type of cell type your adult stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of cell type your adult stem cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of cell type your adult stem cells
+a really specific organ specific will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really specific organ specific will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really specific organ specific will
+say in contrast embryonic stem cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in contrast embryonic stem cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in contrast embryonic stem cells are
+they can these stem cells have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can these stem cells have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can these stem cells have more
+possibilities they can give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities they can give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities they can give rise to
+pretty much any cell type in an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any cell type in an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any cell type in an entire
+organism okay so you can think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay so you can think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay so you can think of these
+adult stem cells as being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult stem cells as being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult stem cells as being more
+restricted in their fates than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted in their fates than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted in their fates than the
+embryonic stem cells and so what adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic stem cells and so what adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic stem cells and so what adult
+stem cells are called is they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells are called is they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells are called is they're called
+multipotent because they can give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipotent because they can give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipotent because they can give rise
+to multiple different cell types but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiple different cell types but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiple different cell types but not
+all of the cell types that are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the cell types that are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the cell types that are present
+in an organism right an intestinal stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an organism right an intestinal stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an organism right an intestinal stem
+cell will not be giving rise to a blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell will not be giving rise to a blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell will not be giving rise to a blood
+cell or like other cell types in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell or like other cell types in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell or like other cell types in other
+organs right it's restricted to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs right it's restricted to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs right it's restricted to just
+giving rise to cells that are present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving rise to cells that are present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving rise to cells that are present in
+that organ in contrast embryonic stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that organ in contrast embryonic stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that organ in contrast embryonic stem
+cells are what are known as pody potent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or sometimes pluripotent where this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes pluripotent where this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes pluripotent where this type
+of cell really is capable of making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell really is capable of making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell really is capable of making any
+type of cell that is present in an adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of cell that is present in an adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of cell that is present in an adult
+organism okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay
+so that's less restricted than the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's less restricted than the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's less restricted than the adult
+stem cells and we're gonna come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells and we're gonna come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells and we're gonna come back to
+these embryonic stem cells towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these embryonic stem cells towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these embryonic stem cells towards the
+end of the course but for understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the course but for understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the course but for understanding
+cancer and also tissue homeostasis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and also tissue homeostasis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and also tissue homeostasis in
+the intestine we're really needing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestine we're really needing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestine we're really needing to
+focus on the adult stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these adult stem cells have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these adult stem cells have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these adult stem cells have two
+key properties the first is what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key properties the first is what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key properties the first is what I just
+said they're multipotent and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they're multipotent and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they're multipotent and what
+multipotent means is that they can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipotent means is that they can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipotent means is that they can give
+rise to multiple different cell types so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to multiple different cell types so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to multiple different cell types so
+these this stem cell gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this stem cell gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this stem cell gives rise to
+multiple cell types and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple cell types and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple cell types and this is
+associated usually with a single organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated usually with a single organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated usually with a single organ
+system okay so in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so in the case of the
+intestinal stem cell the intestinal stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cell the intestinal stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cell the intestinal stem
+cell is multi potent and it can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is multi potent and it can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is multi potent and it can give
+rise to many different terminally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to many different terminally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to many different terminally
+differentiated cells and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated cells and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated cells and you can see
+here I just sort of written in example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I just sort of written in example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I just sort of written in example
+cell types that the intestinal cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types that the intestinal cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types that the intestinal cell
+could generate it can generate any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate it can generate any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate it can generate any of
+the four different types of cells that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four different types of cells that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four different types of cells that I
+introduced to you at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to you at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to you at the beginning of
+the lecture okay the other key aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture okay the other key aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture okay the other key aspect of
+this system is that in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is that in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is that in addition to
+generating all of these different cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating all of these different cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating all of these different cell
+types the stem cell can also renew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types the stem cell can also renew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types the stem cell can also renew
+itself okay so the other key property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so the other key property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so the other key property is
+this self renewal so the intestinal stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this self renewal so the intestinal stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this self renewal so the intestinal stem
+cell also gives rise to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell also gives rise to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell also gives rise to another
+intestinal stem cell so it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cell so it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cell so it basically
+duplicates itself such that you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates itself such that you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates itself such that you still
+have a stem cell in the organ and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stem cell in the organ and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stem cell in the organ and then
+what one of the daughter cells is self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one of the daughter cells is self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one of the daughter cells is self
+renewed and remains a stem cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed and remains a stem cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed and remains a stem cell the
+other daughter cell can go on to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other daughter cell can go on to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other daughter cell can go on to divide
+further and give rise to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and give rise to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and give rise to these
+differentiated cell types okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so one question you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one question you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one question you might be
+asking yourself is how is it that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking yourself is how is it that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking yourself is how is it that what
+regulates whether or not a cell will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates whether or not a cell will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates whether or not a cell will go
+on to differentiate or whether it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to differentiate or whether it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to differentiate or whether it will
+stay a stem cell and the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay a stem cell and the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay a stem cell and the answer to this
+question involves communication between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question involves communication between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question involves communication between
+the stem cell and other cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stem cell and other cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stem cell and other cells in the
+system and it involves a special type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it involves a special type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it involves a special type of
+cell called a stem cell niche cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell called a stem cell niche cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell called a stem cell niche cell and
+so I'm going to tell you about a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you about a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you about a model
+which is the stem cell niche model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the stem cell niche model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the stem cell niche model and
+what the stem cell niche model is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the stem cell niche model is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the stem cell niche model is is
+that basically there's a niche or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically there's a niche or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically there's a niche or
+compartment which promotes the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment which promotes the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment which promotes the self
+renewal of cells and that compartment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal of cells and that compartment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal of cells and that compartment it
+makes them stem cells so the stem cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them stem cells so the stem cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them stem cells so the stem cell
+niche you can think of as a compartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where signals similar to the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where signals similar to the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where signals similar to the types of
+signals that we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that we've been talking about
+over the past four or five lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past four or five lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past four or five lectures
+regulate the behavior of the cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the behavior of the cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the behavior of the cell to
+ensure self renewal in to suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure self renewal in to suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure self renewal in to suppress
+differentiation so compartment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so compartment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so compartment where
+signals promote stem cell renewal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I want to ask you one question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I want to ask you one question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I want to ask you one question
+before I move on which is how how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on which is how how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on which is how how would
+you define how would you determine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define how would you determine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define how would you determine that
+there is a special type of cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a special type of cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a special type of cell that
+gives rise to all of the cells in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to all of the cells in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to all of the cells in an
+organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ
+how do if if you were tasked with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do if if you were tasked with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do if if you were tasked with the
+finding this and determining whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this and determining whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this and determining whether
+this was true or not how might you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was true or not how might you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was true or not how might you do it
+does anyone have an idea of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have an idea of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have an idea of like what
+experiment they would do or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they would do or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they would do or what
+criteria they would have to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria they would have to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria they would have to determine
+whether or not this is a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say I gave you a cell right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I gave you a cell right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I gave you a cell right in
+like a dish and I asked you to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dish and I asked you to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dish and I asked you to tell me
+whether or not you would think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you would think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you would think this is a
+stem cell or not yes miles so miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell or not yes miles so miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell or not yes miles so miles
+suggested it he would like to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested it he would like to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested it he would like to take the
+cell that I just gifted him and let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that I just gifted him and let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that I just gifted him and let it
+grow up and determine whether it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up and determine whether it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up and determine whether it gives
+rise to multiple cell types and Miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to multiple cell types and Miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to multiple cell types and Miles
+said that if it just gave rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that if it just gave rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that if it just gave rise to a
+single cell type that would suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell type that would suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell type that would suggest that
+it's not a stem cell but if it gave give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a stem cell but if it gave give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a stem cell but if it gave give
+rise to multiple cell types then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to multiple cell types then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to multiple cell types then it
+could be a stem cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a stem cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a stem cell okay
+and it's this type of experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's this type of experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's this type of experiment that
+this type of experiment has been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of experiment has been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of experiment has been done
+where you can take an intestine from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can take an intestine from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can take an intestine from
+mice and even you can take tissue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice and even you can take tissue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice and even you can take tissue from
+humans and you can dissociate the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and you can dissociate the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and you can dissociate the cells
+from each other so that so that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other so that so that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other so that so that you're
+left with single cells that are separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with single cells that are separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with single cells that are separate
+and you can then use some type of flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can then use some type of flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can then use some type of flow
+cytometry to separate cells and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytometry to separate cells and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytometry to separate cells and you
+might be interested in a cell that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in a cell that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in a cell that maybe
+expresses some marker that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses some marker that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses some marker that you're
+interested in and you can separate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and you can separate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and you can separate those
+cells and isolate them and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and isolate them and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and isolate them and then you can
+take an individual cell and grow it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an individual cell and grow it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an individual cell and grow it in a
+dish okay and this has been done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish okay and this has been done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish okay and this has been done for
+intestinal stem cells and if you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cells and if you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cells and if you take an
+intestinal stem cell and you grow it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cell and you grow it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cell and you grow it in
+a dish it can grow up and form like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dish it can grow up and form like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dish it can grow up and form like a
+bulk of tissue but what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk of tissue but what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk of tissue but what's really
+remarkable about the result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable about the result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable about the result of this
+experiment is that from a stem cell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that from a stem cell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that from a stem cell you
+get this massive tissue but it self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this massive tissue but it self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this massive tissue but it self
+organizes into a structure that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizes into a structure that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizes into a structure that very
+much resembles a normal gut meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much resembles a normal gut meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much resembles a normal gut meaning that
+there's there are crypts where there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are crypts where there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are crypts where there the
+stem cells are localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells are localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells are localized
+and then if you look at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look at the different
+cell types in this what's known as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types in this what's known as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types in this what's known as an
+organ ID you see all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ ID you see all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ ID you see all of the different
+cell types that are normally present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types that are normally present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types that are normally present in
+the gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gut
+okay and so this is an example of a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is an example of a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is an example of a type
+of experiment that's done to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment that's done to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment that's done to show
+whether or not a certain cell has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a certain cell has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a certain cell has the
+capability of functioning like a stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of functioning like a stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of functioning like a stem
+cell okay so if you start with a stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so if you start with a stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so if you start with a stem
+cell you can regenerate the entire organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you can regenerate the entire organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you can regenerate the entire organ
+system essentially you might also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system essentially you might also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system essentially you might also be
+familiar with bone marrow transplants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with bone marrow transplants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with bone marrow transplants
+and so if you kill all the hematopoietic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you kill all the hematopoietic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you kill all the hematopoietic
+stem cells in let's say a mouse then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells in let's say a mouse then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells in let's say a mouse then you
+can transplant in a single hematopoietic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transplant in a single hematopoietic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transplant in a single hematopoietic
+stem cell into that system and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell into that system and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell into that system and it will
+regenerate all the blood cells in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate all the blood cells in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate all the blood cells in that
+sort of in that system okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in that system okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in that system okay so those are
+just a few examples of how one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few examples of how one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few examples of how one might
+functionally define a stem cell in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally define a stem cell in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally define a stem cell in an
+experimental setting all right so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setting all right so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setting all right so now I
+want to tell you about the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about the types of
+signals and how these signals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and how these signals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and how these signals are
+promoting stem cell renewal okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting stem cell renewal okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting stem cell renewal okay so in
+this case the niche the stem cell niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the niche the stem cell niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the niche the stem cell niche
+is going to be right here and the types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be right here and the types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be right here and the types
+of signals involved I'll just draw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signals involved I'll just draw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signals involved I'll just draw some
+cells here one of the types of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells here one of the types of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells here one of the types of cells
+that's part of the niche in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the niche in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the niche in the
+intestine is the cell type that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine is the cell type that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine is the cell type that I
+introduced you as the Paneth cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you as the Paneth cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you as the Paneth cell and
+these Paneth cells localized to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Paneth cells localized to the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Paneth cells localized to the base
+of the crypts together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crypts together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crypts together with the
+intestinal stem cells and what Paneth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cells and what Paneth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cells and what Paneth
+cells do is they send a signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells do is they send a signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells do is they send a signal to
+neighboring cells and this signal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring cells and this signal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring cells and this signal is a
+wynt signal which I'll tell you about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wynt signal which I'll tell you about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wynt signal which I'll tell you about in
+just a minute and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute and so this is the
+intestinal stem cell here and the panas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cell here and the panas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cell here and the panas
+cell is signaling to that intestinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is signaling to that intestinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is signaling to that intestinal
+stem cell through a secreted ligand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell through a secreted ligand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell through a secreted ligand
+known as wint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as wint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as wint
+so wint is a secreted ligand and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wint is a secreted ligand and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wint is a secreted ligand and this
+signal is what's known as a juxtacrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is what's known as a juxtacrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is what's known as a juxtacrine
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which just means that the cells have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just means that the cells have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just means that the cells have to
+be adjacent or juxtaposed to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adjacent or juxtaposed to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adjacent or juxtaposed to each other
+in order for the sending cell to signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for the sending cell to signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for the sending cell to signal
+to its neighbor okay so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its neighbor okay so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its neighbor okay so it's not
+signaling long range but it's signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling long range but it's signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling long range but it's signaling
+to a neighboring cell okay so now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a neighboring cell okay so now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a neighboring cell okay so now if we
+think about this intestinal stem cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this intestinal stem cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this intestinal stem cell
+one thing intestinal stem cells do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing intestinal stem cells do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing intestinal stem cells do is
+they divide right so this intestinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they divide right so this intestinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they divide right so this intestinal
+stem cell could divide here's a cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell could divide here's a cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell could divide here's a cell in
+mitosis it rounds up and divides here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis it rounds up and divides here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis it rounds up and divides here
+you still have your Paneth cell and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have your Paneth cell and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have your Paneth cell and then
+when this cell divides then it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this cell divides then it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this cell divides then it's going
+to be two cells okay so now pana cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two cells okay so now pana cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two cells okay so now pana cell
+another cell here are the two daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cell here are the two daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cell here are the two daughter
+cells here's the pan it's cell the penet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells here's the pan it's cell the penet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells here's the pan it's cell the penet
+cell is still secreting this wynt signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is still secreting this wynt signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is still secreting this wynt signal
+so you have wint getting secreted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have wint getting secreted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have wint getting secreted and
+it's gonna signal to its neighbor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna signal to its neighbor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna signal to its neighbor but
+this cell is starting to get farther and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell is starting to get farther and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell is starting to get farther and
+farther away from that signal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away from that signal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away from that signal right so
+you can imagine this is happening right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this is happening right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this is happening right
+here and the tissue where this cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the tissue where this cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the tissue where this cell is
+at the boundary of the niche okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the boundary of the niche okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the boundary of the niche okay so
+this cell that gets pushed out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell that gets pushed out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell that gets pushed out of the
+niche is going to start to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because it's it's no longer seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it's it's no longer seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it's it's no longer seeing
+the signal okay so it's the lack of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal okay so it's the lack of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal okay so it's the lack of the
+wind' signal which tells cells basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind' signal which tells cells basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind' signal which tells cells basically
+that they should start differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should start differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should start differentiating
+into the various cell types of the gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the various cell types of the gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the various cell types of the gut
+but the cells that are stuck at the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cells that are stuck at the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cells that are stuck at the base
+of the crypt down with the Paneth cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crypt down with the Paneth cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crypt down with the Paneth cells
+are still getting the wynt signal and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still getting the wynt signal and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still getting the wynt signal and so
+they remain an intestinal stem cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's just a diagram showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's just a diagram showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's just a diagram showing
+you part of that so the niche is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you part of that so the niche is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you part of that so the niche is down
+here we are the stem cells the Paneth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are the stem cells the Paneth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are the stem cells the Paneth
+cells would be some of these blue cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells would be some of these blue cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells would be some of these blue cells
+at the base but there are also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the base but there are also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the base but there are also other
+cells below the epithelial lining known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells below the epithelial lining known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells below the epithelial lining known
+as stromal cells that are also secreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as stromal cells that are also secreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as stromal cells that are also secreting
+wynt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wynt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wynt
+and so this compartment down here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this compartment down here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this compartment down here has
+high wynt ligand activity and that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high wynt ligand activity and that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high wynt ligand activity and that tells
+cells that remain here to stay stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that remain here to stay stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that remain here to stay stem
+cells but the cells that are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but the cells that are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but the cells that are getting
+pushed up and moving up towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed up and moving up towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed up and moving up towards the
+lumen they no longer receive this signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumen they no longer receive this signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumen they no longer receive this signal
+and so they are going to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they are going to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they are going to start to
+differentiate okay so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate okay so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate okay so you can think of
+this system is almost a conveyor belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is almost a conveyor belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is almost a conveyor belt
+there's a conveyor belt like movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a conveyor belt like movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a conveyor belt like movement of
+cells from the base of the Crypt up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells from the base of the Crypt up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells from the base of the Crypt up
+towards the tip of the villus okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the tip of the villus okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the tip of the villus okay and
+when the cells move away from the niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cells move away from the niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cells move away from the niche
+cells then they no longer have the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then they no longer have the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then they no longer have the self
+renewal signal and therefore they go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal signal and therefore they go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal signal and therefore they go on
+to differentiate okay go back for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate okay go back for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate okay go back for now
+all right now I want to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I want to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I want to tell you a
+little bit about this signal went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this signal went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this signal went
+because there's something that's come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's something that's come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's something that's come up
+before in the lecture even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the lecture even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the lecture even though you
+might not know it so wynt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know it so wynt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know it so wynt
+is a ligand so it functions much like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ligand so it functions much like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ligand so it functions much like a
+growth factor this is something this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor this is something this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor this is something this is
+a protein that is secreted from the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein that is secreted from the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein that is secreted from the cell
+and then binds to receptors on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then binds to receptors on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then binds to receptors on other
+cells and induces signaling events in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and induces signaling events in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and induces signaling events in
+those cells okay and what wint stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells okay and what wint stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells okay and what wint stands
+for the W W stands for wingless okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the W W stands for wingless okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the W W stands for wingless okay so
+you remember from earlier and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from earlier and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from earlier and the
+semester wingless is was identified as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester wingless is was identified as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester wingless is was identified as a
+mutant that disrupts the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant that disrupts the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant that disrupts the formation of
+wings in the fly okay so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings in the fly okay so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings in the fly okay so one of the
+places where this genes where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where this genes where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where this genes where these
+genes were discovered is in the fly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes were discovered is in the fly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes were discovered is in the fly the
+end of wint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of wint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of wint
+comes from int one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from int one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from int one
+which stands for the integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for the integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for the integration of
+mouse memory virus one sorry that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse memory virus one sorry that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse memory virus one sorry that's a
+little bit more of a mouthful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more of a mouthful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more of a mouthful
+integration of mouse actually sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of mouse actually sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of mouse actually sorry
+mouse mammary tumor virus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse mammary tumor virus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse mammary tumor virus one
+I forgot the tumor part of it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot the tumor part of it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot the tumor part of it okay so
+the wool and wint is from wingless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wool and wint is from wingless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wool and wint is from wingless the
+int and wint is from inch one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int and wint is from inch one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int and wint is from inch one okay
+and so as you can see this there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as you can see this there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as you can see this there are two
+different systems where these this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems where these this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems where these this type
+of gene was discovered they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gene was discovered they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gene was discovered they're very
+disparate from each other one was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate from each other one was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate from each other one was in a
+developmental mutant in the fruit fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental mutant in the fruit fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental mutant in the fruit fly
+the other was in a sort of a map system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other was in a sort of a map system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other was in a sort of a map system
+where the integration of the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the integration of the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the integration of the virus
+caused over expression of wint which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused over expression of wint which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused over expression of wint which
+causes tumorigenesis okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes tumorigenesis okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes tumorigenesis okay so these
+disparate systems led to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate systems led to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate systems led to that
+identification of this wint molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of this wint molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of this wint molecule and
+this is a defining member of a signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a defining member of a signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a defining member of a signaling
+pathway that regulates stem cell renewal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that regulates stem cell renewal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that regulates stem cell renewal
+and I just want to briefly go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to briefly go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to briefly go through
+the logic of the signaling pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic of the signaling pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic of the signaling pathway
+because I want you to get a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want you to get a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want you to get a sense that
+not all signaling pathways are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all signaling pathways are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all signaling pathways are like
+wrasse map kinase but there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrasse map kinase but there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrasse map kinase but there can be
+different regulatory logic okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regulatory logic okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regulatory logic okay so
+what's the regulatory logic of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the regulatory logic of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the regulatory logic of this
+pathway so the regulatory logic is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so the regulatory logic is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so the regulatory logic is shown
+in this cartoon and I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cartoon and I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cartoon and I'm going to start
+with a cell that does not see wint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cell that does not see wint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cell that does not see wint
+ligand so that would be the case on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand so that would be the case on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand so that would be the case on the
+left here so if there's no wint ligand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here so if there's no wint ligand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here so if there's no wint ligand I
+want to you to focus on what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you to focus on what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you to focus on what's going on
+here there's a complex that's present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a complex that's present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a complex that's present in
+the cytoplasm of the cell and what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm of the cell and what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm of the cell and what it's
+doing is it's destroying this beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is it's destroying this beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is it's destroying this beta
+catenin protein okay so what beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenin protein okay so what beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenin protein okay so what beta
+catenin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenin is
+among other things it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things it's a
+transcriptional co-activator so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional co-activator so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional co-activator so it's
+basically a transcription factor so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a transcription factor so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a transcription factor so it
+works with another protein to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with another protein to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with another protein to regulate
+the expression of certain genes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression of certain genes okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression of certain genes okay and
+and in the absence of wynt this beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the absence of wynt this beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the absence of wynt this beta
+catenin transcription factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenin transcription factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenin transcription factor is
+destroyed and is not able to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed and is not able to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed and is not able to get into
+the nucleus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus okay
+so if there's no wynt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then beta catenin is destroyed and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then beta catenin is destroyed and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then beta catenin is destroyed and it's
+destroyed using a system that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed using a system that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed using a system that I
+introduced in Monday's lecture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in Monday's lecture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in Monday's lecture which is
+regulated pro dialysis by poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated pro dialysis by poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated pro dialysis by poly
+ubiquitination okay so the first reals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitination okay so the first reals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitination okay so the first reals
+so you have regulated proteolysis by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have regulated proteolysis by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have regulated proteolysis by
+poly ubiquitination so the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly ubiquitination so the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly ubiquitination so the way this
+works is xin here is that beta catenin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is xin here is that beta catenin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is xin here is that beta catenin
+is bound by this complex and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound by this complex and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound by this complex and there's a
+kinase the phosphorylates beta catenin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase the phosphorylates beta catenin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase the phosphorylates beta catenin
+and then the phosphorylated beta catenin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the phosphorylated beta catenin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the phosphorylated beta catenin
+recruits this e3 ubiquitin ligase which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruits this e3 ubiquitin ligase which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruits this e3 ubiquitin ligase which
+poly ubiquitinated okay so that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly ubiquitinated okay so that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly ubiquitinated okay so that leads to
+the destruction of beta catenin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction of beta catenin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction of beta catenin in the
+absence of a win signal but when wint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a win signal but when wint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a win signal but when wint
+ligand is around this leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand is around this leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand is around this leads to the
+disassembly of this complex which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembly of this complex which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembly of this complex which is
+known as the destruction complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the destruction complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the destruction complex and
+that leads to beta catenin accumulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to beta catenin accumulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to beta catenin accumulating
+and once it accumulates it goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it accumulates it goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it accumulates it goes into the
+nucleus and starts changing gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and starts changing gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and starts changing gene
+expression okay so in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so in the presence of
+wynt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta-catenin is nuclear and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-catenin is nuclear and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-catenin is nuclear and that's where
+it needs to be if it's going to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be if it's going to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be if it's going to regulate
+gene expression okay so what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression okay so what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression okay so what you see is
+this the logic of this pathway is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the logic of this pathway is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the logic of this pathway is you
+have a double negative where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a double negative where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a double negative where you have a
+complex which is known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex which is known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex which is known as the
+destruction complex and it includes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction complex and it includes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction complex and it includes this
+gene APC which we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene APC which we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene APC which we're going to talk about
+on Friday this destruction complex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday this destruction complex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday this destruction complex is
+inhibiting beta catenin by destroying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way that wynt induces beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that wynt induces beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that wynt induces beta
+catenin activation is by inhibiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenin activation is by inhibiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenin activation is by inhibiting the
+inhibitor so wynt inhibits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor so wynt inhibits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor so wynt inhibits the
+destruction complex which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction complex which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction complex which then
+stabilizes beta catenin and allows it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizes beta catenin and allows it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizes beta catenin and allows it to
+go to the nucleus okay so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the nucleus okay so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the nucleus okay so the other
+piece of the logic here is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the logic here is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the logic here is you have
+inhibition of an inhibitor to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition of an inhibitor to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition of an inhibitor to activate
+beta catenin any questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta catenin any questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta catenin any questions on the
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now that we have now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that we have now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that we have now the the
+this we have our intestinal stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have our intestinal stem cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have our intestinal stem cells
+and we have a way by increasing wynt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a way by increasing wynt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a way by increasing wynt in
+this compartment to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compartment to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compartment to maintain the
+intestinal stem cells through self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cells through self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal stem cells through self
+renewal now we have to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal now we have to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal now we have to talk about the
+the compensatory mechanism of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compensatory mechanism of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compensatory mechanism of death
+which allows this tissue to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows this tissue to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows this tissue to maintain
+homeostasis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis okay
+so death in this case death is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so death in this case death is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so death in this case death is going to
+be useful and the process of death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful and the process of death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful and the process of death is
+called apoptosis and apoptosis is Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called apoptosis and apoptosis is Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called apoptosis and apoptosis is Greek
+for falling off and that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for falling off and that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for falling off and that's essentially
+what these cells are doing because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these cells are doing because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these cells are doing because the
+cells as they move from the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells as they move from the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells as they move from the base of the
+crypt up towards the lumen eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypt up towards the lumen eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypt up towards the lumen eventually
+they're going to fall off into the lumen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to fall off into the lumen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to fall off into the lumen
+of the intestine so again I'll draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intestine so again I'll draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intestine so again I'll draw
+here's a villus this is now a villus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what happens is that the tip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens is that the tip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens is that the tip of
+the villus cells are going to be shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the villus cells are going to be shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the villus cells are going to be shed
+from the lining of the epithelium into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lining of the epithelium into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lining of the epithelium into
+the lumen the lumens up here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lumen the lumens up here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lumen the lumens up here this is the
+villus and this cells are going to shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villus and this cells are going to shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villus and this cells are going to shed
+off into the lumen and be removed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into the lumen and be removed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into the lumen and be removed from
+the organ system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ system okay
+so cells are shed into the lumen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cells are shed into the lumen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cells are shed into the lumen here
+okay and this is going to balance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is going to balance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is going to balance the
+renewal at the at the base of the crypts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal at the at the base of the crypts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal at the at the base of the crypts
+such that there's homeostasis so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that there's homeostasis so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that there's homeostasis so I just
+I the movie I was showing you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the movie I was showing you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the movie I was showing you at the
+beginning of class was a movie showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of class was a movie showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of class was a movie showing
+you what happens to a cell undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what happens to a cell undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what happens to a cell undergoing
+apoptosis so in this case the cells by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis so in this case the cells by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis so in this case the cells by
+nuclear and unhappy and that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear and unhappy and that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear and unhappy and that you're
+gonna see they're basically explodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see they're basically explodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see they're basically explodes
+okay so that's a cell undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a cell undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a cell undergoing
+apoptosis but you see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis but you see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis but you see that there's a
+clear change in cell morphology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear change in cell morphology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear change in cell morphology and
+physiology associated with this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology associated with this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology associated with this and I
+just want to point out that this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that this is also
+something that we talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we talked about earlier
+in the course and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course and we talked about
+experiments a genetic screen that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments a genetic screen that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments a genetic screen that led to
+the identification of the pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identification of the pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identification of the pathway that
+regulates apoptosis and that was done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates apoptosis and that was done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates apoptosis and that was done by
+Robert Horvitz most a much of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Horvitz most a much of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Horvitz most a much of it was
+done by Robert Horvitz in his lab here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Robert Horvitz in his lab here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Robert Horvitz in his lab here
+at MIT and for that work Robert Horvitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and for that work Robert Horvitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and for that work Robert Horvitz
+in addition to his colleagues won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to his colleagues won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to his colleagues won the
+2000 2002 Nobel Prize so you'll recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 2002 Nobel Prize so you'll recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 2002 Nobel Prize so you'll recall
+this is something we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we talked about in the
+context of a genetic screen but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a genetic screen but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a genetic screen but this is
+something that's this is what it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's this is what it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's this is what it's doing
+in your intestine system it's balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your intestine system it's balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your intestine system it's balancing
+renewal so that you have homeostasis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal so that you have homeostasis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal so that you have homeostasis so
+during apoptosis a cell goes through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during apoptosis a cell goes through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during apoptosis a cell goes through a
+series of changes first or what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of changes first or what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of changes first or what happens
+eventually is the nucleus becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually is the nucleus becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually is the nucleus becomes
+fragmented and the chromosomal DNA even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented and the chromosomal DNA even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented and the chromosomal DNA even
+gets fragmented it gets chopped up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets fragmented it gets chopped up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets fragmented it gets chopped up and
+also the nuclear plasma or the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the nuclear plasma or the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the nuclear plasma or the plasma
+membrane also starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane also starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane also starts
+and fragment such that it breaks up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fragment such that it breaks up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fragment such that it breaks up into
+what are known as these epic tonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are known as these epic tonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are known as these epic tonic
+bodies okay and so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies okay and so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies okay and so you can think of
+these apoptotic bodies as bite-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apoptotic bodies as bite-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apoptotic bodies as bite-sized
+pieces of cell that neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of cell that neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of cell that neighboring
+phagocytic cells can eat up and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phagocytic cells can eat up and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phagocytic cells can eat up and remove
+them from the body okay so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the body okay so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the body okay so in this case
+the cells are being shed into the lumen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are being shed into the lumen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are being shed into the lumen
+so they don't need to get eaten up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't need to get eaten up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't need to get eaten up
+because they're just going to go out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just going to go out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just going to go out the
+digestive tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are new cells have numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are new cells have numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are new cells have numerous
+ways to activate activate this apoptosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to activate activate this apoptosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to activate activate this apoptosis
+process I'm going to tell you about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm going to tell you about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm going to tell you about two
+types of signals that regulate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of signals that regulate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of signals that regulate whether
+or not a cell undergoes apoptosis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not a cell undergoes apoptosis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not a cell undergoes apoptosis the
+first is that there can be a signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that there can be a signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that there can be a signal that
+basically tells the cell to kill itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells the cell to kill itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells the cell to kill itself
+okay so you can think of this as a kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can think of this as a kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can think of this as a kill
+signal and one type of way to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and one type of way to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and one type of way to activate
+this signal is if the DNA is irreparably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal is if the DNA is irreparably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal is if the DNA is irreparably
+damaged so if there's a high level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged so if there's a high level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged so if there's a high level of
+DNA damage this induces a signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA damage this induces a signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA damage this induces a signaling
+process in the cell and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the cell and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the cell and one of the
+results of that signal in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of that signal in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of that signal in addition to
+regulating the cell cycle if the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating the cell cycle if the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating the cell cycle if the DNA
+damage is great enough it will induce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is great enough it will induce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is great enough it will induce an
+apoptotic signal and it will activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptotic signal and it will activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptotic signal and it will activate
+the pathway that the Horvitz lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway that the Horvitz lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway that the Horvitz lab
+elucidated in the worm okay so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidated in the worm okay so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidated in the worm okay so there's a
+signal and that leads to apoptosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and that leads to apoptosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and that leads to apoptosis and
+death another type of signal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death another type of signal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death another type of signal that's
+critically important for tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important for tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important for tissue
+homeostasis in determining whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis in determining whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis in determining whether or
+not cells live or die is a survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cells live or die is a survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cells live or die is a survival
+signal so there are cell survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so there are cell survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so there are cell survival
+signals and many of the the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and many of the the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and many of the the growth
+factors such as EGF which you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors such as EGF which you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors such as EGF which you've heard
+about in addition to inducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in addition to inducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in addition to inducing
+proliferation these growth factors also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation these growth factors also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation these growth factors also
+tell the cell not to die okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the cell not to die okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the cell not to die okay so these
+could be growth factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what these cell survival signals do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what these cell survival signals do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what these cell survival signals do
+is they repress apoptosis and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they repress apoptosis and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they repress apoptosis and so you can
+think of it where you have a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it where you have a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it where you have a cell
+constantly needs to be communicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly needs to be communicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly needs to be communicated to
+and it needs to be told don't die don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it needs to be told don't die don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it needs to be told don't die don't
+die don't die don't die and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die don't die don't die and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die don't die don't die and then if you
+remove that signal it won't be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that signal it won't be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that signal it won't be getting
+that information anymore and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information anymore and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information anymore and it can
+undergo apoptosis okay so if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo apoptosis okay so if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo apoptosis okay so if we were to
+remove this signal you remove the brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this signal you remove the brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this signal you remove the brakes
+on apoptosis and the cell will undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on apoptosis and the cell will undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on apoptosis and the cell will undergo
+cell death okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell death okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell death okay
+so this is this is this ensures that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is this ensures that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is this ensures that you
+don't have a cell just kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a cell just kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a cell just kind of like
+going on and doing its own thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and doing its own thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and doing its own thing because
+cells in order to live often need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in order to live often need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in order to live often need to
+have some sort of signal from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of signal from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of signal from another
+cell that tells them to live and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that tells them to live and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that tells them to live and so
+there's some coordination between cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some coordination between cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some coordination between cells
+such that you don't have cells rampantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you don't have cells rampantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you don't have cells rampantly
+dividing out of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the reason we're doing this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason we're doing this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason we're doing this right
+before we talk about cancer on Friday is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk about cancer on Friday is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk about cancer on Friday is
+because everything that I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything that I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything that I'm telling you
+is really essential to understand how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really essential to understand how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really essential to understand how a
+tumor is formed in an organ system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor is formed in an organ system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor is formed in an organ system okay
+and I want to end the lecture by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to end the lecture by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to end the lecture by just
+planting a seed of an idea in your heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting a seed of an idea in your heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting a seed of an idea in your heads
+before we move on to talk about cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on to talk about cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on to talk about cancer
+on Friday and I want to I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday and I want to I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday and I want to I want you to
+think about the organization of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the organization of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the organization of this
+system where you have stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have stem cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have stem cells
+undergoing renewal and then the stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing renewal and then the stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing renewal and then the stem
+cells right are just a small fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right are just a small fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right are just a small fraction of
+the cells in the system and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells in the system and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells in the system and they're
+dividing slowly okay so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing slowly okay so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing slowly okay so let's think
+about the stem cells the DNA on the stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stem cells the DNA on the stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stem cells the DNA on the stem
+cells these are dividing slowly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells these are dividing slowly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells these are dividing slowly and
+because they're dividing slowly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're dividing slowly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're dividing slowly they're
+not going to their DNA is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to their DNA is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to their DNA is not going to
+accumulate as many mutations so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate as many mutations so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate as many mutations so there's
+going to be sort of fewer mutations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of fewer mutations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of fewer mutations but
+these are the cells and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the cells and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the cells and this is the
+genomic DNA that is going to stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA that is going to stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA that is going to stay with
+the organ okay so the stem cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ okay so the stem cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ okay so the stem cells are
+kind of like the crown jewels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the crown jewels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the crown jewels of the
+organ the this is the material you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ the this is the material you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ the this is the material you want
+the organ wants to protect because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ wants to protect because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ wants to protect because it's
+what's going to be lasting in the organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be lasting in the organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be lasting in the organ
+the entire lifetime of the organism okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire lifetime of the organism okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire lifetime of the organism okay
+so you get slow division here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get slow division here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get slow division here and
+self-renewal and these cell this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-renewal and these cell this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-renewal and these cell this cell
+will stay with the organ but then where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay with the organ but then where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay with the organ but then where
+most of the mitosis and cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the mitosis and cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the mitosis and cell division
+happens and replication happens it leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and replication happens it leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and replication happens it leads
+to a expansion of cells that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a expansion of cells that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a expansion of cells that all
+differentiate and because the cells all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate and because the cells all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate and because the cells all
+differentiate they will all eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate they will all eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate they will all eventually
+die and get removed from the organ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and get removed from the organ okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and get removed from the organ okay
+and this is termed transient transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is termed transient transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is termed transient transit
+amplification so when there's transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification so when there's transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification so when there's transit
+amplification of one of the daughters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification of one of the daughters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification of one of the daughters of
+this stem cell this is where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stem cell this is where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stem cell this is where there's
+rapid division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid division
+and where there is rapid replication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where there is rapid replication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where there is rapid replication and
+division this is where you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division this is where you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division this is where you can get the
+most mutations but from the standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most mutations but from the standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most mutations but from the standpoint
+of cancer that doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancer that doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancer that doesn't really matter
+right because in order to have a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because in order to have a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because in order to have a tumor
+the cells have to stay in the body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells have to stay in the body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells have to stay in the body and
+so all of these cells are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these cells are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these cells are going to
+undergo programmed cell death and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo programmed cell death and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo programmed cell death and then
+be shed into the lumen of the intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shed into the lumen of the intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shed into the lumen of the intestine
+and removed from the organism entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and removed from the organism entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and removed from the organism entirely
+okay and so this is actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is actually one
+important way that our organs and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important way that our organs and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important way that our organs and our
+bodies prevent tumors from happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies prevent tumors from happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies prevent tumors from happening
+because the cell type that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cell type that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cell type that is going to
+remain in our body is the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in our body is the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in our body is the one that's
+protected from accumulating mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected from accumulating mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected from accumulating mutations
+okay and we'll come back to this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll come back to this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll come back to this on
+Friday and so I will see you on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and so I will see you on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and so I will see you on Friday
+and we'll talk about cancer on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E_KUHMuoPLE.txt b/E_KUHMuoPLE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e9ef0cf82801630e0c35832d825f48f3b988aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E_KUHMuoPLE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should have already downloaded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have already downloaded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have already downloaded and
+installed our on your computer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed our on your computer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed our on your computer if you
+have not downloaded and installed our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not downloaded and installed our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not downloaded and installed our
+yet please follow the instructions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet please follow the instructions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet please follow the instructions on
+the course website before continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course website before continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course website before continuing
+with this lecture once you've installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this lecture once you've installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this lecture once you've installed
+our go ahead and start it you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our go ahead and start it you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our go ahead and start it you should see
+the our console like we see here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our console like we see here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our console like we see here this is
+where we'll type commands and perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll type commands and perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll type commands and perform
+data analysis in this course will mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis in this course will mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis in this course will mostly
+be working in the our console but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working in the our console but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working in the our console but
+sometimes you'll also want to use what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll also want to use what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll also want to use what
+are known as script files we'll see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as script files we'll see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as script files we'll see an
+example of how to use a script file at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how to use a script file at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how to use a script file at
+the end of this lecture in your AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this lecture in your AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this lecture in your AR
+console you'll always type commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console you'll always type commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console you'll always type commands
+after the arrow or greater than sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the arrow or greater than sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the arrow or greater than sign
+let's start with some basic calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with some basic calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with some basic calculations
+so with your cursor at the arrow let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with your cursor at the arrow let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with your cursor at the arrow let's
+type 8 and then the star symbol 4 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 8 and then the star symbol 4 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 8 and then the star symbol 4 times
+the number 6 and hit enter you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number 6 and hit enter you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number 6 and hit enter you should
+see the result 48 or 8 times 6 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the result 48 or 8 times 6 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the result 48 or 8 times 6 in this
+way R can be used as a basic calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way R can be used as a basic calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way R can be used as a basic calculator
+we can perform many other basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can perform many other basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can perform many other basic
+calculations like 2 raised to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations like 2 raised to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations like 2 raised to the power
+by typing the caret symbol and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by typing the caret symbol and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by typing the caret symbol and then the
+number 16 and hitting Enter you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 16 and hitting Enter you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 16 and hitting Enter you should
+see the result 65,536 or 2 to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the result 65,536 or 2 to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the result 65,536 or 2 to the power
+16 note that each of the results here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 note that each of the results here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 note that each of the results here
+are labeled with a 1 in brackets this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled with a 1 in brackets this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled with a 1 in brackets this is
+just ours way of labeling the output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ours way of labeling the output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ours way of labeling the output and
+we can safely ignore it if you type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can safely ignore it if you type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can safely ignore it if you type
+something in your AR console but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in your AR console but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in your AR console but don't
+finish it properly for example try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it properly for example try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it properly for example try
+typing 2 and the caret symbol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing 2 and the caret symbol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing 2 and the caret symbol and
+hitting Enter r will show you a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting Enter r will show you a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting Enter r will show you a plus
+sign and we'll wait for you to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and we'll wait for you to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and we'll wait for you to finish
+the command you can either finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command you can either finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command you can either finish the
+command in this case by typing a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command in this case by typing a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command in this case by typing a number
+or you can hit escape and R will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can hit escape and R will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can hit escape and R will take
+you back to the arrow sign so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back to the arrow sign so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back to the arrow sign so if you
+ever see a plus sign while working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see a plus sign while working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see a plus sign while working in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+it means that our is waiting for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that our is waiting for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that our is waiting for you to
+finish the line if you're not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the line if you're not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the line if you're not sure how
+to finish it you can always just hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish it you can always just hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish it you can always just hit
+escape a nice feature of the art console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape a nice feature of the art console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape a nice feature of the art console
+is that you can scroll through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can scroll through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can scroll through your
+previous commands by using the up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous commands by using the up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous commands by using the up and
+down arrows on your keyboard if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down arrows on your keyboard if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down arrows on your keyboard if you hit
+the up arrow three times you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow three times you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow three times you should go
+back to the eight times six command if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the eight times six command if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the eight times six command if
+you hit Enter you can run this command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit Enter you can run this command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit Enter you can run this command
+again you could also adjust previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you could also adjust previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you could also adjust previous
+commands hit the up arrow again to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands hit the up arrow again to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands hit the up arrow again to go
+back to the eight times six command this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the eight times six command this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the eight times six command this
+time delete the six type a ten and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delete the six type a ten and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delete the six type a ten and hit
+enter we'll use this approach to rerun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter we'll use this approach to rerun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter we'll use this approach to rerun
+or just commands many times in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just commands many times in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just commands many times in this
+class generally our works in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class generally our works in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class generally our works in terms of
+functions and variables a function can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and variables a function can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and variables a function can
+take in several arguments or inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in several arguments or inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in several arguments or inputs and
+returns an output value an example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns an output value an example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns an output value an example is
+the square root or sq RT function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root or sq RT function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root or sq RT function in
+your AR console type sq RT and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your AR console type sq RT and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your AR console type sq RT and then in
+parentheses the number two and hit enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses the number two and hit enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses the number two and hit enter
+the function is s qrt the input or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is s qrt the input or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is s qrt the input or
+argument is the number two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is the number two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is the number two and the
+output is 1.4142 one for there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is 1.4142 one for there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is 1.4142 one for there are
+thousands of functions in are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of functions in are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of functions in are some of
+them are built into are like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are built into are like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are built into are like this one
+and some can be added in by installing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some can be added in by installing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some can be added in by installing
+packages which will do several times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages which will do several times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages which will do several times in
+this class another example of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class another example of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class another example of a function
+is the ABS or absolute value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ABS or absolute value function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ABS or absolute value function
+which returns the absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which returns the absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which returns the absolute value of a
+number so if we type ABS and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if we type ABS and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if we type ABS and then in
+parentheses negative 65 and hit enter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses negative 65 and hit enter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses negative 65 and hit enter we
+should get the result 65 as our output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get the result 65 as our output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get the result 65 as our output
+you can get help on any function in R by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get help on any function in R by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get help on any function in R by
+typing a question mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing a question mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing a question mark
+and then the function name so if we type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the function name so if we type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the function name so if we type
+question mark s QR T and hit enter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark s QR T and hit enter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark s QR T and hit enter you
+should see the our help page for the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see the our help page for the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see the our help page for the S
+QR t function the help pages are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR t function the help pages are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR t function the help pages are often
+very useful and if you want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful and if you want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful and if you want to learn
+more about a function you should refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about a function you should refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about a function you should refer
+to the help page in R now get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the help page in R now get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the help page in R now get rid of the
+help page and go back to your are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help page and go back to your are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help page and go back to your are
+console suppose we now want to save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console suppose we now want to save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console suppose we now want to save the
+output of a function we can do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of a function we can do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of a function we can do this by
+saving it to a variable in your our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving it to a variable in your our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving it to a variable in your our
+console type square root 2 and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console type square root 2 and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console type square root 2 and then an
+equal sign and then s QR t and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sign and then s QR t and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sign and then s QR t and in
+parentheses the number 2 and hit enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses the number 2 and hit enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses the number 2 and hit enter
+now you don't see the output of s QR T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you don't see the output of s QR T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you don't see the output of s QR T
+of 2 because we saved it to the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 because we saved it to the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 because we saved it to the variable
+named square root 2 you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named square root 2 you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named square root 2 you can see the
+value of a variable by typing its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a variable by typing its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a variable by typing its name
+and hitting Enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hitting Enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hitting Enter
+so type square root 2 exactly how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so type square root 2 exactly how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so type square root 2 exactly how you
+typed it before and hit enter you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed it before and hit enter you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed it before and hit enter you should
+see that it takes the value 1 point 4 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it takes the value 1 point 4 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it takes the value 1 point 4 1
+4 2 1 4 square root 2 is a name that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 2 1 4 square root 2 is a name that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 2 1 4 square root 2 is a name that we
+created and we could have named it many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and we could have named it many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and we could have named it many
+other things generally you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things generally you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things generally you have a lot of
+freedom in naming your variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in naming your variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in naming your variables but
+there are a couple basic rules one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple basic rules one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple basic rules one is
+that you should not use spaces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should not use spaces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should not use spaces in
+variable names if you want to easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable names if you want to easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable names if you want to easily
+separate words in a variable name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate words in a variable name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate words in a variable name
+popular strategies are using a mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular strategies are using a mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular strategies are using a mix of
+capital and lowercase letters as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and lowercase letters as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and lowercase letters as we did
+here or to separate the words using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or to separate the words using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or to separate the words using
+periods another basic rule is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods another basic rule is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods another basic rule is that you
+should not start variable names with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not start variable names with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not start variable names with a
+number keep in mind that variable names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number keep in mind that variable names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number keep in mind that variable names
+in our are case-sensitive capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our are case-sensitive capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our are case-sensitive capital and
+lowercase letters are seen differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase letters are seen differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase letters are seen differently
+by our when we created our variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our when we created our variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our when we created our variable
+square root 2 we use the equals sign for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root 2 we use the equals sign for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root 2 we use the equals sign for
+assignment or to assign the value of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or to assign the value of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or to assign the value of s
+qrt of 2 to the variable named square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qrt of 2 to the variable named square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qrt of 2 to the variable named square
+root 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 2
+you could instead use a less than sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could instead use a less than sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could instead use a less than sign
+with a dash for example let's create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dash for example let's create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dash for example let's create a
+new variable called hours year and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variable called hours year and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variable called hours year and then
+type the less than sign and a dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the less than sign and a dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the less than sign and a dash
+followed by 365 times 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by 365 times 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by 365 times 24
+if you hit enter and then type hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit enter and then type hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit enter and then type hours
+years to look at its value you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to look at its value you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to look at its value you should
+see 8760 or the number of hours in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 8760 or the number of hours in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 8760 or the number of hours in a
+year by doing this the less than sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year by doing this the less than sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year by doing this the less than sign in
+the dash did the exact same thing as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dash did the exact same thing as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dash did the exact same thing as it
+would have done if we use the equal sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done if we use the equal sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done if we use the equal sign
+in this course we'll typically use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we'll typically use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we'll typically use the
+equal sign but if you see this less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sign but if you see this less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sign but if you see this less than
+sign and a dash used keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and a dash used keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and a dash used keep in mind that
+it means the same thing as an equal sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means the same thing as an equal sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means the same thing as an equal sign
+lastly if you type LS and then empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly if you type LS and then empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly if you type LS and then empty
+parentheses in your R console and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses in your R console and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses in your R console and hit
+enter you should see a list of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter you should see a list of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter you should see a list of all of
+the variables that you've created in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables that you've created in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables that you've created in
+your current our session here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current our session here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current our session here we've
+created two variables hours year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created two variables hours year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created two variables hours year and
+square root two this can be useful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root two this can be useful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root two this can be useful if
+you forget exactly how you typed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget exactly how you typed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget exactly how you typed a
+variable name these are our basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name these are our basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name these are our basic
+building blocks in our functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks in our functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks in our functions like
+square root and absolute value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root and absolute value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root and absolute value and
+variables like hours year and square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like hours year and square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like hours year and square
+root two
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ed0Wg-5YYCk.txt b/Ed0Wg-5YYCk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97b6433283ca931722a65b5f7f852570ba9a4292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ed0Wg-5YYCk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today i want to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to discuss
+nucleic acid metabolism but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid metabolism but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid metabolism but before
+getting to that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to that i want to
+take a step back and talk a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back and talk a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back and talk a bit about
+what we closed with last time which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we closed with last time which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we closed with last time which was
+discussing serine glycine metabolism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing serine glycine metabolism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing serine glycine metabolism and
+how they can be used to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can be used to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can be used to generate
+one carbon units that are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon units that are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon units that are for
+one carbon transfer reactions and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon transfer reactions and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon transfer reactions and these
+are one carbon transfer reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one carbon transfer reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one carbon transfer reactions
+moving carbon that's more reduced than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving carbon that's more reduced than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving carbon that's more reduced than
+co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2
+you'll remember if we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember if we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember if we're going to do a
+carboxylation reaction transfer co2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction transfer co2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction transfer co2 that
+often used biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used biotin
+whereas if you're transferring a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you're transferring a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you're transferring a one
+carbon unit that's more reduced than co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon unit that's more reduced than co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon unit that's more reduced than co2
+it comes from these folate species and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from these folate species and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from these folate species and
+we described some of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described some of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described some of the different
+folate species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate species
+n5 methyl thf which can donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n5 methyl thf which can donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n5 methyl thf which can donate
+a fully reduced one carbon unit a methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fully reduced one carbon unit a methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fully reduced one carbon unit a methyl
+group to sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to sam
+sam being the universal methyl donor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sam being the universal methyl donor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sam being the universal methyl donor for
+most methylation reactions in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most methylation reactions in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most methylation reactions in cells
+you can also have folates carry more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have folates carry more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have folates carry more
+oxidized one carbon units n5n10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized one carbon units n5n10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized one carbon units n5n10
+methylene thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene thf
+n10 formal thf and those will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n10 formal thf and those will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n10 formal thf and those will be very
+important today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important today
+as we discuss um one carbon transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss um one carbon transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss um one carbon transfer
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+in nucleotide synthesis now i recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nucleotide synthesis now i recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nucleotide synthesis now i recognize
+that folate metabolism can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that folate metabolism can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that folate metabolism can be very
+confusing the structures are complex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the structures are complex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the structures are complex the
+names are long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names are long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names are long and
+convoluted and hard to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted and hard to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted and hard to you know
+incorporate but if you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate but if you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate but if you can think of it
+as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just
+transferring one carbon units of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring one carbon units of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring one carbon units of a
+different oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oxidation
+state hopefully that will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state hopefully that will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state hopefully that will help you
+better understand what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand what's going on
+in folate reactions and so really all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in folate reactions and so really all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in folate reactions and so really all it
+is remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember
+serine has three carbons glycine has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine has three carbons glycine has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine has three carbons glycine has two
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+and so when you convert serine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you convert serine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you convert serine to
+glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine
+you end up generating a one carbon unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up generating a one carbon unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up generating a one carbon unit
+as i showed you in the lecture last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i showed you in the lecture last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i showed you in the lecture last time
+this one carbon unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one carbon unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one carbon unit
+is in the formaldehyde oxidation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the formaldehyde oxidation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the formaldehyde oxidation state
+and so ultimately that's generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ultimately that's generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ultimately that's generated
+that's donated to a folate species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's donated to a folate species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's donated to a folate species
+to generate this carrier the n5n10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this carrier the n5n10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this carrier the n5n10
+methylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf which you can really think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf which you can really think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf which you can really think of
+as a carrier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one carbon unit in the formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon unit in the formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon unit in the formaldehyde
+oxidation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state
+okay now those can undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now those can undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now those can undergo
+an oxidation reaction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxidation reaction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxidation reaction okay
+and so if we oxidize that carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we oxidize that carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we oxidize that carbon
+from the aldehyde to the acid okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the aldehyde to the acid okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the aldehyde to the acid okay now
+we end up getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up getting the
+n10 formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n10 formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n10 formal
+thf all right so that's carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf all right so that's carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf all right so that's carrying
+the one carbon unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one carbon unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one carbon unit
+as the acid all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the acid all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the acid all right
+or we can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can reduce
+that one carbon unit to the methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one carbon unit to the methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one carbon unit to the methyl group
+and that's carrying it as the n5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's carrying it as the n5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's carrying it as the n5
+methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf okay so carrying this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf okay so carrying this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf okay so carrying this as a
+methyl group more reduced carbon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group more reduced carbon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group more reduced carbon um
+than where we started and so try to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than where we started and so try to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than where we started and so try to cut
+through all the names and whatnot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the names and whatnot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the names and whatnot and
+just realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just realize
+that it's simply transfers of carbon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's simply transfers of carbon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's simply transfers of carbon in
+different oxidation states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oxidation states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oxidation states
+and the relevant ones today is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevant ones today is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevant ones today is going to
+be n10 formal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n10 formal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n10 formal and
+n5n10 methylene thf because it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n5n10 methylene thf because it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n5n10 methylene thf because it turns out
+generating those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating those
+oxidized one carbon units uh four make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized one carbon units uh four make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized one carbon units uh four make
+groups etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups etc
+is going to be important for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be important for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be important for um
+purine as well as thymine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine as well as thymine synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine as well as thymine synthesis
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+our topic today is really to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our topic today is really to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our topic today is really to discuss
+how we generate nucleic acids how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we generate nucleic acids how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we generate nucleic acids how we
+break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down
+purines and pyrimidines or peerings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines or peerings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines or peerings
+and this is really the final topic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really the final topic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really the final topic here
+in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course
+in some ways it's a bit fitting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's a bit fitting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's a bit fitting because
+it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really
+incorporates lots of aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates lots of aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates lots of aspects of
+metabolism that we've been discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism that we've been discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism that we've been discussing
+over the course of semester all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of semester all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of semester all come
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+in nucleotide metabolism now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nucleotide metabolism now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nucleotide metabolism now
+nucleotide metabolism itself is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism itself is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism itself is a very
+large topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large topic
+um probably deserves more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably deserves more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably deserves more than
+one 90-minute lecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 90-minute lecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 90-minute lecture but
+unfortunately the time is what it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the time is what it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the time is what it is and
+we just don't have time to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't have time to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't have time to cover
+every single detail however we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single detail however we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single detail however we can go
+pretty fast and at least give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast and at least give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast and at least give you a
+flavor of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of what's going on
+because you know as i've alluded to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know as i've alluded to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know as i've alluded to this
+draws to lots of metabolism i drew here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws to lots of metabolism i drew here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws to lots of metabolism i drew here
+just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very
+skeletonized view of glycolysis the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletonized view of glycolysis the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletonized view of glycolysis the tca
+cycle the pentose phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the pentose phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the pentose phosphate pathway
+a couple aspects of amino acid synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple aspects of amino acid synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple aspects of amino acid synthesis
+folate metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate metabolism
+and drew boxes around all the precursors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drew boxes around all the precursors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drew boxes around all the precursors
+that are necessary to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are necessary to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are necessary to generate
+various nucleotides and you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various nucleotides and you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various nucleotides and you can see it's
+really drawn from across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drawn from across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drawn from across
+these metabolic pathways as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metabolic pathways as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metabolic pathways as we go
+through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these
+you'll see that you actually know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that you actually know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that you actually know a lot
+and this synthesizes really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this synthesizes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this synthesizes really
+what we've learned from lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned from lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned from lots of other
+pathways coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways coming together
+into into understanding how cells make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into understanding how cells make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into understanding how cells make
+purines and pyrimidines now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines now
+down here i've color-coded all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here i've color-coded all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here i've color-coded all the
+different so here's a pyrimidine here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so here's a pyrimidine here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so here's a pyrimidine here's
+appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing
+the ring structure that you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring structure that you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring structure that you're probably
+familiar with from these purines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with from these purines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with from these purines and
+pyrimidines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines
+and color-coded where it is that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and color-coded where it is that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and color-coded where it is that each of
+these atoms come from where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atoms come from where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atoms come from where they're
+drawn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from
+across uh you know you know across um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh you know you know across um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh you know you know across um
+uh metabolism and again it's a nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh metabolism and again it's a nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh metabolism and again it's a nice way
+to sort of synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of synthesize
+lots of the pathways that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of the pathways that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of the pathways that we've
+discussed in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in class
+now ribose also is going to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ribose also is going to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ribose also is going to come from
+ribose 5-phosphate that's of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate that's of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate that's of course a
+product of the pentose phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the pentose phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the pentose phosphate pathway
+oxidative or non-oxidative depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative or non-oxidative depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative or non-oxidative depending on
+how the cell wants to use those pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the cell wants to use those pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the cell wants to use those pathways
+the calvin cycle and photosynthesis lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin cycle and photosynthesis lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin cycle and photosynthesis lots
+of ways to get ribose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to get ribose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to get ribose 5-phosphate
+that generates the ribose and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates the ribose and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates the ribose and then
+there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+complexity that goes into how one builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that goes into how one builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that goes into how one builds
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+um complex base structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um complex base structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um complex base structures
+now we just want to start here and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just want to start here and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just want to start here and show
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+on the slide here here's a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slide here here's a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slide here here's a you know
+general purine base here's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purine base here's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purine base here's a general
+pyrimidine base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine base
+um kind of a stupid mnemonic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of a stupid mnemonic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of a stupid mnemonic that's
+always helped me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always helped me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always helped me
+that maybe will help you if you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe will help you if you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe will help you if you need to
+remember which of these is the purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which of these is the purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which of these is the purine
+and which of these is the pyrimidine as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of these is the pyrimidine as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of these is the pyrimidine as
+you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through
+you know take mcat exams or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take mcat exams or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take mcat exams or something
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+so the purine ring looks kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the purine ring looks kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the purine ring looks kind of like a
+pope hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pope hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pope hat
+and the pope is pure and so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pope is pure and so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pope is pure and so it's kind of
+stupid but it's one way to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid but it's one way to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid but it's one way to remember
+that this pope hat looking structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this pope hat looking structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this pope hat looking structure is
+the purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purine
+and the other one is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is the is the
+pyrimidine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine
+um of course you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course you're familiar with
+purines and pyrimidines because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines because
+these generate the various bases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these generate the various bases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these generate the various bases that
+are used for rna and dna so adenine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used for rna and dna so adenine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used for rna and dna so adenine and
+guanine the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine the two
+purine bases and rna and dna and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine bases and rna and dna and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine bases and rna and dna and then
+cytosine and uracil and rna and cytosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosine and uracil and rna and cytosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosine and uracil and rna and cytosine
+and thymine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thymine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thymine
+in in dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in dna
+are the pyrimidine bases in rna and dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pyrimidine bases in rna and dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pyrimidine bases in rna and dna
+now these are of course not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are of course not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are of course not the only
+possible purines and pyrimidines they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible purines and pyrimidines they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible purines and pyrimidines they're
+not the only purines and pyrimidines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only purines and pyrimidines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only purines and pyrimidines
+that nature cares about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature cares about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature cares about
+um you know here's a few other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know here's a few other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know here's a few other ones
+shown here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and so
+uh you know here's uric acid uric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know here's uric acid uric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know here's uric acid uric acid
+as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've
+discussed is the way birds excrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is the way birds excrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is the way birds excrete
+nitrogen we'll discuss later today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen we'll discuss later today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen we'll discuss later today that
+it's the cause of gout a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cause of gout a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cause of gout a very common
+human condition there's also lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human condition there's also lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human condition there's also lots of
+other pharmacologically active molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pharmacologically active molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pharmacologically active molecules
+among the purines and pyrimidines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the purines and pyrimidines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the purines and pyrimidines so
+here's caffeine certainly a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's caffeine certainly a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's caffeine certainly a very
+important molecule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important molecule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important molecule for
+many of us to get going in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us to get going in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us to get going in the morning
+there's things like adenine so adenine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things like adenine so adenine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things like adenine so adenine
+plus the ribose sugars a molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the ribose sugars a molecule called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the ribose sugars a molecule called
+adenosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine
+adenosine is a very important signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine is a very important signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine is a very important signaling
+molecule in our bodies if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in our bodies if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in our bodies if you
+go to medical school you'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to medical school you'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to medical school you'll use
+adenosine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine to
+to figure out people's heart rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out people's heart rhythms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out people's heart rhythms
+there's also lots of drugs that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also lots of drugs that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also lots of drugs that come
+from purines and pyrimidines so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from purines and pyrimidines so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from purines and pyrimidines so here's
+an example here this is the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example here this is the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example here this is the drug
+5-fluorouracil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-fluorouracil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-fluorouracil
+a widely used cancer drug and so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a widely used cancer drug and so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a widely used cancer drug and so it's an
+analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog
+of a pyrimidine lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pyrimidine lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pyrimidine lots of
+anti-cancer drugs as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs as well as
+antimicrobials end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimicrobials end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimicrobials end up being
+you know drugs that interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know drugs that interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know drugs that interfere with
+nucleotide metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism
+and often are analogues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often are analogues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often are analogues of
+purines and pyrimidines now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines now
+the first general comment i want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first general comment i want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first general comment i want to make
+is that in cells the free bases of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in cells the free bases of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in cells the free bases of these
+things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+much less useful than the nucleosides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less useful than the nucleosides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less useful than the nucleosides
+and the nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nucleotides
+and so just to remind you of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to remind you of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to remind you of a little
+bit of nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of nomenclature
+is that you know these purine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know these purine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know these purine and
+pyrimidine bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine bases
+are usually attached to ribose and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually attached to ribose and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually attached to ribose and a
+nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside
+okay so a nucleoside is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a nucleoside is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a nucleoside is basically
+the base period and pyrimidine base plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base period and pyrimidine base plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base period and pyrimidine base plus
+ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose
+but no phosphate all right so adenosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no phosphate all right so adenosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no phosphate all right so adenosine
+would be adenine stuck to ribose but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be adenine stuck to ribose but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be adenine stuck to ribose but no
+phosphates on it that's adenosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates on it that's adenosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates on it that's adenosine
+and then you have your nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have your nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have your nucleotides
+and the nucleotides are the base plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nucleotides are the base plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nucleotides are the base plus
+the ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribose
+plus phosphate and so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phosphate and so it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phosphate and so it can be
+nucleotide monophosphate diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide monophosphate diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide monophosphate diphosphate
+triphosphate amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate amp
+adp atp examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp atp examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp atp examples of
+nucleotides now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides now there are
+two major ways that cells build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major ways that cells build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major ways that cells build
+nucleotides okay um and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides okay um and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides okay um and that is
+they can you know make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can you know make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can you know make them
+de novo all right so de novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de novo all right so de novo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de novo all right so de novo
+is building them from scratch all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is building them from scratch all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is building them from scratch all right
+or you'll see that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you'll see that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you'll see that they can
+so-called salvage the bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called salvage the bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called salvage the bases
+and this is you might imagine that if as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is you might imagine that if as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is you might imagine that if as
+animals we eat other organisms we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we eat other organisms we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we eat other organisms we take
+in their rna and dna we get some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their rna and dna we get some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their rna and dna we get some of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+um purine and pyrimidine bases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um purine and pyrimidine bases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um purine and pyrimidine bases that
+these can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can be
+salvaged that is re-added back to ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvaged that is re-added back to ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvaged that is re-added back to ribose
+uh to generate nucleosides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to generate nucleosides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to generate nucleosides and
+nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides
+and you'll see as we go through how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see as we go through how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see as we go through how you
+do de novo synthesis that making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do de novo synthesis that making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do de novo synthesis that making these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+is complex it's energetically expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex it's energetically expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex it's energetically expensive
+and so of course salvaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of course salvaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of course salvaging
+prevents you having to expend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents you having to expend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents you having to expend this
+energy and effort in order to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and effort in order to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and effort in order to generate
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+de novo i also want to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de novo i also want to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de novo i also want to remind you
+because it's evident in the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's evident in the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's evident in the fact that
+uric acid is a way that birds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uric acid is a way that birds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uric acid is a way that birds and
+reptiles can excrete nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles can excrete nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles can excrete nitrogen
+is that just back to our prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that just back to our prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that just back to our prior
+discussion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that
+in the world in the biosphere nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world in the biosphere nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world in the biosphere nitrogen
+is a precious commodity remember it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a precious commodity remember it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a precious commodity remember it has
+to be fixed it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fixed it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fixed it's not
+infinitely available relatively few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely available relatively few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely available relatively few
+organisms can fix nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can fix nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can fix nitrogen
+into its usable form and so salvaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into its usable form and so salvaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into its usable form and so salvaging
+pre-made bases is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-made bases is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-made bases is
+salvaging nitrate salvaging nitrogen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvaging nitrate salvaging nitrogen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvaging nitrate salvaging nitrogen in
+a usable form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a usable form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a usable form
+and so evolutionarily for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so evolutionarily for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so evolutionarily for a lot of
+organisms that's also a beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that's also a beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that's also a beneficial
+thing to do all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do all right
+now another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another
+last sort of introductory comment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last sort of introductory comment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last sort of introductory comment about
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+this lecture ends up being important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture ends up being important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture ends up being important and
+having some appreciation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some appreciation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some appreciation of these
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+is that certainly if you go to medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that certainly if you go to medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that certainly if you go to medical
+school you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school you will
+come across all kinds of things having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across all kinds of things having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across all kinds of things having
+to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+the metabolism of today's lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of today's lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of today's lecture and
+that's because it turns out that making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it turns out that making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it turns out that making
+nucleosides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleosides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleosides
+making nucleotides is limiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making nucleotides is limiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making nucleotides is limiting for
+proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation
+in all kinds of biological contexts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of biological contexts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of biological contexts all
+right and this is really back to what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is really back to what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is really back to what i
+alluded to earlier a lot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to earlier a lot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to earlier a lot of our
+anti-cancer drugs they also end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs they also end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs they also end up being
+anti-inflammatory so things to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-inflammatory so things to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-inflammatory so things to treat
+inflammatory diseases and cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory diseases and cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory diseases and cancer
+oftentimes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes are
+things that block steps in nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that block steps in nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that block steps in nucleotide
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+lots of antimicrobials or antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of antimicrobials or antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of antimicrobials or antibiotics
+also attack some of the same pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also attack some of the same pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also attack some of the same pathways
+but are more specific for bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are more specific for bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are more specific for bacterial
+rather than human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than human
+enzymes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and so
+really these drugs converge on pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these drugs converge on pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these drugs converge on pathways
+that either produce or salvage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either produce or salvage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either produce or salvage
+nucleotides and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides and it's
+good to have some appreciation of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have some appreciation of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have some appreciation of where
+these things are acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are acting
+because this ends up being really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this ends up being really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this ends up being really
+important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for
+all kinds of aspects of of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of aspects of of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of aspects of of human
+medicine as well as understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine as well as understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine as well as understanding
+other bits of biology all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bits of biology all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bits of biology all right
+now either de novo synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now either de novo synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now either de novo synthesis
+of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
+or salvage of those thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or salvage of those thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or salvage of those thing of
+purine and pyrimidine nucleotides needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine and pyrimidine nucleotides needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine and pyrimidine nucleotides needs
+to add the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the base
+somehow to a ribose and that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to a ribose and that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to a ribose and that starts
+with generating a molecule called prpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with generating a molecule called prpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with generating a molecule called prpp
+also abbreviated up there in my general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also abbreviated up there in my general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also abbreviated up there in my general
+overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview
+this stands for poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry stands for phospho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribose pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay p-r-p-p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay p-r-p-p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay p-r-p-p
+phosphoribose pyrophosphate so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoribose pyrophosphate so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoribose pyrophosphate so what is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+well this is if we draw here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is if we draw here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is if we draw here
+our ribose sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we draw it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha firinos form so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha firinos form so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha firinos form so this would be
+alpha five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribose phosphate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry alpha ribose biphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry alpha ribose biphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry alpha ribose biphosphate
+okay so that's ribose 5-phosphate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's ribose 5-phosphate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's ribose 5-phosphate that's
+generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from
+pentose phosphate pathway generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway generated from
+the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin cycle
+whatever this is uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this is uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this is uh really
+starting point discuss lots of ways we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point discuss lots of ways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point discuss lots of ways we
+can generate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate that
+um through different pathways well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through different pathways well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through different pathways well
+if we take atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take atp
+and convert it to amp that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert it to amp that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert it to amp that is
+transfer two phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer two phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer two phosphates
+pyrophosphorylate the one position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphorylate the one position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphorylate the one position
+now we end up with this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we end up with this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we end up with this molecule
+okay so this molecule here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this molecule here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this molecule here
+would be prpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be prpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be prpp
+so phosphoribo pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so phosphoribo pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so phosphoribo pyrophosphate
+and prpp can pick up a nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the nitrogen
+from the base if it's the salvage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the base if it's the salvage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the base if it's the salvage
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+or whatever nitrogen containing molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever nitrogen containing molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever nitrogen containing molecule
+is going to be the first step in de novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the first step in de novo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the first step in de novo
+synthesis which we'll get to later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis which we'll get to later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis which we'll get to later
+and basically releases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyrophosphate that can be cleaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate that can be cleaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate that can be cleaved
+to two inorganic phosphates pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two inorganic phosphates pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two inorganic phosphates pull the
+reaction forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction forward
+and what one ends up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what one ends up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what one ends up with
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrogen added either as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen added either as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen added either as
+the nucleoside monophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleoside monophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleoside monophosphate
+or some precursor to nitrogen containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some precursor to nitrogen containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some precursor to nitrogen containing
+precursor to the nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to the nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to the nucleoside
+monophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate
+that we can then build the purine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can then build the purine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can then build the purine or
+pyrimidine base on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine base on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine base on top
+all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so
+the dogma is is that de novo synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dogma is is that de novo synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dogma is is that de novo synthesis
+of nucleotides is important for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nucleotides is important for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nucleotides is important for new
+proliferation of cells whereas salvage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation of cells whereas salvage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation of cells whereas salvage
+is important for maintenance of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important for maintenance of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important for maintenance of cells
+this is a huge oversimplification it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a huge oversimplification it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a huge oversimplification it's
+effectively untrue as far as i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively untrue as far as i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively untrue as far as i'm
+concerned lots of drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned lots of drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned lots of drugs
+that affect salvage can affect diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect salvage can affect diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect salvage can affect diseases
+involved in proliferation and whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in proliferation and whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in proliferation and whatnot
+but nonetheless you should just realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless you should just realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless you should just realize
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+these early steps that is adding prpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these early steps that is adding prpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these early steps that is adding prpp
+is important either to salvage things or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important either to salvage things or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important either to salvage things or
+to do de novo synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do de novo synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do de novo synthesis
+now today given our limited amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today given our limited amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today given our limited amount of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+i'm really going to focus on de novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really going to focus on de novo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really going to focus on de novo
+synthesis of purines and pyrimidines i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of purines and pyrimidines i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of purines and pyrimidines i
+will discuss a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss a little bit about
+purine catabolism mainly this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine catabolism mainly this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine catabolism mainly this is because
+these are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the most
+topics where there's something to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics where there's something to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics where there's something to say
+about biochemistry and metabolism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biochemistry and metabolism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biochemistry and metabolism that
+builds off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds off
+a lot of the themes that we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the themes that we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the themes that we've covered
+in the class they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class they also
+focus on lots of aspects of relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on lots of aspects of relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on lots of aspects of relevant
+medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine
+and so those of you who go to medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those of you who go to medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those of you who go to medical
+school we'll see this again and i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school we'll see this again and i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school we'll see this again and i want
+you to appreciate it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to appreciate it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to appreciate it a little bit
+and particularly some aspects of salvage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly some aspects of salvage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly some aspects of salvage
+are important in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important in biology
+and medicine but really my goal today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medicine but really my goal today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medicine but really my goal today is
+not for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for you to
+understand absolutely every chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand absolutely every chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand absolutely every chemical
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+that goes on but really to appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on but really to appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on but really to appreciate
+how these things happen and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things happen and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things happen and hopefully
+synthesize some of what you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize some of what you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize some of what you've learned
+over the course of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the semester
+all right so let's talk first about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's talk first about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's talk first about how
+you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make
+purines purine synthesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines purine synthesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines purine synthesis so
+purine synthesis uh you should know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine synthesis uh you should know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine synthesis uh you should know your
+mit history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit history
+so the purine synthesis pathway the de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the purine synthesis pathway the de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the purine synthesis pathway the de
+novo that is building purines from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novo that is building purines from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novo that is building purines from
+scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch
+was largely worked out by a guy by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was largely worked out by a guy by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was largely worked out by a guy by the
+name of jack buchanan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of jack buchanan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of jack buchanan
+he partially did this at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he partially did this at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he partially did this at mit
+he basically was recruited from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he basically was recruited from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he basically was recruited from
+elsewhere came to mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere came to mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere came to mit
+and when he was at mit also was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he was at mit also was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he was at mit also was the
+person who really modernized the mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who really modernized the mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who really modernized the mit
+biology department to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology department to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology department to be
+what it is today so prior to jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is today so prior to jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is today so prior to jack
+buchanan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buchanan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buchanan
+biology department was much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology department was much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology department was much more about
+ecology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology
+and you know things like that and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know things like that and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know things like that and really
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+moved the mit biology department into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the mit biology department into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the mit biology department into
+the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular
+era and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era and so
+for the mit students it's good for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mit students it's good for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mit students it's good for you
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+appreciate some of our history all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate some of our history all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate some of our history all right
+now purine synthesis as i said i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now purine synthesis as i said i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now purine synthesis as i said i'm going
+to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through
+all the steps of purine synthesis you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps of purine synthesis you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps of purine synthesis you'll
+see it's complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's complicated
+all right um i will show you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um i will show you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um i will show you some of the
+chemistry i don't have time to go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry i don't have time to go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry i don't have time to go into a
+great detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great detail
+or explain all the steps in great detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or explain all the steps in great detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or explain all the steps in great detail
+but again my goal here is for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again my goal here is for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again my goal here is for you to
+appreciate how purines are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate how purines are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate how purines are made
+not necessarily memorize all the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily memorize all the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily memorize all the steps
+in the pathway all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pathway all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pathway all right so
+purine synthesis starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine synthesis starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine synthesis starts with
+phosphoribose pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoribose pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoribose pyrophosphate
+okay we're going to build on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to build on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to build on the
+ribose base and the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose base and the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose base and the first step
+is taking glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking glutamine
+and converting it to glutamate so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converting it to glutamate so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converting it to glutamate so what
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+transferring that's transferring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrogen okay remember the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen okay remember the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen okay remember the difference
+between glutamine and glutamate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between glutamine and glutamate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between glutamine and glutamate you can
+pick that up with glutamine synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick that up with glutamine synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick that up with glutamine synthase
+is um that was one way to put an ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um that was one way to put an ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um that was one way to put an ammonia
+onto glutamate to make glutamine and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto glutamate to make glutamine and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto glutamate to make glutamine and so
+this ends up carrying out the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends up carrying out the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends up carrying out the reaction
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i showed you earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a nitrogen to the ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitrogen to the ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitrogen to the ribose
+sugar giving you this compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar giving you this compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar giving you this compound
+all right the next step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the next step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the next step is to
+take a glycine molecule and that glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a glycine molecule and that glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a glycine molecule and that glycine
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+gets phosphorylated with atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets phosphorylated with atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets phosphorylated with atp
+okay so phosphorylate the carboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so phosphorylate the carboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so phosphorylate the carboxylic
+acid on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid on
+the glycine molecule and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combined with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the prior molecule releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior molecule releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior molecule releasing
+phosphate and generating this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and generating this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and generating this molecule
+which i'm now going to just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm now going to just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm now going to just draw
+draw phosphoribose as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw phosphoribose as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw phosphoribose as
+like that because drawing ribose over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because drawing ribose over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because drawing ribose over
+and over again will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again will become
+painful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that generates this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that generates this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that generates this intermediate
+which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called
+glycinamide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleotide i'm not going to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide i'm not going to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide i'm not going to write out
+nucleotide and you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide and you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide and you will see
+that many of the steps in purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of the steps in purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of the steps in purine
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+end up having these abbreviations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having these abbreviations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having these abbreviations this
+one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called
+gar for glycemide ribonucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gar for glycemide ribonucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gar for glycemide ribonucleotide
+and you'll see as we get these long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see as we get these long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see as we get these long
+complex names why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex names why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex names why
+one uses these abbreviations like gar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uses these abbreviations like gar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uses these abbreviations like gar
+which are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are actually
+used quite commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the next step is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the next step is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the next step is we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+add a one carbon unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a one carbon unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a one carbon unit
+a formate group so remember the formate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formate group so remember the formate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formate group so remember the formate
+carrier comes from n10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n10 formal thf all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n10 formal thf all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n10 formal thf all right
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops my eraser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops my eraser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops my eraser
+going to come from n10 formal thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from n10 formal thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from n10 formal thf
+all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's going to take the one carbon unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take the one carbon unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take the one carbon unit
+off to regenerate thf which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to regenerate thf which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to regenerate thf which of course
+can pick up the one carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick up the one carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick up the one carbonyl
+unit again from serine and glycine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit again from serine and glycine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit again from serine and glycine and
+then undergo an oxidation reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then undergo an oxidation reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then undergo an oxidation reaction to
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+the format group the n10 formal thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format group the n10 formal thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format group the n10 formal thf
+and that generates this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is called fgar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called fgar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called fgar
+for formal gar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formal gar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formal gar so
+formal glycemide um ribonucleotide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal glycemide um ribonucleotide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal glycemide um ribonucleotide or
+fgar all right the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fgar all right the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fgar all right the next step
+is we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to add
+a nitro basically swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitro basically swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitro basically swap
+this um oxygen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um oxygen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um oxygen here
+on this carbonyl to a nitrogen so a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this carbonyl to a nitrogen so a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this carbonyl to a nitrogen so a c
+double bond to a nitrogen bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond to a nitrogen bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond to a nitrogen bond and
+that requires so that's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires so that's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires so that's going to come
+from glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glutamine
+again and it requires atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's somewhat of a complex reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's somewhat of a complex reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's somewhat of a complex reaction
+and i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again i will show you very briefly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i will show you very briefly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i will show you very briefly how
+this works if you don't follow all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works if you don't follow all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works if you don't follow all of it
+don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it
+but basically if we just draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle part here of the molecule all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle part here of the molecule all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle part here of the molecule all
+right i don't want to draw out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i don't want to draw out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i don't want to draw out the whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so basically this is phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this is phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this is phosphorylation
+here so the phosphate from atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the phosphate from atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the phosphate from atp
+transferred here to give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred here to give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred here to give this
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that will lose a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+giving this intermediate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ammonia from glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ammonia from glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ammonia from glutamine
+to glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come here release the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here release the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here release the uh
+the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then typically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then typically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then typically this is
+drawn where we just rearrange the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn where we just rearrange the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn where we just rearrange the double
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+and one ends up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is called fgam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is this intermediate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this intermediate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this intermediate which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+gam for formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glycine amide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribo nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo nucleotide
+okay so afghan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so afghan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so afghan
+all right makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right makes sense
+all right the next reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the next reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the next reaction
+is also a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a little bit
+complex and maybe hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and maybe hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and maybe hard to see
+again i will draw it out if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i will draw it out if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i will draw it out if you don't
+follow all of it don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow all of it don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow all of it don't worry about it
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's nice for those of you who want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice for those of you who want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice for those of you who want to
+follow it to see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it to see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it to see what's happening
+so again now we're going to take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again now we're going to take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again now we're going to take another
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+hydrolyze it to adp plus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze it to adp plus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze it to adp plus pi
+release a water and in the end what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release a water and in the end what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release a water and in the end what
+we're going to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to generate
+is we're going to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to close
+this ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate so we're going to close that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate so we're going to close that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate so we're going to close that
+ring so make a bond from this nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring so make a bond from this nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring so make a bond from this nitrogen
+to this carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this carbon
+close this ring this generates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this ring this generates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this ring this generates this
+intermediate called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate called
+air okay or amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air okay or amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air okay or amino
+ribo sorry amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo sorry amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo sorry amino
+imidazole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribo nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo nucleotide
+okay don't worry about the long names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't worry about the long names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't worry about the long names
+everyone would just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would just call it
+air so how does this happen well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so how does this happen well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so how does this happen well it
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first step is phosphorylation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is phosphorylation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is phosphorylation of
+so atp will phosphorylate the aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so atp will phosphorylate the aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so atp will phosphorylate the aldehyde
+to give this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you have
+this nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nitrogen
+down here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+losing the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closing the ring on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the ring on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the ring on
+that side of the molecule and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side of the molecule and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side of the molecule and then all
+i've done is i've just removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done is i've just removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done is i've just removed
+the electrons here so that rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons here so that rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons here so that rather than
+being a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a carbon
+nitrogen double bond it's now a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen double bond it's now a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen double bond it's now a carbon
+carbon double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon double bond
+and that generates fgam to air costing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that generates fgam to air costing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that generates fgam to air costing
+an atp again one of the more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atp again one of the more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atp again one of the more complicated
+reactions to c again if you're into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to c again if you're into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to c again if you're into how
+the reactions work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions work
+hopefully i gave you enough information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully i gave you enough information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully i gave you enough information
+to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand it
+if you're not just realize that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not just realize that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not just realize that this is
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+step okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay
+the next step is a reaction that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step is a reaction that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step is a reaction that's very
+similar to one that we saw in the urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to one that we saw in the urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to one that we saw in the urea
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+and that is we are going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is we are going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is we are going to add
+um oh sorry the next step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh sorry the next step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh sorry the next step is
+um one that sorry before we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one that sorry before we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one that sorry before we do
+that step the next step is one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step the next step is one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step the next step is one where
+we're going to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add a
+we're going to add a co2 group to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add a co2 group to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add a co2 group to this
+carbon so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so that's a
+carboxylation reaction you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction you would
+typically think of a carboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically think of a carboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically think of a carboxylation
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+to involve biotin this is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to involve biotin this is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to involve biotin this is one that
+doesn't it's an exception to that rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's an exception to that rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's an exception to that rule
+does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+involve biotin but it does involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve biotin but it does involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve biotin but it does involve
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember the way we did this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the way we did this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the way we did this before
+is we would have phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we would have phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we would have phosphorylation
+of our bicarbonate okay so use atp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our bicarbonate okay so use atp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our bicarbonate okay so use atp to
+phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate
+bicarbonate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if we just draw this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we just draw this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we just draw this part of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+displacing the phosphate and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacing the phosphate and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacing the phosphate and then what
+we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we end up with that and if i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we end up with that and if i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we end up with that and if i just
+rearrange that the double bond is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange that the double bond is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange that the double bond is here
+instead of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of there
+then we end up with this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sea
+air or carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air okay so sea air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air okay so sea air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air okay so sea air
+or carboxy air all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or carboxy air all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or carboxy air all right now
+we get to the step that's very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the step that's very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the step that's very similar
+to the one that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that we saw
+in the urea cycle where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the urea cycle where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the urea cycle where we're going to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+aspartate to fumarate conversion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate to fumarate conversion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate to fumarate conversion to
+add a nitrogen to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a nitrogen to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a nitrogen to this
+carboxylic acid and so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid and so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid and so you'll
+remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way we did that in the urea cycle is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we did that in the urea cycle is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we did that in the urea cycle is we
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+atp to amp conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp to amp conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp to amp conversion
+to end up adding that aspartate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up adding that aspartate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up adding that aspartate group
+in this case it's just atp to adp plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's just atp to adp plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's just atp to adp plus
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+okay so that's going to phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's going to phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's going to phosphorylate
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid group okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid group okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid group okay
+okay so i'm not going to draw the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm not going to draw the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm not going to draw the whole
+thing phosphorylate that and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing phosphorylate that and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing phosphorylate that and then we'll
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+an aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+the amino acid aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and one gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+didn't leave myself enough room but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't leave myself enough room but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't leave myself enough room but
+that's an aspartate molecule bound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an aspartate molecule bound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an aspartate molecule bound up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+to the um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that carboxylic acid just like we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carboxylic acid just like we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carboxylic acid just like we saw
+before this is a molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is a molecule called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is a molecule called
+scicar okay which is succinyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amidazole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amidazole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amidazole
+carboxy amide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribo nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo nucleotide
+okay definitely everyone calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay definitely everyone calls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay definitely everyone calls it
+sci-car now just as we saw then from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sci-car now just as we saw then from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sci-car now just as we saw then from the
+urea cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea cycle
+we are now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take off a fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off a fumarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off a fumarate
+okay so this is reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is reaction that
+you've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before
+okay just like we saw in the urea cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like we saw in the urea cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like we saw in the urea cycle
+so that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that reaction
+lose the fumarate and what you're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the fumarate and what you're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the fumarate and what you're left
+with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is
+basically just the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just the nitrogen
+left behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get this intermediate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this intermediate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this intermediate which is
+referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+as i-car so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i-car so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i-car so
+amino amidazole carboxyamide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino amidazole carboxyamide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino amidazole carboxyamide
+ribonucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide
+so minus the succinate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minus the succinate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minus the succinate group
+icar okay next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icar okay next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icar okay next step
+is is we're going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is we're going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is we're going to use a
+formate group and add it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formate group and add it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formate group and add it to this
+nitrogen so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so that's
+straightforward we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward we
+so if we draw out here our formate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we draw out here our formate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we draw out here our formate group
+from n10 formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n10 formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n10 formal
+thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that will be our n10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that will be our n10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that will be our n10
+formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generate thf and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then we get that formate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we get that formate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we get that formate group
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phi car or formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi car or formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi car or formal
+icar phi car all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icar phi car all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icar phi car all right
+next step is we're going to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is we're going to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is we're going to close
+the ring okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so close
+the ring that's going to give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that part of the molecule where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that part of the molecule where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that part of the molecule where
+the ring closes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring closes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring closes
+just rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that to lose water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is going to generate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our purine ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purine ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purine ring
+the way you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you're used to
+seeing it drawn and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it drawn and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it drawn and so this is the
+purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine
+imp for inocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imp for inocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imp for inocene
+monophosphate okay and inosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate okay and inosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate okay and inosine
+monophosphate is the precursor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate is the precursor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate is the precursor from
+all for all purines and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for all purines and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for all purines and so if you
+look at this what you see is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this what you see is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this what you see is that in the
+end there is two nitrogens that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there is two nitrogens that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there is two nitrogens that come
+from ammonia from glutamine to glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ammonia from glutamine to glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ammonia from glutamine to glutamate
+from the ammonia released from glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ammonia released from glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ammonia released from glutamine
+to glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glutamate
+one nitrogen here that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nitrogen here that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nitrogen here that comes from
+glycine and that nitrogen there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine and that nitrogen there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine and that nitrogen there that
+comes from aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from aspartate
+two of the carbons these two come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the carbons these two come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the carbons these two come from
+the formate group from n10 formal thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formate group from n10 formal thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formate group from n10 formal thf
+another carbon up here comes from co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another carbon up here comes from co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another carbon up here comes from co2
+and the remaining two carbons here come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remaining two carbons here come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remaining two carbons here come
+from a glycine molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a glycine molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a glycine molecule
+with of course the ribose phosphate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with of course the ribose phosphate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with of course the ribose phosphate from
+prpp and so if you go through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp and so if you go through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp and so if you go through what
+you'll find is that it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find is that it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find is that it took
+2 atp to generate the prpp from ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 atp to generate the prpp from ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 atp to generate the prpp from ribose
+phosphate so starting with a ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate so starting with a ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate so starting with a ribose
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+two atp to generate the prpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp to generate the prpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp to generate the prpp
+and then five additional atp so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then five additional atp so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then five additional atp so if you
+go up and look through all the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and look through all the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and look through all the steps
+there are five steps that require atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five steps that require atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five steps that require atp
+so quite a lot of atp to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quite a lot of atp to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quite a lot of atp to generate
+this purine ring in a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this purine ring in a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this purine ring in a scene
+monophosphate now inosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate now inosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate now inosine
+is not found in rna or dna and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not found in rna or dna and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not found in rna or dna and so this
+has to be of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be of course
+turned into adenine and guanine and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into adenine and guanine and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into adenine and guanine and so
+how does that happen well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that happen well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that happen well
+i'll show you and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you and so the
+turning it inosine monophosphate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it inosine monophosphate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it inosine monophosphate into
+adenine basically involves putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine basically involves putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine basically involves putting a
+nitrogen here instead of this double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen here instead of this double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen here instead of this double
+bond to oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to oxygen
+and so that occurs via a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that occurs via a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that occurs via a very
+similar in fact the same reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in fact the same reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in fact the same reaction that
+we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw
+to take um see air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take um see air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take um see air
+and generate scicar all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate scicar all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate scicar all right
+and so it was basically using aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was basically using aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was basically using aspartate
+to transfer that nitrogen i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer that nitrogen i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer that nitrogen i don't have
+time to go through the whole mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go through the whole mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go through the whole mechanism
+but it's basically what i already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically what i already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically what i already
+showed you and so you take gtp plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and so you take gtp plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and so you take gtp plus
+aspartate get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate get
+gdp plus pi note you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdp plus pi note you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdp plus pi note you use
+guanine triphosphate so gtp rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine triphosphate so gtp rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine triphosphate so gtp rather than
+atp to end up generating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp to end up generating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp to end up generating the
+adenine nucleotide all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine nucleotide all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine nucleotide all right
+it's going to release water water was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to release water water was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to release water water was
+also um released in that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um released in that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um released in that reaction
+and what you end up with is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you end up with is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you end up with is this
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+so i'm not going to draw the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not going to draw the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not going to draw the whole
+structure for the sake of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the sake of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the sake of time
+okay but this here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the top here of the purine ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top here of the purine ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top here of the purine ring
+so this would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's going to add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's going to add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's going to add an
+aspartate molecule up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate molecule up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate molecule up there
+and then from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that
+we're going to release fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so fumarate comes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we're left with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this here is
+adenosine monophosphate amp and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine monophosphate amp and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine monophosphate amp and of
+course i can just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course i can just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course i can just take
+two phosphorylation events and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phosphorylation events and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phosphorylation events and get
+atp all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically phospho transfer atp to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically phospho transfer atp to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically phospho transfer atp to make
+adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp
+and then ultimately adp to make atp via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately adp to make atp via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately adp to make atp via
+glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation
+whatever and so that's how you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so that's how you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so that's how you generate
+adenine nucleotides generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine nucleotides generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine nucleotides generate
+guanine nucleotides what has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine nucleotides what has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine nucleotides what has to happen
+is that we need to um put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need to um put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need to um put
+a nitrogen here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitrogen here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitrogen here okay so
+putting a nitrogen on this carbon first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a nitrogen on this carbon first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a nitrogen on this carbon first
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+that happens is we add water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens is we add water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens is we add water
+across that double bond okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's this part here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's this part here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's this part here of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+added water across that double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added water across that double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added water across that double bond
+now we're going to oxidize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to oxidize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to oxidize this
+carbon nitrogen bond seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nitrogen bond seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nitrogen bond seen this
+a million times okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million times okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million times okay
+generates a hydride ion what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a hydride ion what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a hydride ion what's that
+hydride ion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride ion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride ion or
+sorry oxidize this alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oxidize this alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oxidize this alcohol
+to the ketone so generates a hydride ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ketone so generates a hydride ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ketone so generates a hydride ion
+those electrons go to nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons go to nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons go to nad plus
+generate an nadh oxidation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an nadh oxidation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an nadh oxidation reaction
+and that gives us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us this
+okay and then the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the next step
+is is that we're going to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that we're going to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that we're going to take that
+ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+that was generated here and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was generated here and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was generated here and we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+turn it into basically replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into basically replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into basically replace that
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+with a nitrogen and so that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nitrogen and so that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nitrogen and so that's exactly
+the reaction that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction that we saw
+when we went here from fgar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we went here from fgar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we went here from fgar to
+fgam all right so if i go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fgam all right so if i go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fgam all right so if i go from
+same reaction that i used to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reaction that i used to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reaction that i used to go from
+fgar to fgam all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fgar to fgam all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fgar to fgam all right so this
+is atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is atp
+goes to adp plus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to adp plus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to adp plus pi
+all right nitrogen comes here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right nitrogen comes here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right nitrogen comes here from
+glutamine to glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine to glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine to glutamate
+okay same reaction that occurs there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same reaction that occurs there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same reaction that occurs there
+water comes off what i end up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water comes off what i end up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water comes off what i end up doing
+is i replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i replace this
+i'll end up getting this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll end up getting this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll end up getting this structure
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+and then i can just rearrange the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can just rearrange the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can just rearrange the double
+bond to be on the ring rather than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to be on the ring rather than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to be on the ring rather than to
+the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen
+offside outside the ring and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so this is gmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is gmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is gmp
+notice that the atp was used to make gmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the atp was used to make gmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the atp was used to make gmp
+gtp was used to make amp so you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp was used to make amp so you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp was used to make amp so you use the
+opposite purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite purine
+to make each reaction i know i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make each reaction i know i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make each reaction i know i went
+through these quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these quickly
+just don't have time to go into it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have time to go into it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have time to go into it in
+more detail but it's really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but it's really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but it's really just
+repurposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing
+similar reactions that are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar reactions that are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar reactions that are involved in
+period synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period synthesis
+to end up changing this inosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up changing this inosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up changing this inosine
+monophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate
+into amp or into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into amp or into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into amp or into
+gmp and i guess for consistency i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp and i guess for consistency i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp and i guess for consistency i should
+have drawn that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn that in
+yellow because the nitrogen comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow because the nitrogen comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow because the nitrogen comes from
+glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine
+okay so that is purine synthesis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is purine synthesis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is purine synthesis that's
+how you get amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get amp
+and gmp if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gmp if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gmp if you're going to
+break these things down of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these things down of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these things down of course
+you're going to use separate pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use separate pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use separate pathways
+why are you going to use separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you going to use separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you going to use separate
+pathways well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways well because
+as we've heard over and over again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've heard over and over again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've heard over and over again in
+the class for thermodynamic reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class for thermodynamic reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class for thermodynamic reasons
+delta g has to be less than zero for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g has to be less than zero for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g has to be less than zero for any
+pathway to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to work
+can't be less than zero in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be less than zero in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be less than zero in both
+directions one direction needs energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions one direction needs energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions one direction needs energy
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+i had energy input to make these purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had energy input to make these purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had energy input to make these purine
+nucleotides opposite direction don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides opposite direction don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides opposite direction don't
+need energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need energy
+to make it i don't have time to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it i don't have time to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it i don't have time to get into
+all the details of purine breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details of purine breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details of purine breakdown
+although here are some things i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although here are some things i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although here are some things i just
+summarize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize it
+here for you on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you on this slide
+basically you start from amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you start from amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you start from amp
+you take the phosphate off you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the phosphate off you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the phosphate off you end up
+generating adenosine you end up going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating adenosine you end up going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating adenosine you end up going to
+inocene remove the ribose then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inocene remove the ribose then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inocene remove the ribose then you get
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+base and the base on inosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and the base on inosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and the base on inosine
+monophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate
+when it's just the base so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's just the base so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's just the base so the
+nucleoside and nucleotide is inescene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside and nucleotide is inescene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside and nucleotide is inescene
+when you get rid of the ribose now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get rid of the ribose now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get rid of the ribose now the
+base is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is called
+hypoxampine it's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxampine it's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxampine it's a little bit of a
+confusing thing but just recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing thing but just recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing thing but just recognize that
+hypoxanthine is the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine is the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine is the base
+that is found on inosine or inosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is found on inosine or inosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is found on inosine or inosine
+monophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate
+all right and so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so just to
+summarize what i showed you what was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what i showed you what was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what i showed you what was on
+the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide
+so to break down amp you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to break down amp you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to break down amp you'd
+remove the phosphate now you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the phosphate now you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the phosphate now you end up with
+the nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleoside
+adenosine okay so that's adenine plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine okay so that's adenine plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine okay so that's adenine plus
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take off the nitrogen to move back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off the nitrogen to move back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off the nitrogen to move back to
+the nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleoside
+in a scene now we can remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a scene now we can remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a scene now we can remove
+the ribose from inosine what we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribose from inosine what we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribose from inosine what we're left
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+is the base which is hypo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the base which is hypo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the base which is hypo
+xanthine okay so i'll draw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanthine okay so i'll draw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanthine okay so i'll draw out
+hypoxanthine for you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine for you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine for you here
+okay so hypoxanthine you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so hypoxanthine you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so hypoxanthine you'll see is
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+exactly what we drew out for innocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we drew out for innocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we drew out for innocene
+monophosphate it's just the base from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate it's just the base from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate it's just the base from
+nsc monophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nsc monophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nsc monophosphate
+is hypoxanthine now if we oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hypoxanthine now if we oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hypoxanthine now if we oxidize
+this carbon nitrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon nitrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon nitrogen bond
+which is carried out by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is carried out by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is carried out by a
+complex oxidation reaction requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex oxidation reaction requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex oxidation reaction requiring
+oxygen and water and producing hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and water and producing hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and water and producing hydrogen
+peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide
+by an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called xanthine oxidase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the enzyme xanthine oxidase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the enzyme xanthine oxidase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the enzyme xanthine oxidase
+interesting enzyme has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting enzyme has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting enzyme has
+a molybdenum group and in it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molybdenum group and in it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molybdenum group and in it as a
+cofactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor and
+iron and fad complex redox reaction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and fad complex redox reaction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and fad complex redox reaction we
+don't have time to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to get into
+ends up generating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up generating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up generating this
+purine base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this purine base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xanthine okay xanthine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanthine okay xanthine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanthine okay xanthine
+oxidase same enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can also use the same chemistry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use the same chemistry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use the same chemistry to
+oxidize this nitrogen carbon bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this nitrogen carbon bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this nitrogen carbon bond so
+this one here went was oxidized there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here went was oxidized there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here went was oxidized there
+now we're going to oxidize this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to oxidize this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to oxidize this one here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what does that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that generates this compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uric acid and so for the birds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uric acid and so for the birds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uric acid and so for the birds and
+reptiles to excrete nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles to excrete nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles to excrete nitrogen
+it would synthesize appearing like amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would synthesize appearing like amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would synthesize appearing like amp
+and then break it down to uric acid as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then break it down to uric acid as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then break it down to uric acid as a
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+to eliminate nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate nitrogen
+all right guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gmp lose a phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp lose a phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp lose a phosphate
+now you get the nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get the nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get the nucleoside
+guanosine okay so guanine the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanosine okay so guanine the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanosine okay so guanine the base
+plus the ribose with no phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the ribose with no phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the ribose with no phosphate
+take the ribose group off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ribose group off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ribose group off
+now we're left with waning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're left with waning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're left with waning
+okay and then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if we
+start with wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with wanting
+remove nitrogen from guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove nitrogen from guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove nitrogen from guanine
+then we end up with xanthine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we end up with xanthine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we end up with xanthine okay
+so remember there was an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember there was an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember there was an additional
+oxidation step to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation step to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation step to make
+gmp that wasn't there in amp that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp that wasn't there in amp that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp that wasn't there in amp that means
+we get a more oxidized product back when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a more oxidized product back when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a more oxidized product back when
+we break it down so it's broken down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we break it down so it's broken down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we break it down so it's broken down to
+xanthine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanthine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanthine
+and that can be acted on also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be acted on also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be acted on also to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+uric acid and so you could also make gmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uric acid and so you could also make gmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uric acid and so you could also make gmp
+and then break down the gmp to make uric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then break down the gmp to make uric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then break down the gmp to make uric
+acid as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as a way to
+excrete nitrogen now uric acid is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete nitrogen now uric acid is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete nitrogen now uric acid is also
+medically important in humans this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically important in humans this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically important in humans this is of
+course the thing that is the cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the thing that is the cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the thing that is the cause of
+gout so gout is uric acid is produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gout so gout is uric acid is produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gout so gout is uric acid is produced in
+excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess
+deposits and crystallizes in joints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits and crystallizes in joints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits and crystallizes in joints and
+causes a lot of pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of pain
+and one way to treat gout is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to treat gout is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to treat gout is with a
+xanthine oxidase inhibitor there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanthine oxidase inhibitor there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanthine oxidase inhibitor there's a
+drug called aloperinol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug called aloperinol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug called aloperinol
+that inhibits xanthine oxidase and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inhibits xanthine oxidase and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inhibits xanthine oxidase and that
+ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being
+a way to slow the production of uric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to slow the production of uric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to slow the production of uric
+acid and can treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and can treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and can treat
+patients with gout all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with gout all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with gout all right
+now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you
+break down purines and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down purines and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down purines and you want to
+recapture them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapture them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapture them
+you can also use salvage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use salvage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use salvage
+and so to save some time here i drew out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to save some time here i drew out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to save some time here i drew out
+basically the salvage pathways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the salvage pathways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the salvage pathways for
+purines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines
+and so you can start with adenine or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can start with adenine or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can start with adenine or you
+can start with guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with guanine
+or you can start with hypoxanthine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can start with hypoxanthine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can start with hypoxanthine and
+basically these are simply added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these are simply added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these are simply added to
+prpp so if you take adenine add it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp so if you take adenine add it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp so if you take adenine add it to
+prpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp
+now you have amp if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have amp if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have amp if you take
+hypoxanthine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine
+add it to prpp now you have imp and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to prpp now you have imp and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to prpp now you have imp and you
+can use that imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use that imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use that imp
+to then synthesize amp or not shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then synthesize amp or not shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then synthesize amp or not shown here
+gmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp
+which uh by the pathways i've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh by the pathways i've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh by the pathways i've already
+shown or if you have guanine you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown or if you have guanine you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown or if you have guanine you can
+salvage that guanine add it to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage that guanine add it to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage that guanine add it to p
+prpp and then generate gmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp and then generate gmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp and then generate gmp
+and so different enzymes do this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so different enzymes do this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so different enzymes do this this
+enzyme here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme here
+hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribible
+transferase which is how you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase which is how you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase which is how you take
+guanine or hypoxanthine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine or hypoxanthine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine or hypoxanthine
+and make imp or gmp via salvage pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make imp or gmp via salvage pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make imp or gmp via salvage pathway
+is actually a very famous enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very famous enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very famous enzyme
+because it's part of an inborn area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's part of an inborn area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's part of an inborn area of
+metabolism called lesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism called lesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism called lesh
+naihan syndrome or hypoguanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naihan syndrome or hypoguanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naihan syndrome or hypoguanine
+phosphoribol transferase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hp r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hp r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hp r
+t so hprt deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so hprt deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so hprt deficiency
+is what causes lesh naihan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what causes lesh naihan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what causes lesh naihan
+syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's an inborn era of metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an inborn era of metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an inborn era of metabolism
+you're deficient in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're deficient in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're deficient in this
+hgprt enzyme which means you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hgprt enzyme which means you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hgprt enzyme which means you can't
+salvage guanine or hypoxanthine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage guanine or hypoxanthine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage guanine or hypoxanthine now
+i bring this up not because we have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bring this up not because we have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bring this up not because we have time
+to talk about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about all of
+the inborn errors of metabolism but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inborn errors of metabolism but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inborn errors of metabolism but
+mentioning this one really points out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning this one really points out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning this one really points out
+that we don't understand metabolism as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't understand metabolism as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't understand metabolism as
+well as we think we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as we think we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as we think we do
+so if i asked you to predict what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i asked you to predict what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i asked you to predict what would
+be the consequences of an inability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the consequences of an inability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the consequences of an inability to
+salvage guanine and hypoxanthine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage guanine and hypoxanthine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage guanine and hypoxanthine
+you might say oh well that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say oh well that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say oh well that means that
+you're going to not be able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to not be able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to not be able to take
+these things up maybe you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things up maybe you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things up maybe you'll have
+excess guanine and hypoxanthine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess guanine and hypoxanthine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess guanine and hypoxanthine
+breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown
+and maybe you'll get more uric acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you'll get more uric acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you'll get more uric acid and
+get gout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gout
+and that's absolutely the case patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's absolutely the case patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's absolutely the case patients
+with lesh nyhan syndrome hp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lesh nyhan syndrome hp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lesh nyhan syndrome hp
+rt deficiency do indeed get gout that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rt deficiency do indeed get gout that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rt deficiency do indeed get gout that
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+but the main problem they have is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main problem they have is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main problem they have is they
+have a self-mutilation phenotype they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a self-mutilation phenotype they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a self-mutilation phenotype they
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+mental retardation a lot of neurological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental retardation a lot of neurological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental retardation a lot of neurological
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+and no one can really explain why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one can really explain why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one can really explain why it is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+one gets this complex neurological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gets this complex neurological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gets this complex neurological
+phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+because you can't salvage guanine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't salvage guanine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't salvage guanine and
+hypoxanthine the salvage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine the salvage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoxanthine the salvage of
+purines which again i show here on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines which again i show here on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines which again i show here on uh
+on a on a slide um really that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a slide um really that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a slide um really that shows
+all of the different enzymes and ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the different enzymes and ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the different enzymes and ways
+here's that hprt to salvage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that hprt to salvage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that hprt to salvage
+guanine and hypoxanthine to make imp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine and hypoxanthine to make imp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine and hypoxanthine to make imp and
+gmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmp
+um you know there's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's actually quite
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+enzymes that can allow you to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that can allow you to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that can allow you to basically
+interconvert all of these nucleosides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert all of these nucleosides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert all of these nucleosides
+with nucleotides as well as with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nucleotides as well as with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nucleotides as well as with the
+the free base the free purine bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free base the free purine bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free base the free purine bases
+each of these enzymes has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these enzymes has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these enzymes has its own
+syndrome associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome associated with it
+if there's humans that are deficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's humans that are deficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's humans that are deficient
+some of it causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it causes
+immune system problems there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system problems there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system problems there's the
+mental problems i talked about with hprt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental problems i talked about with hprt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental problems i talked about with hprt
+deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency
+again why certain enzymes and pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why certain enzymes and pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why certain enzymes and pathways
+are more important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more important in
+specific cells and tissues not so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cells and tissues not so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cells and tissues not so well
+understood and really what i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and really what i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and really what i want you to
+appreciate is that this is complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate is that this is complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate is that this is complicated
+and just realize that this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just realize that this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just realize that this happens
+in case you encounter it in your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you encounter it in your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you encounter it in your first
+future career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future career
+and you want to come back and study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right so we just went through the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just went through the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just went through the way
+that you can salvage purines or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can salvage purines or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can salvage purines or make
+purines de novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines de novo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines de novo
+and of course that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that gives you
+ribonucleotides that can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides that can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides that can be used to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+rna if you're going to generate dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna if you're going to generate dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna if you're going to generate dna
+you then need to instead of generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then need to instead of generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then need to instead of generating
+the ribonucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribonucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribonucleotides
+end up with the deoxy ribonucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with the deoxy ribonucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with the deoxy ribonucleoside
+triphosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphates
+and what does that mean so if we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that mean so if we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that mean so if we draw
+here here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for whatever base adenine guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever base adenine guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever base adenine guanine
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+basically if we're going to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if we're going to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if we're going to generate
+a deoxyribonus nucleoside we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deoxyribonus nucleoside we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deoxyribonus nucleoside we have to
+remember this is the two position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the two position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the two position of
+ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose
+and so we need to reduce this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need to reduce this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need to reduce this two
+position of ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of ribose
+basically reduce it from the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically reduce it from the alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically reduce it from the alcohol
+to the um to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um to the
+saturated hydrocarbon to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated hydrocarbon to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated hydrocarbon to generate
+okay the deoxyribonucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the deoxyribonucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the deoxyribonucleoside
+this is carried out by an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carried out by an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carried out by an enzyme
+called ribonucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ribonucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ribonucleoside
+ribonucleotide reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+makes sense we're doing a redox reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense we're doing a redox reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense we're doing a redox reaction
+reducing that alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing that alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing that alcohol
+to the saturated hybrid hydrocarbon or i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the saturated hybrid hydrocarbon or i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the saturated hybrid hydrocarbon or i
+have a nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nucleotide
+reductase interesting mechanism you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase interesting mechanism you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase interesting mechanism you can
+look it up if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up if you're interested
+ribonucleotide reductase i drew it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide reductase i drew it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide reductase i drew it this
+way on purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way on purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way on purpose
+always acts on the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always acts on the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always acts on the d
+ndp so the nucleoside diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ndp so the nucleoside diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ndp so the nucleoside diphosphate
+sorry on the nucleoside diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry on the nucleoside diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry on the nucleoside diphosphate
+to generate the deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the deoxy
+nucleoside sorry deoxynucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside sorry deoxynucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside sorry deoxynucleotide
+diphosphate so the nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate so the nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate so the nucleotide
+diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate
+is what ribonucleotide reductase axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what ribonucleotide reductase axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what ribonucleotide reductase axon
+to generate the um deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the um deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the um deoxy
+nucleotide diphosphate so you would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide diphosphate so you would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide diphosphate so you would take
+adp and generate dadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp and generate dadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp and generate dadp
+gdp and generate d gdp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdp and generate d gdp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdp and generate d gdp
+all right and we'll come back to this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we'll come back to this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we'll come back to this in
+a minute for pyrimidines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute for pyrimidines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute for pyrimidines
+before i get to that i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i get to that i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i get to that i just want to
+quickly go through pyrimidine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go through pyrimidine synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go through pyrimidine synthesis
+and so pyrimidine synthesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pyrimidine synthesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pyrimidine synthesis is
+a lot simpler than purine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot simpler than purine synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot simpler than purine synthesis
+i also like to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also like to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also like to point out that
+pyrimidines are also much less abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines are also much less abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines are also much less abundant
+in cells than purines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cells than purines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cells than purines
+so remember atp 10 millimolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember atp 10 millimolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember atp 10 millimolar
+concentration in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in cells
+1 to 10 millimolar gtp somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 10 millimolar gtp somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 10 millimolar gtp somewhere in the
+high hundreds of micromolar purines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high hundreds of micromolar purines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high hundreds of micromolar purines are
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+sorry pyrimidines are more tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry pyrimidines are more tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry pyrimidines are more tens of
+micromolar and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromolar and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromolar and so
+orders of magnitude less pyrimidines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude less pyrimidines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude less pyrimidines and
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+than there are purines and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there are purines and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there are purines and that's
+because gtp atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because gtp atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because gtp atp
+those are important energy transduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are important energy transduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are important energy transduction
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+we saw a couple places where pyrimidines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a couple places where pyrimidines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a couple places where pyrimidines
+can be energy transduction molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be energy transduction molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be energy transduction molecules
+utp glucose etc but in general most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utp glucose etc but in general most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utp glucose etc but in general most
+reactions use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions use
+atp and gtp as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and gtp as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and gtp as
+energy sources and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas pyrimidines are primarily for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas pyrimidines are primarily for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas pyrimidines are primarily for
+building rna and dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building rna and dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building rna and dna
+and so much less abundant in cells all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much less abundant in cells all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much less abundant in cells all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so pyrimidine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get my colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so pyrimidine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+starts with carbamyl phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with carbamyl phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with carbamyl phosphate
+and so you'll remember carbamoyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll remember carbamoyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll remember carbamoyl
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh
+when we discuss the urea cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discuss the urea cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discuss the urea cycle okay
+so just as a quick reminder so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as a quick reminder so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as a quick reminder so
+here's bicarbonate i won't use colors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's bicarbonate i won't use colors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's bicarbonate i won't use colors to
+start just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start just
+for time so if we phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time so if we phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time so if we phosphorylate
+bicarbonate okay we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate okay we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate okay we ended up
+getting this molecule that bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this molecule that bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this molecule that bicarbonate
+we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then
+have glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have glutamine
+to glutamate conversion that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glutamate conversion that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glutamate conversion that gives us
+releases on ammonia that ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases on ammonia that ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases on ammonia that ammonia
+can release that phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can release that phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can release that phosphate
+so atp to adp plus phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so atp to adp plus phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so atp to adp plus phosphate
+and gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives us
+this molecule which we can phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule which we can phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule which we can phosphorylate
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this molecule which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbomole phosphate nothing new here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbomole phosphate nothing new here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbomole phosphate nothing new here
+exactly what we showed last time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we showed last time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we showed last time in the
+urea cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea cycle
+so carbomoyl phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so carbomoyl phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so carbomoyl phosphate
+will react with aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's aspartate
+okay the amino acid aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the amino acid aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the amino acid aspartate
+okay and that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that generates that intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that generates that intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that generates that intermediate
+this can now undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ring closure like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we end up with
+a molecule that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ring structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a pyrimidine shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pyrimidine shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pyrimidine shown here
+okay i drew it this way because the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i drew it this way because the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i drew it this way because the next
+step so this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so this molecule
+is called dihydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or rotate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rotate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rotate okay
+and the next step is going to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next step is going to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next step is going to be to
+oxidize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this
+carbon-carbon bond if we oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond if we oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond if we oxidize
+this carbon-carbon bond okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon-carbon bond okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon-carbon bond okay
+that gives us hydride ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us hydride ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us hydride ion
+oxidizing a carbon-carbon bond just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing a carbon-carbon bond just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing a carbon-carbon bond just like
+we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in
+lipid oxidation just like we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid oxidation just like we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid oxidation just like we saw in
+succinate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate dehydrogenase
+this is an fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as an electron acceptor fad is reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an electron acceptor fad is reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an electron acceptor fad is reduced
+to fadh2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fadh2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fadh2
+this occurs as an alternative to complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this occurs as an alternative to complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this occurs as an alternative to complex
+2 in the electron transport chain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the electron transport chain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the electron transport chain so
+this would occur in the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would occur in the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would occur in the mitochondrial
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+and be a way to take dihydro orotate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be a way to take dihydro orotate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be a way to take dihydro orotate to
+orotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orotate
+carried out by an enzyme called dihydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out by an enzyme called dihydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out by an enzyme called dihydro
+orotate dehydrogenase or dhodh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orotate dehydrogenase or dhodh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orotate dehydrogenase or dhodh
+which ends up forming this alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ends up forming this alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ends up forming this alternate
+electron transport chain electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain electrons
+ultimately ending up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately ending up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately ending up as
+oxygen and this generates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and this generates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and this generates the
+base pyrimidine the imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pyrimidine the imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pyrimidine the imp
+equivalent if you will of a pyrimidine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if you will of a pyrimidine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if you will of a pyrimidine
+which is this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay which is this molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or rotate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rotate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rotate and then
+orotate will react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orotate will react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orotate will react with
+prpp okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp okay
+generating a pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which can be cleaved to two inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be cleaved to two inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be cleaved to two inorganic
+phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates
+pull the reaction forward and we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the reaction forward and we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the reaction forward and we end up
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+phospho ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho ribose
+um and basically this is going to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and basically this is going to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and basically this is going to add to
+this nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nitrogen
+right here and so you're used to seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and so you're used to seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and so you're used to seeing
+it drawn if i add to that nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drawn if i add to that nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drawn if i add to that nitrogen and
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+rotate the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the molecule
+in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get this molecule which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this molecule which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this molecule which is
+orotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orotate
+monophosphate orotate monophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate orotate monophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate orotate monophosphate
+which is the starting pyrimidine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the starting pyrimidine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the starting pyrimidine
+and simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decarboxylating orotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylating orotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylating orotate
+monophosphate will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pyrimidine uridine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyrimidine uridine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyrimidine uridine
+monophosphate or ump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate or ump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate or ump
+okay and so ump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so ump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so ump
+generated um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated um in
+that way now to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way now to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way now to turn
+ump into ctp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ump into ctp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ump into ctp
+what happens is ump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is ump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is ump is
+phosphorylated twice so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated twice so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated twice so that's going to
+cost 2 adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost 2 adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost 2 adp
+that's going to generate a utp and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to generate a utp and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to generate a utp and then
+we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take
+that utp and carry out again the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utp and carry out again the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utp and carry out again the same
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+that you saw earlier for f guard f gam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw earlier for f guard f gam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw earlier for f guard f gam
+xanaxan xanthine monophosphate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanaxan xanthine monophosphate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xanaxan xanthine monophosphate to
+guanine monophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine monophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine monophosphate
+okay so i'm going to take glutamine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to take glutamine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to take glutamine to
+glutamate transfer the ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate transfer the ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate transfer the ammonia
+take atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take atp
+to adp plus pi and basically what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adp plus pi and basically what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adp plus pi and basically what we're
+going to end up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up doing
+is changing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing that
+double bond oxygen so double bond there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond oxygen so double bond there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond oxygen so double bond there
+and an amino group on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an amino group on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an amino group on top
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other major purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cytodine triphosphate or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytodine triphosphate or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytodine triphosphate or some other
+major pyrimidine cytodine triphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major pyrimidine cytodine triphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major pyrimidine cytodine triphosphate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so utp to ctp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so utp to ctp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so utp to ctp
+reaction that we've already seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we've already seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we've already seen before
+gets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us
+ctp now to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ctp now to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ctp now to get
+deoxycytodene obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxycytodene obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxycytodene obviously
+remember ribonucleotide reductase acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ribonucleotide reductase acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ribonucleotide reductase acts
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+diphosphate okay so release a phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate okay so release a phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate okay so release a phosphate
+so now we have cytodine diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have cytodine diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have cytodine diphosphate
+and now ribonucleotide reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now ribonucleotide reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now ribonucleotide reductase
+can generate deoxycytodene diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate deoxycytodene diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate deoxycytodene diphosphate
+now remember uracil is not used in dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember uracil is not used in dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember uracil is not used in dna
+instead of uracil we use thiamidine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of uracil we use thiamidine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of uracil we use thiamidine so
+there's no deoxy uracil or you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no deoxy uracil or you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no deoxy uracil or you won't
+don't want to make deoxyuracil because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to make deoxyuracil because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to make deoxyuracil because
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+incorporate into dna that's undesirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate into dna that's undesirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate into dna that's undesirable
+and so the way you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way you make
+thimodine is you take dcdp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thimodine is you take dcdp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thimodine is you take dcdp
+and you further remove a phosphate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you further remove a phosphate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you further remove a phosphate from
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and now you get d cmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you get d cmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you get d cmp
+and then you take the dcmp and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take the dcmp and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take the dcmp and you
+convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it
+back to d ump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to d ump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to d ump
+all right converting it back to d u m p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right converting it back to d u m p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right converting it back to d u m p
+is basically just losing the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically just losing the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically just losing the nitrogen
+we've seen that before when we broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that before when we broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that before when we broke
+down guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down guanine
+okay same reaction dcmp back to d ump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same reaction dcmp back to d ump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same reaction dcmp back to d ump
+and then dump is a substrate for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then dump is a substrate for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then dump is a substrate for an
+enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called
+thymodylate synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which will take uracil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will take uracil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will take uracil
+all right uracil and add a one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uracil and add a one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uracil and add a one carbon
+unit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit there
+which is a methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a methyl group
+as d and generate thimodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d and generate thimodine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d and generate thimodine
+so where does that come from well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does that come from well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does that come from well we're
+going to add a methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add a methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add a methyl group
+we could do that from the folate now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do that from the folate now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do that from the folate now you
+might guess that you'd use 5-methyl thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might guess that you'd use 5-methyl thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might guess that you'd use 5-methyl thf
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+but you actually don't instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you actually don't instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you actually don't instead
+what you use is this n5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n10 methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n10 methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n10 methyl
+methylene thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene thf
+which we got directly from serine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we got directly from serine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we got directly from serine to
+glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine
+conversion okay and so this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion okay and so this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion okay and so this then
+is going to add the methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have d u m p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have d u m p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have d u m p
+okay so we're gonna add a methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna add a methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna add a methyl group
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to give me
+dtmp all right this is what diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtmp all right this is what diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtmp all right this is what diamond
+delay synthase does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay synthase does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay synthase does
+but i've had a methyl group remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've had a methyl group remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've had a methyl group remember
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+a formaldehyde oxidation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formaldehyde oxidation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formaldehyde oxidation state
+so if i'm going to add a methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i'm going to add a methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i'm going to add a methyl group
+that means that one carbon unit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that one carbon unit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that one carbon unit is
+getting reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting reduced
+when it's being added if it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's being added if it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's being added if it's being
+reduced something else has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced something else has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced something else has to be
+oxidized and the thing that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized and the thing that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized and the thing that that's
+oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized
+is the folate itself so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the folate itself so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the folate itself so this
+is the tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tetrahydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tetrahydrofolate
+is oxidized to instead be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oxidized to instead be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oxidized to instead be a
+dihydrofolate okay so double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydrofolate okay so double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydrofolate okay so double bond
+here so that's oxidation that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's oxidation that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's oxidation that's a
+now it becomes dihydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it becomes dihydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it becomes dihydrofolate
+okay and that dihydrofolate of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that dihydrofolate of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that dihydrofolate of course
+has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+re-reduced back to the tetrahydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-reduced back to the tetrahydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-reduced back to the tetrahydro
+tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+and pick up a one carbon unit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick up a one carbon unit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick up a one carbon unit and so
+this comes from nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to nadp plus so oxidize nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nadp plus so oxidize nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nadp plus so oxidize nadph
+reduce dihydrofolate back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce dihydrofolate back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce dihydrofolate back to
+tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+pick up another one carbon unit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up another one carbon unit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up another one carbon unit from
+serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine
+to glycine conversion and in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glycine conversion and in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glycine conversion and in the end
+this is how you synthesize thymodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you synthesize thymodine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you synthesize thymodine
+i went through this very quickly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went through this very quickly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went through this very quickly but
+this is actually a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a very important
+reaction pharmacologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction pharmacologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction pharmacologically
+this is an important target for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important target for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important target for
+antibiotics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics so
+the antibiotic bactrim a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibiotic bactrim a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibiotic bactrim a very famous
+antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic
+basically blocks this step called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically blocks this step called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically blocks this step called
+dihydrofolate reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydrofolate reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydrofolate reductase
+okay dihydrofolate reductase dhfr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay dihydrofolate reductase dhfr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay dihydrofolate reductase dhfr
+basically taking dihydrofolate back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking dihydrofolate back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking dihydrofolate back to
+tetrahydrofolate before it can pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate before it can pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate before it can pick up a
+serine glycine unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine glycine unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine glycine unit
+affects that in the bacteria very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects that in the bacteria very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects that in the bacteria very
+effective antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective antibiotic
+okay also anti-folate chemotherapies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also anti-folate chemotherapies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also anti-folate chemotherapies
+methotrexate inhibitor of dihydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methotrexate inhibitor of dihydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methotrexate inhibitor of dihydrofolate
+reductase one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase one of the first
+chemotherapies ever discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapies ever discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapies ever discovered
+also works because it blocks thiamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also works because it blocks thiamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also works because it blocks thiamine
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+by preventing your ability to recycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by preventing your ability to recycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by preventing your ability to recycle
+the dihydrofolate back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dihydrofolate back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dihydrofolate back to
+tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+and carry out thymodine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carry out thymodine synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carry out thymodine synthesis
+and so ends up being a pharmacologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ends up being a pharmacologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ends up being a pharmacologically
+at least for human medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for human medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for human medicine
+very important series of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important series of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important series of reactions
+all right so for pyrimidine salvage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for pyrimidine salvage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for pyrimidine salvage
+there's almost nothing to say about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost nothing to say about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost nothing to say about it
+you just take the primitive bases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the primitive bases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the primitive bases and
+you add it to prpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add it to prpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add it to prpp
+and now you have your pyrimidine back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have your pyrimidine back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have your pyrimidine back um
+and so nothing more to say there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nothing more to say there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nothing more to say there and
+really what i want to do is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what i want to do is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what i want to do is close
+with a few comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few comments about
+regulation of nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of nucleoside
+and nucleotide metabolism and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nucleotide metabolism and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nucleotide metabolism and so
+obviously if you're going to synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if you're going to synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if you're going to synthesize
+rna and dna you need to have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna and dna you need to have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna and dna you need to have the right
+ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios
+of nucleoside of nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nucleoside of nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nucleoside of nucleotides
+so if your rna polymerase is making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your rna polymerase is making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your rna polymerase is making an
+rna molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna molecule
+and it doesn't have the right base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't have the right base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't have the right base
+it can't keep going and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't keep going and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't keep going and this is
+particularly a problem for dna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly a problem for dna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly a problem for dna synthesis
+because remember and as you will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember and as you will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember and as you will learn
+or have learned in cell biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have learned in cell biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have learned in cell biology
+you have to license your origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to license your origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to license your origins of
+replication before you start dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication before you start dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication before you start dna
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+and that prevents you from ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that prevents you from ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that prevents you from ever
+replicating the same amount of dna twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating the same amount of dna twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating the same amount of dna twice
+meaning you say here's where you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you say here's where you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you say here's where you start
+and once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you start
+you can't stop until you finish dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't stop until you finish dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't stop until you finish dna
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+well this becomes a tremendous problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this becomes a tremendous problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this becomes a tremendous problem
+if you're trying to replicate your dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to replicate your dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to replicate your dna
+and you run out of nucleosides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you run out of nucleosides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you run out of nucleosides
+or nucleotides and so there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nucleotides and so there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nucleotides and so there has to be
+complex mechanisms in place to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex mechanisms in place to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex mechanisms in place to make sure
+that cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells
+always have the right levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the right levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the right levels of
+nucleotide triphosphates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deoxynucleoxynucleotide triphosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxynucleoxynucleotide triphosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxynucleoxynucleotide triphosphates
+and so there's complex feedbacks that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's complex feedbacks that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's complex feedbacks that we
+could give a whole lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give a whole lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give a whole lecture
+on but for the purposes of today i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but for the purposes of today i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but for the purposes of today i just
+want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be
+familiar and know that they're here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and know that they're here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and know that they're here and
+they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also
+all make sense they fit exactly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make sense they fit exactly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make sense they fit exactly with
+what we've talked about in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've talked about in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've talked about in other
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+and so shown here on the slide is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so shown here on the slide is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so shown here on the slide is the
+control of purine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of purine synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of purine synthesis
+and so this makes perfect sense so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this makes perfect sense so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this makes perfect sense so if
+you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+if you have plenty of purines meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have plenty of purines meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have plenty of purines meaning
+you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of
+amp gmp imp well what do you do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp gmp imp well what do you do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp gmp imp well what do you do well
+don't charge the ribose 5-phosphate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't charge the ribose 5-phosphate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't charge the ribose 5-phosphate to
+prpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp
+or don't carry out the first step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or don't carry out the first step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or don't carry out the first step in
+period synthesis where you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period synthesis where you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period synthesis where you take that
+ammonia from glutamine and take prpp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia from glutamine and take prpp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia from glutamine and take prpp and
+add it to the prpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to the prpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to the prpp
+to begin period synthesis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin period synthesis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin period synthesis and so
+all of these purine monophosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these purine monophosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these purine monophosphates
+inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit
+this early steps of purine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this early steps of purine synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this early steps of purine synthesis
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+well what if you have an imbalance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if you have an imbalance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if you have an imbalance in
+your amp and gmp pools well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your amp and gmp pools well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your amp and gmp pools well
+the way you prevent that remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you prevent that remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you prevent that remember we
+already discussed that to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed that to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed that to turn
+imp into amp you use gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imp into amp you use gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imp into amp you use gtp
+as an energy phosphate donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an energy phosphate donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an energy phosphate donor
+and to turn imp into gmp you use atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to turn imp into gmp you use atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to turn imp into gmp you use atp
+as a energy phosphate donor so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a energy phosphate donor so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a energy phosphate donor so that's
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+way you regulate this but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you regulate this but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you regulate this but the other
+thing is if you have enough amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if you have enough amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if you have enough amp
+well don't try to make amp and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't try to make amp and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't try to make amp and you have
+enough gmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gmp
+don't try to make gmp and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to make gmp and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to make gmp and so there's
+feedback there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback there as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback there as well
+that add to balancing the amp and gmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add to balancing the amp and gmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add to balancing the amp and gmp
+pools what about pyrimidines well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pools what about pyrimidines well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pools what about pyrimidines well
+pyrimidines simpler synthosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines simpler synthosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines simpler synthosynthesis
+simpler regulation if you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler regulation if you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler regulation if you have enough
+pyrimidines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines
+enough ctp don't do the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough ctp don't do the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough ctp don't do the first step
+where you take aspartate and carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take aspartate and carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take aspartate and carbonyl
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+and generate that first step um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate that first step um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate that first step um
+here in pyrimidine synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in pyrimidine synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in pyrimidine synthesis
+dntps obviously as i said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dntps obviously as i said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dntps obviously as i said is
+particularly critical because once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly critical because once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly critical because once you
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+replicating your dna you always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating your dna you always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating your dna you always have to
+have the right balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right balance of
+deoxyribonucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxyribonucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxyribonucleotides
+and so ribonucleotide reductase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ribonucleotide reductase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ribonucleotide reductase that
+enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+up there that basically balances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there that basically balances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there that basically balances and
+synthesizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizes
+your deoxyribonucleotides it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your deoxyribonucleotides it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your deoxyribonucleotides it has
+incredibly complex feedback mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly complex feedback mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly complex feedback mechanisms
+that one could spend a whole lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one could spend a whole lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one could spend a whole lecture
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+but effectively it has various feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but effectively it has various feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but effectively it has various feedback
+mechanisms with allosteric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms with allosteric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms with allosteric
+sites and other feedbacks that are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites and other feedbacks that are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites and other feedbacks that are still
+honestly being worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly being worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly being worked out
+um that in the end is a way that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that in the end is a way that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that in the end is a way that helps
+you balance to make sure you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you balance to make sure you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you balance to make sure you have the
+right levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right levels
+of all the different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the different um
+deoxyribonucleotides in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxyribonucleotides in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxyribonucleotides in the end
+all right if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if you're interested
+more in the feedbacks of ribonucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the feedbacks of ribonucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the feedbacks of ribonucleotide
+reductase these are covered well in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase these are covered well in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase these are covered well in your
+textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+any of the topics that we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the topics that we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the topics that we didn't have
+time to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to cover
+that might become relevant for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might become relevant for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might become relevant for your
+future endeavors in biology medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future endeavors in biology medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future endeavors in biology medicine
+metabolism whatever all of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism whatever all of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism whatever all of those are
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+covered and hopefully if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and hopefully if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and hopefully if you could
+absorb some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb some of the
+concepts that i tried to impart to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that i tried to impart to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that i tried to impart to you
+about how metabolism works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how metabolism works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how metabolism works
+you can understand those pathways better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand those pathways better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand those pathways better
+hope you enjoyed 705 hope you enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you enjoyed 705 hope you enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you enjoyed 705 hope you enjoyed
+learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about
+metabolism and thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and thank you
+very much for your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EkMfTvmLJl0.txt b/EkMfTvmLJl0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87a7bccda127475179bc48183da452b866bdf538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EkMfTvmLJl0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so um with the real time R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so um with the real time R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so um with the real time R
+tracing group and as we like to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing group and as we like to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing group and as we like to call
+ourselves blue steel so one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves blue steel so one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves blue steel so one thing you
+might be uh asking yourselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh asking yourselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh asking yourselves and
+wondering from us is where did we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering from us is where did we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering from us is where did we get
+the name blue steel what does it have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name blue steel what does it have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name blue steel what does it have to
+do with this thing we call Ray tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this thing we call Ray tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this thing we call Ray tracing
+and um this morning when I was sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this morning when I was sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this morning when I was sitting
+up and finishing up the project I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and finishing up the project I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and finishing up the project I was
+asking myself the same thing we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking myself the same thing we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking myself the same thing we're doing
+Ray tracing where did we come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray tracing where did we come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray tracing where did we come up with
+this name so I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this name so I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this name so I'm going to give you a
+little background on what blue steel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little background on what blue steel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little background on what blue steel is
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you the name the name came from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the name the name came from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the name the name came from the
+first day we got access to our PS3 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day we got access to our PS3 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day we got access to our PS3 we
+went to the Student Center like a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the Student Center like a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the Student Center like a bunch
+of excited kids on Christmas and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excited kids on Christmas and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excited kids on Christmas and what
+did we do we created a mailing list for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do we created a mailing list for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do we created a mailing list for
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+group didn't even mess with the PS3 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group didn't even mess with the PS3 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group didn't even mess with the PS3 just
+created the mailing list and took sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the mailing list and took sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the mailing list and took sit
+sat there for about an hour and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat there for about an hour and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat there for about an hour and a half
+thinking of a name and somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of a name and somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of a name and somehow we
+decided on zoolander's famous face blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on zoolander's famous face blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on zoolander's famous face blue
+steel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel and
+it's didn't have particular significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's didn't have particular significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's didn't have particular significance
+to us before but as you'll see it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us before but as you'll see it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us before but as you'll see it has a
+lot of historical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blue steel is also an alloy a ferris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue steel is also an alloy a ferris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue steel is also an alloy a ferris
+alloy as you could see it's uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy as you could see it's uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy as you could see it's uh we have
+blue tempered spring steel that uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue tempered spring steel that uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue tempered spring steel that uh many
+companies industries use and blue steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies industries use and blue steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies industries use and blue steel
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+also uh a warhead made in the Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh a warhead made in the Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh a warhead made in the Cold War
+but these have nothing to do with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these have nothing to do with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these have nothing to do with our
+with our project to us and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our project to us and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our project to us and for the
+purpose of this project blue steel is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this project blue steel is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this project blue steel is a
+distributed realtime rate Tracer and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed realtime rate Tracer and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed realtime rate Tracer and uh
+Natalia is going to give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natalia is going to give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natalia is going to give you a little
+background on what rate tracing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on what rate tracing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on what rate tracing really
+is thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so rate tracing um there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so rate tracing um there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so rate tracing um there are two
+types of uh two terms that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of uh two terms that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of uh two terms that you would
+generally here uh raid tracing and raid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally here uh raid tracing and raid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally here uh raid tracing and raid
+casting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting um
+basically the idea is uh the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea is uh the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea is uh the camera is
+like the eye and from the camera um rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the eye and from the camera um rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the eye and from the camera um rays
+are cast for each pixel in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cast for each pixel in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cast for each pixel in a
+picture and um these Rays they intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and um these Rays they intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and um these Rays they intersect
+with all the virtual objects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the virtual objects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the virtual objects in the
+scene when an object is hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene when an object is hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene when an object is hit
+um the the color of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the color of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the color of it is
+computed um the closest object that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed um the closest object that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed um the closest object that is
+intersected is the object uh that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected is the object uh that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected is the object uh that shows
+up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the
+screen now we should credit these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now we should credit these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now we should credit these slides
+they 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they 6
+through and Ray tracing uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and Ray tracing uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and Ray tracing uh is
+recursive uh it accounts for Shadows uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive uh it accounts for Shadows uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive uh it accounts for Shadows uh
+positions of um other objects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of um other objects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of um other objects in the
+scene there's reflection and refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene there's reflection and refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene there's reflection and refraction
+um for example if this Ray were to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example if this Ray were to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example if this Ray were to hit
+that object and it is reflected then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object and it is reflected then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object and it is reflected then
+another ray is cast from that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ray is cast from that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ray is cast from that object
+in the reflecting Direction and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reflecting Direction and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reflecting Direction and this can
+go on for an indefinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on for an indefinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on for an indefinite number of
+Reflections um these are normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections um these are normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections um these are normally
+specified in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program here's an example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here's an example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here's an example of the
+recursion so the three um planes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so the three um planes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so the three um planes are
+reflective they're like mirrors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective they're like mirrors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective they're like mirrors and
+there are three spheres are in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three spheres are in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three spheres are in between
+them with no recursion you can see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with no recursion you can see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with no recursion you can see there
+is no reflection at all with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no reflection at all with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no reflection at all with one
+recursion you can see the um the rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion you can see the um the rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion you can see the um the rays
+are reflecting just off the side meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reflecting just off the side meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reflecting just off the side meters
+at the end with two recursions there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end with two recursions there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end with two recursions there's
+also reflection at the bottom so it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reflection at the bottom so it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reflection at the bottom so it is a
+reflection of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflections and this is uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections and this is uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections and this is uh very
+computationally intensive because um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally intensive because um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally intensive because um for
+every pixel you're casting a ray and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pixel you're casting a ray and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pixel you're casting a ray and for
+every object in the scene you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every object in the scene you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every object in the scene you're
+intersecting that Ray with the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting that Ray with the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting that Ray with the object
+object and seeing if it's hit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and seeing if it's hit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and seeing if it's hit and then
+if it is hit and it is reflective or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is hit and it is reflective or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is hit and it is reflective or
+refractive um so transparent then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive um so transparent then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive um so transparent then um
+another ray is cast uh this seam here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ray is cast uh this seam here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ray is cast uh this seam here is
+uh a resolution 1024x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a resolution 1024x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a resolution 1024x
+1024 and recursion depth is 100 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 and recursion depth is 100 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 and recursion depth is 100 and the
+rendering time in our program was 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendering time in our program was 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendering time in our program was 2.6
+seconds um the rendering time for uh 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds um the rendering time for uh 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds um the rendering time for uh 20
+depth recursion was uh 600 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth recursion was uh 600 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth recursion was uh 600 milliseconds
+and uh for 10 was uh 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for 10 was uh 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for 10 was uh 300
+milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh many of us have taken 6837 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh many of us have taken 6837 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh many of us have taken 6837 and in
+that class we we all built R tracers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class we we all built R tracers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class we we all built R tracers um
+and uh a typical scene like the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a typical scene like the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a typical scene like the one that
+is on the on the PowerPoint right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the on the PowerPoint right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the on the PowerPoint right now
+could take up to a minute or more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take up to a minute or more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take up to a minute or more uh
+often if you include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often if you include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often if you include
+if you were to do 100 bounces I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to do 100 bounces I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to do 100 bounces I think
+mine would probably have taken over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine would probably have taken over 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine would probably have taken over 10
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you we did try different spus uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we did try different spus uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we did try different spus uh this
+picture we didn't try with uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we didn't try with uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we didn't try with uh different
+spus but um we have tried other scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spus but um we have tried other scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spus but um we have tried other scenes
+with various numbers and we did get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various numbers and we did get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various numbers and we did get uh
+exact linear speed up so if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact linear speed up so if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact linear speed up so if there were
+twice as many spus it would be um twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as many spus it would be um twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as many spus it would be um twice
+as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay so uh yeah I'm going to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so uh yeah I'm going to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so uh yeah I'm going to talk to
+you about optimizations that we did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about optimizations that we did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about optimizations that we did uh
+Natalia has told you about R tracing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natalia has told you about R tracing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natalia has told you about R tracing and
+that's only half of our project um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only half of our project um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only half of our project um the
+part that we have to focus on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that we have to focus on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that we have to focus on is
+optimizing and uh meeting that goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing and uh meeting that goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing and uh meeting that goal of
+being real time and uh for us real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being real time and uh for us real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being real time and uh for us real time
+um you have to you have to ask what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to you have to ask what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to you have to ask what is
+real time uh if we go off of like uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time uh if we go off of like uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time uh if we go off of like uh of
+the uh American video standard ntsc they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh American video standard ntsc they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh American video standard ntsc they
+Define it to be around 27 30 frames a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it to be around 27 30 frames a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it to be around 27 30 frames a
+second uh so that was pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh so that was pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh so that was pretty much the
+goal that we set when we set out to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that we set when we set out to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that we set when we set out to do
+this and so we took the code and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so we took the code and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so we took the code and we
+think okay we can split this this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay we can split this this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay we can split this this task
+is easily paralyzable but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easily paralyzable but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easily paralyzable but we're going to
+have to do a lot more than that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a lot more than that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a lot more than that if we
+want to get it uh better if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get it uh better if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get it uh better if we want to
+get better rates so we took advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better rates so we took advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better rates so we took advantage of
+the hardware that we were on and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware that we were on and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware that we were on and one
+thing that we that uh on the r tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we that uh on the r tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we that uh on the r tracing
+end we had to go crazy with was simy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we had to go crazy with was simy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we had to go crazy with was simy
+there pretty much the entire Ray Tracer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there pretty much the entire Ray Tracer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there pretty much the entire Ray Tracer
+never deals with a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never deals with a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never deals with a scalar
+value we use simdi for everything and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we use simdi for everything and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we use simdi for everything and in
+the core of it there are we we we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of it there are we we we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of it there are we we we do
+Branch avoidance so we we really try not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch avoidance so we we really try not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch avoidance so we we really try not
+not to take branches because Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to take branches because Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to take branches because Branch
+misses are very costly on the cell so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses are very costly on the cell so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses are very costly on the cell so uh
+I believe there's something like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe there's something like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe there's something like three
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+statements spread across 4,000 lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements spread across 4,000 lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements spread across 4,000 lines of
+code for the ray Tracer we really took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for the ray Tracer we really took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for the ray Tracer we really took
+simd to heart in this we we should so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simd to heart in this we we should so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simd to heart in this we we should so uh
+the representing using simd you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representing using simd you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representing using simd you can uh
+process you know arrays of structures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know arrays of structures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know arrays of structures so
+we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh we
+took okay we uh we took we traced we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took okay we uh we took we traced we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took okay we uh we took we traced we we
+traced Ray packets of of four Rays at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced Ray packets of of four Rays at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced Ray packets of of four Rays at a
+time and from those Ray packets we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and from those Ray packets we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and from those Ray packets we would
+generate hit packets and then Sly as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate hit packets and then Sly as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate hit packets and then Sly as you
+go down the line we would produce an RGB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down the line we would produce an RGB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down the line we would produce an RGB
+packet which is a color you know four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet which is a color you know four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet which is a color you know four
+color values tied into one so at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color values tied into one so at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color values tied into one so at every
+step we would uh use simd to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we would uh use simd to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we would uh use simd to our
+advantage now Brian's going to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage now Brian's going to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage now Brian's going to talk to
+you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pipelining so of particular importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining so of particular importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining so of particular importance
+on the cell is not only what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell is not only what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell is not only what
+instructions you execute but the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you execute but the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you execute but the order
+that you execute them and because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you execute them and because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you execute them and because there
+is no reorder buffer on the Cale there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no reorder buffer on the Cale there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no reorder buffer on the Cale there's
+no out ex execution and despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no out ex execution and despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no out ex execution and despite the fact
+that compiler technology is very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compiler technology is very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compiler technology is very good
+hand optimization and pipelining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand optimization and pipelining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand optimization and pipelining
+instructions is still always better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions is still always better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions is still always better for
+instance with our triangle intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance with our triangle intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance with our triangle intersection
+routine uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine uh we we
+gained on the order of hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained on the order of hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained on the order of hundreds of
+milliseconds of render
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds of render
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds of render
+time we shaved hundreds of millisecs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we shaved hundreds of millisecs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we shaved hundreds of millisecs of
+render time off of our render time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render time off of our render time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render time off of our render time for
+some scenes you will see later just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scenes you will see later just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scenes you will see later just by
+uh reordering our calculations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reordering our calculations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reordering our calculations in the
+intersection code so it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection code so it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection code so it's very important
+especially on the spes and um one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the spes and um one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the spes and um one other
+optimization we made was the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we made was the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we made was the fact that
+we didn't we coded basically everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't we coded basically everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't we coded basically everything
+on the spes anything running on the SPs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spes anything running on the SPs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spes anything running on the SPs
+is coded in C not in C++ and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coded in C not in C++ and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coded in C not in C++ and we're not
+using inheritance when we do use C++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using inheritance when we do use C++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using inheritance when we do use C++
+because virtual functions have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because virtual functions have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because virtual functions have more
+overhead with respect to memory the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead with respect to memory the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead with respect to memory the V
+table and also looking up the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and also looking up the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and also looking up the function
+pointers from the V table so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers from the V table so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers from the V table so these are
+just a couple of the optimizations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of the optimizations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of the optimizations we
+made we'll talk about more later just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made we'll talk about more later just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made we'll talk about more later just
+quick question so for the pipeline you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick question so for the pipeline you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick question so for the pipeline you
+actually reordered instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reordered instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reordered instruction
+statements not the compiler didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements not the compiler didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements not the compiler didn't
+wasn't very helpful in that respect yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very helpful in that respect yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very helpful in that respect yeah
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+um on that scene 1024 x 1024 with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on that scene 1024 x 1024 with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on that scene 1024 x 1024 with the
+Spheres we were getting Natalia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spheres we were getting Natalia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spheres we were getting Natalia
+mentioned with a depth of recur of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned with a depth of recur of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned with a depth of recur of
+recursion of 10 we were getting 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion of 10 we were getting 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion of 10 we were getting 300
+milliseconds that's with optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds that's with optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds that's with optimized
+without the optimizations we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the optimizations we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the optimizations we were
+getting closer to 500 with a depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer to 500 with a depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer to 500 with a depth of
+recursion and this with a depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and this with a depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and this with a depth of
+recursion of 10 and this we gain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion of 10 and this we gain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion of 10 and this we gain that
+extra 200 milliseconds just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra 200 milliseconds just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra 200 milliseconds just by
+reordering instructions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordering instructions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordering instructions in the
+intersection with optimization level 03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with optimization level 03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with optimization level 03
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+xlc so Hand optimization like Mike Acton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc so Hand optimization like Mike Acton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc so Hand optimization like Mike Acton
+said in class is still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important and I'm going to hand you off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I'm going to hand you off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I'm going to hand you off
+the Mikey now to discuss the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grid all right so um one of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid all right so um one of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid all right so um one of the problems
+I guess with rate tracing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess with rate tracing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess with rate tracing is that
+intersections are very expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections are very expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections are very expensive and
+when you have you know scenes with uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have you know scenes with uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have you know scenes with uh n
+rays and N perimeters well you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays and N perimeters well you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays and N perimeters well you have to
+generate n * n intersections so one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate n * n intersections so one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate n * n intersections so one uh
+common acceleration structure is a grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common acceleration structure is a grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common acceleration structure is a grip
+and the concept is very simple as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the concept is very simple as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the concept is very simple as the
+picture deps you just take your screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture deps you just take your screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture deps you just take your screen
+split it up into a number of evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into a number of evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into a number of evenly
+sized boxal place your Primitives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized boxal place your Primitives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized boxal place your Primitives in
+them and then you march your ray through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you march your ray through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you march your ray through
+and you only intersect the ray with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only intersect the ray with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only intersect the ray with um
+with Primitives that are around the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Primitives that are around the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Primitives that are around the area
+and the good thing about a grid is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing about a grid is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing about a grid is that
+it's very easy to construct as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to construct as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to construct as opposed
+to like say a KD tree or tree those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like say a KD tree or tree those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like say a KD tree or tree those um
+take on the order of n log n where n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on the order of n log n where n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on the order of n log n where n is
+the number of Primitives um Regular grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of Primitives um Regular grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of Primitives um Regular grid
+is order n where n is number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is order n where n is number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is order n where n is number of
+Primitives and the reason why we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives and the reason why we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives and the reason why we did
+this is because with an interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because with an interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because with an interactive
+scene you need to uh where things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you need to uh where things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you need to uh where things are
+moving around you need to rebuild the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around you need to rebuild the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around you need to rebuild the
+grid every frame or whenever something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid every frame or whenever something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid every frame or whenever something
+moves so we favored this um this choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves so we favored this um this choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves so we favored this um this choice
+of acceleration structure because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acceleration structure because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acceleration structure because it was
+quick to build and easy to Traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to build and easy to Traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to build and easy to Traverse
+okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now
+um fish tell you about the uh the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fish tell you about the uh the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fish tell you about the uh the fun
+part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project um all right um I was in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um all right um I was in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um all right um I was in charge
+of uh building the actual phys physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh building the actual phys physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh building the actual phys physics
+engine our original plan was to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine our original plan was to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine our original plan was to do the
+6170 well-known uh Gizmo ball uh in 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6170 well-known uh Gizmo ball uh in 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6170 well-known uh Gizmo ball uh in 3D
+and R traced um and I guess we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R traced um and I guess we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R traced um and I guess we want
+to want to show okay I have it running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to show okay I have it running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to show okay I have it running
+on this laptop uh uh we didn't quite get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this laptop uh uh we didn't quite get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this laptop uh uh we didn't quite get
+it uh retraced but uh I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh retraced but uh I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh retraced but uh I'm just going to
+show you a little bit of what I did as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little bit of what I did as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little bit of what I did as a
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engine maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not okay um anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll get the demo and people use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the demo and people use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the demo and people use it
+later anyway it was basically a 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later anyway it was basically a 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later anyway it was basically a 2 and
+12d version of the example that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12d version of the example that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12d version of the example that was just
+up on the screen um flippers work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the screen um flippers work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the screen um flippers work
+absorbers work um and uh due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbers work um and uh due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbers work um and uh due to
+complications we never did get it fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications we never did get it fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications we never did get it fully
+retraced and uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retraced and uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retraced and uh I guess
+uh we'll go ahead and give you the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll go ahead and give you the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll go ahead and give you the real
+R Trace demos which we do have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Trace demos which we do have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Trace demos which we do have a couple
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so their actual demo will be on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so their actual demo will be on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so their actual demo will be on a
+little LCD screen here hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little LCD screen here hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little LCD screen here hopefully
+everybody can see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see on
+scre fortunately PS3 needs a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scre fortunately PS3 needs a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scre fortunately PS3 needs a specific
+kind of digital connection to display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of digital connection to display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of digital connection to display
+things in the right resolution when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the right resolution when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the right resolution when
+you're writing through frame buffer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing through frame buffer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing through frame buffer so
+we can't project it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onto uh turn can I do it from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got oh no wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got oh no wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got oh no wrong
+way ready way he's still adjusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ready way he's still adjusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ready way he's still adjusting
+it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh
+no okay we prepared a we prepared a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay we prepared a we prepared a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay we prepared a we prepared a few
+demos for you um and these are uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos for you um and these are uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos for you um and these are uh really
+just going to show off the ray tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to show off the ray tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to show off the ray tracing
+part of it and uh the sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it and uh the sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it and uh the sort of you know
+rates that we got in terms of our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that we got in terms of our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that we got in terms of our the
+after we applied our speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we applied our speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we applied our speed
+UPS here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS here is a
+uh thank you here we see you know both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thank you here we see you know both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thank you here we see you know both
+the camera is moving and we have uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is moving and we have uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is moving and we have uh we
+implemented full scene um functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented full scene um functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented full scene um functional
+textures so you see the checkerboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures so you see the checkerboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures so you see the checkerboard
+it's uh generated every frame uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh generated every frame uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh generated every frame uh it's
+you know we we use no texture Maps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we use no texture Maps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we use no texture Maps this
+is completely generated functionally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely generated functionally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely generated functionally um
+bump mapping as you can see in the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump mapping as you can see in the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump mapping as you can see in the large
+orange sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange sphere
+uh is also done on the fly as well as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is also done on the fly as well as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is also done on the fly as well as uh
+blending uh between two two textures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending uh between two two textures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending uh between two two textures
+using pearlin noise uh is done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pearlin noise uh is done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pearlin noise uh is done on the
+Fly also showcased in the center sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fly also showcased in the center sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fly also showcased in the center sphere
+right here you can see both reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you can see both reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you can see both reflection
+and refraction uh the sphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and refraction uh the sphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and refraction uh the sphere is
+transparent it acts as a glass sphere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent it acts as a glass sphere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent it acts as a glass sphere so
+you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+um the reflection of the orange in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reflection of the orange in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reflection of the orange in it
+but also the warping of the checker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the warping of the checker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the warping of the checker
+board as it goes through this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board as it goes through this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board as it goes through this is one of
+the advantages of well spheres are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages of well spheres are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages of well spheres are part
+of the one of the advantages of Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the advantages of Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the advantages of Ray
+tracing because you get you can use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing because you get you can use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing because you get you can use uh
+geometrical equations to uh Define your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical equations to uh Define your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical equations to uh Define your
+geometry versus uh in using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry versus uh in using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry versus uh in using
+rasterization methods you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rasterization methods you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rasterization methods you have to
+actually Define the geometry in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Define the geometry in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Define the geometry in some
+sort of concrete numerical way I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of concrete numerical way I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of concrete numerical way I'm going
+to go to the next demo um this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the next demo um this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the next demo um this should
+showcase some of the lights that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcase some of the lights that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcase some of the lights that we
+implemented so how many frames per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented so how many frames per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented so how many frames per
+second is this like this is uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is this like this is uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is this like this is uh this
+should be 15 frames a second and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 15 frames a second and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 15 frames a second and uh this
+let me reiterate this is with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me reiterate this is with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me reiterate this is with the the
+refraction step requires at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction step requires at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction step requires at least two
+bounces so two steps of recursion um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces so two steps of recursion um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces so two steps of recursion um if
+we were to turn off uh this recur if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to turn off uh this recur if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to turn off uh this recur if we
+were to turn that off we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to turn that off we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to turn that off we would be
+achieving um I would estimate 27 frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving um I would estimate 27 frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving um I would estimate 27 frames
+a second 28 um but then it doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second 28 um but then it doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second 28 um but then it doesn't look
+as pretty so you know what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pretty so you know what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pretty so you know what's the point
+uh you can see kind of uh this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see kind of uh this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see kind of uh this will be
+showcased later but you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcased later but you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcased later but you can see the
+spotlight uh it's kind of moving it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlight uh it's kind of moving it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlight uh it's kind of moving it's
+waving back and forth um Illuminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving back and forth um Illuminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving back and forth um Illuminating
+parts of the scene there's also a Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the scene there's also a Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the scene there's also a Point
+light at some distance around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at some distance around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at some distance around here
+that's Illuminating everything but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Illuminating everything but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Illuminating everything but it's
+basically the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same set of
+Primitives if you were closer you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives if you were closer you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives if you were closer you could
+probably notice that the checkerboard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably notice that the checkerboard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably notice that the checkerboard is
+fully reflective you can view the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflective you can view the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflective you can view the scene
+this far wall you can view the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far wall you can view the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far wall you can view the entire
+scene in it going to go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demo this is with the lights off um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo this is with the lights off um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo this is with the lights off um so
+you can get a better better sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a better better sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a better better sense of
+what the spotlight is actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spotlight is actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spotlight is actually doing
+um if if you notice on this uh orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if if you notice on this uh orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if if you notice on this uh orange
+sphere we implemented uh very two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere we implemented uh very two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere we implemented uh very two
+different forms of um brdfs one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of um brdfs one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of um brdfs one was
+generic Fong shading and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic Fong shading and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic Fong shading and then the other
+was uh cook Torrance which is uh helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh cook Torrance which is uh helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh cook Torrance which is uh helps
+using particularly with metals and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using particularly with metals and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using particularly with metals and uh
+other materials like that it helps uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials like that it helps uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials like that it helps uh
+have a very bright you know specular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very bright you know specular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very bright you know specular
+highlight and you'll notice as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight and you'll notice as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight and you'll notice as the as
+the camera is panning back and forth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is panning back and forth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is panning back and forth the
+sort of speedups um that we get from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of speedups um that we get from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of speedups um that we get from uh
+as as the uh we took advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the uh we took advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the uh we took advantage of
+certain we we used uh little tricks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain we we used uh little tricks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain we we used uh little tricks to
+to you know glean speed here and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know glean speed here and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know glean speed here and there
+like you know when when it's when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know when when it's when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know when when it's when it's
+so dark or it's very far away we we stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dark or it's very far away we we stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dark or it's very far away we we stop
+recursing we're over so we are okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing we're over so we are okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing we're over so we are okay yeah
+so if there's uh let's see do the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's uh let's see do the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's uh let's see do the um
+spus from one okay I can demonstrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spus from one okay I can demonstrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spus from one okay I can demonstrate the
+uh we actually um enabled it so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we actually um enabled it so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we actually um enabled it so that you
+can turn it on either you know 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn it on either you know 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn it on either you know 1 through
+six SPS using command line arguments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six SPS using command line arguments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six SPS using command line arguments so
+if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+uh let's go to the back the first demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go to the back the first demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go to the back the first demo
+if I say just use one SP we can watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say just use one SP we can watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say just use one SP we can watch it
+you know slowly TRW it along and uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know slowly TRW it along and uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know slowly TRW it along and uh if I
+were sshed in it would be giving me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sshed in it would be giving me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sshed in it would be giving me you
+know timing information so I could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know timing information so I could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know timing information so I could tell
+you exactly um it's really unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly um it's really unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly um it's really unfortunate
+that it's not because it's very linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not because it's very linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not because it's very linear
+and it speed up right now it'll be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it speed up right now it'll be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it speed up right now it'll be it
+says you know 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know 500
+milliseconds but if I turn it on two it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds but if I turn it on two it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds but if I turn it on two it
+drops literally in half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops literally in half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops literally in half to
+250 you can get a sense of that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 you can get a sense of that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 you can get a sense of that from
+that it's moving like tick tick tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's moving like tick tick tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's moving like tick tick tick
+tick versus tick tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick versus tick tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick versus tick tick
+tick and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick and then
+three it's a similar speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's a similar speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's a similar speed
+up and then I'll jump to five it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then I'll jump to five it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then I'll jump to five it's
+getting closer and then when we turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and then when we turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and then when we turn on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sixth it's uh this is this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth it's uh this is this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth it's uh this is this should be
+about 12 15 frames a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 15 frames a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 15 frames a
+second so you estimate if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you estimate if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you estimate if you had a
+dozen spus you go you actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen spus you go you actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen spus you go you actually it's
+funny you mentioned that the uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny you mentioned that the uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny you mentioned that the uh I think
+it was it the uh Julia R Tracer or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it the uh Julia R Tracer or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it the uh Julia R Tracer or the
+IRT that both of them use two cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRT that both of them use two cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRT that both of them use two cell
+blades which is a full eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades which is a full eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades which is a full eight
+it's times two so they use 16 spus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's times two so they use 16 spus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's times two so they use 16 spus the
+PlayStation 3 due to certain factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation 3 due to certain factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation 3 due to certain factors
+we're only limited to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only limited to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only limited to six
+mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm
+is the way you're dividing up the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way you're dividing up the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way you're dividing up the work
+of you know each spu taking one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know each spu taking one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know each spu taking one you know
+every sixth raster line basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sixth raster line basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sixth raster line basically that
+that sounds like could you improve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like could you improve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like could you improve on
+the performance by U by allocating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance by U by allocating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance by U by allocating the
+raise there's a whole the the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise there's a whole the the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise there's a whole the the issue
+there is one of uh granularity of our of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one of uh granularity of our of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one of uh granularity of our of
+our distribution um and and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our distribution um and and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our distribution um and and also
+communication time on the bus um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication time on the bus um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication time on the bus um we can
+definitely we can we we've designed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely we can we we've designed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely we can we we've designed it
+such that we can fine-tune it in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we can fine-tune it in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we can fine-tune it in any way
+we want but it seems to me that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want but it seems to me that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want but it seems to me that if you
+had a you know kind of a localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a you know kind of a localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a you know kind of a localized
+bundle of rays you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of rays you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of rays you
+know on a single spu you might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on a single spu you might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on a single spu you might be able
+to do some optimizations like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some optimizations like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some optimizations like you know
+treat them as fat Rays know nearby rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them as fat Rays know nearby rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them as fat Rays know nearby rays
+are likely to intersect the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to intersect the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to intersect the same
+triangles the uh the entire material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the uh the entire material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the uh the entire material
+system works very much like that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works very much like that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works very much like that it it
+uh actually saves on computation based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually saves on computation based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually saves on computation based
+on um which rays of the of the in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um which rays of the of the in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um which rays of the of the in a
+packet of four have hit have collided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet of four have hit have collided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet of four have hit have collided
+with the same element um and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same element um and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same element um and you know if
+it does then it takes full advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does then it takes full advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does then it takes full advantage of
+CD to quickly you know chug through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD to quickly you know chug through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD to quickly you know chug through
+those those rays that are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those rays that are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those rays that are the same and
+then never call that particular Shader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then never call that particular Shader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then never call that particular Shader
+again because it's already done the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because it's already done the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because it's already done the work
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+another issue I think is sorry we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue I think is sorry we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue I think is sorry we should
+try to wrap up so we can get through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to wrap up so we can get through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to wrap up so we can get through the
+others any more very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others any more very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others any more very short
+questions all right did you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right did you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right did you guys have
+any last concluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any last concluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any last concluding
+statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+maybe go through the rest like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe go through the rest like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe go through the rest like
+Fast all right point was we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast all right point was we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast all right point was we had two
+pieces thank speaker
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FWtYuLFIUUM.txt b/FWtYuLFIUUM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e076a38c9fcafb49dc6e37a55f6b9edc5937c7ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FWtYuLFIUUM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's go with topics I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go with topics I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go with topics I'll call this
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+from from the from Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the from Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the from Fier
+Theory and I've of course that subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and I've of course that subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and I've of course that subject
+is far far bigger than a single lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far far bigger than a single lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far far bigger than a single lecture
+so I have to try to pick out a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to try to pick out a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to try to pick out a few
+highlights um and uh I've tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights um and uh I've tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights um and uh I've tried to
+identify here some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify here some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify here some of the
+highlights uh this pars of all fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights uh this pars of all fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights uh this pars of all fact that
+the energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in
+the function is can be computed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is can be computed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is can be computed from the
+energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the
+transform it's it's the subject of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it's it's the subject of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it's it's the subject of the
+lecture then is Fier Theory I usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture then is Fier Theory I usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture then is Fier Theory I usually
+write the subject up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the subject up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the subject up here
+Fier transforms between U and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat U of X let's say or U of T and U hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat U of X let's say or U of T and U hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat U of X let's say or U of T and U hat
+of K or Omega whatever we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K or Omega whatever we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K or Omega whatever we call the
+transform variable okay so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform variable okay so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform variable okay so that's this
+is a nice topic and it really this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice topic and it really this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice topic and it really this this
+fact of energy inequality uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of energy inequality uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of energy inequality uh energy
+equality comes about for other orthon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality comes about for other orthon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality comes about for other orthon
+orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bases convolution Al everybody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases convolution Al everybody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases convolution Al everybody would
+love to make to to find some convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to make to to find some convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to make to to find some convolution
+rule that worked for for uh beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that worked for for uh beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that worked for for uh beyond the
+forier basis uh it's the Fier basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier basis uh it's the Fier basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier basis uh it's the Fier basis that
+has this uh that that multiplies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this uh that that multiplies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this uh that that multiplies so
+nicely and of course the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and of course the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and of course the convolution
+rule is connected with multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is connected with multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is connected with multiplication of
+functions and so I think it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so I think it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so I think it's it's just
+never going to happen that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to happen that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to happen that you're going
+to find a convolution rule for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a convolution rule for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a convolution rule for other
+bases that's as great as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases that's as great as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases that's as great as this
+one and then I'm a little nervous here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I'm a little nervous here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I'm a little nervous here
+about the pon summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pon summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pon summation
+formula and alias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and alias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and alias
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+those qualify as topics and convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those qualify as topics and convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those qualify as topics and convolution
+to for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for that
+matter as topics that math majors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter as topics that math majors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter as topics that math majors are
+criminally deprived of uh in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminally deprived of uh in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminally deprived of uh in a lot of
+well convolution would show up in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well convolution would show up in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well convolution would show up in math
+courses but uh Mo many mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but uh Mo many mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but uh Mo many mathematical
+analysis courses focus on topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis courses focus on topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis courses focus on topic
+four the uh convergence of the for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the uh convergence of the for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the uh convergence of the for a
+series so let me say convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so let me say convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so let me say convergence of the
+4A series as I take more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series as I take more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series as I take more and more
+terms does the 4A series really approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms does the 4A series really approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms does the 4A series really approach
+the function it came from that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function it came from that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function it came from that's
+a that's led to a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's led to a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's led to a tremendous amount of
+deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mathematics uh and you can ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh and you can ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh and you can ask a
+question of convergence at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of convergence at every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of convergence at every point
+or at almost every point you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at almost every point you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at almost every point you can ask
+whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the
+energy in the difference is approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the difference is approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the difference is approaching
+zero the difference so I have a I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the difference so I have a I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the difference so I have a I have a
+function f ofx and I'm comparing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f ofx and I'm comparing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f ofx and I'm comparing it with
+a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of
+its fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series I'm looking at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I'm looking at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I'm looking at the difference
+does it go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it go to
+zero does it go to zero at at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero does it go to zero at at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero does it go to zero at at every
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+x does it go to zero at almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x does it go to zero at almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x does it go to zero at almost every
+point x does the energy in the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x does the energy in the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x does the energy in the function
+go to zero so now the the norm the L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero so now the the norm the L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero so now the the norm the L2
+this this question is asking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this question is asking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this question is asking about the
+what happens if I Square it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I Square it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I Square it and
+integrate that's what I mean by the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that's what I mean by the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that's what I mean by the norm
+the L2 the energy does that go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 the energy does that go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 the energy does that go to zero
+so it does it do I converge maybe not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it does it do I converge maybe not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it does it do I converge maybe not at
+every point but in some mean Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point but in some mean Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point but in some mean Square
+sense and what does weak convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and what does weak convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and what does weak convergence
+mean here here I am doing exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean here here I am doing exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean here here I am doing exactly what I
+said um math courses do too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um math courses do too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um math courses do too much
+of uh number four it's it's the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh number four it's it's the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh number four it's it's the familiar
+thing so in the back of my mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so in the back of my mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so in the back of my mind of
+course what I'm doing is doing it real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I'm doing is doing it real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I'm doing is doing it real
+fast and going to leave it so so I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and going to leave it so so I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and going to leave it so so I'm uh
+I'm I promise to leave it leave it alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I promise to leave it leave it alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I promise to leave it leave it alone
+in a minute but uh this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute but uh this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute but uh this idea of
+weak convergence it's uh the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak convergence it's uh the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak convergence it's uh the idea of
+weak uh we we found a weak form last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak uh we we found a weak form last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak uh we we found a weak form last
+time it turned out to be totally Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it turned out to be totally Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it turned out to be totally Central
+and important the weak form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important the weak form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important the weak form in
+minimization you remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization you remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization you remember when we
+minimize we got a weak form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize we got a weak form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize we got a weak form of the
+equation of the oiler lrange equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the oiler lrange equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the oiler lrange equation
+and what was the point of that weak form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the point of that weak form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the point of that weak form
+it involved test functions there was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involved test functions there was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involved test functions there was for
+every function V you integrated against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function V you integrated against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function V you integrated against
+V so instead of squaring the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so instead of squaring the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so instead of squaring the thing
+itself instead we'll just now now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself instead we'll just now now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself instead we'll just now now I'm
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weak instead I'll look I'll ask if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak instead I'll look I'll ask if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak instead I'll look I'll ask if I
+take the difference and multiply by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference and multiply by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference and multiply by some
+test function and integrate that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test function and integrate that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test function and integrate that does
+that go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to
+zero it's going to zero of course as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's going to zero of course as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's going to zero of course as n
+goes to Infinity as n gets bigger as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity as n gets bigger as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity as n gets bigger as I
+take more and more terms you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more and more terms you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more and more terms you see that
+that's like not asking us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like not asking us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like not asking us
+much for example if I took the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function does do I get pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does do I get pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does do I get pointwise
+convergence from its 4 well well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence from its 4 well well what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence from its 4 well well what is
+its 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its 4A
+series I'm I guess I'm caught up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I'm I guess I'm caught up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I'm I guess I'm caught up in this
+question but uh I think that understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but uh I think that understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but uh I think that understand
+these three ideas is is not bad in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three ideas is is not bad in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three ideas is is not bad in a
+short time so what's the what's the 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time so what's the what's the 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time so what's the what's the 4 a
+series for a Delta function really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for a Delta function really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for a Delta function really a
+train of Delta functions because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train of Delta functions because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train of Delta functions because I'm
+doing I'm doing the interval minus Pi Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm doing the interval minus Pi Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm doing the interval minus Pi Pi
+so I think the the the they're constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the the the they're constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the the the they're constants
+right whatever constant it is 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whatever constant it is 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whatever constant it is 1 over 2
+pi or something like that uh so does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi or something like that uh so does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi or something like that uh so does the
+forier series pointwise approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series pointwise approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series pointwise approach the
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well
+no of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no of course it
+can't at at x equal 0 this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't at at x equal 0 this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't at at x equal 0 this thing is
+whatever it is it's infinite and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it's infinite and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it's infinite and so uh
+the the distance to Infinity doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distance to Infinity doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distance to Infinity doesn't get
+any smaller even if you get larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smaller even if you get larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smaller even if you get larger and
+larger numbers which of course you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger numbers which of course you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger numbers which of course you do
+does it converge in that Norm sense if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it converge in that Norm sense if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it converge in that Norm sense if I
+Square it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it and
+integrate I don't think so because Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I don't think so because Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I don't think so because Delta
+squared will give me that Infinity again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared will give me that Infinity again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared will give me that Infinity again
+I think that in the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that in the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that in the norm
+sense I I can't do it in fact what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I I can't do it in fact what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I I can't do it in fact what does
+the 4A series look like what maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A series look like what maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A series look like what maybe I
+maybe I'll actually use the board here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll actually use the board here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll actually use the board here
+so so if I take the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if I take the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if I take the Delta
+function and I compare it it's 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I compare it it's 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I compare it it's 4 a
+series then is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series then is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series then is the sum
+of that are the constants are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that are the constants are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that are the constants are the
+coefficients one or 1 over 2 pi I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients one or 1 over 2 pi I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients one or 1 over 2 pi I guess
+1 over 2 pi Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 pi Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 pi Maybe
+what is the formula for the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the formula for the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the formula for the fora
+coefficients CK is 1 over 2 pi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients CK is 1 over 2 pi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients CK is 1 over 2 pi the
+integral of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of my
+function time eus IX DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time eus IX DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time eus IX DX
+right that's that's the most that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's the most that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's the most that's the
+key formula that's the transform or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key formula that's the transform or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key formula that's the transform or the
+inverse transform I I guess that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform I I guess that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform I I guess that's the
+transform we we we start with a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we we we start with a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we we we start with a function
+f ofx and we transform in the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CK and if that function is the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK and if that function is the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK and if that function is the Delta
+function the numbers if that's Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the numbers if that's Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the numbers if that's Delta
+then the integral is always one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integral is always one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integral is always one that
+integral goes from 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral goes from 0 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral goes from 0 to 2
+pi so this integral will always be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so this integral will always be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so this integral will always be one
+for the Delta function and then I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Delta function and then I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Delta function and then I just
+get the 1 over 2 pi so then that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the 1 over 2 pi so then that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the 1 over 2 pi so then that's the
+4A series for the Delta function and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series for the Delta function and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series for the Delta function and of
+course I can add that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can add that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can add that up
+say from minus n to n i could add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say from minus n to n i could add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say from minus n to n i could add that
+up so it would come to something like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so it would come to something like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so it would come to something like 1
+over 2 pi I think it adds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi I think it adds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi I think it adds up to
+something like sine of n + a half X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sine of n + a half X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sine of n + a half X over
+s of a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x i it sounds like I knew that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i it sounds like I knew that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i it sounds like I knew that but I
+wouldn't have uh known it if I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have uh known it if I hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have uh known it if I hadn't
+look before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look before the
+lecture so this is the partial sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so this is the partial sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so this is the partial sum this
+is the sum of over this is the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of over this is the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of over this is the partial
+sum and this is the thing that is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and this is the thing that is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and this is the thing that is trying
+to converge to the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge to the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge to the Delta
+function well in energy it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well in energy it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well in energy it's not going
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+it cuz if I graph this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function it's really high of course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's really high of course at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's really high of course at
+zero at zero every term is one so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at zero every term is one so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at zero every term is one so I have
+a real peak there but then it comes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real peak there but then it comes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real peak there but then it comes down
+you it behaves like sin n plus a half X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it behaves like sin n plus a half X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it behaves like sin n plus a half X
+it comes down there it has a a lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down there it has a a lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down there it has a a lobe
+there it goes up it does this right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it goes up it does this right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it goes up it does this right and
+symmetric of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course okay so that's the partial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay so that's the partial sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay so that's the partial sum
+well that's not going to make it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not going to make it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not going to make it to the
+Delta function because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function because these
+lobes this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes this side
+lobe what happens to the side lobe as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe what happens to the side lobe as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe what happens to the side lobe as n
+increases yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases yeah
+here I am really talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I am really talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I am really talking about
+convergence but maybe maybe it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence but maybe maybe it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence but maybe maybe it's okay
+cuz it's the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's the Delta
+function they see that wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they see that wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they see that wouldn't have
+happened in in uh the course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in in uh the course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in in uh the course I
+took what's what's going on here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took what's what's going on here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took what's what's going on here you get
+these the area what happens as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the area what happens as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the area what happens as an
+increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+these these it it sort of focuses right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these it it sort of focuses right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these it it sort of focuses right
+it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it
+it gets narrower and taller yeah and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets narrower and taller yeah and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets narrower and taller yeah and the
+areas stay the same right narrower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas stay the same right narrower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas stay the same right narrower and
+taller and the areas stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller and the areas stay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller and the areas stay the
+same and so my claim is that yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and so my claim is that yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and so my claim is that yeah it
+makes it in this weak sense that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it in this weak sense that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it in this weak sense that if I
+integrate against some smooth function V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate against some smooth function V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate against some smooth function V
+ofx some smooth function think how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx some smooth function think how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx some smooth function think how that
+smooth function V ofx well more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth function V ofx well more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth function V ofx well more and more
+as n goes to Infinity everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to Infinity everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to Infinity everything is
+happening near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening near
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+the right things are happening I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right things are happening I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right things are happening I'm
+getting but I'm I'm I'm depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting but I'm I'm I'm depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting but I'm I'm I'm depending on
+cancellation but it'll the cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation but it'll the cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation but it'll the cancellation
+will be okay because my function V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be okay because my function V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be okay because my function V is
+practically a constant that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically a constant that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically a constant that's that's the
+point really is that the reason this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point really is that the reason this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point really is that the reason this
+works is that for all practical purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that for all practical purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that for all practical purposes
+V might as well be a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V might as well be a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V might as well be a constant
+one and then that actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then that actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then that actually is
+correct of course V isn't exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct of course V isn't exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct of course V isn't exactly a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+it's it wanders away from one as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it wanders away from one as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it wanders away from one as it
+leaves zero but the point is as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves zero but the point is as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves zero but the point is as n
+increases all the action is closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases all the action is closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases all the action is closer and
+closer to zero this is this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to zero this is this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to zero this is this is really
+the integrated version of the Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated version of the Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated version of the Gibbs
+phenomenon maybe there's a useful remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon maybe there's a useful remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon maybe there's a useful remark
+that I kind of I me the Gibbs phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I kind of I me the Gibbs phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I kind of I me the Gibbs phenomenon
+of course is when our function is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is when our function is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is when our function is a is a
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave and then the phenomen on is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and then the phenomen on is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and then the phenomen on is that we
+now that's a smoother function than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a smoother function than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a smoother function than the
+Delta did I draw the Delta function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta did I draw the Delta function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta did I draw the Delta function I
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+okay if if if this is our function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if if this is our function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if if this is our function it's
+one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level
+smoother the 48 coefficients will Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother the 48 coefficients will Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother the 48 coefficients will Decay
+like 1 overk we we as we saw in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 overk we we as we saw in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 overk we we as we saw in the last
+lecture uh will be a lot closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh will be a lot closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh will be a lot closer to the
+function but we'll have this famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but we'll have this famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but we'll have this famous
+Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+event of this height this height doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of this height this height doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of this height this height doesn't
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+smaller the the the little Wiggles get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the the the little Wiggles get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the the the little Wiggles get
+squeeze in but the height doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in but the height doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in but the height doesn't get
+smaller and the reason is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and the reason is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and the reason is that the
+height here this height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height here this height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height here this height
+here corresponds to this area here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're sort of
+integrating this picture to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this picture to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this picture to get this
+picture integrating a Delta function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture integrating a Delta function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture integrating a Delta function to
+get a step function and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a step function and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a step function and therefore the
+integral of the of an area will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the of an area will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the of an area will turn
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+a integral over over an interval will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a integral over over an interval will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a integral over over an interval will
+will give an an area which will show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give an an area which will show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give an an area which will show up
+here in the in the integral as uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the integral as uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the integral as uh a
+change in height so there you go I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in height so there you go I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in height so there you go I mean
+this is like the most important most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the most important most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the most important most
+Troublesome uh phenomenon in numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troublesome uh phenomenon in numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troublesome uh phenomenon in numerical
+uh calculation and we had a in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculation and we had a in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculation and we had a in very
+interesting discussion during the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting discussion during the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting discussion during the break
+about uh it showed up again when when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh it showed up again when when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh it showed up again when when we
+didn't have a periodic problem and hoped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a periodic problem and hoped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a periodic problem and hoped
+we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I I'm happy to take to pause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I'm happy to take to pause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I'm happy to take to pause a
+second here and because I won't say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here and because I won't say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here and because I won't say more
+about convergence of 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series um pointwise if the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series um pointwise if the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series um pointwise if the function is
+very smooth of course we can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smooth of course we can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smooth of course we can prove
+convergence oh I'll tell you the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence oh I'll tell you the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence oh I'll tell you the big
+theorem that really excited uh forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that really excited uh forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that really excited uh forier
+analysts uh guy in Scandinavia proved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts uh guy in Scandinavia proved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts uh guy in Scandinavia proved a
+fantastic theorem it was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic theorem it was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic theorem it was quite
+unexpected um that if the function had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected um that if the function had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected um that if the function had
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+then we know it converges in Norm in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know it converges in Norm in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know it converges in Norm in in
+in in in the energy sense if it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the energy sense if it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the energy sense if it a
+function with finite energy is in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with finite energy is in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with finite energy is in our
+Hilbert space that sort of the norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space that sort of the norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space that sort of the norm is
+the right way to look at the the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to look at the the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to look at the the energy
+approaches the right thing all good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the right thing all good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the right thing all good but
+he proved for those functions that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he proved for those functions that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he proved for those functions that they
+also converge pointwise at almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also converge pointwise at almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also converge pointwise at almost every
+point you can't it's it's not true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can't it's it's not true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can't it's it's not true that
+they have to converge at every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to converge at every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to converge at every every
+point for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for example
+here we've got a bad point and who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got a bad point and who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got a bad point and who knows
+what's going on right at the jump but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on right at the jump but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on right at the jump but uh
+but uh the this great theorem was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the this great theorem was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the this great theorem was that
+we got almost everywhere convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got almost everywhere convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got almost everywhere convergence
+even if we only knew that the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we only knew that the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we only knew that the function
+had finite energy that that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had finite energy that that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had finite energy that that's pretty
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+okay is there any topic any comment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there any topic any comment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there any topic any comment you
+would like me to add before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like me to add before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like me to add before I
+abandon um number four this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon um number four this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon um number four this issue of
+convergence I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence I I guess
+my you know it's important to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my you know it's important to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my you know it's important to know the
+basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ideas but those delicate examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas but those delicate examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas but those delicate examples that
+we mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mathematicians
+love where it just about barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love where it just about barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love where it just about barely
+converges or barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges or barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges or barely
+fails are absurd in practice I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails are absurd in practice I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails are absurd in practice I mean if
+it's that close it's probably useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that close it's probably useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that close it's probably useless
+numerically right I mean if if if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically right I mean if if if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically right I mean if if if it's
+only barely converging then that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only barely converging then that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only barely converging then that's not
+going to be a satisfactory numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a satisfactory numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a satisfactory numerical
+method so forget it okay can I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so forget it okay can I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so forget it okay can I go to
+some of these other topics here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other topics here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other topics here what
+about energy equality let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so that theorem is this great fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that theorem is this great fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that theorem is this great fact
+that the integral of f ofx s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral of f ofx s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral of f ofx s
+DX is can be computed this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is can be computed this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is can be computed this is in the
+what I've called over there physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space space that this can be computed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space space that this can be computed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space space that this can be computed in
+Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier
+space and for the Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and for the Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and for the Fier
+series it's this is the guy in forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's this is the guy in forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's this is the guy in forier
+space this is the guy in physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this is the guy in physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this is the guy in physical
+space so let me put a circle around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so let me put a circle around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so let me put a circle around a
+yellow circle around Fier space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow circle around Fier space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow circle around Fier space so
+what's the energy in Fier space it we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the energy in Fier space it we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the energy in Fier space it we've
+if it's it's discrete so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's it's discrete so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's it's discrete so it's going to
+be a sum of CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ and that's the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and that's the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and that's the correct
+formula modulo remembering that maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula modulo remembering that maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula modulo remembering that maybe I
+need to insert a 2 pi or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to insert a 2 pi or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to insert a 2 pi or something
+factors depending on how I've how I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors depending on how I've how I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors depending on how I've how I've
+uh normalized all these formulas but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh normalized all these formulas but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh normalized all these formulas but the
+main point you see is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point you see is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point you see is the this is the
+energy equals energy equals energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equals energy equals energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equals energy equals energy
+could I just ask you how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+mean again a mathematician would worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in worry about the the finiteness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in worry about the the finiteness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in worry about the the finiteness of
+these does does this does this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these does does this does this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these does does this does this series
+converge does this integral make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge does this integral make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge does this integral make sense
+but let's what the main point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's what the main point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's what the main point is that
+energy can be computed either in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be computed either in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be computed either in
+physical space or for a space and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical space or for a space and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical space or for a space and and
+why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+that how how do I get from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you write out f as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you write out f as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you write out f as a
+series and all the exactly exactly keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and all the exactly exactly keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and all the exactly exactly keep
+the ones that survive and the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that survive and the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that survive and the ones that
+when we integrate yeah so we write out f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrate yeah so we write out f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrate yeah so we write out f
+ofx as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx as a sum
+of CK e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CK e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CK e to the I
+KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+squar and do the integral yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and do the integral yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and do the integral yeah it's it's
+just totally straightforward and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally straightforward and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally straightforward and that's
+really my point here is that is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really my point here is that is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really my point here is that is that of
+course now what does that mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now what does that mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now what does that mean that's
+absolute value squared so and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value squared so and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value squared so and we have
+complex stuff so that really would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex stuff so that really would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex stuff so that really would mean
+this thing times its complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing times its complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing times its complex conjugate
+can I write down it complex conjugate C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I write down it complex conjugate C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I write down it complex conjugate C
+let me use a different index l e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use a different index l e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use a different index l e to the
+well complex conjugate e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well complex conjugate e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well complex conjugate e to the
+IX conjugate should be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX conjugate should be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX conjugate should be minus
+IX and now we're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrate yeah it's uh and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate yeah it's uh and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate yeah it's uh and of course
+we're integrating over 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating over 0 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating over 0 to 2
+pi and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer you get zero that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you get zero that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you get zero that's the whole
+point the whole whole point is that if K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the whole whole point is that if K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the whole whole point is that if K
+and L are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L are
+different and our basis functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and our basis functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and our basis functions are
+orthogonal like these guys that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal like these guys that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal like these guys that means
+their integral is zero the integral of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their integral is zero the integral of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their integral is zero the integral of e
+to the I KX e to the minus I LX is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I KX e to the minus I LX is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I KX e to the minus I LX is zero
+except if k equals l so when k equals L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if k equals l so when k equals L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if k equals l so when k equals L
+the only terms we get are when k equal l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only terms we get are when k equal l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only terms we get are when k equal l
+so all the other terms drop out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the other terms drop out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the other terms drop out well
+then we get an integral from 0 to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get an integral from 0 to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get an integral from 0 to 2 pi
+we just have the sum of CK now has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have the sum of CK now has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have the sum of CK now has to be
+the same as K so it's CK bar so it's ck^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as K so it's CK bar so it's ck^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as K so it's CK bar so it's ck^
+squ and this times this is just one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and this times this is just one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and this times this is just one when
+K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is
+L and I guess here we have a constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and I guess here we have a constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and I guess here we have a constant so
+when we integrate it we get the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrate it we get the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrate it we get the 2
+pi yeah so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+totally I I just wanted to do that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally I I just wanted to do that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally I I just wanted to do that just
+to emphasize that everything everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that everything everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that everything everything
+came from it was at this this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from it was at this this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from it was at this this was the
+crucial moment where we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial moment where we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial moment where we used
+orthogonal or orthonormal if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal or orthonormal if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal or orthonormal if we were
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+careful yeah yeah that produced all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful yeah yeah that produced all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful yeah yeah that produced all the
+zeros that left these terms and exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that left these terms and exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that left these terms and exact
+equality okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality okay
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+great so this didn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so this didn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so this didn't depend on
+fate this depended on this orthogonal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fate this depended on this orthogonal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fate this depended on this orthogonal so
+that we could have this true for Leandra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have this true for Leandra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have this true for Leandra
+pooms for B Bessel functions all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooms for B Bessel functions all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooms for B Bessel functions all those
+classical guys all these orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical guys all these orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical guys all these orthogonal
+bases and why are they orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and why are they orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and why are they orthogonal
+because they're igen functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're igen functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're igen functions of
+symmetric things symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric things symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric things symmetric matrices
+symmetric differential equations have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric differential equations have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric differential equations have
+orthogonal igen functions and they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal igen functions and they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal igen functions and they work
+let's see which what's the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see which what's the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see which what's the differential
+equation whose igen functions are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation whose igen functions are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation whose igen functions are these
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the so I said okay I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the so I said okay I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the so I said okay I mentioned
+Leandra which would produce Leandra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leandra which would produce Leandra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leandra which would produce Leandra
+polinomial so he had a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so he had a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so he had a differential
+equation a meat had one who else uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a meat had one who else uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a meat had one who else uh
+Bessel um well other people that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bessel um well other people that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bessel um well other people that I
+should remember here uh but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember here uh but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember here uh but what's
+what's the equation that produces those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the equation that produces those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the equation that produces those
+igen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just U Prime so it's embarrassingly easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just U Prime so it's embarrassingly easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just U Prime so it's embarrassingly easy
+right U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right U Prime
+equal uh Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U then U is e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U then U is e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U then U is e to the I
+KX and Lambda agrees with minus k^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and Lambda agrees with minus k^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and Lambda agrees with minus k^ 2
+because two derivatives will bring ik K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two derivatives will bring ik K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two derivatives will bring ik K
+down twice and we'll get minus k s good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down twice and we'll get minus k s good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down twice and we'll get minus k s good
+so I guess nobody's name nobody has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess nobody's name nobody has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess nobody's name nobody has had
+the G to uh or hubis or whatever to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G to uh or hubis or whatever to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G to uh or hubis or whatever to give
+his name to that equation so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly right that's what that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right that's what that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right that's what that turns out
+to be exactly it exactly it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exactly it exactly it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exactly it exactly it that's
+that's the whole idea of this of this L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole idea of this of this L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole idea of this of this L2
+Theory first of course you start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory first of course you start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory first of course you start by
+first taking it really well behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first taking it really well behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first taking it really well behaved
+that's a standard method it was so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a standard method it was so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a standard method it was so well
+behaved that maybe it only has a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved that maybe it only has a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved that maybe it only has a finite
+number of terms well then of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms well then of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms well then of course we
+no no question question and then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no question question and then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no question question and then we want
+to let the number of terms get infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let the number of terms get infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let the number of terms get infinite
+and be sure that nothing goes wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be sure that nothing goes wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be sure that nothing goes wrong and
+it doesn't go wrong as long as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't go wrong as long as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't go wrong as long as the the
+overall final integral is finite yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall final integral is finite yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall final integral is finite yeah so
+so that's so it's all going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so it's all going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so it's all going on in this
+Hilbert Hilbert space so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert Hilbert space so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert Hilbert space so this is like
+two representations of Hilbert space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two representations of Hilbert space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two representations of Hilbert space we
+can think of functions that have finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of functions that have finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of functions that have finite
+energy in physical space or we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in physical space or we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in physical space or we can think
+of coefficients that have finite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coefficients that have finite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coefficients that have finite energy
+in for a space and so those so one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for a space and so those so one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for a space and so those so one is
+the Hilbert space L2 and this guy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hilbert space L2 and this guy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hilbert space L2 and this guy is the
+Hilbert space often called little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space often called little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space often called little
+L2 sequence space just as a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 sequence space just as a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 sequence space just as a discrete
+sequence of numbers and fora is and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers and fora is and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers and fora is and this
+pars of all equation is saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pars of all equation is saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pars of all equation is saying that the
+size of the function in the big Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the function in the big Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the function in the big Capital
+L2 is the same as the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 is the same as the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 is the same as the size of the
+coefficient sequence in little L2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient sequence in little L2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient sequence in little L2 it's
+beautiful and extremely useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and extremely useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and extremely useful and
+totally almost totally Elementary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally almost totally Elementary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally almost totally Elementary right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay uh let me go to the next guy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let me go to the next guy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let me go to the next guy on the
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+convolution just sort of working down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution just sort of working down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution just sort of working down
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list okay so what's convolution about oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so what's convolution about oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so what's convolution about oh
+by the way I could have we could have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I could have we could have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I could have we could have uh
+um not only had energy if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not only had energy if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not only had energy if we if we
+uh I could I could have had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could I could have had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could I could have had two
+functions here the integral of let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here the integral of let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here the integral of let me
+use yellow the integral of I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use yellow the integral of I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use yellow the integral of I could
+easily extend that to the integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily extend that to the integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily extend that to the integral of f
+ofx g of xar DX two functions not this G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx g of xar DX two functions not this G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx g of xar DX two functions not this G
+doesn't have to be f is what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be f is what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be f is what I'm saying
+would equal what would equ what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would equal what would equ what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would equal what would equ what would
+equal what would it equal over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal what would it equal over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal what would it equal over in
+transform space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform space
+if if this function has Co 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this function has Co 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this function has Co 4A
+coefficient CK let's say and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient CK let's say and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient CK let's say and this
+function has 4A coefficients let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has 4A coefficients let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has 4A coefficients let's say
+DK so I've got C's and D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK so I've got C's and D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK so I've got C's and D's
+now what what will happen so I'll plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what will happen so I'll plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what will happen so I'll plug
+in sum of CK e to the ikx here sum of DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sum of CK e to the ikx here sum of DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sum of CK e to the ikx here sum of DK
+e to the ikx here I'll take complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the ikx here I'll take complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the ikx here I'll take complex
+conjugate I'll integrate and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate I'll integrate and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate I'll integrate and of course
+that integral moment is very crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral moment is very crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral moment is very crucial
+because a whole lot of zeros show up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a whole lot of zeros show up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a whole lot of zeros show up and
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+left you'll get that same cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you'll get that same cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you'll get that same cancellation
+so you'll have left a sum of the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have left a sum of the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have left a sum of the only
+terms that come up are when K and L are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that come up are when K and L are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that come up are when K and L are
+the same and of course this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and of course this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and of course this guy is
+conjugated and there'll be a 2 pi to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated and there'll be a 2 pi to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated and there'll be a 2 pi to fix
+it right so just just by totally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same that says yes the the it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that says yes the the it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that says yes the the it's exactly
+the same cancellation that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oh I'm I'm I'm I'm thinking f is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh I'm I'm I'm I'm thinking f is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh I'm I'm I'm I'm thinking f is is
+written this way yeah yeah we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this way yeah yeah we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this way yeah yeah we're we're
+still totally in the Fier world so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still totally in the Fier world so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still totally in the Fier world so that
+this contributed no new idea Beyond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contributed no new idea Beyond this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contributed no new idea Beyond this
+one it's just uh observation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's just uh observation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's just uh observation that the
+same totally the same method worked fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same totally the same method worked fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same totally the same method worked fine
+okay so but now we come to convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but now we come to convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but now we come to convolution
+and what's the point of convolution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the point of convolution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the point of convolution that
+we we're multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're multiply
+functions we multiply functions multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we multiply functions multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we multiply functions multiply
+f ofx g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx no and I'm not going to integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx no and I'm not going to integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx no and I'm not going to integrate it
+when I integrate it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's everything becomes easy I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everything becomes easy I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everything becomes easy I want
+it's fore series suppose f ofx is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fore series suppose f ofx is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fore series suppose f ofx is the
+sum of CK e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of CK e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of CK e to the I
+KX and G of X is the sum of d l let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and G of X is the sum of d l let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and G of X is the sum of d l let me
+say e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LX tell me what are the 4 coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX tell me what are the 4 coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX tell me what are the 4 coefficients
+of the product so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product so the the
+product so I want to know f ofx g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so I want to know f ofx g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so I want to know f ofx g
+ofx what are the 48 Coe it has some 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx what are the 48 Coe it has some 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx what are the 48 Coe it has some 48
+coefficients I don't know what to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I don't know what to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I don't know what to call
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+HK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe yeah I'm like multiplying pols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah I'm like multiplying pols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah I'm like multiplying pols
+exactly exactly that's exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly that's exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly that's exactly what's
+happening here I'm multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here I'm multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here I'm multiplying
+polinomial so I just have to think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so I just have to think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so I just have to think what
+does happen when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen when I multiply
+polinomial what happens you get right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what happens you get right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what happens you get right
+and things are not dropping out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things are not dropping out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things are not dropping out here
+things are not going to zeros because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not going to zeros because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not going to zeros because
+we're not integrating anything so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not integrating anything so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not integrating anything so so
+what would for example example it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would for example example it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would for example example it would
+be for example what would H of0 be h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example what would H of0 be h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example what would H of0 be h0
+what would be the constant term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product c0 D 0 be in it but not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product c0 D 0 be in it but not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product c0 D 0 be in it but not all of
+it one and minus one 2 and minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one and minus one 2 and minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one and minus one 2 and minus two
+it's it's a sum over a big mess right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a sum over a big mess right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a sum over a big mess right
+it's a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sum over
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+CJs D minus JS I guess is that right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJs D minus JS I guess is that right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJs D minus JS I guess is that right and
+that's a typical entry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical entry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical entry in the
+convolution so convolution is a messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so convolution is a messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so convolution is a messy
+thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to
+do here we did something that looked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here we did something that looked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here we did something that looked so
+pleasant just multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant just multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant just multiply two
+functions but as you said it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but as you said it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but as you said it's like
+multiplying two infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying two infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying two infinite
+pols and so because they're infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols and so because they're infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols and so because they're infinite
+because they're these sums are infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're these sums are infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're these sums are infinite
+I have to expect that when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to expect that when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to expect that when I do the
+multiplication each entry each number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication each entry each number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication each entry each number
+each coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient
+involves an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an infinite number of
+products anyway the the shorthand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products anyway the the shorthand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products anyway the the shorthand is
+that this sequence of H's is comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence of H's is comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence of H's is comes from
+the sequence of C's and the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of C's and the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of C's and the sequence of
+D's by the operation that we chrissen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's by the operation that we chrissen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's by the operation that we chrissen
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+just gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave a
+name to multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to multiplying
+pols multiplying multiplying functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols multiplying multiplying functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols multiplying multiplying functions
+and and just looking to see hey what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just looking to see hey what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just looking to see hey what do
+you have to do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do to the
+coefficients so but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like now did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now did
+I I just did the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just did the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just did the constant
+term did you see what happened now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term did you see what happened now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term did you see what happened now what
+just to be sure what's H1 what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be sure what's H1 what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be sure what's H1 what's the
+what's the coefficient of e to the I X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the coefficient of e to the I X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the coefficient of e to the I X
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+product let's just be sure we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product let's just be sure we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product let's just be sure we've got
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+nailed what's the coefficient of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nailed what's the coefficient of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nailed what's the coefficient of e to
+the IX in the product so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IX in the product so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IX in the product so I'm going to
+change now here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change now here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change now here to
+H1 and ask you for the coefficient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 and ask you for the coefficient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 and ask you for the coefficient the
+the co H1 now is the coefficient of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co H1 now is the coefficient of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co H1 now is the coefficient of e to
+the i1x e to the iix in the answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i1x e to the iix in the answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i1x e to the iix in the answer so
+what add a one to J sounds good sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what add a one to J sounds good sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what add a one to J sounds good sounds
+good add a 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good add a 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good add a 1 to
+J CJ + 1 D minus J yeah yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J CJ + 1 D minus J yeah yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J CJ + 1 D minus J yeah yeah that's
+fine so in general of course h m is C J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so in general of course h m is C J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so in general of course h m is C J
++ m d minus J and that's this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ m d minus J and that's this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ m d minus J and that's this is the
+this is a convolution that's a con for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a convolution that's a con for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a convolution that's a con for
+every M for every M yeah and and and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every M for every M yeah and and and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every M for every M yeah and and and oh
+boy you you got to pick out the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy you you got to pick out the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy you you got to pick out the key
+point point when you know a con when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point point when you know a con when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point point when you know a con when you
+how do you smell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you smell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you smell a
+convolution the fact what is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution the fact what is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution the fact what is it about
+these two indices that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice I could do it other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I could do it other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I could do it other
+ways I could write it a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I could write it a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I could write it a bunch of
+different ways is that right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways is that right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways is that right it's not
+yeah that's right I've got but what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right I've got but what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right I've got but what so
+what is it that they have to add the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that they have to add the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that they have to add the M
+right they have to add the M that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they have to add the M that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they have to add the M that's the
+point that's the point so so if now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's the point so so if now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's the point so so if now if I
+if I just jump to a generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just jump to a generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just jump to a generalization
+instead of convolving a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of convolving a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of convolving a couple of
+sequences what would it mean to convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences what would it mean to convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences what would it mean to convolve
+a couple of functions I have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of functions I have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of functions I have a function
+f and a function G so this is now going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and a function G so this is now going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and a function G so this is now going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of
+functions where this was convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions where this was convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions where this was convolution of
+sequences okay how what would should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences okay how what would should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences okay how what would should be
+the definition of involving a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of involving a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of involving a function
+well here I summed right so what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here I summed right so what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here I summed right so what do I do
+with the functions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the functions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the functions I
+integrate and it went from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and it went from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and it went from minus
+infinity to Infinity so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to Infinity so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to Infinity so let's do that
+stay with that okay and now what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with that okay and now what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with that okay and now what these
+indices have to add up to let's see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices have to add up to let's see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices have to add up to let's see this
+this answer is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer is going to be
+some uh what am I calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh what am I calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh what am I calling
+it a shall I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a shall I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a shall I use
+h h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h
+yeah sure sure okay all right I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure sure okay all right I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure sure okay all right I'll put
+in the DX CU I know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DX CU I know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DX CU I know that that
+belongs so what what produces what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs so what what produces what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs so what what produces what's the
+convolution that produces h ofx i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that produces h ofx i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that produces h ofx i mean
+what's the what's the definition this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the definition this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the definition this is
+just definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convolution I want to do want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I want to do want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I want to do want a
+different variable absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variable absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variable absolutely right
+absolutely what you like what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely what you like what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely what you like what do you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT yeah cuz 8X is coming out okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT yeah cuz 8X is coming out okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT yeah cuz 8X is coming out okay now
+tell me what F at where and G at where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what F at where and G at where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what F at where and G at where
+well as you as you just told me a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you as you just told me a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you as you just told me a minute
+ago there isn't a unique answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago there isn't a unique answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago there isn't a unique answer to that
+right but so tell me a tell me an okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but so tell me a tell me an okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but so tell me a tell me an okay
+what what what's the point of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what's the point of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what's the point of that
+what's the point about those two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the point about those two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the point about those two numbers
+that I'm they add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm they add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm they add
+to to X they add to X right yeah say x X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to X they add to X right yeah say x X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to X they add to X right yeah say x X
+- t and t that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- t and t that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- t and t that'd be
+fine not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility you could take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility you could take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility you could take another
+because it would be just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be just uh
+re yeah T and T and xus T would be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re yeah T and T and xus T would be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re yeah T and T and xus T would be fine
+certainly uh other possibilities sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh other possibilities sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh other possibilities sure
+sure anyway it's it's so you smell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure anyway it's it's so you smell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure anyway it's it's so you smell a
+convolution or more than you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution or more than you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution or more than you you know
+you've got a convolution when the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a convolution when the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a convolution when the when
+these add to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tox and once you've sniffed out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tox and once you've sniffed out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tox and once you've sniffed out this
+convolution what what do you do what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution what what do you do what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution what what do you do what's
+the what good does it do to discover hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what good does it do to discover hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what good does it do to discover hey
+this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convolution take transforms thanks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution take transforms thanks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution take transforms thanks it's
+exactly the right words when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right words when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right words when you know
+you've got a convolution take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a convolution take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a convolution take a
+transform and it'll become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and it'll become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and it'll become a
+multiplication so if we transform these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so if we transform these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so if we transform these
+F times G hat will will equal H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F times G hat will will equal H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F times G hat will will equal H
+hat yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat yeah
+yeah so in a way you see what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in a way you see what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in a way you see what I've done
+here is like a little bit the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like a little bit the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like a little bit the the
+opposite direction from what I did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from what I did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from what I did here
+here I multiplied functions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I multiplied functions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I multiplied functions and I
+convolved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved the
+transforms here I'm involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms here I'm involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms here I'm involving the
+functions I'm multiplying the transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm multiplying the transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm multiplying the transforms
+but the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole point
+is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+uh you know you could start in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you could start in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you could start in either
+space and switch to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and switch to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and switch to the other
+one so the the convolution rule goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the the convolution rule goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the the convolution rule goes
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ways multiplication in one space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways multiplication in one space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways multiplication in one space is
+convolution in the other that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the other that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the other that's that's
+the that's the idea okay and uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the idea okay and uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the idea okay and uh and the
+importance in in practice of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in in practice of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in in practice of this of
+this convolution rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convolution rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convolution rule is
+enormous you know the way I said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous you know the way I said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous you know the way I said about
+about integration by parts that it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about integration by parts that it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about integration by parts that it that
+it seemed like just a trick when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed like just a trick when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed like just a trick when you
+learn it in calculus but in reality it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it in calculus but in reality it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it in calculus but in reality it's
+a very very fundamental idea similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very fundamental idea similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very fundamental idea similarly
+here it might seem just a trick but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it might seem just a trick but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it might seem just a trick but it's
+got so many valuable applications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so many valuable applications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so many valuable applications that
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+okay okay now I'm working backwards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I'm working backwards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I'm working backwards to
+something that I wrote on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I wrote on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I wrote on the board
+before the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the lecture
+started and I would like it's Tran's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and I would like it's Tran's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and I would like it's Tran's
+master plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master plan
+I figure when the author has a master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figure when the author has a master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figure when the author has a master
+plan it deserves to get mentioned so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan it deserves to get mentioned so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan it deserves to get mentioned so can
+I just say what's this master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just say what's this master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just say what's this master
+plan well what's the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan well what's the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan well what's the connection between
+U of X and U had of K it's the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform okay
+good what's the connection between U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what's the connection between U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what's the connection between U of
+X and this sequence of numbers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this sequence of numbers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this sequence of numbers this
+is what we were doing in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we were doing in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we were doing in the last
+lecture I didn't use a v I used a UJ but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I didn't use a v I used a UJ but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I didn't use a v I used a UJ but
+now probably safer to take V to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now probably safer to take V to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now probably safer to take V to give it
+a new letter so this is the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new letter so this is the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new letter so this is the grid
+sample grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sampling right from the function to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling right from the function to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling right from the function to its
+samples okay now I have a function I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples okay now I have a function I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples okay now I have a function I've
+got a sequence of samples right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sequence of samples right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sequence of samples right
+so what's it what's the transform what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's it what's the transform what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's it what's the transform what
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean what's v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat yep so here I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat yep so here I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat yep so here I've got a
+sequence yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence yeah
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+mean morally speaking I'm taking the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean morally speaking I'm taking the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean morally speaking I'm taking the 4A
+transform but it's it's somehow discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but it's it's somehow discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but it's it's somehow discrete
+right I I have a discret function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I have a discret function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I have a discret function so
+what kind of a object is this you I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a object is this you I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a object is this you I just
+I'm really just trying to identify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really just trying to identify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really just trying to identify what
+the heck these these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck these these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck these these guys are
+are what it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what it's a it's
+a yeah if I so this is somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah if I so this is somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah if I so this is somehow the
+discrete time for a transform in in E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time for a transform in in E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time for a transform in in E
+language take a discrete thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language take a discrete thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language take a discrete thing and
+produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no
+that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the
+DFT that's where everything's finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT that's where everything's finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT that's where everything's finite
+here I've got this is this is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got this is this is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got this is this is on the
+whole line so I didn't didn't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line so I didn't didn't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line so I didn't didn't say that
+this was on the whole line r for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was on the whole line r for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was on the whole line r for the
+whole line This is on well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line This is on well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line This is on well there's a
+nice notation Z for the integers X is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice notation Z for the integers X is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice notation Z for the integers X is in
+the in anywhere on the line J is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in anywhere on the line J is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in anywhere on the line J is an
+integer here now if I take go if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer here now if I take go if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer here now if I take go if I do
+the Fier thing from a sequence what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fier thing from a sequence what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fier thing from a sequence what what
+do I what does for8 take me to if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I what does for8 take me to if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I what does for8 take me to if I
+start with a sequence I it takes me to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a sequence I it takes me to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a sequence I it takes me to a
+a periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic function
+exactly and of course the transform or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and of course the transform or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and of course the transform or
+the inverse transform goes the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse transform goes the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse transform goes the other way
+if I start with a periodic function as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start with a periodic function as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start with a periodic function as I
+was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing
+here I produced a sequence so this was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I produced a sequence so this was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I produced a sequence so this was I
+don't know what should we call that FS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what should we call that FS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what should we call that FS
+for a series or function to sequence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a series or function to sequence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a series or function to sequence or
+hey that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey that's
+beautiful perfect okay this this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful perfect okay this this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful perfect okay this this is not
+maybe so well known going from sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so well known going from sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so well known going from sequence
+to function but of course it's just well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to function but of course it's just well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to function but of course it's just well
+when I say it's not well known it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say it's not well known it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say it's not well known it's
+ridiculous uh all you're doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous uh all you're doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous uh all you're doing here is
+doing this summation there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this summation there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this summation there's the
+function start with a sequence V put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function start with a sequence V put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function start with a sequence V put it
+in add up the 4 Series and you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in add up the 4 Series and you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in add up the 4 Series and you got the
+you got the periodic function yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the periodic function yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the periodic function yeah so
+this this is fine okay okay and now huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is fine okay okay and now huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is fine okay okay and now huh
+now the question is what's that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is what's that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is what's that what's
+the connection between this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between this and this
+this is the Brilliance of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Brilliance of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Brilliance of this uh
+diagram of this master plan is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of this master plan is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of this master plan is that each
+step Crossways is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step Crossways is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step Crossways is
+just a 4A transform here let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a 4A transform here let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a 4A transform here let me write
+them in here I looks like I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in here I looks like I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in here I looks like I've got a
+function so probably that's got to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so probably that's got to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so probably that's got to be a
+regular no that's a a function to oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular no that's a a function to oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular no that's a a function to oh I
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+just yeah this is my interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah this is my interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah this is my interpolation
+function now it's a true function so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now it's a true function so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now it's a true function so I
+think that's a true for a transform yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a true for a transform yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a true for a transform yes
+sothan allows me he allows me to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sothan allows me he allows me to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sothan allows me he allows me to write
+for a transform on that and of course he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transform on that and of course he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transform on that and of course he
+allows me to write these are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to write these are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to write these are these are
+functions to functions but now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to functions but now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to functions but now this is
+discreet so this is the discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet so this is the discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet so this is the discret
+guy okay those are all easy horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy okay those are all easy horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy okay those are all easy horizontal
+is easy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy in this
+picture it's vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's vertical
+what that's interesting okay so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's interesting okay so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's interesting okay so we do
+the easy the the the vertical ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy the the the vertical ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy the the the vertical ones we
+can we know how to do and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we know how to do and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we know how to do and then maybe
+time will run out okay uh so how how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will run out okay uh so how how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will run out okay uh so how how did
+I this is connects to that first Lector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is connects to that first Lector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is connects to that first Lector
+totally I mean it's the same author here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally I mean it's the same author here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally I mean it's the same author here
+so how what was the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how what was the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how what was the connection between
+the discrete values of U so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete values of U so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete values of U so we have
+function U we take its discrete values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U we take its discrete values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U we take its discrete values
+that I previously called UJ now VJ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I previously called UJ now VJ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I previously called UJ now VJ and
+what do we do at this point at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do at this point at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do at this point at that
+stage yeah yeah we we interpolate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage yeah yeah we we interpolate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage yeah yeah we we interpolate by
+something band limited polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something band limited polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something band limited polinomial
+whatever we're doing we interpolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we're doing we interpolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we're doing we interpolate
+maybe I'll maybe that yellow stands out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll maybe that yellow stands out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll maybe that yellow stands out
+well solved so that step was sampling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well solved so that step was sampling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well solved so that step was sampling on
+the grid this step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpolation okay what's that step well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation okay what's that step well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation okay what's that step well
+everybody sees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees that
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+differentiation and what's the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and what's the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and what's the final
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here probably sampling right we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probably sampling right we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probably sampling right we the
+isn't this what we did in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this what we did in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this what we did in the first
+lecture we didn't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we didn't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we didn't know the
+function but we imagine what we got with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but we imagine what we got with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but we imagine what we got with
+these samples that came from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples that came from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples that came from some
+unknown function so I worked with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown function so I worked with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown function so I worked with the
+samples by interpolating to P of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples by interpolating to P of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples by interpolating to P of x
+by taking the derivative P Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the derivative P Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the derivative P Prime and
+then sampling the derivative didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sampling the derivative didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sampling the derivative didn't
+didn't we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we do
+that I think I I did that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I I did that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I I did that without
+looking yes that's what he said okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking yes that's what he said okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking yes that's what he said okay and
+all I ask you to do is fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I ask you to do is fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I ask you to do is fill in the
+remaining dots but you see how nice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining dots but you see how nice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining dots but you see how nice it
+is okay actually everybody's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay actually everybody's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay actually everybody's going to be
+okay with that one what what did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that one what what did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that one what what did we do
+what did we do at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stage we multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage we multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage we multiplied
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ik we took P hat and we got ik P hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ik we took P hat and we got ik P hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ik we took P hat and we got ik P hat and
+why did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that because over here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because over here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because over here that's
+corresponds to taking the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to taking the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to taking the derivative
+right so so all the most brilliant thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so all the most brilliant thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so all the most brilliant thing
+we can say here is multiply by ik K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right fine okay and that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right fine okay and that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right fine okay and that's that's the
+familiar rule that if you differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar rule that if you differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar rule that if you differentiate
+the function you multiply it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function you multiply it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function you multiply it for a
+series by ik and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay oh well this interpolation no but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh well this interpolation no but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh well this interpolation no but I
+should remember what interpolation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember what interpolation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember what interpolation we
+did we're in the Fier World here now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we're in the Fier World here now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we're in the Fier World here now so
+which how did we do that interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which how did we do that interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which how did we do that interpolation
+we did the band limited one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the band limited one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the band limited one
+right I'm not I'm not going back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not I'm not going back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not I'm not going back to that
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+polinomial uh method that wasn't Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh method that wasn't Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh method that wasn't Fier
+related we did we did Shannon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related we did we did Shannon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related we did we did Shannon
+interpolation or band limited band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation or band limited band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation or band limited band
+limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+interpolation and what did that do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation and what did that do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation and what did that do do
+you want to so we have a guess of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to so we have a guess of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to so we have a guess of what
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I
+We R limited it we we killed it outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We R limited it we we killed it outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We R limited it we we killed it outside
+the band right we we low pass it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band right we we low pass it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band right we we low pass it an
+ideal low pass filter what what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal low pass filter what what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal low pass filter what what were
+I've got the most I never have space on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the most I never have space on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the most I never have space on
+this board so I'll just put kill uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board so I'll just put kill uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board so I'll just put kill uh
+outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the
+band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band
+right yes right okay set it to zero all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes right okay set it to zero all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes right okay set it to zero all
+right and now I'm going to have a I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I'm going to have a I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I'm going to have a I'll
+read this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this one
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+okay okay so what do we do this at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what do we do this at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what do we do this at that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh so I'm taking a function I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh so I'm taking a function I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh so I'm taking a function I'm
+sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+yeah and this this guy is still waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this this guy is still waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this this guy is still waiting
+for me I'm watching the clock but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I'm watching the clock but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I'm watching the clock but it's
+not going fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough all right let's go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough all right let's go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough all right let's go for
+it uh the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the step
+here so the question is how is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the question is how is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the question is how is this
+thing related to this one well now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing related to this one well now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing related to this one well now let's
+first of all figure out what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all figure out what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all figure out what we're
+dealing with here we're dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here we're dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here we're dealing with a
+function that's that's defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's that's defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's that's defined for
+all K right so K is a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all K right so K is a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all K right so K is a real number
+here and what's K in this case oh no k k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what's K in this case oh no k k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what's K in this case oh no k k
+sorry no let me let me say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no let me let me say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no let me let me say it
+differently K goes from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently K goes from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently K goes from minus infinity
+to Infinity here right all frequency now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity here right all frequency now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity here right all frequency now
+what frequencies do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what frequencies do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what frequencies do we have
+here we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we did
+it the ones in our oh where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the ones in our oh where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the ones in our oh where are
+we no we haven't done it yet no no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no we haven't done it yet no no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no we haven't done it yet no no I'm
+not going to I'm not going to get off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to I'm not going to get off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to I'm not going to get off so
+easily okay I'll I'll let me write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily okay I'll I'll let me write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily okay I'll I'll let me write in
+the words that he has here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words that he has here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words that he has here
+right okay he wrote in these words alien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula formula okay now what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula formula okay now what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula formula okay now what does that
+mean that's not a familiar totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's not a familiar totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's not a familiar totally
+that's AI two familiar words but put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's AI two familiar words but put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's AI two familiar words but put
+together what are they so I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what are they so I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what are they so I need a
+little space and what they are is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space and what they are is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space and what they are is this
+Plus on summation formula so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus on summation formula so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus on summation formula so that's what
+he refers to as the aliasing formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he refers to as the aliasing formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he refers to as the aliasing formula and
+that was a new a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a new a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a new a new
+uh expression to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me so that's really let's focus on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so that's really let's focus on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so that's really let's focus on that
+final issue is what is this Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final issue is what is this Plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final issue is what is this Plus on
+summation formula also known also has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula also known also has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula also known also has an
+alias if Alias is the aliasing formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alias if Alias is the aliasing formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alias if Alias is the aliasing formula
+and what is it so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity and I looked it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and I looked it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and I looked it up
+in the uh text in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh text in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh text in the course
+text and I found a entry for Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and I found a entry for Plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and I found a entry for Plus on
+summation formula and actually I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula and actually I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula and actually I had
+used this formula but I never feel I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this formula but I never feel I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this formula but I never feel I'm
+really know what it's doing and and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what it's doing and and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what it's doing and and now
+I really feel I don't know what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really feel I don't know what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really feel I don't know what it's
+doing because I didn't recognize it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because I didn't recognize it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because I didn't recognize it in
+in Tran's form so I'm going to write two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tran's form so I'm going to write two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tran's form so I'm going to write two
+forms of the Plus on summation formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the Plus on summation formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the Plus on summation formula
+one form will be what's in the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form will be what's in the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form will be what's in the textbook
+the other formula will be what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other formula will be what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other formula will be what's in
+Tran's book and he says it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tran's book and he says it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tran's book and he says it's the same
+formula and so that's this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and so that's this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and so that's this is like
+my uh hope that we figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh hope that we figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh hope that we figure out what's
+going on okay so let me find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on okay so let me find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on okay so let me find that
+formula first as as I what I thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula first as as I what I thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula first as as I what I thought was
+plus formula it's here's it's an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus formula it's here's it's an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus formula it's here's it's an amazing
+formula I have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I have a function
+f and I look at that at equally spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and I look at that at equally spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and I look at that at equally spaced
+points and add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and add up the
+result and I take its free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and I take its free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and I take its free
+transform and I look at that at equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and I look at that at equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and I look at that at equally
+spaced points and the spacing isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced points and the spacing isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced points and the spacing isn't
+quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the
+same there's a two Pi in in for's world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same there's a two Pi in in for's world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same there's a two Pi in in for's world
+that that unfortunately so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that unfortunately so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that unfortunately so these are
+spaced by two Pi these are spaced by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by two Pi these are spaced by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by two Pi these are spaced by one
+I could change you know if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could change you know if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could change you know if I could
+change one spacing I'd change the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change one spacing I'd change the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change one spacing I'd change the other
+spacing so the product of spacings is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing so the product of spacings is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing so the product of spacings is 2
+pi of course and there's probably and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of course and there's probably and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of course and there's probably and
+then I add up these guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I add up these guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I add up these guys and
+fantastically the things come out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastically the things come out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastically the things come out the
+same modulo some factor to Pi always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same modulo some factor to Pi always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same modulo some factor to Pi always
+involved in the in the definition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the in the definition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the in the definition which
+we could we could adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could adjust the
+normalization but isn't that amazing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization but isn't that amazing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization but isn't that amazing the
+so you you you your functions your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you you your functions your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you you your functions your
+original functions are on F is f ofx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original functions are on F is f ofx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original functions are on F is f ofx is
+on X is on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X is on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X is on the whole
+line and K is on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line so we're starting with functions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so we're starting with functions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so we're starting with functions on
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+line and then we're sampling and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then we're sampling and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then we're sampling and adding
+up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their
+uh their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their their
+samples and their forier samples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and their forier samples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and their forier samples and
+we're getting the same thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the same thing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the same thing okay so
+that's what I think what I what the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I think what I what the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I think what I what the book
+describes and actually gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes and actually gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes and actually gives you an
+explanation of and now let me give what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of and now let me give what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of and now let me give what
+he says is the aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says is the aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says is the aliasing
+formula now that'll be over here in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula now that'll be over here in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula now that'll be over here in term
+in this language of V's he says that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this language of V's he says that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this language of V's he says that V
+hat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat of
+K so I've got the transform side coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so I've got the transform side coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so I've got the transform side coming
+on the left here oh no oh no here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left here oh no oh no here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left here oh no oh no here here's
+is the sum from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum from minus infinity to
+Infinity this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is
+J of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of U
+hat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat of
+k+ two there's 2 pi has to appear oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k+ two there's 2 pi has to appear oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k+ two there's 2 pi has to appear oh and
+since his sampling interval was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since his sampling interval was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since his sampling interval was this
+is the sampling interval was H so an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sampling interval was H so an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sampling interval was H so an H
+has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+appear see I I'm going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear see I I'm going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear see I I'm going to talk a little
+but probably nobody's going to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably nobody's going to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably nobody's going to listen
+right because you're naturally want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're naturally want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're naturally want to
+figure out what's the connection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the connection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the connection of
+those two formulas and so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two formulas and so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two formulas and so do
+I I I suggest that we look at it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I suggest that we look at it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I suggest that we look at it a
+little bit but if we don't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but if we don't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but if we don't get it
+completely straight it's worth our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely straight it's worth our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely straight it's worth our time
+to think about it to email let me put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it to email let me put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it to email let me put my
+email again at GS at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email again at GS at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email again at GS at
+math um about the right way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math um about the right way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math um about the right way to look at
+that and now remember what what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now remember what what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now remember what what's going
+on here this V this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here this V this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here this V this
+V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is the v's are the samples of the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the v's are the samples of the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the v's are the samples of the U
+so V so the connection is that v j is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V so the connection is that v j is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V so the connection is that v j is
+the U at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JH
+sorry is the U the same as F what okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is the U the same as F what okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is the U the same as F what okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably but but but I mean those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably but but but I mean those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably but but but I mean those are
+two independent statements right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent statements right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent statements right I mean
+you know I come in this door and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I come in this door and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I come in this door and put
+this formula Tran comes in this door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula Tran comes in this door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula Tran comes in this door
+puts of this formula with this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts of this formula with this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts of this formula with this with this
+connection between the V and the U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the V and the U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the V and the U and
+he says oh that's just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says oh that's just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says oh that's just the same
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+okay so why what and what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why what and what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why what and what's going on
+here and and and uh and and anyway this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and and uh and and anyway this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and and uh and and anyway this
+is then the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then the link
+between this is the this is Tran's link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this is the this is Tran's link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this is the this is Tran's link
+between U hat and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat which is crossing the first Formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat which is crossing the first Formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat which is crossing the first Formula
+yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's
+right yep yep I I'm willing to say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yep yep I I'm willing to say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yep yep I I'm willing to say yes
+to anything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything here
+yes that's right I mean yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right I mean yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right I mean yeah yeah
+yeah I just I just think it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just I just think it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just I just think it's kind of
+fun in this guy that's the I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun in this guy that's the I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun in this guy that's the I'm pretty
+sure that's the if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's the if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's the if you ask
+P that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+his okay I won't take that bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes
+yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay
+okay yes okay I'm not sure uh again I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes okay I'm not sure uh again I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes okay I'm not sure uh again I I
+I believe that that's that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that that's that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that that's that that's the
+that's the s that sort of thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the s that sort of thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the s that sort of thing is the
+key yeah so I I just think well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key yeah so I I just think well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key yeah so I I just think well first
+it's kind of fun and scary but fun that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun and scary but fun that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun and scary but fun that
+uh here are things that that are we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here are things that that are we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here are things that that are we're
+talking about equations here so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about equations here so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about equations here so we're
+not so we're not talking about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we're not talking about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we're not talking about you know
+complicated estimates for boundary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated estimates for boundary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated estimates for boundary value
+problems or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or something but
+identities and here we have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and here we have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and here we have a couple of
+remarkable ones and and they're also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable ones and and they're also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable ones and and they're also not
+only that they're they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that they're they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that they're they're they're
+disguises of each other they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguises of each other they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguises of each other they're really
+the same somehow and and you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same somehow and and you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same somehow and and you see what
+it's saying is that the where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is that the where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is that the where does the
+word aliasing enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it's it's saying that really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it's saying that really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it's saying that really that
+this that we get the same V from a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that we get the same V from a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that we get the same V from a whole
+lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different
+U's and and and we kind of know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U's and and and we kind of know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U's and and and we kind of know that
+right V is only determined by U at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right V is only determined by U at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right V is only determined by U at the
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+points so you could have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so you could have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so you could have other
+frequencies in it or not that V wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in it or not that V wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in it or not that V wouldn't
+know about I guess maybe is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about I guess maybe is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about I guess maybe is that the
+right way to think about it that if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to think about it that if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to think about it that if if
+if you if I add to something if I add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if I add to something if I add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if I add to something if I add to
+you something that vanishes at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something that vanishes at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something that vanishes at all the
+sample points like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample points like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample points like
+s x over H or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x over H or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x over H or
+something what will be the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what will be the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what will be the change in
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+none at xal j8 H the sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none at xal j8 H the sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none at xal j8 H the sign is
+zero so somehow U has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so somehow U has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so somehow U has some
+uh did that make sense yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's that's why I get this s right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's why I get this s right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's why I get this s right right
+that's right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's
+right and now I'll be happy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I'll be happy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I'll be happy if you
+connect it to what I thought was Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's yeah yeah you're sort of you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah yeah you're sort of you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah yeah you're sort of you're
+sort of adding up things kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of adding up things kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of adding up things kind of
+periodize it is that a way to say it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something yeah yeah I I I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah yeah I I I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah yeah I I I think if
+everybody's willing to copy down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's willing to copy down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's willing to copy down these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+formulas uh I'm I'm I'm game for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh I'm I'm I'm game for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh I'm I'm I'm game for
+anything uh next time yeah is that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh next time yeah is that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh next time yeah is that sound
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry oh this is under Pon summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh this is under Pon summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh this is under Pon summation
+formula in the book I uh if if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in the book I uh if if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in the book I uh if if you look
+in the index you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay can I close with a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay can I close with a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay can I close with a totally
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+comment just because I I I want to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment just because I I I want to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment just because I I I want to leave
+that one I learned something this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one I learned something this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one I learned something this week
+which I should have known I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I should have known I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I should have known I should have
+known to tell you about in lecture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to tell you about in lecture one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to tell you about in lecture one
+about inverses of Tri diagonal matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inverses of Tri diagonal matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inverses of Tri diagonal matrices
+and here is this wonderful fact how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is this wonderful fact how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is this wonderful fact how how
+can you recognize the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you recognize the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you recognize the inverse of a
+triagonal matric so is it all right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal matric so is it all right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal matric so is it all right to
+come back to like ancient history Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to like ancient history Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to like ancient history Tri
+diagonal matrices okay so it's Tri it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices okay so it's Tri it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices okay so it's Tri it
+make it symmetric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it symmetric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it symmetric so
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+triagonal what does the inverse look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal what does the inverse look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal what does the inverse look
+like well we had certain examples right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well we had certain examples right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well we had certain examples right
+our matrices what did we call them k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrices what did we call them k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrices what did we call them k and
+t we we computed their inverses but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t we we computed their inverses but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t we we computed their inverses but now
+the comment is any symmetric Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment is any symmetric Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment is any symmetric Tri
+diagonal matrix its inverse looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix its inverse looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix its inverse looks like
+well it's symmetric of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's symmetric of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's symmetric of
+course so if I tell you about above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so if I tell you about above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so if I tell you about above the
+diagonal then I'm telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal then I'm telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal then I'm telling you about
+below so a typical entry in row I column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so a typical entry in row I column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so a typical entry in row I column
+J of the inverse so this is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of the inverse so this is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of the inverse so this is now the
+inverse row I column J this is some this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse row I column J this is some this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse row I column J this is some this
+all this all these numbers have the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all these numbers have the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all these numbers have the form
+some Alpha I beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J which is a very special form so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J which is a very special form so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J which is a very special form so so the
+same Alpha for all for all along the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Alpha for all for all along the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Alpha for all for all along the row
+from here on and the same beta all down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here on and the same beta all down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here on and the same beta all down
+the column to here but of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column to here but of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column to here but of course that
+pattern stops when I go on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern stops when I go on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern stops when I go on the other
+side of the diagonal it becomes Alpha J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the diagonal it becomes Alpha J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the diagonal it becomes Alpha J
+beta I and do you remember that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta I and do you remember that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta I and do you remember that that's
+what we discovered you remember our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discovered you remember our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discovered you remember our
+specific concrete formulas for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific concrete formulas for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific concrete formulas for those
+inverses had sort of there was a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses had sort of there was a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses had sort of there was a product
+of an i something times a j something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an i something times a j something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an i something times a j something
+and now I discover that that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I discover that that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I discover that that's always
+the case that every symmetric triagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that every symmetric triagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that every symmetric triagonal
+Matrix has this form so isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has this form so isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has this form so isn't that
+remarkable and and here's what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and and here's what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and and here's what's really
+satisfying about it how many parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying about it how many parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying about it how many parameters
+are there in a science in a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in a science in a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in a science in a symmetric
+triagonal Matrix n byn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal Matrix n byn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal Matrix n byn of
+course how many independent numbers tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course how many independent numbers tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course how many independent numbers tell
+us what this symmetric triagonal Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what this symmetric triagonal Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what this symmetric triagonal Matrix
+is 2 N minus one right 2 N because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 N minus one right 2 N because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 N minus one right 2 N because we
+got n on the diagonal and N minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n on the diagonal and N minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n on the diagonal and N minus one so
+2 N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 N minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 N minus one
+numbers and what about over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and what about over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and what about over
+here same because I could I could take I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same because I could I could take I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same because I could I could take I
+could normalize since these are products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could normalize since these are products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could normalize since these are products
+I could normalize Alpha 1 to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could normalize Alpha 1 to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could normalize Alpha 1 to be one
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+say without and and then that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say without and and then that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say without and and then that would
+determine all the others and it' be 2 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine all the others and it' be 2 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine all the others and it' be 2 N
+minus one of them and it would agree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of them and it would agree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of them and it would agree the
+number of parameters but of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parameters but of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parameters but of course this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+full Matrix and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Matrix and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Matrix and this is this is
+sparse but the 2 N minus one parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse but the 2 N minus one parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse but the 2 N minus one parameters
+are there in both so you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in both so you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in both so you know you're
+sort of onto the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of onto the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of onto the right
+track yeah so I thought I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track yeah so I thought I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track yeah so I thought I would just
+mention that um so this is all Matrix if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that um so this is all Matrix if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that um so this is all Matrix if
+if I had a matrix like this its inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a matrix like this its inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a matrix like this its inverse
+would be symmetric triagonal I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be symmetric triagonal I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be symmetric triagonal I mean it's
+a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect
+match between this type of matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match between this type of matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match between this type of matrices and
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+inverses and uh I hadn't even known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and uh I hadn't even known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and uh I hadn't even known
+about that so there you go that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so there you go that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so there you go that's kind
+of satisfying that we that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satisfying that we that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satisfying that we that we did
+examples and then now the uh General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then now the uh General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then now the uh General
+case shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all the rest yes we we realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all the rest yes we we realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all the rest yes we we realize that
+we only have we've only got this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have we've only got this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have we've only got this many
+numbers somehow to find where we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers somehow to find where we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers somehow to find where we thought
+we had to find n squar numbers now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to find n squar numbers now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to find n squar numbers now we
+realize that was really only o of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that was really only o of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that was really only o of n
+numbers that are that in a book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are that in a book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are that in a book uh
+or in a paper I should say uh I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a paper I should say uh I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a paper I should say uh I can give
+you the reference because the guy sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the reference because the guy sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the reference because the guy sent
+it to me but so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me but so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me but so he's
+summarizing um and it was so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing um and it was so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing um and it was so it's not
+ancient history uh so he he he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient history uh so he he he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient history uh so he he he gave
+credit to to somebody named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit to to somebody named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit to to somebody named
+aslum uh 40 years ago or so but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aslum uh 40 years ago or so but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aslum uh 40 years ago or so but the
+paper that I read it in and gives a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that I read it in and gives a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that I read it in and gives a nice
+proof and everything is I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and everything is I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and everything is I can give you
+the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference
+is the author and it's in I'm happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the author and it's in I'm happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the author and it's in I'm happy to
+say that it's in sayam uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's in sayam uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's in sayam uh
+review in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1992 yeah so you might enjoy if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 yeah so you might enjoy if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 yeah so you might enjoy if you like
+those triagonal mes here's uh here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those triagonal mes here's uh here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those triagonal mes here's uh here's a
+fact that we very important fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we very important fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we very important fact that we
+missed at the at the time okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed at the at the time okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed at the at the time okay we're
+past 430 thanks and and please help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 430 thanks and and please help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 430 thanks and and please help me
+out uh with the Alias of the plone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh with the Alias of the plone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh with the Alias of the plone
+summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+formula thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G3OmGH1rvGc.txt b/G3OmGH1rvGc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..105e2d5b5fd69d92ce038dfa2e7facc385e83928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G3OmGH1rvGc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh uh I think what's interesting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh I think what's interesting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh I think what's interesting here
+in the comparison is that you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison is that you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison is that you know we
+have two different quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different quite different
+approaches but in what ways are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches but in what ways are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches but in what ways are these
+two documents are these two pieces these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two documents are these two pieces these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two documents are these two pieces these
+two readings uh dealing with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two readings uh dealing with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two readings uh dealing with you know
+similar kinds of uh questions or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kinds of uh questions or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kinds of uh questions or are
+they I mean obviously they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I mean obviously they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I mean obviously they come from
+different sources what about the sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources what about the sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources what about the sources
+the the people who wrote or the cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people who wrote or the cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people who wrote or the cultures
+that produced if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produced if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produced if you
+will these two different uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will these two different uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will these two different uh you know
+Genesis itself what kind of culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis itself what kind of culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis itself what kind of culture
+would produce Genesis and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would produce Genesis and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would produce Genesis and what kind of
+culture would produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture would produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture would produce the
+physics any any inkling of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so I think more like the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so I think more like the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so I think more like the physics
+has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+questioning and um Genesis has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning and um Genesis has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning and um Genesis has to do
+more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more with
+believing right like just going along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing right like just going along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing right like just going along
+with something whereas like I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something whereas like I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something whereas like I'm pretty
+sure Aristotle being a pretty smart man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure Aristotle being a pretty smart man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure Aristotle being a pretty smart man
+has considered a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has considered a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has considered a lot of different
+scenarios and then finally settled upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios and then finally settled upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios and then finally settled upon
+his conclusion whereas like the Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his conclusion whereas like the Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his conclusion whereas like the Genesis
+there's no clear evidence for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no clear evidence for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no clear evidence for that
+yeah what are they talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common what's what's what is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common what's what's what is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common what's what's what is the sort of
+common background that they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common background that they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common background that they're both
+trying to both these uh pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to both these uh pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to both these uh pieces are
+trying to puzzle with grapple with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to puzzle with grapple with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to puzzle with grapple with
+what's what are they trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what are they trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what are they trying to
+understand yeah perhaps they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand yeah perhaps they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand yeah perhaps they're both
+trying to find out how things came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find out how things came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find out how things came to
+be um like Charles said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um like Charles said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um like Charles said
+Aristotle uses more rational methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle uses more rational methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle uses more rational methods of
+doing it although those rational methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it although those rational methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it although those rational methods
+he may not be true yeah okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may not be true yeah okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may not be true yeah okay that's
+that's a that's a good start um but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a good start um but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a good start um but he
+said Charles said something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Charles said something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Charles said something interesting
+he said uh in in the Bible you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said uh in in the Bible you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said uh in in the Bible you sort of
+just get told what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get told what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get told what
+happened and it's an origination story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and it's an origination story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and it's an origination story
+it's a story about Origins is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a story about Origins is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a story about Origins is it
+not it's the birth of nature if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's the birth of nature if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's the birth of nature if you will
+I mean you know how did nature come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know how did nature come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know how did nature come into
+existence the world in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence the world in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence the world in which we
+associate we live in all the creatures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate we live in all the creatures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate we live in all the creatures I
+mean this is this is about the emergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is this is about the emergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is this is about the emergence
+of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural
+world as taken from a perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as taken from a perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as taken from a perspective and
+we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to
+that is Aristotle about the origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is Aristotle about the origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is Aristotle about the origins of
+the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world what is Aristotle trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concession yeah he's he's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concession yeah he's he's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concession yeah he's he's more
+interested in what is the natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what is the natural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what is the natural world
+what is you know how do we identify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is you know how do we identify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is you know how do we identify it
+describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+it and not so much how did it come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and not so much how did it come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and not so much how did it come into
+existence but how does it operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's not really that focused on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not really that focused on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not really that focused on you know
+how did this thing get created in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did this thing get created in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did this thing get created in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+place he's much more interested in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place he's much more interested in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place he's much more interested in how
+does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+realm and both of these works are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm and both of these works are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm and both of these works are trying
+to give us a sense of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us a sense of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us a sense of the natural
+world but Aristotle's really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but Aristotle's really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but Aristotle's really trying to
+say you know how do we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know how do we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know how do we understand the
+natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world
+how does it work yeah one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work yeah one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work yeah one kind of
+conflict I have with both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict I have with both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict I have with both of these
+pieces is that you know so in in Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces is that you know so in in Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces is that you know so in in Genesis
+we human beings you know read this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we human beings you know read this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we human beings you know read this and
+we ascribe something that happens to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ascribe something that happens to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ascribe something that happens to us
+to God or in Aristotle's case to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to God or in Aristotle's case to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to God or in Aristotle's case to some
+ideal form like if we take the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal form like if we take the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal form like if we take the wall
+example we were looking at it's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we were looking at it's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we were looking at it's like I
+you know um so you've got a wall it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um so you've got a wall it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um so you've got a wall it's
+this platonic plane whatever you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this platonic plane whatever you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this platonic plane whatever you know
+that's all great but it's not a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all great but it's not a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all great but it's not a plane
+that keeps you safe that keeps you warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps you safe that keeps you warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps you safe that keeps you warm
+I mean the world is made out of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the world is made out of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the world is made out of real
+things and attributing it to platonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and attributing it to platonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and attributing it to platonic
+form or or a Divine being seems at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form or or a Divine being seems at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form or or a Divine being seems at least
+to me to kind of miss the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me to kind of miss the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me to kind of miss the whole point of
+it's just or it's funny to me that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just or it's funny to me that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just or it's funny to me that so
+many people throughout history attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people throughout history attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people throughout history attribute
+things to ideas or to Divine beings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to ideas or to Divine beings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to ideas or to Divine beings and
+yet the only thing that actually makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the only thing that actually makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the only thing that actually makes
+real things work is are materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real things work is are materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real things work is are materials and
+construction real forms and real matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction real forms and real matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction real forms and real matter
+so I just yeah no that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just yeah no that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just yeah no that's that's that's
+that's the a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the a valid
+point uh yeah of course there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh yeah of course there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh yeah of course there are lots
+and lots of uh Inc has been devoted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of uh Inc has been devoted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of uh Inc has been devoted to
+you know how did the world come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how did the world come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how did the world come into
+existence and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know why where is it who who made it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why where is it who who made it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why where is it who who made it um
+and as you say that doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you say that doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you say that doesn't really
+so what about the Bible what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about the Bible what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about the Bible what about this
+this story of Genesis what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story of Genesis what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story of Genesis what kind of
+culture would produce this sort of piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture would produce this sort of piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture would produce this sort of piece
+which says in the beginning of creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says in the beginning of creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says in the beginning of creation
+when God made Heaven and Earth the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when God made Heaven and Earth the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when God made Heaven and Earth the Earth
+was without form and void with Darkness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was without form and void with Darkness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was without form and void with Darkness
+over the face of the abyss and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the face of the abyss and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the face of the abyss and the
+Mighty Wind that swept over the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mighty Wind that swept over the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mighty Wind that swept over the surface
+of the waters God said let there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the waters God said let there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the waters God said let there be
+light and there was light and God saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and there was light and God saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and there was light and God saw
+that the light was good and he separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light was good and he separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light was good and he separated
+light from darkness and he called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from darkness and he called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from darkness and he called the
+light day and the Darkness night so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light day and the Darkness night so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light day and the Darkness night so
+evening came and morning came the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening came and morning came the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening came and morning came the first
+day I mean it's a beautiful passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I mean it's a beautiful passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I mean it's a beautiful passage
+really I mean if you contemplate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean if you contemplate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean if you contemplate this
+piece the the pros is beautiful but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece the the pros is beautiful but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece the the pros is beautiful but we
+come back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back you
+know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+what what what's happening here why was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what's happening here why was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what's happening here why was
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+written and what kind of so I I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and what kind of so I I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and what kind of so I I come
+back to my original question what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my original question what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my original question what kind
+of what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kind of
+culture you know as you go down through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture you know as you go down through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture you know as you go down through
+this account would produce this it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this account would produce this it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this account would produce this it seems
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um conceptually it's it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conceptually it's it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conceptually it's it's very simple
+and in my mind when I think back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in my mind when I think back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in my mind when I think back to that
+uh you know since like the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know since like the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know since like the beginning of
+man when they're all just like hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man when they're all just like hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man when they're all just like hunting
+and Gathering cultures I'm sure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gathering cultures I'm sure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gathering cultures I'm sure you know
+there's there's tons of origin stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's tons of origin stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's tons of origin stories
+and different cultures and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different cultures and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different cultures and different
+forms um and it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um and it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um and it seems
+like this at its beginning may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this at its beginning may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this at its beginning may have been
+sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+unification like uh you know one culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unification like uh you know one culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unification like uh you know one culture
+or one culture of Scholars stood up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one culture of Scholars stood up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one culture of Scholars stood up and
+said we should unite these people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we should unite these people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we should unite these people's
+beliefs and at its core know this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and at its core know this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and at its core know this is how
+and and you know something simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know something simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know something simple as
+light and darkness and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and darkness and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and darkness and things like
+that yeah the the certainly at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah the the certainly at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah the the certainly at some
+pragmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatic
+level this was recorded and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this was recorded and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this was recorded and it was
+recorded as the wisdom of U the ages U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded as the wisdom of U the ages U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded as the wisdom of U the ages U
+and became the first chapter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and became the first chapter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and became the first chapter of
+Genesis we don't have an author we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis we don't have an author we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis we don't have an author we don't
+know who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who wrote
+it and in fact it's it's it's believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in fact it's it's it's believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in fact it's it's it's believed
+by many people to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by many people to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by many people to have
+been written by God himself or herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been written by God himself or herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been written by God himself or herself
+or itself I mean depending on your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or itself I mean depending on your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or itself I mean depending on your your
+views of God but um uh and that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of God but um uh and that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of God but um uh and that this was
+sort of a account that was inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a account that was inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a account that was inspired
+through you know a kind of uh sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you know a kind of uh sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you know a kind of uh sacred
+inspiration was an account but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration was an account but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration was an account but if you
+read a little more closely and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a little more closely and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a little more closely and you see
+the the the the concerns and the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the concerns and the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the concerns and the ways in
+which the different observations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the different observations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the different observations are
+made in this piece you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in this piece you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in this piece you know what is the
+author concerned about what are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author concerned about what are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author concerned about what are some of
+the things the author is concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things the author is concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things the author is concerned about
+I mean I think today if we ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I think today if we ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I think today if we ask the
+question where do we come from why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where do we come from why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where do we come from why are
+we here we have so many things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we here we have so many things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we here we have so many things that we
+can reference like we can go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reference like we can go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reference like we can go to the
+Bible we can go to Aristotle we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible we can go to Aristotle we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible we can go to Aristotle we can take
+this class and discuss so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and discuss so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and discuss so many different
+sources but back when the Bible was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources but back when the Bible was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources but back when the Bible was
+written there may not have been anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there may not have been anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there may not have been anything
+to reference is like where did we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reference is like where did we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reference is like where did we come
+from so a culture may have just felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so a culture may have just felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so a culture may have just felt
+that it was their responsibility or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was their responsibility or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was their responsibility or like
+they just felt as though they needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just felt as though they needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just felt as though they needed to
+have some type of explanation um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some type of explanation um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some type of explanation um and it
+it's pretty simple it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple it's something that
+anybody living could observe that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody living could observe that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody living could observe that light
+and Night Comes so maybe they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Night Comes so maybe they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Night Comes so maybe they were just
+trying to give them like provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give them like provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give them like provide
+themselves with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves with an
+explanation or Back to Future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation or Back to Future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation or Back to Future
+Generations just because when I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations just because when I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations just because when I I don't
+know maybe just because it's MIT it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe just because it's MIT it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe just because it's MIT it's
+like we we tend to try to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we we tend to try to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we we tend to try to look for
+answers I think a lot of people have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers I think a lot of people have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers I think a lot of people have a
+tendency to do that and like after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to do that and like after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to do that and like after
+people stopped doing the hunting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stopped doing the hunting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stopped doing the hunting and
+Gathering had a little more free time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering had a little more free time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering had a little more free time on
+their hand like what exactly are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand like what exactly are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand like what exactly are we
+doing here yeah no I I I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here yeah no I I I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here yeah no I I I think you're
+absolutely absolutely right this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely right this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely right this is you
+know the product of you know somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the product of you know somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the product of you know somebody
+had some extra time I mean you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some extra time I mean you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some extra time I mean you know if
+you're if you're trying to just survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're trying to just survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're trying to just survive
+the day you know you don't have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you know you don't have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you know you don't have time for
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+uh uh the culture um which gave rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the culture um which gave rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the culture um which gave rise to
+such a story did have references to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a story did have references to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a story did have references to to
+refer to but perhaps there were multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to but perhaps there were multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to but perhaps there were multiple
+and not agreeing with each other and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not agreeing with each other and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not agreeing with each other and so
+getting back to his point the story was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to his point the story was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to his point the story was
+perhaps made as a unification of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps made as a unification of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps made as a unification of all
+those references perhaps emerging from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those references perhaps emerging from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those references perhaps emerging from
+tribal histories in which each tribe had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal histories in which each tribe had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal histories in which each tribe had
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+own story of creation yeah um what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own story of creation yeah um what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own story of creation yeah um what your
+original questions about you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original questions about you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original questions about you know what
+it was focusing on uh I remember one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was focusing on uh I remember one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was focusing on uh I remember one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+recurring like words or ideas was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring like words or ideas was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring like words or ideas was like
+seeds and food and things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds and food and things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds and food and things like that and
+that I'm granting you these seeds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm granting you these seeds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm granting you these seeds and
+I'm granting you this food and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm granting you this food and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm granting you this food and I'm
+granting you this land and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granting you this land and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granting you this land and things like
+that um I mean that was definitely an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I mean that was definitely an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I mean that was definitely an
+important concept when they when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept when they when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept when they when they
+move from hunting Gathering to to early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from hunting Gathering to to early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from hunting Gathering to to early
+agriculture tremendous yeah I mean these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture tremendous yeah I mean these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture tremendous yeah I mean these
+are so this is not a hunter gatherer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so this is not a hunter gatherer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so this is not a hunter gatherer
+society that produced this account it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that produced this account it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that produced this account it's
+a Society you can tell just from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Society you can tell just from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Society you can tell just from a
+culture just from reading it that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture just from reading it that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture just from reading it that there
+was a there was a level of stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a there was a level of stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a there was a level of stability
+there a level of understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a level of understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a level of understanding of the
+surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings
+um you know a a not ins sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a a not ins sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a a not ins sophisticated
+unsophisticated uh view of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsophisticated uh view of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsophisticated uh view of you know the
+progression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of
+things I mean one word that re recurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I mean one word that re recurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I mean one word that re recurs
+over and over in this account is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over in this account is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over in this account is kind
+according to its according to its kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to its according to its kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to its according to its kind
+what are they referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is that so it says uh you know um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that so it says uh you know um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that so it says uh you know um um
+it says uh God said let the Earth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says uh God said let the Earth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says uh God said let the Earth uh
+bring forth living creatures according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forth living creatures according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forth living creatures according
+to their kind cattle reptiles wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their kind cattle reptiles wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their kind cattle reptiles wild
+animals all according to their kind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals all according to their kind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals all according to their kind it
+says it twice and that word kind comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it twice and that word kind comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it twice and that word kind comes
+so what's what's this talking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's this talking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's this talking about like
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah maybe species a little too that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe species a little too that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe species a little too that
+word comes in quite a bit later uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word comes in quite a bit later uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word comes in quite a bit later uh a
+little later I mean Aristotle's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later I mean Aristotle's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later I mean Aristotle's already
+uh thinking these terms too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinking these terms too uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinking these terms too uh
+but yeah they're they're thinking I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah they're they're thinking I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah they're they're thinking I mean
+they know that kind reproduces kind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that kind reproduces kind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that kind reproduces kind and
+that this is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a kind of a
+rule I mean we're a little bit like uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I mean we're a little bit like uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I mean we're a little bit like uh I
+hesitate to say this but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitate to say this but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitate to say this but you know
+Allison Wonderland trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allison Wonderland trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allison Wonderland trying to find the
+rules how do things work what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules how do things work what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules how do things work what is the
+impulse to describe what is the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse to describe what is the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse to describe what is the impulse
+to understand how things came in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how things came in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how things came in you
+know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's
+here there's a desire to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a desire to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a desire to understand how
+the world came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world came into
+existence and we are reading Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and we are reading Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and we are reading Genesis
+here I I didn't take it just because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I I didn't take it just because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I I didn't take it just because of
+the Christian reference uh but simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christian reference uh but simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christian reference uh but simply
+because it's such a available text I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's such a available text I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's such a available text I
+mean we have Hy we have uh I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we have Hy we have uh I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we have Hy we have uh I'm sure
+Buddhism has accounts of uh the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism has accounts of uh the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism has accounts of uh the world in
+which uh you know how the world came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh you know how the world came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh you know how the world came
+into existence uh in your syllabus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into existence uh in your syllabus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into existence uh in your syllabus I
+showed you a a Hindu version of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a a Hindu version of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a a Hindu version of uh the
+creation of Worlds uh many many cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of Worlds uh many many cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of Worlds uh many many cultures
+have gone through the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone through the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone through the same set of
+questions and come up with accounts yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and come up with accounts yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and come up with accounts yeah
+so I think by um putting things in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think by um putting things in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think by um putting things in like
+by organizing things by kind um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by organizing things by kind um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by organizing things by kind um
+basically it's like following the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's like following the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's like following the idea
+that everything needs to be in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything needs to be in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything needs to be in order
+right so I feel like through right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I feel like through right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I feel like through right here
+you you could see God like parting light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could see God like parting light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could see God like parting light
+and dark and then parting Heaven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dark and then parting Heaven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dark and then parting Heaven and
+Earth and so it's like almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and so it's like almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and so it's like almost like a
+grid work like everything's ordered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid work like everything's ordered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid work like everything's ordered and
+then now he's introducing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now he's introducing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now he's introducing all these
+different things that could be variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that could be variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that could be variables
+but no they have to be together and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no they have to be together and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no they have to be together and so
+it's kind of like you have to it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like you have to it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like you have to it's kind
+of like a sense that you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a sense that you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a sense that you have to know
+your kind of know your place and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kind of know your place and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kind of know your place and things
+belong somewhere you belong to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong somewhere you belong to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong somewhere you belong to your
+people and you are a person like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you are a person like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you are a person like you're
+not God kind of everything is word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not God kind of everything is word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not God kind of everything is word
+there's no room for chaos in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no room for chaos in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no room for chaos in this
+creation story okay certainly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation story okay certainly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation story okay certainly at the
+start it's uh you know it's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it's uh you know it's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it's uh you know it's a perfect
+creation things happen in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation things happen in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation things happen in the next
+chapter that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that you
+know don't necessarily go so well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't necessarily go so well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't necessarily go so well but
+certainly the origin here is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the origin here is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the origin here is this is a
+ordered world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered world
+this is a account that gives a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a account that gives a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a account that gives a sense of
+the order of the world the stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the world the stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the world the stability of
+the world the fact that we're not living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world the fact that we're not living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world the fact that we're not living
+in an arbitrary setting but that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an arbitrary setting but that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an arbitrary setting but that there
+is all there's this kind of hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all there's this kind of hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all there's this kind of hierarchy of
+things at the very top is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the very top is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the very top is
+god um and all the way down through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god um and all the way down through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god um and all the way down through the
+creation are kinds that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation are kinds that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation are kinds that exist
+and even the way in which the account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the way in which the account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the way in which the account
+sort of sorts through the coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sorts through the coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sorts through the coming into
+existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of
+things is is there any logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is is there any logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is is there any logic
+here I'm actually confused are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm actually confused are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm actually confused are you
+implying do you are you saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implying do you are you saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implying do you are you saying that
+there is a hierarchy or there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a hierarchy or there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a hierarchy or there isn't
+because it seems like if each according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like if each according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like if each according
+to its kind kind of implies disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its kind kind of implies disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its kind kind of implies disjoint
+groups of things which couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of things which couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of things which couldn't be
+couldn't be ordered in any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be ordered in any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be ordered in any particular
+way but obviously in nature when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but obviously in nature when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but obviously in nature when you go
+out and look you can see that the duck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and look you can see that the duck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and look you can see that the duck
+is like the goose is like the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the goose is like the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the goose is like the right
+right yeah no uh what I'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no uh what I'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no uh what I'm saying is that
+there's a hierarchy uh humans are over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hierarchy uh humans are over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hierarchy uh humans are over
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+creation uh certain things came before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation uh certain things came before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation uh certain things came before
+other things and God is over everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and God is over everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and God is over everything
+so you know there's a a series of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's a a series of levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's a a series of levels
+in this account that sort of suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this account that sort of suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this account that sort of suggests
+that there's a ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a ultimate
+order I'm not saying that you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I'm not saying that you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I'm not saying that you know this
+is necessarily what everybody believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessarily what everybody believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessarily what everybody believes
+but I'm saying this is um how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm saying this is um how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm saying this is um how this
+particular account is trying to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular account is trying to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular account is trying to bring
+order what does the order represent good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order what does the order represent good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order what does the order represent good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+what I don't know anybody uh I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I don't know anybody uh I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I don't know anybody uh I think in
+a way it represents purpose and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way it represents purpose and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way it represents purpose and I mean
+at least it's a I think at the end of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's a I think at the end of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's a I think at the end of it
+it's like a human and God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a human and God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a human and God
+Centric uh world that's been created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric uh world that's been created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric uh world that's been created
+yeah and so then the hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so then the hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so then the hierarchy
+is uh you know man's use of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know man's use of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know man's use of everything
+everything whether it's the plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything whether it's the plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything whether it's the plants and
+animals to eat or to domesticate or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals to eat or to domesticate or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals to eat or to domesticate or you
+know things like that yeah the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things like that yeah the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things like that yeah the world is
+created for the human I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for the human I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for the human I think that's a
+good answer actually purpose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer actually purpose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer actually purpose it
+represents what does it represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents what does it represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents what does it represent it
+represents a purpose of world a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a purpose of world a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a purpose of world a world
+that has that shows purpose and why what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has that shows purpose and why what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has that shows purpose and why what
+is it about purpose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about purpose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about purpose that
+humans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are
+constantly trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean aren't we still doing aren't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean aren't we still doing aren't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean aren't we still doing aren't we
+still trying to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to figure out what the
+order of things is I mean is this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of things is I mean is this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of things is I mean is this I mean
+don't we in some way connect to these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we in some way connect to these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we in some way connect to these uh
+I mean obviously this is a product of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean obviously this is a product of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean obviously this is a product of a
+Agricultural Society society that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agricultural Society society that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agricultural Society society that you
+know everything is important in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything is important in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything is important in terms of
+you know the plants and the animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the plants and the animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the plants and the animals and
+the night and the day and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night and the day and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night and the day and so forth
+probably a very very early Agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a very very early Agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a very very early Agricultural
+Society uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh
+and it uh Mesopotamian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uh Mesopotamian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uh Mesopotamian
+or and it was the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and it was the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and it was the product of the
+Curiosity and the attempt to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curiosity and the attempt to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curiosity and the attempt to understand
+what the purpose of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the purpose of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the purpose of things
+is but also an effort to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but also an effort to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but also an effort to understand what
+the order of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of things
+is and in that respect we share even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and in that respect we share even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and in that respect we share even in
+you know what are we trying to do at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are we trying to do at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are we trying to do at MIT
+we're trying to figure out the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to figure out the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to figure out the order of
+things I mean we're constantly probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I mean we're constantly probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I mean we're constantly probing
+into the natural world to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the natural world to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the natural world to understand how
+things are related to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things and in this respect we share this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in this respect we share this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in this respect we share this
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+curiosity and Quest if you will for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity and Quest if you will for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity and Quest if you will for a
+sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of
+order now we may be disappointed a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order now we may be disappointed a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order now we may be disappointed a lot
+but uh and we don't ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and we don't ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and we don't ultimately
+understand but uh the point I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but uh the point I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but uh the point I'm trying
+to make here is uh this effort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make here is uh this effort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make here is uh this effort is
+something that Darwin himself partook of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Darwin himself partook of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Darwin himself partook of
+why why did Darwin spend vast amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why did Darwin spend vast amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why did Darwin spend vast amounts of
+effort to try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to try to understand the
+emergence of organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of organic
+beings and a relationship of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings and a relationship of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings and a relationship of those
+processes to the changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to the changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to the changes in the
+geological structure the geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological structure the geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological structure the geological
+surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the
+Earth I mean there's a there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth I mean there's a there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth I mean there's a there's there's a
+commonality of quest here now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality of quest here now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality of quest here now the
+resources available to an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available to an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available to an early
+agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural
+culture were not great I mean simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture were not great I mean simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture were not great I mean simple
+Farmers people of of uh you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmers people of of uh you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmers people of of uh you know a
+certain Faith or certain view um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Faith or certain view um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Faith or certain view um and
+they recorded their views it's a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recorded their views it's a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recorded their views it's a sign
+that there was some degree of leisure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some degree of leisure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some degree of leisure in
+the culture in which people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture in which people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture in which people could
+reflect on the surroundings around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the surroundings around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the surroundings around
+them uh you know this is not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh you know this is not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh you know this is not to say that
+people who were before these eras did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were before these eras did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were before these eras did
+not uh undertake the same understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh undertake the same understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh undertake the same understanding
+of their surroundings I I expect that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their surroundings I I expect that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their surroundings I I expect that U
+hunter gatherers had a vast store of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunter gatherers had a vast store of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunter gatherers had a vast store of
+information about their surroundings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about their surroundings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about their surroundings and
+how they worked and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they worked and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they worked and so on and so forth
+but here we have an effort to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we have an effort to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we have an effort to sort of
+put it into a a creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into a a creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into a a creation
+account are there any other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account are there any other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account are there any other things that
+are are there any other social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are there any other social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are there any other social
+cultural uh spiritual if you wish uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural uh spiritual if you wish uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural uh spiritual if you wish uh
+uses to an account like this well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to an account like this well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to an account like this well I
+think that might not necessarily need um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that might not necessarily need um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that might not necessarily need um
+like a Leisure Time in order to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Leisure Time in order to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Leisure Time in order to think
+about these things I guess um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things I guess um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things I guess um if you
+think about it there are plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it there are plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it there are plenty of
+opportunities um for people who are over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities um for people who are over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities um for people who are over
+stress like a long time ago maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress like a long time ago maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress like a long time ago maybe like
+things aren't going well for them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things aren't going well for them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things aren't going well for them they
+not catching um whatever they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not catching um whatever they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not catching um whatever they're trying
+to catch and then they question why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch and then they question why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch and then they question why does
+life suck um and then so they start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life suck um and then so they start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life suck um and then so they start to
+like why why is this happening to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why is this happening to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why is this happening to me and
+then like they need a reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like they need a reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like they need a reason for that
+and they like some really wise guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they like some really wise guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they like some really wise guy in
+the tribe comes over and like oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe comes over and like oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe comes over and like oh this is
+hell this is why it's meant to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell this is why it's meant to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell this is why it's meant to be you
+have to write out this like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write out this like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write out this like whatever
+period And so like I don't think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And so like I don't think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And so like I don't think like
+you NE like you really need like leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you NE like you really need like leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you NE like you really need like leisure
+time to start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to start thinking about
+um the wise of our world um yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the wise of our world um yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the wise of our world um yeah but
+certainly Le time does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Le time does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Le time does
+help but I think the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help but I think the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help but I think the important
+distinction is that you need the leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is that you need the leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is that you need the leisure
+time to write it down because the hunter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to write it down because the hunter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to write it down because the hunter
+gather cultures were like had oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather cultures were like had oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather cultures were like had oral
+tradition and so you know it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and so you know it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and so you know it wasn't
+until you know the the people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you know the the people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you know the the people had
+settled that someone could actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled that someone could actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled that someone could actually take
+weeks of their life and write things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks of their life and write things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks of their life and write things
+down yeah I mean probably these emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah I mean probably these emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah I mean probably these emerged
+out of oral Traditions I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of oral Traditions I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of oral Traditions I mean you know
+these didn't probably just get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these didn't probably just get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these didn't probably just get you know
+some some person decided oh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some person decided oh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some person decided oh I'm going to
+write this really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this really interesting
+account uh and you know scratch it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh and you know scratch it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh and you know scratch it out
+in some form of uh I mean most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some form of uh I mean most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some form of uh I mean most of these
+are things that have emerged out of long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that have emerged out of long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that have emerged out of long
+cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural
+histories you know so but uh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories you know so but uh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories you know so but uh you know I
+I I think they identify a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think they identify a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think they identify a fundamental
+quest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quest of
+humans which is to understand their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans which is to understand their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans which is to understand their
+surroundings and whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and whether or not you
+agree with Genesis or is not the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with Genesis or is not the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with Genesis or is not the point
+here it's it's really the understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it's really the understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it's really the understanding
+of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this
+profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+need that you know we still feel today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that you know we still feel today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that you know we still feel today I
+mean and Darwin felt uh I mean Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and Darwin felt uh I mean Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and Darwin felt uh I mean Darwin
+was a great understander and reader of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great understander and reader of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great understander and reader of
+biblical text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biblical text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biblical text
+I mean he was a Cambridge undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he was a Cambridge undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he was a Cambridge undergraduate
+he had to study uh you know natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to study uh you know natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to study uh you know natural
+Theology and you know the origins of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theology and you know the origins of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theology and you know the origins of the
+world so you know Darwin knew his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so you know Darwin knew his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so you know Darwin knew his his
+biblical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biblical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biblical
+sources I'm not sure he gained much from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources I'm not sure he gained much from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources I'm not sure he gained much from
+them but he did gain a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but he did gain a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but he did gain a sense of the
+order and if you look at the order here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and if you look at the order here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and if you look at the order here
+the start with the light in the day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start with the light in the day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start with the light in the day the
+separation of the heavens the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the heavens the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the heavens the formation
+of the land and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the land and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the land and the
+Seas uh the heavenly bodies some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seas uh the heavenly bodies some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seas uh the heavenly bodies some of
+these are out of order but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are out of order but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are out of order but there is a
+kind of a order of emergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a order of emergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a order of emergence
+here and there have been people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there have been people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there have been people who
+actually uh day age theorists who uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh day age theorists who uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh day age theorists who uh who
+are biblical Scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are biblical Scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are biblical Scholars
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um uh people of uh of uh who who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh people of uh of uh who who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh people of uh of uh who who have
+great interest in trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest in trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest in trying to figure out
+how to interpret the Bible literally who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interpret the Bible literally who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interpret the Bible literally who
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+well Genesis every day actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Genesis every day actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Genesis every day actually
+represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a
+millennium and you know maybe hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennium and you know maybe hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennium and you know maybe hundreds
+of thousands of years and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands of years and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands of years and so you know
+they they have interpretations that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have interpretations that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have interpretations that sort
+of expand these I mean it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expand these I mean it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expand these I mean it's it's a
+curious I've I've given you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious I've I've given you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious I've I've given you a couple of
+them in the URLs for if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the URLs for if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the URLs for if you're
+interested in this uh I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this uh I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this uh I mean it's
+amazing how ingenious people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how ingenious people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how ingenious people have been
+with the original Bible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the original Bible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the original Bible
+account but uh it was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but uh it was really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but uh it was really the
+dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant
+view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the
+world at Darwin's time I mean I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world at Darwin's time I mean I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world at Darwin's time I mean I'm I'm
+not just throwing this in here as uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just throwing this in here as uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just throwing this in here as uh I
+mean this is the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is the dominant
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+that uh I don't know what percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I don't know what percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I don't know what percentage
+that the vast majority of Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vast majority of Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vast majority of Darwin's
+contemporaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries
+held of the origin of the earth origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held of the origin of the earth origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held of the origin of the earth origin
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+world I mean it mentions God creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean it mentions God creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean it mentions God creating
+Heaven and the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heaven and the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heaven and the Earth
+of anything else being created so yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything else being created so yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything else being created so yeah I
+I kind of I mean I guess if there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of I mean I guess if there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of I mean I guess if there is the
+question of whether or not God itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether or not God itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether or not God itself
+was the author I would find that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the author I would find that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the author I would find that like
+difficult to believe I guess because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to believe I guess because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to believe I guess because
+there's so much else out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much else out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much else out there and
+there's no mention of the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no mention of the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no mention of the creation of
+any of that MH and if something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that MH and if something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that MH and if something or
+somebody had to create us I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had to create us I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had to create us I don't think
+just the rest of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the rest of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the rest of the universe
+spontaneous L was created but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous L was created but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous L was created but it's
+interesting if people do interpret that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if people do interpret that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if people do interpret that
+like the hent well there I mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hent well there I mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hent well there I mean we're
+bringing and and this is this is fine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing and and this is this is fine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing and and this is this is fine uh
+we're bringing our own our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're bringing our own our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're bringing our own our own
+understandings I mean there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings I mean there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings I mean there was no
+Universe for the people I mean there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe for the people I mean there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe for the people I mean there was
+no concept of just in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no concept of just in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no concept of just in like
+retrospect trying to figure out who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospect trying to figure out who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospect trying to figure out who
+wrote it I think the idea that God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it I think the idea that God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it I think the idea that God
+himself herself well uh the yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself herself well uh the yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself herself well uh the yeah there
+are lots of different theories but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of different theories but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of different theories but uh
+probably one of the the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the the dominant
+theories is that it was a god inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories is that it was a god inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories is that it was a god inspired
+scribe who was basically putting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribe who was basically putting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribe who was basically putting down
+the count from the inspiration divine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count from the inspiration divine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count from the inspiration divine
+inspiration this is seen by people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration this is seen by people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration this is seen by people of
+the book as divinely inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book as divinely inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book as divinely inspired
+texts yeah I guess that's just hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts yeah I guess that's just hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts yeah I guess that's just hard to
+grasp that there's no mention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp that there's no mention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp that there's no mention of
+everything else in its creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in its creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in its creation
+there a lot of missing parts there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of missing parts there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of missing parts there's no
+doubt about stars in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt about stars in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt about stars in the
+yeah yeah no mention I was I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah no mention I was I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah no mention I was I mean if you
+want to do a if you want to do a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a if you want to do a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a if you want to do a close
+analysis here a lot of things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis here a lot of things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis here a lot of things you know
+uh day and night are occurring before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh day and night are occurring before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh day and night are occurring before
+the you know the actual moon and the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the actual moon and the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the actual moon and the you
+know the Sun and so forth but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Sun and so forth but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Sun and so forth but you know
+even even so even so if you if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even so even so if you if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even so even so if you if you look
+at it there is a kind of a order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it there is a kind of a order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it there is a kind of a order that
+you know somebody who is is generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody who is is generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody who is is generous
+would say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you
+know for a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a first
+draft it's not too bad I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft it's not too bad I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft it's not too bad I mean you know
+3,000 years ago these are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 years ago these are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 years ago these are people who
+have no uh no benefits of uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no uh no benefits of uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no uh no benefits of uh sort of the
+insights that many of us take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that many of us take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that many of us take for
+granted so we're just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted so we're just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted so we're just trying to
+understand you know what is the Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know what is the Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know what is the Baseline
+for the things that Darwin was dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the things that Darwin was dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the things that Darwin was dealing
+with and certainly this is a huge BAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Baseline I mean most people really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline I mean most people really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline I mean most people really did
+literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+believe this account as the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this account as the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this account as the origin of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world and this became very difficult In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and this became very difficult In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and this became very difficult In
+Darwin's time for scientists because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's time for scientists because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's time for scientists because you
+know a GE a geologist could go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a GE a geologist could go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a GE a geologist could go out and
+figure out hey you know this this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out hey you know this this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out hey you know this this column
+here is at least uh you know a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is at least uh you know a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is at least uh you know a million
+years old or you know so many hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old or you know so many hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old or you know so many hundred
+thousand years old and here are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years old and here are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years old and here are people
+who were positing the creation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were positing the creation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were positing the creation of the
+earth uh you know between 3 and 4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth uh you know between 3 and 4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth uh you know between 3 and 4,000
+years ago so things were sort of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so things were sort of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so things were sort of getting
+out of whack In Darwin's time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of whack In Darwin's time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of whack In Darwin's time because
+you know people who understood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who understood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who understood the
+geological uh structure of the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological uh structure of the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological uh structure of the world and
+the Dynamics of geology could see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of geology could see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of geology could see you
+know there's no way that account could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no way that account could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no way that account could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+accurate then of course you can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate then of course you can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate then of course you can say well
+you know it's uh and and many people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's uh and and many people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's uh and and many people do
+and I don't have any problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have any problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have any problem with this
+myself um that you know this is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um that you know this is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um that you know this is a this
+is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+account that isn't meant to be literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that isn't meant to be literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that isn't meant to be literal
+it's meant to sort of uh create a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meant to sort of uh create a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meant to sort of uh create a sense
+of the emergence of the world over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the emergence of the world over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the emergence of the world over uh
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+intercession of God so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercession of God so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercession of God so
+anyway uh so let's uh any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so let's uh any any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so let's uh any any other
+observation I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation I mean you know
+books have been written on Genesis so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books have been written on Genesis so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books have been written on Genesis so I
+don't purport here to you know give any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't purport here to you know give any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't purport here to you know give any
+thorough account of it but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough account of it but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough account of it but I'm
+interested in kind of orienting us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in kind of orienting us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in kind of orienting us for
+our readings because as we read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our readings because as we read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our readings because as we read in
+cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural
+history we need to be conversent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history we need to be conversent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history we need to be conversent with
+you know what the general understandings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the general understandings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the general understandings
+of things were at the time because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things were at the time because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things were at the time because if we
+want to understand Darwin we have to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand Darwin we have to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand Darwin we have to we
+have to be part historians you in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be part historians you in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be part historians you in order
+to understand the times of his work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the times of his work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the times of his work and
+you know the culture in which he lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the culture in which he lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the culture in which he lived
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+breeded and you know Darwin was married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeded and you know Darwin was married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeded and you know Darwin was married
+to a very Pious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very Pious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very Pious
+woman uh who read her Bible every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman uh who read her Bible every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman uh who read her Bible every day
+and one of Darwin's great concerns was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of Darwin's great concerns was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of Darwin's great concerns was
+you know what are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are my
+ideas know how are they going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas know how are they going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas know how are they going to you
+know under potentially undermine my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know under potentially undermine my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know under potentially undermine my own
+family's View and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family's View and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family's View and
+Faith Darwin really worried about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith Darwin really worried about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith Darwin really worried about these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+so okay so now we come to uh we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so now we come to uh we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so now we come to uh we come
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+account you know is uh which which U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account you know is uh which which U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account you know is uh which which U
+Charles mention is you know sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles mention is you know sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles mention is you know sort of a
+we're being told what happened count and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're being told what happened count and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're being told what happened count and
+now we're over in Aristotle so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're over in Aristotle so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're over in Aristotle so what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+difference with with uh the Aristotelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Aristotle was a a great philosopher a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle was a a great philosopher a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle was a a great philosopher a
+great Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Greek
+philosopher um and uh he was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher um and uh he was a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher um and uh he was a student
+of Plato and so the um and he's famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Plato and so the um and he's famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Plato and so the um and he's famous
+as uh partly as the the tutor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh partly as the the tutor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh partly as the the tutor of
+Alexander he was a prolific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander he was a prolific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander he was a prolific
+author one of the greatest authors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author one of the greatest authors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author one of the greatest authors of
+the Ancient World um he wrote on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ancient World um he wrote on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ancient World um he wrote on
+he was like a he was like a a a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like a he was like a a a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like a he was like a a a figure
+like a Leonardo just this character who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Leonardo just this character who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Leonardo just this character who
+just worked across I I don't think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worked across I I don't think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worked across I I don't think he
+produced artworks although who knows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced artworks although who knows um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced artworks although who knows um
+but uh you know he produced vast amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know he produced vast amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know he produced vast amount
+of uh of uh work that was often almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of uh work that was often almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of uh work that was often almost
+always based on very very careful shrewd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observation so he's one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so he's one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so he's one of the great
+figures and arist Aristotle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures and arist Aristotle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures and arist Aristotle's
+works when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when they were
+translated uh into Latin and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated uh into Latin and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated uh into Latin and they
+entered into the European uh cultures um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered into the European uh cultures um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered into the European uh cultures um
+Aristotle survived all the way into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle survived all the way into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle survived all the way into the
+Medieval Era he was really the the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medieval Era he was really the the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medieval Era he was really the the great
+figure of the ancient world for Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of the ancient world for Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of the ancient world for Science
+and biology I mean there were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biology I mean there were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biology I mean there were many
+others but Aristotle was just this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but Aristotle was just this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but Aristotle was just this kind
+of massive producer of work and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of massive producer of work and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of massive producer of work and you know
+uh this is just a book two from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is just a book two from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is just a book two from his
+physics and the reason I've selected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the reason I've selected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the reason I've selected it
+is because it does deal with his effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it does deal with his effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it does deal with his effort
+to understand the natural world and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the natural world and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the natural world and his
+effort to set down some if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to set down some if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to set down some if you will
+rules I mean I suppose if Alice grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I mean I suppose if Alice grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I mean I suppose if Alice grew up
+in Wonderland and had a chance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Wonderland and had a chance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Wonderland and had a chance and
+wanted to be a philosopher she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be a philosopher she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be a philosopher she would
+have had to come up with a book of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to come up with a book of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to come up with a book of rules
+I mean you're living in an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're living in an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're living in an environment
+and you're trying to understand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to understand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to understand your
+environment and certain people sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and certain people sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and certain people sort of
+just accept things as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just accept things as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just accept things as they
+are and say well things are the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and say well things are the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and say well things are the way they
+are because that's how God made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because that's how God made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because that's how God made
+them but there are other Minds that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but there are other Minds that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but there are other Minds that say
+you know let's get a little closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's get a little closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's get a little closer to
+observation and and try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and and try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and and try to understand
+these things in a little more orderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in a little more orderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in a little more orderly
+fashion so what can you say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion so what can you say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion so what can you say about the
+difference in the approach of Aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there any reason yeah it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any reason yeah it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any reason yeah it's very
+rigorous I I I agree with that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous I I I agree with that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous I I I agree with that I think
+he's he's you know he may be wrong we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's you know he may be wrong we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's you know he may be wrong we
+may think he's wrong on one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think he's wrong on one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think he's wrong on one or two
+points or something but the rigor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or something but the rigor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or something but the rigor is
+there and how is it expressed what why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and how is it expressed what why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and how is it expressed what why
+why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it
+rigorous yeah because it's laid down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous yeah because it's laid down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous yeah because it's laid down as
+a set of rules he has the four causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of rules he has the four causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of rules he has the four causes
+and not so it's not just arbitrary says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not so it's not just arbitrary says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not so it's not just arbitrary says
+there's they have to satisfy this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's they have to satisfy this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's they have to satisfy this this
+this and this so he's got his four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this so he's got his four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this so he's got his four
+causes he says in order to understand an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes he says in order to understand an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes he says in order to understand an
+object or a thing you must understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or a thing you must understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or a thing you must understand it
+in these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these four
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+perspectives and he starts his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives and he starts his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives and he starts his work
+first by how does he start out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first by how does he start out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first by how does he start out with this
+work I mean if Genesis starts out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I mean if Genesis starts out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I mean if Genesis starts out by
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+well God created the night and the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well God created the night and the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well God created the night and the day
+and so on and so forth how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth how does
+Aristotle start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Aristotle is not as I said before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle is not as I said before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle is not as I said before he
+he's not going to go into the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not going to go into the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not going to go into the whole
+question of Origins how did you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Origins how did you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Origins how did you know the
+why how did this come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how did this come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how did this come into
+existence and in this respect uh again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and in this respect uh again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and in this respect uh again I
+I refer forward to Darin all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I refer forward to Darin all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I refer forward to Darin all the time
+because I I want you to connect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I want you to connect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I want you to connect these
+Works um even if very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um even if very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um even if very
+remotely uh Darwin wasn't worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely uh Darwin wasn't worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely uh Darwin wasn't worried about
+or Darwin didn't talk about origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Darwin didn't talk about origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Darwin didn't talk about origin
+I mean Origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Origin of
+Species is in some sense slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Species is in some sense slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Species is in some sense slightly
+misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+title because Darwin doesn't really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title because Darwin doesn't really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title because Darwin doesn't really uh
+he I mean he has origin in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he I mean he has origin in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he I mean he has origin in the in the
+title but he's not really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title but he's not really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title but he's not really interested in
+you know how did creation you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how did creation you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how did creation you know how
+did life get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did life get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did life get
+created I mean this is not dar's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created I mean this is not dar's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created I mean this is not dar's
+question I mean he throws out a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I mean he throws out a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I mean he throws out a couple
+of uh guesses toward the end of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh guesses toward the end of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh guesses toward the end of the book
+but uh you know he's he's he's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know he's he's he's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know he's he's he's really
+much more interested in what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interested in what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interested in what are the
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Aristotle starts out by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what differentiating
+between nature what is nature what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nature what is nature what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nature what is nature what are
+we referring to when we talk when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we referring to when we talk when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we referring to when we talk when we use
+this word nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word nature
+how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can
+we characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we characterize
+it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then
+art the things that are produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art the things that are produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art the things that are produced by
+humans so he has this big division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so he has this big division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so he has this big division
+nature and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature he
+says what is meant by Nature anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what is meant by Nature anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what is meant by Nature anything
+may be said to have in nature so far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be said to have in nature so far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be said to have in nature so far as
+it possesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possesses
+within itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within itself a
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+um I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um nature possess uh nature basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nature possess uh nature basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nature possess uh nature basically
+possesses the principle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what its own formation nature yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its own formation nature yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its own formation nature yeah
+nature forms itself so the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature forms itself so the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature forms itself so the concept of
+nature is that which which exists by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is that which which exists by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is that which which exists by
+virtue of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of its
+own production or its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own production or its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own production or its own
+principles uh so anything which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles uh so anything which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles uh so anything which uh
+nothing in this room is nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in this room is nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in this room is nature
+everything in this room is produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this room is produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this room is produced by
+humans uh well I suppose oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh well I suppose oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh well I suppose oxygen and
+there are few there are few things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few there are few things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few there are few things we
+could we could we could get nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we could we could get nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we could we could get nature and
+that would be an interesting exercise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an interesting exercise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an interesting exercise is
+you know what elements that we would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what elements that we would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what elements that we would uh
+associate with nature exist in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with nature exist in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with nature exist in a room
+like this and I suppose we could come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and I suppose we could come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and I suppose we could come up
+with a lot of them when we start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of them when we start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of them when we start getting
+into microbiology and all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into microbiology and all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into microbiology and all the different
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ourselves I mean we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves I mean we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves I mean we are
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh and then he has Tech Techny and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then he has Tech Techny and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then he has Tech Techny and and
+the the concept of uh things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concept of uh things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concept of uh things that are
+made through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made through
+artifice often times in Imitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifice often times in Imitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifice often times in Imitation of
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+so he makes this this big distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he makes this this big distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he makes this this big distinction
+and U that that turns out to be a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U that that turns out to be a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U that that turns out to be a a a
+key a key framework for this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key a key framework for this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key a key framework for this piece of
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um by the way did everybody get a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way did everybody get a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way did everybody get a copy
+of this CU I passed this out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this CU I passed this out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this CU I passed this out I
+mean if you didn't have if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you didn't have if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you didn't have if any of you
+you can pass those around um if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pass those around um if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pass those around um if anybody
+needs some okay so then he uh he moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some okay so then he uh he moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some okay so then he uh he moves
+into his uh more extensive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his uh more extensive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his uh more extensive uh
+analysis U and he talks here on page 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis U and he talks here on page 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis U and he talks here on page 25
+of the four types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explanation um before I go into that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation um before I go into that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation um before I go into that I I
+did want to say something about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did want to say something about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did want to say something about this
+Aristotelian concept of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotelian concept of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotelian concept of nature
+um and I I I would suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is very much the product of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is very much the product of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is very much the product of an
+urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban
+Society why why do I say that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society why why do I say that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society why why do I say that this this
+work the product of urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Society is it the leure factor for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society is it the leure factor for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society is it the leure factor for every
+different people in like different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people in like different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people in like different parts
+of one Society they assign is division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one Society they assign is division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one Society they assign is division
+of labor and so everything is taken care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor and so everything is taken care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor and so everything is taken care
+of leaving some people time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leaving some people time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leaving some people time to
+think okay that's part of it there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay that's part of it there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay that's part of it there's so
+much human design surrounding the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much human design surrounding the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much human design surrounding the people
+I mean this is full of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is full of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is full of stuff
+understandings of techniques and art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings of techniques and art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings of techniques and art and
+I mean this is not something that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is not something that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is not something that uh
+people sort of uh trying to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of uh trying to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of uh trying to make it
+through you know the drought I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you know the drought I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you know the drought I mean this
+is a product of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product of uh
+uh fairly extensive discussion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fairly extensive discussion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fairly extensive discussion and
+probing the sort of thing that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing the sort of thing that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing the sort of thing that you would
+expect uh really in a in a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh really in a in a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh really in a in a much more
+um a much wealthier Society with uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a much wealthier Society with uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a much wealthier Society with uh I
+mean the society Aristotle lived in was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the society Aristotle lived in was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the society Aristotle lived in was
+uh had lots and lots of hierarchies had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had lots and lots of hierarchies had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had lots and lots of hierarchies had
+slave labor it had all sorts of things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave labor it had all sorts of things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave labor it had all sorts of things I
+mean it was it was a a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was it was a a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was it was a a big
+Enterprise and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and this kind of
+knowledge is you can see as you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is you can see as you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is you can see as you just
+read the work it's just it's just full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the work it's just it's just full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the work it's just it's just full
+of references and you think you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of references and you think you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of references and you think you know how
+does he know that well he knows about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he know that well he knows about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he know that well he knows about
+technique he knows about building he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique he knows about building he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique he knows about building he
+knows about uh all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about uh all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about uh all these different
+structures so it just kind of oozes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so it just kind of oozes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so it just kind of oozes out
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+text that this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text that this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text that this is you know
+uh okay and somebody use the word rigor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay and somebody use the word rigor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay and somebody use the word rigor
+rigorous this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous this is
+this is a fairly sophisticated approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fairly sophisticated approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fairly sophisticated approach
+to knowledge wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to knowledge wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to knowledge wouldn't you
+agree I mean you read a textbook you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree I mean you read a textbook you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree I mean you read a textbook you get
+your Chemistry text uh whatever and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Chemistry text uh whatever and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Chemistry text uh whatever and you
+know the first thing it starts to go is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first thing it starts to go is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first thing it starts to go is
+you know what's the terminology how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the terminology how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the terminology how are
+we going to talk about this stuff what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to talk about this stuff what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to talk about this stuff what
+are the big categories and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the big categories and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the big categories and then you
+start moving down into the principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving down into the principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving down into the principles
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+operations it's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it's happening
+here I mean yeah we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean yeah we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean yeah we can we
+can pick arguments with them all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick arguments with them all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick arguments with them all over
+the place but the structure here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place but the structure here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place but the structure here is a
+fundamental structure for the generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental structure for the generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental structure for the generation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge this is not something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge this is not something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge this is not something that is
+written to just get itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeated this is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated this is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated this is something that is
+written to provide us a Avenue into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Discovery so you know when he lays down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery so you know when he lays down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery so you know when he lays down
+his different principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the causes sorry about this uh but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causes sorry about this uh but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causes sorry about this uh but this
+was a very good uh I sent this out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very good uh I sent this out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very good uh I sent this out to
+you all so I don't know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all so I don't know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all so I don't know if you're
+getting my my emails I hope you are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting my my emails I hope you are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting my my emails I hope you are but
+uh um so when he lays down these causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so when he lays down these causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so when he lays down these causes
+he's he's he's really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he's really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he's really interested in
+discovering a method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Discovery I mean these are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery I mean these are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery I mean these are these are
+General principles that are supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General principles that are supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General principles that are supposed to
+guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide
+you do they have any validity today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do they have any validity today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do they have any validity today what
+about material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost what things are made up yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what things are made up yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what things are made up yeah I mean
+we have a big department material sici
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a big department material sici
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a big department material sici
+here just in case you don't know uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just in case you don't know uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just in case you don't know uh I
+mean we're study we are studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're study we are studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're study we are studying
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+still and he identifies as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and he identifies as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and he identifies as one of the
+phenomena of natural phenomena we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena of natural phenomena we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena of natural phenomena we want
+to know about is material cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so everything exists in virtue of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything exists in virtue of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything exists in virtue of its
+material and we take this even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and we take this even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and we take this even this
+approach I'm not saying we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I'm not saying we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I'm not saying we're
+aristotelians anymore but I am saying he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotelians anymore but I am saying he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotelians anymore but I am saying he
+identifies some pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies some pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies some pretty important
+categories for what we would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories for what we would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories for what we would call
+physics what he called physics which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics what he called physics which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics what he called physics which was
+the understanding of the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world formal cause forms what about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every object has some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every object has some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every object has some kind of
+pattern or form yes I feel that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern or form yes I feel that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern or form yes I feel that's you
+know very relevant today because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very relevant today because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very relevant today because the
+whole idea of Form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of Form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of Form and
+Function um in science and so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Function um in science and so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Function um in science and so it's it's
+definitely form is yeah something we pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely form is yeah something we pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely form is yeah something we pay
+incredibly close attention to forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly close attention to forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly close attention to forms
+sometimes are what produce certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are what produce certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are what produce certain
+phenomena and so the formal aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and so the formal aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and so the formal aspects of
+things and just think of the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and just think of the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and just think of the story of
+the double helix and the discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double helix and the discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double helix and the discovery of
+the double helix and how important those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double helix and how important those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double helix and how important those
+photographs were to trying to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs were to trying to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs were to trying to put
+together the concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the concept of the
+original um material of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original um material of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original um material of
+life and how form played such a big role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and how form played such a big role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and how form played such a big role
+in that think of how we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that think of how we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that think of how we try to
+understand form in in large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand form in in large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand form in in large scale
+cosmology you know the Hubble telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology you know the Hubble telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology you know the Hubble telescope
+and you know how we try to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how we try to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how we try to study the
+form of the universe we study form all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the universe we study form all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the universe we study form all
+the way up and down the scale of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up and down the scale of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up and down the scale of of
+existence and we get tremendous amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and we get tremendous amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and we get tremendous amounts
+of information just by understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information just by understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information just by understanding
+form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so
+again efficient cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again efficient cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again efficient cause
+the agent or force that bring things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent or force that bring things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent or force that bring things
+into existence or change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into existence or change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into existence or change
+things the Dynamics of things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the Dynamics of things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the Dynamics of things we're
+constantly trying to understand Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly trying to understand Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly trying to understand Dynamics
+think of uh Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of uh Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of uh Newton's
+prinkipia and the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prinkipia and the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prinkipia and the way in which
+Newton created an understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton created an understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton created an understanding of
+gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+force through an understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion and Einstein later added some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and Einstein later added some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and Einstein later added some
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+important Corrections again through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Corrections again through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Corrections again through the
+study of motion you know the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of motion you know the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of motion you know the famous
+study of uh the train going down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of uh the train going down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of uh the train going down the
+track and the changing sound and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and the changing sound and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and the changing sound and so
+forth I mean so motion we we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth I mean so motion we we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth I mean so motion we we are
+constantly obsessed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly obsessed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly obsessed with
+motion emotional the Dynamics of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion emotional the Dynamics of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion emotional the Dynamics of things
+so again here's a guy writing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again here's a guy writing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again here's a guy writing you know
+before the time of uh Christian era and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the time of uh Christian era and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the time of uh Christian era and
+he's already setting out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's already setting out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's already setting out these
+categories yeah can I just ask um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories yeah can I just ask um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories yeah can I just ask um where
+the label of ficient cause came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label of ficient cause came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label of ficient cause came from
+because in the reading it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the reading it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the reading it's called
+propelling Factor yeah it's used you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propelling Factor yeah it's used you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propelling Factor yeah it's used you
+know the the the translations give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the the translations give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the the translations give
+different trans you know so it'll depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trans you know so it'll depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trans you know so it'll depend
+the because it's originally in Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because it's originally in Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because it's originally in Greek
+right and so The Interpreter sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so The Interpreter sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so The Interpreter sometimes
+people I mean there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I mean there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I mean there are a lot of
+Scholars of Aristotle and I am not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars of Aristotle and I am not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars of Aristotle and I am not one
+of them and so but I know there are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and so but I know there are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and so but I know there are very
+very there are many people who have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very there are many people who have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very there are many people who have very
+precise understandings of aotian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise understandings of aotian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise understandings of aotian
+categories and so forth and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories and so forth and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories and so forth and what they
+represent what they don't represent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent what they don't represent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent what they don't represent but
+uh and but in many translations you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and but in many translations you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and but in many translations you get
+efficient cause but you can also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient cause but you can also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient cause but you can also get
+propelling and in in in in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propelling and in in in in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propelling and in in in in in that
+particular uh translation you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh translation you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh translation you're
+referring to its Factor so factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to its Factor so factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to its Factor so factor and
+cause get changed around but uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause get changed around but uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause get changed around but uh I think
+these are the causes are the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the causes are the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the causes are the the most
+widely used terminology I found for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used terminology I found for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used terminology I found for
+Aristotle and then finally there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle and then finally there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle and then finally there's this
+this last category which is a tricky one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last category which is a tricky one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last category which is a tricky one
+the final cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final cause
+so what's what's that all about final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's that all about final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's that all about final
+cause how is that different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause how is that different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause how is that different from the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+causes the others are sort of passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the others are sort of passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the others are sort of passive
+are they not they're just the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they not they're just the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they not they're just the material
+is there the form is there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there the form is there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there the form is there and the
+behavior is there but you know it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is there but you know it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is there but you know it's kind
+of but now we come into this new cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but now we come into this new cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but now we come into this new cause
+the the the the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the final
+cause that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that is the
+purpose that's debatable well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose that's debatable well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose that's debatable well that's
+where we come into some ambiguities yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we come into some ambiguities yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we come into some ambiguities yeah
+so what is the purpose of the horse as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the purpose of the horse as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the purpose of the horse as
+you said well it's to be a horse but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said well it's to be a horse but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said well it's to be a horse but it
+could be to be transportation or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be to be transportation or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be to be transportation or it
+could be to inhabit the ples of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be to inhabit the ples of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be to inhabit the ples of yeah
+yeah and a house you could say is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and a house you could say is meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and a house you could say is meant
+to provide shelter but then it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide shelter but then it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide shelter but then it could be
+like to make somewhere look like I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make somewhere look like I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make somewhere look like I mean
+yeah yeah some houses they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah some houses they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah some houses they're like
+they're way too big and way too fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're way too big and way too fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're way too big and way too fancy
+for anybody to really like live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody to really like live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody to really like live
+inp exactly so it's very hard to tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inp exactly so it's very hard to tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inp exactly so it's very hard to tie
+purpose down because purpose is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose down because purpose is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose down because purpose is a sort
+of an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an abstract
+concept now we can say well okay um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept now we can say well okay um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept now we can say well okay um in
+design we return to that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we return to that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we return to that word
+design um the adaptation as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um the adaptation as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um the adaptation as I mentioned
+you know the the quickest definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the quickest definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the quickest definition of
+design is uh the adaptation of means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is uh the adaptation of means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is uh the adaptation of means to
+ends the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends the
+end is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is the
+purpose so where does purpose enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and and why is purpose purpose is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and why is purpose purpose is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and why is purpose purpose is a
+bit of a problem in natural phenomena is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a problem in natural phenomena is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a problem in natural phenomena is
+it not it's not an artifice I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not it's not an artifice I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not it's not an artifice I mean you
+know we have purposes for the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have purposes for the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have purposes for the things we
+make I mean the artist has a purpose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I mean the artist has a purpose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I mean the artist has a purpose in
+creating the great work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the great work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the great work of
+art uh the bridge builder has a purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art uh the bridge builder has a purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art uh the bridge builder has a purpose
+in building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building the
+bridge uh the purpose you know I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge uh the purpose you know I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge uh the purpose you know I mean we
+can we can ascribe purposes to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can ascribe purposes to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can ascribe purposes to human
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when we try to ascribe it to Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we try to ascribe it to Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we try to ascribe it to Natural
+things we get into problems don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we of course Darwin came up with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we of course Darwin came up with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we of course Darwin came up with this is
+called thology the teic factor some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called thology the teic factor some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called thology the teic factor some
+people call the final C cause the teic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call the final C cause the teic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call the final C cause the teic
+factor does anybody know what the word t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor does anybody know what the word t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor does anybody know what the word t
+l i c or the word is TIY t e l e o l o g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i c or the word is TIY t e l e o l o g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i c or the word is TIY t e l e o l o g
+y thology have you ever come across that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y thology have you ever come across that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y thology have you ever come across that
+word well I come from TS and like TS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word well I come from TS and like TS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word well I come from TS and like TS
+means n like so in biology you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means n like so in biology you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means n like so in biology you learned
+the T mirrors they're at the ends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T mirrors they're at the ends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T mirrors they're at the ends in
+chromosomes oh right okay yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes oh right okay yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes oh right okay yeah so that's
+how I and they get shorter and shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I and they get shorter and shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I and they get shorter and shorter
+each time that is how that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time that is how that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time that is how that's a different
+use of that yeah that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of that yeah that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of that yeah that's that's an
+interesting point yeah so yeah so teolog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point yeah so yeah so teolog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point yeah so yeah so teolog
+is a very big word and Darwin had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very big word and Darwin had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very big word and Darwin had to
+confront this because you know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront this because you know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront this because you know he's
+trying to he is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to he is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to he is trying to
+describe a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a very complicated
+system that has come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has come into
+existence that in his you know in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence that in his you know in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence that in his you know in his
+framework of analysis did not have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of analysis did not have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of analysis did not have any
+ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purpose and of course a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose and of course a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose and of course a lot of the
+people who thought of the world as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who thought of the world as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who thought of the world as a
+very purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very purpose of
+place I.E referring back to the Bible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I.E referring back to the Bible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I.E referring back to the Bible
+which is in Genesis there is a purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in Genesis there is a purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in Genesis there is a purpose
+the the greater glory and understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the greater glory and understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the greater glory and understanding
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+God and you know you can put it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God and you know you can put it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God and you know you can put it in your
+own terms but there there there's an un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own terms but there there there's an un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own terms but there there there's an un
+ultimate purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate purpose
+there a lot of people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not feel comfortable with the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not feel comfortable with the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not feel comfortable with the notion
+that the world may be utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purposeless why is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem do you like to think think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem do you like to think think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem do you like to think think of
+your the world you live in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purposeless certainly not good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeless certainly not good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeless certainly not good for
+Morel it can get it can make you uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morel it can get it can make you uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morel it can get it can make you uh yeah
+it can lead to depression honest like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can lead to depression honest like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can lead to depression honest like
+scaler view though sometimes it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler view though sometimes it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler view though sometimes it seems
+like it almost is especially in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it almost is especially in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it almost is especially in physics
+when we talk about the entire universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the entire universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the entire universe
+and just like there was something it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like there was something it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like there was something it was
+like a map and it zoomed in on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a map and it zoomed in on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a map and it zoomed in on some
+people who were in a pool and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were in a pool and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were in a pool and then it
+zoomed out and it was like each time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed out and it was like each time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed out and it was like each time it
+was 10 to the end meters that it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 10 to the end meters that it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 10 to the end meters that it went
+out and it just went out so far and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it just went out so far and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it just went out so far and it
+got into like pictures of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into like pictures of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into like pictures of different
+galaxies and then eventually it zoomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and then eventually it zoomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and then eventually it zoomed
+in it had to zoom in so many times just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it had to zoom in so many times just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it had to zoom in so many times just
+to get back to those two people and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to those two people and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to those two people and it
+does make you question like is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make you question like is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make you question like is there
+really a reason why people are sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a reason why people are sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a reason why people are sitting
+in pools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pools
+no it's it's the big question that uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's the big question that uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's the big question that uh a
+lot of people uh I mean people struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people uh I mean people struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people uh I mean people struggle
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this um because it it it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um because it it it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um because it it it's not it's not
+comforting it's not comforting to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comforting it's not comforting to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comforting it's not comforting to think
+that there is no ultimate purpose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no ultimate purpose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no ultimate purpose to
+things and uh I forget who I should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh I forget who I should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh I forget who I should know
+who this is but somebody said The more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who this is but somebody said The more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who this is but somebody said The more
+we know about nature the more pointless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about nature the more pointless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about nature the more pointless
+it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+seems uh you know I'm not here to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems uh you know I'm not here to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems uh you know I'm not here to to
+sell any particular philosophy but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell any particular philosophy but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell any particular philosophy but you
+know you need to you need to Grapple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you need to you need to Grapple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you need to you need to Grapple
+with some of these deep questions when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of these deep questions when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of these deep questions when
+you try to understand the evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to understand the evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to understand the evolutionary
+world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that
+Darwin lived in and created and occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin lived in and created and occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin lived in and created and occupied
+what was in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was in his
+mind and the notion you know uh Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and the notion you know uh Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and the notion you know uh Einstein
+once said God doesn't roll dice you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once said God doesn't roll dice you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once said God doesn't roll dice you know
+there there are a lot of people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a lot of people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a lot of people who have
+grappled with this question over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grappled with this question over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grappled with this question over over
+the ages it's a profound human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ages it's a profound human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ages it's a profound human
+question and it goes back to Charles's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it goes back to Charles's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it goes back to Charles's
+point that you know there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you know there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you know there is
+something there is something Noble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there is something Noble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there is something Noble and
+Grand about the Bible because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand about the Bible because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand about the Bible because it
+attempts to bring purpose into the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to bring purpose into the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to bring purpose into the human
+world on the other hand when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world on the other hand when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world on the other hand when you're
+looking at a world that is scientific as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a world that is scientific as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a world that is scientific as
+Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin
+was that's just not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that's just not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that's just not the
+question he doesn't have anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question he doesn't have anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question he doesn't have anything to
+gain from that he he's trying to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain from that he he's trying to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain from that he he's trying to create
+and understand a system that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand a system that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand a system that will
+operate and provide explanations I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and provide explanations I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and provide explanations I'm
+sorry you were him um so like from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you were him um so like from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you were him um so like from a
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+standpoint um actually more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint um actually more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint um actually more like a
+physics standpoint there really is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics standpoint there really is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics standpoint there really is no
+purpose to anything in this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to anything in this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to anything in this entire
+universe because like on the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe because like on the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe because like on the very
+fundamental scale everything is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental scale everything is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental scale everything is just a
+manifestation of um very key actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of um very key actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of um very key actions
+between distinct particles um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between distinct particles um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between distinct particles um and so
+like everything if you consider like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everything if you consider like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everything if you consider like
+everything to have grown out of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to have grown out of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to have grown out of like a
+proton attracting an electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton attracting an electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton attracting an electron and
+basically so on and so forth then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so on and so forth then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so on and so forth then like
+you wonder why like why we even care why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wonder why like why we even care why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wonder why like why we even care why
+we're here like if all that we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here like if all that we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here like if all that we're like
+all the thoughts that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the thoughts that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the thoughts that we're going
+through are just like neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through are just like neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through are just like neurons
+firing Electric signals and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing Electric signals and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing Electric signals and stuff like
+that that is fundamentally physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is fundamentally physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is fundamentally physical
+right so like it's I guess it's um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like it's I guess it's um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like it's I guess it's um just
+a existential crisis for some people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a existential crisis for some people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a existential crisis for some people um
+and I've certainly been through a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've certainly been through a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've certainly been through a phase
+like that where I wonder like what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where I wonder like what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where I wonder like what's the
+meaning like if I'm just like a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning like if I'm just like a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning like if I'm just like a an
+aggregate of biological molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate of biological molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate of biological molecules that
+seem to that work really well together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to that work really well together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to that work really well together
+um and I think that so like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think that so like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think that so like if you
+wanted to talk about the creator of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about the creator of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about the creator of the
+universe then all like all he really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe then all like all he really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe then all like all he really had
+to do was dump a bunch of particles put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was dump a bunch of particles put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was dump a bunch of particles put
+a lot of energy in it let like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy in it let like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy in it let like different
+things behave just behave differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things behave just behave differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things behave just behave differently
+and then by virtue of the of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by virtue of the of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by virtue of the of their
+differences and and energy that propels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and and energy that propels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and and energy that propels
+them they will like grow into all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they will like grow into all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they will like grow into all of
+these things and like just for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and like just for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and like just for example
+on like human scale if you pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like human scale if you pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like human scale if you pick one
+person who's really shy so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's really shy so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's really shy so that's one
+characterist and you pick someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterist and you pick someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterist and you pick someone who's
+like really outgoing and you stuff them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really outgoing and you stuff them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really outgoing and you stuff them
+in one room after a while you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one room after a while you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one room after a while you'll see
+something happen and it's not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happen and it's not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happen and it's not because
+you did something to make that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did something to make that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did something to make that happen
+you just put them there and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put them there and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put them there and they
+interacted gravity gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted gravity gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted gravity gravity
+will um I think there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um I think there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um I think there's an interesting
+difference in thought in that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in thought in that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in thought in that in the
+Genesis uh style of thinking there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis uh style of thinking there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis uh style of thinking there's no
+problem in in it being a human Centric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in in it being a human Centric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in in it being a human Centric
+universe and they don't have any problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and they don't have any problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and they don't have any problem
+with saying that uh you know the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with saying that uh you know the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with saying that uh you know the purpose
+of the world exists so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world exists so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world exists so that we can
+Discover it and we can use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discover it and we can use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discover it and we can use it and
+Humanity can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity can
+uh you know bend it to its will and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know bend it to its will and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know bend it to its will and
+everything and it's and I find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's and I find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's and I find it
+strange that the more we achieve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange that the more we achieve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange that the more we achieve as a
+society in terms of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in terms of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in terms of science and
+Discovery and all this like the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery and all this like the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery and all this like the greater
+our achievements the more we feel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our achievements the more we feel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our achievements the more we feel this
+need to be humble like like science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be humble like like science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be humble like like science
+distances Humanity from the world like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances Humanity from the world like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances Humanity from the world like
+we say this all exists outside of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this all exists outside of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this all exists outside of us
+whereas you know Genesis didn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you know Genesis didn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you know Genesis didn't feel
+that humility that that science like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humility that that science like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humility that that science like
+tells us we have to have you know so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us we have to have you know so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us we have to have you know so I
+almost feel like like what if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost feel like like what if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost feel like like what if that
+Genesis style of thought was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis style of thought was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis style of thought was more
+present today where you know we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present today where you know we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present today where you know we discover
+you know all the science we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the science we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the science we're doing
+look how great we are you know like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how great we are you know like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how great we are you know like we
+don't say that anymore you know I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that anymore you know I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that anymore you know I I I
+think we've reached uh limits with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've reached uh limits with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've reached uh limits with our
+science and what what what what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and what what what what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and what what what what people
+often say is the more they know the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often say is the more they know the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often say is the more they know the more
+they realize how little they know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realize how little they know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realize how little they know and I
+think science has that deep philos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think science has that deep philos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think science has that deep philos
+opical effect on people who are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opical effect on people who are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opical effect on people who are true
+Seekers who you know realize that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seekers who you know realize that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seekers who you know realize that you
+know I've really got this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've really got this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've really got this molecule
+nailed but it's it's brought up 50 other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nailed but it's it's brought up 50 other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nailed but it's it's brought up 50 other
+questions that I don't even have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I don't even have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I don't even have the
+vaguest idea how to solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguest idea how to solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguest idea how to solve and
+so uh there is a kind of uh state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there is a kind of uh state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there is a kind of uh state of
+mind that comes from scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that comes from scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that comes from scientific
+inquiry uh I would I would suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry uh I would I would suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry uh I would I would suggest that
+there is a kind of humility in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a kind of humility in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a kind of humility in the
+Genesis account which is different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis account which is different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis account which is different and
+that is just a humility before some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just a humility before some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just a humility before some
+massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive
+force that you know was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that you know was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that you know was
+inexplicable and I think certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexplicable and I think certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexplicable and I think certain
+great explicator like Einstein sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great explicator like Einstein sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great explicator like Einstein sort of
+could capture these two senses and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could capture these two senses and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could capture these two senses and try
+to bring them together at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring them together at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring them together at
+times uh but at the end of the day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh but at the end of the day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh but at the end of the day one
+belongs to One World the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to One World the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to One World the world of
+faith and that's the account you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and that's the account you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and that's the account you either
+accept or you don't and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept or you don't and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept or you don't and the other
+belongs to the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the world
+of experience if you will experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience if you will experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience if you will experience in
+the sense of learning and expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of learning and expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of learning and expanding
+knowledge and so they really come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and so they really come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and so they really come from
+different sources have time for one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources have time for one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources have time for one just
+like on Charles's comment about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on Charles's comment about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on Charles's comment about just
+being like biological molecules put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like biological molecules put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like biological molecules put
+together and like we so we're set out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and like we so we're set out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and like we so we're set out to
+be something and we don't really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something and we don't really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something and we don't really have a
+choice in that we actually talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice in that we actually talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice in that we actually talking about
+that the other day in my chem class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other day in my chem class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other day in my chem class and
+apparently like I think back when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently like I think back when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently like I think back when
+chemistry was first coming about there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry was first coming about there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry was first coming about there
+were some questions about like so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some questions about like so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some questions about like so if we
+can predict what every molecule and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict what every molecule and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict what every molecule and like
+how any element is going to react then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how any element is going to react then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how any element is going to react then
+does that mean that we have no control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that we have no control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that we have no control
+over our own Destinies but then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our own Destinies but then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our own Destinies but then once
+quantum mechanics came into it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics came into it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics came into it it
+presented like the idea that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented like the idea that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented like the idea that there's a
+probability that something will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that something will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that something will happen
+but it's not necessarily going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not necessarily going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not necessarily going to happen
+so I mean I guess with the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean I guess with the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean I guess with the people in the
+room you could put the shy person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room you could put the shy person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room you could put the shy person and
+the outgoing person in and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing person in and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing person in and you would
+assume that eventually they would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that eventually they would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that eventually they would like
+interact but then there's a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact but then there's a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact but then there's a probability
+that maybe the shy person would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the shy person would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the shy person would just be
+like completely overwhelmed and would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like completely overwhelmed and would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like completely overwhelmed and would go
+hide in the corner you know so like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide in the corner you know so like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide in the corner you know so like I
+think just as a comforting idea we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think just as a comforting idea we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think just as a comforting idea we we
+like we're not set out to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're not set out to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're not set out to be something
+necessarily like there's a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like there's a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like there's a probability
+that we might be something else
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GAOjfd5QJZE.txt b/GAOjfd5QJZE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4efd5ceccada39f367b3355f0cc9bc009ff5af00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GAOjfd5QJZE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh this is a good time to do 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is a good time to do 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is a good time to do 2 by
+two matrices their igen values and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices their igen values and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices their igen values and their
+stability uh 2 by two Ian values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability uh 2 by two Ian values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability uh 2 by two Ian values are
+easy the easiest to do easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the easiest to do easiest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the easiest to do easiest to
+understand good to separate out the 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand good to separate out the 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand good to separate out the 2 by
+two case from the later n byn igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two case from the later n byn igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two case from the later n byn igen value
+problem okay so here and of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so here and of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so here and of course uh
+let let me remember the basic dogma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me remember the basic dogma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me remember the basic dogma of
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+values and ion vectors we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and ion vectors we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and ion vectors we're looking for
+a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector
+X and a number Lambda the I value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and a number Lambda the I value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and a number Lambda the I value so
+that ax is Lambda X in other words when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ax is Lambda X in other words when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ax is Lambda X in other words when
+I multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply by
+a that special Vector X does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that special Vector X does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that special Vector X does not change
+direction it just changes length by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it just changes length by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it just changes length by a
+factor Lambda which could be positive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor Lambda which could be positive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor Lambda which could be positive it
+could be zero could be negative could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be zero could be negative could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be zero could be negative could be
+complex number it's a number though so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number it's a number though so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number it's a number though so
+that's uh that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's the key
+equation let me go toward its solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let me go toward its solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let me go toward its solution
+so I'm I want to move that onto the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I want to move that onto the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I want to move that onto the left
+hand side so I just write the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so I just write the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so I just write the same
+equation this way and now I see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this way and now I see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this way and now I see that
+this Matrix times the vector gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix times the vector gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix times the vector gives me
+zero now when is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now when is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now when is that
+possible that Matrix can't be invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that Matrix can't be invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that Matrix can't be invertible
+if it was invertible the only solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was invertible the only solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was invertible the only solution
+would be xals 0 no good so this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be xals 0 no good so this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be xals 0 no good so this Matrix
+must be singular its determinant must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be singular its determinant must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be singular its determinant must be
+zero and now we have an equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now we have an equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now we have an equation for the
+ion value Lambda so Lambda is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion value Lambda so Lambda is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion value Lambda so Lambda is how much
+we shift The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shift The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shift The Matrix
+to make the determinant zero we shift by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the determinant zero we shift by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the determinant zero we shift by
+Lambda time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda time the
+identity just subtract that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity just subtract that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity just subtract that from the
+diagonal okay so can I begin with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay so can I begin with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay so can I begin with very
+easy 2x two Matrix the kind that we met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy 2x two Matrix the kind that we met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy 2x two Matrix the kind that we met
+first called the companion Matrix so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first called the companion Matrix so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first called the companion Matrix so we
+met this Matrix when we had a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met this Matrix when we had a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met this Matrix when we had a second
+order equation so I started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation so I started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation so I started with the
+equation y Prime + b y Prime + c y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation y Prime + b y Prime + c y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation y Prime + b y Prime + c y
+equals say Z so I started with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals say Z so I started with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals say Z so I started with one
+second order equation and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equation and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equation and then I
+introduced y Prime as a second unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced y Prime as a second unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced y Prime as a second unknown
+so I now I have a vector unknown Y and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I now I have a vector unknown Y and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I now I have a vector unknown Y and Y
+Prime and then it if when I wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then it if when I wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then it if when I wrote the
+equation down I won't repeat that it led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation down I won't repeat that it led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation down I won't repeat that it led
+us to a 2x two Matrix two equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to a 2x two Matrix two equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to a 2x two Matrix two equations for
+two unknowns Y and Y Prime so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns Y and Y Prime so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns Y and Y Prime so there is a
+2X two Matrix that we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X two Matrix that we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X two Matrix that we're interested in
+but we really are going to be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we really are going to be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we really are going to be interested
+in all 2 by tws okay so let me take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all 2 by tws okay so let me take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all 2 by tws okay so let me take that
+to be my Matrix a my companion Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my Matrix a my companion Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my Matrix a my companion Matrix so
+I just want to go through the steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to go through the steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to go through the steps of
+com finding its igen values what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com finding its igen values what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com finding its igen values what are the
+igen values of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of that
+Matrix we just take the Matrix subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we just take the Matrix subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we just take the Matrix subtract
+Lambda from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda from the
+diagonal and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and take the
+determinant and when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and when I take the
+determinant of a 2X two matrix it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a 2X two matrix it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a 2X two matrix it's just
+that times that which is minus Lambda *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times that which is minus Lambda *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times that which is minus Lambda *
+minus Lambda is Lambda squar this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda is Lambda squar this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda is Lambda squar this gives
+me a b Lambda and the other part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a b Lambda and the other part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a b Lambda and the other part of the
+determinant is this product minus C but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is this product minus C but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is this product minus C but
+it comes with a minus sign so it's plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes with a minus sign so it's plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes with a minus sign so it's plus
+C so there's my equation for the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so there's my equation for the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so there's my equation for the igen
+values of a companion Matrix companion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a companion Matrix companion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a companion Matrix companion
+Matrix and of course you see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and of course you see that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and of course you see that's
+exactly the same equation that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same equation that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same equation that we had
+for the exponent s so Lambda for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exponent s so Lambda for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exponent s so Lambda for the
+Matrix case is the same as s S1 and S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix case is the same as s S1 and S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix case is the same as s S1 and S2
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+the for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the uh
+single uh second order equation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single uh second order equation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single uh second order equation so that
+this equation has Solutions e to the St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation has Solutions e to the St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation has Solutions e to the St
+when the Matrix has the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Matrix has the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Matrix has the igen values
+Lambda equal s those same S1 and S2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda equal s those same S1 and S2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda equal s those same S1 and S2 all
+right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but
+now I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I move
+on to a general 2x2 matrix what are its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to a general 2x2 matrix what are its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to a general 2x2 matrix what are its
+igen values what do they what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values what do they what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values what do they what does that
+equation look like for its two IG values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation look like for its two IG values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation look like for its two IG values
+so this will be a special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a special case of
+this here I have a general Matrix a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here I have a general Matrix a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here I have a general Matrix a b c
+d I've subtracted Lambda from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d I've subtracted Lambda from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d I've subtracted Lambda from the
+diagonal I'm taking the determinant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal I'm taking the determinant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal I'm taking the determinant that
+will give me the two I values okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me the two I values okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me the two I values okay let's
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it l minus Lambda * minus Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it l minus Lambda * minus Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it l minus Lambda * minus Lambda is
+Lambda squar then I have a minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squar then I have a minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squar then I have a minus Lambda
+D and A minus Lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and A minus Lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and A minus Lambda a
+so I have an A plus a d Lambda and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have an A plus a d Lambda and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have an A plus a d Lambda and then
+I have the part that doesn't involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the part that doesn't involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the part that doesn't involve
+Lambda the part that doesn't involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda the part that doesn't involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda the part that doesn't involve
+Lambda is just the determinant of a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is just the determinant of a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is just the determinant of a b c
+d it's just the a d and the minus BC so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d it's just the a d and the minus BC so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d it's just the a d and the minus BC so
+there's an A D and A minus BC and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an A D and A minus BC and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an A D and A minus BC and all
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+zero okay it's a quadratic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay it's a quadratic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay it's a quadratic equation
+second degree a 2x two Matrix has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree a 2x two Matrix has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree a 2x two Matrix has two
+igen values the two roots of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values the two roots of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values the two roots of that
+equation okay I just want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay I just want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay I just want to understand
+how the more and more and more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the more and more and more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the more and more and more about the
+connection of the roots Lambda 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection of the roots Lambda 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection of the roots Lambda 1 and
+Lambda 2 to the Matrix AB c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 to the Matrix AB c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 to the Matrix AB c
+d if I know the 2x two Matrix this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d if I know the 2x two Matrix this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d if I know the 2x two Matrix this tells
+me the igen values okay so how can I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the igen values okay so how can I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the igen values okay so how can I so
+this will being a quadratic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will being a quadratic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will being a quadratic equation
+it'll have two roots and I can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have two roots and I can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have two roots and I can write the
+so when I if I factor this this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I if I factor this this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I if I factor this this will
+factor into Lambda minus Lambda 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor into Lambda minus Lambda 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor into Lambda minus Lambda 1 *
+Lambda minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus Lambda
+2 and of course if the numbers are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and of course if the numbers are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and of course if the numbers are nice
+then I can see what Lambda one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can see what Lambda one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can see what Lambda one and
+Lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2
+are in that case uh I I I find the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in that case uh I I I find the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in that case uh I I I find the igen
+values if the numbers are not nice then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if the numbers are not nice then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if the numbers are not nice then
+Lambda 1 and Lambda 2 come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 and Lambda 2 come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 and Lambda 2 come from the
+quadratic formula the - B plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula the - B plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula the - B plus or minus
+Square < TK of b^ 2 - 4 a c the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK of b^ 2 - 4 a c the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK of b^ 2 - 4 a c the the
+quadratic formula will solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula will solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula will solve this
+equation will tell me these two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will tell me these two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will tell me these two numbers
+and If I multiply it out this way I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and If I multiply it out this way I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and If I multiply it out this way I see
+Lambda 2ar I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2ar I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2ar I see
+minus Lambda time Lambda 1 and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and then I see Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then I see Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then I see Plus
+Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 equal Z I've here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 equal Z I've here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 equal Z I've here
+I've written the equation for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written the equation for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written the equation for the two
+lambdas here I've written the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas here I've written the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas here I've written the equation
+when I know the two lambdas why did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I know the two lambdas why did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I know the two lambdas why did I do
+this I want to match this with this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to match this with this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to match this with this and
+see that this number whatever it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this number whatever it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this number whatever it is is
+the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that
+number they they show up they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number they they show up they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number they they show up they're the
+coefficient minus Lambda so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient minus Lambda so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient minus Lambda so that's the
+first step uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step uh that
+Lambda 1 + Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 + Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 + Lambda
+2 is the same as a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D just matching those two equations I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D just matching those two equations I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D just matching those two equations I'm
+I'm just this is just like a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just this is just like a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just this is just like a general
+fact about a quadratic equation the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about a quadratic equation the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about a quadratic equation the sum
+of the roots is the the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the roots is the the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the roots is the the minus
+coefficient of Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of Lambda
+and then the constant term is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the constant term is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the constant term is the
+constant term so Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term so Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term so Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 is
+a D minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a D minus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a D minus b
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+okay this is these are facts about a 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is these are facts about a 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is these are facts about a 2X
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+Matrix uh a b c d the sum of the IG Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh a b c d the sum of the IG Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh a b c d the sum of the IG Val
+so this is the sum of the igen values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sum of the igen values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sum of the igen values so
+I'll put s m to indicate I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put s m to indicate I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put s m to indicate I'm looking at
+the sum is that a + D A plus d are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is that a + D A plus d are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is that a + D A plus d are the
+numbers on the diagonal so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on the diagonal so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on the diagonal so that's a
+little special when I add the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little special when I add the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little special when I add the diagonal
+numbers I get something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I get something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I get something called the
+trace of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix I'm introducing a word Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'm introducing a word Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'm introducing a word Trace
+Trace is the add up down the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is the add up down the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is the add up down the diagonal
+and that matches a plus d and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that matches a plus d and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that matches a plus d and this this
+one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the
+product of the igen values Lambda 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the igen values Lambda 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the igen values Lambda 1 *
+Lambda 2 so that's the product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 so that's the product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 so that's the product and
+that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the
+determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a I I I just making all the neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I I I just making all the neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I I I just making all the neat
+connections that are sort of special for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that are sort of special for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that are sort of special for
+2x two right so that if I write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x two right so that if I write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x two right so that if I write down
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+matrices we could look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we could look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we could look at them
+immediately let let me write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately let let me write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately let let me write down a
+matrix suppose I write down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+say how how about oh I'll make them let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how how about oh I'll make them let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how how about oh I'll make them let
+me make them uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make them uh zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make them uh zero
+one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well
+zero four ah let me let me improve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero four ah let me let me improve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero four ah let me let me improve this
+a little 2 449
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little 2 449
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little 2 449
+do 442 it'd be even easier sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 442 it'd be even easier sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 442 it'd be even easier sorry
+okay I look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I look at that
+Matrix I see immediately that two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I see immediately that two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I see immediately that two I
+values of that Matrix add to four 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that Matrix add to four 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that Matrix add to four 2 +
+two is four I to took the trace the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is four I to took the trace the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is four I to took the trace the two
+I values of that Matrix multiply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I values of that Matrix multiply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I values of that Matrix multiply to the
+determinant which is 2 * 2 is 4 - 16 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant which is 2 * 2 is 4 - 16 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant which is 2 * 2 is 4 - 16 -
+12 so the so the sum here for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so the so the sum here for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so the so the sum here for that
+Matrix would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix would be
+four the determinant of that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the determinant of that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the determinant of that Matrix
+would be 4 - 16 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 4 - 16 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 4 - 16 is
+-2 and maybe I can come up with the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and maybe I can come up with the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and maybe I can come up with the two
+numbers that have add to four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that have add to four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that have add to four and
+multiply to Min -12 I think actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to Min -12 I think actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to Min -12 I think actually I
+think that they are six and min-2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they are six and min-2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they are six and min-2 I
+think that the igen values here are 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the igen values here are 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the igen values here are 6
+and minus 2 because those up to four the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 2 because those up to four the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 2 because those up to four the
+trace and they multiply 6 * -2 is -12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace and they multiply 6 * -2 is -12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace and they multiply 6 * -2 is -12
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+determinant 2 by two matrices you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant 2 by two matrices you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant 2 by two matrices you can
+you have a good sh chance at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a good sh chance at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a good sh chance at sort of
+seeing exactly what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing exactly what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing exactly what happens
+now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my
+interest today for this video is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest today for this video is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest today for this video is to use
+all this use the igen values to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this use the igen values to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this use the igen values to decide
+stability stability means means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability stability means means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability stability means means that the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equation has solutions that go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has solutions that go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has solutions that go to
+zero and you we remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you we remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you we remember the
+solutions are e to the St which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are e to the St which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are e to the St which is the
+same as e to the Lambda T the S and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as e to the Lambda T the S and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as e to the Lambda T the S and the
+Lambda both come from that same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda both come from that same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda both come from that same equation
+in the in the case of a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the case of a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the case of a second order
+equation reduced to a companion Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation reduced to a companion Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation reduced to a companion Matrix
+so I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm interested
+in when do the igen values when are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when do the igen values when are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when do the igen values when are the
+igen values negative when are the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values negative when are the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values negative when are the IG
+values negative or if they're complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values negative or if they're complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values negative or if they're complex
+numbers when are their real Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers when are their real Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers when are their real Parts
+negative so can we remember tra trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so can we remember tra trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so can we remember tra trace
+the sum product the determinant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum product the determinant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum product the determinant and
+answer the stability questions so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the stability questions so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the stability questions so I'm
+ready for stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stability
+means either Lambda 1 negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means either Lambda 1 negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means either Lambda 1 negative and
+Lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2
+negative or this is in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or this is in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or this is in the real
+case or in the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case Lambda equals some real part plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Lambda equals some real part plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Lambda equals some real part plus
+and minus some imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus some imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus some imaginary
+part then we want the real part to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part then we want the real part to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part then we want the real part to be
+negative real part of Lambda which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative real part of Lambda which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative real part of Lambda which is a
+should be zero so that's our requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero so that's our requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero so that's our requirement
+if the I values are complex we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the I values are complex we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the I values are complex we get a
+pair of them and we the real part should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of them and we the real part should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of them and we the real part should
+be zero so that e to the the point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so that e to the the point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so that e to the the point about
+this negative a was that e to the a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative a was that e to the a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative a was that e to the a t
+will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to
+zero the point about these negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the point about these negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the point about these negative
+lambdas is the e to the Lambda T will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas is the e to the Lambda T will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas is the e to the Lambda T will go
+to zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this is
+stability so my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability so my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability so my question
+is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the
+test on The Matrix that decides this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on The Matrix that decides this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on The Matrix that decides this
+about the I values what do we what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the I values what do we what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the I values what do we what do we
+can we look at the Matrix maybe we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we look at the Matrix maybe we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we look at the Matrix maybe we don't
+have to find those igen values maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find those igen values maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find those igen values maybe we
+can use the fact again the fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the fact again the fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the fact again the fact is that
+Lambda 1 + Lambda 2 is the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 + Lambda 2 is the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 + Lambda 2 is the trace
+and Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda 1 * Lambda 2 is the
+determinant and we can read those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and we can read those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and we can read those
+numbers off from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers off from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers off from the
+Matrix then there's a quadratic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then there's a quadratic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then there's a quadratic equation
+but if we only want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we only want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we only want to
+know information like are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know information like are the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know information like are the igen
+values negative are their real Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values negative are their real Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values negative are their real Parts
+negative we can get that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we can get that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we can get that information
+from these numbers without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these numbers without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these numbers without going
+to the finding the igen values from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finding the igen values from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finding the igen values from that
+quadratic equation wouldn't be that hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation wouldn't be that hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation wouldn't be that hard
+to do but we don't have to do it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but we don't have to do it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but we don't have to do it okay so
+suppose we have two negative I values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have two negative I values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have two negative I values
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+certainly this would mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly this would mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly this would mean the
+trace would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace would be
+negative because the trace is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative because the trace is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative because the trace is the sum of
+the I values if those are both negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I values if those are both negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I values if those are both negative
+Trace is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is negative
+so we can check about the trace just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can check about the trace just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can check about the trace just
+right away what about the determinant if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away what about the determinant if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away what about the determinant if
+that's negative and that's negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's negative and that's negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's negative and that's negative then
+the multiplying those will give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplying those will give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplying those will give a
+positive number so the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number so the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number so the determinant
+should be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be positive
+soace less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soace less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soace less than zero
+determinant greater than zero that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant greater than zero that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant greater than zero that is
+the stability test that's the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the 2x two Matrix a b c d if its Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2x two Matrix a b c d if its Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2x two Matrix a b c d if its Trace
+is negative and it's determined is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative and it's determined is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative and it's determined is
+positive is stable that's the test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive is stable that's the test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive is stable that's the test and
+actually it works also if Lambda comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it works also if Lambda comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it works also if Lambda comes
+out complex because Lambda 1 + Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out complex because Lambda 1 + Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out complex because Lambda 1 + Lambda
+2 Lambda 1 is a plus I Omega Lambda 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Lambda 1 is a plus I Omega Lambda 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Lambda 1 is a plus I Omega Lambda 2 is
+a minus Omega the sum is just 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus Omega the sum is just 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus Omega the sum is just 2 a
+and we want that to be negative so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want that to be negative so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want that to be negative so again
+Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace
+negative Trace negative even whe if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Trace negative even whe if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Trace negative even whe if if
+the roots are real or if they're complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots are real or if they're complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots are real or if they're complex
+that still tells us that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still tells us that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still tells us that the sum of the
+roots is negative and the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots is negative and the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots is negative and the determinant
+also works if A+ I I Omega * a minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also works if A+ I I Omega * a minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also works if A+ I I Omega * a minus I
+Omega in this case Lambda 1 * Lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in this case Lambda 1 * Lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in this case Lambda 1 * Lambda 2
+If I multiply those numbers I get a 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I multiply those numbers I get a 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I multiply those numbers I get a 2 +
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+s with a plus so that would be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with a plus so that would be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with a plus so that would be positive
+and we're good okay so my conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're good okay so my conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're good okay so my conclusion
+is this is the test for stability and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the test for stability and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the test for stability and I
+can apply it to a few matrices I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply it to a few matrices I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply it to a few matrices I wrote
+down a few matrices uh can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a few matrices uh can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a few matrices uh can I
+just look at that test can you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at that test can you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at that test can you look at
+that test and just apply it to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so here's an example uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's an example uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's an example uh say
+-2 -1 3 and 4 is that any good the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 -1 3 and 4 is that any good the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 -1 3 and 4 is that any good the trace
+is min -3 that's good the determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is min -3 that's good the determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is min -3 that's good the determinant is
+2 - 12 - 10 that's bad that's bad so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 12 - 10 that's bad that's bad so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 12 - 10 that's bad that's bad so I
+better if I so that would be unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if I so that would be unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if I so that would be unstable
+the determinant that that has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant that that has a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant that that has a negative
+determinant unstable so so I'll put an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant unstable so so I'll put an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant unstable so so I'll put an X
+through that unstable let me take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that unstable let me take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that unstable let me take a
+stable one stable one I'm going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable one stable one I'm going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable one stable one I'm going to want
+like Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Min
+-5 and one let's say that's okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-5 and one let's say that's okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-5 and one let's say that's okay the
+trace is negative minus 4 and now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace is negative minus 4 and now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace is negative minus 4 and now I want
+to keep make the determinant positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep make the determinant positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep make the determinant positive so
+maybe I better put like 6 and -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I better put like 6 and -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I better put like 6 and -
+7 just picking numbers so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 just picking numbers so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 just picking numbers so now the
+determinant is min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is min
+-5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-5
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+42 a big positive number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 a big positive number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 a big positive number and the
+determinant test is passed so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test is passed so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test is passed so that is
+okay that one would be stable The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that one would be stable The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that one would be stable The
+Matrix if if this was my Matrix a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if if this was my Matrix a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if if this was my Matrix a then
+the solutions to Dy dtal a y y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to Dy dtal a y y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to Dy dtal a y y Prime
+equal a y is my differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a y is my differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a y is my differential equation
+the two solutions which would track the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two solutions which would track the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two solutions which would track the
+igen vectors would have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors would have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors would have negative
+lambdas negative lambdas because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas negative lambdas because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas negative lambdas because the
+trace is negative and the determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace is negative and the determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace is negative and the determinant is
+positive passes the stability test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive passes the stability test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive passes the stability test and
+the solutions would go to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions would go to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions would go to minus
+infinity okay that's 2 by tws thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GkD5tIgc-Bo.txt b/GkD5tIgc-Bo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3835969c896c13df18c78e8b7e4e48fde2e7ce0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GkD5tIgc-Bo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we want to reinforce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we want to reinforce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we want to reinforce the
+message that how you choose to sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that how you choose to sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that how you choose to sample
+can give different results and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give different results and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give different results and the
+choice of sampling is important suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of sampling is important suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of sampling is important suppose
+you're interested in measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in measuring the
+average family size in some population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average family size in some population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average family size in some population
+suppose that there are families that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that there are families that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that there are families that are
+small and have just one person in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and have just one person in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and have just one person in them
+and there's also a family that has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a family that has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a family that has many
+people in it what does it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in it what does it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in it what does it mean to
+measure the average family size one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the average family size one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the average family size one
+possibility is to pick at random a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is to pick at random a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is to pick at random a
+family each family being chosen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family each family being chosen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family each family being chosen with
+equal probability and talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability and talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability and talk about the
+expected value that you get or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value that you get or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value that you get or the
+average value if you sample that way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value if you sample that way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value if you sample that way in
+this particular example with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example with probability
+1/4 you get the one with revealty 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 you get the one with revealty 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 you get the one with revealty 1/4
+you get the one with probability 1/4 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the one with probability 1/4 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the one with probability 1/4 you
+get a 1 so the answer would be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 1 so the answer would be with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 1 so the answer would be with
+probability 3/4 you get a 1 and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 3/4 you get a 1 and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 3/4 you get a 1 and with
+probability 1/4 you get a 6 but suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/4 you get a 6 but suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/4 you get a 6 but suppose
+that instead you pick a person at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead you pick a person at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead you pick a person at random
+and you ask that person how big is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask that person how big is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask that person how big is your
+family what's the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family what's the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family what's the expected value of the
+answer you are going to get here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you are going to get here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you are going to get here we have
+9 people out of those nine people three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 people out of those nine people three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 people out of those nine people three
+of them will give you an answer my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will give you an answer my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will give you an answer my
+family has size 1 and 6 of those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family has size 1 and 6 of those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family has size 1 and 6 of those people
+will give you an answer my family has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you an answer my family has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you an answer my family has a
+size of 6 and this number is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of 6 and this number is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of 6 and this number is going to be
+larger than the previous number you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the previous number you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the previous number you're
+going to get different answers so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get different answers so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get different answers so it is
+possible to have a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have a situation where you
+can make a statement such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a statement such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a statement such as the
+following the average family size is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the average family size is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the average family size is 3
+but the average person lives in a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the average person lives in a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the average person lives in a family
+of size 4 there is no contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size 4 there is no contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size 4 there is no contradiction
+between these two statements because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two statements because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two statements because
+we're measuring different things another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring different things another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring different things another
+example of the same flavor you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the same flavor you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the same flavor you're
+interested in the average bus occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the average bus occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the average bus occupancy
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+interested in whether buses are crowded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in whether buses are crowded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in whether buses are crowded
+or not in your city one way of carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in your city one way of carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in your city one way of carrying
+out this calculation is to pick buses at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this calculation is to pick buses at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this calculation is to pick buses at
+random each bus is equally likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random each bus is equally likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random each bus is equally likely to be
+picked and see how many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked and see how many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked and see how many people are
+riding this bus another possibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding this bus another possibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding this bus another possibility is
+to take a typical passenger a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a typical passenger a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a typical passenger a random
+passenger and ask them how crowded was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger and ask them how crowded was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger and ask them how crowded was
+your bus take an extreme case suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bus take an extreme case suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bus take an extreme case suppose
+that half of the buses have zero people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half of the buses have zero people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half of the buses have zero people
+in them and half of the buses have 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and half of the buses have 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and half of the buses have 50
+people in them if you look at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in them if you look at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in them if you look at random
+buses then the average occupancy would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses then the average occupancy would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses then the average occupancy would
+be 25 but if you ask passengers all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 25 but if you ask passengers all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 25 but if you ask passengers all of
+the passengers would report 50 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passengers would report 50 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passengers would report 50 and it
+would be again a different answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be again a different answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be again a different answer
+a similar situation is if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar situation is if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar situation is if you are
+talking about average class sizes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about average class sizes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about average class sizes one
+method is to look at all the classes see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is to look at all the classes see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is to look at all the classes see
+how many students there are in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many students there are in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many students there are in each
+class and take the average another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and take the average another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and take the average another
+method would be to ask a typical student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method would be to ask a typical student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method would be to ask a typical student
+how large is your class because more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large is your class because more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large is your class because more
+students are in large classes when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are in large classes when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are in large classes when you
+pick a student at random you are likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a student at random you are likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a student at random you are likely
+to get a higher answer as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a higher answer as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a higher answer as opposed to
+when you look at a random class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at a random class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at a random class the
+moral from all these examples is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral from all these examples is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral from all these examples is that it
+is very important to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important to be careful about
+what you choose to sample when you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you choose to sample when you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you choose to sample when you pick
+at random what exactly are you picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random what exactly are you picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random what exactly are you picking
+at random and you need to be aware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random and you need to be aware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random and you need to be aware that
+different sampling methods measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sampling methods measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sampling methods measure
+different things and will generally give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and will generally give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and will generally give
+you different results
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GyukKStk6Ls.txt b/GyukKStk6Ls.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b10963af422ec20e6401a448864f197af3acaca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GyukKStk6Ls.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+levenson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levenson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levenson's
+theorem um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem um in terms of
+derivations that we do in this course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations that we do in this course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations that we do in this course in
+one of me this is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of me this is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of me this is probably the most
+subtle derivation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle derivation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle derivation of the
+semester uh it's not difficult but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester uh it's not difficult but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester uh it's not difficult but it's
+kind of uh interesting and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh interesting and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh interesting and a little
+subtle and um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and um it's
+very curious because it relates two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very curious because it relates two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very curious because it relates two
+things that seem to be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that seem to be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that seem to be fairly
+unrelated but uh the key thing that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated but uh the key thing that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated but uh the key thing that one
+has to use you have to use something how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to use you have to use something how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to use you have to use something how
+all of the sudden you're going to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the sudden you're going to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the sudden you're going to relate
+phase shifts to bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifts to bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifts to bound
+States the one thing you have to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the one thing you have to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the one thing you have to imagine
+is that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have a
+potential and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and you
+have states of a potential if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have states of a potential if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have states of a potential if the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+changes the states change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the states change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the states change
+But Here Comes something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But Here Comes something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But Here Comes something very
+nice they never appear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they never appear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they never appear or
+disappear and this is something probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and this is something probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and this is something probably
+you haven't thought about this all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't thought about this all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't thought about this all that
+much because you had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because you had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because you had for
+example a square finite Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a square finite Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a square finite Square
+well if you made it more deep you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you made it more deep you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you made it more deep you got
+more bound States if you made it less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bound States if you made it less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bound States if you made it less
+deep the boun St disappear what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep the boun St disappear what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep the boun St disappear what does it
+mean the boun St disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the boun St disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the boun St disappear
+nothing really can disappear what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really can disappear what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really can disappear what really
+is happening if you have the bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening if you have the bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening if you have the bound the
+square well you have a couple of bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square well you have a couple of bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square well you have a couple of bound
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+say but then you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but then you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but then you have an
+Infinity of scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and as you make this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and as you make this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and as you make this potential
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+shallow the last bound state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow the last bound state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow the last bound state is
+approaching here and at one stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching here and at one stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching here and at one stage
+changes identity and becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes identity and becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes identity and becomes a
+scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+state but it never gets lost and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it never gets lost and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it never gets lost and how
+when you make this deeper and deeper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make this deeper and deeper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make this deeper and deeper you
+get more States is the scattering State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more States is the scattering State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more States is the scattering State
+suddenly borrowing lend in you estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly borrowing lend in you estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly borrowing lend in you estate
+that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes
+down the states never get lost or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the states never get lost or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the states never get lost or
+disappear and you would say how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and you would say how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and you would say how could
+you demonstrate that that sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you demonstrate that that sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you demonstrate that that sounds like
+science fiction because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction because there's
+infinitely many states here how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many states here how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many states here how do you
+know it borrowed one well you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it borrowed one well you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it borrowed one well you can do it
+by putting it in a very large box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting it in a very large box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting it in a very large box and
+then the states here are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the states here are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the states here are going to be
+finitely countable and discrete and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely countable and discrete and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely countable and discrete and then
+you can track and see indeed how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can track and see indeed how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can track and see indeed how the
+states become bound so you never lose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states become bound so you never lose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states become bound so you never lose or
+gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+States and that's a very very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and that's a very very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and that's a very very powerful
+statement about Quantum States in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about Quantum States in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about Quantum States in a
+system so this is what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so this is what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so this is what we're going to
+need to prove levenson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem so levenson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem so it relates the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so it relates the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so it relates the number of
+bound states of the potential to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound states of the potential to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound states of the potential to the
+excur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excur
+of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phase
+shift um so let's state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift um so let's state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift um so let's state it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+completely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the
+number n of bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states of the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+Excursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excursion
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+excur of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excur of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excur of the
+face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+from E = 0 to eal Infinity so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from E = 0 to eal Infinity so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from E = 0 to eal Infinity so in other
+words it says that n is 1 / piun Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it says that n is 1 / piun Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it says that n is 1 / piun Delta
+of 0- Delta of INF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0- Delta of INF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0- Delta of INF
+Infinity the number of bound states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the number of bound states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the number of bound states of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+is predicted by the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is predicted by the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is predicted by the behavior of the
+phase shift of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift of
+scattering so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so how do we do
+this this is what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is what we want to
+prove so consider again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential of range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of range
+r and zero here and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+and I want you to be able to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to be able to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to be able to count
+States but the scattering states are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but the scattering states are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but the scattering states are a
+continuous set of States so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous set of States so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous set of States so in order to
+count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States we're going to put a wall here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we're going to put a wall here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we're going to put a wall here as
+well at some big distance L much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at some big distance L much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at some big distance L much bigger
+than a than r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to therefore now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to therefore now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to therefore now the
+states are going to be quantized they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are going to be quantized they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are going to be quantized they're
+not going to be quite scattering States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be quite scattering States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be quite scattering States
+they're going to look like scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look like scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look like scattering
+States but they're precisely in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but they're precisely in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but they're precisely in a way
+that they vanish at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they vanish at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they vanish at this
+point now you would say okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now you would say okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now you would say okay that's
+already a little dangerous to be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little dangerous to be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little dangerous to be or
+you've change the problem a little yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've change the problem a little yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've change the problem a little yes
+but we're going to do the analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to do the analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to do the analysis and
+see if the result depends on L if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the result depends on L if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the result depends on L if it
+doesn't depend on L and L is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on L and L is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on L and L is very large
+we'll take the limit as L goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take the limit as L goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take the limit as L goes to
+infinity and we claim we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we claim we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we claim we have an
+answer so um so we add the L is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so um so we add the L is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so um so we add the L is a
+regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator
+regulator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator to
+avoid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid a
+Continuum continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states to avoid a Continuum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to avoid a Continuum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to avoid a Continuum of
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all right so let's begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so let's begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so let's begin to
+count to count this thing we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count to count this thing we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count to count this thing we start with
+the case where there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where there's no
+potential again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why is that because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that because we're going to
+try to compare the situation with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to compare the situation with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to compare the situation with no
+potential to the situation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to the situation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to the situation with
+potential so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so imagine
+let V identically zero no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let V identically zero no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let V identically zero no
+potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+energy states these are the only states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states these are the only states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states these are the only states
+that exist there are no bound States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist there are no bound States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist there are no bound States
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is
+zero well the solutions were found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well the solutions were found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well the solutions were found
+before we mentioned that these are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we mentioned that these are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we mentioned that these are what
+we call 5 of X or sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call 5 of X or sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call 5 of X or sine of
+KX but now we require that F of L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX but now we require that F of L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX but now we require that F of L is
+equal to zero because we do have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero because we do have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero because we do have the
+wall there and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s of KL must be zero and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L must be n pi and N is from one 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L must be n pi and N is from one 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L must be n pi and N is from one 2 to
+Infinity you know we manage with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity you know we manage with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity you know we manage with the
+wall to discretize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to discretize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to discretize the
+state because the whole world is now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because the whole world is now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because the whole world is now an
+infinite a very big box not infinite but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite a very big box not infinite but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite a very big box not infinite but
+very big so you discrete the state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so you discrete the state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so you discrete the state the
+separations are microelectron volt but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separations are microelectron volt but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separations are microelectron volt but
+they are discrete you can count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are discrete you can count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are discrete you can count
+them and then uh with this States over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then uh with this States over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then uh with this States over
+here um we think of counting them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we think of counting them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we think of counting them and
+you say well I can count them with n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well I can count them with n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well I can count them with n so
+if I imagine the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I imagine the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I imagine the K
+line from zero to INF well there States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from zero to INF well there States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from zero to INF well there States
+all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the values of K and I could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the values of K and I could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the values of K and I could say well
+I even want to see how many states there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even want to see how many states there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even want to see how many states there
+are in a little element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DK and for that uh you would have the DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK and for that uh you would have the DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK and for that uh you would have the DK
+taking differential here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking differential here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking differential here is
+DN time Pi so uh the number of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN time Pi so uh the number of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN time Pi so uh the number of states
+that there are in DK DN let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are in DK DN let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are in DK DN let me write it
+here d n equals L over Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here d n equals L over Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here d n equals L over Pi
+DK is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK is the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DC in the range DC in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC in the range DC in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC in the range DC in the range of
+momentum decay in that little interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum decay in that little interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum decay in that little interval
+there are that many positive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me all right so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all right so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all right so now let's
+consider the real case repeat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the real case repeat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the real case repeat for
+the case there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential well you would say well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential well you would say well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential well you would say well I
+don't know how to count I have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to count I have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to count I have to solve
+the problem of the potential makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of the potential makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of the potential makes a
+difference but no you do know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but no you do know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but no you do know how to
+count so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+for be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for be different from
+zero this time we have a solution for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this time we have a solution for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this time we have a solution for X
+greater than R we know the solution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than R we know the solution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than R we know the solution this
+is our Universal solution with the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our Universal solution with the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our Universal solution with the face
+shift so there you have that s of X is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so there you have that s of X is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so there you have that s of X is e
+to the I Delta sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I Delta sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I Delta sin
+kx+ Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx+ Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx+ Delta of
+K that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution yes you have the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution yes you have the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution yes you have the solution
+always you just don't know what Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you just don't know what Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you just don't know what Delta is
+but you don't know what Delta you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know what Delta you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know what Delta you don't
+need to know what Delta is to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what Delta is to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what Delta is to prove the
+theorem you just need to know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem you just need to know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem you just need to know it's
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so here it goes and this time the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it goes and this time the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it goes and this time the wall
+will also do the same thing will demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also do the same thing will demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also do the same thing will demand
+that s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s of
+X vanishes for xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X vanishes for xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X vanishes for xal
+l so this time we get that k x no k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this time we get that k x no k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this time we get that k x no k x
+L plus Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L plus Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L plus Delta of
+K is equal to some other number n Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is equal to some other number n Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is equal to some other number n Prime
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+pi multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi multiple of
+Pi this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi this
+face its total face has to be a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face its total face has to be a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face its total face has to be a multiple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Pi and what is n Prime well I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi and what is n Prime well I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi and what is n Prime well I don't know
+what is n Prime is some integers uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is n Prime is some integers uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is n Prime is some integers uh I
+don't know whether it starts from one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it starts from one 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it starts from one 2
+three or from 100 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or from 100 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or from 100 or
+whatever the only thing we care is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the only thing we care is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the only thing we care is that
+again taking a little differential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again taking a little differential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again taking a little differential you
+have DK * L plus d Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have DK * L plus d Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have DK * L plus d Delta
+DK *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK *
+DK is equal to DN Prime *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi we take an infinite decimal version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi we take an infinite decimal version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi we take an infinite decimal version
+of this equation which again tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation which again tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation which again tells me
+how many positive all these states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many positive all these states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many positive all these states are
+positive energy states they have K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energy states they have K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energy states they have K so
+all these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+states so from this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so from this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so from this equation we
+get that DN Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that DN Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that DN Prime is
+equal to l over pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to l over pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to l over pi
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DK plus 1 over Pi D Delta d k *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DK which gives me if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK which gives me if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK which gives me if I know
+DK again the number of states that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK again the number of states that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK again the number of states that you
+have in that range of K you see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in that range of K you see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in that range of K you see it's
+like momentum is now quantized so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like momentum is now quantized so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like momentum is now quantized so for
+any little range of momentum you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any little range of momentum you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any little range of momentum you can
+tell how many states there are and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how many states there are and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how many states there are and here
+it is how many states there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is how many states there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is how many states there
+are positive energy states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive energy states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive energy states
+positive this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this is the
+number of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of positive
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states in thec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with v different from zero here is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with v different from zero here is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with v different from zero here is with
+v equal Z
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Hu-ZLesnxfc.txt b/Hu-ZLesnxfc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f955e1ea1c5de1f4f77aa80fc81fbc0b04ef8ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Hu-ZLesnxfc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what a busy week we had because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a busy week we had because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a busy week we had because we
+covered so much ground this past week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so much ground this past week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so much ground this past week
+and because we're almost at the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we're almost at the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we're almost at the midpoint
+of this course I thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course I thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course I thought it would be
+useful to summarize some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to summarize some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to summarize some of the key
+lessons from the week and really one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons from the week and really one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons from the week and really one of
+the key lessons from this course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key lessons from this course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key lessons from this course that
+lesson is very simple it is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson is very simple it is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson is very simple it is that our
+economies need to continue to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies need to continue to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies need to continue to encourage
+and grow what we call High Road firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grow what we call High Road firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grow what we call High Road firms
+that are both good for shareholders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both good for shareholders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both good for shareholders and
+for employees if we are really to shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for employees if we are really to shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for employees if we are really to shape
+the future of work that works for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of work that works for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of work that works for all
+the stakeholders in our economy how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders in our economy how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders in our economy how can
+organizations do this well it starts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations do this well it starts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations do this well it starts by
+having a debate over the basic values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a debate over the basic values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a debate over the basic values of
+the firm and you did that this week you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm and you did that this week you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm and you did that this week you
+took on the question of whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took on the question of whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took on the question of whether this
+emphasis on shareholder value or what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on shareholder value or what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on shareholder value or what we
+called financialization view of the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called financialization view of the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called financialization view of the firm
+is really the only way in which firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the only way in which firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the only way in which firms
+can compete and you answered it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compete and you answered it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compete and you answered it very
+clearly you endorsed firms that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you endorsed firms that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you endorsed firms that should
+be accountable to multiple stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accountable to multiple stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accountable to multiple stakeholders
+to employees to societies as well as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to employees to societies as well as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to employees to societies as well as to
+their investors and their owners and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their investors and their owners and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their investors and their owners and you
+notice that uh there's a wide variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh there's a wide variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh there's a wide variety of
+different forms that organizations take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms that organizations take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms that organizations take
+both here in the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both here in the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both here in the United States and
+around the world and in fact the US is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and in fact the US is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and in fact the US is
+one of the few countries that emphasizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few countries that emphasizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few countries that emphasizes
+shareholder value so heavily you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder value so heavily you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder value so heavily you also
+noted that uh it not only varies across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that uh it not only varies across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that uh it not only varies across
+countries but even in the US we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but even in the US we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but even in the US we didn't
+always put such a heavy emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always put such a heavy emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always put such a heavy emphasis on
+shareholder value there was a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder value there was a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder value there was a point in
+time when we recognized then that CEOs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we recognized then that CEOs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we recognized then that CEOs
+recognized that they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that they need to
+have organizations that address both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have organizations that address both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have organizations that address both the
+interests of the people who invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests of the people who invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests of the people who invest in
+them who own them but also they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them who own them but also they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them who own them but also they were
+held accountable to their employees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held accountable to their employees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held accountable to their employees to
+their communities and societies so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their communities and societies so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their communities and societies so we
+had this debate we have to keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this debate we have to keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this debate we have to keep that
+debate going in the poll that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate going in the poll that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate going in the poll that you
+answered a vast majority you endorsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered a vast majority you endorsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered a vast majority you endorsed
+the the stakeholder view of the firm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stakeholder view of the firm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stakeholder view of the firm so
+let's get on with it but you also noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get on with it but you also noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get on with it but you also noted
+that there's no magic bullet there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no magic bullet there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no magic bullet there's no
+single practice that high road firms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single practice that high road firms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single practice that high road firms can
+follow to achieve these outcomes instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow to achieve these outcomes instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow to achieve these outcomes instead
+what we saw is that there's a bundle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw is that there's a bundle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw is that there's a bundle of
+practices or what we call a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices or what we call a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices or what we call a system of
+practices of employment practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices of employment practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices of employment practices
+operational features of the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational features of the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational features of the organization
+business practices that have to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business practices that have to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business practices that have to fit
+together and be fitted to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and be fitted to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and be fitted to the particular
+Industries and particular organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and particular organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and particular organizational
+settings particular cultures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings particular cultures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings particular cultures and
+countries in which they are embedded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in which they are embedded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in which they are embedded and
+this is just a list of the basic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a list of the basic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a list of the basic things
+that we discussed that yes it starts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed that yes it starts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed that yes it starts by
+hiring good strong employees who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring good strong employees who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring good strong employees who have
+good technical skills and good people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technical skills and good people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technical skills and good people in
+organizational skills so they can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational skills so they can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational skills so they can work
+together in teams and communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in teams and communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in teams and communicate with
+each other each other then we invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other each other then we invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other each other then we invest in
+training and development and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and development and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and development and make sure
+that we create a a culture of respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we create a a culture of respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we create a a culture of respect
+and Trust at the workplace provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Trust at the workplace provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Trust at the workplace provide
+employees with a good opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees with a good opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees with a good opportunity to
+improve operations in the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve operations in the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve operations in the organization
+to bring their voice into the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring their voice into the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring their voice into the discussion
+so that their interests are reflected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that their interests are reflected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that their interests are reflected in
+organizational practices themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational practices themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational practices themselves and
+then recognize that you all want good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recognize that you all want good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recognize that you all want good
+flexible organizational Arrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible organizational Arrangements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible organizational Arrangements
+that allow you to mix your personal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to mix your personal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to mix your personal and
+your family and work lives but to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your family and work lives but to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your family and work lives but to do it
+in creative ways with modern technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creative ways with modern technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creative ways with modern technology
+with Fair wages that are linked in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Fair wages that are linked in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Fair wages that are linked in some
+ways to productivity to Performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to productivity to Performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to productivity to Performance of
+the economy of your organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy of your organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy of your organizations and
+where there are unions involved we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are unions involved we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are unions involved we need
+to have strong Partnerships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have strong Partnerships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have strong Partnerships between
+labor and management not the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and management not the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and management not the traditional
+adversarial relations when we do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial relations when we do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial relations when we do those
+things we get this bundle we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we get this bundle we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we get this bundle we get this
+system of reinforcing practices between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of reinforcing practices between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of reinforcing practices between
+the business strategies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business strategies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business strategies that are
+followed to create High Road uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed to create High Road uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed to create High Road uh
+organizations the employment systems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations the employment systems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations the employment systems the
+operational practices and the workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational practices and the workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational practices and the workforce
+culture so we know something about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so we know something about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so we know something about how
+to do this and we know that uh this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and we know that uh this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and we know that uh this can
+happen not only in uh traditional profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen not only in uh traditional profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen not only in uh traditional profit
+making firms or public corporations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making firms or public corporations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making firms or public corporations but
+we discussed a whole range of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed a whole range of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed a whole range of different
+organizational forms family businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational forms family businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational forms family businesses
+like Market Basket public corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Market Basket public corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Market Basket public corporations
+as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we
+mentioned benefit corporations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned benefit corporations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned benefit corporations like
+Patagonia employee owned firms like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patagonia employee owned firms like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patagonia employee owned firms like my
+two favorite breweries New Belgium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two favorite breweries New Belgium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two favorite breweries New Belgium and
+Harpoon or in other countries Ido and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harpoon or in other countries Ido and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harpoon or in other countries Ido and
+Sweden and and around the world there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden and and around the world there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden and and around the world there
+are examples of employee owned firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of employee owned firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of employee owned firms
+Community ownership mandron in Spain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community ownership mandron in Spain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community ownership mandron in Spain and
+other countries and then my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries and then my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries and then my favorite
+football team the Green Bay Packers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football team the Green Bay Packers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football team the Green Bay Packers
+owned by the community and maintaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by the community and maintaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by the community and maintaining
+long-standing good relationships with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing good relationships with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing good relationships with
+their stakeholders and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stakeholders and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stakeholders and their
+environments we also discussed whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments we also discussed whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments we also discussed whether
+it's possible for Global corporations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible for Global corporations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible for Global corporations to
+hold to High Road standards in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold to High Road standards in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold to High Road standards in their
+supply chains we've got a lot of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chains we've got a lot of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chains we've got a lot of work to
+do in this area it's clear that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this area it's clear that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this area it's clear that we have
+a long way to go but companies and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way to go but companies and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way to go but companies and their
+suppliers and NOS are all working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and NOS are all working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and NOS are all working on it
+so we recognize we can do this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we recognize we can do this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we recognize we can do this in a
+variety of ways but I was particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways but I was particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways but I was particularly
+excited and pleased with the examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and pleased with the examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and pleased with the examples of
+high road and low road firms that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high road and low road firms that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high road and low road firms that you
+talked about in your own assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in your own assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in your own assignments
+this week and you you brought your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and you you brought your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and you you brought your own
+personal experiences as employees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experiences as employees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experiences as employees and
+sometimes as customers into this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as customers into this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as customers into this process
+and here's just an example of of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's just an example of of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's just an example of of firms
+in the retail industry uh a family-owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the retail industry uh a family-owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the retail industry uh a family-owned
+firm Wagman's that's a local one here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm Wagman's that's a local one here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm Wagman's that's a local one here in
+the United States Whole Foods which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States Whole Foods which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States Whole Foods which is
+known very well was used as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known very well was used as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known very well was used as an example
+and compared with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compared with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compared with some other
+organizations one well known and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations one well known and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations one well known and another
+one where we just disguised the name a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we just disguised the name a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we just disguised the name a
+bit in another country that talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in another country that talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in another country that talked about
+the low rate low wages lack of a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low rate low wages lack of a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low rate low wages lack of a living
+wage not particularly paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage not particularly paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage not particularly paying attention
+to employee training and development but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to employee training and development but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to employee training and development but
+also noting that even in government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also noting that even in government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also noting that even in government
+agencies you had some very low road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies you had some very low road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies you had some very low road
+firms or organizations that favored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms or organizations that favored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms or organizations that favored
+their uh certain employees and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh certain employees and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh certain employees and didn't
+provide the kind of feedback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the kind of feedback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the kind of feedback and
+opportunities for growth but then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for growth but then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for growth but then there
+were some libraries hospitals government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some libraries hospitals government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some libraries hospitals government
+agencies that you rated as high road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that you rated as high road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that you rated as high road
+firms the key Point here is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms the key Point here is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms the key Point here is there's no
+single organizational form and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single organizational form and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single organizational form and there's
+no single model that says you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no single model that says you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no single model that says you can only
+do this in some sectors of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in some sectors of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in some sectors of the economy
+and not others so I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not others so I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not others so I think we have
+brought home this very key lesson about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought home this very key lesson about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought home this very key lesson about
+the importance of high road firms our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of high road firms our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of high road firms our
+challenge now is to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge now is to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge now is to make sure that we
+figure out how to spread them to larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to spread them to larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to spread them to larger
+numbers so this next week it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this next week it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this next week it's time to
+go on to the next subject we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to the next subject we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to the next subject we're going to
+take up two critical issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up two critical issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up two critical issues
+entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship
+and the role of technology and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the role of technology and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the role of technology and you've
+already started those conversations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already started those conversations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already started those conversations on
+the discussion forum so we'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion forum so we'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion forum so we'll continue
+them with some really good videos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with some really good videos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with some really good videos and
+guest interviews and material from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest interviews and material from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest interviews and material from
+people all over the world talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over the world talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over the world talking about
+how we can use technology to augment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use technology to augment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use technology to augment
+work not just to substitute for work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work not just to substitute for work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work not just to substitute for work or
+displace work yes that's going to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace work yes that's going to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace work yes that's going to go on
+but pay particular attention to what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pay particular attention to what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pay particular attention to what our
+experts say we can do to use technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts say we can do to use technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts say we can do to use technology
+to good advantage to augment and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to good advantage to augment and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to good advantage to augment and to
+support good work in the future and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support good work in the future and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support good work in the future and then
+let's also discuss how we can build High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also discuss how we can build High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also discuss how we can build High
+Road firms right from the beginning as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road firms right from the beginning as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road firms right from the beginning as
+entrepreneurs what do we need to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs what do we need to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs what do we need to do to
+make sure that we understand what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we understand what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we understand what it
+takes to have a good business model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to have a good business model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to have a good business model to
+be responsive to the investors who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be responsive to the investors who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be responsive to the investors who are
+providing the capital for these firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the capital for these firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the capital for these firms
+but also to make sure that we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also to make sure that we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also to make sure that we make the
+choices about how we build good jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices about how we build good jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices about how we build good jobs and
+careers for all of the employees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers for all of the employees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers for all of the employees in
+these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new
+Enterprises and let me make a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises and let me make a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises and let me make a final
+offer that is we're almost about uh as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer that is we're almost about uh as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer that is we're almost about uh as I
+said at the mid point of the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the mid point of the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the mid point of the course and
+I'd like to use this weekend to offer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to use this weekend to offer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to use this weekend to offer uh
+an open Forum uh sort of office hours on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open Forum uh sort of office hours on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open Forum uh sort of office hours on
+the discussion board where my team uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion board where my team uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion board where my team uh
+here uh for the course and I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh for the course and I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh for the course and I will be
+available to answer questions to engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to answer questions to engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to answer questions to engage
+in commentary to continue the dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commentary to continue the dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commentary to continue the dialogue
+with you more directly so please take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you more directly so please take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you more directly so please take a
+look at the discussion board uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the discussion board uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the discussion board uh
+participate with us ask us questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate with us ask us questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate with us ask us questions
+let's use this as an opportunity to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use this as an opportunity to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use this as an opportunity to see
+what we have learned so far to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned so far to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned so far to continue
+to debate even with us if you disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to debate even with us if you disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to debate even with us if you disagree
+with us that's fine too let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us that's fine too let's have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us that's fine too let's have a
+good discussion this weekend uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good discussion this weekend uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good discussion this weekend uh I'll
+make sure that I check the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that I check the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that I check the discussion
+board periodically over the next several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board periodically over the next several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board periodically over the next several
+days and see what's on your mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and see what's on your mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and see what's on your mind and
+then finally this weekend we will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally this weekend we will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally this weekend we will give
+you a short evaluation to give do us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a short evaluation to give do us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a short evaluation to give do us a
+favor and give us a midcourse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor and give us a midcourse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor and give us a midcourse uh
+evaluation on how we are doing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation on how we are doing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation on how we are doing in the
+course so I look forward to continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so I look forward to continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so I look forward to continuing
+the conversations this weekend and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversations this weekend and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversations this weekend and in
+the weeks ahead
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IE9cFQ9b33U.txt b/IE9cFQ9b33U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1071b8c0a3264d15eaf76b01f508a6e6d2da068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IE9cFQ9b33U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+In this lecture, we're going to use the circuit
+pipelining techniques we learned in Part 1
+
+of the course to improve the performance of
+the 32-bit Beta CPU design we developed in
+
+Part 2 of the course.
+
+This CPU design executes one Beta instruction
+per clock cycle.
+
+Hopefully you remember the design!
+
+If not, you might find it worthwhile to review
+Lecture 13, Building the Beta, from Part 2.
+
+At the beginning of the clock cycle, this
+circuit loads a new value into the program
+
+counter, which is then sent to main memory
+as the address of the instruction to be executed
+
+this cycle.
+
+When the 32-bit word containing the binary
+encoding of the instruction is returned by
+
+the memory, the opcode field is decoded by
+the control logic to determine the control
+
+signals for the rest of the data path.
+
+The operands are read from the register file
+and routed to the ALU to perform the desired
+
+operation.
+
+For memory operations, the output of the ALU
+serves as the memory address and, in the case
+
+of load instructions, the main memory supplies
+the data to be written into the register file
+
+at the end of the cycle.
+
+PC+4 and ALU values can also be written to
+the register file.
+
+The clock period of the Beta is determined
+by the cumulative delay through all the components
+
+involved in instruction execution.
+
+Today's question is: how can we make this
+faster?
+
+We can characterize the time spent executing
+a program as the product of three terms.
+
+The first term is the total number of instructions
+executed.
+
+Since the program usually contains loops and
+procedure calls, many of the encoded instructions
+
+will be executed many times.
+
+We want the total count of instructions executed,
+not the static size of the program as measured
+
+by the number of encoded instructions in memory.
+
+The second term is the average number of clock
+cycles it takes to execute a single instruction.
+
+And the third term is the duration of a single
+clock cycle.
+
+As CPU designers it's the last two terms which
+are under our control: the cycles per instruction
+
+(CPI) and the clock period (t_CLK).
+
+To affect the first term, we would need to
+change the ISA or write a better compiler!
+
+Our design for the Beta was able to execute
+every instruction in a single clock cycle,
+
+so our CPI is 1.
+
+As we discussed in the previous slide, t_CLK
+is determined by the longest path through
+
+the Beta circuitry.
+
+For example, consider the execution of an
+OP-class instruction, which involves two register
+
+operands and an ALU operation.
+
+The arrow shows all the components that are
+involved in the execution of the instruction.
+
+Aside from a few muxes, the main memory, register
+file, and ALU must all have time to do their
+
+thing.
+
+The worst-case execution time is for the LD
+instruction.
+
+In one clock cycle we need to fetch the instruction
+from main memory (t_IFETCH),
+
+read the operands from the register file (t_RF),
+perform the address addition in the ALU (t_ALU),
+
+read the requested location from main memory
+(t_MEM),
+
+and finally write the memory data to the destination
+register (t_WB).
+
+The component delays add up and the result
+is a fairly long clock period and hence it
+
+will take a long time to run the program.
+
+And our two example execution paths illustrate
+another issue:
+
+we're forced to choose the clock period to
+accommodate the worst-case execution time,
+
+even though we may be able to execute some
+instructions faster since their execution
+
+path through the circuitry is shorter.
+
+We're making all the instructions slower just
+because there's one instruction that has a
+
+long critical path.
+
+So why not have simple instructions execute
+in one clock cycle and more complex instructions
+
+take multiple cycles instead of forcing all
+instructions to execute in a single, long
+
+clock cycle?
+
+As we'll see in the next few slides, we have
+a good answer to this question, one that will
+
+allow us to execute *all* instructions with
+a short clock period.
+
+We're going to use pipelining to address these
+issues.
+
+We're going to divide the execution of an
+instruction into a sequence of steps, where
+
+each step is performed in successive stages
+of the pipeline.
+
+So it will take multiple clock cycles to execute
+an instruction as it travels through the stages
+
+of the execution pipeline.
+
+But since there are only one or two components
+in each stage of the pipeline, the clock period
+
+can be much shorter and the throughput of
+the CPU can be much higher.
+
+The increased throughput is the result of
+overlapping the execution of consecutive instructions.
+
+At any given time, there will be multiple
+instructions in the CPU, each at a different
+
+stage of its execution.
+
+The time to execute all the steps for a particular
+instruction (i.e., the instruction latency)
+
+may be somewhat higher than in our unpipelined
+implementation.
+
+But we will finish the last step of executing
+some instruction in each clock cycle, so the
+
+instruction throughput is 1 per clock cycle.
+
+And since the clock cycle of our pipelined
+CPU is quite a bit shorter, the instruction
+
+throughput is quite a bit higher.
+
+All this sounds great, but, not surprisingly,
+there are few issues we'll have to deal with.
+
+There are many ways to pipeline the execution
+of an instruction.
+
+We're going to look at the design of the classic
+5-stage instruction execution pipeline, which
+
+was widely used in the integrated circuit
+CPU designs of the 1980's.
+
+The 5 pipeline stages correspond to the steps
+of executing an instruction in a von-Neumann
+
+stored-program architecture.
+
+The first stage (IF) is responsible for fetching
+the binary-encoded instruction from the main
+
+memory location indicated by the program counter.
+
+The 32-bit instruction is passed to the register
+file stage (RF) where the required register
+
+operands are read from the register file.
+
+The operand values are passed to the ALU stage
+(ALU), which performs the requested operation.
+
+The memory stage (MEM) performs the second
+access to main memory to read or write the
+
+data for LD, LDR, or ST instructions, using
+the value from the ALU stage as the memory
+
+address.
+
+For load instructions, the output of the MEM
+stage is the read data from main memory.
+
+For all other instructions, the output of
+the MEM stage is simply the value from the
+
+ALU stage.
+
+In the final write-back stage (WB), the result
+from the earlier stages is written to the
+
+destination register in the register file.
+
+Looking at the execution path from the previous
+slide, we see that each of the main components
+
+of the unpipelined design is now in its own
+pipeline stage.
+
+So the clock period will now be determined
+by the slowest of these components.
+
+Having divided instruction execution into
+five stages, would we expect the clock period
+
+to be one fifth of its original value?
+
+Well, that would only happen if we were able
+to divide the execution so that each stage
+
+performed exactly one fifth of the total work.
+
+In real life, the major components have somewhat
+different latencies, so the improvement in
+
+instruction throughput will be a little less
+than the factor of 5 a perfect 5-stage pipeline
+
+could achieve.
+
+If we have a slow component, e.g., the ALU,
+we might choose to pipeline that component
+
+into further stages, or, interleave multiple
+ALUs to achieve the same effect.
+
+But for this lecture, we'll go with the 5-stage
+pipeline described above.
+
+So why isn't this a 20-minute lecture?
+
+After all we know how pipeline combinational
+circuits:
+
+We can build a valid k-stage pipeline by drawing
+k contours across the circuit diagram and
+
+adding a pipeline register wherever a contour
+crosses a signal.
+
+What's the big deal here?
+
+Well, is this circuit combinational?
+
+No!
+
+There's state in the registers and memories.
+
+This means that the result of executing a
+given instruction may depend on the results
+
+from earlier instructions.
+
+There are loops in the circuit where data
+from later pipeline stages affects the execution
+
+of earlier pipeline stages.
+
+For example, the write to the register file
+at the end of the WB stage will change values
+
+read from the register file in the RF stage.
+
+In other words, there are execution dependencies
+between instructions and these dependencies
+
+will need to be taken into account when we're
+trying to pipeline instruction execution.
+
+We'll be addressing these issues as we examine
+the operation of our execution pipeline.
+
+Sometimes execution of a given instruction
+will depend on the results of executing a
+
+previous instruction.
+
+Two are two types of problematic dependencies.
+
+The first, termed a data hazard, occurs when
+the execution of the current instruction depends
+
+on data produced by an earlier instruction.
+
+For example, an instruction that reads R0
+will depend on the execution of an earlier
+
+instruction that wrote R0.
+
+The second, termed a control hazard, occurs
+when a branch, jump, or exception changes
+
+the order of execution.
+
+For example, the choice of which instruction
+to execute after a BNE depends on whether
+
+the branch is taken or not.
+
+Instruction execution triggers a hazard when
+the instruction on which it depends is also
+
+in the pipeline, i.e., the earlier instruction
+hasn't finished execution!
+
+We'll need to adjust execution in our pipeline
+to avoid these hazards.
+
+Here's our plan of attack:
+We'll start by designing a 5-stage pipeline
+
+that works with sequences of instructions
+that don't trigger hazards, i.e., where instruction
+
+execution doesn't depend on earlier instructions
+still in the pipeline.
+
+Then we'll fix our pipeline to deal correctly
+with data hazards.
+
+And finally, we'll address control hazards.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IER0CBHl1qs.txt b/IER0CBHl1qs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b62d3b1d271798b833c01036cf2c8a4e9d32b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IER0CBHl1qs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about
+we're beginning to talk about models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're beginning to talk about models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're beginning to talk about models to
+explain habituation to novel stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain habituation to novel stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain habituation to novel stimuli
+habituation the orienting response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation the orienting response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation the orienting response
+and we started with talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started with talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started with talking about
+central adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central adaptation
+i described what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i described what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i described what it was
+is the most parsimonious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most parsimonious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most parsimonious
+theory where synapses become somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory where synapses become somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory where synapses become somewhat
+depressed in their normal level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed in their normal level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed in their normal level of
+functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning
+with repeated stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with repeated stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with repeated stimulation
+then they recover over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they recover over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they recover over time
+the problem is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is this
+this simple model which is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple model which is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple model which is very much
+like sensory adaptation which happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sensory adaptation which happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sensory adaptation which happens in
+reception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the platform just collapsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the platform just collapsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the platform just collapsed
+it's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right
+why don't you just move it aside there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you just move it aside there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you just move it aside there
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah just don't put it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now where was i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem with it is it can't explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with it is it can't explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with it is it can't explain
+certain things especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things especially
+time-dependent effects and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent effects and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent effects and that's what
+led eugene sokolov in russia in moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led eugene sokolov in russia in moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led eugene sokolov in russia in moscow
+to come up with a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a different kind of
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+so let's go through that theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll go through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll go through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll go through some
+evidence for these theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for these theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for these theories
+sokolov says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sokolov says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sokolov says
+that in our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our brain
+is a model of the world that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model of the world that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model of the world that represents
+the world out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world out there
+and it's always being compared with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always being compared with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always being compared with the
+perceived world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived world
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and he had distinct roles of the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had distinct roles of the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had distinct roles of the cortex
+the reticular activating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular activating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular activating system
+each having sensory inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each having sensory inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each having sensory inputs
+so let's just see he said in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just see he said in the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just see he said in the cortex
+was this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this model
+which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically
+neural circuitry that generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural circuitry that generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural circuitry that generating
+activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that
+is similar to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar to the input
+and it's compared with the input and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's compared with the input and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's compared with the input and he
+said if there's a mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if there's a mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if there's a mismatch
+the reticular activating system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular activating system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular activating system is
+activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated
+disrupts the model and changes it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the model and changes it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the model and changes it so the
+sensory input can change the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory input can change the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory input can change the model
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+it's not that dissimilar to the don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that dissimilar to the don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that dissimilar to the don
+makai dia makai's model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makai dia makai's model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makai dia makai's model
+who said that perception is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said that perception is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said that perception is a constant
+updating of that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating of that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating of that model
+this is the way suckalov drew his theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way suckalov drew his theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way suckalov drew his theory
+out i've redrawn it from one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i've redrawn it from one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i've redrawn it from one of his
+publications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publications
+he has a it's an information flow model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a it's an information flow model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a it's an information flow model
+with boxes so here's the input and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with boxes so here's the input and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with boxes so here's the input and he's
+got two outputs here orienting movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two outputs here orienting movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two outputs here orienting movements
+and general arousal the kind of arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and general arousal the kind of arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and general arousal the kind of arousal
+we were talking about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about earlier
+okay so here's this neocortex box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's this neocortex box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's this neocortex box and
+that's where there's a model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where there's a model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where there's a model of the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+here's the reticular system each have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the reticular system each have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the reticular system each have
+sensory inputs now he says that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory inputs now he says that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory inputs now he says that here
+there's a comparison process going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the input here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the input here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the input here
+doesn't match the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match the model
+okay then there's a discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that activates the reticular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activates the reticular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activates the reticular system
+which produces the heavy arrow which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produces the heavy arrow which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produces the heavy arrow which
+just represents a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just represents a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just represents a general
+widespread effect on the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread effect on the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread effect on the cortex
+basically to represent what we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to represent what we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to represent what we see in
+the eeg when there's novel stimulus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eeg when there's novel stimulus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eeg when there's novel stimulus you
+see a widespread activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a widespread activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a widespread activation
+a system-wide change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system-wide change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system-wide change
+in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+he also said that when there's a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also said that when there's a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also said that when there's a match
+not only does this not discharge but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does this not discharge but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does this not discharge but in
+fact there's inhibition of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's inhibition of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's inhibition of the input
+into the reticular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the reticular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the reticular system
+he was just postulating this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was just postulating this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was just postulating this on the
+basis of his behavioral data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of his behavioral data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of his behavioral data okay
+so it's an information flow model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an information flow model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an information flow model
+which he did try to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he did try to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he did try to relate
+to the brain stem reticular system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain stem reticular system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain stem reticular system and
+the neocortex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex okay
+put it in a little different form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a little different form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a little different form the
+way i had in lecture four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i had in lecture four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i had in lecture four
+a few of you struggled with this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of you struggled with this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of you struggled with this may
+remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it
+here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our
+straight through processing model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through processing model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through processing model which
+could be now in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be now in the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be now in the cortex
+as well as in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as in the spinal cord
+the sensory analyzers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory analyzers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory analyzers
+compare the neurons which are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the neurons which are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the neurons which are just
+interneurons in this pathway to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons in this pathway to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons in this pathway to the
+motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+lower motor mechanisms which generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower motor mechanisms which generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower motor mechanisms which generate
+the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is should be a lot bigger because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is should be a lot bigger because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is should be a lot bigger because
+that's neocortex the two major things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's neocortex the two major things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's neocortex the two major things
+going on in neocortex in very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in neocortex in very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in neocortex in very simple
+terms the imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the imaging
+and the planning parts of the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the planning parts of the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the planning parts of the cortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+this is constantly discharging to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is constantly discharging to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is constantly discharging to the
+comparator neurons all neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator neurons all neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator neurons all neurons are
+comparators in a sense comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparators in a sense comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparators in a sense comparing
+excitatory and inhibitory inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory and inhibitory inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory and inhibitory inputs
+so the mismatch then a mismatch allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mismatch then a mismatch allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mismatch then a mismatch allows
+the input to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to go through
+straight through processing dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through processing dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through processing dominates
+the response but if there's a match if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response but if there's a match if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response but if there's a match if
+the model is predicting what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is predicting what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is predicting what's happening
+then the planning mechanism is in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the planning mechanism is in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the planning mechanism is in total
+charge this pathway is inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this pathway is inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this pathway is inhibited
+this pathway activates the motor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway activates the motor system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway activates the motor system
+only if there's a mismatch do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if there's a mismatch do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if there's a mismatch do you get
+the discharge here you inhibit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discharge here you inhibit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discharge here you inhibit that
+descending projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending projection
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+reorganize the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize the model
+well horn dealt with this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well horn dealt with this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well horn dealt with this idea of
+comparison he said well that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison he said well that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison he said well that's very
+simple you can do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you can do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you can do that and
+you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need
+horn you don't need the circle of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn you don't need the circle of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn you don't need the circle of model
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+just look at the way neurons work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the way neurons work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the way neurons work
+we can draw a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a very simple
+model here with two neurons a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here with two neurons a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here with two neurons a and b
+and we'll have a neuron here that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a neuron here that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a neuron here that will
+always fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fire
+according to the difference in activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the difference in activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the difference in activity
+between a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+just look at what's happening here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at what's happening here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at what's happening here a
+stimulates the in the neuron on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates the in the neuron on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates the in the neuron on the left
+b stimulates the neuron on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b stimulates the neuron on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b stimulates the neuron on the right
+with excitatory input each neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with excitatory input each neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with excitatory input each neuron
+inhibits probably through an interneuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits probably through an interneuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits probably through an interneuron
+inhibits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits the
+other the other neuron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other neuron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other neuron okay
+so if these neurons were passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if these neurons were passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if these neurons were passing
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+doesn't happen but if there were a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen but if there were a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen but if there were a lot
+of spatial summation in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spatial summation in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spatial summation in those
+connections it could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections it could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections it could happen
+the result would be that a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would be that a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would be that a difference in
+rate of firing it between a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of firing it between a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of firing it between a and b
+would be what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what comes out
+very simple compared mechanism that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple compared mechanism that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple compared mechanism that he
+published this in nature magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this in nature magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this in nature magazine
+okay it was a big deal for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was a big deal for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was a big deal for a little
+while and people were arguing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem with horn's simple circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with horn's simple circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with horn's simple circuit
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+does it really maintain the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really maintain the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really maintain the straight
+through processing model reflex type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through processing model reflex type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through processing model reflex type of
+model well what could a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model well what could a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model well what could a and b
+correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+remember sokolov said that the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember sokolov said that the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember sokolov said that the problem
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this reflex type model has difficulty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reflex type model has difficulty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reflex type model has difficulty in
+explaining sense that with essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining sense that with essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining sense that with essential
+adaptation has difficulty in explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation has difficulty in explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation has difficulty in explaining
+temporal patterns responding selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal patterns responding selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal patterns responding selectively
+to temple patterns habituating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to temple patterns habituating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to temple patterns habituating the
+temporal pattern well a model like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal pattern well a model like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal pattern well a model like this
+of horn says nothing about that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of horn says nothing about that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of horn says nothing about that you
+still have to generate the model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to generate the model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to generate the model of the
+sensory of the temporal pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory of the temporal pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory of the temporal pattern
+doesn't solve that problem at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sokolov's information flow model also he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sokolov's information flow model also he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sokolov's information flow model also he
+doesn't make any attempt to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any attempt to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any attempt to actually
+tell you how neurons do it he just gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how neurons do it he just gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how neurons do it he just gives
+a different kind of information flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of information flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of information flow
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+of course the telling feature here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the telling feature here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the telling feature here is to
+find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+what kind of evidence is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of evidence is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of evidence is there
+which model represents more the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which model represents more the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which model represents more the way the
+brain works my argument would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain works my argument would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain works my argument would be that
+the both of them are true in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both of them are true in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both of them are true in different
+parts of the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the nervous system
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+we can look in the visual system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look in the visual system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look in the visual system in the
+superficial layers of the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layers of the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layers of the spirit
+colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus
+that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get
+input directly from the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input directly from the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input directly from the retina
+and we will find units there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will find units there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will find units there
+that show very little adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show very little adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show very little adaptation
+or habituation the novelty they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or habituation the novelty they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or habituation the novelty they just
+keep firing no matter how many times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep firing no matter how many times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep firing no matter how many times you
+give a spot of light in the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a spot of light in the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a spot of light in the little
+movement in the field they'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in the field they'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in the field they'll keep
+responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you do find neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do find neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do find neurons
+that correspond to the input side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to the input side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to the input side of
+these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models
+if you look in the deep layers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the deep layers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the deep layers of the
+colliculus spear colliculus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus spear colliculus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus spear colliculus of the
+rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit
+and this work was actually done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this work was actually done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this work was actually done by
+gabriel horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabriel horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabriel horn
+you find that neurons will habituate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that neurons will habituate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that neurons will habituate but
+they'll in habituate independently to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll in habituate independently to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll in habituate independently to
+visual auditory impact and stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the superficial layers get visual input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superficial layers get visual input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superficial layers get visual input
+but the deeper layers get auditory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the deeper layers get auditory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the deeper layers get auditory and
+submit a sensory input too so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit a sensory input too so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit a sensory input too so in the
+deep layers you get some neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep layers you get some neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep layers you get some neurons that
+respond independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond independently
+to these three kinds of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these three kinds of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these three kinds of input
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's my little cartoon of the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my little cartoon of the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my little cartoon of the neuron
+and the deep layers of the cyclist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the deep layers of the cyclist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the deep layers of the cyclist and
+it's got three kinds of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got three kinds of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got three kinds of input
+let's say we're we we're stimulating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're we we're stimulating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're we we're stimulating a
+whisker somatosensory stimulation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisker somatosensory stimulation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisker somatosensory stimulation okay
+this could be whisker stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be whisker stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be whisker stimulation
+and we stimulate repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we stimulate repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we stimulate repeatedly
+we've already mapped out the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already mapped out the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already mapped out the neurons
+responses we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses we know
+where in the visual field it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the visual field it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the visual field it will
+respond to a little moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to a little moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to a little moving
+black spot for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black spot for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black spot for example
+we know that it will respond to a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it will respond to a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it will respond to a sound
+placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed
+usually in a similar part of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in a similar part of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in a similar part of the field
+around the animal's head and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the animal's head and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the animal's head and we also
+find that it responds to the whisker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it responds to the whisker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it responds to the whisker
+that goes through that same area around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through that same area around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through that same area around
+the head okay so we stimulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head okay so we stimulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head okay so we stimulate the
+whisker repeatedly and what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisker repeatedly and what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisker repeatedly and what happens is
+that the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neuron
+fires less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires less and less
+shows habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows habituation
+okay so now the question is well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the question is well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the question is well now
+let's switch to the visual input or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch to the visual input or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch to the visual input or the
+auditory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory input
+as the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the neuron
+does neuron respond less to those also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does neuron respond less to those also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does neuron respond less to those also
+and the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is no
+it habituates only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it habituates only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it habituates only
+to one modality at a time remains fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one modality at a time remains fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one modality at a time remains fully
+maintains its full responses in this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains its full responses in this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains its full responses in this to
+the others they will independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others they will independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others they will independently
+habituate so in other words there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate so in other words there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate so in other words there's some
+kind of central adaptation going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of central adaptation going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of central adaptation going on
+before you get to that nine it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get to that nine it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get to that nine it could be
+right at that synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is why i've marked it there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why i've marked it there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why i've marked it there with
+red okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then over time it recovers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then over time it recovers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then over time it recovers and the
+neuron has its full sensitivity again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron has its full sensitivity again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron has its full sensitivity again
+that was based on unit recording from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was based on unit recording from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was based on unit recording from
+neurons in the deep layers of the rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the deep layers of the rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the deep layers of the rabbit
+colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is direct evidence that the horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is direct evidence that the horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is direct evidence that the horn
+type model certainly does happen but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type model certainly does happen but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type model certainly does happen but the
+best evidence has come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best evidence has come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best evidence has come from
+atlesia the sea slug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atlesia the sea slug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atlesia the sea slug
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the famous experiments by eric kendall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous experiments by eric kendall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous experiments by eric kendall
+and his group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his group
+at columbia where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at columbia where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at columbia where they
+recorded from an identified neuron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded from an identified neuron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded from an identified neuron and
+the pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pleasure
+worked on the pathway for the gill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the pathway for the gill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the pathway for the gill
+withdrawal reflex which is known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal reflex which is known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal reflex which is known to
+habituate and they did all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate and they did all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate and they did all the
+behavioral work on this animal too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral work on this animal too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral work on this animal too
+then they did the recording and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they did the recording and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they did the recording and then
+they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also molecular work on the neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also molecular work on the neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also molecular work on the neurons and
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+were able to localize physical changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to localize physical changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to localize physical changes
+happening right at the synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right at the synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right at the synapse
+okay on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on those
+on particular neurons identified neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on particular neurons identified neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on particular neurons identified neurons
+in application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in application
+and it fit the horn type model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+would consider that really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider that really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider that really the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration
+discovery of an actual engram the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of an actual engram the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of an actual engram the thing
+that lashley was trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lashley was trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lashley was trying to find
+the first time anybody really saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time anybody really saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time anybody really saw
+it direct evidence for a physical change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it direct evidence for a physical change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it direct evidence for a physical change
+happening that corresponds to a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that corresponds to a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that corresponds to a memory
+but it was for the simple kind of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was for the simple kind of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was for the simple kind of memory
+that we call habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about
+neocortical responses is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortical responses is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortical responses is there anything
+corresponding to the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the kinds of things
+that sukholav talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sukholav talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sukholav talked about
+frank morell many years ago before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frank morell many years ago before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frank morell many years ago before he
+had microelectrodes was studying visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had microelectrodes was studying visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had microelectrodes was studying visual
+cortex with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex with
+strobe light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe light
+he would give rhythmic flashes of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would give rhythmic flashes of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would give rhythmic flashes of light
+like three per second flashes and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three per second flashes and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three per second flashes and he
+found that he could get a three per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that he could get a three per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that he could get a three per
+second following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second following
+of that in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in the cortex
+he found he could sensitize the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found he could sensitize the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found he could sensitize the cortex
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he
+potentiated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiated it
+you know using a drug or using lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using a drug or using lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using a drug or using lesions
+around it but the point was he could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it but the point was he could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it but the point was he could get
+following in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the cortex
+of the three per second rhythm and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three per second rhythm and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three per second rhythm and then
+he did as part of his work a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did as part of his work a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did as part of his work a very simple
+thing he would suddenly switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he would suddenly switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he would suddenly switch to
+instead of bursts of three per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of bursts of three per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of bursts of three per second
+strobe lights he would give a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe lights he would give a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe lights he would give a single
+strobe flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe flash
+the cortex responded with three per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex responded with three per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex responded with three per
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+after repeated presentation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after repeated presentation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after repeated presentation of that
+stimulus it didn't last very long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus it didn't last very long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus it didn't last very long it
+would start responding at three per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start responding at three per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start responding at three per
+second and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and then
+you would get an arousal response and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get an arousal response and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get an arousal response and it
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+wipe out that response altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe out that response altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe out that response altogether
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+like sokolov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sokolov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sokolov
+would have predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sokolov himself did some physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sokolov himself did some physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sokolov himself did some physiology
+focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+hippocampus of the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus of the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus of the rat
+and he did find cells there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did find cells there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did find cells there that
+habituated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituated
+they also would discharge when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also would discharge when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also would discharge when the
+stimulus was suddenly omitted so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus was suddenly omitted so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus was suddenly omitted so they
+would respond to the absence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would respond to the absence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would respond to the absence of a
+stimulus indicating that they were tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus indicating that they were tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus indicating that they were tuned
+to novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to novelty
+not a specific stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm just noting there that all neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just noting there that all neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just noting there that all neurons
+are competitor units he called them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competitor units he called them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competitor units he called them
+comparator units but i think all neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator units but i think all neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator units but i think all neurons
+are like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like that but
+at least he found something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least he found something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least he found something that
+responded in the way his model would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded in the way his model would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded in the way his model would
+predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+and there were other scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were other scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were other scattered
+descriptions in the literature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions in the literature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions in the literature for
+example in the work of huble and weasel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the work of huble and weasel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the work of huble and weasel
+at harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at harvard
+were famous for their work on visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were famous for their work on visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were famous for their work on visual
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+unit responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit responses
+but they would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they would find
+they found units in the auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found units in the auditory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found units in the auditory cortex
+that would fire only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would fire only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would fire only
+when generally when they were novel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when generally when they were novel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when generally when they were novel but
+when the animal was paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the animal was paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the animal was paying attention
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+isn't always easy to define but as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't always easy to define but as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't always easy to define but as far
+as the behavioral evidence they had when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the behavioral evidence they had when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the behavioral evidence they had when
+they found them and they also found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found them and they also found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found them and they also found
+other people that found such things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that found such things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that found such things in
+reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation
+i think the most direct evidence we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the most direct evidence we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the most direct evidence we have
+is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still
+behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral
+there are recent studies going on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are recent studies going on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are recent studies going on that
+i'm involved in involving human imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm involved in involving human imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm involved in involving human imaging
+and so i'm just going to describe to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm just going to describe to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm just going to describe to you
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+that i've also mentioned before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've also mentioned before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've also mentioned before that
+this model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model we
+have certainly matches what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have certainly matches what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have certainly matches what we
+experience when we dream we can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience when we dream we can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience when we dream we can generate
+an entire world for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire world for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire world for those of you who
+have had hypnagogic imagery you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had hypnagogic imagery you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had hypnagogic imagery you know how
+very realistic that image of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very realistic that image of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very realistic that image of the world
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the imaging studies that i most that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaging studies that i most that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaging studies that i most that are
+most relevant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most relevant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most relevant here
+we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+visual persistence phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual persistence phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual persistence phenomena
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let me just describe it to you and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just describe it to you and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just describe it to you and while
+i'm starting to do that i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm starting to do that i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm starting to do that i'm going to
+pass out some cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass out some cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass out some cards
+because i'm going to give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm going to give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm going to give you a little
+test survey actually it's not an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test survey actually it's not an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test survey actually it's not an exam
+i just want to collect some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to collect some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to collect some information
+about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you
+let me describe to you what i kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe to you what i kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe to you what i kinds of
+things i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i see
+in in my imaging abilities so i'm one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in my imaging abilities so i'm one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in my imaging abilities so i'm one of
+the subjects of these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subjects of these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subjects of these experiments
+because i have this ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i have this ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i have this ability
+i'm looking at you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at you here
+let's say i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i'm
+walking this way and i'm looking over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking this way and i'm looking over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking this way and i'm looking over
+there and you're sort of flowing past me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you're sort of flowing past me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you're sort of flowing past me
+if i shut my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i shut my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i shut my eyes
+i keep seeing you and you keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep seeing you and you keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep seeing you and you keep moving
+you move in the predicted way not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move in the predicted way not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move in the predicted way not it's
+not a memory in the sense that it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a memory in the sense that it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a memory in the sense that it's what
+i just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just saw
+it's what i'm about to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what i'm about to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what i'm about to see
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+if something's moving towards me and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's moving towards me and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's moving towards me and i
+close my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close my eyes
+the image i see of you with my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image i see of you with my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image i see of you with my eyes
+closed keeps getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed keeps getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed keeps getting bigger
+it expands uh it's a predicted image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expands uh it's a predicted image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expands uh it's a predicted image
+it's also of course based on memory now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also of course based on memory now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also of course based on memory now
+in addition i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition i can
+pull up memory images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up memory images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up memory images
+things i recently saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i recently saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i recently saw
+i can look at you and close my eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can look at you and close my eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can look at you and close my eyes and
+i remember particular ones of you i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember particular ones of you i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember particular ones of you i
+could describe it in some detail it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could describe it in some detail it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could describe it in some detail it's
+identic only for a very brief time i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identic only for a very brief time i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identic only for a very brief time i'm
+not an identical in the usual sense this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an identical in the usual sense this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an identical in the usual sense this
+is a something that has not been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a something that has not been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a something that has not been studied
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to
+find out if anybody in the class has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out if anybody in the class has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out if anybody in the class has
+something resembling this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something resembling this so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something resembling this so this is
+what i would like you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would like you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would like you to do
+does everybody have the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody have the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody have the card
+i have more here if you need them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have more here if you need them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have more here if you need them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+first watch me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first watch me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first watch me do it
+and then you just try something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just try something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just try something similar
+what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and take out my pen here and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take out my pen here and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take out my pen here and i'm going
+to put a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a small
+letter on it very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter on it very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter on it very distinct
+i've put the letter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've put the letter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've put the letter a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so do that it doesn't have to be an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do that it doesn't have to be an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do that it doesn't have to be an a
+but something that has a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something that has a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something that has a clear
+orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation
+don't put an o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put an o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put an o
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+something with a clear up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a clear up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a clear up and down
+at least different in the top and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least different in the top and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least different in the top and bottom
+so that's why i use the a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why i use the a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why i use the a okay
+now here's what i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's what i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's what i do
+i hope that it works best if it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that it works best if it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that it works best if it's in a
+high contrast background the chairs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high contrast background the chairs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high contrast background the chairs will
+do or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or
+the blackboard would be good if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blackboard would be good if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blackboard would be good if i
+remove the screen maybe i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give you a darker background there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a darker background there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a darker background there
+the mountains of southern china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountains of southern china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountains of southern china
+okay now if you get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you get uh
+what i want you to do is hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do is hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do is hold that
+someplace where even the wall over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace where even the wall over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace where even the wall over there
+works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well
+okay and fixate it for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and fixate it for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and fixate it for a little while
+shut your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut your eyes
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+first of all when you shut your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all when you shut your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all when you shut your eyes
+can you still see the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you still see the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you still see the card
+not just know that it's there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just know that it's there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just know that it's there but
+actually see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it
+don't have to tell me i just want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to tell me i just want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to tell me i just want you to
+record now if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record now if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record now if you don't
+try opening your eyes again and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try opening your eyes again and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try opening your eyes again and looking
+at it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it through
+invigorate that image in your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and try it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now watch what i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now watch what i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now watch what i do
+i'm going to do this i'm going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do this i'm going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do this i'm going to look
+at that i close my eyes i see the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that i close my eyes i see the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that i close my eyes i see the card
+now i'm going to rotate at 90 degrees my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to rotate at 90 degrees my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to rotate at 90 degrees my
+eyes are still shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you see when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see when you do that
+of course if you don't see it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you don't see it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you don't see it at all
+it's a little hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little hard
+and many of you won't see it but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you won't see it but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you won't see it but if you
+do it a number of times some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it a number of times some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it a number of times some of you
+might start seeing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then when you rotate it do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you rotate it do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you rotate it do you see
+the card rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card rotate
+and what happens to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm more i'm not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm more i'm not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm more i'm not interested in
+i'm only interested in what you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only interested in what you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only interested in what you actually
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+and and the phenomenon so i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the phenomenon so i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the phenomenon so i want you to
+write on the back of the card what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the back of the card what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the back of the card what you
+actually see i can tell you what i see i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see i can tell you what i see i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see i can tell you what i see i
+see the card rotate but the a doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the card rotate but the a doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the card rotate but the a doesn't
+rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate
+if i make the a really big it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i make the a really big it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i make the a really big it will
+rotate but the small a doesn't rotate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate but the small a doesn't rotate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate but the small a doesn't rotate if
+i have a face on there the little face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a face on there the little face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a face on there the little face
+of a person same thing i'll rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a person same thing i'll rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a person same thing i'll rotate it
+but the face generally stays upright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the face generally stays upright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the face generally stays upright
+obviously it's being handled differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's being handled differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's being handled differently
+in different parts of the brain and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the brain and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the brain and i'm
+aware of the activity in different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the activity in different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the activity in different parts
+of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain
+why that is i can talk about in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is i can talk about in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is i can talk about in a minute
+but what i want you to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want you to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want you to do is just
+write on the back of the card i saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the back of the card i saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the back of the card i saw
+nothing you're crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you're crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you're crazy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why are you putting us through this i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you putting us through this i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you putting us through this i i
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+the blood vessels in my retina in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood vessels in my retina in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood vessels in my retina in my
+retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+i saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw
+a vague looking rectangle that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vague looking rectangle that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vague looking rectangle that looked
+like a ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a ghost
+and i couldn't see the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i couldn't see the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i couldn't see the a
+or you might see the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might see the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might see the a
+and then you describe what happens to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you describe what happens to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you describe what happens to it
+when you rotate the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's dozens and dozens and dozens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dozens and dozens and dozens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dozens and dozens and dozens of
+experiments to do on this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to do on this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to do on this if you
+discover you have the phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover you have the phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover you have the phenomenon
+some people i find they think they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people i find they think they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people i find they think they don't
+have it but when i encourage them enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it but when i encourage them enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it but when i encourage them enough
+and try various things with them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try various things with them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try various things with them they
+start to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see it
+i actually think this is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually think this is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually think this is something we
+all have but many of us are simply not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have but many of us are simply not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have but many of us are simply not
+aware of it i may have become aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it i may have become aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it i may have become aware of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i
+i have diabetes and i have to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have diabetes and i have to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have diabetes and i have to be aware
+of my internal states my blood sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my internal states my blood sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my internal states my blood sugar
+levels and i had to do that for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and i had to do that for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and i had to do that for many
+many years without a tester now i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years without a tester now i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years without a tester now i have
+the tester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tester
+and i thought that was a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought that was a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought that was a really good
+theory until i found out that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory until i found out that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory until i found out that my
+daughter can do it too and she doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter can do it too and she doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter can do it too and she doesn't
+have diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diabetes
+so there may be a genetic component here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may be a genetic component here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may be a genetic component here
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+okay my son also could do it when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my son also could do it when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my son also could do it when he was
+young but he can't anymore now he says i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young but he can't anymore now he says i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young but he can't anymore now he says i
+see black what are you talking about ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see black what are you talking about ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see black what are you talking about ed
+but anyway try that write down on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway try that write down on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway try that write down on the
+back what you see i will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what you see i will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what you see i will be very
+interested in knowing and i will let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing and i will let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing and i will let the
+class know after i go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the phenomenon with the static images is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon with the static images is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon with the static images is
+what we originally called visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we originally called visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we originally called visual
+persistence because people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence because people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence because people that have
+that have a positive after image it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a positive after image it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a positive after image it's
+not retinal it's very easy to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not retinal it's very easy to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not retinal it's very easy to show that
+it's not retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generated
+somewhere in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the brain
+and in fact there's evidence that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there's evidence that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there's evidence that it's
+generated in many different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in many different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in many different areas
+because i i can be aware of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i i can be aware of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i i can be aware of different
+kinds of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i can talk a little more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can talk a little more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can talk a little more about this
+if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested
+but right now i just want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now i just want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now i just want to know what
+you actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually see
+if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to help me collect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh could you put your name if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh could you put your name if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh could you put your name if you don't
+mind because if you have it or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because if you have it or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because if you have it or something
+interesting i will talk to you further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting i will talk to you further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting i will talk to you further
+about it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it okay
+otherwise if you don't i'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if you don't i'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if you don't i'll have to
+quote the card and find you and that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the card and find you and that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the card and find you and that'll
+be hard so be useful to me if i add your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard so be useful to me if i add your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard so be useful to me if i add your
+name also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can tell you we have surveyed classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell you we have surveyed classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell you we have surveyed classes
+before and we've had we've not been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we've had we've not been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we've had we've not been very
+successful at finding people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful at finding people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful at finding people that have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+these imaging abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i by the way grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i by the way grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i by the way grew up
+as a child thinking everyone could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a child thinking everyone could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a child thinking everyone could do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+it came as a great shock to me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came as a great shock to me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came as a great shock to me to
+discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+that most people cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have also discovered that people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also discovered that people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also discovered that people that
+take a morphine like a morphine drug for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a morphine like a morphine drug for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a morphine like a morphine drug for
+killing pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing pain
+seems to have this ability sensitized at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have this ability sensitized at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have this ability sensitized at
+least in the case we only have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the case we only have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the case we only have a few
+people so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so far
+but it seems to enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to enhance
+the awareness of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the awareness of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the awareness of these
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+short-term visual memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term visual memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term visual memories
+at least at least the memory part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i discovered i i became convinced about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i discovered i i became convinced about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i discovered i i became convinced about
+the predictive nature of it when i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictive nature of it when i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictive nature of it when i went
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+performance of the boston valet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the boston valet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the boston valet
+watch the dancers very high contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the dancers very high contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the dancers very high contrast
+with a spotlight on them with a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a spotlight on them with a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a spotlight on them with a dark
+background i could shut my eyes and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background i could shut my eyes and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background i could shut my eyes and i
+would see the movements continue if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the movements continue if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the movements continue if they
+were running across the stage i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running across the stage i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running across the stage i would
+see them continue and this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them continue and this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them continue and this could be
+repeated dozens of times if i would open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated dozens of times if i would open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated dozens of times if i would open
+my eyes i would find out that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my eyes i would find out that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my eyes i would find out that they
+weren't always where i thought they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't always where i thought they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't always where i thought they were
+because i couldn't predict perfectly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i couldn't predict perfectly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i couldn't predict perfectly you
+know what the dance would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you very much i will let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much i will let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much i will let you know
+what turns out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we're going to leave that model there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to leave that model there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to leave that model there
+in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's
+little bits and pieces of evidence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits and pieces of evidence from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits and pieces of evidence from
+neural recording studies that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural recording studies that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural recording studies that do
+indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate
+other evidence for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other evidence for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other evidence for this kind of
+model what we would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what we would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what we would like to do
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we only have three subjects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have three subjects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have three subjects in the
+boston area and one out in amherst now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston area and one out in amherst now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston area and one out in amherst now
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we'd like to find more people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to find more people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to find more people that have
+it we'd like to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'd like to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'd like to do some
+magnetoencephalography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetoencephalography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetoencephalography
+that does not involve a magnet just high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not involve a magnet just high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not involve a magnet just high
+implicate high amplification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnetic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic uh
+waves from the brain and it's like eeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves from the brain and it's like eeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves from the brain and it's like eeg
+but we have a good mag machine at mit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a good mag machine at mit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a good mag machine at mit so
+i'll be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be working with
+paul and sinha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul and sinha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul and sinha
+and i may be doing also some work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i may be doing also some work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i may be doing also some work with
+chris moore because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chris moore because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chris moore because
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+if someone puts an object in my hand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone puts an object in my hand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone puts an object in my hand so
+i get the semi-sensory image i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get the semi-sensory image i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get the semi-sensory image i
+immediately see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see something
+i i see what i'm touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i see what i'm touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i see what i'm touching
+i should it would be another test but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should it would be another test but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should it would be another test but i
+wanted to limit the survey today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to limit the survey today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to limit the survey today to
+just the first part okay visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first part okay visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first part okay visual system
+we have time to get started with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time to get started with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time to get started with this
+i'm going to tell you first about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to tell you first about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to tell you first about
+ablation studies i will not get finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablation studies i will not get finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablation studies i will not get finished
+with this today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this today
+but i will take up and take it up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will take up and take it up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will take up and take it up again
+after i return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i return
+we'll do a little bit of neuroanatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little bit of neuroanatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little bit of neuroanatomy
+not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+some simple phylogenetic comparisons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple phylogenetic comparisons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple phylogenetic comparisons and
+then i'm going to talk today about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to talk today about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to talk today about
+residual vision after the primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual vision after the primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual vision after the primary visual
+cortex that receives the projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex that receives the projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex that receives the projections
+from the lateral geniculate body in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lateral geniculate body in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lateral geniculate body in the
+thalamus is ablated completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus is ablated completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus is ablated completely
+wiped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out
+and then later i'll get to these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later i'll get to these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later i'll get to these other
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+but not today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not today
+okay this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a schmutu diagram that shows the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schmutu diagram that shows the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schmutu diagram that shows the retina
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the representation of a retinal neuron a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation of a retinal neuron a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation of a retinal neuron a
+retinal ganglion cell with an axons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal ganglion cell with an axons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal ganglion cell with an axons that
+project this represents a group of axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project this represents a group of axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project this represents a group of axons
+and it represents it projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it represents it projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it represents it projects to
+multiple structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple structures
+here i've outlined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've outlined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've outlined it
+the main optic tract goes to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main optic tract goes to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main optic tract goes to the two
+geniculate bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate bodies
+with branches that go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with branches that go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with branches that go into the
+geniculate bodies ending in little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate bodies ending in little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate bodies ending in little
+columns of termination and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of termination and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of termination and then it goes
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the pre-tactile area here and the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-tactile area here and the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-tactile area here and the spirit
+colliculus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we call that the main object track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we call that the main object track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we call that the main object track
+in addition there's little side branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition there's little side branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition there's little side branches
+we call the accessory optic track that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the accessory optic track that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the accessory optic track that
+go to other structures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to other structures okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to other structures okay
+and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before
+they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get
+very far at all in the brain there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far at all in the brain there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far at all in the brain there's a
+connection right at the base right above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection right at the base right above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection right at the base right above
+the where the many of the accents cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the many of the accents cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the many of the accents cross
+to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side
+that nucleus we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nucleus we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nucleus we already talked about
+suprachiasmatic nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suprachiasmatic nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suprachiasmatic nucleus
+often abbreviated scn but i abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated scn but i abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated scn but i abbreviated
+sch because ch is a common abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sch because ch is a common abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sch because ch is a common abbreviation
+for the chiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the chiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the chiasm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i've noted what the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've noted what the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've noted what the various
+structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we're concerned with retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concerned with retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concerned with retina
+lateral geniculate body initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral geniculate body initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral geniculate body initially
+later we'll be talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we'll be talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we'll be talking about the
+superior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior colliculus
+these are the two quantitatively the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two quantitatively the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two quantitatively the two
+largest structures that receive retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest structures that receive retinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest structures that receive retinal
+projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the geniculate body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geniculate body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geniculate body
+projects to the visual cortex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember the diagrams we looked at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the diagrams we looked at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the diagrams we looked at once
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain
+a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection
+the projection to this structure at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection to this structure at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection to this structure at the
+roof of the midbrain if you do a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof of the midbrain if you do a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof of the midbrain if you do a cross
+section you cut like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you cut like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you cut like that
+through the middle of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the midbrain
+in the rodent you see the superficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rodent you see the superficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rodent you see the superficial
+layers of the colliculus standing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the colliculus standing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the colliculus standing out
+even with a simple cell or fiber stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a simple cell or fiber stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a simple cell or fiber stain
+but if you do it experimentally you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it experimentally you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it experimentally you can
+trace the retinal projections just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the retinal projections just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the retinal projections just to
+those superficial layers the human has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those superficial layers the human has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those superficial layers the human has a
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure at the roof of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at the roof of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at the roof of the midbrain
+the superior colliculus even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superior colliculus even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superior colliculus even though the
+colliculus is relatively much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus is relatively much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus is relatively much smaller
+in the human brain in absolute terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human brain in absolute terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human brain in absolute terms
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other animals have a much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals have a much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals have a much larger
+spirit colliculus you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit colliculus you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit colliculus you see the
+superficial layer how big they are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layer how big they are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layer how big they are a
+much bigger representation of the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger representation of the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger representation of the retina
+than in the midbrain in animals like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the midbrain in animals like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the midbrain in animals like the
+tree shore the squirrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree shore the squirrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree shore the squirrel
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is a textbook picture and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a textbook picture and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a textbook picture and some of
+you have seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen these
+there's one like that in your textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one like that in your textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one like that in your textbook
+here they've divided up the field this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they've divided up the field this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they've divided up the field this
+is the visual field sort of coded for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the visual field sort of coded for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the visual field sort of coded for
+the area of binocular vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of binocular vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of binocular vision
+with the darker colors and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the darker colors and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the darker colors and then the
+lighter colors here the areas of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter colors here the areas of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter colors here the areas of the
+visual field you see only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field you see only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field you see only with
+the eye on that side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye on that side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye on that side
+if you're fixating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're fixating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're fixating
+the center right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center right there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here it's showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's showing
+if you're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing that
+here's where it is on the in the retinas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where it is on the in the retinas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where it is on the in the retinas
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here it's going through the lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it's going through the lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it's going through the lens and
+being projected on the eyeball the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being projected on the eyeball the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being projected on the eyeball the back
+of the eyeball these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eyeball these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eyeball these are
+these are the eyeballs underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the eyeballs underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the eyeballs underneath the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it shows
+color-coded again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded again
+the axons from the two halves right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons from the two halves right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons from the two halves right and
+left halves of the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left halves of the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left halves of the retina
+temporal and nasal halves projecting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal and nasal halves projecting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal and nasal halves projecting in
+an organized fashion to the geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organized fashion to the geniculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organized fashion to the geniculate
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+and some of them going on to the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them going on to the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them going on to the spirit
+liticulus the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liticulus the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liticulus the midbrain
+and then the geniculate body has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the geniculate body has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the geniculate body has an
+organized projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized projection
+the optic radiations we call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic radiations we call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic radiations we call that the
+radiations going from the geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiations going from the geniculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiations going from the geniculate
+body radiating through the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiating through the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiating through the internal
+capsule and going up to the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule and going up to the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule and going up to the visual
+cortex at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex at the very
+caudal end the occipital area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal end the occipital area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal end the occipital area
+of the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neocortex
+and here at the bottom they show on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here at the bottom they show on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here at the bottom they show on the
+if you were looking for a meat taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were looking for a meat taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were looking for a meat taking a
+medial view of the hemisphere where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial view of the hemisphere where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial view of the hemisphere where you
+would see that cortex and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that cortex and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that cortex and they're just
+showing the topographic representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the topographic representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the topographic representation
+of the retinas there in the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the retinas there in the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the retinas there in the visual
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+okay so what they're doing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they're doing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they're doing then
+take our green pen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our green pen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our green pen here
+this would be the optic radiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the optic radiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the optic radiations
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+axons like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons like that
+okay going up to the visual cortex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay going up to the visual cortex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay going up to the visual cortex or
+area 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area 17
+you see they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see they come
+out of the thalamus through the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the thalamus through the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the thalamus through the internal
+capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule
+which goes through the corpus triadum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes through the corpus triadum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes through the corpus triadum
+okay and then up into the white matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then up into the white matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then up into the white matter
+of the cortex and if they're coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cortex and if they're coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cortex and if they're coming from
+geniculate body they're reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body they're reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body they're reaching
+almost all of them reach area 17.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you know other things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know other things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know other things happen
+after that there's some further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that there's some further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that there's some further
+projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+cortex projects to other cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex projects to other cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex projects to other cortical
+regions grant those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions grant those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions grant those are called
+transcortical projections of major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical projections of major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical projections of major
+importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+higher primates especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher primates especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher primates especially
+basically the larger brain animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the larger brain animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the larger brain animals and
+the smarter animals it's the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smarter animals it's the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smarter animals it's the one thing
+that's probably correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably correlated with
+intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence
+ins of compared to comparing across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins of compared to comparing across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins of compared to comparing across
+species the number of cortical cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the number of cortical cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the number of cortical cortical
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk about the primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about the primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about the primary visual
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew
+a long time ago that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago that people
+that have damage in the back of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have damage in the back of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have damage in the back of their
+head here and it damages the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head here and it damages the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head here and it damages the cortex
+the very cobbled pole of the brain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very cobbled pole of the brain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very cobbled pole of the brain here
+can experience a kind of blindness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can experience a kind of blindness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can experience a kind of blindness that
+they call cortical blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call cortical blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call cortical blindness
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if they have damage to let's say just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have damage to let's say just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have damage to let's say just
+the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side
+of the strike cortex and not the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strike cortex and not the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strike cortex and not the left
+they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+have this blindness in the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this blindness in the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this blindness in the left half
+of the visual field and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the visual field and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the visual field and it doesn't
+matter which eye they're looking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which eye they're looking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which eye they're looking with
+they won't see things to the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't see things to the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't see things to the left of the
+fixation point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they do have some residual vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have some residual vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have some residual vision
+they have a sense of light and dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a sense of light and dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a sense of light and dark
+they can tell differences in brightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can tell differences in brightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can tell differences in brightness
+but according to all the early studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but according to all the early studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but according to all the early studies
+they had null spatial vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had null spatial vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had null spatial vision
+and it was studied formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was studied formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was studied formally
+by this man university of chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this man university of chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this man university of chicago
+heinrich clover in formal studies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heinrich clover in formal studies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heinrich clover in formal studies of the
+monkey using a visual discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey using a visual discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey using a visual discrimination
+testing apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing apparatus
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he would have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would have them
+see two stimuli attached to strings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two stimuli attached to strings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two stimuli attached to strings and
+they had to learn to pull one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to learn to pull one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to learn to pull one of them
+towards them in order to get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards them in order to get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards them in order to get their
+peanut or raisin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peanut or raisin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peanut or raisin
+and he formalized this procedure and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he formalized this procedure and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he formalized this procedure and was
+able to get good visual discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get good visual discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get good visual discrimination
+performance in normal monkeys but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in normal monkeys but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in normal monkeys but if
+they were missing strike cortex he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were missing strike cortex he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were missing strike cortex he said
+that all spatial aspects of vision are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all spatial aspects of vision are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all spatial aspects of vision are
+abolished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolished
+they can't see even simple shapes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't see even simple shapes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't see even simple shapes and
+patterns they can't tell if something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns they can't tell if something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns they can't tell if something's
+oriented vertically or horizontally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented vertically or horizontally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented vertically or horizontally
+something as simple as that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rat studies were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat studies were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat studies were done
+by carl lashley many of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by carl lashley many of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by carl lashley many of the early
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+he also claimed that the rats lost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also claimed that the rats lost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also claimed that the rats lost all
+pattern vision they retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern vision they retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern vision they retained
+discrimination of light and dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination of light and dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination of light and dark
+so it basically everything was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it basically everything was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it basically everything was in
+agreement the human studies match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement the human studies match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement the human studies match the
+monkey studies match the rat studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey studies match the rat studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey studies match the rat studies and
+people were quite happy with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they weren't aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't aware
+that there were some discrepancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were some discrepancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were some discrepancies
+i found them because i could read german
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found them because i could read german
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found them because i could read german
+and when i was a graduate student here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i was a graduate student here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i was a graduate student here i
+found this study of rabbits a study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this study of rabbits a study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this study of rabbits a study that
+was completely ignored it was a study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completely ignored it was a study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completely ignored it was a study in
+the 1930s rabbits with visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s rabbits with visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s rabbits with visual cortex
+ablation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+animals without the visual cortex if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals without the visual cortex if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals without the visual cortex if you
+just show them food you're not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show them food you're not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show them food you're not making
+any noise they're way out in a pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any noise they're way out in a pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any noise they're way out in a pen
+someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace
+they would see the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would see the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would see the motion
+or see the food and they would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or see the food and they would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or see the food and they would come
+running for it and they would run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running for it and they would run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running for it and they would run
+accurately to the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately to the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately to the right place
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it was considered informal evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was considered informal evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was considered informal evidence that
+was a time when there had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time when there had been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time when there had been a
+reaction against any kind of clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction against any kind of clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction against any kind of clinical
+type data you had to have formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type data you had to have formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type data you had to have formal
+organized tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized tests
+quantitative measures and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measures and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measures and so forth so
+people stopped reading this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stopped reading this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stopped reading this kind of
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+i didn't i found out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't i found out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't i found out that
+it's got to have some explanation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have some explanation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have some explanation what
+they're seeing the rabbit obviously has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're seeing the rabbit obviously has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're seeing the rabbit obviously has
+spatial vision and maybe clueless was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial vision and maybe clueless was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial vision and maybe clueless was
+wrong i was a young graduate student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong i was a young graduate student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong i was a young graduate student and
+i like to think that maybe some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to think that maybe some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to think that maybe some people
+were just plain wrong okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just plain wrong okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just plain wrong okay
+and i went ahead to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i went ahead to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i went ahead to prove that
+and that led to could you wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to could you wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to could you wait a minute
+we've got a little more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a little more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a little more time
+so i then worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i then worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i then worked on
+a study of visual cortex ablation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study of visual cortex ablation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study of visual cortex ablation
+and i also made sphere calculus ablation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i also made sphere calculus ablation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i also made sphere calculus ablation
+using the hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the hamster
+and i was able to create a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was able to create a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was able to create a double
+dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+animals without the visual cortex indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals without the visual cortex indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals without the visual cortex indeed
+were like lashley said they couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like lashley said they couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like lashley said they couldn't do
+even something as simple as horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even something as simple as horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even something as simple as horizontal
+and vertical stripes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vertical stripes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vertical stripes but
+they could turn and orient they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could turn and orient they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could turn and orient they could
+localize things hamsters love sunflower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize things hamsters love sunflower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize things hamsters love sunflower
+seeds as soon as they see little motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds as soon as they see little motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds as soon as they see little motion
+of the sunflower seed they will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sunflower seed they will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sunflower seed they will turn
+towards it and they could within a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards it and they could within a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards it and they could within a week
+after a visual cortex solution these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a visual cortex solution these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a visual cortex solution these
+hamsters could do that they recovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters could do that they recovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters could do that they recovered
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that spatial vision in my to my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spatial vision in my to my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spatial vision in my to my mind
+i looked back in the literature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i looked back in the literature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i looked back in the literature and
+found only one cat study where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found only one cat study where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found only one cat study where they
+had made visual cortex ablation and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had made visual cortex ablation and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had made visual cortex ablation and had
+looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked
+at various informal tests and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various informal tests and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various informal tests and they also
+found some orienting it was in fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found some orienting it was in fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found some orienting it was in fine
+print was ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print was ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print was ignored
+i decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i decided
+not to ignore it anymore and i basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to ignore it anymore and i basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to ignore it anymore and i basically
+formalized a little bit that studied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalized a little bit that studied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalized a little bit that studied the
+tests of orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of orienting
+and then i found that if i made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i found that if i made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i found that if i made
+colliculus lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus lesions
+i got an opposite type of thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got an opposite type of thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got an opposite type of thing they
+couldn't orient at all they acted like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't orient at all they acted like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't orient at all they acted like
+they were totally blind when i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were totally blind when i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were totally blind when i showed
+them food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them food
+tried to get them to find anything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to get them to find anything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to get them to find anything they
+would wander around like they were blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wander around like they were blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wander around like they were blind
+and yet in a formal testing situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet in a formal testing situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet in a formal testing situation
+if they didn't have to orient to a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they didn't have to orient to a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they didn't have to orient to a door
+where the patterns were placed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the patterns were placed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the patterns were placed they
+could actually tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually tell the difference
+if i only required them to say sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i only required them to say sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i only required them to say sort of
+yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no
+to a pattern they could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pattern they could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pattern they could do it
+so the response i was using made a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the response i was using made a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the response i was using made a huge
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+okay and this is the way i interpret it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the way i interpret it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the way i interpret it
+here's the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the retina
+coming to the thalamus genicular body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the thalamus genicular body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the thalamus genicular body
+which goes to the cortex into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes to the cortex into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes to the cortex into the
+colliculus and i said that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus and i said that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus and i said that these
+through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these
+intermediaries go to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries go to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries go to different
+subsystems of motor control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems of motor control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems of motor control
+see i came with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i came with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i came with
+physics training and an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics training and an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics training and an engineering
+background and so i didn't think like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and so i didn't think like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and so i didn't think like a
+psychologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist
+and i had a big advantage there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i had a big advantage there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i had a big advantage there
+i i could see that if you thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i could see that if you thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i could see that if you thought of
+just the connections and forgot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the connections and forgot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the connections and forgot about
+what this animal was conscious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this animal was conscious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this animal was conscious of
+you could interpret it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could interpret it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could interpret it this way
+two different output control systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different output control systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different output control systems
+in the nervous system and that led to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system and that led to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system and that led to a
+whole series of new studies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series of new studies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series of new studies on the
+monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey
+and we are going to we'll start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to we'll start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to we'll start by
+talking about that when we come back but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that when we come back but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that when we come back but
+jordan you wanted to where are you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Iu4xTLKcbPo.txt b/Iu4xTLKcbPo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6fcc12dea503948bf21da90799ed0fd1247eea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Iu4xTLKcbPo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1855 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I want to pick up
+with a little bit of overlap
+
+just to remind people
+where we were.
+
+We had been looking at
+clustering, and we looked at a
+
+fairly simple example of using
+agglomerative hierarchical
+
+clustering to cluster cities,
+based upon how far apart they
+
+were from each other cities.
+
+So, essentially, using this
+distance matrix, we could do a
+
+clustering that would
+reflect how close
+
+cities were to one another.
+
+And we went through a
+agglomerative clustering, and
+
+we saw that we would get a
+different answer, depending
+
+upon which linkage criterion
+we used.
+
+This is an important issue
+because as one is using
+
+clustering, one what has to be
+aware that it is related to
+
+these things, and you choose the
+wrong linkage criterion,
+
+you might get an answer other
+than the most useful.
+
+All right.
+
+I next went on and said, well,
+this is pretty easy, because
+
+when we're comparing the
+distance between two cities or
+
+the two features, we just
+subtract one distance from the
+
+other and we get a number.
+
+It's very straightforward.
+
+I then raised the question,
+suppose when we looked at
+
+cities, we looked at a more
+complicated way of looking at
+
+them than airline distance.
+
+So the first question, I said,
+well, suppose in addition to
+
+the distance by air, we add the
+distance by road, or the
+
+average temperature.
+
+Pick what you will.
+
+What do we do?
+
+Well, the answer was we start by
+generalizing from a feature
+
+being a single number to the
+notion of a feature vector,
+
+where the features used to
+describe the city are now
+
+represented by a vector,
+typically of numbers.
+
+If the vectors are all in the
+same physical units, we could
+
+easily imagine how we might
+compare two vectors.
+
+So we might, for example, we
+look at the Euclidean distance
+
+between the two just by,
+say, subtracting one
+
+vector from the other.
+
+However, if we think about
+that, it can be pretty
+
+misleading because, for example,
+when we look at a
+
+city, one element of the vector
+represents the distance
+
+in miles from another city,
+or in fact this case, the
+
+distance in miles
+to each city.
+
+And another represents
+temperatures.
+
+Well, it's kind of funny to
+compare distance, which might
+
+be thousands of miles,
+with the temperature
+
+which might be 5 degrees.
+
+A 5 degree difference in average
+temperature could be
+
+significant.
+
+Certainly a 20 degree difference
+in temperature is
+
+very significant, but a 20 mile
+difference in location
+
+might not be very significant.
+
+And so to equally weight a 20
+degree temperature difference
+
+and at 20 miles distance
+difference might give us a
+
+very peculiar answer.
+
+And so we have to think about
+the question of, how are we
+
+going to scale the elements
+of the vectors?
+
+Even if we're in the same
+units, say inches,
+
+it can be an issue.
+
+So let's look at this example.
+
+Here I've got on the left,
+before scaling, something
+
+which we can say is in inches,
+height and width.
+
+This is not from a person, but
+you could imagine if you were
+
+trying to cluster people, and
+you measured their height in
+
+inches and their width in
+inches, maybe you don't want
+
+to treat them equally.
+
+Right?
+
+But there's a lot more variance
+in height than in
+
+width, or maybe there is
+and maybe there isn't.
+
+So here on the left we don't
+have any scaling, and we see a
+
+very natural clustering.
+
+On the other hand, we notice on
+the y-axis the values range
+
+from not too far from 0
+to not too far from 1.
+
+Whereas on the x-axis, the
+dynamic range is much less,
+
+not too far from 0 to not
+too far from 1/2.
+
+So we have twice the dynamic
+range here than we have here.
+
+Therefore, not surprisingly,
+when we end up doing the
+
+clustering, width plays
+a very important role.
+
+And we end up clustering
+it this way,
+
+dividing it along here.
+
+On the other hand, if I take
+exactly the same data and
+
+scale it, and now the x-axis
+runs from 0 to 1/2 and the
+
+y-axis, roughly again, from 0
+to 1, we see that suddenly
+
+when we look at it
+geometrically, we end up
+
+getting a very different
+look of clustering.
+
+What's the moral?
+
+The moral is you have to think
+hard about how to cluster your
+
+features, about how to scale
+your features, because it can
+
+have a dramatic influence
+on your answer.
+
+We'll see some real life
+examples of this shortly.
+
+But these are all the important
+things to think
+
+about, and they all, in some
+sense, tie up into the same
+
+major point.
+
+Whenever you're doing any kind
+of learning, including
+
+clustering, feature, selection,
+
+and scaling is critical.
+
+It is where most of the thinking
+ends up going.
+
+And then the rest gets to
+be fairly mechanical.
+
+How do we decide what features
+to use and how to scale them?
+
+We do that using domain
+knowledge.
+
+So we actually have to think
+about the objects that we're
+
+trying to learn about and what
+the objective of the learning
+
+process is.
+
+So continuing, how do
+we do the scaling?
+
+Most of the time, it's done
+using some variant of what's
+
+called the Minkowski metric.
+
+It's not nearly as imposing
+as it looks.
+
+So the distance between two
+vectors, X1 and X2, and then
+
+we use p to talk about,
+essentially, the degree we're
+
+going to be using.
+
+So we take the absolute
+difference between each
+
+element of X1 and X2, raise it
+to the p-th power, sum them
+
+and then take the 1 over p.
+
+Not very complicated,
+so let's say p is 2.
+
+That's the one you people
+are most familiar with.
+
+Effectively, all we're
+doing is getting
+
+the Euclidean distance.
+
+What we looked at when we looked
+at the mean squared
+
+distance between two things,
+between our errors and our
+
+measured data, between our
+measured data and our
+
+predicted data.
+
+We used the mean square error.
+
+That's essentially in Minkowski
+distance with p
+
+equal to 2.
+
+That's probably the most
+commonly used, but an almost
+
+equally commonly used sets
+p equal to 1, and that's
+
+something called the
+Manhattan distance.
+
+I suspect at least some of you
+have spent time walking around
+
+Manhattan, a small but densely
+populated island in New York.
+
+And midtown Manhattan has
+the feature that it's
+
+laid out in a grid.
+
+So what you have is a grid,
+and you have the avenues
+
+running north-south and the
+streets running east-west.
+
+And if you want to walk from,
+say, here to here or drive
+
+from here to here, you cannot
+take the diagonal because
+
+there are a bunch of buildings
+in the way.
+
+And so you have to move either
+left or right, or up, or down.
+
+That's the Manhattan distance
+between two points.
+
+This is used, in fact, for a
+lot of problems, typically
+
+when somebody is comparing the
+distance between two genes,
+
+for example, they use a
+Manhattan metric rather than a
+
+Euclidean metric to say how
+similar two things are.
+
+Just wanted to show that because
+it is something that
+
+you will run across in the
+literature when you read about
+
+these kinds of things.
+
+All right.
+
+So far, we've talked about
+issues where things are
+
+comparable.
+
+And we've been doing that by
+representing each element of
+
+the feature vector as a
+floating point number.
+
+So we can run a formula like
+that by subtracting
+
+one from the other.
+
+But we often, in fact, have to
+deal with nominal categories,
+
+things that have names
+rather than numbers.
+
+So for clustering people, maybe
+we care about eye color,
+
+blue, brown, gray, green.
+
+Hair color.
+
+Well, how do you compare
+blue to green?
+
+Do you subtract one
+from the other?
+
+Kind of hard to do.
+
+What does it mean to subtract
+green from blue?
+
+Well, I guess we could talk
+about it in the frequency
+
+domain, enlighten things.
+
+Typically, what we have to do
+in that case is, we convert
+
+them to a number and
+then have some ways
+
+to relate the numbers.
+
+Again, this is a place where
+domain knowledge is critical.
+
+So, for example, we might
+convert blue to 0, green to
+
+0.5, and brown to 1, thus
+indicating that we think blue
+
+eyes are closer to green eyes
+than they are to brown eyes.
+
+I don't know why we think that
+but maybe we think that.
+
+Red hair is closer to blonde
+hair than it is to black hair.
+
+I don't know.
+
+These are the sorts of things
+that are not mathematical
+
+questions, typically,
+but judgments that
+
+people have to make.
+
+Once we've converted things to
+numbers, we then have to go
+
+back to our old friend of
+scaling, which is often called
+
+normalization.
+
+Very often we try and contrive
+to have every feature range
+
+between 0 and 1, for example,
+so that everything is
+
+normalized to the same
+dynamic range,
+
+and then we can compare.
+
+Is that the right thing to do?
+
+Not necessarily, because you
+might consider some features
+
+more important than others
+and want to give
+
+them a greater weight.
+
+And, again, that's something
+we'll come
+
+back to and look at.
+
+All this is a bit abstract.
+
+I now want to look
+at an example.
+
+Let's look at the example
+of clustering mammals.
+
+There are, essentially, an
+unbounded number of features
+
+you could use, size at birth,
+gestation period, lifespan,
+
+length of tail, speed,
+eating habits.
+
+You name it.
+
+The choice of features and
+weighting will, of course,
+
+have an enormous impact on
+what clusters you get.
+
+If you choose size, humans might
+appear in one cluster.
+
+If you choose eating habits,
+they might appear in another.
+
+How should you choose which
+features you want?
+
+You have to begin by choosing,
+thinking about the reason
+
+you're doing the clustering
+in the first place.
+
+What is it you're trying to
+learn about the mammals?
+
+As an example, I'm going
+to choose the
+
+objective of eating habits.
+
+I want to cluster mammals
+somehow based
+
+upon what they eat.
+
+But I want to do that, and
+here's a very important thing
+
+about what we often see in
+learning without any direct
+
+information about
+what they eat.
+
+Typically, when we're using
+machine learning, we're trying
+
+to learn about something
+for which we have
+
+limited or no data.
+
+Remember when we talked about
+learning, I talked about
+
+learning in which it was
+supervised, and which we had
+
+some data, and unsupervised,
+in which, essentially, we
+
+don't have any labels.
+
+So let's say we don't have any
+labels about what mammals eat,
+
+but we do know a lot about
+the mammals themselves.
+
+And, in fact, the hypothesis I'm
+going to start with here
+
+is that you can infer people's
+or creatures' eating habits
+
+from their dental records,
+or their dentitian.
+
+But over time, we have evolved,
+all creatures have
+
+evolved, to have teeth that are
+related to what they eat,
+
+we can see.
+
+So I managed to procure a
+database of dentitian for
+
+various mammals.
+
+There's the laser pointer.
+
+So what I've got here
+is the number of
+
+different kinds of teeth.
+
+So the right top incisors, the
+right bottom incisors, molars,
+
+et cetera, pre-molars.
+
+Don't worry if you don't know
+about teeth very much.
+
+I don't know very much.
+
+And then for each animal,
+I have the number of
+
+each kind of tooth.
+
+Actually, I don't have it for
+this particular mammal, but
+
+these two I do.
+
+I don't even remember
+what they are.
+
+They're cute.
+
+All right.
+
+So I've got that database, and
+now I want to try and see what
+
+happens when I cluster them.
+
+The code to do this is not very
+complicated, but I should
+
+make a confession about it.
+
+Last night, I won't
+say I learned it.
+
+I was reminded of a lesson that
+I've often preached in
+
+6.00, is that it's not good to
+get your programming done at
+
+the last minute.
+
+So as I was debugging this code
+at 2:00 and 3:00 in the
+
+morning today, I was realizing
+how inefficient I am at
+
+debugging at that hour.
+
+Maybe for you guys that's
+the shank of the day.
+
+For me, it's too late.
+
+I think it all works, but I was
+certainly not at my best
+
+as I was debugging last night.
+
+All right.
+
+But at the moment, I don't want
+you to spend time working
+
+on the code itself.
+
+I would like you to think a
+little bit about the overall
+
+class structure of the code,
+which I've got on the first
+
+page of the handout.
+
+So at the bottom of my
+hierarchy, I've got something
+
+called a point, and that's an
+abstraction of the things to
+
+be clustered.
+
+And I've done it in quite a
+generalized way, because, as
+
+you're going to see, the code
+we're looking at today, I'm
+
+going to use not only for
+clustering mammals but for
+
+clustering all sorts of
+other things as well.
+
+So I decided to take the trouble
+of building up a set
+
+of classes that would
+be useful.
+
+And in this class, I can have
+the name of a point, its
+
+original attributes.
+
+That say its original feature
+vector, an unscaled feature
+
+vector, and then whether or not
+I choose to normalize it.
+
+I might have normalized
+features as well.
+
+Again, I don't want you worry
+too much about the
+
+details of the code.
+
+And then I have a distance
+metric, and I'm just for the
+
+moment using simple Euclidean
+distance.
+
+The next element in my
+hierarchy, not yet a
+
+hierarchy--
+
+it's still flat--
+
+is a cluster.
+
+And so what a cluster is, you
+can think of it as, at some
+
+abstract level, it's just going
+to be a set of points,
+
+the points that are
+in the cluster.
+
+But I've got some other
+operations on it
+
+that will be useful.
+
+I can compute the distance
+between two clusters, and as
+
+you'll see, I have single
+linkage, Mac Link, max ,
+
+average, the three I talked
+about last week.
+
+And also this notion
+of a centroid.
+
+We'll come back to that when we
+get to k-means clustering.
+
+We don't need to worry right
+now about what that is.
+
+Then I'm going to have
+a cluster set.
+
+That's another useful
+data abstraction.
+
+And that's what you might guess
+from its name, just a
+
+set of clusters.
+
+The most interesting operation
+there is merge.
+
+As you saw, when we looked at
+hierarchical clustering last
+
+week, the key step there is
+merging two clusters.
+
+And in doing that, I'm going to
+have a function called Find
+
+Closest, which given a metric
+and a cluster, finds the
+
+cluster that is most similar to
+that, to self, because as
+
+you, again, will recall from
+hierarchical clustering,
+
+that's what I merged at
+each step is the two
+
+most similar clusters.
+
+And then there's some details
+about how it works, which
+
+again, we don't need to worry
+about at the moment.
+
+And then I'm going to have a
+subclass of point called
+
+Mammal, in which I will
+represent each mammal by the
+
+dentitian as we've
+looked at before.
+
+Then pretty simply, we can do
+a bunch of things with it.
+
+Before we look at the other
+details of the code, I want to
+
+now run it and see
+what we get.
+
+So I'm just going to use
+hierarchical clustering now to
+
+cluster the mammals based upon
+this feature vector, which
+
+will be a list of numbers
+showing how many of each kind
+
+of tooth the mammals have.
+
+Let's see what we get.
+
+So it's doing the merging.
+
+So we can see the first step, it
+merged beavers with ground
+
+hogs and it merged grey
+squirrels with porcupines,
+
+wolves and bears.
+
+Various other kinds of things,
+like jaguars and cougars, were
+
+a lot alike.
+
+Eventually, it starts doing
+more complicated merges.
+
+It merges a cluster containing
+only the river otter with one
+
+containing a Martin and a
+wolverine, beavers and ground
+
+hogs with squirrels and
+porcupines, et cetera.
+
+And at the end, I had it
+stop with two clusters.
+
+It came up with these
+clusters.
+
+Now we can look at these
+clusters and say, all right.
+
+What do we think?
+
+Have we learned anything
+interesting?
+
+Do we see anything
+in any of these--
+
+do we think it makes sense?
+
+Remember, our goal was to
+cluster mammals based upon
+
+what they might eat.
+
+And we can ask, do we think
+this corresponds to that?
+
+No.
+
+All right.
+
+Who-- somebody said--
+
+Now, why no?
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: We've got-- like a
+deer doesn't eat similar
+
+things as a dog.
+
+And we've got one type on the
+top cluster and a different
+
+kind of bat in the
+bottom cluster.
+
+Seems like they would be
+even closer together.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, sorry.
+
+Yeah.
+
+A deer doesn't eat what a dog
+eats, and for that matter, we
+
+have humans here, and while
+some human are by choice
+
+vegetarians, genetically,
+humans are essentially
+
+carnivores.
+
+We know that.
+
+We eat meat.
+
+And here we are with a bunch
+of herbivores, typically.
+
+Things are strange.
+
+By the way, bats might end up
+being in ones, because some
+
+bats eat fruit, other bat eat
+insects, but who knows?
+
+So I'm not very happy.
+
+Why do you think we got this
+clustering that maybe isn't
+
+helping us very much?
+
+Well, let's go look at
+what we did here.
+
+Let's look at test 0.
+
+So I said I wanted
+two clusters.
+
+I don't want it to print all
+the steps along the way.
+
+I'm going to print the
+history at the end.
+
+And scaling is identity.
+
+Well, let's go back and look
+at some of the data here.
+
+What we can see is--
+
+or maybe we can't see too
+quickly, looking at all this--
+
+is some kinds of teeth have
+a relatively small range.
+
+Other kinds of teeth
+have a big range.
+
+And so, at the moment, we're not
+doing any normalization,
+
+and maybe what we're doing is
+getting something distorted
+
+where we're only looking at a
+certain kind of tooth because
+
+it has a larger dynamic range.
+
+And in fact, if we look at the
+code, we can go back up and
+
+let's look at Build Mammal
+Points and Read Mammal Data.
+
+So Build Mammal Points calls
+Read Mammal Data, and then
+
+builds the points.
+
+So Read Mammal Data is the
+interesting piece.
+
+And what we can see here
+is, as we read it in--
+
+this is just simply reading
+things in, ignoring comments,
+
+keeping track of things--
+
+and then we come down here,
+I might do some scaling.
+
+So Point.Scale feature is using
+the scaling argument.
+
+Where's that coming from?
+
+If we look at Mammal Teeth, here
+from the mammal class, we
+
+see that there are two ways to
+scale it, identity, where we
+
+just multiply every element
+in the vector by 1.
+
+That doesn't change anything.
+
+Or what I've called
+1 over max.
+
+And here, I've looked at the
+maximum number of each kind of
+
+tooth and I'm dividing
+1 by that.
+
+So here we could have up
+to three of those.
+
+Here we could have
+four of those.
+
+We could have six of this kind
+of tooth, whatever it is.
+
+And so we can see, by dividing
+by the max, I'm now putting
+
+all of the different kinds of
+teeth on the same scale.
+
+I'm normalizing.
+
+And now we'll see, does that
+make a difference?
+
+Well, since we're dividing
+by 6 here and 3 here, it
+
+certainly could make
+a difference.
+
+It's a significant scaling
+factor, 2X.
+
+So let's go and change the
+code, or change the test.
+
+And let's look at Test 0--
+
+0, not "O"--
+
+with scale set to 1 over max.
+
+You'll notice, by the way, that
+rather than using some
+
+obscure code, like scale equals
+12, I use strings so I
+
+remember what they are.
+
+It's, I think, a pretty useful
+programming trick.
+
+Whoops.
+
+Did I use the wrong
+name for this?
+
+Should be scaling?
+
+So off it's going.
+
+Now we get a different set of
+things, and as far as I know,
+
+once we've scaled things, we
+get what I think is a much
+
+more sensible pair, where I
+think what we essentially have
+
+is the herbivores down here,
+and the carnivores up here.
+
+Ok.
+
+I don't care how much you
+know about teeth.
+
+The point is scaling
+can really matter.
+
+You have to look at it, and you
+have to think about what
+
+you're doing.
+
+And the interesting thing here
+is that without any direct
+
+evidence about what mammals
+eat, we are able to use
+
+machine learning, clustering in
+this case, to infer a new
+
+fact that we have some mammals
+that are similar in what they
+
+eat, and some mammals that are
+also similar, some groups.
+
+Now I can't infer from this
+herbivores versus carnivores
+
+because I didn't have any
+labels to start with.
+
+But what I can infer is that,
+whatever they eat, there's
+
+something similar about these
+animals, and something similar
+
+about these animals.
+
+And there's a difference between
+the groups in C1 and
+
+the groups in C0.
+
+I can then go off and look at
+some points in each of these
+
+and then try and figure out
+how to label them later.
+
+OK, let's look at a difference
+data set, a far more
+
+interesting one, a richer one.
+
+Now, let's not look at
+that version of it.
+
+That's too hard to read.
+
+Let's look at the Excel
+spreadsheet.
+
+So this is a database I found
+online of every county in the
+
+United States, and a bunch of
+features about that county.
+
+So for each county
+in the United
+
+States, we have its name.
+
+The first part of the name
+is the state it's in.
+
+The second part of the name is
+the name of the county, and a
+
+bunch of things, like the
+average value of homes, how
+
+much poverty, its population
+density, its population
+
+change, how many people are
+over 65, et cetera.
+
+So the thing I want you to
+notice, of course, is while
+
+everything is a number, the
+scales are very different.
+
+It's a big difference between
+the percent of something,
+
+which will go between 0 and
+100, and the population
+
+density, which ranges over a
+much larger dynamic range.
+
+So we can immediately suspect
+that scaling is going to be an
+
+issue here.
+
+So we now have a bunch of code
+that we can use that I've
+
+written to process this.
+
+It uses the same clusters that
+we have here, except I've
+
+added a kind of Point
+called the County.
+
+Looks very different from a
+mammal, but the good news is I
+
+got to reuse a lot of my code.
+
+Now let's run a test.
+
+We'll go down here to Test 3,
+and we'll see whether we can
+
+do hierarchical clustering
+of the counties.
+
+Whoops.
+
+Test 3 wants the name
+of what we're doing.
+
+So we'll give it the name.
+
+It's Counties.Text.
+
+I just exported the spreadsheet
+as a text file.
+
+Well, we can wait a while for
+this, but I'm not going to.
+
+Let's think about what we know
+that hierarchical clustering
+
+and how long this is
+likely to take.
+
+I'll give you a hint.
+
+There are approximately 3,100
+counties in the United States.
+
+I'll bet none of you could
+have guessed that number.
+
+How many comparisons do we have
+to find the two counties
+
+that are most similar
+to each other?
+
+Comparing each county with every
+other county, how many
+
+comparisons is that
+going to be?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's 3,100 choose 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that will be 3,100 squared.
+
+Thank you.
+
+And that's just the first
+step in the cluster.
+
+To perform the next merge, we'll
+have to do it again.
+
+So in fact, as we've looked at
+last time, it's going to be a
+
+very long and tedious process,
+and one I'm not
+
+going to wait for.
+
+So I'm going to interrupt and
+we're going to look at a
+
+smaller example.
+
+Here I've just got only the
+counties in New England, a
+
+much smaller number than
+3,100, and I'm going to
+
+cluster them using the exact
+same clustering code we used
+
+for the mammals.
+
+It's just that the
+points are now
+
+counties instead of mammals.
+
+And we got two clusters.
+
+Middlesex County in
+Massachusetts happens to be
+
+the county in which
+MIT is located.
+
+And all the others--
+
+well, you know, MIT is a pretty
+distinctive place.
+
+Maybe that's what did it.
+
+I don't quite think so.
+
+Someone got a hypothesis about
+why we got this rather strange
+
+clustering?
+
+And is it because Middlesex
+contains MIT and Harvard both?
+
+This really surprised me, by the
+way, when I first ran it.
+
+I said, how can this be?
+
+So I went and I started looking
+at the data, and what
+
+I found is that Middlesex County
+has about 600,000 more
+
+people than any other county
+in New England.
+
+Who knew?
+
+I would have guessed Suffolk,
+where Boston is, was the
+
+biggest county.
+
+But, in fact, Middlesex is
+enormous relative to every
+
+other county in New England.
+
+And it turns out that difference
+of 600,000, when I
+
+didn't scale things, just
+swamped everything else.
+
+And so all I'm really getting
+here is a clustering that
+
+depends on the population.
+
+Middlesex is big relative
+to everything else and,
+
+therefore, that's what I get.
+
+And it ignores things like
+education level and housing
+
+prices, and all those other
+things because the differences
+
+are small relative to 600,000.
+
+Well, let's turn scaling on.
+
+To do that, I want to show you
+how I do this scaling.
+
+I did not, given the number
+of features and number of
+
+counties, do what I did for
+mammals and count them by hand
+
+to see what the maximum was.
+
+I decided it would be a lot
+faster even at 2:00 in the
+
+morning to write
+code to do it.
+
+So I've got some code here.
+
+I've got Build County Points,
+just like Build Mammal Points
+
+and Read County Data, like
+Read Mammal Data.
+
+But the difference here is,
+along the way, as I'm reading
+
+in each county, I'm keeping
+track of the
+
+maximum for each feature.
+
+And then I'm just going
+to just do the scaling
+
+automatically.
+
+So exactly the one over max
+scaling I did for mammals'
+
+teeth, I'm going to do it for
+counties, but I've just
+
+written some code to automate
+that process because I knew I
+
+would never be able
+to count them.
+
+All right, so now let's
+see what happens if
+
+we run it that way.
+
+Test 3, New England, and
+Scale equals True.
+
+I'm either scaling it or not,
+is the way I wrote this one.
+
+And with the scaling on
+again, I get a very
+
+different set of clusters.
+
+What have we got?
+
+Where's Middlesex?
+
+It's in one of these
+2 clusters.
+
+Oh, here it is.
+
+It's C0.
+
+But it's with Fairfield,
+Connecticut and Hartford,
+
+Connecticut and Providence,
+Rhode Island.
+
+It's a different answer.
+
+Is it a better answer?
+
+It's not a meaningful
+question, right?
+
+It depends what I'm trying to
+infer, what we hope to learn
+
+from the clustering, and that's
+a question we're going
+
+to come back to on Tuesday in
+some detail with the counties,
+
+and look at how, by using
+different kinds of scaling or
+
+different kinds of features, we
+can learn different things
+
+about the counties
+in this country.
+
+Before I do that, however,
+I want to move
+
+away from New England.
+
+Remember we're focusing on New
+England because it took too
+
+long to do hierarchical
+clustering of 3,100 counties.
+
+But that's what I want to do.
+
+It's no good to just
+say, I'm sorry.
+
+It took too long.
+
+I give up.
+
+Well, the good news is there
+are other clustering
+
+mechanisms that are much
+more efficient.
+
+We'll later see they, too,
+have their own faults.
+
+But we're going to look at
+k-means clustering, which has
+
+the big advantage of being fast
+enough that we can run it
+
+on very big data sets.
+
+In fact, it is roughly linear
+in the number of counties.
+
+And as we've seen before, when
+n gets very large, anything
+
+that's worse than linear is
+likely to be ineffective.
+
+So let's think about
+how k-means works.
+
+Step one, is you choose k.
+
+k is the total number of
+clusters you want to have when
+
+you're done.
+
+So you start by saying, I want
+to take the counties and split
+
+them into k-clusters.
+
+2 clusters, 20 clusters, a 100
+clusters, 1,000 clusters.
+
+You have to choose k
+in the beginning.
+
+And that it's one of the issues
+that you have with
+
+k-means clustering is,
+how do you choose k?
+
+We can talk about that later.
+
+Once I've chosen k, I choose k
+points as initial centroids.
+
+You may remember earlier today
+we saw this centroid method in
+
+class cluster.
+
+So what's a centroid?
+
+You've got a cluster, and in
+the clusters, you've got a
+
+bunch of points scattered
+around.
+
+The centroid you can think of
+as, quote, "the average
+
+point," the center
+of the cluster.
+
+The centroid need not be any of
+the points in the cluster.
+
+So, again, you need
+some metric.
+
+But let's say we're
+using Euclidean.
+
+It's easy to see on the board.
+
+The centroid is kind of there.
+
+Now let's assume that we're
+going to start by choosing
+
+k-point from the initial
+set and labeling each
+
+of them as a centroid.
+
+We often--
+
+in fact, quite typically--
+
+choose these at random.
+
+So we now have k randomly chosen
+points, each of which
+
+we're going to call centroid.
+
+The next step is to
+assign each point
+
+to the nearest centroid.
+
+So we've got k-centroids.
+
+We usually choose a
+small k, say 50.
+
+And now we have to compare each
+of the 3,100 counties to
+
+each of the 50 centroids, and
+put each one in the correct
+
+thing, in the closest.
+
+So it's 50 times 3,100, which
+is a lot smaller number than
+
+3,100 squared.
+
+So now I've got a clustering.
+
+Kind of strange, because what it
+looks like depends on this
+
+random choice.
+
+So there's no reason to expect
+that the initial assignment
+
+will give me anything
+very useful.
+
+Step (4) is, for each
+of the k-clusters,
+
+choose a new centroid.
+
+Now remember, I just chose
+at random k-centroids.
+
+Now I actually have a cluster
+with a bunch of points in it,
+
+so I could, for example, take
+the average of those and
+
+compute a centroid.
+
+And I can either take the
+average, or I can take the
+
+point nearest the average.
+
+It doesn't much matter.
+
+And then step (5) is one we've
+looked at before, assign each
+
+point to nearest centroid.
+
+So now I'm going to get
+a new clustering.
+
+And then, (6) is repeat
+(4) and (5) until
+
+the change is small.
+
+So each time I do step (5), I
+can keep track of how many
+
+points I've moved from one
+cluster to another.
+
+Or each time I do step (4), I
+can say how much have I moved
+
+the centroids?
+
+Each of those gives me a measure
+of how much change the
+
+new iteration has produced.
+
+When I get to the point where
+the iterations are not making
+
+much of a change--
+
+and we'll see what we
+might mean by that--
+
+we stop and say, OK, we now
+have a good clustering.
+
+So if we think of the complexity
+each iteration is
+
+order k-n, where k is the number
+of clusters, and n is
+
+the number of points.
+
+And then we do that step for
+some number of iterations.
+
+So if the number of iterations
+is small, it will converge
+
+quite quickly.
+
+And as we'll see, typically for
+k-means, we don't need a
+
+lot of iterations to
+get an answer.
+
+It's typically not proportional
+to n, in
+
+particular, which is
+very important.
+
+All right.
+
+Tuesday, we'll go over the code
+for k-means clustering,
+
+and then have some fun playing
+with counties and see what we
+
+can learn about where we live.
+
+All right.
+
+Thanks a lot.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IvJvmufB1oA.txt b/IvJvmufB1oA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4193a79aa1ac4eee5322133ba4ce64bada497d34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IvJvmufB1oA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're just going to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're just going to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're just going to jump
+directly into how to use R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into how to use R for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into how to use R for
+statistics um I'm going to make a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics um I'm going to make a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics um I'm going to make a very
+quick tutorial about how to apply linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick tutorial about how to apply linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick tutorial about how to apply linear
+models into the data also General linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models into the data also General linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models into the data also General linear
+models and mix models I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and mix models I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and mix models I'm not going to
+cover the mathematical principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the mathematical principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the mathematical principle
+of that I'm just going to show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I'm just going to show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I'm just going to show you how
+to apply those models um with code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply those models um with code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply those models um with code so
+first of all I'm just going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I'm just going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I'm just going to start
+over with all the objects here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over with all the objects here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over with all the objects here just
+cleaning a little bit so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning a little bit so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning a little bit so it's not
+distracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting
+us um it's just going to charge again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um it's just going to charge again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um it's just going to charge again
+the database we've been working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database we've been working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database we've been working with
+based on nitrogen and phosphorus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on nitrogen and phosphorus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on nitrogen and phosphorus and
+potassium Fertilization in yields oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium Fertilization in yields oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium Fertilization in yields oops
+sorry um okay so this this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um okay so this this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um okay so this this is how the
+structure of our linear model should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our linear model should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our linear model should
+look like in first of all we create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in first of all we create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in first of all we create the
+name of the model model number one um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the model model number one um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the model model number one um we
+assign all of this into model number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign all of this into model number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign all of this into model number one
+LM which is linear model and here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM which is linear model and here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM which is linear model and here we're
+going to have our dependent variable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our dependent variable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our dependent variable the
+Y which is the yield just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y which is the yield just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y which is the yield just to remind you
+again what the database is about here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what the database is about here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what the database is about here we
+have how much yield has been produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how much yield has been produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how much yield has been produced
+after the different treatments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the different treatments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the different treatments of
+fertilization and we have have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization and we have have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization and we have have the
+different experiments set in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experiments set in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experiments set in different
+blocks um so and we're going to just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks um so and we're going to just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks um so and we're going to just to
+separate um dependent and independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate um dependent and independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate um dependent and independent
+variables we put this sign in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we put this sign in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we put this sign in here and
+then these are the different variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are the different variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are the different variables
+we want to explore um coma and then data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to explore um coma and then data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to explore um coma and then data
+um we assign the data we want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we assign the data we want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we assign the data we want to um
+explore which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore which is the
+NPK so let's just run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPK so let's just run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPK so let's just run this
+and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we
+see what we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we have in the
+object this is what we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object this is what we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object this is what we're going to see
+which is not very informative so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not very informative so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not very informative so what we
+need is to go to the summary of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is to go to the summary of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is to go to the summary of that
+model that's going to provide us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's going to provide us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's going to provide us with
+the information that we would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that we would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that we would need to
+understand what's going on in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on in the model
+so just click on summary M1 and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just click on summary M1 and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just click on summary M1 and here
+what we're going to see just make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see just make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see just make it
+bigger so you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so you see it
+properly first of all it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly first of all it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly first of all it's going to
+display like the formula so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display like the formula so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display like the formula so what's the
+question that we've asked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we've asked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we've asked to the
+computer then we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer then we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer then we're going to have the
+distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the
+residuals and and here it goes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals and and here it goes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals and and here it goes the
+interesting part which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part which is the
+coefficients um this is the intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients um this is the intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients um this is the intercept
+and then the different effects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the different effects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the different effects of the
+different variables nitrogen phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables nitrogen phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables nitrogen phosphorus
+and potassium so when these are one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potassium so when these are one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potassium so when these are one so
+when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's
+fertilization we see that there's a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization we see that there's a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization we see that there's a an
+increase because it's a positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because it's a positive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because it's a positive value
+into the um the Baseline with phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the um the Baseline with phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the um the Baseline with phosphorus
+there's a decrease and with potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decrease and with potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decrease and with potassium
+there's a decrease as well and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decrease as well and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decrease as well and just to
+see if those different treatments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if those different treatments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if those different treatments are
+significant or not based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant or not based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant or not based on
+0.05 um P P value we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 um P P value we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 um P P value we have the
+different um like the P values here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um like the P values here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um like the P values here and
+when whatever it's um significant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when whatever it's um significant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when whatever it's um significant we
+have one aerisk if it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one aerisk if it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one aerisk if it is very
+significant we have three and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant we have three and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant we have three and if it's
+marginal we have this dot here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal we have this dot here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal we have this dot here and if
+there's nothing it means that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing it means that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing it means that it's not
+sign ific enough um also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign ific enough um also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign ific enough um also some
+interesting features is like the adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting features is like the adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting features is like the adjust
+P R square um just as a reminder the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P R square um just as a reminder the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P R square um just as a reminder the R
+square goes between zero and one um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square goes between zero and one um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square goes between zero and one um in
+this case will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case will be
+0.23 or like 20 23% and also the P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.23 or like 20 23% and also the P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.23 or like 20 23% and also the P value
+of the whole model is displ right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole model is displ right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole model is displ right here
+just put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put this
+back so I think that's also very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so I think that's also very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so I think that's also very useful
+is to explore how the residual look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to explore how the residual look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to explore how the residual look like
+to see if we have uh an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we have uh an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we have uh an appropriate
+distribution of the residuals if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the residuals if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the residuals if it
+follows um a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows um a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows um a normal distribution
+so um I create a histogram of what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I create a histogram of what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I create a histogram of what of
+the residuals of the model one so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residuals of the model one so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residuals of the model one so that
+stands for residuals a coma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for residuals a coma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for residuals a coma and
+previously I mentioned that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously I mentioned that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously I mentioned that you can
+change the number of bars that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the number of bars that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the number of bars that are
+displayed in your histogram in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed in your histogram in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed in your histogram in this case
+I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 here it is I could shorten that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 here it is I could shorten that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 here it is I could shorten that
+number and now you'll see that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and now you'll see that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and now you'll see that I have
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+bars and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and so
+forth something else you could do is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth something else you could do is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth something else you could do is a
+box plot I want to see what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box plot I want to see what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box plot I want to see what happens when
+I fertilize with nitrogen um so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fertilize with nitrogen um so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fertilize with nitrogen um so I can
+create a box plot just like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a box plot just like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a box plot just like that um
+yield and nitrogen so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and nitrogen so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and nitrogen so I'm just going to
+focus on nitrogen right now and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on nitrogen right now and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on nitrogen right now and again
+the data that we want to explore so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that we want to explore so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that we want to explore so just
+click on it and we see that the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on it and we see that the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on it and we see that the ones
+that are not fertilized are lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not fertilized are lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not fertilized are lower and
+the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are
+fertilized have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yield and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and we
+can save that summary that we created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can save that summary that we created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can save that summary that we created
+because it's where all the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's where all the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's where all the important
+data leaves so we have here this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data leaves so we have here this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data leaves so we have here this result
+right here so we can consult the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so we can consult the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so we can consult the
+different parts that we just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts that we just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts that we just um
+consulted uh before so everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulted uh before so everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulted uh before so everything is
+stored right here and we could even call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored right here and we could even call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored right here and we could even call
+individually the ones that let's say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually the ones that let's say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually the ones that let's say I'm
+just I just want to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just want to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just want to store the
+coefficients so I'll go the sum like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so I'll go the sum like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so I'll go the sum like the
+dollar and I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and I go to
+coefficients and here I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and here I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and here I'm just going to
+see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients which are the same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before okay now it's the turn of the glm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay now it's the turn of the glm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay now it's the turn of the glm
+and the generalized linear models they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the generalized linear models they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the generalized linear models they
+are quite similar to linear models but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite similar to linear models but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite similar to linear models but
+one of the advantages with glms is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the advantages with glms is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the advantages with glms is that
+we can provide a distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can provide a distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can provide a distribution of the
+data in case the data wouldn't be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in case the data wouldn't be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in case the data wouldn't be uh
+normal we could apply family links like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal we could apply family links like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal we could apply family links like
+so to say if we want to have an um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say if we want to have an um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say if we want to have an um a
+gamma distribution then we can add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma distribution then we can add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma distribution then we can add that
+to the model so we don't have normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the model so we don't have normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the model so we don't have normal
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+um and so the structure as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the structure as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the structure as you can see
+is mostly the same as the linear models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly the same as the linear models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly the same as the linear models
+just that we add that so glm uh same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we add that so glm uh same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we add that so glm uh same um
+y variable I'm function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y variable I'm function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y variable I'm function of these
+different X variables just go for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different X variables just go for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different X variables just go for the
+same if you wanted to apply the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if you wanted to apply the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if you wanted to apply the family
+just oh let just go back to the help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh let just go back to the help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh let just go back to the help
+thing just see how glm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just see how glm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just see how glm
+works you see here it contemplates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you see here it contemplates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you see here it contemplates the
+possibility of add a family in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of add a family in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of add a family in this case
+by default is gaussian so whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default is gaussian so whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default is gaussian so whatever you
+see here initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here initially
+is what is displayed by default but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is displayed by default but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is displayed by default but if
+you wanted to change this Gauss into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to change this Gauss into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to change this Gauss into
+something else then you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else then you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else then you could you could
+do it so if you scroll down you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so if you scroll down you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so if you scroll down you'll see
+the information about the family and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information about the family and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information about the family and if
+you click on family for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on family for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on family for
+details here you see the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here you see the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here you see the different
+possibilities you have so like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you have so like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you have so like if you
+want to um apply a binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um apply a binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um apply a binomial distribution
+gamma and so forth this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and so forth this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and so forth this is what you
+should um include in your model so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um include in your model so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um include in your model so I'm
+just going to copy that command go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to copy that command go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to copy that command go right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+see that's the function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's the function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's the function I
+want I have to put family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first and go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and go ahead and
+now it follows my gamma distribution I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it follows my gamma distribution I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it follows my gamma distribution I'm
+not saying that's mathematically correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that's mathematically correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that's mathematically correct
+or not I'm just focusing on the commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not I'm just focusing on the commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not I'm just focusing on the commands
+for you to be able to do it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be able to do it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be able to do it in your
+code okay so now that we've reached this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so now that we've reached this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so now that we've reached this
+point I'll challenge you with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'll challenge you with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'll challenge you with this
+exercise asking the question are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise asking the question are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise asking the question are there
+any differences in yield due to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any differences in yield due to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any differences in yield due to its
+block what is the block just it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block what is the block just it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block what is the block just it's a
+quick reminder that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+block so you can answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so you can answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so you can answer the question
+both using linear model all generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both using linear model all generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both using linear model all generalized
+linear model up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all right let just enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right let just enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right let just enter the
+exercise um to do so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um to do so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um to do so I'm just going to
+create a model it's going to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a model it's going to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a model it's going to be called
+M2 um and the question we had I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 um and the question we had I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 um and the question we had I'm going
+to use linear model to answer that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use linear model to answer that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use linear model to answer that the
+question was are there any differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was are there any differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was are there any differences
+in yield due to each block so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yield due to each block so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yield due to each block so let's just
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+yield as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield as
+um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a
+variable that's a y variable and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's a y variable and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's a y variable and we want
+to see if there's any difference due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there's any difference due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there's any difference due to
+block um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block um
+um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NPK and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPK and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPK and that should
+work let's see what we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let's see what we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let's see what we have in the
+model again I remind you that summary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model again I remind you that summary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model again I remind you that summary is
+where we want to go in order to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to go in order to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to go in order to see
+what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+see well I'd say not really um we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well I'd say not really um we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well I'd say not really um we don't
+have a lot of significance here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of significance here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of significance here there's
+only one that's marginally significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that's marginally significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that's marginally significant
+this block number three might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block number three might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block number three might be a
+little bit different than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than the other
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+um the P value of the whole model is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the P value of the whole model is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the P value of the whole model is not
+very good so I would say that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so I would say that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so I would say that we don't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+differences due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences due
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+block okay so before moving forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block okay so before moving forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block okay so before moving forward to
+the mix model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix model
+I would like to introduce them a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to introduce them a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to introduce them a little
+bit just to go through why um are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit just to go through why um are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit just to go through why um are they
+important and how can we benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and how can we benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and how can we benefit from
+linear mix models um so let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mix models um so let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mix models um so let's imagine
+that we're working in our experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working in our experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working in our experiment in
+this case um we are applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case um we are applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case um we are applying the
+experiment that we have in the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we have in the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we have in the database
+the NPK database um there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NPK database um there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NPK database um there are um
+distributions based on blocks so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions based on blocks so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions based on blocks so what
+are those blocks so let's just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those blocks so let's just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those blocks so let's just imagine
+that this is our working space this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our working space this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our working space this is
+our lab this is where we are performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lab this is where we are performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lab this is where we are performing
+our experiments and but just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our experiments and but just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our experiments and but just because the
+distribution of the lab is like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the lab is like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the lab is like this we
+have one side where there are windows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one side where there are windows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one side where there are windows so
+where the sun could get into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sun could get into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sun could get into our
+experiment and there's the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and there's the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and there's the other side of
+the lab where there's no windows so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab where there's no windows so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab where there's no windows so I
+would anticipate at the beginning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would anticipate at the beginning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would anticipate at the beginning that
+maybe the plants that are have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the plants that are have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the plants that are have more
+light so the ones that are closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so the ones that are closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so the ones that are closer to the
+window um might grow more but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window um might grow more but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window um might grow more but this is
+something that I am not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I am not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I am not interested in
+exploring in my experiment so to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring in my experiment so to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring in my experiment so to do that
+that's where I introduce blocks so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I introduce blocks so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I introduce blocks so I
+would record each of these plants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would record each of these plants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would record each of these plants that
+I'm growing into a different block so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm growing into a different block so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm growing into a different block so in
+this case I would have three blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I would have three blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I would have three blocks and
+these are distributed based on how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are distributed based on how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are distributed based on how close
+they are from the windows so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are from the windows so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are from the windows so this
+applies also um into other sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies also um into other sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies also um into other sort of um
+environments so if we move to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so if we move to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so if we move to this other
+design we see that could this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we see that could this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we see that could this could
+apply in when you go to the field uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply in when you go to the field uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply in when you go to the field uh if
+you have the that represents a forest if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the that represents a forest if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the that represents a forest if
+you have a forest in the top of the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a forest in the top of the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a forest in the top of the hill
+that might be differently affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be differently affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be differently affected by
+the forest that that's in the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest that that's in the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest that that's in the bottom of
+the hill so this could be block number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill so this could be block number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill so this could be block number
+one and this could be block number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this could be block number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this could be block number two
+and we could use blocks for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could use blocks for everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could use blocks for everything
+that comes into our mind let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes into our mind let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes into our mind let's say that
+we are exploring a variable and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are exploring a variable and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are exploring a variable and we
+assume that if our um water river is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that if our um water river is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that if our um water river is
+close to a city or it's far from a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a city or it's far from a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a city or it's far from a city
+that could be important that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be important that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be important that could
+affect our experiment so here is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect our experiment so here is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect our experiment so here is where
+we think about using linear mix models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about using linear mix models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about using linear mix models
+to take away the error or take away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away the error or take away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away the error or take away the
+variability that could come from things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that could come from things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that could come from things
+that are outside of our control so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are outside of our control so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are outside of our control so we
+don't have any interest in studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any interest in studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any interest in studying the
+differences in top and bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in top and bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in top and bottom of the
+hill and we don't have any interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill and we don't have any interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill and we don't have any interest in
+studying the differences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the differences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the differences between the
+plants that are closed to the window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that are closed to the window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that are closed to the window and
+the ones that are out of the window so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are out of the window so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are out of the window so
+linear mix models are a good way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mix models are a good way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mix models are a good way to get
+rid of that variability and just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that variability and just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that variability and just put the
+emphasis on the experiment that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on the experiment that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on the experiment that we are
+currently running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after the quick explanation about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the quick explanation about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the quick explanation about the
+linear mix models uh let's just go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mix models uh let's just go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mix models uh let's just go ahead
+with a code again um just going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a code again um just going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a code again um just going to get
+rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of
+this it might be distracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it might be distracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it might be distracting
+um so linear models and generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so linear models and generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so linear models and generalized
+linear models are included in the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear models are included in the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear models are included in the r
+functions but for mix models we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but for mix models we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but for mix models we have to
+um install and charge extra packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um install and charge extra packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um install and charge extra packet
+um in this case I'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case I'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case I'm going to use the
+nlme package and also the LMR test so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlme package and also the LMR test so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlme package and also the LMR test so I
+already have them installed but feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have them installed but feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have them installed but feel
+free to install them first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to install them first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to install them first and
+then charge them in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then charge them in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then charge them in your
+session um in this case instead of LM or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session um in this case instead of LM or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session um in this case instead of LM or
+glm we have the lme um just a linear mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glm we have the lme um just a linear mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glm we have the lme um just a linear mix
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+and our variable it's still the yield so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our variable it's still the yield so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our variable it's still the yield so
+how much yield is produced after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much yield is produced after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much yield is produced after the
+fertilization of nitrogen phosphorus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization of nitrogen phosphorus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization of nitrogen phosphorus and
+pottassium but now we are adding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium but now we are adding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium but now we are adding this
+random Factor um this part of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Factor um this part of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Factor um this part of the model
+is what we call the fix the fixed part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call the fix the fixed part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call the fix the fixed part
+the fixed variables or but the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed variables or but the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed variables or but the ones
+we're going to include in this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to include in this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to include in this section
+are the random variables which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the random variables which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the random variables which are the
+ones that we are not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we are not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we are not particularly
+interested in understanding but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in understanding but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in understanding but we want
+to control so they don't add noise into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control so they don't add noise into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control so they don't add noise into
+our result s so in this case the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our result s so in this case the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our result s so in this case the random
+one is the block which based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the block which based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the block which based on the
+explanation of um the linear mix models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of um the linear mix models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of um the linear mix models
+are the different tables the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different tables the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different tables the different
+blocks um the data and here I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks um the data and here I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks um the data and here I added
+something new that could be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new that could be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new that could be used in
+every model which is how the model face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every model which is how the model face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every model which is how the model face
+the nas the nas are empty values um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nas the nas are empty values um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nas the nas are empty values um
+where R doesn't have information it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R doesn't have information it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R doesn't have information it's
+like a a hole in the database so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a hole in the database so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a hole in the database so what
+happens when R faces um a hole the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when R faces um a hole the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when R faces um a hole the data
+in this case I'm just saying just omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I'm just saying just omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I'm just saying just omit
+that data and just keep going you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data and just keep going you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data and just keep going you could
+be um Na omit na fail so if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um Na omit na fail so if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um Na omit na fail so if you want the
+the code to fail if it encounters an NA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code to fail if it encounters an NA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code to fail if it encounters an NA
+um in this case I'm just admitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case I'm just admitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case I'm just admitting that
+to just keep going and give me a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just keep going and give me a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just keep going and give me a result
+um just going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just going to run
+that and see how the residuals look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see how the residuals look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see how the residuals look
+like again you you can change the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like again you you can change the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like again you you can change the number
+of um of bars right here and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of bars right here and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of bars right here and I'm going
+to see what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model in this case this um this package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in this case this um this package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in this case this um this package
+doesn't offer us the symbols next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't offer us the symbols next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't offer us the symbols next to the
+variables to see if they are significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to see if they are significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to see if they are significant
+or not but we can still read the P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but we can still read the P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but we can still read the P value
+um and it but it also give us the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it but it also give us the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it but it also give us the value
+of The Intercept in this case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Intercept in this case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Intercept in this case we have
+more significant results because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more significant results because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more significant results because of the
+controlling of the noise in the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling of the noise in the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling of the noise in the blocks
+so controlling that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so controlling that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so controlling that part of the
+variability allows us to better focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability allows us to better focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability allows us to better focus on
+the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the
+fertilization here we would see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization here we would see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization here we would see that
+fertilization with nitrogen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization with nitrogen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization with nitrogen is
+significantly affecting our results it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly affecting our results it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly affecting our results it
+is increasing the yield by five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing the yield by five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing the yield by five
+and also potassium is significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also potassium is significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also potassium is significantly
+affecting our yield production but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting our yield production but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting our yield production but in
+this case is reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yield also what we can do is again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield also what we can do is again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield also what we can do is again to
+store this information into an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this information into an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this information into an object
+just I named it a um you can consult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I named it a um you can consult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I named it a um you can consult
+whatever is inside the summary in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is inside the summary in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is inside the summary in this
+case I want to see the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I want to see the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I want to see the information about
+the fixed variables which are these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed variables which are these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed variables which are these ones
+here and then I can also save this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I can also save this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I can also save this
+information into a file in case I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into a file in case I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into a file in case I want
+um just type save and the object you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just type save and the object you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just type save and the object you
+want to save coma and where do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to save coma and where do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to save coma and where do you want
+to store it here I'm just going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store it here I'm just going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store it here I'm just going to use
+the r um format that I told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r um format that I told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r um format that I told you about
+but if I want I wanted to store it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I want I wanted to store it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I want I wanted to store it let's
+say in CSV just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in CSV just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in CSV just write
+CSV again the object you want to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV again the object you want to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV again the object you want to store
+and the route where you want to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the route where you want to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the route where you want to where
+you want to put it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J6L9uQ-IO90.txt b/J6L9uQ-IO90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc5eb2337170ef675da60a9421a8bdc937789d75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J6L9uQ-IO90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so in this uh video we want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this uh video we want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this uh video we want to look at
+experimental studies of neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental studies of neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental studies of neutrino
+oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations
+the first question is where do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question is where do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question is where do we get
+the neutrinos how do we produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrinos how do we produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrinos how do we produce the
+neutrinos the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos the answer is
+there's numerous sources for neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's numerous sources for neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's numerous sources for neutrinos
+you might be lucky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be lucky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be lucky and
+find them in supernova explosions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them in supernova explosions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them in supernova explosions or
+if you're really trying hard we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're really trying hard we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're really trying hard we can
+observe them as relics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe them as relics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe them as relics
+of the big bang there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big bang there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big bang there is a lot of
+neutrinos as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos as
+as the relic of the big bang um around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the relic of the big bang um around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the relic of the big bang um around
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+the problem is that they have very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that they have very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that they have very low
+energies and are difficult to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and are difficult to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and are difficult to observe
+um easier so is the use of neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easier so is the use of neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easier so is the use of neutrinos
+when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're
+generated in cosmic air showers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in cosmic air showers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in cosmic air showers
+there's a lot of neutrinos coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of neutrinos coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of neutrinos coming from
+the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun
+beams beam lines accelerators can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams beam lines accelerators can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams beam lines accelerators can be
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+to smash particles into material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smash particles into material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smash particles into material and
+then in the decay product produce also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the decay product produce also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the decay product produce also
+neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos
+and also reactors nuclear reactors can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also reactors nuclear reactors can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also reactors nuclear reactors can
+be used as neutrino sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used as neutrino sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used as neutrino sources
+by the way neutrinos can also be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way neutrinos can also be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way neutrinos can also be used in
+order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+monitor the nuclear activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor the nuclear activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor the nuclear activity
+around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay studies of neutrino oscillation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay studies of neutrino oscillation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay studies of neutrino oscillation so
+we can make this table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make this table here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make this table here
+and ask ourselves what kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask ourselves what kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask ourselves what kind of you know
+the experimental parameters are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental parameters are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental parameters are the
+length the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the energy
+and the sensitivity to specific mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sensitivity to specific mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sensitivity to specific mass
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+so for the solar neutrinos you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the solar neutrinos you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the solar neutrinos you know the
+distance between the earth and the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the earth and the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the earth and the sun
+is pretty much fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much fixed
+um to first order the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to first order the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to first order the energy of the
+neutrinos coming out is in the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos coming out is in the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos coming out is in the order of
+one mav we are going to look at a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mav we are going to look at a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mav we are going to look at a table
+and so the mass range you can probe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the mass range you can probe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the mass range you can probe is
+10 to the minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 10
+in delta m square for atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in delta m square for atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in delta m square for atmospheric
+neutrinos they are produced in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos they are produced in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos they are produced in the upper
+atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+you know tend to the forge 10 to the 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know tend to the forge 10 to the 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know tend to the forge 10 to the 7
+meters energies can range at a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters energies can range at a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters energies can range at a large
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+let's say 10 to the 2 to 10 to the 5 mb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 to the 2 to 10 to the 5 mb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 to the 2 to 10 to the 5 mb
+and then reactors typically mav range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reactors typically mav range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reactors typically mav range
+this is kind of the nuclear range for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the nuclear range for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the nuclear range for
+for neutrino energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for neutrino energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for neutrino energies
+um and the range is given by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the range is given by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the range is given by you know
+how much space do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much space do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much space do you have
+you know around or away from a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know around or away from a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know around or away from a nuclear
+reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor
+similarly for accelerators you build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for accelerators you build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for accelerators you build an
+accelerator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator or
+use an existing accelerator and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an existing accelerator and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an existing accelerator and then you
+build your detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your detectors
+maybe close to it and maybe another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe close to it and maybe another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe close to it and maybe another one
+far away and that's limited by the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away and that's limited by the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away and that's limited by the size
+of our planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our planet
+or wherever you want to build um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wherever you want to build um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wherever you want to build um
+build your detectors energy ranges there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your detectors energy ranges there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your detectors energy ranges there
+depends on the energy range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the energy range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the energy range of the
+accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator
+and that is in the in the order of 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is in the in the order of 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is in the in the order of 10 to
+the 3 10 to the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 10 to the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 10 to the five
+four maybe so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four maybe so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four maybe so you see that
+you know it's actually rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's actually rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's actually rather
+straightforward study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward study
+also it's interesting to see and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it's interesting to see and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it's interesting to see and we see
+this next what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next what kind of
+flavor of neutrinos and whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of neutrinos and whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of neutrinos and whether or not
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+study neutrinos or anti-neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study neutrinos or anti-neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study neutrinos or anti-neutrinos
+without the experiment is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the experiment is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the experiment is important
+so let's go through this and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through this and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through this and also
+explain a little bit of a history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a little bit of a history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a little bit of a history and
+how this all occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this all occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this all occurred
+so the first question is you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question is you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question is you know what
+what happens to the solar neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the solar neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the solar neutrinos
+so solar neutrinos are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solar neutrinos are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solar neutrinos are basically
+produced in the core of the sun together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the core of the sun together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the core of the sun together
+with light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light
+it turns out that the light of the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the light of the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the light of the sun
+takes about 10 000 years to come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes about 10 000 years to come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes about 10 000 years to come out of
+the sun while the neutrinos come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun while the neutrinos come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun while the neutrinos come out
+immediately so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so when
+first experiments tried to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiments tried to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiments tried to observe
+solar neutrinos they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar neutrinos they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar neutrinos they had to
+theoretically estimate and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically estimate and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically estimate and how many
+neutrinos to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos to expect
+and they saw less and so one explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they saw less and so one explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they saw less and so one explanation
+would have been or could have been or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been or could have been or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been or could have been or
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+uh maybe something happened at the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe something happened at the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe something happened at the core
+of the sun and we just haven't seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun and we just haven't seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun and we just haven't seen it
+yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because
+the light which comes out of the sun you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light which comes out of the sun you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light which comes out of the sun you
+know has a delay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know has a delay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know has a delay of
+up to ten thousand years that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to ten thousand years that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to ten thousand years that didn't
+turn out to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be the case
+um so here's the spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's the spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's the spectrum of the
+neutrino energies and the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino energies and the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino energies and the specific
+sources of neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of neutrinos
+uh from the sun in our nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the sun in our nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the sun in our nuclear physics
+discussion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we
+will get to the point that we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to the point that we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to the point that we understand
+how the neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the neutrino
+how the sun produces energy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the sun produces energy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the sun produces energy and then
+some of this becomes more clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this becomes more clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this becomes more clear
+the story to take away at this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story to take away at this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story to take away at this point is
+that there certain there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there certain there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there certain there's
+several processes within the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several processes within the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several processes within the sun
+producing neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing neutrinos
+and they all come with a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all come with a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all come with a characteristic
+energy distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy distribution
+um but the bottom line is you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the bottom line is you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the bottom line is you know you
+find mav scale neutrinos from the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find mav scale neutrinos from the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find mav scale neutrinos from the sun
+so there's a soup of electron neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a soup of electron neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a soup of electron neutrinos
+um they start interacting with the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they start interacting with the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they start interacting with the sun
+and there's a little bit of a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a little bit of a flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a little bit of a flavor
+evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+within when they go through the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within when they go through the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within when they go through the material
+of the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun
+um but you know what you want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know what you want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know what you want to really
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+is you know look for disappearance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know look for disappearance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know look for disappearance in
+detectors which are sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors which are sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors which are sensitive to
+electron neutrinos and that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron neutrinos and that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron neutrinos and that has been
+done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um
+in a number of experiments most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of experiments most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of experiments most famous
+maybe the davis experiments which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the davis experiments which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the davis experiments which
+the big tank of chlorine and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big tank of chlorine and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big tank of chlorine and in the
+interaction you were looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction you were looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction you were looking for
+finding argon in your detector and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding argon in your detector and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding argon in your detector and you
+just every now and then went in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just every now and then went in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just every now and then went in there
+and saw how much argon was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saw how much argon was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saw how much argon was actually
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+and it turned out that those experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out that those experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out that those experiments
+all of them found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them found
+a reduced number of neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduced number of neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduced number of neutrinos
+reduced with respect to the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced with respect to the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced with respect to the theoretical
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the assumption was that or there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption was that or there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption was that or there was no
+knowledge of neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of neutrino
+oscillations or mixing at this time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations or mixing at this time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations or mixing at this time so
+that needed to be explained and one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be explained and one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be explained and one way
+to explain but it's not just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain but it's not just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain but it's not just using the
+charge interaction which allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge interaction which allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge interaction which allows you
+to probe the flavor of the neutrino but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probe the flavor of the neutrino but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probe the flavor of the neutrino but
+also lose the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lose the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lose the neutral
+um the neutral scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the neutral scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the neutral scattering
+which then allows you to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then allows you to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then allows you to measure the
+total number of neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of neutrinos
+and if you do this this was done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do this this was done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do this this was done by the
+snow experiment you find that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow experiment you find that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow experiment you find that the total
+number of neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of neutrinos
+is in good agreement with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in good agreement with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in good agreement with the
+theoretical expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical expectation
+hence the neutrinos are not really lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the neutrinos are not really lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the neutrinos are not really lost
+they're just more from one flavor into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just more from one flavor into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just more from one flavor into
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+so this was the first evidence for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the first evidence for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the first evidence for um
+for uh solar neutrinos to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh solar neutrinos to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh solar neutrinos to be um
+oscillator uh by now this you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator uh by now this you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator uh by now this you know this
+first experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment was
+homestake um but now there is a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homestake um but now there is a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homestake um but now there is a larger
+number of solar neutrino experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of solar neutrino experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of solar neutrino experiments
+when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see
+it's a long time of neutrino studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different materials are being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials are being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials are being used
+different energy thresholds being tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy thresholds being tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy thresholds being tested
+different scale of the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scale of the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scale of the experiments
+and experiments become more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiments become more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiments become more sensitive
+the larger they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger they are
+and so this is can some something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is can some something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is can some something you
+can see from this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from this table
+the next source of neutrinos is the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next source of neutrinos is the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next source of neutrinos is the ones
+which are produced in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are produced in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are produced in the atmosphere
+so they are produced in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are produced in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are produced in the case of
+pions and k ons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pions and k ons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pions and k ons
+and you know while the cosmic rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know while the cosmic rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know while the cosmic rays
+interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with
+the atmosphere or the earth's atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere or the earth's atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere or the earth's atmosphere
+and so you find for example a pi plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you find for example a pi plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you find for example a pi plus
+decaying into a muon in a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying into a muon in a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying into a muon in a neuron
+neutrino and then the muon itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino and then the muon itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino and then the muon itself
+can decay into an electron an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decay into an electron an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decay into an electron an electron
+neutrino and a muon antineutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino and a muon antineutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino and a muon antineutrino
+so if you for example build the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you for example build the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you for example build the ratio of
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+antimen over electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimen over electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimen over electron
+anti-electroneutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-electroneutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-electroneutrinos
+you find it should be around two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find it should be around two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find it should be around two
+right you have two neutrino neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have two neutrino neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have two neutrino neutrinos
+here and then electro nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then electro nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then electro nitrogen
+and also this wasn't really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this wasn't really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this wasn't really um
+really observed and you can see here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really observed and you can see here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really observed and you can see here as
+a function of the cosine of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the cosine of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the cosine of the
+need you know looking up upwards towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you know looking up upwards towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you know looking up upwards towards
+the atmosphere or downwards you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere or downwards you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere or downwards you find
+that there is an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an effect
+of of this kind of oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this kind of oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this kind of oscillation
+so the actual minimum measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual minimum measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual minimum measurement
+depends on the energy range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the energy range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the energy range
+um and you can see that the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can see that the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can see that the neural
+neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos
+neuron like neutrinos that disappear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron like neutrinos that disappear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron like neutrinos that disappear you
+see here in this very clear plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here in this very clear plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here in this very clear plot
+the prediction without oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction without oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction without oscillation
+compared to the experimental results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the experimental results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the experimental results so
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+the mirror neutrinos actually disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moving on accelerators can be used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on accelerators can be used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on accelerators can be used and
+the big accelerator on the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big accelerator on the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big accelerator on the earth
+are cern or fermilab the beam line its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cern or fermilab the beam line its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cern or fermilab the beam line its
+thermolab is called lumi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+national accelerator laboratory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national accelerator laboratory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national accelerator laboratory um
+or cern or in japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are the big sources of accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the big sources of accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the big sources of accelerated
+driven arduinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven arduinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven arduinos
+and in resource there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in resource there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in resource there's an
+big detectors typically the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big detectors typically the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big detectors typically the detector
+very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close
+to the accelerator and one further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the accelerator and one further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the accelerator and one further away
+the close one to probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the close one to probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the close one to probe the
+total flux of the neutrino at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total flux of the neutrino at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total flux of the neutrino at the
+experiment and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and then the
+one which is away in order to probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is away in order to probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is away in order to probe the
+effect of the neutrino oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the neutrino oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the neutrino oscillation
+now in order to study appearance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to study appearance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to study appearance or
+disappearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearance
+and again here you see this is a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again here you see this is a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again here you see this is a long
+program but it basically took off quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but it basically took off quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but it basically took off quite
+a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit
+in the 2000s and after so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 2000s and after so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 2000s and after so a lot of
+neutrino physics happened in those years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino physics happened in those years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino physics happened in those years
+a lot of information about the neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of information about the neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of information about the neutrino
+was gathered in this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gathered in this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gathered in this year
+and again here this is from the t2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again here this is from the t2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again here this is from the t2k
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+you see the comparison between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the comparison between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the comparison between
+unoscillated predictions and oscillated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoscillated predictions and oscillated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoscillated predictions and oscillated
+you know using some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using some additional
+constraints about your expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints about your expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints about your expectation of
+the total flux of the neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total flux of the neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total flux of the neutrinos
+and that compared to the data and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that compared to the data and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that compared to the data and you
+see very clearly that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very clearly that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very clearly that the
+the neutrinos oscillate that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrinos oscillate that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrinos oscillate that there is
+evidence for oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the last source on reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the last source on reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the last source on reactor
+neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos
+we'll talk about nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about nuclear physics
+starting from next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from next week
+here neutrinos are produced in nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here neutrinos are produced in nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here neutrinos are produced in nuclear
+fission of heavy isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission of heavy isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission of heavy isotopes
+mainly that's uranium and polonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly that's uranium and polonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly that's uranium and polonium
+flux can be calculated in various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux can be calculated in various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux can be calculated in various ways
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+by knowing the nuclear processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing the nuclear processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing the nuclear processes and
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+thermal power produced in the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal power produced in the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal power produced in the reactor
+or by just looking at how much fuel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by just looking at how much fuel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by just looking at how much fuel is
+being nuclear fuel is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nuclear fuel is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nuclear fuel is being
+used by the reactor itself what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the reactor itself what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the reactor itself what's being
+started here is the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here is the anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here is the anti
+um anti-electronic treated disappearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anti-electronic treated disappearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anti-electronic treated disappearance
+and you what you do here is use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you what you do here is use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you what you do here is use this
+inverse bitter decay where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse bitter decay where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse bitter decay where you have a
+collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision
+or scattering of a anti-electro neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or scattering of a anti-electro neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or scattering of a anti-electro neutrino
+with a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton
+creating an electron a positron and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an electron a positron and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an electron a positron and a
+neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron
+and again there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's a number of
+experiments basically whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments basically whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments basically whenever you have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+whenever you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a large
+neutrino experiment it can probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino experiment it can probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino experiment it can probe
+surrounding nuclear reactors there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding nuclear reactors there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding nuclear reactors there's
+many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them
+in france in japan also in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in france in japan also in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in france in japan also in china
+and they're being used in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're being used in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're being used in those
+experiments again you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments again you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments again you see that this
+topic became really hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic became really hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic became really hot
+in the 2000s and again a lot of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 2000s and again a lot of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 2000s and again a lot of a lot
+has been there and learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been there and learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been there and learned
+so this part here shows you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part here shows you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part here shows you as a
+function of the energy the length over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the energy the length over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the energy the length over
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+so kilometer over meb the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kilometer over meb the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kilometer over meb the oscillation
+the survival probability meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survival probability meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survival probability meaning that
+you can actually see directly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see directly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see directly the
+oscillation of energy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JSs_dqq2uWo.txt b/JSs_dqq2uWo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f41ca73ac2d90428fcf533330a42e2b6804ebf13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JSs_dqq2uWo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi today uh we do a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today uh we do a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today uh we do a somewhat
+computational bit and actually the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational bit and actually the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational bit and actually the uh
+lecture for today is not nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture for today is not nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture for today is not nearly as
+difficult once you get through the Maze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult once you get through the Maze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult once you get through the Maze
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+symbolism as it is to apply the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism as it is to apply the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism as it is to apply the material
+other words we're going to devote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we're going to devote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we're going to devote the
+next two units of our course to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two units of our course to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two units of our course to this
+particular particular topic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particular topic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particular topic which is
+known as the chain rule but we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the chain rule but we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the chain rule but we'll give
+one lecture to cover both units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lecture to cover both units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lecture to cover both units and
+again the idea is that it's not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the idea is that it's not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the idea is that it's not so much
+that the concept becomes more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the concept becomes more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the concept becomes more difficult
+as much as it is that you must develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as it is that you must develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as it is that you must develop a
+certain amount of dexterity keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of dexterity keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of dexterity keeping
+track of the various partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the various partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the various partial derivatives
+and the like uh at any rate maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like uh at any rate maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like uh at any rate maybe I
+think the best way is to just bodge into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best way is to just bodge into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best way is to just bodge into
+a hypothetical situation and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothetical situation and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothetical situation and see what
+the situation really is the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation really is the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation really is the idea is
+essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the
+following we're given some functions say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we're given some functions say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we're given some functions say
+w w is a function of say the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w w is a function of say the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w w is a function of say the three
+independent variables x y and z now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables x y and z now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables x y and z now for
+some reason or other which we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason or other which we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason or other which we won't
+worry about right now it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about right now it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about right now it turns out that
+x y and z are in turn conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and z are in turn conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and z are in turn conveniently
+expressable in terms of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressable in terms of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressable in terms of the two
+variables r and s in fact if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables r and s in fact if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables r and s in fact if you want to
+physical interpretation of this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation of this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation of this you can
+think of you know if x y and z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know if x y and z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know if x y and z are
+functions of the two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the two independent
+variables RNs that means that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables RNs that means that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables RNs that means that we have
+two degrees of freedom so we may think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degrees of freedom so we may think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degrees of freedom so we may think
+of this as parametrically representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as parametrically representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as parametrically representing
+the equation of a surface and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of a surface and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of a surface and what we're
+talking about here is W being a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here is W being a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here is W being a function
+of something in space and asking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something in space and asking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something in space and asking what
+does w look like when you restrict your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does w look like when you restrict your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does w look like when you restrict your
+space to a particular surface I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to a particular surface I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to a particular surface I mean
+that's just a geometrical interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a geometrical interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a geometrical interpretation
+that one could talk about but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one could talk about but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one could talk about but the idea
+is the following after all if W depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following after all if W depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following after all if W depends
+on X Y and Z and X Y and Z each depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X Y and Z and X Y and Z each depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X Y and Z and X Y and Z each depend
+on RNs in particular then it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on RNs in particular then it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on RNs in particular then it's clear
+that W itself is some function of RNs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that W itself is some function of RNs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that W itself is some function of RNs
+where again I use the usual notation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again I use the usual notation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again I use the usual notation of
+using a g here rather than the F up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a g here rather than the F up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a g here rather than the F up here
+to indicate that the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that the relationship
+between R and S which specifies W may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between R and S which specifies W may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between R and S which specifies W may
+very well be a different algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well be a different algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well be a different algebraic
+relationship than that which relates X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship than that which relates X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship than that which relates X Y
+and Z to give W but the point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z to give W but the point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z to give W but the point that we
+have in mind is the following given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind is the following given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind is the following given that
+W is a function of X Y and Z given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is a function of X Y and Z given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is a function of X Y and Z given that
+x y and z are functions of R ands hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and z are functions of R ands hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and z are functions of R ands hence
+W is a function of RNs the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is a function of RNs the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is a function of RNs the question that
+we ask in calculus of several variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask in calculus of several variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask in calculus of several variables
+is first of all if we can be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first of all if we can be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first of all if we can be sure that
+these were all continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were all continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were all continuously
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+functions can we be sure that W will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can we be sure that W will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can we be sure that W will be
+a continuously differentiable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuously differentiable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuously differentiable function
+of RNs that's the first question and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RNs that's the first question and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RNs that's the first question and the
+second question is okay assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is okay assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is okay assuming that
+the answer to the first question is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to the first question is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to the first question is in
+the affirmative that W is a continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affirmative that W is a continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affirmative that W is a continuously
+differentiable function of RNs how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of RNs how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of RNs how could
+we compute for example the partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute for example the partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute for example the partial of w
+with respect to R knowing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R knowing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R knowing all of the
+so-called obvious other partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called obvious other partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called obvious other partial
+derivatives what do I mean by that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives what do I mean by that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives what do I mean by that well
+what I mean is if you were to look just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is if you were to look just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is if you were to look just
+at this equation just looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this equation just looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this equation just looking at this
+equation what are the obvious partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what are the obvious partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what are the obvious partial
+derivatives to take you say well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to take you say well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to take you say well we'll
+take the partial of w respect to X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial of w respect to X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial of w respect to X the
+partial of w with respect to Y and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Y and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Y and the
+partial of w with respect to Z and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Z and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Z and if
+you were to look say at this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to look say at this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to look say at this equation
+the natural thing to ask is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural thing to ask is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural thing to ask is what is the
+partial of X with respect to R what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of X with respect to R what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of X with respect to R what is
+the partial of X with respect to S Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of X with respect to S Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of X with respect to S Etc
+in other words what we're saying is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what we're saying is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what we're saying is in
+this particular problem we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem we would like to
+figure out how for example to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how for example to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how for example to compute
+the partial of with respect to R knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of with respect to R knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of with respect to R knowing
+that we have at our disposal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have at our disposal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have at our disposal the
+partials of w with respect to X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials of w with respect to X Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials of w with respect to X Y and Z
+the partials of X and Y with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partials of X and Y with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partials of X and Y with respect to
+X Y and Z with respect to R Etc meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y and Z with respect to R Etc meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y and Z with respect to R Etc meaning
+we also have the partials of X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have the partials of X Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have the partials of X Y and Z
+with respect to Theta before I go any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta before I go any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta before I go any
+further notice by the way that if I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further notice by the way that if I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further notice by the way that if I left
+out that phrase that we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that phrase that we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that phrase that we were talking
+about in our last lecture continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in our last lecture continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in our last lecture continuously
+differentiable notice that all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable notice that all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable notice that all of this
+would make sense Prov ided that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make sense Prov ided that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make sense Prov ided that the
+derivatives existed there was no place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives existed there was no place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives existed there was no place
+here do I make any statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do I make any statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do I make any statement that the
+partials have to not only exist but be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials have to not only exist but be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials have to not only exist but be
+continuous I never say it at all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous I never say it at all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous I never say it at all this is
+what the problem is I would like to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is I would like to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is I would like to use
+the chain rule do you see why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule do you see why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule do you see why it's
+called the chain rule W is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the chain rule W is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the chain rule W is a function of
+x y and z x y and z are each functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and z x y and z are each functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and z x y and z are each functions
+of R ands now what I claim is that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R ands now what I claim is that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R ands now what I claim is that not
+only is it possible to do this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is it possible to do this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is it possible to do this but the
+recipe for doing this is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for doing this is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for doing this is a very very
+suggestive thing one which is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive thing one which is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive thing one which is very very
+easy to remember once you see how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to remember once you see how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to remember once you see how it's
+put together if you don't see how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together if you don't see how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together if you don't see how it's
+put together the thing is just a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together the thing is just a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together the thing is just a mess
+namely the claim is that the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the claim is that the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the claim is that the partial of
+w with respect to R is the par I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w with respect to R is the par I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w with respect to R is the par I'll just
+read it to you the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it to you the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it to you the partial of w with
+respect to X time the partial of X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X time the partial of X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X time the partial of X with
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+respect to Z times the partial of Z with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z times the partial of Z with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z times the partial of Z with
+respect to r as I say if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to r as I say if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to r as I say if you try to
+memorize that it's a very very nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize that it's a very very nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize that it's a very very nasty
+business but let's look at this in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but let's look at this in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but let's look at this in three
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces in a way can you sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces in a way can you sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces in a way can you sense that this
+is nothing more than the change in W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than the change in W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than the change in W
+with respect to R due to the change in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R due to the change in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R due to the change in X
+alone in other words you're taking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone in other words you're taking here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone in other words you're taking here
+what the change in W due to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the change in W due to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the change in W due to X and
+multiplying that by the change in X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that by the change in X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that by the change in X with
+respect to R so this is the contri ution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R so this is the contri ution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R so this is the contri ution
+of the change in W with respect to R due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in W with respect to R due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in W with respect to R due
+to X alone on the other hand this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X alone on the other hand this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X alone on the other hand this is the
+partial of w with respect to R due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R due to
+the change in y alone and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in y alone and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in y alone and this is the
+partial of w with respect to R due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R due to
+the change in Z alone and since x y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in Z alone and since x y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in Z alone and since x y and
+z are independent the change in X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z are independent the change in X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z are independent the change in X the
+change in y and the change in Z are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in y and the change in Z are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in y and the change in Z are also
+independent variables consequently it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables consequently it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables consequently it
+seems reasonable to assume that to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems reasonable to assume that to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems reasonable to assume that to find
+the total change of w with respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total change of w with respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total change of w with respect to R
+we just add up all of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just add up all of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just add up all of the partial
+contributions namely we take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions namely we take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions namely we take the partial
+of w with respect to R due to X alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to R due to X alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to R due to X alone
+add on to that the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add on to that the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add on to that the partial of w with
+respect to R due to Y alone add on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R due to Y alone add on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R due to Y alone add on to
+that the partial of w with respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the partial of w with respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the partial of w with respect to R
+due to Z alone and that that sum should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to Z alone and that that sum should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to Z alone and that that sum should
+be the total change in W with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total change in W with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total change in W with respect to
+R treating S as a constant and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R treating S as a constant and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R treating S as a constant and by the
+way let me point out a pitfall with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way let me point out a pitfall with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way let me point out a pitfall with this
+notation you know we're so used to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation you know we're so used to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation you know we're so used to using
+fractional notation here have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional notation here have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional notation here have you
+noticed that if you're not careful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that if you're not careful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that if you're not careful here
+you're almost tempted to cancel I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're almost tempted to cancel I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're almost tempted to cancel I don't
+want to write this because you'll think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write this because you'll think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write this because you'll think
+that it's the right way of doing it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the right way of doing it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the right way of doing it but
+it's almost just say hey let's cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost just say hey let's cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost just say hey let's cancel
+the partials with respect to X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partials with respect to X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partials with respect to X here
+let's cancel the partials with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's cancel the partials with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's cancel the partials with respect
+to Y here and let's cancel the partials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y here and let's cancel the partials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y here and let's cancel the partials
+with respect to Z here by the way if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Z here by the way if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Z here by the way if you
+did that notice what you would get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that notice what you would get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that notice what you would get is
+the contradiction that the partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contradiction that the partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contradiction that the partial of w
+with respect to R is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R is equal to the
+partial of w with respect to R plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R plus the
+partial of w with respect to R plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R plus the
+partial of w with respect to R in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R in other
+words it seems that you would get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it seems that you would get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it seems that you would get that
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+always three times itself which is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always three times itself which is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always three times itself which is I
+hope a glaring enough contradiction so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope a glaring enough contradiction so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope a glaring enough contradiction so I
+don't have to go into any more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go into any more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go into any more detail
+about the contradiction part notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the contradiction part notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the contradiction part notice
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+though why I have made such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though why I have made such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though why I have made such a
+fetish why I have made such a fetish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetish why I have made such a fetish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetish why I have made such a fetish
+over labeling the variables notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over labeling the variables notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over labeling the variables notice that
+when you're taking the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're taking the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're taking the partial of w with
+respect to X you're assuming that y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X you're assuming that y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X you're assuming that y and
+z are the variables that are being held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z are the variables that are being held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z are the variables that are being held
+constant and when you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and when you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and when you're taking the
+partial of X with respect to R It's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of X with respect to R It's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of X with respect to R It's s
+that you're assuming is being held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're assuming is being held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're assuming is being held
+constant and as soon as you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and as soon as you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and as soon as you look at
+these subscripts here somehow or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subscripts here somehow or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subscripts here somehow or other
+that should put you on your guard to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should put you on your guard to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should put you on your guard to be
+careful about Crossing out because after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about Crossing out because after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about Crossing out because after
+all the changes are being made with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the changes are being made with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the changes are being made with
+respect to different sets of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to different sets of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to different sets of variables
+at any rate this is the statement and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate this is the statement and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate this is the statement and my
+other claim is that the proof follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other claim is that the proof follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other claim is that the proof follows
+immediately from the main key theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from the main key theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from the main key theorem
+that we stressed last time even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we stressed last time even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we stressed last time even though
+we didn't prove it but we've had ample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't prove it but we've had ample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't prove it but we've had ample
+exercises using this namely notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises using this namely notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises using this namely notice that
+we have already seen that if W does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have already seen that if W does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have already seen that if W does
+happen to be a continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be a continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be a continuously
+differentiable function of X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of X Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of X Y and Z
+then Delta W is the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Delta W is the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Delta W is the partial of w with
+respect to x * Delta X plus the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x * Delta X plus the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x * Delta X plus the partial
+of w with respect to y * Delta y plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to y * Delta y plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to y * Delta y plus
+the partial of w with respect to Z *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to Z *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to Z *
+Delta Z Plus an error term and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Z Plus an error term and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Z Plus an error term and what is
+that error term it's K1 Delta X Plus K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error term it's K1 Delta X Plus K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error term it's K1 Delta X Plus K2
+Delta y plus K3 Delta Z where K1 K2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y plus K3 Delta Z where K1 K2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y plus K3 Delta Z where K1 K2 and
+K3 all approach zero as Delta X Delta Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3 all approach zero as Delta X Delta Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3 all approach zero as Delta X Delta Y
+and Delta Z approach zero now again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta Z approach zero now again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta Z approach zero now again the
+key step in all of this is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key step in all of this is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key step in all of this is that this
+amount here I could always called Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount here I could always called Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount here I could always called Delta
+W tan or as Professor Thomas calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W tan or as Professor Thomas calls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W tan or as Professor Thomas calls it
+for more than two variables Delta w suin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than two variables Delta w suin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than two variables Delta w suin
+l n uh meaning that this is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l n uh meaning that this is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l n uh meaning that this is a linear
+equation remember I've made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation remember I've made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation remember I've made an
+abbreviation here these partials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation here these partials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation here these partials are
+assumed to be evaluated at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be evaluated at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be evaluated at a particular
+point that we're interested in but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we're interested in but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we're interested in but the
+idea is granted that I can always call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is granted that I can always call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is granted that I can always call
+this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta
+W10 to say that the era has this small a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W10 to say that the era has this small a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W10 to say that the era has this small a
+magnitude depends on the fact that W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude depends on the fact that W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude depends on the fact that W is
+a continuously differentiable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuously differentiable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuously differentiable function
+of X Y and Z that's why the theory is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X Y and Z that's why the theory is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X Y and Z that's why the theory is so
+important what happens in real life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what happens in real life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what happens in real life is
+that most examples you encounter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most examples you encounter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most examples you encounter in
+engineering real life engineering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering real life engineering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering real life engineering the
+functions that you're dealing with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you're dealing with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you're dealing with are
+continuously differentiable so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable so it seems
+like we're making a big issue over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're making a big issue over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're making a big issue over
+nothing I should point out that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I should point out that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I should point out that on the
+frontiers of knowledge enough situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontiers of knowledge enough situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontiers of knowledge enough situations
+occur where the functions that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur where the functions that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur where the functions that we're
+dealing with are not continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with are not continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with are not continuously
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+that some horrible mistakes can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some horrible mistakes can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some horrible mistakes can be made
+by assuming that you can replace Delta W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming that you can replace Delta W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming that you can replace Delta W
+by this without any significant error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this without any significant error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this without any significant error
+but as long as this is the case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as this is the case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as this is the case we can
+do this and now notice what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and now notice what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and now notice what does the
+partial of w with respect to R mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R mean it
+means you take Delta W divided Delta R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you take Delta W divided Delta R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you take Delta W divided Delta R
+and let me just do that here I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just do that here I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just do that here I'll just
+divide every term by Delta r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now what do I have to do next to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do I have to do next to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do I have to do next to get
+the partial I have to take the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial I have to take the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial I have to take the limit as
+Delta R approaches zero now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R approaches zero now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R approaches zero now the
+interesting point is as Delta R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point is as Delta R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point is as Delta R
+approaches zero holding s fixed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches zero holding s fixed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches zero holding s fixed this
+term obviously becomes the partial of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term obviously becomes the partial of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term obviously becomes the partial of X
+with respect to R by definition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R by definition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R by definition this
+term becomes the partial of Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term becomes the partial of Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term becomes the partial of Y with
+respect to R by definition and this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R by definition and this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R by definition and this term
+becomes the partial of Z with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the partial of Z with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the partial of Z with respect to
+R by definition by the way notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R by definition by the way notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R by definition by the way notice that
+that even though Delta X Delta Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though Delta X Delta Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though Delta X Delta Y and
+Delta Z are all going to zero as Delta R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Z are all going to zero as Delta R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Z are all going to zero as Delta R
+goes to zero you cannot immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero you cannot immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero you cannot immediately
+conclude that these terms drop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that these terms drop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that these terms drop out
+because after all Delta R is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all Delta R is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all Delta R is also
+approaching zero so Delta X over Delta R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching zero so Delta X over Delta R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching zero so Delta X over Delta R
+is that Z over zero form in fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Z over zero form in fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Z over zero form in fact that
+that's precisely the partial of X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's precisely the partial of X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's precisely the partial of X with
+respect to R term that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R term that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R term that we're talking
+about the beauty is what that as Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the beauty is what that as Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the beauty is what that as Delta X
+Delta Y and Delta Z approach zero each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y and Delta Z approach zero each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y and Delta Z approach zero each
+of the ks approach zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see the reason that these that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the reason that these that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the reason that these that the
+error term becomes negligible becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term becomes negligible becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term becomes negligible becomes
+zero in the limit isn't because Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the limit isn't because Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the limit isn't because Delta X
+Delta Y and Delta Z are becoming small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y and Delta Z are becoming small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y and Delta Z are becoming small
+because these small numbers are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these small numbers are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these small numbers are being
+divided by another small number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by another small number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by another small number it's
+because the K1 K2 and K3 are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the K1 K2 and K3 are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the K1 K2 and K3 are getting
+small at any rate putting this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small at any rate putting this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small at any rate putting this all
+together notice that now in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together notice that now in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together notice that now in a in a
+manner completely analogous to our part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner completely analogous to our part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner completely analogous to our part
+one treatment of the chain rule except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one treatment of the chain rule except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one treatment of the chain rule except
+that we're now dealing with several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're now dealing with several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're now dealing with several
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+these three terms drop out and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three terms drop out and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three terms drop out and these
+three terms become the claim that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms become the claim that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms become the claim that we
+made before in other words this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made before in other words this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made before in other words this is how
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+computed and again the theory is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and again the theory is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and again the theory is the
+easiest part of this that's the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest part of this that's the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest part of this that's the easy
+part the hot part is getting familiarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the hot part is getting familiarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the hot part is getting familiarity
+with how to work with this and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how to work with this and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how to work with this and I think
+the best way to get some familiarity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to get some familiarity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to get some familiarity for
+working with this is to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with this is to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with this is to pick
+particularly simple problems for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple problems for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple problems for the
+lecture problems where it's so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture problems where it's so easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture problems where it's so easy to
+do the problem both ways that no hang up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the problem both ways that no hang up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the problem both ways that no hang up
+can possibly occur let's take a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can possibly occur let's take a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can possibly occur let's take a very
+simple example let's suppose that W =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example let's suppose that W =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example let's suppose that W =
+x^2 + y^2 + z^2 suppose we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2 + z^2 suppose we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2 + z^2 suppose we also know
+that X is r + s y is R minus s and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is r + s y is R minus s and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is r + s y is R minus s and Z
+happens to be 2 R in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be 2 R in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be 2 R in this particular
+case notice that we would find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case notice that we would find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case notice that we would find the
+partial of w with respect to R very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R very
+conveniently by direct substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently by direct substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently by direct substitution
+namely we simply replace X by r + S we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely we simply replace X by r + S we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely we simply replace X by r + S we
+replace y by r minus s we replace Z by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace y by r minus s we replace Z by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace y by r minus s we replace Z by 2
+R and then W simply becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and then W simply becomes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and then W simply becomes this
+expression here which when we collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here which when we collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here which when we collect
+terms becomes 6 r^ 2 + 2 s^2 and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms becomes 6 r^ 2 + 2 s^2 and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms becomes 6 r^ 2 + 2 s^2 and again
+the arithmetic there is simple enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic there is simple enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic there is simple enough so
+I'm not even going to bother worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even going to bother worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even going to bother worrying
+about how we justify these steps at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we justify these steps at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we justify these steps at
+which stage to take the partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stage to take the partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stage to take the partial of w
+with respect to R holding s constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R holding s constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R holding s constant
+this is simply what 12r because s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply what 12r because s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply what 12r because s is
+being treated as a constant its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated as a constant its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated as a constant its
+derivative with respect to R is zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to R is zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to R is zero you
+see notice in in an example like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see notice in in an example like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see notice in in an example like this
+one would not really be tempted to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would not really be tempted to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would not really be tempted to use
+the chain rule the chain rule is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule the chain rule is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule the chain rule is used in
+many cases not just for convenience but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases not just for convenience but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases not just for convenience but
+in cases of great Theory where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cases of great Theory where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cases of great Theory where you're
+only given that W is some function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only given that W is some function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only given that W is some function of X
+Y and Z and you're not told explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z and you're not told explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z and you're not told explicitly
+what the function is you're just given f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function is you're just given f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function is you're just given f
+of x YZ in the case where X Y where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x YZ in the case where X Y where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x YZ in the case where X Y where the
+function is given explicitly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is given explicitly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is given explicitly it's
+sometimes very easy to to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very easy to to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very easy to to substitute
+directly at any rate what the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly at any rate what the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly at any rate what the chain rule
+says is roughly this they say look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is roughly this they say look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is roughly this they say look it
+from this equation you could immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation you could immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation you could immediately
+say the partial of w with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the partial of w with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the partial of w with respect to X
+is 2x the partial of w with respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2x the partial of w with respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2x the partial of w with respect to Y
+is 2 y the partial of w with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 y the partial of w with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 y the partial of w with respect to
+Z is 2 Z from this equation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is 2 Z from this equation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is 2 Z from this equation you can
+immediately say that the partial of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately say that the partial of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately say that the partial of X
+with respect to R is one the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R is one the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R is one the partial of
+X with respect to S is one the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X with respect to S is one the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X with respect to S is one the partial
+of Y with respect to R is 1 the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y with respect to R is 1 the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y with respect to R is 1 the partial
+of Y with respect to S is minus one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y with respect to S is minus one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y with respect to S is minus one the
+partial of Z with respect to R is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of Z with respect to R is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of Z with respect to R is two
+and the partial of Z with respect to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the partial of Z with respect to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the partial of Z with respect to S
+is zero in particular summarizing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero in particular summarizing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero in particular summarizing our
+results we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results we have
+these here now what the chain rule says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here now what the chain rule says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here now what the chain rule says
+is what to find the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what to find the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what to find the partial of w with
+respect to R you just take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R you just take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R you just take the partial
+of w with respect to x times the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to x times the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to x times the partial
+of X with respect to R plus the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X with respect to R plus the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X with respect to R plus the partial
+of w with respect to Y times the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to Y times the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to Y times the partial
+of Y with respect to R plus the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y with respect to R plus the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y with respect to R plus the partial
+of w with respect to Z times the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to Z times the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to Z times the partial
+of Z with respect to R and if we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z with respect to R and if we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z with respect to R and if we do that
+in this case we simply get what 2x + 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we simply get what 2x + 2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we simply get what 2x + 2 I
++ 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4
+Z now again just I picked deliberately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z now again just I picked deliberately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z now again just I picked deliberately a
+very simple qu uh problem here remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple qu uh problem here remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple qu uh problem here remember
+by definition X is r + s y is R minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition X is r + s y is R minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition X is r + s y is R minus s
+and Z happens to be 2 R and now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z happens to be 2 R and now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z happens to be 2 R and now you can
+see very quickly here that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very quickly here that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very quickly here that when I
+substitute in I get what 2 r + 2 R is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in I get what 2 r + 2 R is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in I get what 2 r + 2 R is 4
+r+ 8 R is 12 R and 2 s minus 2s is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r+ 8 R is 12 R and 2 s minus 2s is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r+ 8 R is 12 R and 2 s minus 2s is zero
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to R is
+also 12r also meaning what we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 12r also meaning what we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 12r also meaning what we found that
+same answer before at least that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer before at least that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer before at least that's how
+the chain rule works and again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule works and again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule works and again we have
+to remember that the chain rule does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that the chain rule does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that the chain rule does not
+depend on the number of variables even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the number of variables even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the number of variables even
+though this may start to look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this may start to look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this may start to look a little
+bit sticky let's W it as follows suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit sticky let's W it as follows suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit sticky let's W it as follows suppose
+W happens to be a continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W happens to be a continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W happens to be a continuously
+differentiable function of the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of the N
+independent variables X1 up to xn see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables X1 up to xn see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables X1 up to xn see
+that that's what this parenthetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what this parenthetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what this parenthetical
+remark means I'm saying that not only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark means I'm saying that not only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark means I'm saying that not only do
+the partials of f with respect to X1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partials of f with respect to X1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partials of f with respect to X1 up
+to xn exist at a given point but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xn exist at a given point but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xn exist at a given point but they
+are continuous there and why do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continuous there and why do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continuous there and why do I want
+that in there so I can say that my error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in there so I can say that my error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in there so I can say that my error
+term is never ending greater than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is never ending greater than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is never ending greater than that
+K1 Delta X1 plus K2 Delta X2 plus Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 Delta X1 plus K2 Delta X2 plus Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 Delta X1 plus K2 Delta X2 plus Etc
+KNN Delta xn where the K's go to zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KNN Delta xn where the K's go to zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KNN Delta xn where the K's go to zero as
+the Delta X's go to zero I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta X's go to zero I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta X's go to zero I'm going to
+spare you the details of proofs but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare you the details of proofs but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare you the details of proofs but I
+just want you to keep seeing why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want you to keep seeing why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want you to keep seeing why these
+things are necessary at any rate let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are necessary at any rate let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are necessary at any rate let's
+suppose now that each of the N variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose now that each of the N variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose now that each of the N variables
+X1 up to xn turn out to be functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 up to xn turn out to be functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 up to xn turn out to be functions of
+the M variables n and M could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M variables n and M could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M variables n and M could
+conceivably be equal but M could even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivably be equal but M could even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivably be equal but M could even be
+more than n it can be less than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than n it can be less than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than n it can be less than n
+there's no reason why they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason why they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason why they have to be
+equal all we're saying is speaking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal all we're saying is speaking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal all we're saying is speaking in
+the most general terms suppose each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general terms suppose each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general terms suppose each of
+the nx's is a continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nx's is a continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nx's is a continuously
+differentiable function of the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of the M
+independent variables y sub one up to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables y sub one up to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables y sub one up to Y
+subm in fact that's what this Etc means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm in fact that's what this Etc means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm in fact that's what this Etc means
+here the ETC refers to the parenthetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the ETC refers to the parenthetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the ETC refers to the parenthetical
+remark here I mean that not only are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark here I mean that not only are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark here I mean that not only are the
+X's functions of y1 up to ym but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's functions of y1 up to ym but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's functions of y1 up to ym but they're
+continuously differentiable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions
+now obviously what we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously what we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously what we're saying is that
+if the if W can be expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if W can be expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if W can be expressed in terms of
+the X's the xes can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's the xes can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's the xes can be expressed in
+terms of the Y's obviously then W can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the Y's obviously then W can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the Y's obviously then W can be
+expressed in terms of the Y's in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of the Y's in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of the Y's in other
+words W is some function of y1 up to ym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words W is some function of y1 up to ym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words W is some function of y1 up to ym
+now the question that comes up is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question that comes up is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question that comes up is that
+just looking at this I can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at this I can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at this I can talk about
+the partial of w with respect to y1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to y1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to y1 the
+partial of w with respect to Y2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Y2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Y2 the
+partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w
+uh with respect to Y3 Etc all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with respect to Y3 Etc all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with respect to Y3 Etc all the way up
+to the partial of w with respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the partial of w with respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the partial of w with respect to Y
+subm and the question is look at from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm and the question is look at from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm and the question is look at from
+the original form of w it was easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original form of w it was easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original form of w it was easy to
+talk about the partials of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the partials of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the partials of w with
+respect to the X's from how the X's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the X's from how the X's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the X's from how the X's are
+given in terms of the Y's it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in terms of the Y's it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in terms of the Y's it's easy to
+talk about the derivatives of the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the derivatives of the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the derivatives of the X's
+with respect to the Y's and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the Y's and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the Y's and so the
+question is how do you find the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you find the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you find the partial
+of w with respect to say y sub one given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to say y sub one given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to say y sub one given
+all of these other partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these other partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these other partial derivatives
+and the answer again is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer again is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer again is something that
+you just have to get used to the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to get used to the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to get used to the proof
+goes through for n and M the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through for n and M the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through for n and M the same way as
+it did for the lower dimensional case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did for the lower dimensional case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did for the lower dimensional case
+and the intuitive interpretation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intuitive interpretation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intuitive interpretation is the
+same namely to find the partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same namely to find the partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same namely to find the partial of w
+with respect to y1 we simply see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to y1 we simply see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to y1 we simply see how
+much W changed with respect to y1 due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much W changed with respect to y1 due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much W changed with respect to y1 due to
+the change in X1 alone add on to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in X1 alone add on to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in X1 alone add on to that
+the change in W with respect to y1 due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in W with respect to y1 due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in W with respect to y1 due
+to the change in X2 alone Etc add on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the change in X2 alone Etc add on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the change in X2 alone Etc add on to
+that finally the change in W with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finally the change in W with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finally the change in W with
+respect to X subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X subn
+do the change in W with respect to Y sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the change in W with respect to Y sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the change in W with respect to Y sub
+one due to the change in X subn alone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one due to the change in X subn alone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one due to the change in X subn alone in
+other words again if you think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words again if you think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words again if you think of this
+in terms of cancellation if you cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of cancellation if you cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of cancellation if you cross
+these things out don't think of adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things out don't think of adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things out don't think of adding
+them but think of them as what giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but think of them as what giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but think of them as what giving
+you the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the individual
+components that tell you how the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that tell you how the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that tell you how the partial
+of w with respect to y1 is made up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to y1 is made up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to y1 is made up by
+the way there is one parenthetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way there is one parenthetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way there is one parenthetical
+remark that I haven't written on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark that I haven't written on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark that I haven't written on the
+board that I would like to make at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that I would like to make at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that I would like to make at this
+time in Professor Thomas's text he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in Professor Thomas's text he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in Professor Thomas's text he has
+elected to introduce Matrix algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected to introduce Matrix algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected to introduce Matrix algebra
+prior to this particular chapter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to this particular chapter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to this particular chapter it
+again turns out that one does not need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again turns out that one does not need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again turns out that one does not need
+matrices to talk about the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to talk about the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to talk about the chain rule
+but that if one had Matrix notation The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that if one had Matrix notation The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that if one had Matrix notation The
+Matrix notation is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix notation is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix notation is particularly
+convenient for summarizing the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient for summarizing the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient for summarizing the chain
+rule I have elected to hold off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I have elected to hold off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I have elected to hold off on
+Matrix algebra till the near future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix algebra till the near future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix algebra till the near future
+because it comes up in a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes up in a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes up in a much more
+better motivated way I think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better motivated way I think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better motivated way I think in terms of
+these linear approximations but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these linear approximations but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these linear approximations but the
+point is if as you're reading the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is if as you're reading the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is if as you're reading the text
+you see the Matrix notation and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the Matrix notation and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the Matrix notation and you are
+not familiar with the matrices forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not familiar with the matrices forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not familiar with the matrices forget it
+all the Matrix is is a shortcut notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Matrix is is a shortcut notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Matrix is is a shortcut notation
+for saying this and if I want a shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying this and if I want a shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying this and if I want a shortcut
+notation here I don't need matrices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here I don't need matrices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here I don't need matrices for
+saying this I can say this in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this I can say this in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this I can say this in terms of
+our Sigma notation notice that one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Sigma notation notice that one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Sigma notation notice that one one
+other way of writing this thing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way of writing this thing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way of writing this thing very
+compactly that may be more suggestive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactly that may be more suggestive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactly that may be more suggestive is
+the following notice that I'm adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following notice that I'm adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following notice that I'm adding up
+n terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n terms
+here the each term consists of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the each term consists of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the each term consists of two
+factors Each of which is look looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors Each of which is look looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors Each of which is look looks like
+a fraction the numerator of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction the numerator of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction the numerator of the first
+fraction is always Delta W partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is always Delta W partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is always Delta W partial of w
+the denominator of the second fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator of the second fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator of the second fraction
+is always the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always the partial
+y1 and it appears that the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and it appears that the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and it appears that the denominator
+of the first and the numerator of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first and the numerator of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first and the numerator of the
+second always have the same subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second always have the same subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second always have the same subscript
+but they seem to vary consecutively from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they seem to vary consecutively from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they seem to vary consecutively from
+one to n and that's precisely where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to n and that's precisely where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to n and that's precisely where the
+sigma notation comes in handy why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma notation comes in handy why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma notation comes in handy why don't
+we just write therefore that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write therefore that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write therefore that this is the
+sum partial of w with respect to X subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum partial of w with respect to X subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum partial of w with respect to X subk
+plus the partial of X subk with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the partial of X subk with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the partial of X subk with respect
+to y1 as the subscript K ranges through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y1 as the subscript K ranges through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y1 as the subscript K ranges through
+all integral values from 1 to n in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all integral values from 1 to n in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all integral values from 1 to n in other
+words notice that in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words notice that in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words notice that in this particular
+form we have simply Rewritten this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we have simply Rewritten this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we have simply Rewritten this thing
+compactly but if you look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactly but if you look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactly but if you look at this and
+look at this I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I think it's very
+suggestive to see how the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive to see how the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive to see how the chain rule
+works you see here's your partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you see here's your partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you see here's your partial of w
+with respect to y1 and these are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to y1 and these are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to y1 and these are what
+the contributions due to each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contributions due to each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contributions due to each of the
+changes of the N variable this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of the N variable this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of the N variable this is the
+change due to the X subk variable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change due to the X subk variable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change due to the X subk variable right
+and you add these all up because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add these all up because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add these all up because they're
+independent variables as K goes from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables as K goes from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables as K goes from 1
+to n and I write Etc here simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and I write Etc here simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and I write Etc here simply to
+point out that I could have computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that I could have computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that I could have computed the
+partial of w with respect to Y2 instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Y2 instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Y2 instead
+of Y sub one by the way the recipe would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y sub one by the way the recipe would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y sub one by the way the recipe would
+have looked exactly the same except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked exactly the same except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked exactly the same except that
+if there was a two here there would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was a two here there would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was a two here there would have
+been a two here if there were a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a two here if there were a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a two here if there were a three
+here there would have been a three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there would have been a three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there would have been a three here
+if there were an M here there would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were an M here there would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were an M here there would have
+been an M here okay now look at at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an M here okay now look at at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an M here okay now look at at this
+particular stage of our lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage of our lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage of our lecture
+today this could end with the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today this could end with the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today this could end with the idea that
+for the unit that's now assigned this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the unit that's now assigned this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the unit that's now assigned this is
+as far as you have to go in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as you have to go in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as you have to go in other words
+for the exercises that I've given you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exercises that I've given you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exercises that I've given you in
+this particular unit we do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular unit we do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular unit we do nothing
+higher than using the chain rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than using the chain rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than using the chain rule for
+first order derivatives the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order derivatives the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order derivatives the point is
+that in many applications in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many applications in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many applications in real life
+we must take higher order derivatives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must take higher order derivatives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must take higher order derivatives in
+in other words there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there are many
+differential equations partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations partial
+differential equations where we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations where we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations where we must
+work with with higher order derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with with higher order derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with with higher order derivatives
+and for that reason it becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that reason it becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that reason it becomes very
+important sometimes to be able to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sometimes to be able to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sometimes to be able to take a
+second derivative or a third derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative or a third derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative or a third derivative
+or a fourth derivative by means of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fourth derivative by means of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fourth derivative by means of the
+chain Rule now the interesting point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule now the interesting point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule now the interesting point is
+that the theory that we've used so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theory that we've used so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theory that we've used so far
+doesn't change at all what does happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change at all what does happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change at all what does happen
+is that the average student in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the average student in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the average student in learning
+this material for the first time gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material for the first time gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material for the first time gets
+swamped by the notation consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swamped by the notation consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swamped by the notation consequently
+what I want to do is to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is to give you the
+lecture on this material at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on this material at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on this material at the same
+time that I'm lecturing on first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I'm lecturing on first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I'm lecturing on first order
+derivatives simply because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives simply because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives simply because the
+continuity follows smoothly this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity follows smoothly this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity follows smoothly this way so
+you see what the whole overall picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what the whole overall picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what the whole overall picture
+is then to make sure that you cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then to make sure that you cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then to make sure that you cement
+these things down the next unit after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things down the next unit after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things down the next unit after
+this will give you drill on taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will give you drill on taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will give you drill on taking
+higher order derivatives what this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order derivatives what this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order derivatives what this may
+mean is that many of you may prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is that many of you may prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is that many of you may prefer to
+watch this half of the tape a second of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this half of the tape a second of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this half of the tape a second of
+the film a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film a second
+time after you've already tried working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after you've already tried working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after you've already tried working
+some of the problems with higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems with higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems with higher order
+derivatives if you're still confused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives if you're still confused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives if you're still confused by
+this but at any rate let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but at any rate let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but at any rate let's take a look
+at a hypothetical situation since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a hypothetical situation since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a hypothetical situation since we're
+so used to Polar coordinates let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so used to Polar coordinates let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so used to Polar coordinates let's talk
+in terms of polar coordinates suppose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of polar coordinates suppose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of polar coordinates suppose W
+happens to be a continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a continuously
+differentiable function of X and Y X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of X and Y X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of X and Y X and
+Y in turn are differentiably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y in turn are differentiably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y in turn are differentiably
+continuously differentiable functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions of
+the po polar coordinates R in Theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the po polar coordinates R in Theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the po polar coordinates R in Theta in
+fact they're xal R cosine Theta yal R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're xal R cosine Theta yal R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're xal R cosine Theta yal R
+sin Theta now look at if all I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta now look at if all I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta now look at if all I want to
+do is find the partial of w with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is find the partial of w with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is find the partial of w with respect
+to R I can do that by the ordinary chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R I can do that by the ordinary chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R I can do that by the ordinary chain
+rule namely it's the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule namely it's the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule namely it's the partial of w with
+respect to x times the partial of X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x times the partial of X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x times the partial of X with
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R plus the partial of w with
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+respect to R now knowing what x looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R now knowing what x looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R now knowing what x looks
+like explicitly in terms of R and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like explicitly in terms of R and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like explicitly in terms of R and Theta
+and what y looks like explicitly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what y looks like explicitly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what y looks like explicitly in
+terms of R and Theta I can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of R and Theta I can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of R and Theta I can certainly
+compute the partials of X and Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the partials of X and Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the partials of X and Y with
+respect to R holding Theta constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R holding Theta constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R holding Theta constant in
+particular the partial of X with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the partial of X with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the partial of X with respect
+to R is simply cosine Theta and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R is simply cosine Theta and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R is simply cosine Theta and the
+partial of Y with respect to R is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of Y with respect to R is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of Y with respect to R is simply
+sin Theta so the partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta so the partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta so the partial of w with
+respect to R is partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is partial of w with
+respect to x * cosine theta plus partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x * cosine theta plus partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x * cosine theta plus partial
+of w with respect to y * sin Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to y * sin Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to y * sin Theta and
+by the way notice that I cannot simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way notice that I cannot simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way notice that I cannot simplify
+these terms I cannot simplify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms I cannot simplify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms I cannot simplify these
+terms in general because all I'm given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in general because all I'm given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in general because all I'm given
+is is that W is some fun of X and Y I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that W is some fun of X and Y I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that W is some fun of X and Y I
+don't know what w looks like explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what w looks like explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what w looks like explicitly
+in terms of X and Y so all I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of X and Y so all I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of X and Y so all I can do is
+talk about the partials of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the partials of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the partials of w with
+respect to X partial of w with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X partial of w with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X partial of w with respect
+to Y without worrying anym about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y without worrying anym about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y without worrying anym about this
+with the understanding that if I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the understanding that if I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the understanding that if I knew
+what w looked like explicitly in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what w looked like explicitly in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what w looked like explicitly in terms
+of X and Y I could work out what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y I could work out what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y I could work out what this
+thing was now here's the key Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was now here's the key Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was now here's the key Point
+that's why I've accentuated it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I've accentuated it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I've accentuated it in the
+same way that W was a function of both X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that W was a function of both X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that W was a function of both X
+and Y so also are the partials of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y so also are the partials of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y so also are the partials of w with
+respect to X and the partials of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and the partials of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and the partials of w with
+respect to Y in other words even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y in other words even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y in other words even though
+this looks like this emphasizes the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like this emphasizes the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like this emphasizes the X
+notice that in general when you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in general when you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in general when you take the
+derivative of of a function of both X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of of a function of both X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of of a function of both X
+and Y with respect to X in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y with respect to X in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y with respect to X in general the
+resulting function will again be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting function will again be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting function will again be a
+function of both X and Y and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of both X and Y and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of both X and Y and so what
+we're saying is that if the partials of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that if the partials of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that if the partials of
+w with respect to X and the partials of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w with respect to X and the partials of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w with respect to X and the partials of
+w with respect to Y also happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w with respect to Y also happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w with respect to Y also happen to be
+continuously differentiable functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions of
+X and Y we could if we wished use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y we could if we wished use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y we could if we wished use the
+chain rule again in other words suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule again in other words suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule again in other words suppose
+in a particular problem that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular problem that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular problem that I was
+dealing with it wasn't enough to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with it wasn't enough to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with it wasn't enough to know
+the partial of w with respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to R
+suppose for example I want the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for example I want the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for example I want the second
+partial of w with respect to R well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R well
+obviously that simply means what take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that simply means what take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that simply means what take
+the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of
+this with respect to R in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to R in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to R in other words
+the second partial of w with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial of w with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial of w with respect to
+R is just the partial of the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is just the partial of the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is just the partial of the partial of
+w with respect to r with respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w with respect to r with respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w with respect to r with respect to R
+I'm just going to differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to differentiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to differentiate this
+thing with respect to R in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with respect to R in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with respect to R in other words
+writing this out more succinctly for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this out more succinctly for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this out more succinctly for you
+the second partial derivative of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial derivative of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial derivative of w with
+respect to R is the partial with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is the partial with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is the partial with respect
+to R of cine Theta partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R of cine Theta partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R of cine Theta partial of w with
+respect to X Plus sin Theta partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X Plus sin Theta partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X Plus sin Theta partial of w
+with respect to Y now here's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Y now here's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Y now here's the key
+point when we differentiate here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when we differentiate here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when we differentiate here we're
+assuming that the is being held constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the is being held constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the is being held constant
+isn't that right so consequently when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that right so consequently when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that right so consequently when
+I'm differentiating with respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm differentiating with respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm differentiating with respect to R
+cosine is a constant I can skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is a constant I can skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is a constant I can skip over
+that c and differentiate what's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c and differentiate what's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c and differentiate what's left
+with respect to R in other words that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R in other words that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R in other words that's
+what it's the partial of w with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's the partial of w with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's the partial of w with respect
+to X differentiated with respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X differentiated with respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X differentiated with respect to R
+see I'm using the ordinary rule for der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm using the ordinary rule for der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm using the ordinary rule for der
+of a sum now the dtive of sin Theta see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum now the dtive of sin Theta see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum now the dtive of sin Theta see
+sin Theta is a constant with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta is a constant with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta is a constant with respect to
+R so the Der of this term is just sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so the Der of this term is just sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so the Der of this term is just sin
+Theta times the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta times the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta times the derivative of the
+partial of w with respect to Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to Y with
+respect to R written this way now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R written this way now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R written this way now the
+key point is that both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point is that both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point is that both of these
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+here both of these are functions of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here both of these are functions of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here both of these are functions of X
+and Y X and Y in turn are functions of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y X and Y in turn are functions of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y X and Y in turn are functions of R
+and Theta so in other words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theta so in other words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theta so in other words to
+differentiate this thing with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this thing with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this thing with respect to
+R I must use the chain rule again now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I must use the chain rule again now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I must use the chain rule again now
+because this may seem difficult for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this may seem difficult for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this may seem difficult for you
+all I'm really saying is look it if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm really saying is look it if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm really saying is look it if this
+term here looks messy since we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here looks messy since we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here looks messy since we know that
+the partial of w with respect to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to X is
+some function of X and Y let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of X and Y let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of X and Y let's call that
+h of X Y then all we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of X Y then all we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of X Y then all we're saying is that
+the partial of the partial of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of the partial of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of the partial of the
+partial of w with respect to x with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to x with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to x with
+respect to R is just the partial of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is just the partial of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is just the partial of H
+with respect to R but to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R but to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R but to find the
+partial of H with respect to R we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of H with respect to R we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of H with respect to R we know
+how to use the chain rule there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use the chain rule there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use the chain rule there it's
+just what it's the partial of H with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what it's the partial of H with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what it's the partial of H with
+respect to X time the partial of X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X time the partial of X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X time the partial of X with
+respect to R plus the partial of H with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R plus the partial of H with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R plus the partial of H with
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y times the partial of Y with
+respect to R of course if we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R of course if we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R of course if we now
+remember what the partial of what H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the partial of what H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the partial of what H is
+see H is the partial of w with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see H is the partial of w with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see H is the partial of w with respect
+to X so if I differentiate with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X so if I differentiate with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X so if I differentiate with that
+again with respect to X I get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with respect to X I get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with respect to X I get the second
+partial of w with respect to X we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to X we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to X we've
+already seen that the partial of X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen that the partial of X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen that the partial of X with
+respect to R is cosine Theta so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is cosine Theta so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is cosine Theta so I have
+this term the partial of H with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the partial of H with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the partial of H with respect
+to Y really says what differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y really says what differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y really says what differentiate the
+partial of w with respect to x with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to x with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to x with
+respect to Y and the usual way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y and the usual way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y and the usual way of
+abbreviating that is like this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviating that is like this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviating that is like this which
+again is explained in the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is explained in the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is explained in the reading
+material and we now multiply that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and we now multiply that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and we now multiply that by the
+partial of Y respect to R which happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of Y respect to R which happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of Y respect to R which happens
+to be sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now look at this a few times in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at this a few times in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at this a few times in your
+spare time if it's bothering you it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare time if it's bothering you it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare time if it's bothering you it is
+not really that difficult it is messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really that difficult it is messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really that difficult it is messy
+notation in the sense that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in the sense that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in the sense that you're not
+used to notation that's quite that messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to notation that's quite that messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to notation that's quite that messy
+that's why it's messy that once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's messy that once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's messy that once you get
+used to it it is not any tougher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it it is not any tougher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it it is not any tougher than
+the chain rule for one independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule for one independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule for one independent
+variable in fact to take the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in fact to take the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in fact to take the partial of
+the partial of w with respect to Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w with respect to Y with
+respect to R I'll do that in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R I'll do that in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R I'll do that in one step
+without using a substitution all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without using a substitution all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without using a substitution all I'm
+saying is that this function depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that this function depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that this function depends on
+both X and Y so to see what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X and Y so to see what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X and Y so to see what its
+derivative is with respect to R I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is with respect to R I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is with respect to R I'll see
+what the contribution of its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the contribution of its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the contribution of its derivative
+respect to R is due to just X alone then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is due to just X alone then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is due to just X alone then
+I'll see what contribution of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see what contribution of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see what contribution of its
+derivative with respect to R is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to R is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to R is due to
+just y alone and by the way when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just y alone and by the way when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just y alone and by the way when I say
+it that way notice how quick it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way notice how quick it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way notice how quick it is to
+write this thing down I differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this thing down I differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this thing down I differentiate
+this with respect to X multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to X multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to X multiply by the
+partial of X with respect to R add on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of X with respect to R add on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of X with respect to R add on to
+that the partial of this with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the partial of this with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the partial of this with respect to
+Y multiply that by the partial of Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y multiply that by the partial of Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y multiply that by the partial of Y with
+respect to R if I do this notice now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R if I do this notice now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R if I do this notice now I
+have what I have the partial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what I have the partial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what I have the partial with
+respect to Y and I differentiate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y and I differentiate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y and I differentiate that
+with respect to X that's written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X that's written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X that's written this
+way and by the way notice that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and by the way notice that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and by the way notice that this is
+the reverse order of what we did over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse order of what we did over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse order of what we did over
+here namely in one case we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here namely in one case we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here namely in one case we first
+differentiate respect to X and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate respect to X and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate respect to X and then with
+respect to y in the other case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y in the other case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y in the other case we
+differentiated first with respect to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated first with respect to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated first with respect to y
+and then with respect to X so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with respect to X so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with respect to X so actually
+conceptually there is a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually there is a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually there is a difference
+that's why we write these things these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we write these things these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we write these things these
+things differently it does again turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differently it does again turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differently it does again turn
+out that in most cases the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in most cases the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in most cases the answer that
+you get thank goodness doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get thank goodness doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get thank goodness doesn't depend on
+the order in which you perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which you perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which you perform the
+derivatives but this is not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but this is not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but this is not at all
+self-evident even though you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident even though you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident even though you'd like to
+believe that it is but we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it is but we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it is but we'll talk about
+that more in the exercises and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more in the exercises and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more in the exercises and the like
+but all I'm saying now is that if we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all I'm saying now is that if we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all I'm saying now is that if we put
+everything together of what we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together of what we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together of what we've had
+had before we can obtain in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before we can obtain in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before we can obtain in this
+particular case that the second partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case that the second partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case that the second partial
+of w with respect to R is this somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to R is this somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to R is this somewhat
+messy but nonetheless straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but nonetheless straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but nonetheless straightforward
+expression and see I've circled these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and see I've circled these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and see I've circled these
+things to sort of tell you that if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to sort of tell you that if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to sort of tell you that if it is
+permissible to Interchange the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible to Interchange the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible to Interchange the order of
+differentiation we could combine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation we could combine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation we could combine these
+two terms on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms on the other hand if you
+couldn't interchange the order this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't interchange the order this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't interchange the order this
+would be a rather dangerous thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a rather dangerous thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a rather dangerous thing to do
+over here here because uh these might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here here because uh these might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here here because uh these might be
+different answers as I say again if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers as I say again if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers as I say again if you
+have enough continuity it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough continuity it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough continuity it turns out that
+these two factors are the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two factors are the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two factors are the same but
+that's not the important issue here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the important issue here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the important issue here the
+important issue here is that I can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue here is that I can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue here is that I can keep
+using the chain rule to take higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the chain rule to take higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the chain rule to take higher
+order derivatives and even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order derivatives and even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order derivatives and even though the
+notation is Messier this happened when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is Messier this happened when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is Messier this happened when
+we dealt with functions of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dealt with functions of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dealt with functions of a single
+variable remember when we use a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable remember when we use a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable remember when we use a chain
+rule to differentiate to find dydx when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to differentiate to find dydx when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to differentiate to find dydx when
+I when Y and X were given say as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when Y and X were given say as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when Y and X were given say as
+functions of T we could also use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of T we could also use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of T we could also use the
+chain rule to find the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule to find the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule to find the second derivative
+of y with respect to X but we had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y with respect to X but we had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y with respect to X but we had to be
+a little bit more careful of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more careful of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more careful of the
+computation because certain factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation because certain factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation because certain factors
+crept in that we had to keep track of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crept in that we had to keep track of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crept in that we had to keep track of at
+any rate again to illustrate this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate again to illustrate this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate again to illustrate this idea
+rather than to keep droning on about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than to keep droning on about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than to keep droning on about it
+let me take a particularly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a particularly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a particularly simple
+computational problem to check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem to check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem to check this
+thing on in other words what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on in other words what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on in other words what I'm going
+to do is take this messy formula over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is take this messy formula over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is take this messy formula over
+here and apply it to a case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and apply it to a case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and apply it to a case where the
+arithmetic happens to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic happens to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic happens to be very very
+simple I'm going to rig this very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I'm going to rig this very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I'm going to rig this very very
+nicely I'm going to let f ofx y just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely I'm going to let f ofx y just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely I'm going to let f ofx y just be
+x^2 + y^2 in this case let W be x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2 in this case let W be x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2 in this case let W be x^2 +
+y^2 in polar coordinates notied that x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 in polar coordinates notied that x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 in polar coordinates notied that x^2
++ y^2 is just r^ 2 so the so w is just R
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y^2 is just r^ 2 so the so w is just R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y^2 is just r^ 2 so the so w is just R
+2 what is the partial of w with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 what is the partial of w with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 what is the partial of w with respect
+to R then the partial of w with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R then the partial of w with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R then the partial of w with respect
+to R is 2 R and if I now differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R is 2 R and if I now differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R is 2 R and if I now differentiate
+that with respect to R the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with respect to R the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with respect to R the second
+partial of w with respect to R is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of w with respect to R is two
+obviously one would not use the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one would not use the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one would not use the chain
+rule in real life to find the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule in real life to find the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule in real life to find the answer to
+this particular problem we've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem we've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem we've chosen
+this problem simply to emphasize how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem simply to emphasize how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem simply to emphasize how the
+chain rule would work here at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule would work here at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule would work here at any rate
+going back here notice that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back here notice that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back here notice that it's very
+simple to see from this equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to see from this equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to see from this equation that
+the partial of w respect to X is 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w respect to X is 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of w respect to X is 2x
+therefore the second partial of w with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the second partial of w with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the second partial of w with
+respect to X is two the partial of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X is two the partial of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X is two the partial of w
+with respect to Y is 2 y therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Y is 2 y therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Y is 2 y therefore the
+second partial of w with respect to Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial of w with respect to Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial of w with respect to Y is
+also two the partial of w with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also two the partial of w with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also two the partial of w with respect
+to X is a function of X alone in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X is a function of X alone in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X is a function of X alone in this
+case consequently the derivative respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case consequently the derivative respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case consequently the derivative respect
+to Y will be zero similarly the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y will be zero similarly the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y will be zero similarly the partial
+of w with respect to Y is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to Y is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to Y is a function of
+Y alone consequently when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y alone consequently when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y alone consequently when I
+differentiate that with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that with respect to X
+meaning I'm holding y constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I'm holding y constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I'm holding y constant that
+derivative will also be zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will also be zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will also be zero and the
+interesting point now is if I take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point now is if I take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point now is if I take these
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and substitute those into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substitute those into this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substitute those into this equation
+what happens look at the second partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens look at the second partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens look at the second partial
+of w with respect to X is just two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to X is just two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w with respect to X is just two the
+second partial of w with respect to Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial of w with respect to Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial of w with respect to Y is
+just two the mixed partials are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two the mixed partials are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two the mixed partials are both
+zero regardless of which order you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero regardless of which order you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero regardless of which order you did
+them in that's what we saw over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in that's what we saw over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in that's what we saw over here so
+consequently according to this recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently according to this recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently according to this recipe
+the second partial of w with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial of w with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial of w with respect to
+R is 2 cine 2 thet + 0 + 2 sin^2 thet +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is 2 cine 2 thet + 0 + 2 sin^2 thet +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is 2 cine 2 thet + 0 + 2 sin^2 thet +
+0 where the reason I've written these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 where the reason I've written these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 where the reason I've written these
+zeros in is simply so that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in is simply so that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in is simply so that when you're
+looking at your notes later that traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your notes later that traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your notes later that traces
+the analog of these terms over here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of these terms over here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of these terms over here at
+any rate notice now that if I add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate notice now that if I add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate notice now that if I add these
+up 2 cine 2 theta plus 2 sin 2 Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 2 cine 2 theta plus 2 sin 2 Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 2 cine 2 theta plus 2 sin 2 Theta
+since sin s theta plus cosine s Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since sin s theta plus cosine s Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since sin s theta plus cosine s Theta is
+1 this sum is just I'll write that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this sum is just I'll write that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this sum is just I'll write that in
+white shock just so we don't accentuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white shock just so we don't accentuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white shock just so we don't accentuate
+let it just be part of the answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it just be part of the answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it just be part of the answer this
+is 2 + 0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 + 0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 + 0 which is
+two and this certainly does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this certainly does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this certainly does
+check with the result that we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check with the result that we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check with the result that we got the
+so-called easier way and again I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called easier way and again I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called easier way and again I don't
+want to leave you with the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave you with the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave you with the idea that the
+second way was just a hard way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way was just a hard way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way was just a hard way of doing
+the same problem that we did easily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem that we did easily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem that we did easily the
+first way well I picked a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way well I picked a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way well I picked a simple example
+so you can see how this works I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see how this works I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see how this works I'm going
+to have a multitude of EX exercises for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a multitude of EX exercises for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a multitude of EX exercises for
+you to do in the next unit simply so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do in the next unit simply so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do in the next unit simply so
+that you pick up the kind of knoow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick up the kind of knoow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick up the kind of knoow that
+will allow you to change variables using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow you to change variables using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow you to change variables using
+the chain rule with a minimum degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule with a minimum degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule with a minimum degree of
+difficulty in fact hopefully I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty in fact hopefully I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty in fact hopefully I would
+like to feel by the time we're through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to feel by the time we're through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to feel by the time we're through
+with the next two units you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the next two units you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the next two units you will be
+doing this almost as second nature well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this almost as second nature well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this almost as second nature well
+we have other topics to consider in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have other topics to consider in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have other topics to consider in
+terms of our linear approximations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of our linear approximations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of our linear approximations and
+the like uh we'll talk about that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like uh we'll talk about that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like uh we'll talk about that more
+as of course unfolds for the time being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of course unfolds for the time being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of course unfolds for the time being
+I would like you to concentrate simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like you to concentrate simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like you to concentrate simply
+on mastering the chain Rule and so until
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KalMFMv3_IM.txt b/KalMFMv3_IM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cfb447d2f2d02d99977348f24da2bab8a0cc619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KalMFMv3_IM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3568 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK, well I'm
+going to start now.
+
+As I say, I know that the
+wireless course has its final
+
+at 11:00, so we might not see
+the people who are taking it.
+
+Is anyone here in the
+wireless course?
+
+OK.
+
+Q.E.D. Ipso facto ergo sum.
+
+OK, just to remind you, I think
+we have Problem Set 10
+
+solutions today.
+
+In any case, they'll be
+available on the web.
+
+The final is next Tuesday.
+
+Do bring calculators
+if you have them.
+
+They won't be absolutely
+essential, but
+
+they might be useful.
+
+You may bring five
+sheets of notes.
+
+It's a good exercise
+to make these up.
+
+And otherwise, it's
+closed-book.
+
+Ashish will hold a review
+session tomorrow, 4:00 to
+
+6:00, 26-328, which I'm sure
+will be excellent as usual.
+
+All right, just to remind you,
+we're in Chapter 14.
+
+Most of the course we talked
+about coding for power-limited
+
+channels, where basically you
+could get away with binary
+
+codes with very little
+loss of optimality.
+
+For bandwidth-limited, additive
+white Gaussian noise
+
+channels, we've got to
+consider non-binary,
+
+multi-level codes, we've really
+got to go out into
+
+Euclidian space and use
+Euclidian distance as our
+
+metric rather than
+Hamming distance.
+
+So we started out with a simple
+idea, build a lattice
+
+constellation.
+
+A lattice is an infinite set
+of points in end space that
+
+has a group property.
+
+That's it, a discrete
+set of points.
+
+We take a finite set of them by
+chopping out a region R, a
+
+compact region, which chops out
+a finite number of points
+
+in this lattice or in a
+translate of the lattice.
+
+And we went through this
+exercise of computing the
+
+union-bound estimate, which I
+remind you is a reasonable
+
+estimate for codes that
+are not too complex.
+
+We're not going to use this for
+
+capacity-approaching codes.
+
+But for codes, where...,
+basically dominated by minimum
+
+distance properties, how many
+nearest neighbors are there,
+
+the likeliest error events are
+all to the nearest neighbors,
+
+we can use the union-bound
+estimate, which basically just
+
+tallies the probability of error
+to the nearest neighbor
+
+events by the union-bound, which
+itself is inaccurate if
+
+you get too many near
+neighbor events.
+
+And we've got this nice
+approximate expression that
+
+the probability of error per n
+dimensions, if we're signaling
+
+in n dimensions, is the number
+of nearest neighbors in the
+
+lattice times the Q to the
+square root of a function
+
+times an expression, which
+involves a coding gain of the
+
+lattice, and separably a shaping
+gain of the region
+
+times 3 times SNR norm.
+
+So this embodies all kinds
+of simplifications.
+
+It separates the effects of the
+lattice and the region.
+
+Basically, we can optimize each
+of these separately to
+
+optimize this expression.
+
+And also, by the way, by talking
+about SNR norm, which
+
+is SNR normalized by 2 to the
+spectral efficiency, it makes
+
+this whole expression
+independent of rate or
+
+equivalently independent
+of spectral efficiency.
+
+We saw this back when we talked
+about m by m QAM, we
+
+got a universal expression.
+
+The probability of error was
+simply this expression with a
+
+3SNR norm in here - regardless
+of what m was (regardless of
+
+how big the QAM constellation
+was), we got the same
+
+approximate expression.
+
+So this is also independent of
+the size of the constellations
+
+in this large constellation,
+high SNR approximation.
+
+Once you get to enough points,
+everything sort of washes out.
+
+So it's very useful.
+
+And I remind you that the coding
+gain basically depends
+
+on the minimum square distance
+normalized by the density of
+
+the lattice, if you like,
+normalized to two dimensions.
+
+The shaping gain is basically
+the shaping gain of an n-cube
+
+divided by--
+
+this is the normalized second
+moment of an n-cube, this is
+
+the normalized second moment of
+your region, which better
+
+be better than that of an
+n-cube, meaning smaller.
+
+And writing it out, it's equal
+to this, where this is the
+
+second moment of your region.
+
+And this is the volume, again,
+normalized to two dimensions.
+
+So the baseline constellations,
+we showed
+
+these were invariant to
+Cartesian products.
+
+In any number of dimensions,
+n, we can take the integer
+
+lattice or any translate of the
+integer lattice and we can
+
+take a region, which
+is the n-cube --
+
+which will chop out basically
+a square or cubic
+
+constellation, a regular
+constellation in n
+
+dimensions--
+
+and we'll get that the coding
+gain is the shaping gain is 1.
+
+So we'll get just our baseline
+expression for any integer
+
+lattice shaped by an n-cube
+centered on the origin.
+
+And this is what
+it looks like.
+
+This is back from Chapter
+Four or whatever.
+
+We get this universal curve,
+the baseline curve, which
+
+holds for m-PAM, m by m QAM, or
+you can Cartesian product
+
+these up into as high a
+dimension as you like.
+
+The constellation we're talking
+about is really m-PAM
+
+Cartesian product to the nth.
+
+For any of those constellations,
+if we
+
+normalize the probability of
+error to two dimensions--
+
+which is what I'm recommending
+to you, normalize everything
+
+per two dimensions in the
+high SNR regime--
+
+then we basically get the number
+of near neighbors in
+
+Z-squared, the QAM lattice,
+which is 4 times Q to the
+
+square root of 3SNR norm.
+
+And it looks like this.
+
+We plot probability
+of error per two
+
+dimensions over SNR norm.
+
+I think at 10 to the minus
+5, it's 8.4 dB.
+
+Does anybody remember?
+
+But it's somewhere
+around 9 dB.
+
+And the Shannon limit, as
+we recall, is for SNR
+
+norm, it's at 0 dB.
+
+So this is where we can play.
+
+Any code will fall somewhere
+between these two curves, and
+
+the name of the game is to get
+a code the gets as close to
+
+the Shannon limit as possible.
+
+And at least in this moderate
+complexity regime, the way we
+
+play the game is we try to
+optimize the shaping region,
+
+we try to optimize the lattice,
+we're going to get a
+
+certain gain from shaping, and
+a certain gain from coding,
+
+de-rated by the number of
+nearest neighbors, which is
+
+going to turn out to be an
+important effect for some
+
+well-known lattices because
+they have huge
+
+numbers of near neighbors.
+
+And that will give us some curve
+somewhere in here, and
+
+we plot that and we're done.
+
+We've written a paper for
+that particular lattice
+
+constellation, for
+its performance.
+
+Today I'm going to talk quickly
+about shaping, because
+
+that's a very easy story,
+and obvious, and
+
+it won't take long.
+
+Then I'm going to talk about
+lattices, which is really a
+
+subject in mathematics, what's
+known about lattices.
+
+I guess the decoding part of
+that story is not mathematics.
+
+That's engineering.
+
+And then I'm going to talk about
+trellis codes, which are
+
+the analog of convolutional
+codes, and which, similarly to
+
+the way convolutional codes
+beat block codes for the
+
+bandwidth for the power-limited
+regime, trellis
+
+codes tend to beat lattice codes
+in terms of performance
+
+versus complexity for the
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+So, shaping.
+
+Shaping is really an almost
+trivial story.
+
+This really wasn't recognized
+as a separable issue until
+
+perhaps sometime in the '80s,
+when trellis-coded modulation
+
+was invented.
+
+In '82 was Ungerboeck's paper.
+
+That was really the
+breakthrough in
+
+bandwidth-limited coding, that
+trellis codes were the first
+
+bandwidth-limited codes that
+were widely implemented.
+
+And after people analyzed them
+for a while, they realized
+
+that you could separate out the
+shaping effect from the
+
+coding effect, which is what
+I've shown by this expression.
+
+So anyone care to guess what
+the optimum region is in n
+
+dimensions?
+
+I guess I've already mentioned
+it last time.
+
+The optimum region, what
+do we want to do?
+
+We want to minimize the
+normalized second moment--
+
+well, a second moment with
+appropriate normalization,
+
+what would you do?
+
+Well, the optimum region for
+just about anything is an
+
+n-sphere, and it certainly
+is here.
+
+So we take Rn equals
+an n-sphere.
+
+If we have a two-dimensional
+sphere, what are its
+
+parameters?
+
+We certainly know that the
+volume of this region, if this
+
+is R, it's pi times R squared.
+
+And the second moment of this
+region, how do we do that?
+
+We integrate ... go to polar
+coordinates, 0 to 2pi,
+
+d pi, 0 to R, rdr.
+
+And then what are
+we measuring?
+
+The second moment is r squared,
+but we normalize it
+
+per dimension, which is 2.
+
+Oh, and we've got to take the
+uniform distribution over v of
+
+R, and that's one over
+pi R squared.
+
+So have I got it now?
+
+This is the second moment of
+a uniform distribution, a
+
+probability distribution
+over the 2-sphere.
+
+And so this will be 1 over
+2pi R squared times
+
+R 4th over 4, right?
+
+Is that all correct?
+
+And so p of R over v of R is
+already not normalized to two
+
+dimensions, so we don't have
+to re-normalize it.
+
+I didn't get the 2pi in here.
+
+I need some help, class.
+
+When it comes down to
+integration, I'm not
+
+necessarily the world's best.
+
+So R squared over 4...
+
+R squared over 4pi R squared,
+so we get 1 over 4pi.
+
+Is that right?
+
+That looks about right
+because it's fairly
+
+close to 1 over 12.
+
+So what is the shaping
+gain of a 2-sphere?
+
+And I can just say 2-sphere,
+because I know it's invariant
+
+to scaling.
+
+Rotation isn't going
+to do much to it.
+
+It's 1/12 over this, the
+normalized second moment, 1
+
+over 4pi, which is pi over 3,
+which is about 2/10 of a dB.
+
+OK, so I've improved the second
+moment by 2/10 of a dB,
+
+reduced it to 2/10 of a dB.
+
+This is not very impressive.
+
+So of course, a lot of the
+early work was on shaping
+
+two-dimensional constellations.
+
+And this basically says if you
+get a large constellation, you
+
+don't even see this effect
+to, say, 64-QAM.
+
+If you have a 64-QAM
+constellation, 8 by 8--
+
+Somebody at Paradyne noticed
+that you could improve it
+
+slightly by taking the four
+corner points out and putting
+
+them up here, without reducing
+the minimum distance.
+
+OK, so there is an improved,
+more spherical 64-point
+
+constellation.
+
+It's improved by about 0.1
+dB, as I remember.
+
+And what this calculation says
+is if you go up to 256, 1024,
+
+and you simply take all the
+points in the QAM grid that
+
+are surrounded by a sphere of
+appropriate size to pick out 2
+
+to the n points, for high, large
+constellations you get a
+
+gain of about 0.2 dB.
+
+So this is nothing to
+write home about.
+
+What happens as n goes
+to infinity?
+
+We look up in a math book what
+the expressions are for the
+
+normalized second moment--
+actually, you can do it just
+
+by this kind of calculation.
+
+It's easy enough.
+
+And just by scaling, you'll find
+that the shaping gain of
+
+the n-sphere goes to pi times
+e over 6, which is 1.53 dB.
+
+A famous number not only now
+in shaping, but also in
+
+quantization, where you're also
+interested in minimizing
+
+the second moment of a
+quantization cell.
+
+Or it's something like 0.229
+bits per two dimensions, is
+
+another way of expressing it.
+
+All right, so what is this?
+
+This is the maximum shaping
+gain you could get by the
+
+optimum region in the optimum
+number of dimensions, which is
+
+as large as you can go.
+
+So this says this is the
+ultimate shaping gain.
+
+You can never get a shaping
+gain of more
+
+than 1 and 1/2 dB.
+
+So it says when we play this
+game, we've got about 9 dB
+
+down here that we want to make
+up at 10 to the minus 5, 10 to
+
+the minus 6, we can get only 1
+and a 1/2 dB of it by doing
+
+good shaping in large
+dimensions.
+
+That's the best we
+can ever do.
+
+So that's a little
+bit discouraging.
+
+It says shaping is never going
+to give you that much.
+
+On the other hand, you can't
+get this 1 and a 1/2 dB
+
+in any other way.
+
+If you have n-cubed
+constellations, you will
+
+always be limited to be
+1 and a 1/2 dB away
+
+from the Shannon limit.
+
+So if you want to approach the
+Shannon limit, you do have to
+
+address the shaping problem.
+
+You can't ignore it.
+
+1 and a 1/2 dB is enough to be
+noticed in most applications,
+
+so you should do some
+moderate shaping.
+
+Now, of course we can
+plot the curve.
+
+It's done in the notes for any
+n whatsoever, and you'll see
+
+that it goes up fairly
+steeply at first.
+
+It gets to about 1 dB at 16
+dimensions, so if you shape in
+
+a 16 dimensional sphere, you
+can get 1 dB out of this
+
+maximum of 1 and a 1/2
+dBs you can ever get.
+
+If you go to 32, it's 1.2 dB
+or something like that, it
+
+begins to slope out.
+
+So that gives you a good
+idea of what you
+
+can actually attain.
+
+In the V.34 modem, for instance,
+a rather simple
+
+shaping scheme is used that
+gets up to about 0.8 dB of
+
+shaping gain.
+
+It's called shaping
+on regions.
+
+I just mentioned some techniques
+for shaping.
+
+As with a lot of things, once
+shaping was realized to be a
+
+separate subject from coding,
+there was a flurry
+
+of activity on it.
+
+People basically proposed a
+number of different schemes,
+
+particularly in the context of
+the V.34 modem standards
+
+development.
+
+Of which trellis shaping,
+I would
+
+say, is the most elegant.
+
+This is kind of a dual to
+trellis-coded modulation where
+
+we use trellis codes for shaping
+rather than coding.
+
+So that's elegant.
+
+But a cruder and quite
+effective, just fine
+
+technique, shell mapping, was
+used in the V.34 modem.
+
+The basic idea here is that
+you take a two-dimensional
+
+constellation, you just divide
+it into shells like this.
+
+It turns out in two dimensions,
+if you take a
+
+constant delta here, that the
+average energy goes up, I
+
+think, linearly with delta or
+some way nicely with delta.
+
+You take a constellation bigger
+than you really need,
+
+so you have the possibility
+of some redundancy.
+
+So you identify each point in
+the constellation by which
+
+region it lands in.
+
+You then go up to 16 dimensions
+or something--
+
+I think it is 16 dimensions
+in the V.34 modem--
+
+and you assign each series of
+points a score depending on
+
+which shells its
+points land in.
+
+And you basically have a big
+table that chooses the lowest
+
+energy combinations from all the
+possible series of eight
+
+shells, which can be done
+fairly elegantly using
+
+generating function
+techniques.
+
+I realize this is just
+hand-waving and you can't get
+
+it, but the effect is that you
+use this shell with very high
+
+probability.
+
+You sort of get a Gaussian-like
+probability on
+
+the shells.
+
+Let me just draw
+that like this.
+
+You don't use the points
+out in this
+
+outermost shell very much.
+
+You use this a lot, and they
+sort of have an overall
+
+Gaussian distribution.
+
+And I should mention that this
+is an equivalent way of
+
+getting shaping gain.
+
+If we're shaping uniformly over
+an n-sphere in a high
+
+number n of dimensions and we
+basically have constellations
+
+which consist of two-dimensional
+QAM points,
+
+what is the projection of a
+uniform distribution over an
+
+n-sphere down onto
+two dimensions?
+
+If we look at each
+two-dimensional component of
+
+these n-dimensional vectors,
+what distribution will it have
+
+if we impose a uniform spherical
+distribution on the
+
+high dimensional
+constellation?
+
+It will turn out that it
+becomes Gaussian in two
+
+dimensions.
+
+Think of the projection of the
+
+2-sphere down on one dimension.
+
+The projection of a 2-sphere
+on one dimension is
+
+something like this.
+
+It's not Gaussian, but there's
+more probability that one of
+
+the coordinates will be near 0
+than it will be out at one of
+
+these maxima here.
+
+So this is just the same thing
+raised up to n dimensions.
+
+So an equivalent way of looking
+at this problem is we
+
+want somehow to get a
+Gaussian-like distribution on
+
+a one- or two-dimensional
+constellation, and this is one
+
+way of doing it.
+
+And you can get the same pi
+times e over 6 factor by just
+
+looking at it from an entropy
+point of view, the entropy of
+
+a two-dimensional Gaussian
+distribution relative to the
+
+entropy of a uniform
+distribution over a square.
+
+That will give you the
+same factor if you
+
+do everything right.
+
+OK so basically, shaping
+is easy.
+
+These techniques are not
+difficult to implement.
+
+You can get one dB of shaping
+gain quite easily through a
+
+variety of techniques.
+
+It's worth getting that one dB,
+you're not going to get it
+
+by any other means.
+
+But having done that, that's all
+you're ever going to get,
+
+and so end of story
+on shaping.
+
+So as I said, it was a flurry
+of activity in the '90s, and
+
+no one has looked at
+shaping since then.
+
+So that's part of the story.
+
+Let's continue now with
+lattices, an old
+
+mathematical subject.
+
+So what we're interested in is,
+what's the densest lattice
+
+packing in n dimensions?
+
+This appeared in mathematics,
+long before it appeared in
+
+engineering, as Hermite's
+parameter.
+
+And Hermite said this was the
+right way to measure the
+
+density of a lattice, normalized
+in all the
+
+appropriate ways.
+
+So any version of a lattice
+is equivalent.
+
+A version is something that you
+get by scaling or rotating
+
+or even by Cartesian products,
+which I'm not sure how
+
+widespread that idea is.
+
+So what's the densest lattice
+in two dimensions again?
+
+We want to find the densest
+lattice, in terms of coding
+
+gain or Hermite's parameter
+in n dimensions.
+
+Anyone care to guess what the
+densest lattice in two
+
+dimensions is?
+
+It's the hexagonal lattice.
+
+So in two dimensions, hexagonal,
+which reasons of
+
+mathematical history
+is denoted A_2.
+
+And its coding gain, I believe
+we computed it last time, and
+
+it was 0.6 dB.
+
+So what's the most we could ever
+do by fooling around with
+
+two-dimensional constellations?
+
+Suppose I want the best
+possible 256 point QAM
+
+constellation?
+
+Well, according to these large
+constellation approximations,
+
+the best I could do would be to
+take the 256 lowest energy
+
+points in some translate of
+the hexagonal lattice.
+
+So I might fool around with
+the translation vector a
+
+little bit to try to find the
+absolute lowest energy point,
+
+but it really wouldn't
+matter very much
+
+regardless of what I did.
+
+I could expect 0.6 dB of coding
+gain and 0.2 dB of
+
+shaping gain, or 0.8 dB better
+than the 8 by 8 - sorry the 16
+
+by 16 QAM constellation with the
+same number of points and
+
+the same minimum distance.
+
+This basically tells you
+what your options are.
+
+2D, there's not much to do.
+
+You remember way back in Chapter
+One, I gave you this
+
+problem about the 16 point,
+2D constellation.
+
+That is precisely 16 points from
+a certain translate of
+
+the hexagonal lattice that fall
+within a circle that's
+
+just big enough to enclose
+16 points.
+
+And it has, I forget, something
+like a 0.7 dB gain
+
+over the 4 by 4 square
+constellation.
+
+We computed that in the
+very first homework.
+
+So again, staying to
+two dimensions,
+
+things aren't very exciting.
+
+Turns out, it's most
+interesting to go
+
+in powers of two.
+
+In four dimensions, the densest
+lattice is something
+
+called D4, Schlafly's lattice,
+1850-something.
+
+And its coding gain is precisely
+the square root of
+
+2, which is 1.5 dB.
+
+8 dimensions, it's E8, Gosset's
+lattice, about 1900.
+
+The D4 and E8 come, again,
+from the mathematical
+
+literature and have something to
+do with their relationship
+
+to certain groups.
+
+Lattices and finite groups are
+very closely connected.
+
+And this has a coding
+gain of 2 or 3 dB.
+
+16 dimensions, it's something
+just called lambda 16.
+
+It's a Barnes-Wall lattice, as
+all of these are, actually.
+
+And it's 2 to the
+3/2, or 4.5 dB.
+
+You see a certain
+pattern here?
+
+In 32 dimensions, we have two
+lattices that I'll mention.
+
+There's the 32-dimensional
+Barnes-Wall lattice, which has
+
+a coding gain of 4.6 dB.
+
+Or there's actually Quebbeman in
+the '60s, I think, came up
+
+with a denser lattice.
+
+So this is still a subject
+of active investigation,
+
+particularly in dimensions like
+19, where it's not so
+
+easy to find the densest
+lattice.
+
+And this, I forget,
+is maybe 6.2 dB.
+
+It's definitely denser.
+
+But it's something like that.
+
+This basically goes
+to infinity.
+
+You can get denser and denser
+lattices just by following
+
+this chain here which is a chain
+of Barnes-Wall lattices.
+
+The nominal coding gain can be
+taken to infinity, just as we
+
+saw with kd over n.
+
+That goes to infinity for rate
+1/2 Reed-Muller codes.
+
+But of course, Shannon says we
+can't ever get more than 9 dB
+
+of effective coding gain here.
+
+Or actually, we can't get more
+than 7 and a 1/2 dB if we take
+
+into account that 1 and a 1/2
+is going to be given by
+
+shaping gain.
+
+So what must be happening
+here?
+
+We must be having a huge number
+of near neighbors.
+
+The number of nearest neighbors
+in the hexagonal
+
+lattice is six.
+
+In D4 it's 24, in E8 it's
+240, in lambda 16
+
+I think it's 4320--
+
+the correct numbers
+are in the notes.
+
+By the time we get up here, we
+get something like a 146,680
+
+or something like that.
+
+So these lattices are designed
+to have a very
+
+high degree of symmetry.
+
+That means if you stand on any
+point, you look around you,
+
+they've pushed the neighboring
+points as far away
+
+from you as they can.
+
+But now there are a great many
+of them, so you get a uniform
+
+sky just filled with points
+around you, a number of
+
+dimensions.
+
+So that's what the problem is
+and that means that the
+
+effective coding gain--
+
+I again do the calculation.
+
+I know here we lose
+at least two dB.
+
+This is something like 3.8 dB.
+
+OK, so the effective coding gain
+actually sags and begins
+
+to top out as you
+get out here.
+
+Maybe nowadays you could think
+of implementing a larger
+
+lattice, but I think this is
+the largest anyone has ever
+
+thought about implementing.
+
+And what do we get?
+
+A coding gain of less
+than 4 dB --
+
+an effective coding gain.
+
+So if you use that,
+you'd be, say,
+
+somewhere around 5 db here.
+
+We go over 6 dB, but then we go
+up by this normalized per
+
+two dimensions, so
+we divide by 16.
+
+That's still 10,000, which
+is still 13 factors of 2,
+
+which is 2.6 dB.
+
+You can see where
+the problem is.
+
+So anyway, we get something
+that's really this moved way
+
+up a lot more, and as a result
+we get a much steeper curve.
+
+This method doesn't work up
+here, but this might be lambda
+
+16 or lambda 32.
+
+And then we can get another 1
+and a 1/2 dB of shaping gain.
+
+So maybe 4 dB, optimistically.
+
+OK, not really.
+
+So that's a little
+disappointing.
+
+Just by looking up in the math
+textbooks, we don't do very
+
+striking things.
+
+I mention in particular the
+Barnes-Wall lattices, and if I
+
+had more time I would develop
+them because they're very much
+
+analogous to the Reed-Muller
+codes.
+
+They are constructed by a u, u
+plus v construction in the
+
+same way as Reed-Muller codes.
+
+They are length-doubling
+constructions that also double
+
+the distance, just as the
+Reed-Muller codes do now
+
+Euclidian distance.
+
+But let me just give you the
+first couple of sentences in a
+
+discussion of the Barnes-Wall
+lattices, which were only
+
+discovered in '59, about
+the same time as
+
+the Reed-Muller codes.
+
+Suppose we take the QAM
+grid like this.
+
+An important observation is that
+if we take every other
+
+point in sort-of checkerboard
+fashion, what do we get?
+
+Imagine it's going to infinity
+in both directions.
+
+So this is a subset of half
+the points, basically.
+
+Half the density, twice the
+volume of points that, itself
+
+is a rotated and scaled version
+
+of the integer lattice.
+
+Take the centers on a
+checkerboard and they form a
+
+45 degree rotated and square
+root of 2 scaled version of
+
+the integer lattice.
+
+If this had minimum squared
+distance 1 between points,
+
+then this has minimum squared
+distance 2 between points.
+
+So we could label the
+points red, black,
+
+red, black, red, black.
+
+If we did that, the red points
+would be a co-set of this
+
+sub-lattice and the black points
+would be a co-set--
+
+meaning a translate--
+
+of this sub-lattice.
+
+So let me write that
+as follows.
+
+If we take Z-squared, it has a
+sub-lattice which we call RZ
+
+squared, r for rotation.
+
+Rotation by the Hadamard matrix,
+1, 1, 1 minus 1.
+
+If I write d min squared, this
+has d min squared at 1, this
+
+has twice the d min squared.
+
+So I partition my lattice, or
+any translate of this lattice,
+
+into two co-sets of the
+sub-lattice with twice the
+
+minimum squared distance.
+
+This is the first steps in what
+Ungerboeck called set
+
+partitioning.
+
+So it's an obvious way to
+partition any QAM-type signal
+
+set, red and black points.
+
+Having done that, I
+can do it again.
+
+Alright, do it again,
+what do I get?
+
+So now I'm going to take every
+other one of these points,
+
+which will leave me, say,
+these 4 points.
+
+Let me call these A, A, A, A.
+These points might be B, B, B,
+
+B, the other ones
+that I cut out.
+
+I could call these C, C, C,
+C and D, D, D, D. Now I've
+
+partitioned each of these
+subsets into two subsets.
+
+I've partitioned one into A, B
+and the other into C, D, such
+
+that - what does A look like?
+
+A is another translate
+of a lattice.
+
+This happens to be Z-squared
+scaled by 2.
+
+It's not rotated, it's just
+Z-squared scaled by 2.
+
+So we get down to 2
+times Z-squared.
+
+And what's its minimum
+squared distance?
+
+AUDIENCE: 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: 4.
+
+So I've doubled the
+distance again.
+
+This is an elementary but
+important observation.
+
+I can continually go
+through these,
+
+partitioning into two subsets.
+
+Every time I do, I double
+the distance.
+
+I get another version of the
+integer lattice at a higher
+
+scale and, perhaps, rotated.
+
+So if I did it again, I would
+get eight subsets with minimum
+
+squared distance 8 between
+points in each subset.
+
+So it's just a repeated
+divide-by-2 scheme.
+
+All right, now to get the
+Barnes-Wall lattices, you
+
+remember how we got the
+Reed-Muller codes.
+
+We took, say, two codes of
+length 2 and we put them
+
+together with the u, u plus v
+construction and we got codes
+
+of length 4 that had the minimum
+square distance of the
+
+higher distance code, if
+we chose them properly.
+
+That's the same thing
+we do here.
+
+If we put together these two
+lattices, if we choose them--
+
+well, just use the u, u plus v
+construction where u is from
+
+Z-squared and v is
+from RZ-squared.
+
+So in words, that's
+what you do.
+
+If you're interested in
+looking it up, look
+
+it up in the notes.
+
+What you get is a lattice, D4,
+that has normalized density
+
+halfway between that of
+Z-squared and RZ-squared, it
+
+turns out--
+
+sort of analogous to the code--
+and its minimum square
+
+distance is 2.
+
+Or if you put these two
+together, you get something
+
+called RD4, whose minimum
+square distance is 4.
+
+So you get something whose
+normalized volume is halfway
+
+between that of these two
+normalized volumes, but it has
+
+the same minimum distance as
+this guy, and that's where you
+
+get the coding gain from.
+
+This is denser but still has
+the same minimum distance.
+
+If we do this again, go out to
+eight dimensions, we get, it
+
+turns out, E8.
+
+And this has minimum
+square distance 4.
+
+But it has the same normalized
+volume normalized back to two
+
+dimensions as this guy, which
+only had minimum squared
+
+distance 2.
+
+So that's precisely why
+this has a nominal
+
+coding gain of 2.
+
+We've doubled the minimum
+square distance without
+
+changing its density, normalized
+back to two
+
+dimensions.
+
+All right, so you get all the
+Barnes-Wall lattices just by
+
+doing this.
+
+This turns out to be a
+sub-lattice of this guy.
+
+Not surprisingly, just as these
+lattices are nested,
+
+just as the Reed-Muller codes
+are nested, so you get a
+
+similar tableau.
+
+You get a similar construction
+that you can take out to 16
+
+dimensions, 32 dimensions,
+however many
+
+dimensions you want.
+
+And every time you do, you
+increase the coding gain by a
+
+factor of square root of 2, so
+the coding gain eventually
+
+gets driven to infinity,
+and that's the story on
+
+Barnes-Wall lattices.
+
+So similarly to Reed-Muller
+codes, these are lattices that
+
+are the densest known in certain
+small dimensions like
+
+4, 8, and 16.
+
+We don't know any
+denser lattices.
+
+You start to get up to 32, 64
+dimensions, then we do know of
+
+denser lattices.
+
+But they are not nearly as
+nicely structured, and maybe
+
+these are still the best from
+a complexity point of view.
+
+You can play similar games
+on building trellis
+
+representations of these
+lattices, as we did for
+
+Reed-Muller codes.
+
+They have similar kinds of
+trellises because they're
+
+based on the same
+construction.
+
+So that's the story of
+Barnes-Wall lattices.
+
+The most famous lattice is the
+Leech lattice, which is a
+
+super-dense lattice
+in 24 dimensions.
+
+It has a coding gain of 6 dB.
+
+And unfortunately, it has
+195,560 near neighbors or
+
+something like that.
+
+So you can see, it turns out
+it's a very close cousin of
+
+this 32-dimensional Barnes-Wall
+lattice.
+
+It's related to the 24-12-8
+Golay code in the same way as
+
+the Barnes-Wall lattices are
+to the Reed-Muller codes.
+
+So the fact that the Golay code
+is so exceptional can be
+
+seen just as a projection of
+the fact that the Leech
+
+lattice is so exceptional.
+
+This somehow has the Golay code
+buried in it, if you can
+
+find it in here.
+
+And the Leech lattice is
+particularly notable not just
+
+because it has remarkably
+high coding gain for its
+
+dimension-- it's remarkably
+dense for its dimension,
+
+exceptional--
+
+but also because it has
+remarkable symmetries, so it's
+
+connected to some of the largest
+exceptional groups,
+
+the monster exceptional
+groups.
+
+And it was a key step in the
+classification of all finite
+
+groups to find the symmetry
+group of this lattice.
+
+Just a little liberal
+arts for you.
+
+So that's what we can
+get with lattices.
+
+By going out to the Leech
+lattice or the Barnes-Wall
+
+lattice-- this could equally
+well be the Leech lattice--
+
+again, effective coding gain
+is only about 4 dB or maybe
+
+even less because of the
+exceptional number of near
+
+neighbors here.
+
+To one digit of significance,
+that's approximately its
+
+coding gain.
+
+So how can we go beyond this?
+
+As I said already, the next
+great breakthrough was trellis
+
+codes for which Gottfried
+Ungerboeck became famous.
+
+Trellis codes, as I say in the
+notes, are basically--
+
+first of all, Ungerboeck thought
+about the problem from
+
+a Euclidian distance
+point of view.
+
+So what you had to do
+to break out of
+
+Hamming distance thinking.
+
+He had the idea that in the
+bandwidth-limited regime, what
+
+you want to do is expand the
+constellation rather than
+
+expand the bandwidth.
+
+So to send four bits per
+second per Hertz.
+
+You could do that using uncoded
+16-QAM constellation.
+
+Or Ungerboeck saw, well, let's
+make it into a 32-point
+
+constellation.
+
+Now we have some redundancy, now
+we can do some coding on
+
+this constellation.
+
+He used the set partitioning
+idea, which I've just
+
+explained to you.
+
+Initially, he just looked at a
+QAM constellation and he said,
+
+let's divide it up into A, B, A,
+B, C, D, C, D, A, B, A, B,
+
+C, D, C, D. So let's partition
+it from A, B, C, D into A and
+
+D as I've done it here, and B
+and C are these two subsets.
+
+And we'll break this up into A
+and D and B and C. And then
+
+some theoretical people came
+along and said, well, this is
+
+just Z-squared, this is
+RZ-squared, and this is
+
+2Z-squared.
+
+Let's, first of all, partition
+our enlarged constellation.
+
+Now here's the setup we're
+going to use for coding.
+
+We are going to bring in our
+...If we're trying to send--
+
+I forget what notation I used in
+the notes-- b bits per two
+
+dimensions.
+
+Let's take one bit per two
+dimensions and put it into a
+
+rate 1/2 convolutional code.
+
+So we're going to get
+out two bits.
+
+Everything here is going to be
+per two dimensions because
+
+we're going to use a
+two-dimensional signal set.
+
+And we'll bring in our other
+b minus 1 bits down here.
+
+These are called uncoded bits.
+
+For these two bits,
+we're going to go
+
+into a subset selector.
+
+Two bits are going
+to select among--
+
+this going to be something from
+A, B, C, or D. It's going
+
+to tell us which
+subset to use.
+
+All right, then we'll use that
+in combination with these b
+
+minus 1 bits to select a point
+from a 2 to the b plus 1 bit
+
+QAM constellation.
+
+Two dimensions.
+
+So this is actually our signal
+point y, our two-dimensional
+
+signal point.
+
+Do you see how the
+numbers work out?
+
+We want to send b bits per QAM
+point, per two dimensions.
+
+We're going to use a 2 to the b
+plus 1 point constellation,
+
+so 32 instead of 16, say.
+
+Take one bit in here, generate
+two streams, one redundant.
+
+This will tell us A, B, C, D, so
+that's two of the bits you
+
+need to select one
+of these points.
+
+Say, in a 16-point
+constellation, we'll provide a
+
+bit label that looks
+like this.
+
+For A, it will be 0, 0. b is
+0, 1, c is 1, 0, D is 1, 1.
+
+That's always the low-order bits
+in any selection for A,
+
+B, C, D. And then we'll take
+two high-order bits, which
+
+then tell us which of these
+four groups it's in.
+
+So we'll have another 0,
+0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1.
+
+Now I'm talking about
+b equals 3.
+
+We have two bits that come in
+here and select one of these
+
+blocks, and then two bits that
+come out of here and select A,
+
+B, C, D within the block.
+
+There's two parts
+to the label.
+
+One of them determines A, B,
+C, D, the other one just
+
+determines some larger group.
+
+These bits are called uncoded
+because there's no protection.
+
+If you sent point A over here
+and received point A over
+
+here, that would look
+like a perfectly
+
+legitimate code word.
+
+If we make an error of that far,
+which is d min squared
+
+equals 4, say.
+
+We make an error of size d min
+equal 2 all the way over here,
+
+then there's no further
+protection from this code
+
+because this code only
+determines the sequence of As,
+
+Bs, Cs, and Ds.
+
+This is called a within-subset
+error.
+
+There's no protection on
+within subset errors.
+
+What the code does is it
+protects against smaller
+
+errors that are between subset
+errors like A to B, which has
+
+squared distance of 1 or A to
+D has a squared distance of
+
+two, and so forth.
+
+Are you with me?
+
+Nobody's asking questions.
+
+Maybe I haven't permitted it.
+
+Do you follow what the
+overall setup is?
+
+I've done everything now,
+except choose an exact
+
+constellation.
+
+For the exact constellation,
+I'll just choose one of the
+
+best QAM signal sets.
+
+If it's large enough, I'll
+shape it like a circle.
+
+Or I might even try to put
+Gaussian shaping on it by some
+
+completely extraneous
+thing that works
+
+only on these clumps.
+
+So shaping takes place on
+the higher order bits.
+
+You can see that, given a large
+enough constellation
+
+just by choosing these clumps,
+I can make the constellation
+
+sort of have the shape
+of a circle.
+
+The subsets of A, B, C, and D
+points have to all be the same
+
+size in order for this
+scheme to work.
+
+But I can do that within a sort
+of circular constellation
+
+if the constellation
+is large enough.
+
+Or I can put some Gaussian
+distribution on these clumps.
+
+So I do shaping down here.
+
+Initially, of course,
+Ungerboeck
+
+didn't worry about shaping.
+
+But if I try to do shaping, it's
+down on this index, which
+
+is considered to be the higher
+order bits that determine the
+
+growth structure of
+the constellation.
+
+These are the lower order bits,
+these two bits, and they
+
+determine the fine structure
+which is
+
+determined by this code.
+
+So the last thing I have to
+select is the code, and it
+
+turns out that the same code
+we used in the example is a
+
+good code to use here.
+
+Suppose we use the four-state
+rate 1/2 example code that
+
+I've used before that is
+everybody's favorite example
+
+because it has such excellent
+distance properties.
+
+So it looks like this.
+
+So that's my rate 1/2 encoder.
+
+You remember as a binary code,
+it had minimum Hamming
+
+distance 5.
+
+And the only minimum
+distance code word
+
+was the impulse response.
+
+Let me write the impulse
+response as this
+
+way: 11, 01, 11.
+
+This is what we get out at time
+0, time 1, and time 2.
+
+Let me assign the following
+labels to these subsets.
+
+We'll make that 00, this
+one 11, this one 01,
+
+and that one 10.
+
+In other words, this is the
+complement of that.
+
+This is the complement
+of that.
+
+What is the nearest neighbor
+point in Euclidian space for
+
+this sequence?
+
+If I complement the first two
+bits coming out, then I'm
+
+going to go from one of these
+subsets to another, but within
+
+one of these RZ-squared subsets,
+which has minimum
+
+squared distance 2.
+
+So let's remind ourselves that
+the minimum squared distance
+
+within A, B, C, D is 1, within
+A, D or B, C is 2, within
+
+2Z-squared is 4.
+
+So I'm claiming--
+
+there's actually a problem on
+this on Problem Set 10 if you
+
+tried to do it--
+
+that any error of this type,
+11, is going to cause me a
+
+Euclidian error of minimum
+squared distance 2, at least.
+
+It can only cause me to go from
+A to D, which is always
+
+at least squared distance 2, or
+from B to C, or vice versa.
+
+So in terms of Euclidian
+distance, d min squared, I'm
+
+always going to get a squared
+distance of 2 at this point.
+
+And actually, any place you
+diverged in the trellis,
+
+because of the structure
+of the code, this
+
+is going to be true.
+
+I'm always going to get a
+squared distance of 2 when two
+
+trellis paths come together
+in the trellis.
+
+I always have a binary
+difference of 11, so by the
+
+same argument I'm always going
+to get a Euclidian squared
+
+distance of 2 when two trellis
+paths come together.
+
+And furthermore, I'm going to
+have at least one difference
+
+somewhere in between, which is
+going to, again, in terms of
+
+Euclidian distance, lead
+to a Euclidian
+
+distance of at least 1.
+
+So the conclusion is that
+between any two sequences of
+
+constellation points that are
+labeled by two distinct code
+
+words here, I'm going to have a
+cumulative Euclidian squared
+
+distance of at least 5, by the
+same argument as I had for the
+
+binary code.
+
+But now it turns out that I'm
+still in a regime where binary
+
+distance, Hamming distance
+translates directly to
+
+Euclidian distance.
+
+This is what you saw.
+
+Basically, what we're using here
+is this is Z-squared, you
+
+can think of as the image of
+the (2, 2) binary code.
+
+RZ-squared is the image of the
+(2, 1) binary code, and this
+
+2Z-squared is the image of
+the (2, 0) binary code.
+
+You get the same partition
+structure for these codes and
+
+their co-sets.
+
+This is the set of all
+four two-tuples.
+
+We divided it into two subsets,
+each of minimum
+
+distance 2 here, and here we
+divide it into four subsets,
+
+each of minimum distance
+infinity.
+
+I'm not going to take the time
+to make this precise, but
+
+think of how that
+relation goes.
+
+So I've assured myself of a
+Euclidian squared distance at
+
+least 5 between signal point
+sequences that correspond to
+
+two different code words.
+
+That's excellent.
+
+Is the minimum squared distance
+of the code then
+
+equal to 5, as it was in
+the binary case of
+
+this trellis code?
+
+No, it's not.
+
+And the problem is I could make
+this kind of error, which
+
+is completely invisible
+to the code.
+
+I can make a within subset
+error, and this only has
+
+minimum square distance of 4.
+
+So the conclusion of this
+analysis is that this is
+
+what's called a four-state
+two-dimensional trellis code.
+
+This four-state two-dimensional
+trellis code
+
+has a minimum squared distance
+of 4, and it has a number of
+
+nearest neighbors per
+two dimension of 4.
+
+That's the number of nearest
+neighbors within 2Z-squared,
+
+which is one of these subsets.
+
+So the conclusion is that
+already, this has a legitimate
+
+3 dB coding gain.
+
+Its coefficient is still just
+the QAM coefficient, and this
+
+very simple code has this
+performance curve moved over.
+
+So it's 3 dB all the
+way up the line.
+
+So that's pretty good.
+
+This is a trivial code that
+could be decoding--
+
+by the way, it was, again, done
+by the Viterbi algorithm
+
+of a four-state trellis.
+
+You just take the sequences
+and it's exactly the same.
+
+You measure distance in terms
+of minimum squared distance.
+
+The only difference is when
+you decode, you first find
+
+what the closest point
+is within the
+
+A, B, C and D subsets.
+
+That is what you're going to
+take as your representative
+
+for that subset.
+
+So you first make basically an
+uncoded decision, which is the
+
+closest point in A?
+
+Which is the closest point in B,
+which is the closest point
+
+in C, which is the closest
+point in D?
+
+You're going to get a metric
+for each of those.
+
+How far is each of those
+from the receive point?
+
+So then in trellis decoding,
+what the trellis is going to
+
+look like is something
+like this.
+
+A, D, A, D, B, C,
+and so forth.
+
+The trellis is going to look
+exactly the same, but here you
+
+get A, D, D, A, B, C, C, B.
+
+So what metric are we
+going to use for
+
+each of these branches?
+
+First, we find the closest point
+within each subset, and
+
+then we use the metric
+for that point.
+
+Clearly, if we're going to
+choose A for this time
+
+interval, then we should use the
+closest point in A as our
+
+receive decision.
+
+We can get that survivor without
+any memory whatsoever
+
+when we make that decision, and
+then we take the sequences
+
+of representatives and find
+the best of those
+
+representatives as our best
+trellis-coded sequence.
+
+Any sequence of points that has
+labels that correspond to
+
+some path through this
+trellis is a valid
+
+point and vice versa.
+
+If and only if the sequence of
+labels is according to this
+
+trellis is it a legitimate
+trellis-coded point.
+
+So it's a nice amalgamation.
+
+Great.
+
+With a simple four-state code,
+basically we've doubled the
+
+size the constellation.
+
+The constellation expansion is
+2, the constellation expansion
+
+factor with twice as large a
+constellation, we've been able
+
+to achieve a coding
+gain of 3 dB.
+
+Not bad.
+
+So how do we extend this idea?
+
+First, extension would be to--
+
+all right, let's go up
+to an 8 state, 16
+
+state, whatever code.
+
+But is that going to improve
+our minimum distance using
+
+this block diagram?
+
+It's not, because we're
+still stuck with this
+
+within subset distance.
+
+So we can never get past d min
+squared equals 4 with a
+
+four-way partition.
+
+What we have to do is make one
+more level of partition and we
+
+need to make an eight way
+partition, at which point
+
+we're going to get a within
+subset distance of 8.
+
+I left out one step,
+I'm sorry.
+
+I'll come back to it.
+
+We can get a code minimum
+squared distance up to 8, if
+
+we extend the minimum squared
+distance up to 8.
+
+The thing I didn't use, I didn't
+tell you before, was in
+
+computing the coding
+gain of this code--
+
+let's just call it c--
+
+what should it be?
+
+It should be the minimum squared
+distance of the code
+
+over the volume of the code
+per two dimensions.
+
+In this case, n is 2 so I'm just
+going to do it over the
+
+volume of the code.
+
+Now what is the volume of
+a convolutional code?
+
+This is actually an interesting
+problem, because
+
+the Voronoi region of a trellis
+code is actually an
+
+infinite dimensional object.
+
+A trellis code is really an
+infinite dimensional lattice.
+
+It's a lattice in infinite
+dimensional space.
+
+And if you look at the Voronoi
+region, it extends out into
+
+all these dimensions.
+
+It might not for such a
+simple code, but in
+
+principle it does.
+
+However, you can find other
+fundamental regions.
+
+The way to think about
+this is instead of
+
+putting the volume here--
+
+well, what have we cost
+ourselves in volume?
+
+We've doubled the size
+of the constellation.
+
+And in two dimensions,
+that means
+
+we've doubled the volume.
+
+So we've quadrupled the minimum
+distance at the cost
+
+of doubling the volume.
+
+We've covered twice as much
+space now because we have
+
+twice as many points.
+
+And so, that's where
+we get the--
+
+this is equal to, for
+this code, that's 4.
+
+We have a factor of 2 loss in
+volume, and so that's where we
+
+get what I said was a coding
+gain of 2 or 3 dB.
+
+Just to get you to the bottom
+line, we should replace the
+
+volume by two times--
+
+I call it eta of the code--
+where eta of the code is its
+
+redundancy per two dimensions.
+
+In this case, we introduce
+one redundant bit per two
+
+dimensions, and that's why the
+constellation has to expand by
+
+a factor of 2.
+
+You see, we get the
+right answer.
+
+The redundancy has increased by
+one bit, so this has to be
+
+2 to the b plus 1, so the
+constellation has to be twice
+
+as large, so the volume
+is twice as large.
+
+I'll just hand-wave and tell you
+that's the factor you want
+
+down here representing
+volume --
+
+2 to the redundancy.
+
+And you can prove this by
+finding a region which you can
+
+show is a fundamental region
+of the trellis code and has
+
+this volume.
+
+But I won't go into that.
+
+OK, so that's the calculation
+which I should've mentioned
+
+before, I skipped
+right over it.
+
+Back to what I was saying.
+
+To improve trellis codes, the
+first thing you can do is to,
+
+say, go to an eight-way
+partition.
+
+So now we're going to
+have eight subsets.
+
+So we're going to need
+three bits here.
+
+So let's use two bits here and
+use a rate 2/3 trellis code.
+
+We're going to have three bits
+coming out here to select
+
+subsets, and we're going to have
+b minus 2 bits down here
+
+to select a point still
+a 2b plus 1 point QAM
+
+constellation.
+
+So our redundancy per two
+dimensions is still one bit
+
+per two dimensions.
+
+We're still going to lose a
+factor of 2, but now we can go
+
+up to d min squared equals 8 and
+we can go up to a coding
+
+gain of 6 dB.
+
+So in his original paper,
+Ungerboeck did this.
+
+He showed codes going up to 256
+states in two dimensions
+
+that gets you up to a nominal
+6 dB coding gain.
+
+And because they have low
+coefficients here, they get
+
+very close to 6 dB of effective
+coding gain.
+
+Already in Ungerboeck,
+we have codes--
+
+I mean, eventually you can get
+back to just the within-subset
+
+coefficient again, which
+is always 4.
+
+You can get up to, say, 6 dB
+with maybe 512 states of
+
+effective coding gain, which
+is considerably better than
+
+the densest lattice we would
+think of using, and also quite
+
+reasonable to implement.
+
+Now we're going to need
+a 256, 512-state
+
+Viterbi algorithm decoder.
+
+This was a stunning
+breakthrough.
+
+Immediately in 1993, everybody
+started building turbo codes.
+
+Back in 1982, everybody started
+
+building trellis codes.
+
+It happened to be the time of
+the V.32 modem, and everybody
+
+said boy, this is just what we
+need to get an additional 3 or
+
+4 dB coding gain in
+the V.32 modem.
+
+What was actually done there
+is this was simply an
+
+eight-state convolutional code,
+so it was rate 2/3.
+
+And there was tweaking
+of this.
+
+It was made rotationally
+invariant, made nonlinear.
+
+And a lot of activity, which was
+very nice, stimulated by
+
+the standards effort.
+
+But that was basically the state
+of the art in the '80s.
+
+The one other improvement
+that was made was
+
+the following idea.
+
+We really don't like doubling
+the size of the constellation,
+
+particularly for a large
+one, mostly for
+
+implementation reasons.
+
+There were some feelings against
+nonlinearities a
+
+larger constellation
+would cost you.
+
+You wanted to minimize the
+constellation expansion ratio.
+
+So how were we ever
+going to do that?
+
+You can't do it this way
+in two dimensions.
+
+The way to do that is to go
+up to four dimensions.
+
+So let's do subset partitioning
+in four
+
+dimensions.
+
+So now think of four dimensional
+constellations.
+
+In practice, these are just
+built from the Cartesian
+
+product of two two-dimensional
+constellations.
+
+We start with Z4.
+
+The next one down is D4,
+which has a minimum
+
+square distance of 2.
+
+It's sometimes called a
+checkerboard constellation in
+
+four dimensions.
+
+It's just the red-black
+idea again.
+
+Then below that, we have a
+four-way partition into RZ4,
+
+which still has minimum
+distance 2.
+
+And one more level of
+partitioning here into
+
+something into RD4, which has
+minimum squared distance of 4.
+
+So this is an eight-way
+partition of a
+
+four-dimensional
+constellation.
+
+This idea was introduced
+by Lee-Fang Wei.
+
+Again, this is an interesting
+column over here.
+
+You can think of this as being
+the (4, 4, 1) code.
+
+This is the Euclidian image
+of the (4, 3, 2) code.
+
+It kind of expanded
+in the lattice.
+
+We know we can't do any
+better than (4, 2, 2).
+
+Down here, this is the
+(4, 1, 4) code.
+
+So again, this is the same
+partition as we get for binary
+
+codes with the distances--
+
+again, for binary codes and this
+level of partitioning,
+
+Hamming distance translates
+to Euclidian distance.
+
+It's really just the image of
+these codes as you go up to
+
+the lattices.
+
+Now in this case, what's the
+best we can ever do?
+
+Coding gain.
+
+We still can't go up to a
+squared distance of greater
+
+than 4 because our within-subset
+distance is
+
+going to be within RD4.
+
+So this is still limited to 4.
+
+But now, what's our redundancy
+per two dimensions?
+
+Here, say, we're going to
+use still a rate 2/3
+
+convolutional code.
+
+We'll now have an eight-subset
+selector in 4D, so everything
+
+is per 4D here.
+
+So this is going to be 2b minus
+two bits and this is
+
+going to be, it turns out, a
+constellation that is twice as
+
+large in four dimensions.
+
+We still have one redundant bit
+per four dimensions, so we
+
+need twice the size of the
+constellation in four
+
+dimensions.
+
+But that's only 1/2 a bit of
+redundancy per two dimensions.
+
+So this denominator becomes
+2 to the 1/2.
+
+Waving hands furiously here.
+
+And so this could go up to 2 to
+the 3/2, which is 4.5 dB.
+
+So there's actually a
+particularly nice eight-state
+
+code here that Wei came up with
+which, really, in terms
+
+of performance versus complexity
+is the only code
+
+that anyone has ever come up
+with that is distinctly better
+
+than any of Ungerboeck's
+original codes.
+
+All of Ungerboeck's original
+codes were in one dimension,
+
+two dimensions, or PSK codes.
+
+You could also do this
+on phase shift key
+
+constellations.
+
+So with the Wei code, it gives
+you a very simple way
+
+to get 4 1/2 dB.
+
+Actually, you have to go up to
+16 states to get 4 1/2 dB.
+
+The Wei code is only 4.2 dB.
+
+And this is basically what was
+adopted for standards in the
+
+early '90s.
+
+The V.34 modem standard, also
+the ADSL standard has the same
+
+code in it.
+
+If you have DSL at home, that's
+what it's using in it.
+
+Again, with a very simple code,
+the eight-state Viterbi
+
+algorithm, you can get 4.2
+dB of coding gain.
+
+The error coefficient in this
+case, this has 24 nearest
+
+neighbors in D4, or 12
+per two dimensions.
+
+So you lose 0.15 dB
+or something.
+
+I'm sorry, 0.3 dB.
+
+Anyway, this is a
+very nice code.
+
+There are 32 and 64-state
+codes in V.34.
+
+They don't gain you very much.
+
+They each double the complexity
+and only gain you
+
+about 0.2 dB for each one.
+
+All these things tend
+to saturate.
+
+You can't get more than about 5
+to 6 dB of coding gain with
+
+a reasonable size
+trellis code.
+
+So where are we now?
+
+We can get 5 or 6 dB of coding
+gain with, say, a 256-state
+
+trellis code.
+
+We can get another 1 to 1 and
+a 1/2 dB of shaping gain.
+
+So all together, we're
+up to 6 to 7.5 dB.
+
+From here, we're up somewhere
+into the 2 to 3 dB range.
+
+In other words, combining
+trellis code with, say, 256
+
+states with some shaping scheme
+with maybe 1 dB of
+
+shaping gain, this gets you
+maybe 5 dB or 5.5 dB.
+
+We get 6 dB total effective
+gain, and we're still 3 dB or
+
+maybe 2 or 3 dB from
+Shannon limit.
+
+So, close but not
+quite there yet.
+
+Five minutes to go.
+
+So in the notes, there's
+one page on
+
+higher performance schemes.
+
+There are higher performance
+schemes.
+
+There are turbo codes for the
+bandwidth-limited regime that
+
+get you to within 1 dB
+of the Shannon limit.
+
+Sequential decoding gets you to
+within about 1 and a 1/2 dB
+
+of the Shannon limit.
+
+The idea of multi-level
+codes --
+
+you can regard each of these
+two-way partitions as being
+
+specified by one bit.
+
+So with three bits of labels,
+you can specify
+
+an eight-way partition.
+
+Another idea is to code on
+each of these levels
+
+separately.
+
+Use a binary code on each of
+these levels separately.
+
+Each of these corresponds to an
+effective channel that has
+
+different characteristics.
+
+You've basically got to take the
+Gaussian distribution and
+
+alias it around in accord with
+whatever this partition
+
+actually is.
+
+But you can come up with an
+effective binary channel at
+
+each of these levels.
+
+It turns out to be a binary
+symmetric input channel,
+
+always in these cases.
+
+So you could think of
+taking a binary--
+
+now, each one of these channels
+is going to have its
+
+own capacity.
+
+It turns out that information
+theoretically, the capacity of
+
+multi-level coding on each of
+these levels independently is
+
+the same as the aggregate
+capacity of coding it on the
+
+whole channel.
+
+It's a lovely separability
+result.
+
+So in principle, if you could
+code at capacity on each of
+
+these binary channels, then you
+could get to the capacity
+
+of the aggregate channel, with
+a large enough constellation.
+
+So that's a good idea.
+
+We now know a lot of binary
+capacity-approaching code, so
+
+let's use a turbo code or a
+low-density parity-check code
+
+at each level, an appropriate
+code.
+
+It turns out, as you might
+expect, that the first level
+
+is the really hard level.
+
+In this case, you might have
+a rate 1/3 or 1/2 code and
+
+really work hard
+with your code.
+
+At the next level, the effective
+error probability is
+
+much better.
+
+Making hard decisions, you might
+have a probability of
+
+1/10 or lower of making
+an error.
+
+So these are really much
+easier problems.
+
+It might be a better idea at
+these levels just to use
+
+algebraic coding or something
+that works very well.
+
+The capacity is nearly one per
+bit at each level, so you want
+
+to code with very little
+redundancy at these next
+
+levels, but it's still capable
+of approaching capacity.
+
+Well, it turns out this is a
+good scenario for Reed-Solomon
+
+codes or some kind of
+algebraic code.
+
+So the moral is you only
+really need your
+
+capacity-approaching code at
+maybe the first or first and
+
+second levels.
+
+Down here, just use
+a very high rate--
+
+1,023, 1,003 Reed-Solomon code
+over gf of 2 to the 10th--
+
+very little redundancy, and
+drive the error rate down as
+
+low as you like at each
+of these levels.
+
+So multi-level coding is a
+good way in principle.
+
+I'm not sure if it's been
+done in practice.
+
+In fact, I don't know of any
+capacity-approaching code that
+
+has been done in practice,
+except there's a very crude
+
+technique, I would say, called
+Bit-Interleaved Coded
+
+Modulation, BICM, which is the
+following simple idea.
+
+Let's just take a single
+low-density parity-check code
+
+or some capacity-approaching
+code.
+
+It's going to have to be
+designed for a BICM channel.
+
+Let's totally interleave the
+bits and then let's use them
+
+as the bits that control each
+of these levels here.
+
+At the output of the channel,
+we know which level the bits
+
+came out of.
+
+So at the output of the channel,
+we know what the
+
+appropriate a posteriori
+probabilities
+
+are for each bit.
+
+They're going to be
+wildly different.
+
+A bit sent through here is going
+to be sent through a
+
+very highly reliable channel,
+a bit sent through here is
+
+going to be sent through a very
+low reliability channel.
+
+But with all this interleaving
+and the independence
+
+approximation in the analysis,
+we're going to be able to
+
+design a code for this mixture
+channel, a mixture of high
+
+reliability and low reliability
+binary channels,
+
+that's going to get to the
+capacity of this mixture
+
+channel, which as I've already
+told you is equal to the
+
+capacity of the aggregate
+channel.
+
+I guess there's some elegant
+features of it.
+
+But that's, in practice,
+what people use.
+
+They use it more because they've
+already developed a
+
+chip for binary channels, and
+they want to reuse that chip
+
+for some large constellation
+channel, some
+
+bandwidth-limited channel.
+
+So this was originally advocated
+by Qualcomm as a,
+
+quote, pragmatic approach.
+
+OK, we've got a chip that works
+for binary channels, so
+
+let's just interleave outputs
+and use it over this
+
+multi-level channel and it'll
+probably work well enough.
+
+And, in fact, that's true.
+
+And the information support
+for it, again, is the fact
+
+that you don't lose anything
+by coding bit by bit from a
+
+capacity point of view.
+
+I think that's the only one
+that's been used in practice.
+
+And on wireless cellular
+channels for instance, that
+
+tends to be what's used.
+
+And of course, I know that
+perhaps a couple of you have
+
+an exam at 11:00, so I'll
+make a point of
+
+letting you out of here.
+
+I've really enjoyed teaching
+the course this term.
+
+It was the first time I was able
+to get to the analysis of
+
+capacity-approaching codes,
+so I enjoyed doing that.
+
+At this point, I think the
+subject of coding for the
+
+additive white Gaussian noise
+channel, the traditional
+
+channel, is pretty
+well wrapped up.
+
+I don't think we're going to
+see any great improvements.
+
+There's still some very
+interesting theoretical
+
+questions about the convergence
+of these iterative
+
+decoding algorithms.
+
+What do they converge to?
+
+How fast do they converge?
+
+There are interesting
+connections to statistical
+
+physics and inference
+and so forth that
+
+people are still exploring.
+
+They're interested in graph
+theoretical properties.
+
+There's attempts to
+algebraically construct these
+
+capacity-approaching codes, so
+we can say a lot more about
+
+their parameters and their
+performance, particularly for
+
+lower probabilities like
+10 to the minus 15.
+
+So you go to the information
+theory symposium, you'll still
+
+hear a lot of papers about
+coding effectively for
+
+additive white Gaussian noise or
+memoryless binary symmetric
+
+input channels.
+
+But people ask me, is
+coding dead now?
+
+Are Fourier transforms dead?
+
+No, they're not dead.
+
+But they've become sort of part
+of the standard core of
+
+what you should know.
+
+I think this is a subject that
+anyone in communication should
+
+certainly learn, but is it an
+area where people are going to
+
+make further advances that are
+important from a practical
+
+point of view?
+
+Obviously not very much, in
+view of the Shannon limit.
+
+We are very close to the
+Shannon limit for these
+
+channels, and have been
+now for a few years.
+
+So it's important to know
+about these things.
+
+It's important to know when
+you're in the wireless course,
+
+for instance.
+
+You basically calculate mutual
+information and assume that
+
+you can go at the mutual
+information.
+
+This is how you do it.
+
+So you should know how it's
+done, and that's why I think
+
+this course continues to
+be worth teaching.
+
+But from a point of view of
+research, it's become a rather
+
+mature area, and the action
+has gone off to
+
+other kinds of channels.
+
+Multi this, multi
+that, so forth.
+
+Anything to do with networks
+or multi-user is where the
+
+action in coding is.
+
+Data compression, of course, is
+a subject that we haven't
+
+talked about at all, which
+is also coding.
+
+So anyway, I think it's good for
+you to have all this under
+
+your belts.
+
+I hope that you find it useful
+in your future lives, and I
+
+wish you all well on
+the final exam.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KtOhRHLE7Q0.txt b/KtOhRHLE7Q0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15f5044de8f452c6dbbefa378f71f955cdb5264e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KtOhRHLE7Q0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ocw.mit.edu in this experiment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this experiment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this experiment we're
+going to illustrate how sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to illustrate how sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to illustrate how sodium
+atoms exhibit very strong absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms exhibit very strong absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms exhibit very strong absorption
+when excited by light at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when excited by light at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when excited by light at at the
+resonance frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance frequency of
+sodium we're going to use a d laser over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium we're going to use a d laser over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium we're going to use a d laser over
+here and a vapor cell of atomic sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a vapor cell of atomic sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a vapor cell of atomic sodium
+we're going to tune the laser to 5890
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to tune the laser to 5890
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to tune the laser to 5890
+angstroms or so which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms or so which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms or so which is the
+resonance frequency for for sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance frequency for for sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance frequency for for sodium and
+and we're going to observe the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to observe the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to observe the this the
+sodium resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium resonance
+fluorescence so when we come back we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so when we come back we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so when we come back we'll
+have it set up for you so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it set up for you so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it set up for you so that you can
+observe for yourself the this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe for yourself the this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe for yourself the this this this
+tremendous absorption exhibited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous absorption exhibited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous absorption exhibited by
+sodium when excited by D laser radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium when excited by D laser radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium when excited by D laser radiation
+at the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sodium
+resonance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance the
+sodium is in a in a Cell in a heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium is in a in a Cell in a heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium is in a in a Cell in a heated
+cell on the uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell on the uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell on the uh on the
+right and what you can see right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what you can see right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what you can see right now
+inside you see the resonance scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you see the resonance scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you see the resonance scattering
+by sodium at 5890 anstrom now all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sodium at 5890 anstrom now all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sodium at 5890 anstrom now all I have
+to do is I tune the dilay away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I tune the dilay away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I tune the dilay away from
+resonance and there's no there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and there's no there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and there's no there's no
+fluoresence onto the resonance here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence onto the resonance here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence onto the resonance here we
+are plenty of scattered light and I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plenty of scattered light and I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plenty of scattered light and I go
+the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of
+resonance and and there's no absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and and there's no absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and and there's no absorption
+here we are again on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are again on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are again on
+resonance and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and off
+resonance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance on
+resonance and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance
+great
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L2vNqnov1rs.txt b/L2vNqnov1rs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc813dea8bdd8499427330e3cc3c2016ad9f9348
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L2vNqnov1rs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um so you're now writing this in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're now writing this in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're now writing this in quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the Heisenberg picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can introduce this
+position eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position eigenvector
+corresponding to the eigenvalue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the eigenvalue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the eigenvalue of the
+position operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position operator
+at time t with eigenvalue X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t with eigenvalue X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t with eigenvalue X okay
+and then from this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from this object
+you can construct the propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this object is powerful if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this object is powerful if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this object is powerful if you know
+how to compute these object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute these object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute these object
+because if you load the wave function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you load the wave function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you load the wave function at
+T1 T Prime and then then by come Yeah by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 T Prime and then then by come Yeah by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 T Prime and then then by come Yeah by
+uh just integrated with this object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just integrated with this object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just integrated with this object and
+then you can find your wave function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can find your wave function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can find your wave function at
+a later time okay and so uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a later time okay and so uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a later time okay and so uh this is a
+powerful object say non-relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful object say non-relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful object say non-relativistic
+quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics
+so now you can ask what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can ask what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can ask what are the
+analogous objects say whether they exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous objects say whether they exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous objects say whether they exist
+a landlord because object in free Siri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a landlord because object in free Siri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a landlord because object in free Siri
+or in field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in field Theory
+so but in qft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a localized state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's no counterpart of this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no counterpart of this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no counterpart of this object
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so one reason is that now there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason is that now there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason is that now there's no
+position operator anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position operator anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position operator anymore
+so remember now X is actually a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember now X is actually a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember now X is actually a label
+no longer a longer operator okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a longer operator okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a longer operator okay it
+suffice the operator actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice the operator actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice the operator actually just
+enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable
+so there's no in Quantum field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no in Quantum field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no in Quantum field Theory
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+position operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot
+and then you cannot Define yes it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you cannot Define yes it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you cannot Define yes it does
+no position operator then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no position operator then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no position operator then you can
+download a way to define say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download a way to define say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download a way to define say a
+eigenvector say associated with uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector say associated with uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector say associated with uh yeah
+localized state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized state
+and there's also a fundamental barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a fundamental barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a fundamental barrier
+a a there's a fundamental or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a there's a fundamental or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a there's a fundamental or
+contradiction with Lawrence symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction with Lawrence symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction with Lawrence symmetry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so there's also a fundamental barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also a fundamental barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also a fundamental barrier
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+obstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from lorenzie Miche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can show that um localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that um localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that um localized
+can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show
+a localized state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+no range covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this does not
+so so suppose yeah you can do this by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so suppose yeah you can do this by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so suppose yeah you can do this by by
+proof by contradiction say suppose they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction say suppose they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction say suppose they
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they exist States like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say XT
+so by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by definition
+a local state should satisfying uh uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local state should satisfying uh uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local state should satisfying uh uh if
+you evaluate them at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then that should be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then that should be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then that should be proportional to
+data function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that's by definition what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's by definition what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's by definition what it
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+what we mean by a localized State okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by a localized State okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by a localized State okay
+to localize at the point okay and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to localize at the point okay and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to localize at the point okay and uh and
+that's the probability Satisfied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability Satisfied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability Satisfied by this
+if you said t Prime equal to T and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you said t Prime equal to T and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you said t Prime equal to T and then
+this will be a Delta function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+suppose you can Define such a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you can Define such a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you can Define such a state
+but then this notion cannot be covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then this notion cannot be covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then this notion cannot be covering
+defined is because this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined is because this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined is because this is not the
+covarian object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covarian object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covarian object
+so the three-dimensional spatial data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three-dimensional spatial data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three-dimensional spatial data
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+it does not transform nicely under low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not transform nicely under low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not transform nicely under low
+range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range transformation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so you can show that if you act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can show that if you act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can show that if you act
+say say suppose U Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say suppose U Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say suppose U Lambda
+is the ud3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ud3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ud3
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generating a low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a low range transformation
+which we discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we discussed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we discussed last time
+okay if you have the uh the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have the uh the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have the uh the momentum
+if you have the um yeah a general orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the um yeah a general orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the um yeah a general orange
+transformation and then you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and then you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and then you can show
+that the U Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the U Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the U Lambda
+actually on x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on x and t
+is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same
+as the a Lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the a Lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the a Lambda X
+and the Lambda t Okay so Lambda X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Lambda t Okay so Lambda X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Lambda t Okay so Lambda X and
+Lambda T Deluge low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda T Deluge low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda T Deluge low range transformation
+of this Vector okay yeah here I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Vector okay yeah here I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Vector okay yeah here I'm using
+a short hand location a Showtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short hand location a Showtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short hand location a Showtime
+notation uh uh uh uh so Lambda X means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh uh uh uh so Lambda X means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh uh uh uh so Lambda X means
+the lowering transformation act on X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowering transformation act on X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowering transformation act on X and
+here means the range transformation act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here means the range transformation act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here means the range transformation act
+on T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you actually will do this explicit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually will do this explicit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually will do this explicit in
+your P set okay you will check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your P set okay you will check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your P set okay you will check this
+explicitly uh uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh uh uh uh uh
+this does not transform so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not transform so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not transform so I
+so this cannot be a covarian concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this cannot be a covarian concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this cannot be a covarian concept
+so that means that the uh you can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the uh you can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the uh you can the
+most defined in some frame but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most defined in some frame but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most defined in some frame but if you
+change your frame and then and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your frame and then and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your frame and then and then this
+state is no longer localized okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is no longer localized okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is no longer localized okay so so
+uh so this concept is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this concept is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this concept is not the
+Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence
+is not compatible with Noreen symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not compatible with Noreen symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not compatible with Noreen symmetry
+so the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog
+we can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Define
+in field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closest sorry that's not closed closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest sorry that's not closed closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest sorry that's not closed closest
+analog in curve t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog in curve t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog in curve t
+in field theory is this object okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in field theory is this object okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in field theory is this object okay
+so let's define a a object X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define a a object X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define a a object X
+to be defined by so again whenever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defined by so again whenever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defined by so again whenever I
+write something like X you should view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something like X you should view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something like X you should view
+view this as a shorthand for the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this as a shorthand for the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this as a shorthand for the full
+Vector okay including both space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay including both space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay including both space and
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+so I can define object by this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can define object by this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can define object by this by
+actually yeah let's just consider say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah let's just consider say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah let's just consider say
+suppose we have a real scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a real scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a real scalar field
+series okay so for example let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay so for example let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay so for example let's just
+can see the real scalar Fields here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the real scalar Fields here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the real scalar Fields here so
+we can Define objects like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Define objects like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Define objects like this
+so this is a closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a closest
+we can get into a position eigen State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get into a position eigen State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get into a position eigen State
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh so uh and then yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so uh and then yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so uh and then yeah it's
+conjugate then it's given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's real so it's a commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's real so it's a commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's real so it's a commission
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+so now you can check this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can check this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can check this object
+by definition because Phi is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition because Phi is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition because Phi is a scalar
+field we transform nicely under low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we transform nicely under low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we transform nicely under low
+range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range transformation
+and the and the the vacuum is invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the the vacuum is invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the the vacuum is invariant
+on the lowering transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lowering transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lowering transformation
+and so so this object actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so this object actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so this object actually
+transformed nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed nicely
+so on the lowering transformation X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually goes to Lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to Lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to Lambda X
+okay so so this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this object
+uh actually transform nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually transform nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually transform nicely
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but you can also ask what is the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also ask what is the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also ask what is the overlap
+between these two such kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two such kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two such kind of a
+position I can state if we call this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I can state if we call this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I can state if we call this uh
+coated position I can State okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated position I can State okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated position I can State okay so so
+now let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's consider
+the overlap between two such States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap between two such States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap between two such States
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then this will be given by by from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this will be given by by from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this will be given by by from
+this definition will be given by Zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition will be given by Zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition will be given by Zero by
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+and the 5x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's given by uh uh the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's given by uh uh the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's given by uh uh the expectation
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+of x times for X Prime between the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x times for X Prime between the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x times for X Prime between the uh
+between the vacuum State okay just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the vacuum State okay just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the vacuum State okay just from
+the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition
+so the reason we say this is the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason we say this is the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason we say this is the closest
+analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog
+is because even though this state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because even though this state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because even though this state is
+Lawrence covarians but this state is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence covarians but this state is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence covarians but this state is not
+localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized
+so if you have a if you wanted to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a if you wanted to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a if you wanted to stay
+to be localized this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be localized this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be localized this has to be
+proportional to data function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to data function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to data function okay
+uh when you take the name at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you take the name at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you take the name at the same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+but now you can show so this is object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you can show so this is object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you can show so this is object
+we can compute explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute explicitly
+because we already solved the Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already solved the Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already solved the Phi
+completely in terms of a and a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely in terms of a and a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely in terms of a and a dagger
+you can just plug in here to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just plug in here to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just plug in here to compute
+this object explicitly and we will do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object explicitly and we will do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object explicitly and we will do a
+a towards the end of today towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a towards the end of today towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a towards the end of today towards the
+end of today's lecture here let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of today's lecture here let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of today's lecture here let me just
+tell you the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the results
+so you can see that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this guy
+actually is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is non-zero
+for t equal to T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for t equal to T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for t equal to T Prime
+and X not equal to X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X not equal to X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X not equal to X Prime
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that means this is not a lot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this is not a lot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this is not a lot this
+means that this cannot be a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this cannot be a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this cannot be a data
+function okay so so when you evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so so when you evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so so when you evaluate
+them at the same time if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the same time if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the same time if it's a
+localized State they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized State they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized State they should be
+proportional to data function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to data function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to data function
+but this is not the case Okay so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not the case Okay so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not the case Okay so so this
+object is not quite localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is not quite localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is not quite localized
+but we will see actually in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will see actually in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will see actually in some sense
+it's localized and we will see in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's localized and we will see in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's localized and we will see in what
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+later when we compute this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we compute this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we compute this object
+explicitly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly okay
+so so right now let's just say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so right now let's just say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so right now let's just say the
+conclusion that this this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that this this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that this this is not
+localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized
+so this is not so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not so this means
+this is not a localized state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so so heuristically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so heuristically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so heuristically
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+say um yeah a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um yeah a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um yeah a a
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so let me just make a a a a a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just make a a a a a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just make a a a a a certain
+remark here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+so as we say this is another position I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we say this is another position I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we say this is another position I
+can say but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say but if we
+say treat it as some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say treat it as some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say treat it as some kind of
+approximation okay to the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation okay to the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation okay to the position
+eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate
+and then we can talk about the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can talk about the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can talk about the wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+of a particle okay so now let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle okay so now let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle okay so now let's suppose
+so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a single particle state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI
+so sorry would be say some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry would be say some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry would be say some kind of
+superposition uh which we wrote last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition uh which we wrote last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition uh which we wrote last
+time say say some arbitrary through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time say say some arbitrary through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time say say some arbitrary through a
+position of this single particle State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this single particle State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this single particle State
+okay if you integrate over the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you integrate over the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you integrate over the momentum
+and then we can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can Define its wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I put this wave function as a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+equal to just overlap between the PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just overlap between the PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just overlap between the PSI
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+X object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X object
+okay and then this is given by just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this is given by just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this is given by just from
+that definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition
+let's give them by zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give them by zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give them by zero
+5X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5X
+PSI okay so so we can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a wave function
+so this is the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the closest
+analog you can define a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog you can define a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog you can define a wave function
+for particle in the quantum field theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particle in the quantum field theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particle in the quantum field theory
+is to use this object okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now you can check okay so so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can check okay so so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can check okay so so it's a
+very simple exercise for you to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple exercise for you to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple exercise for you to check
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+so if you if I just take this to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if I just take this to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if I just take this to be the
+pure momentum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure momentum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure momentum state
+say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example
+if I take PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take PSI
+to be the momentum State pure momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the momentum State pure momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the momentum State pure momentum
+state of K remember this notation K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of K remember this notation K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of K remember this notation K is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+square root 2 Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root 2 Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root 2 Omega k
+on this state okay so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this state okay so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this state okay so so this is the
+pure momentum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure momentum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure momentum state
+and then if you calculate this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you calculate this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you calculate this object
+and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get
+KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+then just become 0 if i x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just become 0 if i x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just become 0 if i x
+okay okay now you can again you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now you can again you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now you can again you you know
+the explicitly how Phi Express in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicitly how Phi Express in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicitly how Phi Express in terms
+of a and a dagger and you know how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and a dagger and you know how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and a dagger and you know how this
+is obtained from from the vacuum by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained from from the vacuum by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained from from the vacuum by
+acting a dagger on it you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting a dagger on it you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting a dagger on it you can just
+compute this object say take a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this object say take a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this object say take a couple
+minutes and you can also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and you can also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and you can also just
+essentially guess the answer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially guess the answer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially guess the answer okay
+so so this just gives you the plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your own shell playing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own shell playing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own shell playing wave
+so the with your energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the with your energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the with your energy
+are given by Omega K okay so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given by Omega K okay so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given by Omega K okay so you just
+get the plane wave wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the plane wave wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the plane wave wave function
+so in this sense it's like a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this sense it's like a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this sense it's like a wave
+function okay it makes sense to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay it makes sense to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay it makes sense to call it
+the wave function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this is the comment I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is the comment I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is the comment I'm going to
+make now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make now
+yeah this is a good question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a good question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a good question so
+so we cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we cannot really
+so we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we cannot
+okay so in general okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in general okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in general okay
+uh so PSI X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so PSI X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so PSI X Prime
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+be interpreted okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as given the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason we cannot do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason we cannot do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason we cannot do that is
+because this is not because X is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not because X is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not because X is not the
+General in position against State okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General in position against State okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General in position against State okay
+and also in Quantum field Theory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in Quantum field Theory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in Quantum field Theory we
+don't really have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have this
+we don't really have this proper sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really have this proper sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really have this proper sense
+of talking about uh uh the uh you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking about uh uh the uh you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking about uh uh the uh you cannot
+really in general you cannot separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in general you cannot separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in general you cannot separate
+the single particle with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single particle with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single particle with multiple
+particle Etc in general in Quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Etc in general in Quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Etc in general in Quantum field
+theory in free Theory you can because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in free Theory you can because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in free Theory you can because
+there's no interaction okay there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no interaction okay there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no interaction okay there's no
+interaction but but in general you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but but in general you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but but in general you
+cannot anyway so uh so so the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot anyway so uh so so the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot anyway so uh so so the reason
+this is a side remark is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a side remark is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a side remark is that this is
+often used by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used by people
+and they just call it the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just call it the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just call it the wave function
+but you should keep in mind what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should keep in mind what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should keep in mind what's the
+content of this object okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of this object okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of this object okay
+okay and it's not something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's not something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's not something you can
+actually uh a bigger versatility fine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh a bigger versatility fine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh a bigger versatility fine uh
+both mathematically and physically okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both mathematically and physically okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both mathematically and physically okay
+as a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain how you got e to the negative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how you got e to the negative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how you got e to the negative I
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+you just calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just calculate
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+but it's very easy to see how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very easy to see how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very easy to see how you get
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+because we remember Phi X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we remember Phi X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we remember Phi X is
+5x can be expanded in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x can be expanded in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x can be expanded in terms of a
+U plus a dagger U star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus a dagger U star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus a dagger U star
+and the K is obtained by a dagger acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K is obtained by a dagger acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K is obtained by a dagger acting
+on zero essentially just a and a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero essentially just a and a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero essentially just a and a dagger
+part and give you this object and a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and give you this object and a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and give you this object and a part
+proportional to you and that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to you and that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to you and that's how you
+get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so so when we compute this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so when we compute this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so when we compute this object
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will get a more precise sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get a more precise sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get a more precise sense
+okay what this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what this look
+what I mean that this is approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean that this is approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean that this is approximation
+okay uh you will get a more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you will get a more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you will get a more precise
+sense and so uh so this not defer that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and so uh so this not defer that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and so uh so this not defer that a
+little bit because I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because I want to talk about
+something else first okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+so here so this actually is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here so this actually is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here so this actually is a very
+important object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important object
+even forget about this definition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even forget about this definition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even forget about this definition okay
+so this object and let me just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this object and let me just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this object and let me just write
+this object again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object again
+so this G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this G Plus
+so this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this object
+zero five x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero five x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero five x
+and if I X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I X Prime
+zero so we motivate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we motivate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we motivate it
+so we motivated as a uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we motivated as a uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we motivated as a uh this this
+overall between these two a localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall between these two a localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall between these two a localized
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+these two approximately localized States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two approximately localized States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two approximately localized States
+but in Quantum field actually this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Quantum field actually this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Quantum field actually this is a
+very important object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important object
+and and actually uh we normally assign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually uh we normally assign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually uh we normally assign a
+rotation G plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation G plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation G plus
+with this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this object
+and so the application of this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the application of this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the application of this object
+we will not talk too much about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not talk too much about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not talk too much about it but
+incidence matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matter
+for example say if I describes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example say if I describes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example say if I describes some
+approximate some Continuum description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate some Continuum description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate some Continuum description
+of a spin system and then this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a spin system and then this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a spin system and then this would be
+measure the correlation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the correlation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the correlation between the
+spins at different locations different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins at different locations different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins at different locations different
+locations and different time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and different time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and different time okay so
+this is what people call the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what people call the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what people call the correlation
+functions and so in condensed matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so in condensed matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so in condensed matter
+this actually plays very important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually plays very important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually plays very important role
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and matches the correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matches the correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matches the correlation between
+different physical objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different physical objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different physical objects
+and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here
+so when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x and
+X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime
+at non-equal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in general
+5x and 5x Prime don't do not commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay remember our commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember our commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember our commutation relation
+canonical communication relation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical communication relation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical communication relation is
+Satisfied by X and Phi X Prime they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satisfied by X and Phi X Prime they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satisfied by X and Phi X Prime they
+commute when they add equal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute when they add equal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute when they add equal time
+okay when they are not equal time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when they are not equal time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when they are not equal time in
+general they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they
+don't have to compute okay so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to compute okay so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to compute okay so so the
+ordering here is actually important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering here is actually important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering here is actually important
+okay so the ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phi
+in G Plus is actually important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+so if I Define some other I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I Define some other I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I Define some other I can
+considering a lot of object with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a lot of object with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a lot of object with a
+different ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ordering
+so if I put the 5x Prime first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I put the 5x Prime first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I put the 5x Prime first
+I can also consider this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also consider this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also consider this object
+to the facts Prime first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is normally code now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is normally code now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is normally code now this
+is a different function in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different function in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different function in general
+because they don't commute and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't commute and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't commute and we call
+it g minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is also a religious X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is also a religious X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is also a religious X Prime
+okay so this is the the X Prime X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the the X Prime X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the the X Prime X and
+this is used in that notation is a x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used in that notation is a x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used in that notation is a x x
+Prime okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay
+and uh uh so in general G plus and G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so in general G plus and G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so in general G plus and G
+minus they are not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can also Define some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also Define some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also Define some other
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+say since the Phi and the five five x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say since the Phi and the five five x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say since the Phi and the five five x
+and the 5x Prime don't commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 5x Prime don't commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 5x Prime don't commute
+then you say then then we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say then then we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say then then we can see the
+motion or orderings okay we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or orderings okay we can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or orderings okay we can consider
+the superposition of these two okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superposition of these two okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superposition of these two okay so
+so you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you uh
+so you can consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can consider the
+function so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so called
+which is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined to be
+the Theta T minus t Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the commutator of 5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutator of 5x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutator of 5x
+and if I X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is some other other object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is some other other object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is some other other object
+you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Define
+which is the difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the difference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the difference between the two
+but it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only
+only take a value when T is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take a value when T is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take a value when T is greater than
+T Prime okay so when T is smaller than T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Prime okay so when T is smaller than T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Prime okay so when T is smaller than T
+Prime then it's zero okay so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then it's zero okay so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then it's zero okay so these are
+some other objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other objects
+we often uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often uh use
+and so this often is still loaded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this often is still loaded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this often is still loaded by
+Theta T minus t Prime and because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta T minus t Prime and because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta T minus t Prime and because this
+object is commutator to be Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is commutator to be Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is commutator to be Delta
+TT Prime okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TT Prime okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TT Prime okay
+so sometimes people also use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes people also use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes people also use the
+following object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following object
+the ga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ga
+equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus
+t t Prime minus t Okay so so so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t t Prime minus t Okay so so so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t t Prime minus t Okay so so so only
+it's non-zero when T Prime is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-zero when T Prime is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-zero when T Prime is greater
+than t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than t
+and the Delta oh sorry here should be x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Delta oh sorry here should be x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Delta oh sorry here should be x
+x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+you can define object called GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define object called GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define object called GF
+which is half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is half
+so this is called the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the this is
+called advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called advanced
+which is like halfway and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like halfway and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like halfway and half
+of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ones
+so when T greater than T Prime you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when T greater than T Prime you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when T greater than T Prime you take
+the G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G Plus
+and when uh when P greater than T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when uh when P greater than T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when uh when P greater than T Prime
+greater than t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than t
+let me do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U2 G minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this GF is a function of X and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this GF is a function of X and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this GF is a function of X and X
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so because they don't commute so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so because they don't commute so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so because they don't commute so this
+is various object you can Define okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is various object you can Define okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is various object you can Define okay so
+one second so so at the moment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second so so at the moment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second so so at the moment they
+they may seem not very intuitive to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may seem not very intuitive to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may seem not very intuitive to you
+okay why should we worry about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why should we worry about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why should we worry about those
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+and later you will see actually uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later you will see actually uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later you will see actually uh some
+of those objects play a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those objects play a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those objects play a very important
+role okay and uh uh some of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay and uh uh some of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay and uh uh some of some of
+these objects will play very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects will play very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects will play very important
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah yeah for now they're just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah for now they're just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah for now they're just some
+definitions which we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions which we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions which we will use
+potentially later yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which like it seems arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like it seems arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like it seems arbitrary
+right yeah yeah if you do them at equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah if you do them at equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah if you do them at equal
+time then it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then it doesn't matter
+but but remember x and x Prime they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but remember x and x Prime they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but remember x and x Prime they
+don't have the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the same time
+and if they're not at the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're not at the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're not at the same time and
+then actually sometimes the ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually sometimes the ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually sometimes the ordering
+matters yeah I think the weather you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters yeah I think the weather you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters yeah I think the weather you do
+this measurement first and then you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measurement first and then you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measurement first and then you wait
+a while do that measurement or you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while do that measurement or you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while do that measurement or you do
+this measurement first and then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measurement first and then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measurement first and then yeah
+yeah then that can be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then that can be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then that can be different
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh so yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just they switched yeah I remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they switched yeah I remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they switched yeah I remember the
+this order is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order is important
+so here I have X first and X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I have X first and X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I have X first and X Prime
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this order is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this order is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this order is different
+is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah uh we will talk about that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh we will talk about that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh we will talk about that uh we
+will talk about that yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about that yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about that yeah yeah yeah
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+yeah they they are actually yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you just say
+our canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our canonical
+yeah our canonical commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah our canonical commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah our canonical commutation relation
+only require them to commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only require them to commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only require them to commute
+uh at the equal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the equal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the equal time
+and when they are not equal time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they are not equal time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they are not equal time and
+each of them will evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them will evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them will evolve
+okay and yeah we could be uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and yeah we could be uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and yeah we could be uh remember
+the the file itself is some uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the file itself is some uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the file itself is some uh uh uh
+fight itself depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight itself depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight itself depend on time
+yeah so yeah let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah let me just
+if I just write the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just write the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just write the uh uh the
+yeah let me just write the uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me just write the uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me just write the uh so this is
+decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay
+say AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say AK
+UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK
+plus AK dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus AK dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus AK dagger
+UK dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK dagger
+UK star okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK star okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK star okay
+so this is my my expression for Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so canonical commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so canonical commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so canonical commutation relation
+only requires the they are equal when t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only requires the they are equal when t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only requires the they are equal when t
+equal to T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T Prime
+but when T is not equal to T Prime I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when T is not equal to T Prime I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when T is not equal to T Prime I
+just have some general expression I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have some general expression I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have some general expression I do
+the commutative disc not guarantee you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutative disc not guarantee you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutative disc not guarantee you
+will get a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get a zero
+yeah you just get a yeah you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you just get a yeah you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you just get a yeah you have
+different terms they may not cancel each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms they may not cancel each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms they may not cancel each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so t equal to zero will be guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t equal to zero will be guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t equal to zero will be guarantee
+that they cancel each other but vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they cancel each other but vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they cancel each other but vitamin
+T is not equal to zero then not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is not equal to zero then not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is not equal to zero then not
+guaranteed to cancel each other but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to cancel each other but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to cancel each other but yeah
+but we will figure out when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will figure out when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will figure out when when the
+cancer will not cancel yeah we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer will not cancel yeah we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer will not cancel yeah we will talk
+about that more explicitly yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right yeah yeah we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right yeah yeah we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right yeah yeah we will talk about
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+we will talk about that yeah we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about that yeah we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about that yeah we will
+talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay so so let me just emphasize again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me just emphasize again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me just emphasize again
+this is something in principle you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something in principle you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something in principle you can
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+and uh and it's physic some of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and it's physic some of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and it's physic some of its
+meaning will be clear later and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning will be clear later and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning will be clear later and uh and
+in in the last piece a lot in this pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the last piece a lot in this pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the last piece a lot in this pizza
+in the next piece that you will see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next piece that you will see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next piece that you will see an
+example which this uh thing actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which this uh thing actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which this uh thing actually
+play a very important role so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a very important role so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a very important role so this is
+the analog of the function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of the function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of the function in
+your E and M do you still remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your E and M do you still remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your E and M do you still remember
+ function E and M and yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ function E and M and yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ function E and M and yeah so
+this is a Quantum version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Quantum version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Quantum version of this
+ function uh in E and M okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ function uh in E and M okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ function uh in E and M okay and
+uh and you will see application of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you will see application of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you will see application of this
+uh in the PSAT 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the PSAT 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the PSAT 4
+and later we will use this thing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later we will use this thing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later we will use this thing all the
+time okay so so this GF we will use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so so this GF we will use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so so this GF we will use it
+all the time when we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time when we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time when we consider
+interactions and uh yeah so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and uh yeah so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and uh yeah so that's why
+we want to introduce it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to introduce it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to introduce it here
+and this G Plus T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this G Plus T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this G Plus T minus
+are called White my functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sometimes called the writing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes called the writing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes called the writing function
+the GF is called five main functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GF is called five main functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GF is called five main functions
+so so fireman was the first person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so fireman was the first person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so fireman was the first person who
+introduced it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh yeah so so G plus C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh yeah so so G plus C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh yeah so so G plus C minus
+was introduced by other people but white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced by other people but white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced by other people but white
+men made many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men made many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men made many
+important use of it in early days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important use of it in early days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important use of it in early days of
+quantum field Series so it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field Series so it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field Series so it's called the
+vitamin function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's just study a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's just study a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's just study a little
+bit the properties of those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the properties of those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the properties of those functions
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+you can also think that these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also think that these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also think that these are the
+essentially the simplest observables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the simplest observables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the simplest observables of
+the system okay and in particular if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system okay and in particular if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system okay and in particular if you
+think of the mass correlation functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the mass correlation functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the mass correlation functions
+and then that just tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that just tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that just tells you the
+correlation between the five at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the five at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the five at the
+different points okay so this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points okay so this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points okay so this in some
+sense also the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense also the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense also the simplest
+observables in your series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good do you have other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this is the correlation the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is the correlation the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is the correlation the vacuum
+State yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if a lot in the vacuum set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if a lot in the vacuum set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if a lot in the vacuum set of
+course you get the different function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you can you can
+come so so in this series we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come so so in this series we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come so so in this series we can compute
+in any states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any states
+yeah yeah but just we often uh use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but just we often uh use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but just we often uh use the
+property in the vacuum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+yeah for example in the lab if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example in the lab if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example in the lab if you can
+prepare in some whatever state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare in some whatever state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare in some whatever state you
+prepare you calculate this object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare you calculate this object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare you calculate this object in
+that states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the vacuum is the simplest one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the vacuum is the simplest one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the vacuum is the simplest one yeah
+it's a simple State yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no it's not quite in uh in space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's not quite in uh in space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's not quite in uh in space time
+uh we will see in what sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will see in what sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will see in what sense it's
+approximate the local in space yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay good good now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good good now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good good now let's just
+discuss the property of those objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the property of those objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the property of those objects
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first thing is that the remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is that the remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is that the remember the
+Phi satisfy the following equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the operating equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the operating equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the operating equation
+sentenced by Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentenced by Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentenced by Phi
+and so if you act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you act
+this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on
+on the uh so so if you yeah so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh so so if you yeah so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh so so if you yeah so suppose
+this is uh so here you have two one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh so here you have two one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh so here you have two one here
+you have two uh two argument x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two uh two argument x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two uh two argument x and x
+Prime so here when we write differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so here when we write differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so here when we write differential
+operator we always refer to X okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we always refer to X okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we always refer to X okay it's
+always derivative of x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always derivative of x okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always derivative of x okay
+so because fire satisfy this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because fire satisfy this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because fire satisfy this equation
+so so if you ask this on those a G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you ask this on those a G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you ask this on those a G Plus
+in the G minus you immediate the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the G minus you immediate the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the G minus you immediate the zero
+okay so you find because of size cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you find because of size cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you find because of size cycle
+equation and G plus minus I just x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and G plus minus I just x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and G plus minus I just x and x
+Prime immediately give you zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime immediately give you zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime immediately give you zero okay
+just because Phi is satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because Phi is satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because Phi is satisfies this
+equation oh sorry I should be a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation oh sorry I should be a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation oh sorry I should be a minus
+sign I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I think
+and the similarly is this that similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the similarly is this that similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the similarly is this that similarly
+with Delta so so this so the Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Delta so so this so the Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Delta so so this so the Delta is
+the difference between the two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the two is the
+commutator so the Delta is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator so the Delta is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator so the Delta is essentially
+the uh the difference between G plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the difference between G plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the difference between G plus and
+G minus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G minus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G minus okay
+so the same thing with Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the first property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first property is that
+they satisfy uh the same equation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they satisfy uh the same equation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they satisfy uh the same equation as the
+equation classical equations of Phi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation classical equations of Phi okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation classical equations of Phi okay
+so so the G plus and Delta the satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the G plus and Delta the satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the G plus and Delta the satisfy
+uh uh um yeah and it will be a talk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um yeah and it will be a talk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um yeah and it will be a talk and
+then you can now also look at GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can now also look at GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can now also look at GF
+and the GR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so now if you act this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you act this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you act this object
+on GR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on GR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on GR
+GA or GF the story is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA or GF the story is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA or GF the story is a little bit
+tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+because the partial Square contain time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the partial Square contain time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the partial Square contain time
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+and then when you add the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you add the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you add the time
+derivative and time derivative do act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and time derivative do act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and time derivative do act on
+those Theta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Theta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Theta functions
+and when you add time you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you add time you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you add time you need to
+consider function you will get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider function you will get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider function you will get some
+Delta functions Etc okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions Etc okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions Etc okay
+and uh and so the story is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so the story is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so the story is a little bit
+more intricate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intricate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intricate
+and but if you just carry it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but if you just carry it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but if you just carry it through
+okay it just carries through then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just carries through then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just carries through then you
+can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show
+and so this is a simple exercise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a simple exercise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a simple exercise you
+should try to show yourself okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to show yourself okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to show yourself okay I will
+not do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do it here
+that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find
+if act this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if act this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if act this
+on the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the G
+r a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r a
+and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F
+okay you get actually the say any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get actually the say any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get actually the say any of
+them okay you get the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay you get the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay you get the same equation
+you get the right hand side becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the right hand side becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the right hand side becomes
+it's non-zero actually give you a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-zero actually give you a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-zero actually give you a data
+function so this is a four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is a four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is a four dimensional
+data function so in both in spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function so in both in spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function so in both in spatial
+location and in time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so heuristically you can understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so heuristically you can understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so heuristically you can understand this
+data function in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function in time
+come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+taking derivative on see the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivative on see the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivative on see the functions
+okay taking derivative on Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay taking derivative on Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay taking derivative on Theta
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and and then and then the uh derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then and then the uh derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then and then the uh derivative
+in the uh in the in the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in the in the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in the in the spatial
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+oh a data function in the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh a data function in the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh a data function in the spatial
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+it can come up in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can come up in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can come up in the following way
+so here you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have two
+so here you have two times derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have two times derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have two times derivatives
+right in the partial Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the partial Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the partial Square
+so imagine you have one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine you have one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine you have one time
+distributive acting on on the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive acting on on the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive acting on on the Theta
+function and then give you a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then give you a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then give you a Delta
+function time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time
+and then if you have one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have one times
+derivative of Unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Unity
+on this Phi and then take it into pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this Phi and then take it into pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this Phi and then take it into pi
+and then and the equal time commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and the equal time commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and the equal time commutator
+then give you a data function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give you a data function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give you a data function
+okay in the spatial Direction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the spatial Direction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the spatial Direction and so
+that's how you uh get that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you uh get that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you uh get that okay
+yeah but it's easy to check yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's easy to check yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's easy to check yourself
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so this is the first property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the first property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the first property is that
+they satisfy those last equations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second property yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property yeah
+you said 5X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said 5X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said 5X
+and 5x Prime even though in general they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 5x Prime even though in general they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 5x Prime even though in general they
+don't compute but they actually commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for space Nike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means
+that if you look at the commutator of 5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the commutator of 5x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the commutator of 5x
+and Phi X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi X Prime
+this is actually equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually equal to zero
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+x minus X Prime greater than squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus X Prime greater than squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus X Prime greater than squared
+greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero
+okay for space like separations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this can be checked by explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can be checked by explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can be checked by explicit
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+so we know the you know the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know the you know the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know the you know the mode
+expansion of Phi you can just do its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of Phi you can just do its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of Phi you can just do its
+commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator
+yeah you can just check it right but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can just check it right but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can just check it right but but
+you can also uh uh but there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also uh uh but there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also uh uh but there's also a
+simple argument to make it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so you can do you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can do you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can do you can check
+for expressive computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here I give you alternative argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here I give you an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here I give you an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here I give you an alternative
+derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+yeah it's it's a it's very simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's a it's very simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's a it's very simple but
+but let me just divide it into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just divide it into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just divide it into three
+small steps okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so essentially by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially by definition
+so let's just consider yeah we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just consider yeah we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just consider yeah we can see
+that the commutator which here we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the commutator which here we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the commutator which here we call
+the TV data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TV data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TV data okay
+so the Delta X plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Delta X plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Delta X plus minus
+or x and x Prime which is a commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let me Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me Define
+yeah so sorry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so sorry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so sorry uh
+yeah so Delta here is the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Delta here is the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Delta here is the expectation
+value of zero okay so so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of zero okay so so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of zero okay so so let me call
+this state ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state ahead
+okay so the data height is defined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the data height is defined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the data height is defined with
+the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that has to be the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be the commutator
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so the first claim is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first claim is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first claim is that this is
+actually a c number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh this is c number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh this is c number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh this is c number
+and the reason is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is very simple
+so it's just some some constant it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just some some constant it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just some some constant it even
+if it's non-zero can have the multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's non-zero can have the multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's non-zero can have the multiple
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that the uh is another operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the uh is another operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the uh is another operator
+okay so the reason this is a c number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason this is a c number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason this is a c number is
+because if you look at the Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the Phi
+is linear in a and a dagger if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear in a and a dagger if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear in a and a dagger if you look
+at the commutator between Phi and Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the commutator between Phi and Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the commutator between Phi and Phi
+itself you you always just get committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you you always just get committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you you always just get committed
+between a and a dagger and a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and a dagger and a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and a dagger and a and a
+dagger just give you a constant okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger just give you a constant okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger just give you a constant okay so
+and so this just you get some c number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so in fact so this stuff ahead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in fact so this stuff ahead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in fact so this stuff ahead is
+actually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same
+as Delta because the uh if the sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Delta because the uh if the sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Delta because the uh if the sea level
+you take expectation value doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take expectation value doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take expectation value doesn't do
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that now let's consider the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now let's consider the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now let's consider the uh the
+low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low range transformation
+the the operator which generates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the operator which generates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the operator which generates the
+Lawrence transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence transformation
+okay which is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is given by
+remember we discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the generator
+so this is the uretery so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uretery so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uretery so this is
+operator of Lorenz transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's look at the look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the look at this
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this object
+acting on Phi X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger will give you Phi Prime X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger will give you Phi Prime X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger will give you Phi Prime X
+and Phi Prime x a transformed Phi under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi Prime x a transformed Phi under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi Prime x a transformed Phi under
+the Lorraine transformation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorraine transformation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorraine transformation and this is
+the same as you just do an inverse a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as you just do an inverse a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as you just do an inverse a low
+range transform on the coordinates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range transform on the coordinates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range transform on the coordinates okay
+so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the
+so by the way just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the way just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the way just uh
+do you feel comfortable about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you feel comfortable about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you feel comfortable about this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+do you know where this equation come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know where this equation come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know where this equation come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+so you're all comfortable with this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're all comfortable with this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're all comfortable with this okay
+good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by definition uh you act on Phi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by definition uh you act on Phi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by definition uh you act on Phi is
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+so now let's just act both act U and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's just act both act U and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's just act both act U and U
+name the dagger on both sides of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the dagger on both sides of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the dagger on both sides of this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay on both sides of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on both sides of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on both sides of this equation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we get
+so on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the right hand side
+so this is a unitary operator okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a unitary operator okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a unitary operator okay
+because of the m is commission this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the m is commission this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the m is commission this is a
+unitary operator so the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator so the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator so the right hand side
+you just go back to DC number does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go back to DC number does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go back to DC number does not
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+okay so the equation does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the equation does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the equation does not change
+and that the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the left hand side
+so the Delta is the same okay so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Delta is the same okay so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Delta is the same okay so so you
+find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so you find the Delta x x Prime which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find the Delta x x Prime which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find the Delta x x Prime which is
+equal to DC number then it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to DC number then it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to DC number then it's the same as
+U Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Lambda
+5X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5X
+5x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x Prime
+and the U Lambda dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the U Lambda dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the U Lambda dagger
+and that gives you me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you me
+Phi Lambda minus 1 x commutator with Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi Lambda minus 1 x commutator with Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi Lambda minus 1 x commutator with Phi
+Lambda y minus 1 x Prime so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda y minus 1 x Prime so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda y minus 1 x Prime so that's the
+same as Delta Lambda X and Lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Delta Lambda X and Lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Delta Lambda X and Lambda X
+Prime okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so now now we can look at the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now now we can look at the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now now we can look at the uh the
+last step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so you see when we make a low range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see when we make a low range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see when we make a low range
+transformation on Delta actually lasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation on Delta actually lasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation on Delta actually lasting
+changes okay and the value is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay and the value is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay and the value is the same
+okay because the commutative is the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the commutative is the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the commutative is the c
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now remember for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember for any
+space like separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x Prime
+we can always choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find some Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some Lambda
+some low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some low range transformation
+okay that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the um
+Lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the Lambda X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Lambda X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Lambda X Prime
+to be at the equal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at the equal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at the equal time
+okay they have the same time okay we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have the same time okay we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have the same time okay we can
+always make a transformation yeah a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make a transformation yeah a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make a transformation yeah a a a
+let me call something else tilde so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call something else tilde so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call something else tilde so so
+if original X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if original X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if original X is equal
+you can always transform into equal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always transform into equal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always transform into equal time
+and then according to this one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then according to this one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then according to this one and then
+we'll be identically zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be identically zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be identically zero
+okay and then and then we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta x and x Prime equal to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because now this is evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because now this is evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because now this is evaluated at
+the equal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is very intuitive okay intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very intuitive okay intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very intuitive okay intuitive
+when you make a low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make a low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make a low range transformation
+you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh
+uh um yeah but this is a precise proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um yeah but this is a precise proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um yeah but this is a precise proof
+of the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statement
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah for x minus X Prime squared greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for x minus X Prime squared greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for x minus X Prime squared greater
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+so so this is a four distance Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is a four distance Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is a four distance Square
+you're asking about this notation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking about this notation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking about this notation yeah
+yeah yeah yeah this is just the their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah this is just the their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah this is just the their
+their 40s and square yeah the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 40s and square yeah the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 40s and square yeah the the
+separation between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between them
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does that
+is there like intuition for why the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there like intuition for why the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there like intuition for why the or
+later and the vacuum State gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and the vacuum State gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and the vacuum State gives you
+like the greens function because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the greens function because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the greens function because then
+you could use this to like get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use this to like get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use this to like get any
+classical solution right right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yeah so the intuition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so the intuition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so the intuition is that
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+yeah for example this is just how we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example this is just how we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example this is just how we uh
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+yeah first is that this kind of thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah first is that this kind of thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah first is that this kind of thing as
+simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough
+essentially you can just uh See by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can just uh See by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can just uh See by
+observation and but in the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and but in the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and but in the more
+complicated Theory and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Theory and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Theory and you can actually
+derive it and a green function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it and a green function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it and a green function
+always have this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this form
+yeah so that's a follow-up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a follow-up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a follow-up more
+elaborate derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah yeah this is different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah this is different right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah this is different right
+so so classically we just Define those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so classically we just Define those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so classically we just Define those
+functions using all the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions using all the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions using all the equations
+so here here we just say uh in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here here we just say uh in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here here we just say uh in quantum
+theory those object can be written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory those object can be written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory those object can be written this
+way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+those objects can be written this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those objects can be written this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those objects can be written this way
+and and this definition just follow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this definition just follow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this definition just follow from
+the uh just follow from standard yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh just follow from standard yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh just follow from standard yeah if
+you do quantum mechanics and you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do quantum mechanics and you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do quantum mechanics and you a
+ a function can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ a function can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ a function can always
+be written like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written like this
+yeah this also just in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this also just in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this also just in quantum mechanics
+but it require a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it require a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it require a little bit the
+calculation to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to see that
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah sorry yeah it's not the mattress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah sorry yeah it's not the mattress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah sorry yeah it's not the mattress
+one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so here she also should be normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here she also should be normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here she also should be normal
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+so this also shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so when we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so when we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so when we talk about the
+canonical quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical quantization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical quantization
+so we mentioned that we need to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we mentioned that we need to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we mentioned that we need to impose
+this equal time commutator to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal time commutator to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal time commutator to be zero
+okay uh that's our canonical our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's our canonical our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's our canonical our
+commutation yeah we impose the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation yeah we impose the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation yeah we impose the canonical
+commutation relation uh at the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation uh at the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation uh at the single
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+at a single time and some of you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a single time and some of you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a single time and some of you were
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+that that actually uh does that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually uh does that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually uh does that actually
+break Lauren symmetry because we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break Lauren symmetry because we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break Lauren symmetry because we have to
+choose a single time okay but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a single time okay but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a single time okay but now you
+can see actually this does not break low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually this does not break low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually this does not break low
+in symmetry because the only space like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in symmetry because the only space like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in symmetry because the only space like
+separated and the commutative is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated and the commutative is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated and the commutative is always
+the same so so no matter what frame you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so so no matter what frame you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so so no matter what frame you
+choose and the uh uh uh uh yeah in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and the uh uh uh uh yeah in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and the uh uh uh uh yeah in any
+frame uh if it's equal time and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame uh if it's equal time and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame uh if it's equal time and it's
+always space like separated in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always space like separated in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always space like separated in some
+other frame okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+so immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so immediate
+conclusion it means that for space like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion it means that for space like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion it means that for space like
+separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x Prime
+G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Plus
+equal to G minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to G minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to G minus
+is equal to GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to GF
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+time ordering does not matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ordering does not matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ordering does not matter
+so the G Plus is then equal to G minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the G Plus is then equal to G minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the G Plus is then equal to G minus
+and then then GF equal to the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then GF equal to the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then GF equal to the sum of
+them and then when here is for T greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then when here is for T greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then when here is for T greater
+than T Prime here is for T Prime greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T Prime here is for T Prime greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T Prime here is for T Prime greater
+than T and then then these two just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T and then then these two just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T and then then these two just add
+equal to one okay because these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one okay because these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one okay because these two
+become the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the same okay
+and the the ah and the GR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the ah and the GR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the ah and the GR
+and the ga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ga
+equal to Delta equal to zero okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Delta equal to zero okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Delta equal to zero okay for
+space like separate case so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like separate case so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like separate case so those
+functions are pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are pretty simple
+so the uh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now
+so the last property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last property
+now you can show due to the space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the Lauren symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the vacuum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vacuum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vacuum state
+okay so you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can show
+okay I think this should will be uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think this should will be uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think this should will be uh this
+is a pretty simple argument but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty simple argument but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty simple argument but I will
+leave it to show yourself you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it to show yourself you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it to show yourself you can show
+that any of those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only depend on the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on the difference
+between of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between of them
+and in particular only depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular only depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular only depends on the
+four distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this G here can be any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this G here can be any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this G here can be any of those
+TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR
+g a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g a
+G Plus balance GF Etc okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Plus balance GF Etc okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Plus balance GF Etc okay
+so so all of them have very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so all of them have very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so all of them have very nice
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+even the naively they depend on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the naively they depend on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the naively they depend on two
+arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments
+so X have four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X have four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X have four components
+X Prime have four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime have four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime have four components
+so naively this is a function of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively this is a function of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively this is a function of eight
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+but this tells you once you use all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this tells you once you use all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this tells you once you use all the
+symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+this is actually a function only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a function only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a function only a
+single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable
+okay this is a very powerful statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a very powerful statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a very powerful statement
+okay so they have very yeah so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they have very yeah so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they have very yeah so these
+answers one of the questions uh some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers one of the questions uh some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers one of the questions uh some uh
+one of you asked earlier that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you asked earlier that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you asked earlier that the
+despite the Seether functions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the Seether functions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the Seether functions you can
+show that they still have very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they still have very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they still have very nice
+properties on the low range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties on the low range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties on the low range
+transformation okay you can show they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay you can show they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay you can show they
+have a nice properties on a lot of range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice properties on a lot of range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice properties on a lot of range
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so yeah so so this is very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so so this is very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so so this is very easy
+when you have a translation symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a translation symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a translation symmetry
+and then and then the reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then the reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then the reference point
+you choose is nothing you can choose any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose is nothing you can choose any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose is nothing you can choose any
+point with the reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with the reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with the reference point
+and so so you can just choose X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you can just choose X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you can just choose X and then
+the only the the only the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only the the only the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only the the only the separation
+between X and the X Prime matches yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and the X Prime matches yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and the X Prime matches yeah
+because you can just choose X Prime for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just choose X Prime for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just choose X Prime for
+example to be at the origin and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to be at the origin and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to be at the origin and then
+only the separation and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the separation and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the separation and then and then
+the Lorent symmetry tells you that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorent symmetry tells you that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorent symmetry tells you that only
+the distance matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance matters
+yeah it doesn't matter the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't matter the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't matter the direction
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah the committed also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah the committed also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah the committed also have this
+property yeah the Delta yeah the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property yeah the Delta yeah the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property yeah the Delta yeah the Delta
+also have this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no this is true in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no this is true in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no this is true in general
+no this is two in general this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is two in general this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is two in general this is always
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+uh but it's only in the vacuum state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's only in the vacuum state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's only in the vacuum state so
+the key is that is you have to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is that is you have to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is that is you have to use that
+the vacuum State I environment under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum State I environment under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum State I environment under
+those transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's a once we understand how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a once we understand how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a once we understand how to do
+it it's a very simple argument so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a very simple argument so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a very simple argument so so
+that's why I will leave it into one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I will leave it into one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I will leave it into one of
+the uh exercises yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+okay good so now let's compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now let's compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now let's compute this
+object G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object G Plus
+okay let's compute this object G plus we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's compute this object G plus we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's compute this object G plus we
+have been talking about it and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking about it and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking about it and now
+finally after discussing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally after discussing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally after discussing all these
+General properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General properties
+so this compute them explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so let's just first compute the G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just first compute the G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just first compute the G Plus
+did I just erase the definition of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I just erase the definition of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I just erase the definition of G
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so so so so this is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so so this is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so so this is easy
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so those properties you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so those properties you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so those properties you
+you can just get the by symmetries okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just get the by symmetries okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just get the by symmetries okay
+of course you can also get by by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can also get by by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can also get by by doing
+exclusive calculations okay but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive calculations okay but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive calculations okay but but but
+you can get them without doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get them without doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get them without doing any
+explicit calculating just based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit calculating just based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit calculating just based on
+symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+so but here we will do a calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but here we will do a calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but here we will do a calculate this
+object explicitly we will see it satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object explicitly we will see it satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object explicitly we will see it satisfy
+those properties okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we just
+put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the expansion of Phi and the Phi X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of Phi and the Phi X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of Phi and the Phi X and
+Phi X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh and then yeah then then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then yeah then then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then yeah then then we have
+the zero and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero and then we have
+a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k
+u k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u k
+evaluated at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at X
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+AK dagger UK's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK dagger UK's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK dagger UK's
+star divided at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star divided at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star divided at X
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+a k Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k Prime
+u k Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u k Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u k Prime
+valid at X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid at X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid at X Prime
+plus a k Prime dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a k Prime dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a k Prime dagger
+UK prime star and then X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK prime star and then X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK prime star and then X Prime
+and the acting on zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acting on zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acting on zero okay
+so so this decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this decay
+with 2 Omega K and this essentially give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2 Omega K and this essentially give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2 Omega K and this essentially give
+you 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 5
+and the other one give you the five so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one give you the five so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one give you the five so
+this gives you the 5x and this one give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you the 5x and this one give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you the 5x and this one give
+you the 5x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the 5x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the 5x Prime
+okay I just uh calculating this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now this is easy to do this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is easy to do this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is easy to do this is just
+now become a exercising harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now become a exercising harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now become a exercising harmonic
+oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+so so only this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so only this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so only this term
+multiply this term is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this term is non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this term is non-zero
+the rest term are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest term are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest term are zero
+okay because this will violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this will violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this will violate the
+vacuum okay and this to a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay and this to a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay and this to a dagger
+together will likely that vacuum okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together will likely that vacuum okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together will likely that vacuum okay so
+so the only term one normality is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only term one normality is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only term one normality is this
+term uh combined with this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh combined with this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh combined with this term
+so so you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you just get
+and there's a data function when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a data function when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a data function when you
+evaluate them between the zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them between the zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them between the zero and so
+you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the
+object okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can do this integral further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do this integral further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do this integral further
+but let me also rewrite this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me also rewrite this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me also rewrite this in a
+slightly different form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can also write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also write this
+as integrating so here Omega K is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as integrating so here Omega K is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as integrating so here Omega K is on
+shell okay so I can also write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell okay so I can also write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell okay so I can also write it in
+this in a more general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a more general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a more general form
+in the form like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form like this
+2 pi Theta k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi Theta k0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi Theta k0
+Delta K square plus M Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K square plus M Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K square plus M Square
+express your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express your eye
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot
+another X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another X okay
+so so in this form the K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in this form the K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in this form the K is
+unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained
+but I have a Delta function to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a Delta function to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a Delta function to to
+enforce it on shell and then I I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce it on shell and then I I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce it on shell and then I I put the
+Theta k0 to make it to be positive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta k0 to make it to be positive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta k0 to make it to be positive okay
+and then and then you can see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then you can see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then you can see that this
+will lead to that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can find
+okay similarly you can find the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay similarly you can find the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay similarly you can find the integral
+expressions for GR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the GF I will not uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the GF I will not uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the GF I will not uh uh
+uh give the expression here okay yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give the expression here okay yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give the expression here okay yeah we
+will uh uh uh yeah you can easily Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh uh uh yeah you can easily Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh uh uh yeah you can easily Define
+them yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just make one remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can now actually calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can now actually calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can now actually calculate this
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+okay so now let's calculate this option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's calculate this option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's calculate this option
+remember earlier we say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember earlier we say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember earlier we say this is
+this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object
+is the overlap between x and x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the overlap between x and x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the overlap between x and x Prime
+okay so let's see in what sense this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see in what sense this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see in what sense this is
+like a Delta function okay the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Delta function okay the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Delta function okay the distance
+is like a data function but when we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a data function but when we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a data function but when we set
+them to be equal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be equal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be equal time
+okay so now the note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the note
+so let's consider the equal time t equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider the equal time t equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider the equal time t equal
+to T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T Prime
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for t equal to T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the integral become following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integral become following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integral become following
+G Plus x and x Prime just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it just become this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just become this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just become this okay
+and this integral clearly is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this integral clearly is non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this integral clearly is non-zero
+okay so so that's why we said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's why we said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's why we said earlier
+this is not a localized States okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a localized States okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a localized States okay
+so uh so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this is equal to
+this x and x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x and x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x and x Prime
+so this is non-zero and equal to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is non-zero and equal to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is non-zero and equal to one so
+this is not a localized state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a localized state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a localized state
+and uh uh yeah so this is another 4.02
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh yeah so this is another 4.02
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh yeah so this is another 4.02
+data function okay if the thing is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function okay if the thing is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function okay if the thing is here
+if you don't have this Factor then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have this Factor then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have this Factor then it's
+a data function but uh but this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data function but uh but this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data function but uh but this one is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+but you can never list you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can never list you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can never list you can calculate
+this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+okay you can calculate this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can calculate this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can calculate this integral
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+and also just based on the uh here based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also just based on the uh here based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also just based on the uh here based
+on the spherical symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spherical symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spherical symmetry
+a rotational symmetry you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotational symmetry you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotational symmetry you can
+immediately see that only depends the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see that only depends the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see that only depends the
+distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them
+okay uh only yeah so so so this G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh only yeah so so so this G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh only yeah so so so this G Plus
+will only be a G Plus or function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only be a G Plus or function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only be a G Plus or function of r
+and r is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r is the distance
+yeah just based on symmetry you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just based on symmetry you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just based on symmetry you can
+easily convince yourself and this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily convince yourself and this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily convince yourself and this only
+depends on the distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the distance between them
+and just from the symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just from the symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just from the symmetry of the
+integral yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+it's for it's for the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for it's for the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for it's for the uh of
+for for example for calculating the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example for calculating the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example for calculating the um
+you want a a dagger equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a a dagger equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a a dagger equal to one
+yeah because they because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they because that's the
+normalization for the a dagger yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization for the a dagger yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization for the a dagger yeah
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah that's a good question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's a good question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's a good question I
+forgot to mention that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+okay so so this object at T could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this object at T could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this object at T could be
+zero or only depend on distance of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or only depend on distance of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or only depend on distance of uh
+between them because this is a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them because this is a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them because this is a spherical
+integral because this one only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral because this one only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral because this one only depends
+on the magnitude of K and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the magnitude of K and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the magnitude of K and then this is
+just the standard free transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you can just evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can just evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can just evaluate this
+integral explicitly okay I urge you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral explicitly okay I urge you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral explicitly okay I urge you to
+do it yourself and then you then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yourself and then you then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yourself and then you then you can
+show this is actually proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this is actually proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this is actually proportional
+you can actually evaluate this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually evaluate this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually evaluate this using
+both the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the function
+so this gives you a modified version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you a modified version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you a modified version
+function okay k0 times Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay k0 times Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay k0 times Mr
+so do any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do any of you
+are any of you expert of Basel function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do you know the behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you know the behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you know the behavior of this
+function for urban I is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah that's going to be zero that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's going to be zero that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's going to be zero that's a
+good intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good intuition
+but they're going to be zero in what way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exponentially
+okay so you actually proponent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you actually proponent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you actually proponent to
+explain a minus Mr okay so for R latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a minus Mr okay so for R latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a minus Mr okay so for R latch
+for m r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m r
+greater than y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than y
+okay now you can see in what sense this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you can see in what sense this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you can see in what sense this
+is approximately localized state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately localized state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately localized state
+you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the
+this is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not zero
+but this is pretty small at large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is pretty small at large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is pretty small at large
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+so the distance R is much greater than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distance R is much greater than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distance R is much greater than 1
+over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when R is much greater than 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when R is much greater than 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when R is much greater than 1 over n
+so that object is very small so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that object is very small so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that object is very small so so this
+expression is smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this tells you that even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this tells you that even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this tells you that even though
+this is this is another perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is another perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is another perfectly
+localized state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized state
+this is a localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a localized
+to the distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the distance of
+1 over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over m
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if this two points are separated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this two points are separated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this two points are separated more
+than one of them and then the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one of them and then the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one of them and then the overlap
+becomes very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very small
+okay and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is
+yeah so sometimes we call this a a PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so sometimes we call this a a PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so sometimes we call this a a PSI
+okay and in condensed matter a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in condensed matter a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in condensed matter a language
+which this you when you interpret this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this you when you interpret this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this you when you interpret this
+as a correlation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a correlation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a correlation function
+which the correlation between the Phi X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the correlation between the Phi X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the correlation between the Phi X
+and the Phi X Prime and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Phi X Prime and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Phi X Prime and then this is
+also called the correlation lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the correlation lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the correlation lens
+okay so so when the Phi the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so when the Phi the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so when the Phi the distance
+Beyond one over n or Beyond this cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond one over n or Beyond this cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond one over n or Beyond this cosine
+and then then the Phi no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then the Phi no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then the Phi no longer
+correlate it okay not uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate it okay not uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate it okay not uncorrelated
+so so so there's a sense this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so there's a sense this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so there's a sense this is
+approximately localized object and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately localized object and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately localized object and it's
+the is essentially the competent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is essentially the competent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is essentially the competent
+wavelength of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the particle
+okay it's a competent wavelength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a competent wavelength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a competent wavelength of the
+particle and once you go outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and once you go outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and once you go outside the
+common wavelength of the particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common wavelength of the particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common wavelength of the particle and
+then and then uh the overlap become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then uh the overlap become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then uh the overlap become very
+small okay so this makes perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so this makes perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so this makes perfect
+critical sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical sense okay
+it makes perfect physical sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+yeah so this is just a maker of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is just a maker of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is just a maker of what we
+said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can similarly get such kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can similarly get such kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can similarly get such kind of
+integral expression for uh for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral expression for uh for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral expression for uh for those
+scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes
+but rather than the coordinate space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than the coordinate space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than the coordinate space
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+is actually often we often actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually often we often actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually often we often actually did
+the expression momentum space okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression momentum space okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression momentum space okay so so
+often it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often
+need their expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in momentum space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so we can just consider their free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can just consider their free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can just consider their free
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is the convention of the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the convention of the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the convention of the free
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+so DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DX
+so so any object or function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so any object or function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so any object or function of x
+again this is a four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a four vector
+and the minus ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus ikx
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+so I use the same notation G to delose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I use the same notation G to delose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I use the same notation G to delose
+its free transform and distinguish them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its free transform and distinguish them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its free transform and distinguish them
+only by K and X okay because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by K and X okay because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by K and X okay because it's just
+annoying to always put some tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to always put some tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to always put some tilde
+above it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it okay
+and the under the inverse transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the under the inverse transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the under the inverse transformation
+would be the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the G
+x x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x Prime
+so you see here explicitly yeah there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here explicitly yeah there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here explicitly yeah there we
+already see explicitly is that is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see explicitly is that is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see explicitly is that is only
+the function of their uh uh separations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of their uh uh separations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of their uh uh separations
+and then if you use the Symmetry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you use the Symmetry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you use the Symmetry here
+further than you see this the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than you see this the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than you see this the distances
+okay so we can also just write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can also just write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can also just write it in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx
+x minus X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus X Prime
+GK okay so this is our convention for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK okay so this is our convention for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK okay so this is our convention for
+the free transform okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free transform okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free transform okay
+so so from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so from here
+if you just look at this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at this expression
+and compare with this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare with this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare with this expression
+and then immediately we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then immediately we conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then immediately we conclude
+for this vitamin function G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this vitamin function G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this vitamin function G Plus
+K is just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is just given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is just given by
+2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi
+Theta k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta k0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta k0
+total function K squared plus M squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total function K squared plus M squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total function K squared plus M squared
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so this is expression for the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is expression for the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is expression for the G
+Plus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus okay
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this is a
+so here this is in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here this is in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here this is in some sense the
+uncertain principle this uh uh here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain principle this uh uh here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain principle this uh uh here we
+just consider in the vacuum state so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consider in the vacuum state so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consider in the vacuum state so so
+there's not the state itself does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not the state itself does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not the state itself does not
+have any energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any energy
+and and so this is just the competent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is just the competent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is just the competent
+wavelengths of the uh the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of the uh the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of the uh the particle
+itself and they just like a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and they just like a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and they just like a static
+accounting wavelengths yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but still you have fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but still you have fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but still you have fluctuations
+this is quantum mechanics yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is quantum mechanics yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is quantum mechanics yeah yeah
+for example uh uh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh uh um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh uh um yeah
+yeah for example if you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example if you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example if you can calculate
+the Atlantic object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Atlantic object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Atlantic object
+for the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the harmonic oscillator
+so if you have a common concentrator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a common concentrator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a common concentrator the
+landlord's object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord's object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord's object is
+this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object
+and you can also calculate this non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also calculate this non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also calculate this non-zero
+yeah just because of the fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+so so this is the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the for the G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the G Plus
+and for those objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those objects
+we can get the momentum space expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the momentum space expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the momentum space expression
+by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um
+by going through the same procedure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through the same procedure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through the same procedure okay
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+plug them in label through and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug them in label through and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug them in label through and then
+write the final answer in this four in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the final answer in this four in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the final answer in this four in
+the four momentum integral form and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four momentum integral form and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four momentum integral form and then
+you just read the answer okay for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just read the answer okay for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just read the answer okay for them
+we can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do the same thing
+but it's actually much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually much easier
+instead going through that procedure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead going through that procedure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead going through that procedure to
+calculate those quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate those quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate those quantities
+it's actually much easier to start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually much easier to start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually much easier to start from
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay because they satisfy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they satisfy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they satisfy these
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me call this stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+so to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gfk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfk
+the similarly g r a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarly g r a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarly g r a k
+it's actually easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star okay
+unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately
+so so now if to look at this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we look at this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this equation
+then let's just free transform on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's just free transform on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's just free transform on both
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we do three transform on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do three transform on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do three transform on both sides
+so the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the left hand side
+the partial each derivative just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial each derivative just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial each derivative just give
+you a k also okay this is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a k also okay this is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a k also okay this is the standard
+rule for free transform and so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for free transform and so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for free transform and so here you
+just get K Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get K Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get K Square
+plus M Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M Square
+and let me just call it g okay so so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just call it g okay so so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just call it g okay so so to
+load any of them equal to minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load any of them equal to minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load any of them equal to minus I
+okay because the right hand side went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the right hand side went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the right hand side went to
+a friction Zone just become y in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friction Zone just become y in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friction Zone just become y in the
+data function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function
+so now we can immediately write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can immediately write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can immediately write down
+the expression momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but now you see we have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see we have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see we have a problem
+so what problem do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh good good but we have another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good good but we have another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good good but we have another problem
+so this is one of the problems we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of the problems we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of the problems we have a
+lot of problems yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so K is not on shell right because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K is not on shell right because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K is not on shell right because when
+we do a free transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a free transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a free transform
+when we do a free transform is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do a free transform is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do a free transform is for the
+general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case
+yeah it's defined for the general K yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's defined for the general K yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's defined for the general K yeah
+indeed for the initial value of K then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed for the initial value of K then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed for the initial value of K then
+you will have a singular Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a singular Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a singular Behavior
+and uh but but for the uh but we see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but but for the uh but we see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but but for the uh but we see I
+have a lot of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it is complex it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it is complex it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it is complex it's okay
+yeah yeah yeah that aspect is okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah that aspect is okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah that aspect is okay yeah
+so since sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since sometimes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here
+we have defined three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have defined three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have defined three different
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+okay but there are how many solutions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are how many solutions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are how many solutions we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+we only one we have unique solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only one we have unique solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only one we have unique solution
+seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+then we have a problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a problem right
+seems like they seems to say all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like they seems to say all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like they seems to say all these
+three are the same but but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are the same but but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are the same but but if you
+calculate them okay going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them okay going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them okay going through this
+uh aceto function they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aceto function they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aceto function they're not the same
+so these two problems are related okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now these two programs are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two programs are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two programs are related
+because now if you consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now if you consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now if you consider the
+coordinate space expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space expression
+which obtained by the free transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which obtained by the free transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which obtained by the free transform of
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay for okay again by Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for okay again by Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for okay again by Fourier transform
+of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy
+so the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the in the
+so if you write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicitly one over K squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly one over K squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly one over K squared plus
+so 1 over K Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 over K Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 over K Square
+plus M squared if we write it explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M squared if we write it explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M squared if we write it explicitly
+so this is one over minus Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one over minus Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one over minus Omega square
+plus K square plus M Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K square plus M Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K square plus M Square
+okay write it the explicit and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write it the explicit and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write it the explicit and then this
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+minus Omega square plus Omega K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega square plus Omega K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega square plus Omega K squared
+okay so this is just Omega K Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as you said this actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you said this actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you said this actually have a
+singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity
+well Omega equal to plus minus Omega K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Omega equal to plus minus Omega K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Omega equal to plus minus Omega K
+when when you satisfied this on scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you satisfied this on scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you satisfied this on scale or
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+okay but this singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this singularity
+is actually along the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually along the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually along the integration
+control of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of Omega
+okay in this four integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this four integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this four integral
+is given by the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the Omega
+decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay
+okay so the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the Omega
+so this format Infinity to plus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this format Infinity to plus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this format Infinity to plus infinity
+and this two Singularity are the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this two Singularity are the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this two Singularity are the real
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+Omega so they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so they actually
+so if you look at Omega axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at Omega axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at Omega axis
+so at this two points actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this two points actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this two points actually they
+become single the integral in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become single the integral in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become single the integral in the same
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+is singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is singular
+okay so the integral is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the integral is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the integral is actually not
+well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined
+is not well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not well defined
+so in order to define the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to define the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to define the integral
+okay in order to Define this Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in order to Define this Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in order to Define this Omega
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to
+do your standard trick in complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your standard trick in complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your standard trick in complex
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+so what's that trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's that trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's that trick
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right to go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right to go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right to go around the
+singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so now you go to the complex plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now you go to the complex plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now you go to the complex plane
+complex Omega plane so now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Omega plane so now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Omega plane so now this is a
+real Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Omega
+this is imaginary you go to complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is imaginary you go to complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is imaginary you go to complex
+Omega plane now the integration counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plane now the integration counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plane now the integration counter
+is along the real axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is along the real axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is along the real axis
+and now you have four different choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have four different choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have four different choices
+you can either going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either going up
+or going down for each one of them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going down for each one of them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going down for each one of them okay
+now you have four different choices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have four different choices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have four different choices and
+this three equals one into three choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three equals one into three choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three equals one into three choices
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+okay then there's a fourth one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then there's a fourth one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then there's a fourth one which is
+not frequently used so we normally don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not frequently used so we normally don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not frequently used so we normally don't
+give them away okay and the fourth way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them away okay and the fourth way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them away okay and the fourth way
+sometimes we call them GF tilde okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call them GF tilde okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call them GF tilde okay
+it's just uh anyway so there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just uh anyway so there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just uh anyway so there are four
+different choices of going around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices of going around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices of going around this
+Singularity and then that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity and then that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity and then that gives you a
+full possible uh Solutions okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full possible uh Solutions okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full possible uh Solutions okay and then
+and then that gives you the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that gives you the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that gives you the uh
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+yeah so now let's talk about the gr uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now let's talk about the gr uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now let's talk about the gr uh
+to them one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them one by one
+so for GR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember GI is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember GI is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember GI is defined
+to be when Theta T greater than T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be when Theta T greater than T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be when Theta T greater than T Prime
+gr should be proponential to T minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr should be proponential to T minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr should be proponential to T minus t
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+so that means this should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this should be zero
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+T minus t Prime smaller than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus t Prime smaller than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus t Prime smaller than zero
+okay this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this will be
+zero for T minus t Prime smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for T minus t Prime smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for T minus t Prime smaller than
+zero so how do we achieve that by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so how do we achieve that by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so how do we achieve that by going
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+around the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the post
+so remember in this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember in this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember in this integral
+is a piece minus the the Omega dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece minus the the Omega dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece minus the the Omega dependent
+piece is minus I Omega T minus t Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is minus I Omega T minus t Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is minus I Omega T minus t Prime
+so when T minus t Prime smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when T minus t Prime smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when T minus t Prime smaller than
+zero if you want to do this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you want to do this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you want to do this integral
+you'd encounter integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd encounter integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd encounter integration
+then you can close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can close
+so this is smaller than zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is smaller than zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is smaller than zero and then
+this is positive and then you can close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive and then you can close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive and then you can close
+the counter in the upper half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter in the upper half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter in the upper half plane
+you can close the counter in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can close the counter in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can close the counter in the upper
+half plane in order for this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane in order for this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane in order for this to be
+identical to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to zero
+you need your integration counter don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need your integration counter don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need your integration counter don't
+enclose any singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclose any singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclose any singularity
+so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+you need to going around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to going around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to going around to the
+singularity along which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we only have one minutes left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for you to be zero when you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be zero when you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be zero when you integrate
+yeah so you want to close in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you want to close in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you want to close in the upper
+half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane
+okay you want to close it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want to close it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want to close it because the
+the T minus t Prime is smaller than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T minus t Prime is smaller than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T minus t Prime is smaller than zero
+and it needs positive I and the Omega in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it needs positive I and the Omega in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it needs positive I and the Omega in
+the upper half plane this is the Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper half plane this is the Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper half plane this is the Decay
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+and so so you want this no Singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you want this no Singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you want this no Singularity
+inside the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Contour
+and then you want to going around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to going around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to going around the
+singularity this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity this way
+okay going above the singularity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay going above the singularity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay going above the singularity when
+you're going above the singularity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going above the singularity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going above the singularity and
+then this counter don't include and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this counter don't include and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this counter don't include and then
+then we within this control and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we within this control and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we within this control and then
+there's no Singularity then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Singularity then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Singularity then this is
+identical Zero from the cauchy zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical Zero from the cauchy zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical Zero from the cauchy zero okay
+so it tells you that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it tells you that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it tells you that for the
+green function you did the uh a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green function you did the uh a counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green function you did the uh a counter
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+so similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the advanced
+you could Advance we just change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could Advance we just change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could Advance we just change the
+direction so this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so this is for the
+for the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is for pointing T minus t Prime then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for pointing T minus t Prime then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for pointing T minus t Prime then you
+just go in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is for the for the
+advanced okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced okay
+and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally
+if we want to do it for the fireman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to do it for the fireman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to do it for the fireman
+and then you choose one of them going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you choose one of them going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you choose one of them going up
+and one of the going down I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the going down I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the going down I always
+forget which one is going off which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget which one is going off which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget which one is going off which one
+for example yeah so so so so so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example yeah so so so so so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example yeah so so so so so actually
+this one you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you go down
+but this one you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one you go up
+so this is for the fireman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the GF
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay yeah that's all for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LIRI_8hjgm8.txt b/LIRI_8hjgm8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a3843c5531f71663a8bbedb6950c654cdbeea11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LIRI_8hjgm8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh
+I decided to go for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to go for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to go for a little
+amplification today because I'm feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification today because I'm feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification today because I'm feeling
+a little underpowered and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little underpowered and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little underpowered and I think that
+if I do my my usual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do my my usual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do my my usual uh
+unamplified version that sometime around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unamplified version that sometime around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unamplified version that sometime around
+three o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three o'clock
+I'll fall over and somebody will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll fall over and somebody will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll fall over and somebody will have to
+haul me away and and and actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haul me away and and and actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haul me away and and and actually a lot
+of the experiments I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiments I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiments I'm going to talk
+about today suggest that you wouldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today suggest that you wouldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today suggest that you wouldn't do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+you just leave me a little Heap there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just leave me a little Heap there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just leave me a little Heap there
+and slowly file out and and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slowly file out and and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slowly file out and and it would be
+it would I could try that as like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would I could try that as like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would I could try that as like a a
+demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but that would be sad so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that would be sad so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that would be sad so I don't
+think I'll do that but I I will uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll do that but I I will uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll do that but I I will uh I'll
+amplify myself in the effort uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify myself in the effort uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify myself in the effort uh
+not not to run out of uh run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not to run out of uh run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not to run out of uh run out of
+steam here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam here
+um when when last we met uh I had set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when when last we met uh I had set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when when last we met uh I had set up
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um well the ash experiment that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well the ash experiment that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well the ash experiment that's the
+three line thing the Milgram experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three line thing the Milgram experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three line thing the Milgram experiment
+um where it turned out that people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where it turned out that people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where it turned out that people would
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+another apparently uh innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another apparently uh innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another apparently uh innocent
+individual to a pretty severe degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual to a pretty severe degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual to a pretty severe degree
+um without what looked like an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without what looked like an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without what looked like an awful lot
+of provocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of provocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of provocation
+um and then the the manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the the manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the the manufacturers
+whatever it was uh consultation whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was uh consultation whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was uh consultation whatever
+it says on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says on the handout
+um an experiment that suggested that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an experiment that suggested that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an experiment that suggested that
+under other circumstances people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under other circumstances people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under other circumstances people
+wouldn't be so willing to comply with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be so willing to comply with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be so willing to comply with a
+suggestion that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that is not
+um that that would run against what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that would run against what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that would run against what they
+would normally do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally do and
+um I left it there to say they will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I left it there to say they will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I left it there to say they will come
+back today and talk about why that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back today and talk about why that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back today and talk about why that must
+be why that might be the case and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be why that might be the case and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be why that might be the case and the
+context in which I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which I want to talk about
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+um the social impact Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the social impact Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the social impact Theory
+um that's uh the source I put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's uh the source I put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's uh the source I put on the
+handout is is the guy's got a great name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout is is the guy's got a great name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout is is the guy's got a great name
+his name is bib Latin a it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is bib Latin a it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is bib Latin a it looks like
+latane but you pronounce it Latin a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latane but you pronounce it Latin a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latane but you pronounce it Latin a and
+the B stands for bib I don't know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B stands for bib I don't know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B stands for bib I don't know who
+names their kid bib but uh but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names their kid bib but uh but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names their kid bib but uh but maybe
+that's how you grow up to be a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you grow up to be a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you grow up to be a famous
+social psychologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social psychologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social psychologist
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when when you're studying uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when when you're studying uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when when you're studying uh when
+you're studying for the final you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying for the final you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying for the final you can
+remind yourself that that social impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind yourself that that social impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind yourself that that social impact
+is a function of sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of sin
+um but that's just the acronym uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's just the acronym uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's just the acronym uh I
+don't know that Latin a ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that Latin a ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that Latin a ever
+particularly noticed this but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly noticed this but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly noticed this but that's the
+acronym for his three big factors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym for his three big factors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym for his three big factors in
+this theory of strength immediacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory of strength immediacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory of strength immediacy and
+number and what I want to do is is try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what I want to do is is try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what I want to do is is try
+to explain those in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain those in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain those in the context
+particularly of the Milgram experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly of the Milgram experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly of the Milgram experiment
+see uh how how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh how how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh how how those
+speak to the question of when it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to the question of when it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to the question of when it is that
+you will give in to the social pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will give in to the social pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will give in to the social pressures
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+from the outside so strength in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside so strength in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside so strength in this
+case refers to well in the Milgram case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case refers to well in the Milgram case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case refers to well in the Milgram case
+really it would be the authority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it would be the authority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it would be the authority of the
+um the guy giving you the instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the guy giving you the instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the guy giving you the instructions
+remember that all the subjects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that all the subjects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that all the subjects in
+milgram's experiment were upset by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milgram's experiment were upset by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milgram's experiment were upset by the
+notion that they should be shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that they should be shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that they should be shocking
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+um and shocking them apparently severely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and shocking them apparently severely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and shocking them apparently severely
+and and Milgram had trained himself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Milgram had trained himself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Milgram had trained himself to
+say please continue the experiment must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please continue the experiment must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please continue the experiment must
+go on and not more than that he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and not more than that he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and not more than that he wasn't
+going to go get into an argument with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go get into an argument with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go get into an argument with
+them I'm just going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm just going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm just going to say that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if the guy's saying please continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the guy's saying please continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the guy's saying please continue the
+experiment must go on is Stanley Milgram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment must go on is Stanley Milgram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment must go on is Stanley Milgram
+white jacketed scientist Professor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white jacketed scientist Professor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white jacketed scientist Professor from
+Yale you got 63 percent of people going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale you got 63 percent of people going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale you got 63 percent of people going
+through all the way to 450 volts in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the way to 450 volts in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the way to 450 volts in that
+experiment but if you made uh a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but if you made uh a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but if you made uh a small
+change in the experiment and the ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the experiment and the ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the experiment and the ex
+person running it was just some guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person running it was just some guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person running it was just some guy
+you know Kristen Michelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Kristen Michelle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Kristen Michelle
+well-intentioned research assistant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-intentioned research assistant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-intentioned research assistant in
+the lab or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab or something like that
+um compliance dropped to 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compliance dropped to 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compliance dropped to 20 percent
+like I'm sure actually a Christian was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm sure actually a Christian was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm sure actually a Christian was
+doing a compliance would be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a compliance would be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a compliance would be like a
+hundred percent and you know did she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent and you know did she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent and you know did she
+smack them around and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smack them around and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smack them around and stuff like that
+but um but if it was not an authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but if it was not an authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but if it was not an authority
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+or one if the person giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one if the person giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one if the person giving you the
+instruction was a person with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction was a person with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction was a person with less
+Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority
+um compliance dropped way down that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compliance dropped way down that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compliance dropped way down that is
+the sort of thing that the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that the military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that the military
+knows right who gives you the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows right who gives you the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows right who gives you the order
+makes a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a difference
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+immediacy refers to the the vividness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy refers to the the vividness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy refers to the the vividness of
+the ins of the factors so the salience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ins of the factors so the salience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ins of the factors so the salience
+of of the factors here so I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the factors here so I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the factors here so I already
+talked about one immediacy manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one immediacy manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one immediacy manipulation
+remember in the original version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the original version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the original version of the
+experiment a hundred percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a hundred percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a hundred percent of the
+people went all the way through to 450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people went all the way through to 450
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people went all the way through to 450
+volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts
+um Milgram figured oh my goodness that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Milgram figured oh my goodness that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Milgram figured oh my goodness that's
+because they didn't buy the story at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't buy the story at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't buy the story at all
+and he brought the uh um the learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he brought the uh um the learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he brought the uh um the learner
+slash victim into sight and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash victim into sight and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash victim into sight and and and and
+into the range of hearing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the range of hearing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the range of hearing and that
+change in the immediacy increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the immediacy increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the immediacy increasing the
+the the vividness of the impact you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vividness of the impact you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vividness of the impact you are
+having on this other person decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having on this other person decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having on this other person decreased
+compliance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance to
+um to from 100 to about two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to from 100 to about two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to from 100 to about two-thirds of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um population
+um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you
+manipulate the vividness of the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the vividness of the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the vividness of the pressure
+on the PA on on the subject compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the PA on on the subject compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the PA on on the subject compliance
+can change so if Milgram is right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change so if Milgram is right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change so if Milgram is right there
+saying please continue the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying please continue the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying please continue the experiment
+must go on you went on but if you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must go on you went on but if you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must go on you went on but if you said
+look I got to rinse a few things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I got to rinse a few things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I got to rinse a few things out
+I'll be down in my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be down in my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be down in my office
+um if you got any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you got any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you got any questions about the
+experiment call me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment call me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment call me
+so you know I have a heart attack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I have a heart attack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I have a heart attack you
+know another experiment the the learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another experiment the the learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another experiment the the learner
+is busy making all of his bad noises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is busy making all of his bad noises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is busy making all of his bad noises the
+the subject is getting ants he picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject is getting ants he picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject is getting ants he picks up
+the phone please continue the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone please continue the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone please continue the experiment
+Must Go On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Must Go On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Must Go On
+yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+compliance dropped again 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance dropped again 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance dropped again 20 percent
+so big drop in compliance if the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so big drop in compliance if the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so big drop in compliance if the source
+of the authority was not right there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the authority was not right there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the authority was not right there to
+uh to help you out and if you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to help you out and if you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to help you out and if you make the
+consequences even more Vivid you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences even more Vivid you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences even more Vivid you can
+again drop compliance in this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again drop compliance in this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again drop compliance in this experiment
+so in one particularly Vivid version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in one particularly Vivid version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in one particularly Vivid version of
+milgram's experiment Milgram didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milgram's experiment Milgram didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milgram's experiment Milgram didn't have
+the uh the learner off in another Booth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the learner off in another Booth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the learner off in another Booth
+he had the learner right next to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had the learner right next to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had the learner right next to you
+making his noises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making his noises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making his noises
+and at a critical time in the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a critical time in the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a critical time in the experiment
+the electrode is slipping off the guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrode is slipping off the guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrode is slipping off the guy's
+hand and Milgram says hold the electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and Milgram says hold the electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and Milgram says hold the electrode
+on him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on him
+right and he's still doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he's still doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he's still doing the same
+thing right I'm not going to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right I'm not going to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right I'm not going to respond
+anymore I quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compliance drops you'll be glad to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance drops you'll be glad to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance drops you'll be glad to know
+what you may be a little distressed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you may be a little distressed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you may be a little distressed to
+know is it drops only to 30 percent 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it drops only to 30 percent 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it drops only to 30 percent 30
+percent of the people were still willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the people were still willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the people were still willing
+to uh to deliver these um putative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to deliver these um putative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to deliver these um putative
+shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks
+um all the way through to the end even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the way through to the end even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the way through to the end even
+when they're holding the guy's hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're holding the guy's hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're holding the guy's hands
+down on the uh on the electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the uh on the electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the uh on the electrode
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's this immediacy factor that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this immediacy factor that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this immediacy factor that makes it
+psychologically easier to shoot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically easier to shoot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically easier to shoot a
+missile Over the Horizon and kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile Over the Horizon and kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile Over the Horizon and kill
+somebody then to actually look somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody then to actually look somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody then to actually look somebody
+in the eye and kill them they're dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the eye and kill them they're dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the eye and kill them they're dead
+the same way in either case you may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way in either case you may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way in either case you may know
+objectively that they're dead this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectively that they're dead this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectively that they're dead this is a
+real issue for um for the military the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real issue for um for the military the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real issue for um for the military the
+military knows that it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military knows that it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military knows that it is in
+um uh the unfortunate business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the unfortunate business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the unfortunate business of
+killing other people and it also knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing other people and it also knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing other people and it also knows
+that in a way much more profound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way much more profound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way much more profound of
+course than the Milgram experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course than the Milgram experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course than the Milgram experiment that
+this is very upsetting to its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very upsetting to its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very upsetting to its own
+soldiers to say nothing of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers to say nothing of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers to say nothing of the people
+who get killed but you know the solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who get killed but you know the solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who get killed but you know the solo
+people what people don't like killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what people don't like killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what people don't like killing
+other people typically it takes work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people typically it takes work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people typically it takes work to
+get somebody to kill other people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get somebody to kill other people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get somebody to kill other people and
+it's psychologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's psychologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's psychologically
+um less damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um less damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um less damaging
+if it's over the horizon then if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's over the horizon then if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's over the horizon then if it's
+face to face though all you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face to face though all you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face to face though all you need to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um you know watch the latest video of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know watch the latest video of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know watch the latest video of of
+some charming person slitting somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some charming person slitting somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some charming person slitting somebody's
+throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat
+um some hostage's throat in Iraq to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some hostage's throat in Iraq to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some hostage's throat in Iraq to
+realize that it is also perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that it is also perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that it is also perfectly
+possible to kill somebody you know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to kill somebody you know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to kill somebody you know right
+there but there is this there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there is this there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there is this there is an
+immediacy effect a real world immediacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy effect a real world immediacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy effect a real world immediacy
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+um that well that's that that's perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that well that's that that's perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that well that's that that's perhaps
+a a a a a gruesome one and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a a gruesome one and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a a gruesome one and you might
+think this is only stuff that works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is only stuff that works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is only stuff that works in
+the realm of of the truly horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm of of the truly horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm of of the truly horrible
+that's not true either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true either
+um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I
+if if I ask if I suppose I get curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I ask if I suppose I get curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I ask if I suppose I get curious
+this evening and I send a note around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening and I send a note around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening and I send a note around
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+what do you think of the Milgram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think of the Milgram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think of the Milgram
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+I might get an email back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might get an email back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might get an email back
+I wouldn't bet on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't bet on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't bet on it
+maybe a couple I know who would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a couple I know who would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a couple I know who would be
+sending them to by this point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending them to by this point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending them to by this point in the
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+um if I ask right now well what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I ask right now well what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I ask right now well what do you
+think about the Milgram experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Milgram experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Milgram experiment is
+that a disturbing experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a disturbing experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a disturbing experiment
+there are a few people will nod their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few people will nod their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few people will nod their
+heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+the Eastern block will might raise its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eastern block will might raise its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eastern block will might raise its
+hand the uh um but you know most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the uh um but you know most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the uh um but you know most of you
+will successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will successfully
+sit on your uh your your hands and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on your uh your your hands and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on your uh your your hands and not
+do anything but but you know if I was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything but but you know if I was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything but but you know if I was to
+like Wander over here somewhere I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Wander over here somewhere I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Wander over here somewhere I was
+just getting very nervous here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting very nervous here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting very nervous here you can
+see the experiment really works and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the experiment really works and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the experiment really works and if I
+was to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to ask
+um what do you think of the Milgram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you think of the Milgram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you think of the Milgram
+experiment I won't I won't actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I won't I won't actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I won't I won't actually make
+her respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her respond
+um but but I could right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but I could right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but I could right there's no
+doubt that unless the only person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that unless the only person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that unless the only person
+capable of not responding under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of not responding under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of not responding under those
+circumstances would be you know my 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances would be you know my 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances would be you know my 15
+year old son right you you perfected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old son right you you perfected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old son right you you perfected
+this within the realm of your own family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this within the realm of your own family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this within the realm of your own family
+why did you get that grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you get that grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you get that grade
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+but under other circumstances the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but under other circumstances the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but under other circumstances the social
+impact the social pressure there is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the social pressure there is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the social pressure there is so
+strong by the time it's all directed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong by the time it's all directed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong by the time it's all directed at
+you that you gotta respond it's you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you gotta respond it's you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you gotta respond it's you can
+feel that social pressure actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that social pressure actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that social pressure actually it
+was a great experiment this uh that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great experiment this uh that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great experiment this uh that this
+was a great experiment because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great experiment because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great experiment because
+several people thought I might be headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people thought I might be headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people thought I might be headed
+their way and I caught these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way and I caught these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way and I caught these great
+fleeting looks of relief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeting looks of relief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeting looks of relief
+from that side of the aisle when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that side of the aisle when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that side of the aisle when they
+realize I'm going he's going that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I'm going he's going that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I'm going he's going that way
+man he's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man he's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man he's not going
+so that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that's
+that's immediacy that's also actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's immediacy that's also actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's immediacy that's also actually an
+illustration of the effect of this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the effect of this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the effect of this third
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+um which is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is number
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um in the Milgram experiment this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the Milgram experiment this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the Milgram experiment this was
+not manipulated Milgram experiment is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not manipulated Milgram experiment is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not manipulated Milgram experiment is a
+one-on-one experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-on-one experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-on-one experiment
+um there's Milgram or his surrogate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's Milgram or his surrogate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's Milgram or his surrogate
+exerting pressure on you the subject in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting pressure on you the subject in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting pressure on you the subject in
+in the in that manufacturer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in that manufacturer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in that manufacturer's
+Consultants study or in the ash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants study or in the ash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants study or in the ash
+experiment is manipulated and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is manipulated and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is manipulated and you find
+that the more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more people
+um that the authority is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the authority is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the authority is trying to
+spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread
+um his impact over the less the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his impact over the less the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his impact over the less the impact
+on any given individual similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any given individual similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any given individual similarly here
+if I ask you you know 300 of you what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you you know 300 of you what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you you know 300 of you what do
+you think you know each of you gets I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you know each of you gets I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you know each of you gets I
+don't know if this is actually a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if this is actually a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if this is actually a linear
+operation but you know roughly one three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation but you know roughly one three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation but you know roughly one three
+hundredth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundredth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundredth of
+um of my impact and but if I go and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of my impact and but if I go and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of my impact and but if I go and find
+her she gets all the impact and she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her she gets all the impact and she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her she gets all the impact and she has
+to say something actually I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something actually I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something actually I think that
+we could we could probably work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could probably work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could probably work out the
+equations here because there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here because there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here because there's also
+probably a distance equation right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a distance equation right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a distance equation right you
+know there are people you out there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are people you out there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are people you out there in
+the cheap seats no there are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheap seats no there are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheap seats no there are people who
+sit out in the back because the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit out in the back because the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit out in the back because the the the
+possibilities of social impact are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of social impact are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of social impact are less
+out there I can do what I want out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there I can do what I want out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there I can do what I want out there
+in the cheap seats he can't see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cheap seats he can't see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cheap seats he can't see anything
+anyway look at all those computers up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway look at all those computers up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway look at all those computers up
+there they're all surfing the web anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so but I don't know that anybody's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I don't know that anybody's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I don't know that anybody's ever
+looked at the the distance effects on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the the distance effects on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the the distance effects on on
+uh in any sort of um in any sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any sort of um in any sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any sort of um in any sort of a
+direct way uh there's a very nice study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct way uh there's a very nice study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct way uh there's a very nice study
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+done at Ohio State some years ago uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at Ohio State some years ago uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at Ohio State some years ago uh
+during Greek week what the um what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during Greek week what the um what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during Greek week what the um what the
+experimenters did was they hung out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters did was they hung out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters did was they hung out
+backstage because at Greek Greek week at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backstage because at Greek Greek week at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backstage because at Greek Greek week at
+Ohio State what you had to do was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio State what you had to do was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio State what you had to do was your
+fraternity had to get up in front of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity had to get up in front of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity had to get up in front of all
+these people like a big Stadium full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people like a big Stadium full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people like a big Stadium full of
+people and do something typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and do something typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and do something typically
+something kind of embarrassing to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of embarrassing to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of embarrassing to show
+how cool you were and why everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cool you were and why everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cool you were and why everybody
+should join your fraternity and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should join your fraternity and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should join your fraternity and what the
+experimenters noticed was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters noticed was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters noticed was that the
+number of guys in the group varied uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of guys in the group varied uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of guys in the group varied uh
+you know varied there could be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know varied there could be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know varied there could be you know
+you sent out your one guy or you sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent out your one guy or you sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent out your one guy or you sent
+out this troop of ten guys to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this troop of ten guys to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this troop of ten guys to do
+something and so what they did was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so what they did was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so what they did was they
+simply asked people before they got on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply asked people before they got on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply asked people before they got on
+stage how nervous are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage how nervous are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage how nervous are you
+and the answer was the guy that that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer was the guy that that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer was the guy that that it
+it was monotonically related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was monotonically related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was monotonically related to the
+number of people if it was just you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people if it was just you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people if it was just you you
+felt much more nervous than if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt much more nervous than if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt much more nervous than if there
+were 10 guys going out there now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 10 guys going out there now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 10 guys going out there now there's
+no real rational basis for uh for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real rational basis for uh for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real rational basis for uh for that
+you're not gonna get hurt out there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get hurt out there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get hurt out there but
+if you imagine that everybody in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine that everybody in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine that everybody in that
+Stadium had a tomato you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium had a tomato you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium had a tomato you can kind of
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+the the social impact version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the social impact version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the social impact version of this
+how many tomatoes are gonna hit you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many tomatoes are gonna hit you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many tomatoes are gonna hit you if
+there's just one of you versus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one of you versus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one of you versus if
+there's 10 of you it's going to defuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 10 of you it's going to defuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 10 of you it's going to defuse
+uh the the in this case very literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the in this case very literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the in this case very literal
+sort of um sort of impact the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um sort of impact the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um sort of impact the experiment
+has uh the social impact theory has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh the social impact theory has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh the social impact theory has one
+of its roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its roots
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um actually in a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually in a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually in a um
+in in a lurid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a lurid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a lurid and
+um you know media circus murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know media circus murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know media circus murder
+um from the 60s in fact the murder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the 60s in fact the murder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the 60s in fact the murder that
+uh that I remember because it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I remember because it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I remember because it happened
+in uh um New York City when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh um New York City when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh um New York City when I was
+growing up in the New Jersey suburbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in the New Jersey suburbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in the New Jersey suburbs and
+so it got a lot of coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it got a lot of coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it got a lot of coverage
+um this was the murder of a woman named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this was the murder of a woman named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this was the murder of a woman named
+Kitty Genovese who was murdered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kitty Genovese who was murdered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kitty Genovese who was murdered in the
+courtyard of her fairly large apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard of her fairly large apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard of her fairly large apartment
+block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and
+um it wasn't a quick business the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it wasn't a quick business the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it wasn't a quick business the guy
+stabbed her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbed her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbed her
+um and she sort of crawled off into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she sort of crawled off into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she sort of crawled off into the
+bushes and she and she didn't die and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushes and she and she didn't die and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushes and she and she didn't die and he
+came back and he finished it it was yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back and he finished it it was yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back and he finished it it was yeah
+it was gross you know just disgusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was gross you know just disgusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was gross you know just disgusting
+murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder
+um and the reason you know the gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the reason you know the gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the reason you know the gross
+disgusting murders I mean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting murders I mean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting murders I mean there are
+Whole New York radio stations devoted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole New York radio stations devoted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole New York radio stations devoted to
+that the reason this was a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason this was a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason this was a particularly
+Salient one was it was clear afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient one was it was clear afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient one was it was clear afterwards
+that there were at least 40 or so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were at least 40 or so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were at least 40 or so people
+who had heard this and nobody had called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had heard this and nobody had called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had heard this and nobody had called
+the police let alone intervene directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the police let alone intervene directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the police let alone intervene directly
+nobody nobody had called and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody nobody had called and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody nobody had called and this
+generated a whole lot of sort of media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a whole lot of sort of media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a whole lot of sort of media
+um uh brow beating and stuff about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh brow beating and stuff about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh brow beating and stuff about you
+know was it the case that New Yorkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was it the case that New Yorkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was it the case that New Yorkers
+were just cold heartless individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just cold heartless individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just cold heartless individuals
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or what and rather like the Milgram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what and rather like the Milgram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what and rather like the Milgram
+experiment being a motivated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment being a motivated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment being a motivated by the
+question of are our um you know were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of are our um you know were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of are our um you know were the
+Nazis special in some evil sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis special in some evil sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis special in some evil sense
+um some of this work on social impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of this work on social impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of this work on social impact
+theory was based on the uh on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory was based on the uh on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory was based on the uh on the uh
+hypothesis that know that this didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that know that this didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that know that this didn't
+illustrate the cruel heartless nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the cruel heartless nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the cruel heartless nature of
+New Yorkers what it Illustrated was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Yorkers what it Illustrated was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Yorkers what it Illustrated was what
+happens when you're on the losing end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you're on the losing end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you're on the losing end of
+what boils down to a social impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what boils down to a social impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what boils down to a social impact
+experiment the problem was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the problem was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the problem was that
+um she was diffusing her impact across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she was diffusing her impact across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she was diffusing her impact across
+this whole apartment building and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole apartment building and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole apartment building and when
+you interviewed people people said over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interviewed people people said over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interviewed people people said over
+and over again I thought somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again I thought somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again I thought somebody else
+would have called I wasn't quite sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have called I wasn't quite sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have called I wasn't quite sure
+what was happening somebody else would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening somebody else would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening somebody else would
+have had a better look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had a better look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had a better look
+they figured that somebody else would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured that somebody else would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured that somebody else would
+have taken care of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken care of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken care of it
+um if the notion is that uh had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the notion is that uh had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the notion is that uh had this
+been taking part a place in uh the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taking part a place in uh the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taking part a place in uh the front
+yard of your isolated farmstead on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yard of your isolated farmstead on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yard of your isolated farmstead on the
+Great Plains or something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Plains or something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Plains or something like that you
+would have done something because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done something because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done something because you
+would have known nobody else could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have known nobody else could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have known nobody else could have
+is there any evidence for this well yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any evidence for this well yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any evidence for this well yes
+actually uh um Darley John Darley who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh um Darley John Darley who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh um Darley John Darley who
+was one of my professors at Princeton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of my professors at Princeton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of my professors at Princeton
+and Latin a who worked with him did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Latin a who worked with him did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Latin a who worked with him did a
+series of beautiful experiments on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of beautiful experiments on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of beautiful experiments on on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um obviously they didn't go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously they didn't go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously they didn't go around
+murdering people in Courtyards but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murdering people in Courtyards but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murdering people in Courtyards but what
+they did was you'd come into the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was you'd come into the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was you'd come into the lab
+um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+lab had a whole bunch of isolation boots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab had a whole bunch of isolation boots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab had a whole bunch of isolation boots
+in it because uh except if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it because uh except if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it because uh except if you're in a
+weird experiment like that Ash three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird experiment like that Ash three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird experiment like that Ash three
+line experiment you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line experiment you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line experiment you want to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you want to have people doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have people doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have people doing the
+experiment alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment alone
+so that's you know a lot of labs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know a lot of labs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know a lot of labs have
+are set up this way and um so you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are set up this way and um so you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are set up this way and um so you the
+subject would go into this little booth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject would go into this little booth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject would go into this little booth
+to do the experiment and then something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the experiment and then something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the experiment and then something
+would happen for instance you'd hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen for instance you'd hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen for instance you'd hear
+crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash
+and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help
+and the question was who cares what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was who cares what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was who cares what
+you're doing in the booth the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing in the booth the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing in the booth the only
+interesting question in this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question in this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question in this experiment
+is how fast do you come out of the booth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how fast do you come out of the booth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how fast do you come out of the booth
+to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help
+and the answer is it depends on how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is it depends on how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is it depends on how many
+other booths you think are occupied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other booths you think are occupied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other booths you think are occupied and
+of course darling Latin a made very sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course darling Latin a made very sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course darling Latin a made very sure
+that you knew exactly how many booths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you knew exactly how many booths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you knew exactly how many booths
+were occupied so if it was the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were occupied so if it was the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were occupied so if it was the case that
+you knew that you were all alone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew that you were all alone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew that you were all alone you
+were out there fast because you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were out there fast because you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were out there fast because you know it
+was the the impact was on you if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the impact was on you if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the impact was on you if there
+was going to be any help around it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be any help around it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be any help around it was
+going to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and um if the booth was full but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if the booth was full but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if the booth was full but if you
+knew that there were you know six other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that there were you know six other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that there were you know six other
+people on in the experiment you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on in the experiment you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on in the experiment you were
+slower to come out because well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower to come out because well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower to come out because well you know
+I'm not the biggest strongest guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not the biggest strongest guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not the biggest strongest guy
+somebody else will help and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else will help and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else will help and I didn't
+take that Red Cross course or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that Red Cross course or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that Red Cross course or whatever
+you know the the responsibility gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the responsibility gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the responsibility gets
+diffused across multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused across multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused across multiple
+um people it's not just for helping if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people it's not just for helping if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people it's not just for helping if
+uh and another one of their entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and another one of their entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and another one of their entertaining
+versions smoke comes into the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions smoke comes into the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions smoke comes into the lab
+do you get out of there if you're alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get out of there if you're alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get out of there if you're alone
+you're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving
+if you're not alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not alone
+you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking
+he's not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not moving
+he must know something I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he must know something I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he must know something I don't know
+if he's not moving it's going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's not moving it's going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's not moving it's going to be like
+embarrassing right you know if I go fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing right you know if I go fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing right you know if I go fire
+fired I roll running around you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired I roll running around you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired I roll running around you know
+everybody's gonna think I'm a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's gonna think I'm a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's gonna think I'm a complete
+doofus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doofus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doofus
+now the downside this is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the downside this is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the downside this is a beautiful
+experiment showing beautiful social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment showing beautiful social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment showing beautiful social
+impact effect the downside of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact effect the downside of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact effect the downside of this is
+this was done at Princeton where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done at Princeton where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done at Princeton where I
+eventually showed up as an undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually showed up as an undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually showed up as an undergraduate
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+um my nice boring research on visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my nice boring research on visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my nice boring research on visual
+perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+none of my subjects ever believed that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of my subjects ever believed that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of my subjects ever believed that I
+was doing a visual perception experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing a visual perception experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing a visual perception experiment
+it didn't help that the room I had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't help that the room I had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't help that the room I had was
+one of these rooms with a half silvered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these rooms with a half silvered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these rooms with a half silvered
+mirror in it that so that you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror in it that so that you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror in it that so that you know I
+could look in and they couldn't look out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look in and they couldn't look out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look in and they couldn't look out
+I didn't care I wasn't planning to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't care I wasn't planning to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't care I wasn't planning to look
+in it was left over from the social site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it was left over from the social site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it was left over from the social site
+guys but nobody ever believed I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but nobody ever believed I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but nobody ever believed I was
+there to do a regular just straight up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to do a regular just straight up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to do a regular just straight up
+and down I just want to know what color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down I just want to know what color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down I just want to know what color
+it looks like experiment they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like experiment they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like experiment they all
+figured you're watching me right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured you're watching me right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured you're watching me right right
+there's something weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen here oh along those lines didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here oh along those lines didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here oh along those lines didn't
+happen to me but a word a word to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to me but a word a word to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to me but a word a word to the
+wise should you ever find yourself in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise should you ever find yourself in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise should you ever find yourself in an
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+involves a in one of these rooms with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a in one of these rooms with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a in one of these rooms with a
+half wait that looks like one wall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half wait that looks like one wall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half wait that looks like one wall is
+mirrored if you're in a psych lab it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrored if you're in a psych lab it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrored if you're in a psych lab it's
+probably a half silvered mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a half silvered mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a half silvered mirror
+the implication of a half silvered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication of a half silvered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication of a half silvered
+mirror is that that's not a mirror that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is that that's not a mirror that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is that that's not a mirror that
+you want to use to readjust large parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use to readjust large parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use to readjust large parts
+of your Anatomy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your Anatomy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your Anatomy because
+it was a great story the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poor grad student was embarrassed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor grad student was embarrassed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor grad student was embarrassed for
+life he was a very kind of straight up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life he was a very kind of straight up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life he was a very kind of straight up
+and down squarish kind of guy and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down squarish kind of guy and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down squarish kind of guy and and
+and anyway it was very embarrassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyway it was very embarrassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyway it was very embarrassing
+um not that the grad student was The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not that the grad student was The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not that the grad student was The
+Observer here and but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer here and but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer here and but it was
+embarrassing so don't do that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing so don't do that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing so don't do that you don't
+want to embarrass people um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to embarrass people um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to embarrass people um okay so
+um oh one one last example from a closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh one one last example from a closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh one one last example from a closer
+to a real world example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a real world example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a real world example of this
+um the the the the great uh I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the the great uh I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the the great uh I think it's
+another darling Latin a liquor store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another darling Latin a liquor store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another darling Latin a liquor store
+experiment you go into a liquor store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you go into a liquor store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you go into a liquor store
+you're hanging out in the liquor store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hanging out in the liquor store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hanging out in the liquor store
+it's two guys come in they ask the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two guys come in they ask the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two guys come in they ask the guy
+in the liquor store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquor store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquor store
+um do you have any blah blah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you have any blah blah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you have any blah blah you know
+weird beer some weird beer the guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird beer some weird beer the guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird beer some weird beer the guy the
+liquor store guy says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquor store guy says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquor store guy says
+I don't have it up here I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have it up here I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have it up here I might have
+some in the basement and he takes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in the basement and he takes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in the basement and he takes off
+for the basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the basement
+as soon as he's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as he's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as he's gone
+the two guys look at the case of Bud say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two guys look at the case of Bud say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two guys look at the case of Bud say
+you'll never miss this pick up the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never miss this pick up the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never miss this pick up the case
+of Bud and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bud and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bud and leave
+the guy comes up from the basement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy comes up from the basement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy comes up from the basement and
+asks where are those guys and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks where are those guys and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks where are those guys and the
+question is everybody's a stooge in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is everybody's a stooge in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is everybody's a stooge in this
+experiment of course except you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of course except you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of course except you
+um the question is what do you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is what do you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is what do you say the
+answer is if you are all alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is if you are all alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is if you are all alone
+two-thirds of you say after guys taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of you say after guys taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of you say after guys taking
+over nothing they've extol the beer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over nothing they've extol the beer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over nothing they've extol the beer but
+if you're um with even one other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're um with even one other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're um with even one other person
+that drops to one-third again because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drops to one-third again because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drops to one-third again because of
+this diffusion of responsibility you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diffusion of responsibility you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diffusion of responsibility you say
+to yourself unconsciously implicitly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself unconsciously implicitly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself unconsciously implicitly or
+whatever you know if he's not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know if he's not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know if he's not saying
+anything why should I say something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything why should I say something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything why should I say something and
+so you're less likely to to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're less likely to to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're less likely to to say
+something now the the one good side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now the the one good side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now the the one good side of
+this this is all sort of depressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is all sort of depressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is all sort of depressing
+right it sort of suggests that if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it sort of suggests that if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it sort of suggests that if we're
+going to hang out in large social groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hang out in large social groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hang out in large social groups
+one of the downsides of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the downsides of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the downsides of this is that
+we're not going to look after each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to look after each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to look after each other
+terribly well there's a there's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly well there's a there's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly well there's a there's a useful
+inoculation effect here and I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inoculation effect here and I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inoculation effect here and I've just
+inoculated you the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inoculated you the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inoculated you the fact that you know
+about this there are experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this there are experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this there are experiments
+suggesting that the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that the fact that you know
+about this makes you more likely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this makes you more likely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this makes you more likely the
+next time the occasion arrives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time the occasion arrives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time the occasion arrives to
+Discount the number of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discount the number of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discount the number of other people
+there so you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you know now
+it is probably the case that if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probably the case that if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probably the case that if I do
+Keel over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keel over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keel over
+somebody will rescue me even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody will rescue me even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody will rescue me even though
+there are three you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three you know there's a
+responsibility for this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for this has been
+diffused of course the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused of course the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused of course the reason is because
+somebody's gonna think it's a fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's gonna think it's a fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's gonna think it's a fake
+and they think I'm going to win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think I'm going to win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think I'm going to win the
+prize if I collect him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize if I collect him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize if I collect him
+um or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something
+but I'll try not to do the experiment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll try not to do the experiment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll try not to do the experiment at
+all but in any case there is evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but in any case there is evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but in any case there is evidence
+that once you know about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you know about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you know about these things
+um you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you uh
+you're less vulnerable to those effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're less vulnerable to those effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're less vulnerable to those effects
+and less likely to find yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less likely to find yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less likely to find yourself
+complying with an instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complying with an instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complying with an instruction that
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+um that's right look you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's right look you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's right look you know you you
+probably have a good intuitive feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a good intuitive feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a good intuitive feeling
+and I hope you're right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you're right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you're right that
+um all over Iraq now if you're holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all over Iraq now if you're holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all over Iraq now if you're holding
+prisoners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoners
+you've now been inoculated against doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now been inoculated against doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now been inoculated against doing
+a whole round of stupid things when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole round of stupid things when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole round of stupid things when when
+the Abu grave thing broke every social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Abu grave thing broke every social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Abu grave thing broke every social
+psychologist in the country was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist in the country was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist in the country was on the
+uh you know on some talking head show on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know on some talking head show on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know on some talking head show on
+on National Public Radio saying we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on National Public Radio saying we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on National Public Radio saying we knew
+about this we can explain this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we can explain this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we can explain this because
+that's exactly the sort of thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the sort of thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the sort of thing that's
+understandable in the context of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable in the context of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable in the context of these
+sorts of experiments people doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of experiments people doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of experiments people doing things
+that they would never you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would never you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would never you know what's
+the chance that you were back home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance that you were back home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance that you were back home
+before going off to Iraq saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before going off to Iraq saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before going off to Iraq saying I'm
+gonna go to Iraq I'm going to get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go to Iraq I'm going to get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go to Iraq I'm going to get me
+some prisoners put them in compromising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some prisoners put them in compromising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some prisoners put them in compromising
+sexual positions and get photos sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual positions and get photos sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual positions and get photos sent
+back home yeah no nobody thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back home yeah no nobody thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back home yeah no nobody thinks about
+doing that but the social situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that but the social situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that but the social situation that
+you find yourself in with it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find yourself in with it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find yourself in with it with
+perhaps an implicit command from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps an implicit command from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps an implicit command from
+somebody to you know loosen things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to you know loosen things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to you know loosen things up
+here a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a bit
+um produce the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um produce the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um produce the effect
+the fact that this was a disaster has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this was a disaster has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this was a disaster has
+presumably now inoculated the system at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably now inoculated the system at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably now inoculated the system at
+least in the short term against it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the short term against it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the short term against it
+happening again at least we may hope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening again at least we may hope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening again at least we may hope so
+um okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Practical sort of questions like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Practical sort of questions like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Practical sort of questions like you
+know what do you do about prisoner abuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what do you do about prisoner abuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what do you do about prisoner abuse
+um are one interesting line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are one interesting line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are one interesting line
+that grows from this sort of uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grows from this sort of uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grows from this sort of uh work
+another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question
+returning perhaps to the sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning perhaps to the sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning perhaps to the sort of more
+basic psychological side of things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic psychological side of things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic psychological side of things is
+what I think I labeled on the handout as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think I labeled on the handout as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think I labeled on the handout as
+oh yes the fundamental question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes the fundamental question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes the fundamental question I
+decided if you could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided if you could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided if you could have the
+fundamental attribution error that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental attribution error that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental attribution error that I
+would invent for today's purposes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would invent for today's purposes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would invent for today's purposes the
+fundamental question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental question
+um but but understand that that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but understand that that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but understand that that's my
+invented jargon and I won't put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented jargon and I won't put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented jargon and I won't put a
+question on the uh exam saying what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the uh exam saying what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the uh exam saying what's a
+very you know what's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know what's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know what's the fundamental
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+um the question here is who is this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question here is who is this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question here is who is this I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep talking about you you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep talking about you you know you can
+be pushed around by these laws of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pushed around by these laws of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pushed around by these laws of social
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and stuff like that who is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and stuff like that who is this
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I
+that can that can be so uh so readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can that can be so uh so readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can that can be so uh so readily
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+manipulated there's a lot of folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated there's a lot of folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated there's a lot of folks
+psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+um about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we understand that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we understand that there's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something well look we understand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something well look we understand for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it is possible
+um to control a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to control a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to control a car
+in such a way that the car kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the car kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the car kills
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+it is also possible to control to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also possible to control to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also possible to control to train
+a dog in such a way that the dog kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dog in such a way that the dog kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dog in such a way that the dog kills
+somebody and history tells us it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and history tells us it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and history tells us it is
+possible to train human beings in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to train human beings in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to train human beings in such a
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um that they kill you know that a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they kill you know that a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they kill you know that a human
+being kills another human being there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being kills another human being there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being kills another human being there's
+something fundamentally different folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamentally different folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamentally different folk
+psychology understands that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology understands that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology understands that there's
+something fundamentally different about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamentally different about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamentally different about
+the responsibility involved here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsibility involved here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsibility involved here on the
+part of the car the dog and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the car the dog and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the car the dog and and
+um and the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the human
+and that seems to have to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems to have to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems to have to do with this
+sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of
+self the sense of you as a self-aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self the sense of you as a self-aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self the sense of you as a self-aware
+psychologically continuous overtime kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically continuous overtime kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically continuous overtime kind
+of entity is there anything useful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entity is there anything useful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entity is there anything useful that
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+um can say about that about that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can say about that about that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can say about that about that sense
+of you as a as a psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you as a as a psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you as a as a psychological
+self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+um well let's back into this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's back into this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's back into this a little
+bit if you look at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if you look at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if you look at me
+um you you know who I am right pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you know who I am right pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you know who I am right pretty
+much those of you who don't it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much those of you who don't it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much those of you who don't it's getting
+a little late in the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little late in the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little late in the term
+um but you know you recognize me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know you recognize me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know you recognize me that's
+fine could I be a cunningly disguised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine could I be a cunningly disguised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine could I be a cunningly disguised
+actor who's impersonating wolf today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor who's impersonating wolf today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor who's impersonating wolf today
+yeah that's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's possible
+be mildly interesting okay fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mildly interesting okay fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mildly interesting okay fine
+switch all right let's suppose this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch all right let's suppose this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch all right let's suppose this is
+your mother or somebody else who you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother or somebody else who you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother or somebody else who you you
+feel uh strongly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel uh strongly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel uh strongly about
+um you look at that person and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you look at that person and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you look at that person and the
+recognition has two pieces to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition has two pieces to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition has two pieces to it
+um more than presumably looking at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more than presumably looking at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more than presumably looking at just
+some person you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some person you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some person you know
+um and that's that it's there's a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's that it's there's a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's that it's there's a fairly
+strong uh affective component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh affective component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh affective component
+um let's take the best case scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take the best case scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take the best case scenario
+here you see your mother you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see your mother you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see your mother you recognize
+that's my mother and I love my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my mother and I love my mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my mother and I love my mother
+okay good now let's suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now let's suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now let's suppose that
+um something goes wrong with the affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something goes wrong with the affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something goes wrong with the affect
+piece of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of that
+you know that little hung that some hunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that little hung that some hunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that little hung that some hunk
+of brain that's doing that for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain that's doing that for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain that's doing that for you
+something goes wrong with that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong with that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong with that little
+hunk of brain and you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunk of brain and you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunk of brain and you look at your
+mother and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother and you say
+I recognize my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recognize my mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recognize my mother
+and I hate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hate that
+or I don't feel anything would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't feel anything would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't feel anything would be
+another possibility that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility that's going to be
+that that doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that doesn't make sense
+how could that you know this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that you know this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that you know this again
+happening not not and you're not sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening not not and you're not sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening not not and you're not sitting
+there with a little checklist saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with a little checklist saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with a little checklist saying
+this this makes sense you're you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this makes sense you're you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this makes sense you're you're just
+you're toting up your current experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're toting up your current experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're toting up your current experience
+and asking uh implicitly does this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking uh implicitly does this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking uh implicitly does this make
+sense and the answer is no how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and the answer is no how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and the answer is no how could
+that be well one possibility it sounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be well one possibility it sounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be well one possibility it sounds a
+little odd but one possibility is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd but one possibility is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd but one possibility is that's
+not really my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really my mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really my mother
+it looks like my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like my mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like my mother
+but actually she's been cunningly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually she's been cunningly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually she's been cunningly
+replaced by a fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by a fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by a fake
+how could that you know why would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that you know why would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that you know why would that
+be well you know if it was my real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well you know if it was my real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well you know if it was my real
+mother I know my I love my mother I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother I know my I love my mother I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother I know my I love my mother I
+don't love this therefore it's a fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't love this therefore it's a fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't love this therefore it's a fake
+now that sounds weird but it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that sounds weird but it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that sounds weird but it's a real
+neurological Condition it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurological Condition it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurological Condition it's called
+capgrass syndrome I put a definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capgrass syndrome I put a definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capgrass syndrome I put a definition of
+it I think on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think on that
+um on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the handout
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very I always think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very I always think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very I always think of it as
+crabgrass syndrome because but the cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crabgrass syndrome because but the cap
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+crabgrass syndrome because but the cap
+grass is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass is correct
+um and it's the name of somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's the name of somebody
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's the name of somebody
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the disorder seems to be an effort to
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+ align:start position:0%
+the disorder seems to be an effort to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disorder seems to be an effort to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile
+um an unreconcilable pair of thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an unreconcilable pair of thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an unreconcilable pair of thoughts
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh and and you know it's it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and you know it's it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and you know it's it it
+sometimes travels with schizophrenia as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes travels with schizophrenia as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes travels with schizophrenia as
+a diagnosis it may be the result of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagnosis it may be the result of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagnosis it may be the result of a
+brain injury uh typically when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain injury uh typically when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain injury uh typically when there's a
+brain injury involved it looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain injury involved it looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain injury involved it looks like it's
+frontal frontal lobe in some fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal frontal lobe in some fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal frontal lobe in some fashion
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's related it's it's relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related it's it's relevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related it's it's relevant to the
+current discussion because you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current discussion because you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current discussion because you can have
+the same phenomenon for yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phenomenon for yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phenomenon for yourself you
+look in the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the mirror
+you say that's not me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that's not me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that's not me
+and you have a denial that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a denial that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a denial that you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are you
+um it points out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it points out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it points out
+that even something as oh self-evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even something as oh self-evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even something as oh self-evident
+as oh I know is that a Dr Seuss book I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as oh I know is that a Dr Seuss book I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as oh I know is that a Dr Seuss book I
+am I where is that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can almost hear it you haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can almost hear it you haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can almost hear it you haven't been
+reading your kid lit like recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your kid lit like recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your kid lit like recently
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+no Sam I am but but I don't think Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Sam I am but but I don't think Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Sam I am but but I don't think Sam
+has cap grass issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cap grass issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cap grass issues
+um now I am I and I can't remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I am I and I can't remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I am I and I can't remember what
+comes next oh well doesn't matter in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes next oh well doesn't matter in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes next oh well doesn't matter in any
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+one might ask whether there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might ask whether there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might ask whether there is some
+little piece of neural tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of neural tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of neural tissue
+that is you in this sense that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you in this sense that if we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you in this sense that if we
+were to go in and take out this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to go in and take out this one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to go in and take out this one
+little bit of tissue that what we would
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+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of tissue that what we would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of tissue that what we would
+discover is that you weren't you anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that you weren't you anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that you weren't you anymore
+that you'd be yeah you'd still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd be yeah you'd still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd be yeah you'd still have a
+memory you'd still have this you'd still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you'd still have this you'd still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you'd still have this you'd still
+have that but you just wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that but you just wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that but you just wouldn't have
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the short answer to that is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer to that is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer to that is there
+doesn't seem to be any specific lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be any specific lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be any specific lesion
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+ align:start position:0%
+that does that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+um that used to be sort of the end of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that used to be sort of the end of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the lecture however
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the lecture however
+particularly with the Advent of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with the Advent of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with the Advent of uh of
+fmri it's becoming increasingly clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmri it's becoming increasingly clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmri it's becoming increasingly clear
+that aspects of this sense of the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aspects of this sense of the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aspects of this sense of the self
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have homes in the brain that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have homes in the brain that can be
+localized to some extent damaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized to some extent damaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized to some extent damaged in
+various uh odd neurological disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh odd neurological disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh odd neurological disorders
+um and and give us some idea about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and give us some idea about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and give us some idea about how
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+
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+it is that this sense of self is
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+ align:start position:0%
+assembled so what I've done is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled so what I've done is I've
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually modified a list from a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually modified a list from a recent
+article in Trends in cognitive science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in Trends in cognitive science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in Trends in cognitive science
+um to come up with with six aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to come up with with six aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to come up with with six aspects of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self to give you some notion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self to give you some notion about
+how you could take this problem apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I must have just listed them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I must have just listed them on the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout right the first of these is is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all sort of nobody when asked
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all sort of nobody when asked
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+person are you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+person are you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no nobody says oh I am just a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nobody says oh I am just a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nobody says oh I am just a collection
+of reflexes uh responding to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflexes uh responding to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflexes uh responding to the current
+situation uh in the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh in the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh in the environment
+everybody has a list of you know I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has a list of you know I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has a list of you know I'm an
+honest loving individual you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest loving individual you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest loving individual you may have
+some sort of uh Theory trait or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of uh Theory trait or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of uh Theory trait or
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+ align:start position:0%
+situational theory about how you came to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+situational theory about how you came to
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+
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+you've got a set of traits that you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a set of traits that you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe to be fundamental to you at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+least at the present time
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+ align:start position:0%
+least at the present time
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at the present time
+um and that's your representation of
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+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's your representation of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's your representation of
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+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's your theory of um that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's your theory of um that's
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+notion that uh what you you have this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that uh what you you have this
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+ align:start position:0%
+um at least a reasonable number of your
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least a reasonable number of your
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+ align:start position:0%
+actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions
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+ align:start position:0%
+um you feel that you are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you feel that you are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you own those actions that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you own those actions that's
+part of what makes the Milgram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what makes the Milgram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what makes the Milgram
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+um disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um disturbing
+right it's not disturbing that a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not disturbing that a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not disturbing that a machine
+can produce 450 volt shocks of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce 450 volt shocks of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce 450 volt shocks of some
+snook it's disturbing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snook it's disturbing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snook it's disturbing that you can
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+ align:start position:0%
+because you figured that you own that
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+
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+because you figured that you own that
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+ align:start position:0%
+action
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+and that if you did it that says
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+ align:start position:0%
+and that if you did it that says
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if you did it that says
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about you that's this question
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about you that's this question
+of uh of agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of agency
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of agency
+now not only do you own actions you own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not only do you own actions you own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not only do you own actions you own
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+ align:start position:0%
+your body
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body
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+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that that's the aspect of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that that's the aspect of
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+ align:start position:0%
+ownership that I'm talking about in this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership that I'm talking about in this
+in in number three there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in number three there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in number three there
+um you own your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you own your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you own your body
+um look you also own your laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look you also own your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look you also own your laptop
+but you own your body in ways that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you own your body in ways that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you own your body in ways that are
+more profound than
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+ align:start position:0%
+more profound than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more profound than
+um than the way that you own your laptop
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+ align:start position:0%
+um than the way that you own your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than the way that you own your laptop
+right there's something fundamentally
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+ align:start position:0%
+right there's something fundamentally
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's something fundamentally
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+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
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+ align:start position:0%
+about that you're able to use this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that you're able to use this
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+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
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+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got about what kind of you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got about what kind of you
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+ align:start position:0%
+you are you're able to use that to uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you're able to use that to uh
+perform new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform new
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform new
+calculations if you like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations if you like like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations if you like like
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I like
+uh I don't know I need a new fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know I need a new fruit
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know I need a new fruit
+durian do I like durian
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+ align:start position:0%
+durian do I like durian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durian do I like durian
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+ align:start position:0%
+um well it's a fruit I like fruits it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it's a fruit I like fruits it's
+supposed to smell like fermented garlic
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+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to smell like fermented garlic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to smell like fermented garlic
+um but I could ask myself questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I could ask myself questions
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I could ask myself questions
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+ align:start position:0%
+about
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+ align:start position:0%
+about
+myself
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+ align:start position:0%
+myself
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+based on um my knowledge of myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on um my knowledge of myself
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on um my knowledge of myself
+that's this evaluation aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this evaluation aspect
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this evaluation aspect
+um monitoring is is is is sort of a sub
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+ align:start position:0%
+um monitoring is is is is sort of a sub
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um monitoring is is is is sort of a sub
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't consider it to be a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't consider it to be a subset
+of that monitoring is this uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+of that monitoring is this uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that monitoring is this uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+um is keeping track of what you are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is keeping track of what you are
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+doing and asking yourself how it's going
+right so all right so here I am I'm
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+ align:start position:0%
+right so all right so here I am I'm
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all right so here I am I'm
+self-monitoring here saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-monitoring here saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-monitoring here saying
+am I Really Gonna Fall over today no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I Really Gonna Fall over today no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I Really Gonna Fall over today no I
+don't think so I'm feeling pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so I'm feeling pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so I'm feeling pretty good
+just at the moment that's monitoring
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+ align:start position:0%
+just at the moment that's monitoring
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the moment that's monitoring
+right you're asking yourself am I still
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+ align:start position:0%
+right you're asking yourself am I still
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+awake
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably yes if you answer no that's a
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+ align:start position:0%
+little weird
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird
+um but uh or or it's lucid dreaming or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh or or it's lucid dreaming or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh or or it's lucid dreaming or
+something that's that's nice too
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+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's nice too
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's nice too
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and finally there's this sense of
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+ align:start position:0%
+and and finally there's this sense of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and finally there's this sense of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+there's been plenty of evidence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we've been accumulating during
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got lots of semi-autonomous
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+giving rise to you but an important
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+you don't think of yourself as a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't think of yourself as a
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+ align:start position:0%
+committee or or a collective or what's
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+
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+committee or or a collective or what's
+that thing on is it Star Wars whether
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+ align:start position:0%
+that thing on is it Star Wars whether
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing on is it Star Wars whether
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+ align:start position:0%
+the colonial organism
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+ align:start position:0%
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+is that the Borg
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the Borg
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't think you're the Borg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't think you're the Borg
+um the uh right you've got this sense
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+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh right you've got this sense
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh right you've got this sense
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+ align:start position:0%
+that you are
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that you are a unitary thing now each of
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+ align:start position:0%
+that you are a unitary thing now each of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are a unitary thing now each of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+we can go in and somehow pull out the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go in and somehow pull out the
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+figured out you know what piece of brain
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+that might be each of these aspects of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+you is subject to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is subject to
+um uh to attack and to to to some of
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+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to attack and to to to some of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+some degree at this point of
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+ align:start position:0%
+some degree at this point of
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+some degree at this point of
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+ align:start position:0%
+localization
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+ align:start position:0%
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+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the brain so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain so a
+clear example would be the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear example would be the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear example would be the question of
+ownership I think I actually talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership I think I actually talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership I think I actually talked
+about some of this earlier when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of this earlier when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of this earlier when we were
+talking about perception if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about perception if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about perception if you get a
+lesion in your right parietal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion in your right parietal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion in your right parietal lobe
+you will um typically show symptoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will um typically show symptoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will um typically show symptoms of
+what's known as contralateral neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as contralateral neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as contralateral neglect
+contralateral meaning on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contralateral meaning on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contralateral meaning on the other side
+and you can uh what I think I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can uh what I think I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can uh what I think I talked
+about it when I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it when I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it when I was talking about
+perception is the fact that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is the fact that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is the fact that you will
+ignore the left side of visual space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the left side of visual space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the left side of visual space and
+I think at that point I also mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at that point I also mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at that point I also mentioned
+that that people ignore the left side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that people ignore the left side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that people ignore the left side of
+their body or can it you could have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their body or can it you could have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their body or can it you could have all
+sorts of varieties of neglect but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of varieties of neglect but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of varieties of neglect but it can
+include ignoring the left side of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include ignoring the left side of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include ignoring the left side of your
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+um to the point of denying I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the point of denying I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the point of denying I mean you
+can see it but you might deny that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it but you might deny that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it but you might deny that it's
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um that's that's neglect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's neglect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's neglect uh
+interestingly if you lesion the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly if you lesion the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly if you lesion the uh the
+left parietal lobe you do not typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left parietal lobe you do not typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left parietal lobe you do not typically
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+um neglect of the right side of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neglect of the right side of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neglect of the right side of the body
+um at least not in right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least not in right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least not in right-handed
+individuals the best understanding I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals the best understanding I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals the best understanding I've
+ever come up with for that is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever come up with for that is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever come up with for that is that it
+may be that in right-handed individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that in right-handed individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that in right-handed individuals
+the right side of the body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of the body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of the body is
+represented more robustly or redundantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented more robustly or redundantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented more robustly or redundantly
+than the left side of the body and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the left side of the body and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the left side of the body and so a
+typical lesion that leaves you alive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical lesion that leaves you alive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical lesion that leaves you alive at
+least doesn't take out the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least doesn't take out the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least doesn't take out the entire
+sense that you own that side of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you own that side of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you own that side of the body
+whereas the lesion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the lesion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the lesion of the
+um you know less dominant Left Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know less dominant Left Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know less dominant Left Right
+hemisphere left side of the body takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere left side of the body takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere left side of the body takes
+out this sense it leads you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this sense it leads you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this sense it leads you with the
+sense that you don't own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you don't own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you don't own
+the left side of your body at all now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of your body at all now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of your body at all now
+the the flip side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the flip side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the flip side of this
+is our our Phantom limb phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our our Phantom limb phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our our Phantom limb phenomena
+so suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you
+um lose the limb rather than the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lose the limb rather than the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lose the limb rather than the piece
+of brain that represents the limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain that represents the limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain that represents the limb
+so if you lose a limb very typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you lose a limb very typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you lose a limb very typically
+um patience well the the hunk of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patience well the the hunk of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patience well the the hunk of brain
+is still there and the brain is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still there and the brain is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still there and the brain is a kind
+of a noisy Place what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a noisy Place what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a noisy Place what's going to happen
+if you've got activity that goes above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got activity that goes above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got activity that goes above
+some sort of threshold in the chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of threshold in the chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of threshold in the chunk of
+brain that used to represent this arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that used to represent this arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that used to represent this arm
+the answer is you're gonna think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you're gonna think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you're gonna think you
+still got an arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got an arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got an arm
+um and and you you may know at some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you you may know at some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you you may know at some nice
+cognitive or depressing cognitive level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive or depressing cognitive level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive or depressing cognitive level
+that you don't have that arm anymore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have that arm anymore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have that arm anymore but
+it's gonna feel like it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna feel like it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna feel like it's there
+and it's gonna be it can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna be it can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna be it can be really
+annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+because Phantom limbs do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Phantom limbs do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Phantom limbs do things like
+they get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get stuck
+in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position
+why is that annoying well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that annoying well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that annoying well that's
+annoying because somebody with a phantom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because somebody with a phantom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because somebody with a phantom
+limb stuck like this walking out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb stuck like this walking out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb stuck like this walking out the
+door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+does things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does things like this
+right which is exactly what you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is exactly what you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is exactly what you would do
+of course if your arm was like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if your arm was like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if your arm was like in a
+sling out there because you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sling out there because you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sling out there because you don't want
+to bash into the door but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bash into the door but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bash into the door but
+um but you know you feel a bit of a fool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know you feel a bit of a fool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know you feel a bit of a fool
+if you're doing that with a limb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing that with a limb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing that with a limb that
+you know perfectly well isn't there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know perfectly well isn't there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know perfectly well isn't there but
+it's a very com and and what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very com and and what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very com and and what do you do
+if you got an itch in your Phantom limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got an itch in your Phantom limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got an itch in your Phantom limb
+or actually pain in Phantom limbs is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually pain in Phantom limbs is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually pain in Phantom limbs is an
+even more serious problem perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more serious problem perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more serious problem perfectly
+possible to have pain in your Phantom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have pain in your Phantom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have pain in your Phantom
+limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's not particularly easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly easy
+it's not particularly easy to treat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly easy to treat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly easy to treat that
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+it turns out that the brain uh does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the brain uh does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the brain uh does not
+the brain like nature abhors a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain like nature abhors a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain like nature abhors a vacuum
+and if you lose a limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you lose a limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you lose a limb
+the chunks of the brain surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chunks of the brain surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chunks of the brain surrounding the
+arm representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm representation
+start to say there's open territory here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to say there's open territory here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to say there's open territory here
+we could take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could take that
+and over time the brain reorganizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time the brain reorganizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time the brain reorganizes and
+uh you get very curious report reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you get very curious report reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you get very curious report reports
+about the limb changing so the limb May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the limb changing so the limb May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the limb changing so the limb May
+shrivel up and uh so I've the there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrivel up and uh so I've the there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrivel up and uh so I've the there are
+reports where the guy comes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports where the guy comes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports where the guy comes back to the
+doctor and said you know how you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor and said you know how you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor and said you know how you doing
+I'm doing much better I don't not now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing much better I don't not now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing much better I don't not now
+instead of this stupid limb out here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of this stupid limb out here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of this stupid limb out here I
+just have fingers hanging off my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have fingers hanging off my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have fingers hanging off my my
+shoulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder
+which you know kind of weird but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know kind of weird but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know kind of weird but but you
+know since they're invisible it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know since they're invisible it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know since they're invisible it's not
+that weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as it's being taken out what what seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's being taken out what what seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's being taken out what what seems
+to happen is that neighboring stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that neighboring stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that neighboring stuff
+takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+what's near to the arm and the Hand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's near to the arm and the Hand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's near to the arm and the Hand in
+in the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sensory
+um homunculus for example are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um homunculus for example are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um homunculus for example are things
+like the face and I put a reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the face and I put a reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the face and I put a reference to
+um ramachandran's entertaining as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ramachandran's entertaining as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ramachandran's entertaining as I said
+a book on the uh on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book on the uh on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book on the uh on the handout
+um Blake's uh Blakely is a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Blake's uh Blakely is a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Blake's uh Blakely is a science
+writer uh ramachandran or Rama as he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer uh ramachandran or Rama as he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer uh ramachandran or Rama as he is
+usually called is a uh well I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called is a uh well I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called is a uh well I think of
+him as a vision researcher though mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him as a vision researcher though mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him as a vision researcher though mostly
+these days he's gone off more into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days he's gone off more into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days he's gone off more into this
+sort of neurological work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of neurological work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of neurological work
+um but what he did was he was testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what he did was he was testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what he did was he was testing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Phantom limb patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phantom limb patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phantom limb patience
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um he was touch him on their face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was touch him on their face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was touch him on their face
+and ask what do you feel and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what do you feel and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what do you feel and and the
+patient he's got interesting video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient he's got interesting video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient he's got interesting video
+actually the patient's saying well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the patient's saying well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the patient's saying well you
+know look of course I can feel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look of course I can feel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look of course I can feel you
+touching my face but the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching my face but the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching my face but the interesting
+thing is you it also feels like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you it also feels like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you it also feels like you're
+touching my my Phantom thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching my my Phantom thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching my my Phantom thumb
+you move over a little bit and now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move over a little bit and now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move over a little bit and now it
+feels like you're touching this Phantom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like you're touching this Phantom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like you're touching this Phantom
+finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and
+um you could actually map out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could actually map out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could actually map out
+the hand and arm across the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand and arm across the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand and arm across the surface of
+this guy's face he loved it by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's face he loved it by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's face he loved it by the way
+why did he think this was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did he think this was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did he think this was good
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah he knew where to scratch if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he knew where to scratch if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he knew where to scratch if it
+itched and it worked you get an itch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itched and it worked you get an itch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itched and it worked you get an itch on
+your Phantom arm he's now learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Phantom arm he's now learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Phantom arm he's now learned that
+he can scratch there and and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can scratch there and and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can scratch there and and it's uh
+um you get a degree of relief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get a degree of relief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get a degree of relief
+um this is this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is this is actually
+so the sense of ownership of the body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sense of ownership of the body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sense of ownership of the body is
+clearly at least partially is it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly at least partially is it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly at least partially is it can be
+localized in the brain to to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the brain to to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the brain to to do things
+like these parietal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these parietal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these parietal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+parietal structures uh the degree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal structures uh the degree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal structures uh the degree to
+which the brain is plastic even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the brain is plastic even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the brain is plastic even in
+adulthood is is a uh a growing story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood is is a uh a growing story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood is is a uh a growing story
+um where you find that the chunks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you find that the chunks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you find that the chunks of
+oh there was an fmri study showing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there was an fmri study showing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there was an fmri study showing for
+instance that if you look at violinists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that if you look at violinists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that if you look at violinists
+the representation of the fingering hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation of the fingering hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation of the fingering hand
+in the brain is larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain is larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain is larger than the
+representation of the Boeing hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the Boeing hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the Boeing hand the
+fingering hand is learning a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingering hand is learning a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingering hand is learning a whole lot
+of stuff that the Boeing hand doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that the Boeing hand doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that the Boeing hand doesn't
+need to and it ends up using more brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to and it ends up using more brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to and it ends up using more brain
+apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+um all right let's go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let's go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let's go back to this
+notion of the self as a bundle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the self as a bundle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the self as a bundle of
+Personality attributes and of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Personality attributes and of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Personality attributes and of your
+understanding of the implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the implications of
+that knowledge so those these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knowledge so those these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knowledge so those these are the
+ideas of representation and evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of representation and evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of representation and evaluation
+from that earlier list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that earlier list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that earlier list
+does this have a a home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this have a a home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this have a a home
+um maybe is is a reasonable answer there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe is is a reasonable answer there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe is is a reasonable answer there
+is evidence from uh neuropathology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is evidence from uh neuropathology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is evidence from uh neuropathology that
+suggests disorders that specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests disorders that specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests disorders that specifically
+attack that sense of that aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that sense of that aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that sense of that aspect of the
+self the disorder I'm thinking of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self the disorder I'm thinking of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self the disorder I'm thinking of is
+known as picks disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as picks disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as picks disease
+which I probably labeled yes I labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I probably labeled yes I labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I probably labeled yes I labeled
+on the handout a frontotemporal dementia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout a frontotemporal dementia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout a frontotemporal dementia
+the way to think about oh it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to think about oh it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to think about oh it says that
+on the handout also the way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout also the way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout also the way to think
+about it is sort of like an Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is sort of like an Alzheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is sort of like an Alzheimer's
+of the personality it's an Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the personality it's an Alzheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the personality it's an Alzheimer's
+like disorder it's a terrible diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like disorder it's a terrible diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like disorder it's a terrible diagnosis
+by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+um because it typically is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it typically is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it typically is a very
+Progressive you know quite rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive you know quite rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive you know quite rapidly
+Progressive dementia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive dementia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive dementia
+um that leads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that leads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that leads you
+um you know witless fairly quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know witless fairly quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know witless fairly quickly and
+dead fairly shortly thereafter very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead fairly shortly thereafter very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead fairly shortly thereafter very bad
+news but it is a psychological interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news but it is a psychological interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news but it is a psychological interest
+because while the you know the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while the you know the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while the you know the initial
+manifestations of Alzheimer's are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations of Alzheimer's are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations of Alzheimer's are often
+the sort of forgetfulness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of forgetfulness the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of forgetfulness the
+manifestations what gets your family to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations what gets your family to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations what gets your family to
+bring you to the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you to the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you to the doctor
+um if you've got picks is a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you've got picks is a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you've got picks is a change in
+personality so like I tell you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality so like I tell you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality so like I tell you a couple
+of of anecdotes here here's a patient 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of anecdotes here here's a patient 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of anecdotes here here's a patient 54
+year old woman described as a Charming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old woman described as a Charming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old woman described as a Charming
+Dynamic real estate agent who goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic real estate agent who goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic real estate agent who goes from
+wearing expensive designer apparel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing expensive designer apparel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing expensive designer apparel to
+choosing cheap clothing and gaudy beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing cheap clothing and gaudy beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing cheap clothing and gaudy beads
+and ask being strangers how much their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask being strangers how much their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask being strangers how much their
+clothes cost once a lover of French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes cost once a lover of French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes cost once a lover of French
+cuisine she adopted a love of fast food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuisine she adopted a love of fast food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuisine she adopted a love of fast food
+particularly Taco Bell now look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Taco Bell now look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Taco Bell now look if you
+like Taco Bell that doesn't mean you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Taco Bell that doesn't mean you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Taco Bell that doesn't mean you're
+gonna die of dementia next week the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna die of dementia next week the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna die of dementia next week the
+point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what people notice what your family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people notice what your family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people notice what your family
+typically notices is an unexplained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically notices is an unexplained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically notices is an unexplained
+change in that sort of list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in that sort of list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in that sort of list of
+attributes that makes you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that makes you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that makes you you
+um or or a patient 63 year old woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or a patient 63 year old woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or a patient 63 year old woman
+described as a well-dressed I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as a well-dressed I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as a well-dressed I don't know
+why they're all well-dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're all well-dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're all well-dressed
+well-dressed lifelong political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-dressed lifelong political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-dressed lifelong political
+conservative who became an animal rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative who became an animal rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative who became an animal rights
+activist who hated conservatives dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activist who hated conservatives dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activist who hated conservatives dressed
+in t-shirts and baggy pants and like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in t-shirts and baggy pants and like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in t-shirts and baggy pants and like to
+say Republicans should be taken off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Republicans should be taken off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Republicans should be taken off the
+Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth
+so again you know you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you know you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you know you can imagine
+somebody with a whose political opinions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody with a whose political opinions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody with a whose political opinions
+evolve but you could also imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve but you could also imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve but you could also imagine that
+if you know your rock ribbed Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know your rock ribbed Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know your rock ribbed Republican
+grandma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandma
+was uh suddenly you know doing a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh suddenly you know doing a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh suddenly you know doing a kind of
+a late hippie thing and and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a late hippie thing and and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a late hippie thing and and and you know
+people might worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might worry
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and um the the lesions here seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the the lesions here seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the the lesions here seem to be
+typically at this stage in in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically at this stage in in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically at this stage in in the right
+frontal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobe
+um is you know when you when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is you know when you when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is you know when you when you get
+these people into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people into a
+into a scanner other parts there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shouldn't try lecturing while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't try lecturing while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't try lecturing while you're
+drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but no you don't have to rescue me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think I'll be able to rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I'll be able to rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I'll be able to rescue
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+well anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seem to be particularly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be particularly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be particularly important
+but you know if I'd been eating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if I'd been eating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if I'd been eating you
+should come up and and you know heimlich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come up and and you know heimlich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come up and and you know heimlich
+me and stuff like that I don't think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and stuff like that I don't think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and stuff like that I don't think the
+Heimlich maneuver works well for water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heimlich maneuver works well for water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heimlich maneuver works well for water
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+anyway the particular chunks of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the particular chunks of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the particular chunks of brain
+that seem that at least one recent study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem that at least one recent study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem that at least one recent study
+suggests are important here our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests are important here our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests are important here our our
+chunks of um sort of the frontal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of um sort of the frontal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of um sort of the frontal lobe
+lying on the midline so right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying on the midline so right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying on the midline so right your
+brains like this if you open it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains like this if you open it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains like this if you open it up
+that's the medial surface of the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the medial surface of the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the medial surface of the uh of
+of the cerebral hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cerebral hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cerebral hemispheres
+and there's evidence that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's evidence that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's evidence that that
+um locations sort of in there are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um locations sort of in there are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um locations sort of in there are are
+what's important that what we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important that what we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important that what we may be
+very important for putting together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for putting together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for putting together
+this sense of the self now I think I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of the self now I think I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of the self now I think I did
+oh yes I put on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes I put on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes I put on the handout
+the Notions um that orbital medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Notions um that orbital medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Notions um that orbital medial
+prefrontal cortex might be a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex might be a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex might be a possible
+home for representation I I put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home for representation I I put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home for representation I I put that
+there just because you know it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just because you know it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just because you know it's got to
+be so much fun to go off and and be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so much fun to go off and and be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so much fun to go off and and be able
+to talk about the ompfc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the ompfc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the ompfc
+um and to distinguish it from the dmpfc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to distinguish it from the dmpfc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to distinguish it from the dmpfc
+I promise not to ask exactly that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promise not to ask exactly that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promise not to ask exactly that you
+know you know is is representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know is is representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know is is representation
+localized in the ompfc or the dmpfc you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the ompfc or the dmpfc you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the ompfc or the dmpfc you
+know this this this is this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this this is this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this this is this is for
+the subset of you who are dying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subset of you who are dying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subset of you who are dying to go
+off to like med school and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to like med school and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to like med school and stuff like
+that and want practice using jargon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and want practice using jargon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and want practice using jargon that
+nobody else will understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else will understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else will understand
+um that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's it
+this is useful stuff if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is useful stuff if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is useful stuff if you're
+interested in the topic um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the topic um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the topic um the the
+reference on the handout to uh did I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference on the handout to uh did I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference on the handout to uh did I put
+the reference on the handout to this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference on the handout to this yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference on the handout to this yes
+this this comes from this uh North off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this comes from this uh North off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this comes from this uh North off
+and burn pole article way up at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burn pole article way up at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burn pole article way up at the top
+of page two by all means go go check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of page two by all means go go check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of page two by all means go go check it
+out I just realized when I was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I just realized when I was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I just realized when I was uh
+thinking about lecturing about this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about lecturing about this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about lecturing about this that
+I knew that a whole bunch of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew that a whole bunch of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew that a whole bunch of people are
+going to go get deeply obsessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go get deeply obsessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go get deeply obsessive
+about worrying about whether they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about worrying about whether they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about worrying about whether they've got
+the OM versus the DM straight and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OM versus the DM straight and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OM versus the DM straight and I
+don't want people to spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want people to spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want people to spend a lot of time
+worrying about that what I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about that what I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about that what I want you to
+come away with is the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come away with is the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come away with is the notion
+and that there are a set of localizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there are a set of localizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there are a set of localizable
+bits of particularly frontal structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of particularly frontal structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of particularly frontal structures
+in the brain that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain that might be
+um that where you can make a case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that where you can make a case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that where you can make a case for
+um each little bit being responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each little bit being responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each little bit being responsible for
+a little bit of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of this um
+overall sense of the uh sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall sense of the uh sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall sense of the uh sense of the
+self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+um and so you can you can uh well one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you can you can uh well one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you can you can uh well one of
+the ones actually that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um where the little chunk of brain again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the little chunk of brain again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the little chunk of brain again
+I probably won't ask the question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably won't ask the question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably won't ask the question but
+where the little chunk of brain is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the little chunk of brain is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the little chunk of brain is quite
+clearly doing something specific for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly doing something specific for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly doing something specific for you
+is the anterior cingulates again and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the anterior cingulates again and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the anterior cingulates again and the
+midline of the brain you know the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline of the brain you know the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline of the brain you know the medial
+surface of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the of the
+um cerebral hemisphere sort of wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cerebral hemisphere sort of wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cerebral hemisphere sort of wrapped
+around the the corpus callosum that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the the corpus callosum that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the the corpus callosum that big
+bundle of fibers that connects the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of fibers that connects the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of fibers that connects the two
+halves of the brain the cool thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves of the brain the cool thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves of the brain the cool thing about
+that is that it it really looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that it it really looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that it it really looks like
+it's serving a monitoring role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's serving a monitoring role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's serving a monitoring role
+um what it does is it's it's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what it does is it's it's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what it does is it's it's the thing
+that's sitting there checking am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sitting there checking am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sitting there checking am I
+making a mistake here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a mistake here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a mistake here
+so uh if you if you're in our lab I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you if you're in our lab I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you if you're in our lab I I I
+I I can I can feel my anterior cingulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can I can feel my anterior cingulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can I can feel my anterior cingulate
+light up because yeah if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light up because yeah if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light up because yeah if you're in the
+lab and you're doing a whole bunch of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and you're doing a whole bunch of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and you're doing a whole bunch of uh
+say visual search experiments and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say visual search experiments and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say visual search experiments and you
+hit the no key just as you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the no key just as you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the no key just as you see the
+target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+that oh dear uh phenomenon where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh dear uh phenomenon where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh dear uh phenomenon where you can
+just feel yourself saying a word you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feel yourself saying a word you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feel yourself saying a word you
+shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say
+um that's your anterior cingulate error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's your anterior cingulate error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's your anterior cingulate error
+monitoring how do we know that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring how do we know that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring how do we know that because
+if you do these experiments in a scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do these experiments in a scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do these experiments in a scanner
+when people make errors that lights up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people make errors that lights up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people make errors that lights up
+it's it's it's it's really quite lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's it's really quite lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's it's really quite lovely
+oh it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's also
+in the Practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Practical
+um you know practical advice side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know practical advice side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know practical advice side of the
+course it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it turns out
+um at least from a couple of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least from a couple of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least from a couple of things that
+I read that the anterior cingulate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read that the anterior cingulate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read that the anterior cingulate is
+particularly vulnerable to alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly vulnerable to alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly vulnerable to alcohol
+what's that mean well it means have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that mean well it means have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that mean well it means have a
+few drinks and the chunk of your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few drinks and the chunk of your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few drinks and the chunk of your brain
+that's saying is this a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying is this a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying is this a mistake
+takes a vacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a vacation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a vacation
+right so have a few drinks go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so have a few drinks go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so have a few drinks go down to
+Kenmore Square to celebrate the Red Sox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenmore Square to celebrate the Red Sox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenmore Square to celebrate the Red Sox
+look there's a car could we flip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's a car could we flip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's a car could we flip that
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+yeah we could do that would that be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we could do that would that be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we could do that would that be a
+mistake I don't know the the guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake I don't know the the guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake I don't know the the guy's
+asleep don't don't wake him up or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep don't don't wake him up or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep don't don't wake him up or you
+know go and drink a few things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go and drink a few things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go and drink a few things and
+should I sleep with that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I sleep with that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I sleep with that person
+I don't know we'll ask in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I guess the answer was no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess the answer was no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess the answer was no I
+shouldn't have but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um next next time you are inclined to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next next time you are inclined to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next next time you are inclined to uh
+imbibe uh something stronger than Poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbibe uh something stronger than Poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbibe uh something stronger than Poland
+Spring Water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Water
+um dude just just think of your little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dude just just think of your little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dude just just think of your little
+anterior cingulate that's that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior cingulate that's that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior cingulate that's that's uh
+bathing in alcohol and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathing in alcohol and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathing in alcohol and and and
+you know and then you can go drive down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then you can go drive down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then you can go drive down
+the highway and say would it be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway and say would it be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway and say would it be a
+mistake to pass this semi on a wet Road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake to pass this semi on a wet Road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake to pass this semi on a wet Road
+tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight
+well I don't know let's find out so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know let's find out so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know let's find out so it's
+it's uh you want to keep that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh you want to keep that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh you want to keep that piece of
+your brain and you want to keep it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain and you want to keep it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain and you want to keep it more
+or less functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less functional
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+the conscious you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conscious you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conscious you
+um this this notion of integration seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this notion of integration seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this notion of integration seems
+to have something to do with the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something to do with the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something to do with the notion
+yeah what what what's it mean that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what what what's it mean that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what what what's it mean that it's
+all one thing in some way this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one thing in some way this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one thing in some way this is all
+tied into the the the the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied into the the the the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied into the the the the fact that you
+feel like a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-reflective conscious entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reflective conscious entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reflective conscious entity
+um one interesting question well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one interesting question well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one interesting question well one
+interesting question is are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question is are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question is are you
+conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious
+well sure now that I asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sure now that I asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sure now that I asked you
+were your conscious before I asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were your conscious before I asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were your conscious before I asked you
+oh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe
+this is this is what's known in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what's known in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what's known in the
+philosophical literature as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical literature as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical literature as the
+refrigerator light problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator light problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator light problem
+is the refrigerator light on when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the refrigerator light on when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the refrigerator light on when the
+refrigerator is closed well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator is closed well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator is closed well you know
+that the answer is really no and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is really no and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is really no and look
+even most philosophers know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even most philosophers know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even most philosophers know that
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+that's because you have a sort of a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you have a sort of a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you have a sort of a some
+sort of a deeper understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a deeper understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a deeper understanding of
+refrigerators but if you're just faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators but if you're just faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators but if you're just faced
+with this thing and the question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing and the question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing and the question is is
+the light on when the when door is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light on when the when door is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light on when the when door is
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+how would you know open the door lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you know open the door lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you know open the door lights
+on it's always on every time I open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's always on every time I open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's always on every time I open it
+up the light is on it's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the light is on it's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the light is on it's cool
+um it's possible that Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's possible that Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's possible that Consciousness
+people seriously entertain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seriously entertain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seriously entertain the
+possibility the Consciousness is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility the Consciousness is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility the Consciousness is like
+that it feels continuous because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it feels continuous because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it feels continuous because every
+time you ask yourself in any fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you ask yourself in any fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you ask yourself in any fashion
+about whether or not you're conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether or not you're conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether or not you're conscious
+not counting the guys who are out cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not counting the guys who are out cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not counting the guys who are out cold
+um and well they can't ask themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and well they can't ask themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and well they can't ask themselves
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um yeah you use your feel conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you use your feel conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you use your feel conscious
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+right yeah so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so but
+the the closest you can get to a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the closest you can get to a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the closest you can get to a sort of
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+feeling that there might be an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that there might be an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that there might be an issue
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+um dry there's a phenomenon known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dry there's a phenomenon known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dry there's a phenomenon known to
+long-haul drivers where you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-haul drivers where you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-haul drivers where you're you're
+driving down the interstate you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving down the interstate you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving down the interstate you get from
+point A to point B and you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B and you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B and you have no
+recollection of having done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection of having done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection of having done that
+the good thing is if you're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good thing is if you're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good thing is if you're not doing
+that while you're asleep the sleep is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while you're asleep the sleep is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while you're asleep the sleep is a
+different problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a very serious problem but yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very serious problem but yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very serious problem but yeah in
+car accident the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car accident the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car accident the the
+greatest number of car accidents per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest number of car accidents per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest number of car accidents per
+mile is not like in downtown Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile is not like in downtown Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile is not like in downtown Boston
+where you would think it ought to be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would think it ought to be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would think it ought to be but
+it's like Way Out West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like Way Out West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like Way Out West
+because yeah 600 miles the road doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah 600 miles the road doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah 600 miles the road doesn't
+even turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even turn
+the problem is the 601st mile it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is the 601st mile it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is the 601st mile it makes a
+10 degree slant off to one side and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 degree slant off to one side and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 degree slant off to one side and your
+semi doesn't right straight into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi doesn't right straight into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi doesn't right straight into the
+sagebrush or something like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sagebrush or something like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sagebrush or something like that because
+you've gone to sleep but the less dire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone to sleep but the less dire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone to sleep but the less dire
+version of this is you can get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this is you can get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this is you can get into a
+sort of a kind of state driving down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a kind of state driving down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a kind of state driving down the
+interstate where you really seem to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstate where you really seem to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstate where you really seem to lose
+a chunk of time and if you ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk of time and if you ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk of time and if you ask yourself
+was I conscious during that I must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I conscious during that I must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I conscious during that I must have
+been awake because I didn't crash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been awake because I didn't crash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been awake because I didn't crash the
+car but I got this this there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car but I got this this there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car but I got this this there's nothing
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um whether or not you were conscious or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether or not you were conscious or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether or not you were conscious or
+not I can't speak to because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I can't speak to because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I can't speak to because of this
+refrigerator light problem if we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator light problem if we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator light problem if we asked
+you while you were in the midst of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you while you were in the midst of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you while you were in the midst of the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+are you conscious you say of course I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you conscious you say of course I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you conscious you say of course I'm
+conscious that's a stupid question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious that's a stupid question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious that's a stupid question and
+then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so
+if you're interested one of the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested one of the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested one of the one of
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+one of the more interesting Neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the more interesting Neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the more interesting Neuroscience
+projects out there is to decide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects out there is to decide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects out there is to decide which
+bits of brain are important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of brain are important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of brain are important for
+Consciousness Christoph at Cal IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness Christoph at Cal IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness Christoph at Cal IC
+has done a lot of work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done a lot of work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done a lot of work on this
+um wrote an interesting new book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wrote an interesting new book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wrote an interesting new book
+um which I would have put on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I would have put on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I would have put on the handout
+if I could have quickly found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could have quickly found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could have quickly found the
+reference but if you go to my website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference but if you go to my website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference but if you go to my website
+you can find my one-page review of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find my one-page review of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find my one-page review of the
+book which tells you what the book's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which tells you what the book's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which tells you what the book's
+about without you actually having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about without you actually having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about without you actually having to
+read it but it would also give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it but it would also give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it but it would also give you the
+reference to the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to the book
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but this Kristoff refers to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this Kristoff refers to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this Kristoff refers to the the
+neural correlate of Consciousness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural correlate of Consciousness the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural correlate of Consciousness the
+question is which bits of brain do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which bits of brain do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which bits of brain do you
+need to be conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be conscious
+um and then you can go on from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you can go on from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you can go on from there to
+ask what what it's what what uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what what it's what what uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what what it's what what uh what
+that Consciousness might actually be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Consciousness might actually be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Consciousness might actually be for
+it's very clear that we can do an awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear that we can do an awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear that we can do an awful
+lot of stuff without being conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff without being conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff without being conscious
+this is an important wrinkle on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important wrinkle on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important wrinkle on this
+issue of agency there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of agency there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of agency there's an interesting
+body of research that suggests that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of research that suggests that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of research that suggests that when
+you feel like you are making a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel like you are making a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel like you are making a decision
+you know which one of these things do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which one of these things do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which one of these things do
+you want the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the brain
+uh we can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can pick up
+electrophysiological indications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological indications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological indications that
+you have made the decision before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have made the decision before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have made the decision before you
+the owner of the brain know that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner of the brain know that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner of the brain know that you've
+made the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the decision
+suggesting that the you know it one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that the you know it one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that the you know it one can
+wrap oneself in philosophical not trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap oneself in philosophical not trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap oneself in philosophical not trying
+to ask yourself what that means about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask yourself what that means about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask yourself what that means about
+the agency of your act are you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency of your act are you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency of your act are you the
+conscious you committing those acts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious you committing those acts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious you committing those acts are
+you merely reporting on them afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you merely reporting on them afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you merely reporting on them afterwards
+but there is this interesting data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is this interesting data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is this interesting data that
+suggests that you have made the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that you have made the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that you have made the decision
+before you know that you've made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know that you've made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know that you've made the
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+in any case what we can't find is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case what we can't find is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case what we can't find is clear
+evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+of a single little piece of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single little piece of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single little piece of neural
+tissue that is you no single lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue that is you no single lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue that is you no single lesion
+seems to leave everything else intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to leave everything else intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to leave everything else intact
+but take you out so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but take you out so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but take you out so what I want to do
+now is to switch from neuropathology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to switch from neuropathology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to switch from neuropathology to
+Psychopathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology
+um but I I will I will do that after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I I will I will do that after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I I will I will do that after you
+um take a a brief stretch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take a a brief stretch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take a a brief stretch here
+and then we'll talk about that a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're this person right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're this person right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're this person right here
+um now if I had a photograph of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now if I had a photograph of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now if I had a photograph of your
+mother you would know that this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother you would know that this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother you would know that this was a
+representation of your mother yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of your mother yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of your mother yes
+um but wasn't necessary really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but wasn't necessary really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but wasn't necessary really you know
+your mother for say the weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother for say the weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother for say the weird thing
+about capgrass is if I had your mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about capgrass is if I had your mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about capgrass is if I had your mother
+here you would you would have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would you would have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would you would have the same
+sort of sense of it being it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sense of it being it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sense of it being it looks like
+mother but it just isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother but it just isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother but it just isn't
+um it's it's one of those things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's one of those things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's one of those things where
+it'd be cool if you could have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be cool if you could have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be cool if you could have this
+reversibly just to know what it felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly just to know what it felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly just to know what it felt
+like it was very hard to wrap your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was very hard to wrap your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was very hard to wrap your brain
+around What that particular delusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around What that particular delusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around What that particular delusion
+must feel like but that's that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must feel like but that's that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must feel like but that's that it's
+there are visual disorders where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are visual disorders where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are visual disorders where you
+don't recognize faces that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recognize faces that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recognize faces that's
+post-apagnosia I think I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-apagnosia I think I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-apagnosia I think I talked about
+earlier right then I look at you I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier right then I look at you I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier right then I look at you I say
+two eyes nose mouth it's a face whose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes nose mouth it's a face whose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes nose mouth it's a face whose is
+it I don't know but this is this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know but this is this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know but this is this is in
+some sense the opposite a compliment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the opposite a compliment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the opposite a compliment of
+that I know exactly who it is I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know exactly who it is I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know exactly who it is I just
+don't believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was it your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it your hand
+um that's interesting I'm not sure I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's interesting I'm not sure I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's interesting I'm not sure I've
+ever read anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever read anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever read anything about
+whether people deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people deny
+their own in neglect you would deny it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own in neglect you would deny it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own in neglect you would deny it
+with your own hand but in neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your own hand but in neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your own hand but in neglect
+typically the hand would be paralyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the hand would be paralyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the hand would be paralyzed
+you wouldn't be doing anything with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be doing anything with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be doing anything with it
+because of the nature of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of the uh the
+stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I don't know I thought you were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I thought you were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I thought you were going to
+ask whether people you know whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether people you know whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether people you know whether I
+could look at that water bottle and deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at that water bottle and deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at that water bottle and deny
+it was my water bottle and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my water bottle and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my water bottle and it doesn't
+seem to extend to objects it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to extend to objects it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to extend to objects it seems to be
+a very person uh specific kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very person uh specific kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very person uh specific kind of
+delusion that it's about people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delusion that it's about people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delusion that it's about people and
+about people who with whom you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people who with whom you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people who with whom you have
+strong affective relations that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong affective relations that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong affective relations that's very
+sad kind of thing because you read these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad kind of thing because you read these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad kind of thing because you read these
+anecdotes about you know how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotes about you know how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotes about you know how would you
+feel you because typically somebody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you because typically somebody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you because typically somebody is
+in tough shape for one reason or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tough shape for one reason or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tough shape for one reason or another
+when they've got this disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they've got this disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they've got this disorder
+um so you're visiting your kid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're visiting your kid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're visiting your kid in the
+hospital and he's busy declaring you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and he's busy declaring you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and he's busy declaring you're
+an evil agent who's disguised as Daddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evil agent who's disguised as Daddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evil agent who's disguised as Daddy
+yeah it must be heartbreaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it must be heartbreaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it must be heartbreaking
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and I remember reading One account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I remember reading One account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I remember reading One account
+where daddy in an effort to cure the kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where daddy in an effort to cure the kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where daddy in an effort to cure the kid
+comes back and declares I did it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back and declares I did it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back and declares I did it I
+killed him but yeah I killed and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed him but yeah I killed and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed him but yeah I killed and and I
+think I think the story was that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think the story was that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think the story was that it
+provided some temporary relief and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided some temporary relief and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided some temporary relief and then
+didn't it didn't stick yeah but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it didn't stick yeah but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it didn't stick yeah but very
+weird stuff okay very small with rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff okay very small with rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff okay very small with rare
+stuff small literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let me oh I just realized I suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me oh I just realized I suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me oh I just realized I suppose it
+didn't matter but I I just realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter but I I just realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter but I I just realized that
+if I'm gonna mic myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm gonna mic myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm gonna mic myself
+having discussions during the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having discussions during the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having discussions during the break
+could be a little risky I gotta make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a little risky I gotta make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a little risky I gotta make
+sure that I'm just talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that I'm just talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that I'm just talking about the
+details of capgrass syndrome which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of capgrass syndrome which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of capgrass syndrome which we
+were as opposed to having a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were as opposed to having a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were as opposed to having a discussion
+about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know
+I hate my ta oh yeah what's the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hate my ta oh yeah what's the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hate my ta oh yeah what's the name of
+your ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that wouldn't work or I love my ta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't work or I love my ta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't work or I love my ta and
+in right never mind we'll let's get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right never mind we'll let's get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right never mind we'll let's get on
+to Psychopathology and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Psychopathology and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Psychopathology and and and and
+my own and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own and others
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the first thing to do is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to do is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to do is to say
+something about the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the distinction between
+a neuropathology and a Psychopathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuropathology and a Psychopathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuropathology and a Psychopathology
+which might seem a little weird in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might seem a little weird in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might seem a little weird in a
+course that began by asserting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that began by asserting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that began by asserting you know
+the uh the mind is what the brain does I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the mind is what the brain does I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the mind is what the brain does I
+mean what in what sense can you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what in what sense can you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what in what sense can you talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+neuropathology on one side and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropathology on one side and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropathology on one side and a
+Psychopathology on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology on the other
+um I decided today and I'll see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I decided today and I'll see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I decided today and I'll see if I
+still think tomorrow that it's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think tomorrow that it's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think tomorrow that it's a useful
+distinction to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction to think of it
+um sort of like a hardware bugs versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of like a hardware bugs versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of like a hardware bugs versus
+software bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software bugs
+um same same computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same same computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same same computer
+um not working in some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not working in some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not working in some interesting
+fashion or rather but you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion or rather but you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion or rather but you can have a
+problem because some piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because some piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because some piece of the
+equipment is broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is broken
+um and you can have a problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can have a problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can have a problem because
+the program running over that equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program running over that equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program running over that equipment
+is not working properly now I realize as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not working properly now I realize as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not working properly now I realize as
+I'm saying that that there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying that that there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying that that there is one
+problem with that analogy which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that analogy which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that analogy which is that
+if I have a hardware bug I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a hardware bug I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a hardware bug I'm going to be
+inclined to fix the hardware and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to fix the hardware and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to fix the hardware and if I
+have a software bug I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a software bug I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a software bug I'm going to be
+inclined to fix the software it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to fix the software it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to fix the software it's that
+that distinction is by no means is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinction is by no means is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinction is by no means is clear
+in Psychopathology versus neuropathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Psychopathology versus neuropathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Psychopathology versus neuropathology
+so you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have a
+brain lesion where the treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain lesion where the treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain lesion where the treatment is
+essentially Behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Behavioral
+because you want you want to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want you want to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want you want to do some
+sort of retraining of the brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of retraining of the brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of retraining of the brain that
+you've got left and you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got left and you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got left and you can have a
+Psychopathology a problem if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology a problem if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology a problem if you like
+with the way that the software is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way that the software is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way that the software is
+running where the intervention is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running where the intervention is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running where the intervention is to
+give somebody a drug that's doing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give somebody a drug that's doing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give somebody a drug that's doing its
+work essentially on the hardware so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work essentially on the hardware so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work essentially on the hardware so the
+the the metaphor is not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the metaphor is not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the metaphor is not perfect
+but um but it gets it gets at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but it gets it gets at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but it gets it gets at something
+um psychopathologies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um psychopathologies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um psychopathologies are
+um it's it's worth thinking of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's worth thinking of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's worth thinking of it's
+problems with the way that the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with the way that the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with the way that the program
+is using the the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the the brain
+um are there psychopathologies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are there psychopathologies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are there psychopathologies that
+specifically attack the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically attack the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically attack the self
+um the answer is yes those are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer is yes those are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer is yes those are are
+what's known in the trade as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known in the trade as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known in the trade as
+dissociative disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociative disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociative disorders
+um much beloved of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much beloved of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much beloved of uh
+of various and Sundry literary Outlets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various and Sundry literary Outlets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various and Sundry literary Outlets
+so uh the the cleanest one if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the cleanest one if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the cleanest one if you like
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+um uh psychogenic Amnesia or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh psychogenic Amnesia or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh psychogenic Amnesia or
+depersonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depersonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depersonalization
+um a uh occasionally resorted to by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a uh occasionally resorted to by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a uh occasionally resorted to by uh
+soap opera writers who have backed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap opera writers who have backed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap opera writers who have backed
+themselves into a corner that's the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves into a corner that's the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves into a corner that's the get
+a knock on the head and I don't know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knock on the head and I don't know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knock on the head and I don't know who
+I am I don't know where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am I don't know where I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am I don't know where I am
+um and that allows you to do a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that allows you to do a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that allows you to do a certain
+amount of plot twiddling as as needed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of plot twiddling as as needed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of plot twiddling as as needed it
+does happen in in the real oh let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen in in the real oh let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen in in the real oh let me say
+a word about I'm now that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word about I'm now that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word about I'm now that we're talking
+about Psychopathology I need to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Psychopathology I need to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Psychopathology I need to say
+something about psychiatric hypochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about psychiatric hypochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about psychiatric hypochondria
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+psychogenic amnesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychogenic amnesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychogenic amnesia
+very rare it's not going to happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare it's not going to happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare it's not going to happen to
+you even it's not even going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even it's not even going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even it's not even going to happen
+to you after I tell you we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you after I tell you we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you after I tell you we don't really
+know what the cause is but the best we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the cause is but the best we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the cause is but the best we
+know about it is that it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it is that it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it is that it's a it's a
+response to severe stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to severe stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to severe stress
+the problem is you say that and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is you say that and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is you say that and people
+say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh
+and they're more stress than I've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're more stress than I've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're more stress than I've ever
+been on my life I'm gonna wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on my life I'm gonna wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on my life I'm gonna wake up
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very rare stuff but this you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare stuff but this you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare stuff but this you know this
+this is a close kin this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a close kin this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a close kin this this is the
+intro psych kin to um to med student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych kin to um to med student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych kin to um to med student
+hypochondria which is a very real uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypochondria which is a very real uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypochondria which is a very real uh
+known phenomenon Med students are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known phenomenon Med students are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known phenomenon Med students are always
+coming down with spectacularly rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down with spectacularly rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down with spectacularly rare
+diseases at least in their own minds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases at least in their own minds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases at least in their own minds you
+know you hear about some new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you hear about some new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you hear about some new set of
+symptoms of some weird tropical disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms of some weird tropical disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms of some weird tropical disorder
+and and you can you can kinda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can you can kinda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can you can kinda
+is that a like a tapeworm right about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a like a tapeworm right about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a like a tapeworm right about
+there and they they worry about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they they worry about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they they worry about these
+things a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a lot
+um and in the same way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the same way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the same way that they
+probably don't have that tapeworm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have that tapeworm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have that tapeworm
+because you just don't pick them up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just don't pick them up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just don't pick them up at
+at Harvard Med mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard Med mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard Med mostly
+um you shouldn't worry about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you shouldn't worry about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you shouldn't worry about whether
+tomorrow you're going to wake up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you're going to wake up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you're going to wake up with
+out knowing who you are even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out knowing who you are even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out knowing who you are even though you
+may be under a certain degree of stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be under a certain degree of stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be under a certain degree of stress
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that said uh so well let me let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said uh so well let me let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said uh so well let me let me tell
+you one case uh woman wakes up in uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one case uh woman wakes up in uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one case uh woman wakes up in uh a
+woman's found actually sort of a bad bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's found actually sort of a bad bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's found actually sort of a bad bad
+State under the bushes in Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State under the bushes in Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State under the bushes in Florida
+somewhere back in 1980 doesn't know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere back in 1980 doesn't know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere back in 1980 doesn't know who
+she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is
+um can't remember anything about her uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can't remember anything about her uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can't remember anything about her uh
+her past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her past
+um and eventually is uh in an effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and eventually is uh in an effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and eventually is uh in an effort to
+figure out who she is out of they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who she is out of they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who she is out of they call
+her Jane Doe of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Jane Doe of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Jane Doe of course
+um and then uh take her on on morning TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then uh take her on on morning TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then uh take her on on morning TV
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um ask basically does anybody know who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ask basically does anybody know who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ask basically does anybody know who I
+am and uh immediately got a string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am and uh immediately got a string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am and uh immediately got a string of
+phone calls that suggested that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls that suggested that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls that suggested that they
+knew exactly who she was she she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew exactly who she was she she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew exactly who she was she she had
+apparently left Ohio uh a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently left Ohio uh a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently left Ohio uh a few years
+earlier and moved to Florida and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and moved to Florida and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and moved to Florida and then
+disappeared her parents hadn't heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared her parents hadn't heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared her parents hadn't heard
+from her for for several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her for for several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her for for several years
+um and unclear what happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and unclear what happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and unclear what happened in this
+particular case a typically she did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case a typically she did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case a typically she did not
+recover her memory typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover her memory typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover her memory typically
+um these Global amnesias are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these Global amnesias are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these Global amnesias are are
+transient and in her case at least at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient and in her case at least at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient and in her case at least at
+the time of the report I was reading she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the report I was reading she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the report I was reading she
+had not recovered her memory that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not recovered her memory that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not recovered her memory that that
+that's that's the most Global if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the most Global if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the most Global if you
+like of these dissociative disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of these dissociative disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of these dissociative disorders
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Fugue States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fugue States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fugue States
+from the Latin word to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Latin word to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Latin word to fly
+um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are
+um related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related
+again it's presumed to be a response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's presumed to be a response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's presumed to be a response to
+severe stress there's a very nice case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe stress there's a very nice case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe stress there's a very nice case
+described by William James and his great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by William James and his great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by William James and his great
+principles of psychology the best intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of psychology the best intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of psychology the best intro
+text ever written in 1890 so we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text ever written in 1890 so we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text ever written in 1890 so we can't
+still use it but he talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use it but he talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use it but he talks about the
+Reverend Ansel born who took some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverend Ansel born who took some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverend Ansel born who took some money
+out of the bank in Providence Rhode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bank in Providence Rhode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bank in Providence Rhode
+Island and vanished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island and vanished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island and vanished
+um he reappeared well he woke up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he reappeared well he woke up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he reappeared well he woke up one
+morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning
+in I think Norristown Pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think Norristown Pennsylvania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think Norristown Pennsylvania
+and discovered that for the past two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovered that for the past two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovered that for the past two
+months he had been running a store in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months he had been running a store in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months he had been running a store in
+the name of AJ Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of AJ Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of AJ Brown
+he had no recollection of the preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had no recollection of the preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had no recollection of the preceding
+two months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two months
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+hypnosis turns out to be a a useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnosis turns out to be a a useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnosis turns out to be a a useful and
+some mysterious tool in such cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mysterious tool in such cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mysterious tool in such cases and
+James who was very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James who was very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James who was very interested in
+hypnosis found that under hypnosis he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnosis found that under hypnosis he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnosis found that under hypnosis he
+could sort of call up either brown or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of call up either brown or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of call up either brown or
+born they didn't seem to know each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born they didn't seem to know each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born they didn't seem to know each other
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but what what seems to have happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what seems to have happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what seems to have happened was
+that he the characteristic of a feud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he the characteristic of a feud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he the characteristic of a feud
+state is that you disappear to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is that you disappear to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is that you disappear to another
+location and pick up another identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and pick up another identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and pick up another identity
+now one of the interesting things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the interesting things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the interesting things about
+this and it's actually a theme that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's actually a theme that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's actually a theme that will
+recur through a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur through a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur through a lot of
+um psycho discussions of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um psycho discussions of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um psycho discussions of of
+Psychopathology is that a Fugue state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology is that a Fugue state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology is that a Fugue state is
+in a sense an abnormal version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense an abnormal version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense an abnormal version of
+something that we all understand as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we all understand as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we all understand as a
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+story in fact most of us in our family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in fact most of us in our family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in fact most of us in our family
+histories somewhere have somebody back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories somewhere have somebody back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories somewhere have somebody back
+in Germany or Poland or China or Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Germany or Poland or China or Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Germany or Poland or China or Russia
+or Korea or somewhere who was under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Korea or somewhere who was under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Korea or somewhere who was under a
+lot of stress in the old country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stress in the old country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stress in the old country
+picked up and developed a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up and developed a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up and developed a whole new
+identity in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in the U.S
+the major difference of course is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major difference of course is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major difference of course is that
+you know Grandpa remembered the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Grandpa remembered the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Grandpa remembered the old
+country Grandpa hadn't suddenly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country Grandpa hadn't suddenly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country Grandpa hadn't suddenly just
+gone poof and hey now I'm running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone poof and hey now I'm running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone poof and hey now I'm running a
+store in Brooklyn uh you know nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store in Brooklyn uh you know nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store in Brooklyn uh you know nothing
+nothing like that but the notion that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that but the notion that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that but the notion that a
+response to an intolerable situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to an intolerable situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to an intolerable situation
+here might be to move here is is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might be to move here is is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might be to move here is is sort of
+like the American story The pathological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the American story The pathological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the American story The pathological
+aspect is if you don't remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect is if you don't remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect is if you don't remember the
+um what what had uh what had happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what had uh what had happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what had uh what had happened
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+now by the time you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the time you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the time you've got
+um a couple of different characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of different characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of different characters
+particularly who can be called in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly who can be called in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly who can be called in and
+out of awareness under hypnosis you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of awareness under hypnosis you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of awareness under hypnosis you are
+very close to everybody's favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to everybody's favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to everybody's favorite
+dissociative disorder long known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociative disorder long known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociative disorder long known as
+multiple personality disorder now more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple personality disorder now more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple personality disorder now more
+officially known as dissociative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially known as dissociative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially known as dissociative
+identity disorder but I will continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity disorder but I will continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity disorder but I will continue to
+refer to it as multiple personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to it as multiple personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to it as multiple personality
+disorder because if I say multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder because if I say multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder because if I say multiple
+personality disorder I know what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality disorder I know what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality disorder I know what I mean
+immediately if I say dissociative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately if I say dissociative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately if I say dissociative
+identity disorder I have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity disorder I have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity disorder I have to think about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um but they're they're essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're they're essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're they're essentially the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+this is uh the situation in which two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh the situation in which two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh the situation in which two or
+more personalities appear to occupy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more personalities appear to occupy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more personalities appear to occupy the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+um the same individual uh popular with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the same individual uh popular with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the same individual uh popular with
+um uh with popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with popular
+supermarket psych books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket psych books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket psych books
+um the great movie of my youth was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the great movie of my youth was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the great movie of my youth was a
+movie called three faces of Eve has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie called three faces of Eve has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie called three faces of Eve has
+anybody ever seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody ever seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody ever seen it
+all good must still be playing in reruns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good must still be playing in reruns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good must still be playing in reruns
+on some old you know the scared the wits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some old you know the scared the wits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some old you know the scared the wits
+out of me when I was little can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of me when I was little can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of me when I was little can't
+remember anything about it except that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything about it except that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything about it except that I
+mean she didn't have really three faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean she didn't have really three faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean she didn't have really three faces
+but she did have three personalities let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she did have three personalities let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she did have three personalities let
+me tell you instead about Billy Milligan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you instead about Billy Milligan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you instead about Billy Milligan
+um a convicted rapist not a nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a convicted rapist not a nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a convicted rapist not a nice person
+um but one who attempted to get off his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one who attempted to get off his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one who attempted to get off his
+uh conviction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conviction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conviction by
+um claiming lack of responsibility due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um claiming lack of responsibility due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um claiming lack of responsibility due
+to a multiple personality disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a multiple personality disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a multiple personality disorder
+depending on which of the multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which of the multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which of the multiple
+accounts you read of this he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts you read of this he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts you read of this he had
+anywhere between 10 and 24 personalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between 10 and 24 personalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between 10 and 24 personalities
+including Arthur a sort of Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Arthur a sort of Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Arthur a sort of Master
+personality who knew all the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality who knew all the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality who knew all the others
+rattling around inside him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattling around inside him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattling around inside him
+um Arthur is reputed to know Arabic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Arthur is reputed to know Arabic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Arthur is reputed to know Arabic and
+to be self-taught in physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be self-taught in physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be self-taught in physics and
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+Regan was in a was aggressive fluent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regan was in a was aggressive fluent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regan was in a was aggressive fluent in
+serbo Croatian spoke with a thick accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serbo Croatian spoke with a thick accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serbo Croatian spoke with a thick accent
+and was reported to be the initiator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was reported to be the initiator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was reported to be the initiator of
+the sexual assaults at Elena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sexual assaults at Elena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sexual assaults at Elena
+is a shy introverted lesbian with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a shy introverted lesbian with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a shy introverted lesbian with a
+spontaneous nystagmus reported to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous nystagmus reported to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous nystagmus reported to be the
+actual rapist now that's there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual rapist now that's there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual rapist now that's there's a whole
+collection of weird stuff there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of weird stuff there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of weird stuff there
+um one point is that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one point is that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one point is that there's no
+guarantee that all the personalities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that all the personalities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that all the personalities are
+the same gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same gender
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a perhaps more Salient Point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perhaps more Salient Point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perhaps more Salient Point here is
+this spontaneous nystagmus thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spontaneous nystagmus thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spontaneous nystagmus thing
+um and nystagmus is a beating movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and nystagmus is a beating movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and nystagmus is a beating movement
+of the eyes it's hard to fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eyes it's hard to fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eyes it's hard to fake
+and part of the art there's an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the art there's an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the art there's an argument
+about whether multiple personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether multiple personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether multiple personality
+disorder is for real and even if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder is for real and even if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder is for real and even if it is
+for Real there's always an argument in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Real there's always an argument in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Real there's always an argument in a
+court case for whether or not somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court case for whether or not somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court case for whether or not somebody's
+just trying to get off the hook by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to get off the hook by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to get off the hook by
+faking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faking it
+um the spontaneous nystagmus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the spontaneous nystagmus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the spontaneous nystagmus is
+important because it's hard to fake now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it's hard to fake now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it's hard to fake now
+if you sit there and try to vibrate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sit there and try to vibrate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sit there and try to vibrate your
+eyes continuously that's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes continuously that's not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes continuously that's not easy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so there's Alan he's a con man Tommy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's Alan he's a con man Tommy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's Alan he's a con man Tommy
+knows electronics and plays the sacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows electronics and plays the sacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows electronics and plays the sacks
+Samuel is an orthodox Jew and a wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuel is an orthodox Jew and a wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuel is an orthodox Jew and a wood
+carver and so on and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carver and so on and so on and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carver and so on and so on and so on
+um so it's it's a it's very odd business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's it's a it's very odd business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's it's a it's very odd business
+on on the face of it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the face of it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the face of it it's a
+fragmentation of uh the self if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation of uh the self if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation of uh the self if you
+think of the self as a kingdom this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the self as a kingdom this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the self as a kingdom this is
+like a bunch of the provinces have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bunch of the provinces have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bunch of the provinces have
+rebelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebelled
+um and they have complicated diplomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they have complicated diplomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they have complicated diplomatic
+relationships with each other who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with each other who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with each other who knows
+who who's talking to who who likes who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's talking to who who likes who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's talking to who who likes who
+very complicated construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated construct
+um here oh one important way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here oh one important way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here oh one important way to
+distinguish a Psychopathology which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a Psychopathology which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a Psychopathology which this
+would if it's for real it clearly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if it's for real it clearly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if it's for real it clearly is
+from a neuropathology is nobody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a neuropathology is nobody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a neuropathology is nobody would
+expect to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to put
+um this guy in a scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this guy in a scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this guy in a scanner
+and you know call up I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know call up I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know call up I don't know
+Regan the serbo Croatian rapist and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regan the serbo Croatian rapist and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regan the serbo Croatian rapist and find
+there there he is that piece of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there he is that piece of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there he is that piece of brain
+and now the other guy's over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the other guy's over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the other guy's over here and
+this guy's over here look they're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's over here look they're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's over here look they're all in
+making use of the same brain they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making use of the same brain they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making use of the same brain they're all
+forming memories for instance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming memories for instance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming memories for instance and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+using presumably the same hippocampus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using presumably the same hippocampus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using presumably the same hippocampus to
+do it this is a case of very odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this is a case of very odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this is a case of very odd
+software running over the uh um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software running over the uh um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software running over the uh um the the
+hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware
+um so it's a troubling pathology ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's a troubling pathology ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's a troubling pathology ever
+yep that's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it hard to think what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it hard to think what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it hard to think what did you
+just sit yourself in front when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit yourself in front when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit yourself in front when you
+can't look at your your own eyes moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't look at your your own eyes moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't look at your your own eyes moving
+in the mirror so you can't try it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mirror so you can't try it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mirror so you can't try it that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um pick a friend look at a friend try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pick a friend look at a friend try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pick a friend look at a friend try to
+keep your eyes beating rhythmically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your eyes beating rhythmically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your eyes beating rhythmically
+um for five minutes by an active will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for five minutes by an active will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for five minutes by an active will
+make sure you have aspirin handy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you have aspirin handy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you have aspirin handy it's
+just very hard to do yeah and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very hard to do yeah and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very hard to do yeah and and and
+it's very hard and even even I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard and even even I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard and even even I can do
+all sorts of really weird things with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of really weird things with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of really weird things with my
+eyes actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes actually
+um but that's not a nystagmus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's not a nystagmus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's not a nystagmus that's
+some sort of weird movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of weird movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of weird movement
+um but um even if you could produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um even if you could produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um even if you could produce a
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+um and a competent any competent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a competent any competent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a competent any competent
+ophthalmologist will can look at it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ophthalmologist will can look at it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ophthalmologist will can look at it at a
+an astagmus or you can record it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an astagmus or you can record it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an astagmus or you can record it and
+know whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether this is
+um you know a a plausible neurological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a a plausible neurological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a a plausible neurological
+sign or something weird that the guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign or something weird that the guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign or something weird that the guy is
+doing it's just supposed to be very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's just supposed to be very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's just supposed to be very you
+know who knows you know maybe he's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who knows you know maybe he's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who knows you know maybe he's a a
+genius at this sort of thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius at this sort of thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius at this sort of thing but
+um but it would be a hard thing to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it would be a hard thing to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it would be a hard thing to pick
+I don't think there's much more to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think there's much more to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think there's much more to be
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+about it than that um but this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it than that um but this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it than that um but this issue of
+whether it's fake or not one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's fake or not one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's fake or not one of the
+other arguments in favor of the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other arguments in favor of the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other arguments in favor of the notion
+that it's that there is a real disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's that there is a real disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's that there is a real disorder
+is Imagine you've got 24 personalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Imagine you've got 24 personalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Imagine you've got 24 personalities
+or imagine you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imagine you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imagine you've got this
+your parents tell you how many parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents tell you how many parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents tell you how many parents
+uh uh when you were little made up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh when you were little made up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh when you were little made up some
+sort of long-running story that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of long-running story that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of long-running story that they
+told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you
+no oh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh good
+the rest of that did you you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of that did you you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of that did you you was
+deprived they were just reading out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived they were just reading out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived they were just reading out of
+the books anyway I used to have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books anyway I used to have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books anyway I used to have a nice
+long-running story about bunnies very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-running story about bunnies very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-running story about bunnies very
+complicated stuff the problem is once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff the problem is once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff the problem is once
+there were like 24 bunnies or whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were like 24 bunnies or whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were like 24 bunnies or whatever I
+don't remember how many there were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember how many there were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember how many there were the
+kids would keep calling me on on errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would keep calling me on on errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would keep calling me on on errors
+no no no he lives over there so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no he lives over there so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no he lives over there so it's
+very difficult to keep all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to keep all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to keep all this stuff
+straight if you have a story with 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight if you have a story with 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight if you have a story with 24
+um characters in it that you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um characters in it that you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um characters in it that you're making
+up as a fake in your own head you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a fake in your own head you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a fake in your own head you've got
+to keep that lie well you didn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that lie well you didn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that lie well you didn't you
+don't have to do stories think of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do stories think of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do stories think of a good
+lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie
+how many times when you were a kid did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times when you were a kid did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times when you were a kid did
+you get stuck because the LIE fell apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get stuck because the LIE fell apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get stuck because the LIE fell apart
+because you told it wrong you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you told it wrong you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you told it wrong you know there
+was you you changed the story if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you you changed the story if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you you changed the story if it's
+the truth it's easy enough because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth it's easy enough because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth it's easy enough because you
+just go back and refer to the truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back and refer to the truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back and refer to the truth and
+and it's just kind of there but the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just kind of there but the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just kind of there but the law
+you have to remember the details of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember the details of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember the details of and
+there's an argument that the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an argument that the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an argument that the same thing
+is going on here if you really had 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on here if you really had 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on here if you really had 24
+different personalities it'd be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different personalities it'd be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different personalities it'd be just
+very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult
+um to keep them straight unless you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to keep them straight unless you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to keep them straight unless you were
+just reporting on you know so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reporting on you know so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reporting on you know so you know
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+the personality who do you know I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the personality who do you know I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the personality who do you know I know
+boom boom and boom if you're faking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom boom and boom if you're faking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom boom and boom if you're faking it
+you have you the owner of this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you the owner of this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you the owner of this whole
+story have to think chuck chuck oh God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story have to think chuck chuck oh God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story have to think chuck chuck oh God
+how many who did Chuck remember I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many who did Chuck remember I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many who did Chuck remember I don't
+remember who Chuck knows and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember who Chuck knows and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember who Chuck knows and so on
+um now a more troubling fact perhaps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now a more troubling fact perhaps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now a more troubling fact perhaps is
+that that multiple personality disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that multiple personality disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that multiple personality disorder
+um was practically not on the radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was practically not on the radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was practically not on the radar
+screen 20 years ago when I first started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen 20 years ago when I first started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen 20 years ago when I first started
+talking about multiple personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about multiple personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about multiple personality
+disorder I could like read the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder I could like read the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder I could like read the whole
+literature on this handful of cases from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on this handful of cases from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on this handful of cases from
+a handful of pages a handful of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a handful of pages a handful of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a handful of pages a handful of patients
+from a handful of therapists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a handful of therapists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a handful of therapists
+um in 20 years it's skyrocketed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in 20 years it's skyrocketed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in 20 years it's skyrocketed it
+became sort of flavor of the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became sort of flavor of the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became sort of flavor of the month
+everybody had a multiple personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody had a multiple personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody had a multiple personality
+disorder for a while it stayed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder for a while it stayed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder for a while it stayed that's
+faded off a bit since then but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded off a bit since then but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded off a bit since then but that's
+odd why should that be one theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd why should that be one theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd why should that be one theory is
+that it is a um that it that that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a um that it that that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a um that it that that it's a
+a well-intentioned delusion cooked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-intentioned delusion cooked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-intentioned delusion cooked up
+between a therapist and a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a therapist and a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a therapist and a patient
+patients got some real problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients got some real problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients got some real problem the
+therapist believes in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapist believes in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapist believes in multiple
+personality disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality disorder
+and through the use of hypnosis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through the use of hypnosis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through the use of hypnosis which is
+a common tool in for therapists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common tool in for therapists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common tool in for therapists who
+treat multiple personality disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat multiple personality disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat multiple personality disorder
+um you come to the conclusion you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you come to the conclusion you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you come to the conclusion you and
+the therapist come to the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therapist come to the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therapist come to the conclusion
+that you have more than one character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have more than one character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have more than one character
+rattling around in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattling around in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattling around in there
+and that it wasn't real before you came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it wasn't real before you came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it wasn't real before you came
+into the therapist's office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the therapist's office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the therapist's office
+the counter argument to that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter argument to that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter argument to that is that
+what brings people in often is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what brings people in often is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what brings people in often is not
+um is that they're missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that they're missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that they're missing
+chunks of their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of their lives
+you come you come to the therapist's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come you come to the therapist's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come you come to the therapist's
+office you say look I have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office you say look I have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office you say look I have no idea
+what I did Tuesday afternoon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did Tuesday afternoon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did Tuesday afternoon but
+there's a new dress in my closet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new dress in my closet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new dress in my closet and
+there's a charge on my Visa card and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a charge on my Visa card and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a charge on my Visa card and you
+know and this is disturbing right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this is disturbing right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this is disturbing right if
+things were happening to you you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were happening to you you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were happening to you you just
+didn't remember it might eventually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't remember it might eventually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't remember it might eventually get
+you into therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into therapy
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the case yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yes well then there's to anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes well then there's to anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes well then there's to anticipate
+what I will actually end up getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will actually end up getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will actually end up getting to
+uh in in next Tuesday since there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in next Tuesday since there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in next Tuesday since there's no
+class on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on Thursday
+um there is a sense in which you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a sense in which you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a sense in which you get to
+choose how to go insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how to go insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how to go insane
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+the culture around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture around you
+enables certain forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables certain forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables certain forms of
+um you know certain patterns of mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know certain patterns of mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know certain patterns of mental
+disorder and not others and sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder and not others and sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder and not others and sure that
+there there's there's a lot of this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's there's a lot of this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's there's a lot of this sort
+of CopyCat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CopyCat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CopyCat
+um cracking up if you like let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cracking up if you like let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cracking up if you like let me let me
+say one last thing about this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one last thing about this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one last thing about this issue of
+what gets people into therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets people into therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets people into therapy
+um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I
+it's one thing to find a dress in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing to find a dress in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing to find a dress in your
+closet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closet
+uh the sort of thing that drives you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of thing that drives you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of thing that drives you to
+the therapist really quickly is you wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therapist really quickly is you wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therapist really quickly is you wake
+up in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the morning
+there's a guy in bed with you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy in bed with you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy in bed with you it's
+pretty clear that he's been there for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that he's been there for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that he's been there for a
+while and the suggestion is that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and the suggestion is that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and the suggestion is that you've
+been doing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing stuff
+of some sort and you don't know who he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort and you don't know who he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort and you don't know who he
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um there's a lovely well lovely scary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lovely well lovely scary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lovely well lovely scary uh
+anecdote of by one patient where so sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote of by one patient where so sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote of by one patient where so sort
+of a a a case where bad girl good girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a a case where bad girl good girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a a case where bad girl good girl
+personalities the good girl didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalities the good girl didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalities the good girl didn't know
+the bad girl personality but the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad girl personality but the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad girl personality but the bad
+girl knew the good girl the bad girl in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl knew the good girl the bad girl in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl knew the good girl the bad girl in
+therapy said oh this is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy said oh this is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy said oh this is great
+yeah she's such a prig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah she's such a prig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah she's such a prig
+so I take over and we'd go out to a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take over and we'd go out to a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take over and we'd go out to a bar
+and pick up a guy I'd bring him home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick up a guy I'd bring him home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick up a guy I'd bring him home and
+you know we'd do stuff and and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'd do stuff and and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'd do stuff and and then I
+just withdraw back into her and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just withdraw back into her and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just withdraw back into her and watch
+the next morning it was great man she'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next morning it was great man she'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next morning it was great man she'd
+wake up and she'd freak every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up and she'd freak every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up and she'd freak every time
+um well you gotta imagine the guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you gotta imagine the guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you gotta imagine the guy's
+point of view too right you know guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view too right you know guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view too right you know guy
+comes home with somebody the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes home with somebody the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes home with somebody the next
+morning she's ranting and raving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning she's ranting and raving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning she's ranting and raving that
+she's never seen him before and kicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's never seen him before and kicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's never seen him before and kicking
+him out the door it must be very strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out the door it must be very strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out the door it must be very strange
+for all concerns but it is certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all concerns but it is certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all concerns but it is certainly the
+sort of thing that would land you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that would land you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that would land you
+wanting to talk to somebody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to talk to somebody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to talk to somebody in the
+mental health field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental health field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental health field
+um all right we'll pick up next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Mv8tuMBQk-g.txt b/Mv8tuMBQk-g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2c50de17aae196bbb5b2513ae6cecfd2bbf8d06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mv8tuMBQk-g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now continue with the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now continue with the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now continue with the development of
+continuous analogs of everything we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous analogs of everything we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous analogs of everything we know
+for the discrete case we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the discrete case we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the discrete case we have already
+seen a few versions of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a few versions of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a few versions of the total
+probability theorem one version for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem one version for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem one version for
+events and one version for pmfs let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and one version for pmfs let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and one version for pmfs let us
+now develop a continuous analogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now develop a continuous analogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now develop a continuous analogue
+suppose as always that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose as always that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose as always that we have a
+partition of the sample space into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the sample space into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the sample space into a
+number of disjoint scenarios three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of disjoint scenarios three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of disjoint scenarios three
+scenarios in this picture more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in this picture more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in this picture more general
+en scenarios in these formulas let's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en scenarios in these formulas let's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en scenarios in these formulas let's X
+be a continuous random variable and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a continuous random variable and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a continuous random variable and let
+us take B to be the event that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us take B to be the event that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us take B to be the event that the
+random variable takes a value less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes a value less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes a value less than
+or equal to some little X by the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to some little X by the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to some little X by the total
+probability theorem this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem this is the
+probability of the first scenario times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario times
+the conditional probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability of this
+event given that the first scenario has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event given that the first scenario has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event given that the first scenario has
+materialized and then we have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialized and then we have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialized and then we have similar
+terms for the other scenarios let us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms for the other scenarios let us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms for the other scenarios let us now
+turn this equation into CDF notation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this equation into CDF notation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this equation into CDF notation the
+left hand side is what we have defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side is what we have defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side is what we have defined
+as the CDF of the random variable X on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the CDF of the random variable X on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the CDF of the random variable X on
+the right hand side what we have is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side what we have is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side what we have is the
+probability of the first scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario
+multiplied again by a CDF of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied again by a CDF of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied again by a CDF of the random
+variable X but it is a CDF that applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X but it is a CDF that applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X but it is a CDF that applies
+in a conditional model where event a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conditional model where event a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conditional model where event a 1
+has occurred and so we use this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has occurred and so we use this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has occurred and so we use this notation
+to denote the conditional CDF the CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denote the conditional CDF the CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denote the conditional CDF the CDF
+that applies to the conditional universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to the conditional universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to the conditional universe
+and then we have similar terms for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have similar terms for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have similar terms for the
+other scenarios now we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other scenarios now we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other scenarios now we know that the
+derivative of a CDF is a PDF we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a CDF is a PDF we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a CDF is a PDF we also
+know that any general fact such as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that any general fact such as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that any general fact such as this
+one that applies to unconditional models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that applies to unconditional models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that applies to unconditional models
+will also apply without change to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also apply without change to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also apply without change to a
+conditional model because a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model because a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model because a conditional
+model is just like any other ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is just like any other ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is just like any other ordinary
+probability model so let us now take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model so let us now take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model so let us now take
+derivatives of both sides of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of both sides of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of both sides of this
+equation on the left hand side we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on the left hand side we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on the left hand side we have
+the derivative of a CDF which is a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a CDF which is a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a CDF which is a PDF
+and on the right hand side we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right hand side we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right hand side we have the
+probability of the first scenario and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario and
+then the derivative of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the derivative of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the derivative of the conditional
+CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF
+which has to be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be the same as the
+conditional PDF so we use here the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF so we use here the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF so we use here the fact
+that derivatives of CD f's are PDFs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivatives of CD f's are PDFs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivatives of CD f's are PDFs and
+then we have similar terms under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have similar terms under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have similar terms under the
+different scenarios so we now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios so we now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios so we now have a
+relation between densities to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between densities to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between densities to interpret
+this relation we think as follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation we think as follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation we think as follows the
+probability of falling inside the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of falling inside the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of falling inside the little
+interval around X is determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around X is determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around X is determined by the
+probability of falling inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of falling inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of falling inside that
+little interval under each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interval under each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interval under each one of the
+different scenarios and where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios and where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios and where each
+scenario is weighted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario is weighted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario is weighted by the
+corresponding probability now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probability now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probability now we
+multiply both sides of this equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides of this equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides of this equation by
+X and then integrate over all X's we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then integrate over all X's we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then integrate over all X's we do
+this on the left-hand side and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the left-hand side and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the left-hand side and similarly
+on the right-hand side to obtain a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right-hand side to obtain a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right-hand side to obtain a term
+of this form and we have similar terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form and we have similar terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form and we have similar terms
+corresponding to the other scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the other scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the other scenarios
+what do we have here on the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here on the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here on the left-hand
+side we have the expected value of x on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have the expected value of x on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have the expected value of x on
+the right hand side we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side we have this
+probability multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability multiplied by the
+conditional expectation of x given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of x given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of x given that
+scenario a 1 has occurred and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario a 1 has occurred and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario a 1 has occurred and so we
+obtain a version of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a version of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a version of the total
+expectation theorem it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation theorem it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation theorem it's exactly the
+same formula as we had in the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula as we had in the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula as we had in the discrete
+case except that now X is a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except that now X is a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except that now X is a continuous
+random variable let us now look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable let us now look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable let us now look at a
+simple example that involves a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that involves a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that involves a model
+with different scenarios Bill wakes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different scenarios Bill wakes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different scenarios Bill wakes up
+in the morning and wants to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning and wants to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning and wants to go to the
+supermarket there are two scenarios with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket there are two scenarios with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket there are two scenarios with
+probability 1/3 the first scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/3 the first scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/3 the first scenario
+occurs and under that scenario bill will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and under that scenario bill will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and under that scenario bill will
+go at a time that's uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go at a time that's uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go at a time that's uniformly
+distributed between 0 and 2 hours from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed between 0 and 2 hours from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed between 0 and 2 hours from
+now so the conditional PDF of X in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the conditional PDF of X in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the conditional PDF of X in this
+case is uniform on the interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is uniform on the interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is uniform on the interval from
+zero to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to two
+there's a second scenario that bill will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second scenario that bill will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second scenario that bill will
+take a long nap and will go later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long nap and will go later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long nap and will go later in the
+day that scenario has a probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that scenario has a probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that scenario has a probability of
+2/3 and under that case the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and under that case the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and under that case the conditional
+PDF of X is going to be uniform on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X is going to be uniform on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X is going to be uniform on the
+range between 6 & 8 by the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between 6 & 8 by the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between 6 & 8 by the total
+probability theorem for densities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem for densities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem for densities the
+density of X of the random variable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of X of the random variable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of X of the random variable the
+time at which he goes to the supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at which he goes to the supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at which he goes to the supermarket
+consists of two pieces one piece is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of two pieces one piece is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of two pieces one piece is a
+uniform between 0 & 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform between 0 & 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform between 0 & 2
+this uniform ordinarily would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uniform ordinarily would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uniform ordinarily would have a
+height of 1/2 on the other hand it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of 1/2 on the other hand it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of 1/2 on the other hand it gets
+weighted by the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted by the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted by the corresponding
+probability which is 1/3 so we obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which is 1/3 so we obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which is 1/3 so we obtain a
+piece here that has a height of 1/6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here that has a height of 1/6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here that has a height of 1/6
+under the alternative scenario the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the alternative scenario the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the alternative scenario the
+conditional density is a uniform on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional density is a uniform on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional density is a uniform on the
+interval between 6 & 8 this uniform has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval between 6 & 8 this uniform has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval between 6 & 8 this uniform has
+a height of 1/2 again but it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a height of 1/2 again but it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a height of 1/2 again but it gets
+multiplied by a factor of 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a factor of 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a factor of 2/3
+and this results in a height for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this results in a height for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this results in a height for this
+term that we have here which is 1/3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we have here which is 1/3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we have here which is 1/3 and
+this is the form of the PDF of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the form of the PDF of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the form of the PDF of the time
+and which bill will go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which bill will go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which bill will go to the
+supermarket we can now finally use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket we can now finally use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket we can now finally use the
+total expectation theorem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expectation theorem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expectation theorem the
+conditional expectation under the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation under the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation under the two
+scenarios can be found as follows under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios can be found as follows under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios can be found as follows under
+one scenario we have a uniform between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one scenario we have a uniform between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one scenario we have a uniform between 0
+& 2 and so the conditional expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 2 and so the conditional expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 2 and so the conditional expectation
+is 1 and it gets weighted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and it gets weighted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and it gets weighted by the
+corresponding probability which is 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probability which is 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probability which is 1/3
+under the second scenario which probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the second scenario which probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the second scenario which probably
+which has probability 2/3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has probability 2/3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has probability 2/3 the
+conditional expectation is the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is the midpoint
+of this uniform which is 7 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uniform which is 7 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uniform which is 7 and this
+gives us the expected value of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the expected value of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the expected value of the time
+at which we go so this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which we go so this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which we go so this is a simple
+example but it illustrates nicely how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but it illustrates nicely how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but it illustrates nicely how we
+can construct a model that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a model that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a model that involves a
+number of different scenarios and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different scenarios and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different scenarios and by
+knowing the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the probability distribution
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+one of the scenarios we can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the scenarios we can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the scenarios we can find the
+probability distribution overall and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution overall and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution overall and we
+can also find the expected value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also find the expected value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also find the expected value for the
+overall experiment
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NEsObJTwDXI.txt b/NEsObJTwDXI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9ab835f496d4382c9f495f2b77cf19e364722e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NEsObJTwDXI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay we're ready to go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay we're ready to go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay we're ready to go so
+this will be the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the last
+lecture that I give maybe almost and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I give maybe almost and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I give maybe almost and the
+last one that we'll videotape and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one that we'll videotape and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one that we'll videotape and then
+Monday we start on the presentation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday we start on the presentation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday we start on the presentation and
+we better get rolling on those because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better get rolling on those because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better get rolling on those because
+time will run out on us and uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will run out on us and uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will run out on us and uh I want
+everybody who would like to to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who would like to to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who would like to to have a
+chance to talk about uh work okay can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to talk about uh work okay can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to talk about uh work okay can I
+begin with so I promis to speak about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with so I promis to speak about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with so I promis to speak about
+um uh inverse problems ill pose problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh inverse problems ill pose problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh inverse problems ill pose problems
+uh it's a giant subject and but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a giant subject and but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a giant subject and but there's
+one thing I didn't do one beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I didn't do one beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I didn't do one beautiful
+thing that I didn't do well at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't do well at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't do well at the end
+of the last lecture and and I if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last lecture and and I if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last lecture and and I if you
+don't mind I'd like to go back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind I'd like to go back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind I'd like to go back to that
+because it's this uh it's this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's this uh it's this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's this uh it's this uh
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+in the number one example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number one example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number one example for
+optimization is minimizing is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization is minimizing is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization is minimizing is these
+squares minimizing B minus ax^ s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares minimizing B minus ax^ s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares minimizing B minus ax^ s in
+here's B here are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's B here are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's B here are all the
+AXS think of it as a line but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AXS think of it as a line but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AXS think of it as a line but of course
+it could be a n dimensional Subspace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a n dimensional Subspace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a n dimensional Subspace and
+then this is the winner and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the winner and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the winner and the reason
+it's the winner is that it's a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the winner is that it's a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the winner is that it's a right
+angle it's a true projection and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle it's a true projection and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle it's a true projection and there's
+a second problem which is minimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second problem which is minimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second problem which is minimize this
+thing the distance to W where W lies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the distance to W where W lies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the distance to W where W lies on
+this perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perpendicular
+Direction and of course this closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and of course this closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and of course this closest
+point w to the to the b in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point w to the to the b in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point w to the to the b in this
+direction is there so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is there so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is there so those are the
+actual winners that get the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual winners that get the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual winners that get the little
+stars and at when that when we're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and at when that when we're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and at when that when we're there
+uh the length of this squar plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the length of this squar plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the length of this squar plus the
+length of this squar equals the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this squar equals the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this squar equals the length
+of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+squ Pythagoras we have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ Pythagoras we have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ Pythagoras we have right
+angles and Pythagoras a 2 + B2 = c^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and Pythagoras a 2 + B2 = c^2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and Pythagoras a 2 + B2 = c^2 is
+right but then so what I added at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then so what I added at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then so what I added at the
+just quickly at the end was was the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly at the end was was the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly at the end was was the key
+point about uh suppose I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about uh suppose I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about uh suppose I take
+any allowed ax and any allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any allowed ax and any allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any allowed ax and any allowed
+W then I would expect and I look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W then I would expect and I look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W then I would expect and I look at that
+that distance which is larger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance which is larger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance which is larger than this
+and I look at this distance which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at this distance which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at this distance which is
+larger than this so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than this so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than this so of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+that now I'm not looking at the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I'm not looking at the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I'm not looking at the optimal
+ones but instead instead looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but instead instead looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but instead instead looking at
+these solid line ones and then the B-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solid line ones and then the B-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solid line ones and then the B-
+ax^2 is bigger than it has to be the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax^2 is bigger than it has to be the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax^2 is bigger than it has to be the B
+minus w^2 is bigger so the sum is b^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus w^2 is bigger so the sum is b^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus w^2 is bigger so the sum is b^2
+plus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus another
+term so that's weak Duality that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that's weak Duality that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that's weak Duality that for any
+choice uh some inequality holds since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice uh some inequality holds since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice uh some inequality holds since
+this is never negative another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is never negative another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is never negative another way to
+say weak Duality would be to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say weak Duality would be to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say weak Duality would be to say that
+that that this is always greater or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is always greater or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is always greater or
+equal to but what I didn't throw in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to but what I didn't throw in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to but what I didn't throw in last
+time was there's this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was there's this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was there's this beautiful
+expression for what it what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for what it what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for what it what the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+is this is if you don't have the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is if you don't have the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is if you don't have the optimum
+this is what you miss by and and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you miss by and and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you miss by and and one
+part of the beauty is that that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the beauty is that that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the beauty is that that tells us
+right away how to recognize the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away how to recognize the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away how to recognize the optimum
+Duality holds equality holds without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality holds equality holds without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality holds equality holds without
+this term when this term is zero when B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term when this term is zero when B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term when this term is zero when B
+is equal to ax plus W and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to ax plus W and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to ax plus W and of course
+that's the good dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good dash line
+case uh when you know that Vector plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh when you know that Vector plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh when you know that Vector plus
+that Vector is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector is exactly
+B ax and the W make B that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B ax and the W make B that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B ax and the W make B that those are the
+dash lines that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash lines that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash lines that's that's
+optimal so so somehow the the optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so so somehow the the optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so so somehow the the optimality
+condition is is this one that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is is this one that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is is this one that and it's
+the condition that connects the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that connects the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that connects the two
+problems see here we have a we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems see here we have a we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems see here we have a we had a
+minimization of this W didn't appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization of this W didn't appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization of this W didn't appear in
+the Dual problem we had a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dual problem we had a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dual problem we had a minimum
+minimization of this x didn't appear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization of this x didn't appear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization of this x didn't appear but
+if we when we're when we get both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we when we're when we get both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we when we're when we get both
+problems right then it uh they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right then it uh they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right then it uh they they
+connect and that's the what this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and that's the what this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and that's the what this is the
+step that in my little in my three-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that in my little in my three-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that in my little in my three-step
+framework for Applied math that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for Applied math that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for Applied math that
+dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated
+18085 there was the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 there was the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 there was the X
+there was the B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the B minus
+ax there was the shift over to W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax there was the shift over to W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax there was the shift over to W and
+that so Matrix a entered there a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so Matrix a entered there a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so Matrix a entered there a matrix
+a transpose entered here to to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose entered here to to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose entered here to to give a
+transpose W equals z and it here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W equals z and it here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W equals z and it here's the
+bridge that's the bridge between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge that's the bridge between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge that's the bridge between them
+which in this simple model problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this simple model problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this simple model problem
+is I usually write that bridge with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I usually write that bridge with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I usually write that bridge with a
+physical constant C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical constant C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical constant C
+and in this simple model problem C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this simple model problem C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this simple model problem C was
+one or C was the identity so anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or C was the identity so anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or C was the identity so anyway so
+then this equals this which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this equals this which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this equals this which is our
+optimality condition yeah so so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality condition yeah so so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality condition yeah so so when we
+have that bridge between one problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that bridge between one problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that bridge between one problem and
+the Dual problem uh we've got them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dual problem uh we've got them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dual problem uh we've got them both
+right now so I'm happy to find that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so I'm happy to find that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so I'm happy to find that but
+I have a problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a problem for
+you so you may say where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you may say where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you may say where did
+that identity come from so that's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identity come from so that's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identity come from so that's simply
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+identity and if I and I it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and if I and I it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and if I and I it came from
+just multiplying it out if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying it out if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying it out if I multiply
+out you know take B- ax transpose time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know take B- ax transpose time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know take B- ax transpose time
+B- ax take this transpose times itself B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B- ax take this transpose times itself B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B- ax take this transpose times itself B
+transpose B this transpose this it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B this transpose this it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B this transpose this it works
+they can't terms cancel and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't terms cancel and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't terms cancel and this is
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+now that's got that's a simple identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's got that's a simple identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's got that's a simple identity
+in Geometry so my qu my puzzle for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Geometry so my qu my puzzle for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Geometry so my qu my puzzle for you
+is take this let let me draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take this let let me draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take this let let me draw the
+identity here so okay so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here so okay so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here so okay so here's my
+picture I'm going up to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'm going up to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'm going up to any
+W and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and here's
+B in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in this
+picture and so B minus W is there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and so B minus W is there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and so B minus W is there so
+this is so I have let me this says some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so I have let me this says some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so I have let me this says some
+Vector squ plus that squ equals that squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector squ plus that squ equals that squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector squ plus that squ equals that squ
+plus that squ so now I just have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that squ so now I just have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that squ so now I just have to find
+all those vectors and ask you to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those vectors and ask you to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those vectors and ask you to prove
+it so here's here's let me let me name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here's here's let me let me name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here's here's let me let me name
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+vectors I'm going to uh so here's B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I'm going to uh so here's B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I'm going to uh so here's B
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ax2 right that's B minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax2 right that's B minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax2 right that's B minus a
+x and here's W okay okay uh let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and here's W okay okay uh let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and here's W okay okay uh let me get
+them all right I have to get B in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right I have to get B in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right I have to get B in there
+and here is W here's B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is W here's B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is W here's B minus
+W and here's B B minus ax and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and here's B B minus ax and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and here's B B minus ax and what's the
+fourth one the fourth one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one the fourth one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one the fourth one is this
+mysterious one so I go up B minus ax W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious one so I go up B minus ax W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious one so I go up B minus ax W
+I'll have to put that here here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to put that here here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to put that here here I'm
+going up this same W straight up there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up this same W straight up there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up this same W straight up there's
+the mysterious fourth guy B minus a x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mysterious fourth guy B minus a x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mysterious fourth guy B minus a x -
+W is there and this was the b -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this identity
+holds it's got to be like Pythagoras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds it's got to be like Pythagoras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds it's got to be like Pythagoras
+could have figured it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have figured it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have figured it out
+but how I don't so can I'll just let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how I don't so can I'll just let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how I don't so can I'll just let me
+let me write this let me draw this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this let me draw this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this let me draw this very
+same picture again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same picture again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same picture again
+uh so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's this
+line this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this
+line this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this
+line and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this
+line and let me just call those a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and let me just call those a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and let me just call those a
+b c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c and
+d and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and they
+connect oh let me sorry I have to is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect oh let me sorry I have to is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect oh let me sorry I have to is a
+rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather
+important fact so I want to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact so I want to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact so I want to this
+statement here then says that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here then says that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here then says that a
+s no what does it say uh A2 + c^ 2 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s no what does it say uh A2 + c^ 2 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s no what does it say uh A2 + c^ 2 maybe
+is the first two and this one is b^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first two and this one is b^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first two and this one is b^2 +
+d^2 and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d^2 and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d^2 and and
+why pleas please submit a proof to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why pleas please submit a proof to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why pleas please submit a proof to get
+an A okay uh let me get the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A okay uh let me get the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A okay uh let me get the picture
+right so the this is just dotted lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the this is just dotted lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the this is just dotted lines
+here so that's a rect angle and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's a rect angle and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's a rect angle and there is
+D so I have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so I have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so I have four
+lines from this starting at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines from this starting at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines from this starting at the same
+point two of the lines they they go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two of the lines they they go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two of the lines they they go to
+the corners of a rectangle so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners of a rectangle so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners of a rectangle so it's a
+it's a geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a geometry
+problem which uh struck me early this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which uh struck me early this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which uh struck me early this
+morning very too early this morning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning very too early this morning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning very too early this morning but
+but this is a and it must be uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a and it must be uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a and it must be uh of
+course can't be news to the world but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can't be news to the world but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can't be news to the world but uh
+but I think I've got it right A2 + C2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I've got it right A2 + C2 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I've got it right A2 + C2 =
+B2 + d^2 when these we take any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 + d^2 when these we take any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 + d^2 when these we take any point
+and connect to the four corners of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connect to the four corners of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connect to the four corners of a
+rectangle and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and that
+holds and the question is why and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds and the question is why and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds and the question is why and so uh
+it holds from algebra but somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds from algebra but somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds from algebra but somehow we
+also ought to be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ought to be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ought to be able to get
+it uh out of Pythagoras so as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh out of Pythagoras so as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh out of Pythagoras so as far as I
+know none of these angles you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know none of these angles you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know none of these angles you know this
+is none of these angles are special you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is none of these angles are special you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is none of these angles are special you
+know there that might look equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there that might look equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there that might look equal to that
+or something but it's not uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something but it's not uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something but it's not uh I don't
+think I don't think you know that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't think you know that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't think you know that point
+is off this B point is anywhere it's off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off this B point is anywhere it's off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off this B point is anywhere it's off
+center and here's the rectangle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and here's the rectangle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and here's the rectangle that
+it's connecting to the corners of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connecting to the corners of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connecting to the corners of so
+there you go open problem why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go open problem why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go open problem why is that
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+um and uh I'm sure it is so I'm not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I'm sure it is so I'm not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I'm sure it is so I'm not this
+isn't a wild goose chase but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a wild goose chase but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a wild goose chase but I'm just
+wondering can we find uh what proofs can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering can we find uh what proofs can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering can we find uh what proofs can
+we find for that okay can I leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find for that okay can I leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find for that okay can I leave you
+with that I'll leave that on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I'll leave that on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I'll leave that on the board
+and hope you'll listen to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hope you'll listen to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hope you'll listen to my
+presentation about illp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation about illp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation about illp
+problems uh but uh hope you made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh but uh hope you made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh but uh hope you made it
+copied that little picture and uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied that little picture and uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied that little picture and uh will
+either email me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either email me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either email me
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+uh hard copy or or whatever anyway let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hard copy or or whatever anyway let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hard copy or or whatever anyway let
+me know a good good way to prove it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me know a good good way to prove it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me know a good good way to prove it okay
+now the lecture begins today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the lecture begins today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the lecture begins today's lecture
+begins oh I had one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins oh I had one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins oh I had one other
+comment uh that uh about the um interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment uh that uh about the um interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment uh that uh about the um interior
+Point method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point method for
+with the barrier problem uh I got down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the barrier problem uh I got down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the barrier problem uh I got down
+at the end to uh an equation uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to uh an equation uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to uh an equation uh you
+remember I was taking the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I was taking the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I was taking the the um
+derivative I was solving the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I was solving the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I was solving the barrier
+problem which was minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which was minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which was minimizing
+CX uh minus some multiple of the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CX uh minus some multiple of the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CX uh minus some multiple of the barrier
+log x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+and so I took the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I took the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I took the derivative of this
+quantity and set it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and set it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and set it to
+zero and uh I got uh yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh I got uh yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh I got uh yeah I
+got well I yeah I the derivative respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well I yeah I the derivative respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well I yeah I the derivative respect
+to X gave me the equation C = Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X gave me the equation C = Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X gave me the equation C = Alpha
+overx anyway I kind of lost my nerve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx anyway I kind of lost my nerve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx anyway I kind of lost my nerve but
+all I want to say is this is right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to say is this is right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to say is this is right and
+it leads to the it leads to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to the it leads to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to the it leads to the uh
+Newton's method that that uh we spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's method that that uh we spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's method that that uh we spoke
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+so I won't stay go back to that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't stay go back to that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't stay go back to that all
+right inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems I think part of maybe the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I think part of maybe the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I think part of maybe the best
+thing I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can do
+in one lecture about inverse problems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one lecture about inverse problems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one lecture about inverse problems is
+first of all to get a general picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to get a general picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to get a general picture of
+what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are
+they secondly to mention uh a areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they secondly to mention uh a areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they secondly to mention uh a areas that
+we will all know about where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will all know about where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will all know about where these
+inverse problems enter and then thirdly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse problems enter and then thirdly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse problems enter and then thirdly
+to look a little bit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look a little bit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look a little bit at
+the uh integral equations that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh integral equations that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh integral equations that often
+describe inverse problems inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe inverse problems inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe inverse problems inverse
+problems come from many sources not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems come from many sources not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems come from many sources not only
+integral equations but but integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equations but but integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equations but but integral
+equations are responsible for quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are responsible for quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are responsible for quite a
+few but let's think about others okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few but let's think about others okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few but let's think about others okay so
+so really I'm plan now to list various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples and number one I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and number one I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and number one I've already
+spoken about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocities from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities from
+positions take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative so taking the derivative is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so taking the derivative is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so taking the derivative is a
+process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+makes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger and when we're so when we go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and when we're so when we go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and when we're so when we go the
+other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so the the so the difficulty with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the so the difficulty with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the so the difficulty with the
+problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is
+that a small change in the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a small change in the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a small change in the position
+data may be a very large change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data may be a very large change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data may be a very large change in the
+velocity for example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for example suppose
+suppose the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the position
+is the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct
+position say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position say x
+oft plus some noise term that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oft plus some noise term that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oft plus some noise term that's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small but small in size small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but small in size small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but small in size small in
+amplitude but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but
+not small in derivative maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not small in derivative maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not small in derivative maybe like
+s of T over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of T over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of T over Epsilon
+so that would be a case in which a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a case in which a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a case in which a small
+noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+term in the position so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the position so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the position so this is the
+position has a big effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position has a big effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position has a big effect on the
+derivative and that's why the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and that's why the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and that's why the problem is
+illposed the problem is ill posed be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illposed the problem is ill posed be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illposed the problem is ill posed be and
+it and it goes with our intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it goes with our intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it goes with our intuition that
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+frequency this one over Epsilon down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this one over Epsilon down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this one over Epsilon down
+below is producing a high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below is producing a high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below is producing a high frequency
+oscillation here and of course everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation here and of course everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation here and of course everybody
+under realizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under realizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under realizes the
+velocity for is the correct DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for is the correct DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for is the correct DX
+DT plus the derivative of this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus the derivative of this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus the derivative of this which
+brings out a 1/ Epsilon maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings out a 1/ Epsilon maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings out a 1/ Epsilon maybe it's a
+cosine uh so maybe I should maybe yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine uh so maybe I should maybe yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine uh so maybe I should maybe yeah
+maybe it's a cosine so so the 1 Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a cosine so so the 1 Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a cosine so so the 1 Epsilon
+cancels the Epsilon that's a cosine of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels the Epsilon that's a cosine of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels the Epsilon that's a cosine of T
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was
+small small change in position produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small change in position produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small change in position produced
+an order of one change in the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order of one change in the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order of one change in the velocity
+so if we only know position within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we only know position within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we only know position within
+Epsilon we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon we're in
+trouble and this is exactly the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and this is exactly the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and this is exactly the point of
+illposed problems then our velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illposed problems then our velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illposed problems then our velocity is
+could be that I could make this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that I could make this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that I could make this example
+worse if I increase the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse if I increase the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse if I increase the frequency
+further put an Epsilon squared there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the amplitude would still be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the amplitude would still be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the amplitude would still be small
+but when I take the derivative there'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I take the derivative there'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I take the derivative there'd
+be a one over Epsilon the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a one over Epsilon the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a one over Epsilon the amplitude
+would actually be L very large so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be L very large so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be L very large so I was
+just modest to keep Epsilon and Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just modest to keep Epsilon and Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just modest to keep Epsilon and Epsilon
+there so that they canel each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that they canel each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that they canel each other and
+produced an effect on the derivative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced an effect on the derivative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced an effect on the derivative but
+so that's the problem is how how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the problem is how how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the problem is how how can you
+if you're if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you have
+uh noisy data about position how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh noisy data about position how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh noisy data about position how can you
+get velocity okay so that's like example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get velocity okay so that's like example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get velocity okay so that's like example
+number one but let me um and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one but let me um and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one but let me um and very
+important and actually I have no magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and actually I have no magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and actually I have no magic
+recipe for it uh but let me mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for it uh but let me mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for it uh but let me mention
+other problems like uh that you'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems like uh that you'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems like uh that you'll know
+about like uh well U seismology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh a typical inverse problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a typical inverse problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a typical inverse problem in
+seismology would be uh you know find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seismology would be uh you know find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seismology would be uh you know find
+the find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find the
+densities find Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density say from uh travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times of waves from wave travel time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of waves from wave travel time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of waves from wave travel time
+from wave travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wave travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wave travel
+time which is what you can measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is what you can measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is what you can measure and
+so that's seismology and also of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's seismology and also of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's seismology and also of course
+everybody understands that this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understands that this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understands that this is what
+uh uh oil exploration depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh oil exploration depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh oil exploration depends
+on you you set off a explosion on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you you set off a explosion on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you you set off a explosion on the
+surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the
+Earth uh the wave travels into the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth uh the wave travels into the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth uh the wave travels into the Earth
+and bounces some part of it bounces back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bounces some part of it bounces back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bounces some part of it bounces back
+and and in fact maybe several pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in fact maybe several pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in fact maybe several pieces
+bounce back at different times and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back at different times and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back at different times and from
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+uh uh from those results you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh from those results you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh from those results you have to
+sort of back project to find the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of back project to find the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of back project to find the density
+so back projection is a word that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back projection is a word that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back projection is a word that comes
+into several of these applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into several of these applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into several of these applications of
+course another one would be the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course another one would be the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course another one would be the medical
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um CT scans MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CT scans MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CT scans MRI
+I uh pet all these all these uh ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh pet all these all these uh ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh pet all these all these uh ways
+that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take
+measurements and from those measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and from those measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and from those measurements
+you have to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find the
+density so you looking for density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so you looking for density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so you looking for density of
+tissue because that you hope would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue because that you hope would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue because that you hope would allow
+you to distinguish a tumor from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to distinguish a tumor from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to distinguish a tumor from uh
+normal tissue so that's a giant area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal tissue so that's a giant area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal tissue so that's a giant area of
+applications oh oh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications oh oh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications oh oh another
+one would be uh find the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be uh find the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be uh find the density of the
+earth let's say another way to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth let's say another way to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth let's say another way to find the
+density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the
+earth another bit of information we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have from the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field see that's what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field see that's what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field see that's what we can
+measure the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the effect of
+Gravity the effect of the earth density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity the effect of the earth density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity the effect of the earth density
+is we measure the effect and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we measure the effect and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we measure the effect and we want to
+know the cause that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cause that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cause that's the that's the
+problem and and this reminds me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and and this reminds me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and and this reminds me that
+there is a special lecture coming by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a special lecture coming by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a special lecture coming by
+Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor
+wch uh Carl wch at MIT outstanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wch uh Carl wch at MIT outstanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wch uh Carl wch at MIT outstanding and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+Wednesday May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday May
+10 at at 4:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+somehow and in fact his abstract which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and in fact his abstract which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and in fact his abstract which
+you might see somewhere I can post it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see somewhere I can post it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see somewhere I can post it on
+the on the course website he his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the course website he his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the course website he his
+abstract tells he's solving a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract tells he's solving a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract tells he's solving a very very
+large scale ill posed optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale ill posed optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale ill posed optimization
+problem least squares problem exactly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem least squares problem exactly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem least squares problem exactly I
+madean perfect for this course right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madean perfect for this course right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madean perfect for this course right so
+those are uh those are familiar the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are uh those are familiar the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are uh those are familiar the the
+books I've been looking at just list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I've been looking at just list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I've been looking at just list
+whole lots of examples let me see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lots of examples let me see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lots of examples let me see oh
+scattering should I let me just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering should I let me just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering should I let me just keep
+going here with number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here with number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here with number
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+scattering from scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data find the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obstacle that that's that's responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle that that's that's responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle that that's that's responsible
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+scattering so that's a giant example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so that's a giant example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so that's a giant example
+with many Air Force applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many Air Force applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many Air Force applications and
+many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other
+applications but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but
+uh uh you know we recognize that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know we recognize that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know we recognize that you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+identify uh some object uh by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh some object uh by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh some object uh by by
+scattering by radar data okay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering by radar data okay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering by radar data okay and and
+other scattering data okay uh well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other scattering data okay uh well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other scattering data okay uh well there
+just lots of others lots of others maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lots of others lots of others maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lots of others lots of others maybe
+I'll I don't remember whether yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I don't remember whether yeah oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I don't remember whether yeah oh
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the the general question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the general question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the general question
+of of uh we have we have a llas or Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is the
+Divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+inhomogeneous uh material property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous uh material property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous uh material property
+equals sum f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sum f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sum f ofx
+y okay so what we're usually doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so what we're usually doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so what we're usually doing in
+this course and most courses is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and most courses is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and most courses is the
+direct problem of find you so the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct problem of find you so the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct problem of find you so the direct
+problem is direct problem is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and what's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem the inverse problem is we know U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the inverse problem is we know U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the inverse problem is we know U
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+F and we have to find c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and we have to find c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and we have to find c
+so find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find the
+coefficient so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so the
+the that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well is it how much information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know it may not be instantly clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may not be instantly clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may not be instantly clear
+whether it's possible in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's possible in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's possible in fact it
+probably is not possible and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is not possible and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is not possible and that's what
+makes the problem ill pose yet if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the problem ill pose yet if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the problem ill pose yet if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+enough uh measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh measurements
+and of inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of inputs and
+outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+uh You Could reconstruct the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh You Could reconstruct the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh You Could reconstruct the Matrix
+actually of course person like me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of course person like me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of course person like me is
+going to think about the Matrix question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about the Matrix question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about the Matrix question
+suppose I have suppose I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have suppose I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have suppose I'm looking for
+the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+a so can I call this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so can I call this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so can I call this number
+seven and since it's in Matrix notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and since it's in Matrix notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and since it's in Matrix notation
+it doesn't take much space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually I know the Matrix and I know B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I know the Matrix and I know B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I know the Matrix and I know B
+and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want
+X in the inverse problem I know B and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in the inverse problem I know B and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in the inverse problem I know B and x
+and I want to know the Matrix what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know the Matrix what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know the Matrix what was
+The Matrix that produced it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix that produced it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix that produced it well
+obviously one pair BX is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one pair BX is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one pair BX is not going to be
+enough to produce the Matrix but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to produce the Matrix but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to produce the Matrix but uh
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+will but then if there's noise this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will but then if there's noise this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will but then if there's noise this is
+the point of course that there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of course that there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of course that there's always
+noise so that's what I now have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so that's what I now have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so that's what I now have to deal
+with the the main thing is how to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the main thing is how to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the main thing is how to deal
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+noise in the data noise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the data noise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the data noise in the
+measurements because if the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements because if the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements because if the problem is
+osed we saw even in that simple cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osed we saw even in that simple cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osed we saw even in that simple cooked
+up example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up example that
+uh a small amount of noise could produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a small amount of noise could produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a small amount of noise could produce
+a big difference in the uh in the out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference in the uh in the out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference in the uh in the out in
+the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+okay right so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so those are
+examples now I wanted because math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples now I wanted because math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples now I wanted because math
+courses and this one never mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and this one never mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and this one never mentioned
+integral equations I thought I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equations I thought I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equations I thought I would
+write one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write one on the
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+and these examples fit in this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these examples fit in this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these examples fit in this if I
+describe them mathematically or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them mathematically or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them mathematically or another
+whole list of problems that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole list of problems that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole list of problems that that
+uh I'm seeing in the books on illposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm seeing in the books on illposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm seeing in the books on illposed
+problems very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems very often
+they are integral equations of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are integral equations of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are integral equations of the first
+kind again the direct problem is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind again the direct problem is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind again the direct problem is so the
+I better write it down the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better write it down the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better write it down the direct
+problem we this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known so the direct problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so the direct problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so the direct problem
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K which is a bit like the C over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which is a bit like the C over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which is a bit like the C over here
+uh find the U solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U solve for the unknown U it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U solve for the unknown U it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U solve for the unknown U it's a linear
+problem it's an ax equal B problem only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's an ax equal B problem only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's an ax equal B problem only
+it's in function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in function
+space where and of course the way one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where and of course the way one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where and of course the way one
+way to solve it will be probably the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve it will be probably the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve it will be probably the way
+to solve it numerically will be somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it numerically will be somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it numerically will be somehow
+make it discrete bring it down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it discrete bring it down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it discrete bring it down to a
+matrix problem yeah that's how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix problem yeah that's how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix problem yeah that's how that's
+what we would eventually do uh but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would eventually do uh but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would eventually do uh but this
+in in function space this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in function space this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in function space this integral
+equations were were played a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations were were played a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations were were played a very very
+important historical role in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important historical role in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important historical role in in the
+development of function spaces and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of function spaces and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of function spaces and now
+then the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inverse
+problem would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would be
+given U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given U
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+the X I guess something like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X I guess something like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X I guess something like that that
+would that would be a possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would be a possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would be a possible that
+would be one one possible inverse number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one one possible inverse number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one one possible inverse number
+one okay but just I wanted to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay but just I wanted to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay but just I wanted to make some
+comments on integral equations just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on integral equations just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on integral equations just so
+you would have seen them uh the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have seen them uh the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have seen them uh the integral
+could go up to X or it could go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and volara and Fred Holm are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and volara and Fred Holm are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and volara and Fred Holm are the
+names associated with those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names associated with those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names associated with those two
+possibilities but these are both whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but these are both whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but these are both whether
+voltera or Fred Holm they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera or Fred Holm they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera or Fred Holm they're both
+ill posed they're both ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill posed they're both ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill posed they're both ill
+posed and yeah whereas if I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed and yeah whereas if I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed and yeah whereas if I want to make
+them well posed well we we've seen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well posed well we we've seen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well posed well we we've seen how
+to make a problem well posed I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a problem well posed I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a problem well posed I have this
+operator a which has a terrible inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a which has a terrible inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a which has a terrible inverse
+or no inverse at all and the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no inverse at all and the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no inverse at all and the way I
+improve it is add a little multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it is add a little multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it is add a little multiple of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+identity I I'm supposing that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I I'm supposing that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I I'm supposing that I know
+about a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a that
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+negative that the I its igen values can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that the I its igen values can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that the I its igen values can
+be very very small or zero but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very small or zero but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very small or zero but not
+negative so when I add a little bit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so when I add a little bit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so when I add a little bit it
+pushes the igen values away from zero up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes the igen values away from zero up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes the igen values away from zero up
+at least as far as Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as far as Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as far as Alpha and
+that's over here is if I add in an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's over here is if I add in an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's over here is if I add in an alpha
+U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x
+that's what it does of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does of
+course I've added Alpha times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I've added Alpha times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I've added Alpha times the
+identity operator here and that's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity operator here and that's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity operator here and that's given
+me an equation of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an equation of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an equation of the second
+kind so I I just this those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind so I I just this those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind so I I just this those three
+minutes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes were
+to uh just to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh just to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh just to say something about
+language and to look at an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and to look at an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and to look at an integral
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+almost almost uh something we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost uh something we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost uh something we don't do
+enough of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of
+yeah yeah integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah integral
+equations uh well certain some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh well certain some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh well certain some problems
+on nice domains you can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nice domains you can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nice domains you can turn
+differential equations into integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations into integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations into integral
+equations and it pays off big time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and it pays off big time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and it pays off big time to do
+that uh Professor white in uh e if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Professor white in uh e if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Professor white in uh e if he
+taught a course like this it would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught a course like this it would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught a course like this it would end
+up with half a dozen lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with half a dozen lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with half a dozen lectures on
+integral equations because he's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equations because he's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equations because he's an
+expert in converting the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in converting the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in converting the differential
+equation to an integral equation so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to an integral equation so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to an integral equation so he
+would he would convert ll's equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would he would convert ll's equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would he would convert ll's equation to
+an integral equation and and the greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral equation and and the greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral equation and and the greens
+function would enter and uh but of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would enter and uh but of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would enter and uh but of and
+uh he would solve it there okay so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he would solve it there okay so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he would solve it there okay so those
+are and now how does velocity fit well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and now how does velocity fit well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and now how does velocity fit well
+everybody can see that uh the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see that uh the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see that uh the integral
+of veloc so example the velocity example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of veloc so example the velocity example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of veloc so example the velocity example
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that the integral from 0 to X of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Velocity that's of course integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity that's of course integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity that's of course integral from
+0 to X of or 0 to T maybe would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X of or 0 to T maybe would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X of or 0 to T maybe would be a
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+better uh so suppose velocity is d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh so suppose velocity is d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh so suppose velocity is d d
+position DS DS so it's X of t - x of0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position DS DS so it's X of t - x of0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position DS DS so it's X of t - x of0
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this is
+velocity and in the inverse problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and in the inverse problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and in the inverse problem
+position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is
+known Say by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known Say by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known Say by
+GPS and velocity is unknown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find by GPS so GPS will give you uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find by GPS so GPS will give you uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find by GPS so GPS will give you uh a
+measurement of uh position maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of uh position maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of uh position maybe you
+know something about GPS you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about GPS you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about GPS you know that
+it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it
+uh there are satellites up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are satellites up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are satellites up
+there whose exact position is who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there whose exact position is who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there whose exact position is who know
+whose position is known very exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose position is known very exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose position is known very exactly and
+they have a very very accurate atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a very very accurate atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a very very accurate atomic
+clock on them so the time times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock on them so the time times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock on them so the time times are
+accurately known so they send signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately known so they send signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately known so they send signals
+down to your little $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your little $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your little $100
+receiver which of course has a $10 clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver which of course has a $10 clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver which of course has a $10 clock
+in it so CL so there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so CL so there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so CL so there'll be some
+errors partly due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors partly due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors partly due to the
+clock largely due to the a to the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock largely due to the a to the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock largely due to the a to the poor
+cheap timekeeper you bought but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap timekeeper you bought but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap timekeeper you bought but actually
+the way that the way you get real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the way you get real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the way you get real
+accuracy out of GPS is to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy out of GPS is to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy out of GPS is to have two
+receivers and then you can cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers and then you can cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers and then you can cancel the
+clock errors and uh get you know less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock errors and uh get you know less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock errors and uh get you know less
+than a meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a meter
+accuracy with with if you take account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy with with if you take account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy with with if you take account
+of all the sources of error you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the sources of error you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the sources of error you can get
+it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to
+centimeters but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters but uh
+so GPS is giving you just your single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so GPS is giving you just your single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so GPS is giving you just your single
+receiver is still good enough you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is still good enough you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is still good enough you it's
+measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the
+distances because it know it's measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances because it know it's measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances because it know it's measuring
+the travel times and since the signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travel times and since the signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travel times and since the signal is
+coming with a speed of light that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming with a speed of light that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming with a speed of light that tells
+it the distance from each satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the distance from each satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the distance from each satellite
+right here here's your receiver R here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here here's your receiver R here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here here's your receiver R here's
+satellite number one 2 3 4 up in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite number one 2 3 4 up in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite number one 2 3 4 up in the sky
+and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know
+these distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh but you don't know the time very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you don't know the time very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you don't know the time very
+well so with four satellites I'm able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so with four satellites I'm able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so with four satellites I'm able to
+find the the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the the position of the
+receiver is somewhere in space and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is somewhere in space and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is somewhere in space and some
+moment of time that its clock is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of time that its clock is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of time that its clock is not
+good enough to tell us so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to tell us so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to tell us so we have to
+solve for that so four receivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sending signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending signals
+to I'm sorry four satellites sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm sorry four satellites sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm sorry four satellites sending
+signals to the receiver uh we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals to the receiver uh we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals to the receiver uh we can solve
+those problems solve that problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems solve that problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems solve that problem and
+find the position and time that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the position and time that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the position and time that's that's
+the fundamental idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental idea
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+GPS now of course you get better results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS now of course you get better results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS now of course you get better results
+if there's a fifth receiver a fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a fifth receiver a fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a fifth receiver a fifth
+satellite and a six the more the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite and a six the more the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite and a six the more the better
+and of course then it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course then it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course then it's going to be
+least squares so because you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares so because you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares so because you're still
+looking for four unknowns but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for four unknowns but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for four unknowns but now you
+have six distances pseudo ranges so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six distances pseudo ranges so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six distances pseudo ranges so so
+uh so we would use these squares so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we would use these squares so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we would use these squares so by
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+okay but what about velocity suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what about velocity suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what about velocity suppose
+you're you're receiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're receiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're receiv
+is in uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moving as of course it is if you rent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving as of course it is if you rent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving as of course it is if you rent a
+car that has a GPS uh um installed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that has a GPS uh um installed to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that has a GPS uh um installed to to
+tell you where to uh where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where to uh where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where to uh where to
+turn and of course it has to have a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and of course it has to have a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and of course it has to have a map
+system installed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system installed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system installed that
+uh that it can look up uh for the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that it can look up uh for the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that it can look up uh for the map
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so but we'll need for for many purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we'll need for for many purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we'll need for for many purposes
+you need velocity and and I'm not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need velocity and and I'm not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need velocity and and I'm not an
+expert on that subject at all uh I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on that subject at all uh I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on that subject at all uh I just
+comment that I mean one way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that I mean one way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that I mean one way to get
+velocities is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities is to
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+differences so the velocity as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so the velocity as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so the velocity as we said
+approximately X at t + delta T minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately X at t + delta T minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately X at t + delta T minus X
+or X at T T2 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X at T T2 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X at T T2 let's
+say x at T2 - x at T1 over T2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x at T2 - x at T1 over T2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x at T2 - x at T1 over T2 minus
+T1 but if we want to get the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 but if we want to get the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 but if we want to get the velocity
+near a certain time then these T's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a certain time then these T's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a certain time then these T's that
+better be near that time because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be near that time because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be near that time because the
+velocity is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is changing
+so we better be measuring it at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we better be measuring it at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we better be measuring it at the time
+we're wanting it and then and if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wanting it and then and if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wanting it and then and if these
+if they're very close then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're very close then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're very close then we're
+dividing by a small number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by a small number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by a small number and
+we're blowing we're the difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're blowing we're the difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're blowing we're the difference the
+noise the error in measurements X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise the error in measurements X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise the error in measurements X is
+multiplied by that one one over T2 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that one one over T2 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that one one over T2 one
+over delta T yeah yeah and one way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T yeah yeah and one way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T yeah yeah and one way I
+guess that people one way to avoid it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that people one way to avoid it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that people one way to avoid it is
+to go into the frequency domain so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into the frequency domain so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into the frequency domain so this
+is like an interesting option in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like an interesting option in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like an interesting option in a lot
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+problems can you operate better in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems can you operate better in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems can you operate better in the
+frequency domain of course the osness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain of course the osness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain of course the osness is
+not going to go away it comes as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go away it comes as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go away it comes as we saw
+from high frequency but if we go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high frequency but if we go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high frequency but if we go into
+the frequency domain and if these GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain and if these GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain and if these GPS
+satellites are sending at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites are sending at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites are sending at a certain
+frequency and we move as we move of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and we move as we move of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and we move as we move of
+course Doppler the Doppler effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Doppler the Doppler effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Doppler the Doppler effect of
+course is the fact that that as this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the fact that that as this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the fact that that as this as
+the receiver moves the frequency it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver moves the frequency it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver moves the frequency it
+observes changes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observes changes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observes changes a
+little right just as like the noise of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little right just as like the noise of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little right just as like the noise of a
+train going by is the familiar example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train going by is the familiar example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train going by is the familiar example
+Al so nobody ever sees a train going by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al so nobody ever sees a train going by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al so nobody ever sees a train going by
+anymore but you know it's the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but you know it's the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but you know it's the same idea
+that the the noise or but you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the noise or but you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the noise or but you hear
+traffic go by and so I suppose actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic go by and so I suppose actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic go by and so I suppose actually
+I guess that that how we cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that that how we cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that that how we cross the
+street come to think of it by listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street come to think of it by listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street come to think of it by listening
+to the noise of cars and our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the noise of cars and our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the noise of cars and our little
+internal Doppler says the car is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Doppler says the car is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Doppler says the car is going
+away from us in which case we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from us in which case we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from us in which case we don't
+worry or it says the car is coming fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry or it says the car is coming fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry or it says the car is coming fast
+in which case we're careful or it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we're careful or it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we're careful or it says
+the car is coming slowly and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car is coming slowly and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car is coming slowly and we get
+across first yeah so we we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across first yeah so we we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across first yeah so we we use
+Doppler I don't know exactly how the ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler I don't know exactly how the ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler I don't know exactly how the ear
+how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our
+human uh audio system builds in Doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human uh audio system builds in Doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human uh audio system builds in Doppler
+anyway uh Doppler would be a change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh Doppler would be a change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh Doppler would be a change to
+the frequency domain and a a restatement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain and a a restatement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain and a a restatement
+and perhaps a uh an improvement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps a uh an improvement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps a uh an improvement in the
+in the problem okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem okay so those are
+examples without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples without
+math now here's a small bit of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math now here's a small bit of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math now here's a small bit of math
+that's the Lector ends okay so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Lector ends okay so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Lector ends okay so the only
+math was this was this uh simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math was this was this uh simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math was this was this uh simple example
+okay so I guess I've got one more board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess I've got one more board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess I've got one more board
+over here I'm going to put this geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'm going to put this geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'm going to put this geometry
+problem that you've been thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you've been thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you've been thinking about
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+sight okay okay so what's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight okay okay so what's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight okay okay so what's the the
+key the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key the the key
+uh um is this picking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ticking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticking off
+regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization
+tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick
+there ticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ticking
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+regularization and it's adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha add
+Alpha it's to the least squares problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha it's to the least squares problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha it's to the least squares problem
+and I I noticed just I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I noticed just I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I noticed just I thought it was
+amusing to notice ticking off was Bor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusing to notice ticking off was Bor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusing to notice ticking off was Bor
+born in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1906 so this is a 100 years exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1906 so this is a 100 years exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1906 so this is a 100 years exactly
+since he proposed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since he proposed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since he proposed this
+method it's one of about five methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it's one of about five methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it's one of about five methods
+that the books um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the books um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the books um
+describe and it's the one I'll speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe and it's the one I'll speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe and it's the one I'll speak
+about here at the end I'll just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here at the end I'll just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here at the end I'll just mention
+that one which might come up if if in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one which might come up if if in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one which might come up if if in a
+project possibly uh other methods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project possibly uh other methods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project possibly uh other methods are
+use an iterative method and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an iterative method and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an iterative method and like
+conjugate gradients and stop when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients and stop when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients and stop when you're
+ahead see if you push conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead see if you push conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead see if you push conjugate
+gradients on and on and on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients on and on and on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients on and on and on then
+eventually it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it's going
+to solve your exact ill it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve your exact ill it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve your exact ill it's going to
+have produce your exact illposed Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have produce your exact illposed Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have produce your exact illposed Matrix
+with the big inverse and and unrealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the big inverse and and unrealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the big inverse and and unrealistic
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you stop the same way for an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you stop the same way for an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you stop the same way for an integral
+equation we discretize that so we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we discretize that so we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we discretize that so we get a
+matrix problem which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix problem which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix problem which we can
+solve but is if we refine the mesh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve but is if we refine the mesh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve but is if we refine the mesh so
+that the Matrix gets bigger it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Matrix gets bigger it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Matrix gets bigger it gets
+moreal posed so the closer we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreal posed so the closer we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreal posed so the closer we get the
+closer the discrete problem gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer the discrete problem gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer the discrete problem gets to the
+true integral equation the more sick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true integral equation the more sick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true integral equation the more sick it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so there's some point at which you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some point at which you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some point at which you are
+okay and then if you go too far you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if you go too far you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if you go too far you're
+you're worse off so uh that happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worse off so uh that happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worse off so uh that happens with
+conjugate gradients now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients now what's the
+ticking off idea so the T ticking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticking off idea so the T ticking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticking off idea so the T ticking off
+idea is look at the as you'll know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is look at the as you'll know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is look at the as you'll know it's
+the minimum uh I'll let me oh I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum uh I'll let me oh I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum uh I'll let me oh I'll just
+call it a again ax - b^ 2 + Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a again ax - b^ 2 + Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a again ax - b^ 2 + Alpha
+X2 that that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that that would be the
+simplest penalty term regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest penalty term regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest penalty term regularization
+term so so this this uh this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so so this this uh this leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so so this this uh this leads to
+the normal equation a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal equation a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal equation a transpose
+a plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus Alpha
+I you hat which depends on Alpha equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you hat which depends on Alpha equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you hat which depends on Alpha equals
+B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so u u Alpha is the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so u u Alpha is the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so u u Alpha is the solution to
+that okay now let's let noise come in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now let's let noise come in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now let's let noise come in so
+noise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in
+B noise uh yields uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B noise uh yields uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B noise uh yields uh a
+b Delta say say a a Delta amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b Delta say say a a Delta amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b Delta say say a a Delta amount of
+noise a b Delta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise a b Delta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise a b Delta is the
+measured uh observation see we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh observation see we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh observation see we don't
+know the exact B this is what we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact B this is what we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact B this is what we measure
+and we can suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can suppose
+that the difference the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference the size of the
+noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+is let's say o of Delta so Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say o of Delta so Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say o of Delta so Delta
+measures the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I mean what's my question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean what's my question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean what's my question here
+always the question is what do you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the question is what do you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the question is what do you take
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+Alpha what should that parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha what should that parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha what should that parameter
+be if you take alha a very small or zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you take alha a very small or zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you take alha a very small or zero
+then your problem is ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your problem is ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your problem is ill
+posed and the answer you get is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed and the answer you get is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed and the answer you get is is is
+destroyed by the noise if you take Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the noise if you take Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the noise if you take Alpha
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+large then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then
+you're overriding the real problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're overriding the real problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're overriding the real problem with
+your regular you're over regularizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your regular you're over regularizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your regular you're over regularizing it
+you're over smoothing it so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over smoothing it so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over smoothing it so we don't
+want to take Alpha too large but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take Alpha too large but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take Alpha too large but we
+can't take Alpha too small either and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't take Alpha too small either and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't take Alpha too small either and
+the theory will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory will
+say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+the uh that if we use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh that if we use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh that if we use an
+alpha that so the theory will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that so the theory will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that so the theory will say
+this essentially this it'll say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially this it'll say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially this it'll say that the
+U hat Alpha the difference between U hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U hat Alpha the difference between U hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U hat Alpha the difference between U hat
+Alpha and U hat Alpha with the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and U hat Alpha with the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and U hat Alpha with the noise
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+the you see what I mean by this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you see what I mean by this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you see what I mean by this comes
+from the true be which we don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the true be which we don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the true be which we don't know but
+it's the it's the answer we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the answer we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the answer we would like
+to know this comes from the measured B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know this comes from the measured B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know this comes from the measured B
+with noise in it and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with noise in it and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with noise in it and it turns out that
+this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of
+size Delta over Square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size Delta over Square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size Delta over Square < TK of
+alpha that's a rather neat result it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that's a rather neat result it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that's a rather neat result it
+gives us a guide because we want that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a guide because we want that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a guide because we want that to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and
+the so we're assuming that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so we're assuming that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so we're assuming that we have some
+idea about Delta and and it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about Delta and and it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about Delta and and it tells us
+again that if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that if I take
+Alpha very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha very
+small then I'm not learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then I'm not learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then I'm not learning
+anything if I take so you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if I take so you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if I take so you you see
+actually what we want we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we want we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we want we we we
+need Delta overare Ro TK of alpha to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Delta overare Ro TK of alpha to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Delta overare Ro TK of alpha to go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so that maybe we're reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that maybe we're reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that maybe we're reducing the
+noise maybe we have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise maybe we have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise maybe we have a sequence of
+measurements that gets better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that gets better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that gets better and better
+so Delta goes to zero we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Delta goes to zero we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Delta goes to zero we would like to
+get to the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then but as Delta goes to zero we better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but as Delta goes to zero we better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but as Delta goes to zero we better
+not let Alpha go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let Alpha go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let Alpha go to zero
+faster this is the message here is so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster this is the message here is so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster this is the message here is so I
+I haven't derived this estimate but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't derived this estimate but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't derived this estimate but just
+written the conclusion which is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the conclusion which is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the conclusion which is that as
+the noise goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise goes to
+zero then we we do want that means our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then we we do want that means our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then we we do want that means our
+measurements are getting better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are getting better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are getting better and
+better we do want to let Alpha go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we do want to let Alpha go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we do want to let Alpha go to
+zero but we can't overdo it and a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but we can't overdo it and a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but we can't overdo it and a good
+good choice so a good a good choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good choice so a good a good choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good choice so a good a good choice
+is uh let Alpha be Delta to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let Alpha be Delta to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let Alpha be Delta to the
+2/3 that turns out from this from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 that turns out from this from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 that turns out from this from these
+little estimates to be the best choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little estimates to be the best choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little estimates to be the best choice
+because then square root of alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then square root of alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then square root of alpha is
+Delta to the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to the 1/3
+the this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this this
+then is Delta / Delta to the 1/3 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is Delta / Delta to the 1/3 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is Delta / Delta to the 1/3 this is
+Delta to 2/3 and we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better so it was that's the balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so it was that's the balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so it was that's the balancing
+that's the balance when you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the balance when you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the balance when you take that
+value of alpha uh then as you reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha uh then as you reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha uh then as you reduce the
+noise the error gets reduced in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise the error gets reduced in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise the error gets reduced in the the
+same uh proportion it's not the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh proportion it's not the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh proportion it's not the full
+Delta it's not the full reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta it's not the full reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta it's not the full reduction in
+Delta but the fraction the 2/3 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta but the fraction the 2/3 power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta but the fraction the 2/3 power
+okay so that that board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that board
+summarizes you could say the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes you could say the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes you could say the theory of
+regularization uh and uh uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization uh and uh uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization uh and uh uh there's a
+lot more to say about that theory but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to say about that theory but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to say about that theory but uh
+I think this is perhaps the right point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is perhaps the right point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is perhaps the right point
+to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+applications it it one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it it one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it it one other
+application if I can add one last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application if I can add one last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application if I can add one last one
+because it's quite important is and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's quite important is and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's quite important is and it
+comes up in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in life
+sciences uh when yeah uh so in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences uh when yeah uh so in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences uh when yeah uh so in life
+sciences you might have uh in genomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences you might have uh in genomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences you might have uh in genomics
+you might have a lot of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a lot of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a lot of genes
+acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting
+so so the action of n genes n being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the action of n genes n being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the action of n genes n being
+large produces some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large produces some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large produces some
+expression expression of the genes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression expression of the genes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression expression of the genes and
+it depends on how much of those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on how much of those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on how much of those those
+genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are
+present but what everybody wants to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present but what everybody wants to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present but what everybody wants to know
+is which genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which genes are
+important which genes control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which genes control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which genes control
+the blue or brown eyes or male or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue or brown eyes or male or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue or brown eyes or male or
+female not clear right it's we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female not clear right it's we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female not clear right it's we know we
+have an idea from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea from
+uh from biological experiments where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from biological experiments where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from biological experiments where the
+where the where the important genes lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the important genes lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the important genes lie
+on the whole genome you know where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole genome you know where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole genome you know where where
+to find them and they're chromosomes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find them and they're chromosomes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find them and they're chromosomes but
+but uh this is what we measure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh this is what we measure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh this is what we measure you know
+we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we
+observe male or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe male or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe male or
+female and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and
+we can change genes but we can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can change genes but we can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can change genes but we can't get
+there a lot of genes and they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of genes and they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of genes and they're more
+more than they're more unknowns than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than they're more unknowns than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than they're more unknowns than
+more Dimensions than sample points we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Dimensions than sample points we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Dimensions than sample points we're
+really up against it here and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up against it here and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up against it here and we're
+really up against it because so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up against it because so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up against it because so what's
+going to measure the importance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure the importance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure the importance of a
+gene how important is Gene number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene how important is Gene number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene how important is Gene number
+two well the importance of Gene number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well the importance of Gene number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well the importance of Gene number
+two is is identified by the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is is identified by the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is is identified by the size of the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+derivative that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that that
+quantity if it's big tells me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity if it's big tells me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity if it's big tells me that the
+expression depends strongly on Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression depends strongly on Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression depends strongly on Gene
+number two if it's small it says Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two if it's small it says Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two if it's small it says Gene
+number two can be ignored that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two can be ignored that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two can be ignored that's exactly
+what the Whitehead and Broad institutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Whitehead and Broad institutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Whitehead and Broad institutes
+want to know well for cancer of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know well for cancer of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know well for cancer of course
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+and my only Point here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my only Point here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my only Point here in
+this lecture is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is to
+say that again we're trying to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that again we're trying to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that again we're trying to estimate
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+derivative we're estimating a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we're estimating a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we're estimating a derivative
+from few samples in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from few samples in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from few samples in high
+dimensions and it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and it's certainly
+osed and it certainly has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osed and it certainly has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osed and it certainly has to be
+regularized and it certainly has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularized and it certainly has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularized and it certainly has to be
+studied and solved so uh that's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and solved so uh that's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and solved so uh that's maybe a
+seventh example and with that I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh example and with that I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh example and with that I'll stop
+the the the uh final lecture and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the uh final lecture and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the uh final lecture and just
+bring down one last time this uh this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down one last time this uh this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down one last time this uh this um
+little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of
+geometry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to
+uh give you something interesting to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you something interesting to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you something interesting to do
+for the weekend okay so I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the weekend okay so I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the weekend okay so I'll see you
+Monday then with a talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday then with a talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday then with a talk about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um different methods for solving linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different methods for solving linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different methods for solving linear
+equations and others coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and others coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and others coming
+and uh time is you know the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh time is you know the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh time is you know the semester
+will run out on us so please uh send me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run out on us so please uh send me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run out on us so please uh send me
+emails to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails to
+volunteer and don't think you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer and don't think you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer and don't think you have to be
+perfect if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect if you've got
+transparencies got the topic in mind got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparencies got the topic in mind got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparencies got the topic in mind got
+the question in mind got some numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question in mind got some numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question in mind got some numerical
+results you're ready okay good have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you're ready okay good have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you're ready okay good have a
+good week bye
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NsrNLQ5g978.txt b/NsrNLQ5g978.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64476b433bf75c09ac85821595ace6f3b1a7f345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NsrNLQ5g978.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this uh game this competition we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh game this competition we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh game this competition we will
+be building the conversation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be building the conversation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be building the conversation of what
+will happen if you're trying to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservation yes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation yes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation yes for a
+dinner at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restaurant so we ENT the phone by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant so we ENT the phone by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant so we ENT the phone by
+saying ready ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying ready ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying ready ready
+ready that mean what what is ready in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready that mean what what is ready in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready that mean what what is ready in
+Italian Pronto yes oh right oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go so let's say you're calling and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so let's say you're calling and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so let's say you're calling and then
+the restaurant it says Pronto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restaurant it says Pronto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restaurant it says Pronto
+ready and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready and then they
+say so I say the sentence and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so I say the sentence and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so I say the sentence and then you
+go so let's say that you're calling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so let's say that you're calling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so let's say that you're calling a
+given restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given restaurant
+ready so this is a spelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready so this is a spelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready so this is a spelling
+challenge they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge they
+sayto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you going to give you the sign oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to give you the sign oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to give you the sign oh
+it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+what are they supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+WR do they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WR do they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WR do they write
+Resto right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resto right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resto right
+resturante I did so what do they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resturante I did so what do they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resturante I did so what do they say
+resturante that's restaurant and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resturante that's restaurant and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resturante that's restaurant and then
+the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the
+restaurant to be the name so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant to be the name so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant to be the name so you start
+with that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by that's grandma right yeah Grandma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that's grandma right yeah Grandma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that's grandma right yeah Grandma
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is
+that so good evening I would like to PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so good evening I would like to PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so good evening I would like to PR
+Reser a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go okay just oh Jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay just oh Jesus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay just oh Jesus
+sorry oh but I have punctuation Bona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh but I have punctuation Bona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh but I have punctuation Bona
+ging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ging
+comma the best answer is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay want to say that you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ITA is one word or you can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA is one word or you can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA is one word or you can write it
+separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated
+now here you say Vol Vol is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here you say Vol Vol is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here you say Vol Vol is not very
+kind cuz it's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind cuz it's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind cuz it's like I
+want like I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like then yes both and are correct oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then yes both and are correct oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then yes both and are correct oh
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+okay is more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is more common
+but would be still correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so they ask you if it's fine to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so they ask you if it's fine to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so they ask you if it's fine to sit
+inside close to the window translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside close to the window translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside close to the window translation
+and you say it's okay and then second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say it's okay and then second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say it's okay and then second
+part it's translation from Italian you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+from go oh my God you're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terrible oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible oh my
+God sorry I I already translated it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry and then what was the thing oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and then what was the thing oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and then what was the thing oh
+yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is
+there okay now let's do the last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay now let's do the last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay now let's do the last part of
+the conversation they answer to you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation they answer to you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation they answer to you they
+say yes then you answer oh then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then they ask you at what name you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then they ask you at what name you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then they ask you at what name you
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ven okay so they say uh you they say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ven okay so they say uh you they say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ven okay so they say uh you they say yes
+you say then it's okay they ask you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say then it's okay they ask you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say then it's okay they ask you at
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and
+you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+Ven and then say thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and oh oh somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh oh somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh oh somebody's
+close so they tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+yes let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let me say
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no and your name your last name say V if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and your name your last name say V if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and your name your last name say V if
+I pronounce it with would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V ven V one ven ven Pizza I would atin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V ven V one ven ven Pizza I would atin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V ven V one ven ven Pizza I would atin
+bit it's a little bit longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's a little bit longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's a little bit longer
+so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like
+V try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V you feel the difference vene actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V you feel the difference vene actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V you feel the difference vene actually
+means people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means people from
+Venia right you say venan means I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venia right you say venan means I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venia right you say venan means I come
+from V and then we don't need to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V and then we don't need to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V and then we don't need to write
+it down because you already know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down because you already know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down because you already know how to
+do it last challenge so you finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it last challenge so you finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it last challenge so you finally
+managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and we
+arve write it down because it's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arve write it down because it's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arve write it down because it's a long
+sentence I want you to translate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I want you to translate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I want you to translate it
+from English to Italian I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from English to Italian I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from English to Italian I have a
+reservation for 15 at the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation for 15 at the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation for 15 at the name
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+Al and you can say Al or and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine perfect yay so you know how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine perfect yay so you know how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine perfect yay so you know how to make
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nz1KZXbghj8.txt b/Nz1KZXbghj8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..796952006d34a42dc4d937c88e0a420daecf278d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nz1KZXbghj8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2553 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last
+lecture on sorting.
+
+Yay.
+
+And it's one of the coolest
+lectures on sorting,
+
+I would say.
+
+We're going to talk about
+linear-time sorting, when it's
+
+possible and when
+it's not possible,
+
+and this lecture sort of
+follows the tried and tested
+
+mathematical structure which is
+theorem, proof, counterexample.
+
+So we're going to start
+with a theorem which
+
+is that sorting requires n lg n
+time at least in the worst case
+
+and we're going to then prove
+that in fact, you can get away
+
+with linear time sometimes.
+
+Both of these terms are
+correct, but they're slightly
+
+different models of computation.
+
+Remember models of
+computation from lecture two?
+
+So we're going to talk about a
+new model of computation, which
+
+we've sort of been using
+for most algorithms lately,
+
+called the comparison model.
+
+And it's a model of
+computations that's
+
+really useful for proving
+lower bounds which
+
+we haven't done much of yet.
+
+We're going to prove two
+very simple lower bounds.
+
+One is that searching
+requires lg n time.
+
+This is basically binary
+search is optimal.
+
+And the other is that
+sorting requires n lg n time.
+
+This is that merge
+sort is optimal.
+
+And then we're going to break
+outside of that comparison
+
+model, work in a different
+model of computation, our more
+
+usual RAM model, and show
+that in certain situations,
+
+we can get linear time.
+
+So that's the plan.
+
+Let's start with this
+comparison model.
+
+So the idea in the
+comparison model
+
+is to restrict what
+kind of operations
+
+we can do to be comparisons.
+
+It's very straightforward.
+
+All input items are black
+boxes, you could say,
+
+in that you don't really
+know what they are.
+
+And a formal notion
+of black boxes
+
+is something we talked
+about last class
+
+at the end, abstract data type.
+
+So it's a data
+structure, if you will.
+
+Every item that you're
+given is a data structure.
+
+You want to sort them.
+
+And the data structure
+supports a single operation
+
+which is compared
+to another one.
+
+Only operation allowed-- I guess
+I should say plural actually--
+
+are comparisons.
+
+I'm going to be nice and I'll
+let you do less than, less than
+
+or equal to, greater
+than, whatever.
+
+I guess there's only one other.
+
+Well, there's two more, greater
+than or equal to and equals.
+
+So you can do all the
+usual comparisons.
+
+You get a binary
+answer, yes or no,
+
+and those the only
+operations you're given.
+
+And basically the
+last four lectures
+
+have all been about
+algorithms in this model.
+
+So merge sort, it
+moves items around.
+
+It's changing pointers to
+items, but the only way
+
+it manipulates items
+or evaluates them
+
+is to compare one
+against the other.
+
+Heaps and heaps sort
+also only compare.
+
+Binary search
+trees only compare.
+
+Everything we've been seeing
+so far is about comparisons.
+
+And so all the algorithms we've
+seen so far are in this model
+
+and we're going to prove that
+they are optimal in this model.
+
+That's the plan.
+
+I should also define the
+cost of an algorithm.
+
+Time cost is just going to
+be the number of comparisons.
+
+This is the weird part,
+I guess, of the model.
+
+So in everything we've done so
+far, we've been in, I guess,
+
+pointer machine or
+RAM, either way.
+
+We've been showing binary
+search trees or AVL trees,
+
+you can do order lg n time,
+in the regular notion of time.
+
+But in particular they do
+order lg n comparisons.
+
+And what we're going
+to show on the-- this
+
+is only interesting from a
+lower bound perspective--
+
+we're going to show that even
+if you just count comparisons,
+
+you can do whatever other
+crazy things you want.
+
+You need lg n time to search.
+
+You need n lg n time to sort.
+
+So that's our goal.
+
+So to prove that we're
+going to introduce
+
+the notion of a decision tree.
+
+So the idea is the following: if
+we know that our algorithms are
+
+only comparing items, we
+can actually sort of draw
+
+all the possible things
+that an algorithm could do,
+
+so any comparison algorithm.
+
+So this focusing
+in on comparisons
+
+lets us take a tree perspective
+of what our algorithm does--
+
+all possible comparisons
+and their outcomes
+
+and the resulting answer.
+
+I think this would be
+a lot clearer if we
+
+look at an example--
+binary search,
+
+how you search a
+simple algorithm.
+
+Look at the middle
+compared to the item you're
+
+searching for go
+left or go right.
+
+And our idea-- I
+didn't write it here--
+
+is to look at a
+particular value of n,
+
+n being the size of your
+problem, so binary search,
+
+you're searching among n
+items for another item.
+
+And I'm going to keep it
+simple, n equals three.
+
+I think I'm going to go a little
+wide, use the whole board.
+
+So n equals 3 we've
+got array, say
+
+index turning at zero-- pretty
+simple binary search-- look
+
+in the middle, go
+left or go right.
+
+But I'm going to write out this
+algorithm explicitly to say,
+
+all right, first thing I do
+is compare is A 1 less than x?
+
+That's in all cases,
+no matter what
+
+the array is as long
+as n equals three,
+
+this is the first
+operation you do.
+
+The answer is either yes or no.
+
+If the answer is no, that means
+x is less than or equal to A 1,
+
+so it's to the left.
+
+Then we compare with A 0.
+
+Is A 0 less than x?
+
+Answer is either yes or no.
+
+If the answer is no,
+we're kind of done.
+
+We know that x is over
+here or it might actually
+
+be equal to A 0.
+
+If you want to figure
+out whether it's
+
+equal or less than, there
+will be one more step.
+
+But I'll just stop it here.
+
+We'll say, well in this case,
+x is less than or equal to A 0.
+
+I'm going to put it in
+a box, say that's done
+
+where the circles
+are the decisions.
+
+OK?
+
+If the answer is yes-- there's
+no to this question, yes
+
+to this question-- then you know
+that x falls in between here.
+
+Probably need a
+wider box for this.
+
+So we have A 0 is less than
+x-- that was the yes to this--
+
+and the note of this means that
+x is less than or equal to A 1,
+
+and so we basically
+identified where x fits.
+
+It's in between
+those two values,
+
+possibly equal to this one.
+
+Again, one more comparison,
+you could figure that out.
+
+And then if x is to the right
+of A 1, so this is true,
+
+then we check x against A 2 and
+the answer is either no or yes.
+
+And in the no case-- well I've
+conveniently laid things out
+
+here, it's sequential-- in the
+yes case, x is bigger than A 2
+
+so it's outside the array.
+
+It's to the right.
+
+That's the answer.
+
+Set.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And in the other case, it's
+in between A 1 and A 2.
+
+It's a tedious process to write
+out an algorithm like this
+
+because a binary search-- it's
+not so bad-- but if you tried
+
+to write a sorting
+algorithm out like this
+
+where the answers are
+down the bottom, here's
+
+the sorted order, and all
+the comparisons you do here,
+
+the tree will actually
+be of exponential size.
+
+So you don't actually want
+to represent an algorithm
+
+like this unless you're
+just trying to analyze it.
+
+But it's nice to think
+of an algorithm this way
+
+because you see all possible
+executions all at once.
+
+Let me talk about some
+features of this tree
+
+versus the algorithm.
+
+So every internal
+node-- actually,
+
+I'm going to go over here.
+
+So we have a
+decision tree and we
+
+have an algorithm that
+decision tree represents.
+
+And so when we have an internal
+node in the decision tree,
+
+that corresponds to a binary
+decision in the algorithm.
+
+In this case, we're only
+looking at comparisons.
+
+Slight technical
+detail, decision trees
+
+are a little more
+general than comparisons.
+
+Could be any binary decision
+here and everything I say
+
+will be true about any
+binary decision you make.
+
+Comparisons are the ones
+we kind of care about
+
+because all of our
+algorithms are doing that.
+
+And then a leaf in this tree
+corresponds to-- it stores
+
+or it represents that
+you've found the answer.
+
+Maybe I'll say found.
+
+When the algorithm terminates,
+returns some answer
+
+to the problem, that's
+what we write down here.
+
+Here's where x is in this
+array and, yeah, we're done.
+
+What else do we have?
+
+Here's some puzzles for you.
+
+If I just wanted to look
+at a single execution
+
+of the algorithm, what does
+that correspond to in the tree?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Going from the root
+all the way down to the leaf.
+
+PROFESSOR: Going from
+the root down to a leaf.
+
+This is what I normally call a
+root-to-leaf path, technically
+
+a downward root-to-leaf path.
+
+How about the running
+time of that execution?
+
+How long does it take?
+
+Keep going?
+
+AUDIENCE: Lg n.
+
+PROFESSOR: Lg n in binary
+search, but in general.
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+length of that path.
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+length of that path.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Got to make sure we get n cases
+right but I think it's correct,
+
+so if here is an execution of
+the algorithm, when x happens
+
+to be between A 0 and A 1,
+we do one comparison here,
+
+a second comparison here,
+and then we're done.
+
+So the cost was two and indeed
+the length of this path is two.
+
+So it works out, no
+off-by-one errors.
+
+All right, now
+exciting one for us,
+
+what we care about all
+the time in this class
+
+is worst-case running time.
+
+This is a feature of
+the entire algorithm.
+
+What is the worst-case running
+time of a given decision tree?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The height of the
+root, the height of the tree.
+
+PROFESSOR: The height
+of the root also called
+
+the height of the tree.
+
+Yep.
+
+Or the depth of the
+deepest leaf, whatever.
+
+So in this case all the
+leaves have the same level,
+
+but in general we care
+about the overall height.
+
+How many levels in
+this tree are there?
+
+It's the number of levels
+minus one, technically.
+
+But the length of
+longest root-to-leaf path
+
+is the definition of height.
+
+Here it's two.
+
+In general we know for
+binary search it's lg n,
+
+but given an arbitrary
+decision tree,
+
+we just have to figure out
+what the height of the tree
+
+is and we'll figure out the
+worst-case running time.
+
+So this is why decision
+trees are interesting.
+
+Not because it means they're
+pretty I guess, but the reason
+
+they're going to be useful is we
+have this kind of hard question
+
+which is how much time do
+you need to solve a problem?
+
+And we're translating
+it into how low can you
+
+make your tree, which is a
+problem we know a lot about.
+
+Trees are pretty simple.
+
+These are binary trees.
+
+They're rooted, and so we
+know lots of good things.
+
+So let's prove
+some lower bounds.
+
+So I claim that for
+searching-- maybe I
+
+should define the problem
+a little more formally--
+
+I want to claim a
+lg n lower bound.
+
+So let's say for searching
+I have n preprocessed items.
+
+Then finding a given item among
+them in the comparison model,
+
+so all you're allowed to do are
+compare items and other stuff,
+
+but the only things you're
+allowed to do with the items
+
+is compare them.
+
+Requires omega lg n
+comparisons in the worst case.
+
+It's kind of tedious to
+write down these theorems,
+
+but for our first
+lower bounds, I
+
+thought I'd be super explicit.
+
+I mentioned here that the
+items are preprocessed
+
+to mean you could do whatever
+you want the items ahead
+
+of time, that's for free.
+
+So I can sort them
+in particular,
+
+which lets me do binary search.
+
+I could build them into an AVL
+tree, could do lots of things,
+
+but no matter what I do to find
+another item takes lg n time.
+
+Can someone tell me why?
+
+Who doesn't have the lecture
+notes right in front them,
+
+that would make it easy.
+
+This is a little
+more interesting,
+
+but we had all the tools
+at our disposal now.
+
+We want to show that
+this at least lg n.
+
+Why?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+have a no or yes, right?
+
+So it's--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: --omega lg n tree.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+At each step, we only
+have a no or yes.
+
+That's a binary tree.
+
+So that makes you think lg n.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's possible,
+it could be lg n.
+
+PROFESSOR: Maximum actually
+could be arbitrarily large.
+
+You could do a linear search
+and the height will be m.
+
+We care about the
+minimum of course.
+
+Why does it have to be-- why
+does the height of a tree
+
+have to be at least lg n?
+
+There's one more
+thing we need to say.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The tree has
+to contain all possible--
+
+PROFESSOR: Because the
+tree has to contain
+
+all possible--
+answers, let's say.
+
+Yeah, exactly.
+
+I think that's worth a pillow.
+
+See if I can do this-- oh!
+
+Ouch.
+
+I knew it was only
+a matter of time.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I'll pay you later.
+
+Damages.
+
+At least I didn't hit
+a laptop or something.
+
+All right, so decision
+tree is binary--
+
+that was the first
+thing-- and it
+
+must have at least n
+leaves, one for each answer.
+
+At least.
+
+Now, at the leaf you have
+to know what the answer is,
+
+but there may be many leaves
+that have the same answer.
+
+That's possible.
+
+And indeed that will happen
+not for binary search
+
+but typical algorithm.
+
+There's multiple paths
+to get the same answer,
+
+so there may be
+more leaves than n.
+
+And in fact, if you want to
+know this kind of thing, where
+
+x fits in this perspective,
+there's n plus 1 answers.
+
+If you want to know
+is it equal or is
+
+it strictly between two things
+there's 2n plus 1 answers.
+
+But in all cases, there's
+at least n answers
+
+and that's all I need.
+
+In particular there's--
+say x exactly matches one
+
+of the given items--
+there's n items--
+
+so you need to have
+at least n leaves.
+
+Maybe have more, I don't care.
+
+But it I have a binary tree
+with at least n leaves,
+
+the height has to
+be at least lg n.
+
+We're done.
+
+The height is the
+worst-case running time.
+
+Super, super easy proof.
+
+So easy, it's never been
+taught in 006 before.
+
+But I think it's a good warm
+up for the next one which
+
+is sorting.
+
+Sorting is really
+the same thing.
+
+It's not going to be any harder
+except that it's a little more
+
+math but really not much more.
+
+So now we know-- we just
+proved two useful facts--
+
+one is that binary search is
+optimal in a comparison model,
+
+the other is that binary search
+trees are actually a good way
+
+to solve a problem.
+
+If your goal is to solve search
+and all you're allowed to do
+
+is comparisons, then
+you need lg n time.
+
+And so the search or next larger
+or next smaller, predecessor,
+
+successor, in
+binary search trees
+
+need to take at least lg n time.
+
+No matter how you do it,
+even if you don't use a tree.
+
+So this justifies why binary
+search trees are interesting,
+
+because again the
+comparison model, that's
+
+the best you can hope to do.
+
+So that's comforting.
+
+That's why I like lower bounds
+and theoretical computer
+
+science in general because
+you know when you're done,
+
+at least in a given model.
+
+Whenever-- we're
+never actually done,
+
+because we can always
+change the model.
+
+At least we understand the
+limitations of comparisons.
+
+So for sorting, we claim
+a lower bound of n lg n.
+
+You've heard n lg
+n a zillion times.
+
+You probably know this
+is true, but now we
+
+actually get to
+prove that it's true.
+
+So we just follow
+the same strategy.
+
+Decision tree is binary.
+
+The question is how many
+leaves does it have to have?
+
+So for sorting-- I didn't
+draw up an example--
+
+I'm not going to draw
+an example of sorting
+
+because the trees get ginormous.
+
+Right?
+
+Because of the depth is n
+log n, the height is n log n,
+
+then there's binary
+branching everywhere.
+
+That's a lot of nodes.
+
+Two to the n lg n is big.
+
+More than two to
+the n even, so it's
+
+hard to draw a picture
+even for n equals 3.
+
+You can do it.
+
+People have done it.
+
+I don't want to.
+
+I'm lazy.
+
+But the internal nodes
+look just the same.
+
+You're comparing two
+items, A I verses
+
+A J. I'll just draw
+the generic version.
+
+You have A I less than
+A J, question mark.
+
+And then you'll
+have a no and a yes.
+
+So that's what a typical
+comparison looks like.
+
+Swaps don't appear
+here, because we're just
+
+looking at the comparisons.
+
+And then when you get
+down to a leaf, a leaf--
+
+this is the interesting part--
+the leaf will look like this.
+
+Well I took the original
+A 5 and that turned out
+
+to be the smallest element.
+
+Then-- maybe I'll
+write it this way--
+
+then I have A 7, that turned
+out to be the next smallest
+
+element, then A 1
+then A 0, whatever.
+
+Hey, right at the end, somehow
+you know the sorted order
+
+and you can just write it down.
+
+We're not charging for this.
+
+We're only charging
+for comparisons.
+
+So however, maybe
+you've done swaps,
+
+in the end you know
+what the final order is
+
+and so you just write it down.
+
+And your goal is to make enough
+comparisons that you figure out
+
+what the sorted order is.
+
+We claim the number
+of comparisons
+
+here has to be at least n lg n.
+
+OK, why?
+
+Because the decision tree is
+binary and the number of leaves
+
+has to be at least the
+number of possible answers.
+
+Could be more because
+each answer could appear
+
+in several leaves
+and it probably will
+
+in a typical sorting algorithm.
+
+And how many possible
+answers are there?
+
+Batter?
+
+AUDIENCE: n factorial.
+
+PROFESSOR: n factorial,
+number of permutations.
+
+This is a permutation
+of the input sequence
+
+and if all the items
+you're given are distinct,
+
+there will be n factorial
+permutations of them.
+
+So that's the worst case.
+
+So n factorial.
+
+Now the tricky part
+is the algebra.
+
+Say, oh, well then
+the height is at least
+
+lg base 2 of n
+factorial-- lg base 2
+
+because it's a binary tree.
+
+You can put a parentheses
+here if you want,
+
+they're not necessary.
+
+So now I want to claim
+that this is n lg n.
+
+How do I do that?
+
+Maybe you just know?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: We can either use
+Stirling's approximation
+
+or we could write it
+out as a sum [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Wow, cool.
+
+All right, you could either
+use Stirling's approximation
+
+or write it out as a sum.
+
+I've never done it with it sum.
+
+Let's do that, that
+sounds like fun.
+
+So, right?
+
+I like that because you
+know Stirling's-- it's like
+
+you've got to know Stirling
+and that's kind of annoying.
+
+What if you don't know Sterling?
+
+But we all know the
+definition of factorial.
+
+I mean, we learned
+in grade school
+
+just because it's fun, right?
+
+Oh, I guess we-- I mean we
+did because we're geeks.
+
+And then we know the lg of our
+product is the sum of the lg's.
+
+So this is lg n plus lg n
+minus 1 plus lg 2 plus lg 1.
+
+I think at this
+point it's easier
+
+to use summation
+notation, so sum of lg i.
+
+OK now we've got to do sum,
+this is 1 to n I guess.
+
+Now we need to know something
+about lg's, so it's not
+
+so easy.
+
+It's easy to show-- I mean,
+certainly this is at most n lg
+
+n, but we need show that
+it's at least n lg n.
+
+That's a little trickier.
+
+I happen to know it's true.
+
+But I'd know it even
+in the summation form
+
+because I know that lg-- lg
+looks like this basically,
+
+and so if you're
+adding up, you're
+
+taking the area under
+this curve right?
+
+Oh, look at these integrals.
+
+Oh, integrals.
+
+Brings back memories.
+
+This is discrete math class,
+though, continuous stuff.
+
+So you're adding up all
+these numbers, right?
+
+This is lg i over all the
+i's and basically all of them
+
+have the same length.
+
+Like if you look at
+the last half, that
+
+would be one way to prove it.
+
+Ah, it's fun, haven't done
+summations in so long.
+
+Good stuff. [? IS042 ?] material
+but applied to algorithms
+
+and in algorithms it's fun
+because you could throw away
+
+constant factors
+and life is good.
+
+We don't need exact
+answers really.
+
+You can find an exact
+answer, but let's say
+
+you look at the last half.
+
+Those are all going
+to be basically lg n.
+
+You can prove that.
+
+So this is going to be
+at least the sum where
+
+i equals n over 2 n of lg i.
+
+Here I just throw away the
+first out of our two terms.
+
+And this is going to be at
+least sum i equals n over 2
+
+to n of lg n over 2.
+
+Each of these terms is
+bigger than lg n over 2
+
+so if I just say, well,
+they're all lg n over 2 that's
+
+going to give me
+something even smaller.
+
+Now the lg n over 2,
+that's just lg n minus 1.
+
+I love this.
+
+It's going to give
+the right answer even.
+
+So that's an equals and so
+this equals n lg n minus n.
+
+That summation I can do.
+
+All the terms are the
+same, sorry n over 2.
+
+Not quite what I wanted.
+
+Close enough.
+
+Sorry there is
+only n over 2 terms
+
+here, ignoring
+floors and ceilings.
+
+So I get n lg n divided by 2.
+
+This is omega n lg n
+because this n term
+
+is smaller than n lg n.
+
+So this one dominates.
+
+Doesn't matter if this one's
+negative, because it's smaller.
+
+This is omega n lg n.
+
+We're done.
+
+Sorting is omega n lg n.
+
+Very easy.
+
+Who said summations?
+
+All right.
+
+Why don't you come
+collect a pillow,
+
+I'm not going to throw that far.
+
+Afterwards.
+
+OK.
+
+That's one way to do it.
+
+Another way to do
+it, if you happen
+
+to know Stirling's formula
+for n factorial-- n factorial
+
+is about n over e to the n
+times square root of 2 pi n.
+
+Right?
+
+If you do Taylor series
+approximation of n factorial,
+
+the first term, which is the
+most important term for us
+
+because as the
+asymptotically dominating
+
+term is square root of 2 pi
+n times n over e to the n.
+
+Hope I got that right.
+
+Yeah, clearly I've
+been studying.
+
+You take lg's of that and
+you do the same thing of lg
+
+of a product is sum of
+the lg's and you end up
+
+with-- the right answer is
+actually n lg n minus order n.
+
+So I was off by a
+factor of 2 here.
+
+The linear term--
+it does appear,
+
+but it's smaller than this
+and this is also omega n lg n.
+
+If you don't care about
+constants, it doesn't matter.
+
+If you care about constants,
+the constant is 1.
+
+Kind of nice.
+
+Easy to prove a one half.
+
+And if you look at the lecture
+notes it works through that.
+
+But I think we've seen
+enough of that lower bound.
+
+And that's the end of
+our lower bound topic.
+
+Any questions on that?
+
+So it's really easy.
+
+Once you set up this framework
+of comparison trees and now
+
+it becomes just a question
+of the height of a comparison
+
+tree.
+
+Comparison trees are binary.
+
+Just count how many leaves
+do you have to have,
+
+take lg of that and you
+get a lower bound of that.
+
+AUDIENCE: What is meant
+by n preprocessed items?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+For searching I was trying
+to be careful and say, well,
+
+if I have n preprocessed items.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It means you can
+do whatever the heck you want.
+
+So here's the model.
+
+I give you n items.
+
+You can do all pairwise
+comparisons between those items
+
+for free and then I
+give you a new item
+
+and then I start
+charging for comparisons.
+
+So another way to
+say it is I only
+
+charge between for comparisons
+between x and the other items.
+
+And even then you need lg n.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+case for sorting, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: With sorting
+they were not preprocessed.
+
+Yeah, I didn't
+write the theorem.
+
+It's just sorting and given
+items, no preprocessing.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if there
+were preprocessing?
+
+PROFESSOR: If they
+were preprocessed,
+
+you'd be done in
+zero comparisons.
+
+Yeah, exactly.
+
+This theorem is also true
+if I remove preprocessed,
+
+but in fact then
+you need n time.
+
+Unfortunately this
+proof technique
+
+will only prove a
+lower bound of log n,
+
+because even if these items
+were not preprocessed, then
+
+you have to do linear
+search basically.
+
+So if you don't know
+anything about the items,
+
+you need linear time.
+
+But this proof will only
+prove a lower bound of log n.
+
+So this technique,
+while cool and simple,
+
+does not always give
+you the right answer.
+
+It just gives you a lower bound.
+
+May not be the right lower
+bound, may not be tight.
+
+So searching always requires lg
+n time and what's interesting
+
+is it requires it even when
+you preprocess the items.
+
+Sorting, if you haven't
+preprocessed the items,
+
+then it takes n lg n.
+
+Clear?
+
+Good.
+
+Now we get to the algorithms
+part of the lecture, always
+
+the most fun.
+
+The moments you've
+been waiting for.
+
+Let me erase comparison trees.
+
+Henceforth and I mean not
+only this lecture, but also
+
+the next three lectures
+which are about hashing,
+
+we will not be in
+the comparison model
+
+because for comparison
+model, we're done.
+
+We solved search, we solved
+sorting, n lg n three ways.
+
+I mean, how much more can we do?
+
+So it's time to
+bump it up a notch,
+
+increase our model power.
+
+We've talked about the RAM
+in particular, Random Access
+
+Machine, where
+memory is in array,
+
+you can access anything in
+the array in constant time.
+
+We're going to use that power of
+the RAM to sort in linear time,
+
+sometimes.
+
+A more appropriate title for
+this section of this lecture
+
+would be integer sorting.
+
+OK, so far we've been
+talking about comparison
+
+sorting where the items you're
+given-- the only thing you
+
+know about them is that you can
+compare them in constant time.
+
+But now we're going to
+think about the situation
+
+where the things that
+you're sorting are integers.
+
+That's a big assumption but it's
+a practical assumption a lot
+
+of the time.
+
+If you're not sorting integers
+you can map whatever the heck
+
+you're sorting into integers.
+
+And usually it's
+already been done
+
+because you're representing
+it on a computer.
+
+You've already represented your
+thing is an integer of sorts.
+
+Bad pun.
+
+This is an assumption.
+
+So we assume-- going to
+be a little more precise.
+
+The keys you're
+sorting are integers.
+
+There's still-- I'm going
+to put a little n here,
+
+remember there's n keys.
+
+I'm also going to assume
+that they're in some range.
+
+And for convenience, I'm going
+to assume that they're all
+
+non-negative-- it's not hard
+to deal with negative numbers,
+
+but it's just
+convenient to think
+
+about non-negative numbers.
+
+So if you start at zero,
+there's some maximum value,
+
+say k minus 1.
+
+So there's k different
+values they could be.
+
+K could be anything.
+
+It's a parameter.
+
+We've always had
+n as a parameter,
+
+now we're going to also
+have k as a parameter.
+
+And just for completeness--
+and each fits in a word.
+
+Remember the machine
+word of your RAM machine?
+
+Words were the
+things that we could
+
+manipulate in constant time.
+
+Now this is a very
+reasonable assumption
+
+because we've been
+assuming so far
+
+you can compare two keys
+to items in constant time.
+
+To get that for
+integers, you need
+
+to assume that your integers
+are fitting in words.
+
+We usually don't
+state this assumption,
+
+but I thought I'd throw
+it in just for kicks.
+
+So we've got a
+bunch of integers,
+
+each one fits in a word.
+
+I could compare them,
+that takes constant time,
+
+or I could add them or subtract
+them or multiply them or divide
+
+them or do whatever
+the heck I want.
+
+It turns out you can do a
+lot more than comparisons
+
+and it turns out
+this will help us.
+
+I don't know if I want to
+tell you the answer here.
+
+For k-- not too big-- you
+can sort in linear time.
+
+Believe it or not, this
+topic, integer sorting,
+
+is still a major
+area of research.
+
+People are still trying
+to solve this problem.
+
+One conjecture is that
+even in all cases,
+
+you can sort in
+linear time given
+
+any integers that fit in words.
+
+This is not yet solved.
+
+Best algorithm is n
+times square root lg lg
+
+n with high probability.
+
+So it's almost-- almost n.
+
+It's a lot better than n lg n.
+
+I'll just write that for fun
+case you can't parse in words.
+
+This is the best
+algorithms to date.
+
+I would conjecture you can do
+linear time in all situations.
+
+We're not going to
+cover this algorithm.
+
+That's a little beyond us.
+
+It's in advanced algorithms
+if you're interested, 6854.
+
+But we're going to show that
+for a lot of cases of interest
+
+when k is not
+ginormous, it's really
+
+easy to sort in linear time.
+
+All right?
+
+And our first algorithm to
+achieve this is counting sort.
+
+Counting sort does not
+make any comparisons.
+
+It only does other stuff.
+
+And it's going to depend on n.
+
+It's going to depend on k.
+
+We'll get some running times not
+bad as long as k is not giant.
+
+So as the name might
+suggest, what you
+
+do is count all the items.
+
+So imagine I give you a bunch
+of keys like 3, 5 7, 5, 5, 3, 6,
+
+whatever.
+
+I'd like to run
+through this array
+
+and say, ah, I see there
+are two 3's and there
+
+are three 5's and there's one 6,
+and one 7, so how do I sort it?
+
+I'd like to say, well
+3 is smallest key
+
+and there's two of them, so
+I'll write two 3's, then there's
+
+three 5's so I'll write three
+5's, and then there's a 6
+
+and then there's a 7.
+
+That's the intuition.
+
+Now how do I-- how I do
+that with an algorithm?
+
+Suggestions?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Allocate an array
+of memory, which
+
+is my counters-- I'm
+going to count each k.
+
+I need an array of
+size k because there
+
+are k possible keys.
+
+Convenient those two terms
+start with the same letter.
+
+And then I'll just--
+whenever I see
+
+an-- I'm going to run
+through the items in order,
+
+when I see an item, I say,
+OK, well that's key 3.
+
+I will look at index 3 of this
+array, increment that counter.
+
+Then I see 5,
+increment that counter.
+
+I see 7, I see 5, I
+see 5, and by the end,
+
+I'll know that there are three
+5's and two 3's and so on.
+
+That's how I count.
+
+And then how do
+output the items?
+
+You want to keep going?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, just
+traverse the array
+
+of counters and the
+array is already
+
+written in order by key,
+so it's really easy.
+
+I mean I could draw this array
+for you if you like at 0, 1,
+
+2 3.
+
+Here's the 3 position, it
+ends up with the value 2.
+
+And if I just go through, a lot
+of these will have 0's in them,
+
+just skip those.
+
+When I find a
+non-zero entry, just
+
+write-- oh, that means there's
+two 3's there, so I write 3, 3.
+
+OK, that algorithm
+would work but I'm not
+
+going to even write it down,
+not even going to dignify it,
+
+because all it does
+is sort integers.
+
+But there's a
+subtlety here which
+
+we're going to need in a moment,
+which is why I stress it,
+
+that really we have n items.
+
+Each of them has a key, but
+it might have other stuff
+
+too that we'd like to
+bring along for the ride.
+
+We'll see why we care
+about that in a moment.
+
+But it's also a
+typical situation,
+
+like you have a spreadsheet and
+you click sort by this column.
+
+Well every row has a
+whole bunch of data
+
+but you're only trying to
+sort by one of those fields,
+
+that one column.
+
+And that one field
+may be an integer,
+
+but there's all this other
+stuff you'd like to bring along.
+
+And when you say, oh,
+there are two 3's,
+
+you know there's this
+3, which you know maybe
+
+has a cloud around it.
+
+There's this 3 which maybe
+has a heart around it.
+
+That's about the limit
+of my drawing abilities.
+
+And now say, oh, there
+are two 3's but which 3?
+
+Should the cloud go first,
+should the heart go first?
+
+I mean I don't care
+which goes first,
+
+maybe-- I do, actually--
+but I will in a moment.
+
+That's another topic.
+
+But I'd like to bring
+that cloud somewhere.
+
+I want to put the
+cloud somewhere,
+
+want to put the heart somewhere.
+
+All right, so here's
+a way to do all that.
+
+Basically the same algorithm
+but I'm just going to use lists.
+
+Still have an array of k
+things but no longer counters,
+
+now lists.
+
+They could be linked lists,
+they could be python lists.
+
+It won't matter for my purposes.
+
+And then I'll say for j
+and range of n-- that'd
+
+be super pythonic here-- I
+want to look at the list who's
+
+at index a of j
+and append a of j.
+
+And then the output is going
+to be an empty list initially.
+
+And then I iterate through the
+array their k values for that,
+
+and I just say output,
+extend, list i.
+
+OK.
+
+This is counting sort or a
+version of counting sort.
+
+In your textbook, you'll find
+a different version which
+
+does not use lists, So it's
+probably more practical
+
+because it uses no data
+structures whatsoever
+
+except three arrays.
+
+But it runs in the
+same amount of time
+
+and this is a lot easier
+I think to think about.
+
+This is more modern
+perspective, if you well.
+
+For every item, if
+you'd look at them
+
+in the given order
+of your array,
+
+you see what it's key value is.
+
+Maybe that's not exactly
+the same as the item,
+
+so it could be key
+of x is just x.
+
+But you know in python
+sort, for example,
+
+you're given a key function.
+
+So you take that key value.
+
+The key is guaranteed to
+be an integer between 0
+
+and k minus 1, so you look at
+the list, that numbered list,
+
+and you just add this
+item to the list.
+
+OK.
+
+But the item is
+not just the key,
+
+it's everything-- whatever
+that data structure is--
+
+and then you just go through the
+list and you concatenate them.
+
+OK.
+
+How long does this take?
+
+How long does this step take?
+
+N?
+
+Nope.
+
+Constant?
+
+Nope.
+
+OK.
+
+Look at all the actions.
+
+It's order k time.
+
+To create an empty list
+takes constant time.
+
+They're k of them.
+
+OK?
+
+How long does this step
+take, just the append?
+
+Constant?
+
+Good.
+
+Remember, append is constant
+time from the Python model
+
+or your favorite
+model, anything.
+
+We're assuming the key
+takes constant time
+
+because that's the word,
+so that's an assumption,
+
+but in the normal assumption.
+
+So total time here is order n.
+
+And this thing, well this
+takes basically the length
+
+of Li time.
+
+And so when you add
+it up, maybe plus 1--
+
+because to look at an
+empty list you still
+
+need to look at it--
+so you add it up
+
+and you get order sum of all
+the Li's is all the items.
+
+And then you get plus
+1 for each of them,
+
+so you get n plus k. n
+plus k is the running
+
+time of this algorithm.
+
+Add those up.
+
+OK, so counting sort
+is order n plus k.
+
+So if k happens to be order
+n, this is linear time.
+
+But as soon as it's a little
+bit bigger, you're in trouble.
+
+So counting sort's
+a good warm up,
+
+but it's not ultimately
+what we want.
+
+And a much cooler algorithm
+is called radix sort.
+
+It's going to use counting
+sort as the subroutine, which
+
+is why spent all this time
+on a mediocre algorithm.
+
+And it's going to get a
+much larger range of k
+
+and it will still
+be linear time.
+
+I'll tell you the answer.
+
+K can be polynomial in n.
+
+So like if all your integers
+are between 0 and n to the 100,
+
+you can sort them
+in n lg n time.
+
+That's a lot bigger.
+
+It's not just like 10 n.
+
+I mean you could do 10 n here
+as well with counting sort.
+
+And it's not just like n lg
+n, but they can go all the way
+
+to n to the 100,
+still be linear time.
+
+So that's what we're
+going to achieve.
+
+The idea of radix
+sort is simple.
+
+It's actually kind of the
+Excel spreadsheet approach.
+
+We're going to imagine
+we want to break
+
+each integer into
+a bunch of columns.
+
+How do we do that?
+
+Well, the way we normally
+write down numbers,
+
+except not necessarily in
+decimal, in some arbitrary base
+
+b.
+
+So I say, oh, an
+integer in base b.
+
+Well then there's the
+least significant digit
+
+and then the next
+one and the next one
+
+and the next one, some
+sequence of digits.
+
+And if I know that the
+maximum value is k,
+
+I know that the
+number of digits,
+
+which I'm going to call--
+for each number which I'm
+
+going to call d, is just lg
+base b of k plus one, whatever.
+
+We've got to be
+super precise here
+
+because if I'm in base b then
+that's what lg is, right?
+
+So normally we
+think of lg base 2
+
+because we're writing
+things in binary.
+
+Computer scientists
+normally think that way.
+
+And fine, so now we
+decomposed our integer.
+
+I'm not going to actually
+compute this base
+
+b representation, because
+it would take a long time.
+
+I'd have to spend n times
+lg k time to do that.
+
+I don't want to do that.
+
+OK, but just
+imagine it that way.
+
+And then the
+algorithm as follows,
+
+sort the integers, all of them,
+by the least significant digit.
+
+Sort by the next least
+significant digit.
+
+Dot, dot, dot, sort by the
+most significant digit.
+
+So there are d iterations
+here, for d digits.
+
+Sort all the integers by
+the least significant,
+
+all the integers by
+the next, and so on.
+
+It's like in your-- this is
+a useful technique in Excel,
+
+if you want to sort
+by several columns--
+
+or your favorite spreadsheet,
+doesn't have to be Excel,
+
+sorry-- you click on the least
+significant column first,
+
+and then click on all the other
+columns in increasing order,
+
+you will sort by all
+of them, it turns out.
+
+It's kind of magical
+that this works.
+
+I don't have a ton of
+time for an example.
+
+Let me first analyze
+the algorithm.
+
+We'll see if we have
+time for an example.
+
+So there are d
+digits-- oh, and I'm
+
+going to sort each of these
+sorts of using counting sort.
+
+This is I guess sort by
+digit using counting sort.
+
+So how long does it
+take to sort using
+
+counting sort in this setting?
+
+Normally, it's n plus k.
+
+Here it is, n plus b.
+
+Good.
+
+Because all of our digits
+are between 0 and b minus 1.
+
+So we're just sorting by digit.
+
+Now here is where we're
+using this idea of a key.
+
+When we say key, I
+wanted our integers.
+
+What we do is compute
+the digit we care about.
+
+So if we're in this
+step, the key function
+
+will be compute the least
+significant digit, which
+
+is like taking it mod
+b to compute the most
+
+significant digits like dividing
+by b to the power of d minus 1
+
+or so.
+
+OK but it's a constant.
+
+You do one divide and one
+mod, the constant number
+
+of operations.
+
+You can extract the
+digit in constant time.
+
+So the key function is constant
+time and so this works.
+
+We don't have to actually
+write them all down,
+
+just compute them
+as we need them.
+
+Cool I guess we could
+compute them ahead of time.
+
+It's not a big deal.
+
+Fine.
+
+So that's each digit.
+
+So the total time
+is just that times
+
+d because we have d steps.
+
+So it's n plus b times d.
+
+Now d was that lg
+thing, lg base b of n.
+
+I have this b.
+
+What should be b?
+
+You gotta love the
+English language.
+
+What should I choose
+b to be, or not to be?
+
+That's the question.
+
+Any suggestions?
+
+I want to minimize this, right?
+
+I want minimum running time.
+
+So I'd like b to kind of
+large to make this base large.
+
+Sorry, this is not n, this is k.
+
+I copied that wrong
+out of excitement.
+
+Just copying this over.
+
+OK, I'd like b to
+be large, but I
+
+don't want it to be so
+large because I don't want
+
+it to be bigger than n so
+what should I set b to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: N.
+
+PROFESSOR: N, good choice.
+
+It's a good trick
+whenever you have
+
+a sum of things you
+want to minimize,
+
+usually it's when they're equal.
+
+Occasionally it's the extreme
+like when b is 0 or something.
+
+B as 0 not a good plan.
+
+Base 0 is pretty slow.
+
+So if I set-- I'll
+write it here--
+
+you can prove it with a
+derivative or whatever.
+
+This is going to
+be minimized when
+
+b is-- I'll be vague-- theta n.
+
+So then it's going to come
+out to n times lg base n of k.
+
+And lo and behold, when
+k is polynomial in n,
+
+it's k to some constant,
+then that will be linear.
+
+So let me write that.
+
+If k equals n to the c, or
+say is at most n to the c,
+
+then this is going to
+be order n times c.
+
+So if your integers
+are reasonably small,
+
+you get a linear time
+sorting algorithm.
+
+And reasonably small means
+polynomial in n, in value.
+
+That's kind of cool.
+
+That's radix sort.
+
+And we're out of time.
+
+There's an example
+in the textbook
+
+or in the notes how this works.
+
+You could prove it by
+a simple induction.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/O6yw1qkECig.txt b/O6yw1qkECig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4da67c5d3b53a7444794be635e020a0959ffc21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/O6yw1qkECig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+For this problem, we are going to make use
+of this simple datapath that consists of a
+
+four register register file, a relatively
+simple arithmetic logic unit that can perform
+
+ADD, SUB, MUL, and NAND operations.
+In addition, it can compare two inputs and
+
+determine whether or not they are equal.
+The result of the comparison, Z, can then
+
+be used to control what happens next.
+There are multiple control signals in this
+
+datapath.
+The first two are Asel and Bsel.
+
+These are used to select which register drives
+the corresponding multiplexer output.
+
+The value stored in the register selected
+by Asel becomes the A input to the arithmetic
+
+operations and is passed to the arithmetic
+units along the red wire.
+
+The value stored in the register selected
+by Bsel becomes the B input to the arithmetic
+
+operations and is passed to the arithmetic
+units along the blue wire.
+
+The next control signal is Opsel.
+It selects which of the four operation outputs
+
+should be selected by the Opsel multiplexer
+as the result of our operation.
+
+This result is fed back to the register file
+along the purple wire.
+
+The Wen is a write enable for the register
+file which specifies whether or not the result
+
+of our operation should be written back into
+the register file.
+
+If it is supposed to be written back to the
+register file, then the Wsel control signal
+
+selects to which of the registers the result
+should be written.
+
+The yellow box is the control FSM.
+It generates the control signals for the rest
+
+of the datapath based on the operations that
+you want to perform.
+
+Suppose the initial value of our 4 registers
+is:
+
+R0 = 1, R1 = 0, R2 = -1, and R3 = N.
+We want to evaluate the result of the function
+
+3 * N – 2 and store the result into R3.
+Our job is to design the control FSM so that
+
+it produces the correct signals to achieve
+what we want.
+
+To help us get started, here is an incomplete
+listing of the code that will achieve what
+
+we want.
+The Sx labels are the names of the states
+
+corresponding to each instruction in our program.
+Our first job is to figure out the values
+
+of RX, RY, and RZ so that our code behaves
+as expected.
+
+Let's begin by looking at state S0.
+We want to end up with the value -2 in R2
+
+by adding R2 which currently holds -1 to some
+register.
+
+In order to produce -2, we need to add -1
+which means that RX = R2.
+
+Next, we look at state S1.
+Here we want to end up with the value 2 in
+
+R1 by adding Ry to R0 which currently holds
+a 1.
+
+In order to produce 2, we need to add 1 which
+means RY = R0.
+
+State S2 adds R0 to R1 and stores the result
+in R1.
+
+Since R0 still equals 1 and R1 = 2, then we
+produce R1 = 3.
+
+Now, let's look at state S3.
+Our goal is to multiply 3*N and store the
+
+result into R3.
+To achieve this, we multiply RZ by R3 and
+
+store the result in R3.
+Since R3 currently = N, that means that we
+
+want to multiply it by R1 which equals 3.
+So RZ = R1.
+
+Finally, we add R3 and R2 to produce 3*N-2
+and store that result back into R3.
+
+S5 just executes a HALT() instruction to indicate
+that we are done.
+
+Now that we have working code, our next goal
+is to determine the settings for the control
+
+FSM that will make the correct operations
+be executed by our datapath.
+
+Since we have 6 states, we will need 3 state
+bits to encode the value of the current and
+
+next state.
+We begin with state S0.
+
+In order to encode that we are in state zero
+using 3 bits, we set our current state, S[2:0]
+
+to 000.
+In this operation we don't care about the
+
+Z signal, so Z = X which means don't care.
+The instruction that we want to execute after
+
+this first ADD, is the next ADD in state S1.
+This means that our next state is 001.
+
+Note that the notation S' is often used to
+represent the next state.
+
+Our register select signals each need to select
+one of 4 registers.
+
+This means that these signals must each be
+2 bits wide.
+
+Our Asel control signal identifies the register
+that should be used as input A.
+
+This register is R2, so Asel is 10.
+Bsel identifies the second source operand.
+
+In this case it is also R2, so Bsel = 10 as
+well.
+
+The Opsel signal identifies which operation
+we want to perform.
+
+Since we have 4 distinct operations, we would
+need two bits to distinguish amongst them
+
+and we would make each operation be associated
+with one of the 4 encodings.
+
+For simplicity, let's just label Opsel as
+ADD to indicate that we selected the encoding
+
+for the ADD.
+The register we want to write our result to,
+
+also known as the destination register, is
+R2 for this operation.
+
+This means that Wsel = 10 and Wen = 1.
+Wen is a signal that enables writing to the
+
+register file.
+If it is set to 0, then regardless of the
+
+value of Wsel, no value will be written into
+the register file.
+
+Now let's quickly run through the rest of
+our instructions.
+
+Our current state is state S1, or 001.
+Once again Z is a don't care.
+
+Since the instruction that will be executed
+next is the one in S2, our next state is 010.
+
+Our Asel = 00 and Bsel = 00.
+Opsel = ADD and Wsel = 01 and Wen = 1.
+
+State 2 follows the same model, so current
+state is 010 and next state is 011.
+
+Here Asel = 00, Bsel = 01 and Wsel = 01 and
+Wen = 1.
+
+Once again our Opsel is an ADD.
+We move on to state 3 whose current state
+
+is 011 and next state is 100.
+Asel = 01, Bsel = 11, Wsel = 11, and Wen = 1.
+
+Here our Opsel is MUL to indicate that the
+operation to be executed here is a multiply.
+
+For state four, we have current state set
+to 100 and next state to 101.
+
+Asel = 11, Bsel = 10, Wsel = 11, and Wen = 1.
+Our Opsel is once again ADD.
+
+Finally, we reach state 5.
+This state looks a little different from the
+
+previous states so lets examine it a little
+more closely.
+
+The first thing to note, is that when we get
+to state 5 we want to stay there because we
+
+are done with our execution, so both the current
+state and the next state are 101.
+
+Most of the other control bits can be set
+to don't care because at this point we mostly
+
+don't care about what the rest of the datapath
+is doing.
+
+The only other signal that we do need to worry
+about is Wen.
+
+Since we are allowing the rest of our datapath
+to run in whatever way, we need to ensure
+
+that nothing produced on the datapath at this
+stage gets written back to any of the registers.
+
+In order to guarantee that, we set Wen = 0.
+Here is the complete control ROM that will
+
+execute the function 3*N-2 and store its result
+into R3.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OBHUrAFLQW8.txt b/OBHUrAFLQW8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97553f06b061d94490e07f09162b953e56ec6aeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OBHUrAFLQW8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8225 which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8225 which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8225 which is also
+sts042 uh physics in the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sts042 uh physics in the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sts042 uh physics in the 20th century
+um let me start by asking just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me start by asking just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me start by asking just quickly
+is there any logistical questions uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any logistical questions uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any logistical questions uh any
+any kind of course structure other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of course structure other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of course structure other
+questions like that we can try to clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like that we can try to clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like that we can try to clear
+up quickly and then we'll jump into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up quickly and then we'll jump into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up quickly and then we'll jump into the
+first main lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first main lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first main lecture
+uh in general it's good to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general it's good to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general it's good to do the
+readings at least to skim the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings at least to skim the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings at least to skim the more
+technical readings before the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical readings before the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical readings before the the
+assigned class so for today that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned class so for today that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned class so for today that was a
+brief excerpt from Maxwell's Treatise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief excerpt from Maxwell's Treatise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief excerpt from Maxwell's Treatise
+and electricity magnetism for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electricity magnetism for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electricity magnetism for example at
+a chapter from Bruce Hunt's book on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chapter from Bruce Hunt's book on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chapter from Bruce Hunt's book on the
+maximalians so in general would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalians so in general would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalians so in general would be
+helpful if you keep up if students keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if you keep up if students keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if you keep up if students keep
+up with the readings because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the readings because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the readings because it's just
+going to snowball otherwise some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to snowball otherwise some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to snowball otherwise some of the
+readings as you probably have noted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings as you probably have noted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings as you probably have noted uh
+with the maximum particular are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the maximum particular are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the maximum particular are pretty
+um they're not exactly a page turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're not exactly a page turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're not exactly a page turning
+novel right like what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel right like what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel right like what's going on with
+that so I'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm going to be talking about
+what Maxwell thought he was doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Maxwell thought he was doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Maxwell thought he was doing what
+some of Maxwell's contemporaries how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of Maxwell's contemporaries how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of Maxwell's contemporaries how
+they read that book in today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they read that book in today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they read that book in today's lecture
+so for that as a so today might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that as a so today might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that as a so today might
+hopefully we'll exemplify the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we'll exemplify the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we'll exemplify the kind of
+kind of use to make of readings like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of use to make of readings like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of use to make of readings like
+that as we go through the kind of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we go through the kind of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we go through the kind of first
+worked example with Maxwell today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked example with Maxwell today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked example with Maxwell today
+um other readings as you'll see like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other readings as you'll see like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other readings as you'll see like the
+chapter from Bruce hunt for this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter from Bruce hunt for this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter from Bruce hunt for this week
+are by uh physicists or historians or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are by uh physicists or historians or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are by uh physicists or historians or
+sociologists or other more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists or other more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists or other more recent
+Scholars trying to help us make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars trying to help us make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars trying to help us make sense of
+that older work and for those I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that older work and for those I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that older work and for those I think it
+does make sense to read them a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make sense to read them a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make sense to read them a bit more
+um closely what's the actual argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um closely what's the actual argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um closely what's the actual argument
+the author is making what are the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author is making what are the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author is making what are the kinds
+of evidence does the author bring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence does the author bring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence does the author bring to
+bear because we'll work on together over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear because we'll work on together over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear because we'll work on together over
+the course of semester is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of semester is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of semester is actually
+working on your own written essays your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on your own written essays your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on your own written essays your
+own analyzes where you will be will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own analyzes where you will be will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own analyzes where you will be will help
+you will build up toward it but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will build up toward it but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will build up toward it but you'll
+be working on articulating an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working on articulating an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working on articulating an argument
+defending that argument evidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending that argument evidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending that argument evidence and
+examples from various sources so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from various sources so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from various sources so those
+uh the readings we would call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the readings we would call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the readings we would call it
+secondary source readings by historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary source readings by historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary source readings by historians
+or more recent physicists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more recent physicists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more recent physicists or
+philosophers or sociologists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers or sociologists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers or sociologists or
+journalist or whomever those are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist or whomever those are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist or whomever those are more
+like the kinds of writings we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kinds of writings we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kinds of writings we're going
+to try to do ourselves over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do ourselves over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do ourselves over the course
+of term so I'd recommend plus I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of term so I'd recommend plus I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of term so I'd recommend plus I think
+hopefully they're interesting I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they're interesting I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they're interesting I've
+chosen you know very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen you know very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen you know very carefully
+so I do recommend you try to read those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do recommend you try to read those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do recommend you try to read those
+a bit differently let's say than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit differently let's say than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit differently let's say than
+something like skimming over Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like skimming over Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like skimming over Maxwell's
+Treatise which might look both pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treatise which might look both pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treatise which might look both pretty
+bland and weird and a little unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bland and weird and a little unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bland and weird and a little unusual
+given how we do things today so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given how we do things today so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given how we do things today so there
+are kind of different ways to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of different ways to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of different ways to read the
+different kinds of sources and like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of sources and like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of sources and like I
+said hopefully today we'll actually give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hopefully today we'll actually give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hopefully today we'll actually give
+a bit of an example of that as we talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of an example of that as we talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of an example of that as we talk a
+little bit about that Maxwell reading uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that Maxwell reading uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that Maxwell reading uh
+throughout today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout today
+so that's the plan and if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the plan and if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the plan and if there's no
+other questions I think we'll just Jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions I think we'll just Jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions I think we'll just Jump
+Right In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right In
+so I'm going to go ahead and share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go ahead and share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go ahead and share
+screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and hopefully you can see that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you can see that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you can see that first
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So today we're going to start our kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're going to start our kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're going to start our kind
+of Journey in Earnest we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Journey in Earnest we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Journey in Earnest we're going to
+turn the clock back about 200 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the clock back about 200 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the clock back about 200 years
+and talk about some of the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about some of the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about some of the leading
+natural philosophers and the leading uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophers and the leading uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophers and the leading uh
+people who are trying to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are trying to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are trying to understand the
+physical world and what did they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world and what did they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world and what did they think
+their job was what were the settings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job was what were the settings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job was what were the settings in
+which they did it what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they did it what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they did it what were the
+conceptual tools they brought to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual tools they brought to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual tools they brought to bear
+and we'll always be asking ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll always be asking ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll always be asking ourselves
+what looks kind of similar and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks kind of similar and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks kind of similar and what
+looks really really unfamiliar from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really really unfamiliar from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really really unfamiliar from our
+vantage point today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the discussion today has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the discussion today has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the discussion today has three
+main sections we have a brief kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main sections we have a brief kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main sections we have a brief kind of
+warm-up on physics then and now just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up on physics then and now just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up on physics then and now just to
+try to prep us to put our minds back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prep us to put our minds back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prep us to put our minds back
+into the world of the early 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of the early 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of the early 19th century
+then we'll spend a bit of time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll spend a bit of time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll spend a bit of time talking
+about Michael Faraday who was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Michael Faraday who was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Michael Faraday who was one of the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+widely celebrated scientists or natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely celebrated scientists or natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely celebrated scientists or natural
+philosophers of his day and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers of his day and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers of his day and we'll see
+some of the things that he introduced uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that he introduced uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that he introduced uh
+during his rather unusual career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during his rather unusual career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during his rather unusual career
+and then the last maintenance section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last maintenance section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last maintenance section
+for today we'll talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today we'll talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today we'll talk about some of the
+folks who are a bit younger than Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who are a bit younger than Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who are a bit younger than Faraday
+who kind of took up his mantle who tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who kind of took up his mantle who tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who kind of took up his mantle who tried
+to continue his line of work but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue his line of work but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue his line of work but again
+using some some different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some some different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some some different kinds of
+techniques and tools uh in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and tools uh in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and tools uh in this case
+William Thompson and James Clark Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Thompson and James Clark Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Thompson and James Clark Maxwell
+so that's our our kind of goal for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our our kind of goal for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our our kind of goal for today
+so let's just pause and remember that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just pause and remember that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just pause and remember that we
+are entering a kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entering a kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entering a kind of you know
+imaginary Time Capsule and going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary Time Capsule and going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary Time Capsule and going back
+you know about 200 years to start so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about 200 years to start so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about 200 years to start so the
+assumptions that we might bring in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we might bring in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we might bring in as
+physics students as MIT students more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics students as MIT students more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics students as MIT students more
+generally about how the world Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about how the world Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about how the world Works
+about what the job of a physicist is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the job of a physicist is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the job of a physicist is and
+so on those won't map on perfectly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on those won't map on perfectly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on those won't map on perfectly well
+to some of these earlier folks when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these earlier folks when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these earlier folks when you
+start talking about and I really I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about and I really I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about and I really I find
+that that's part of what's so fun for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's part of what's so fun for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's part of what's so fun for me
+about working in the history science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about working in the history science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about working in the history science is
+exactly those moments where things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly those moments where things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly those moments where things don't
+look so familiar as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so familiar as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so familiar as well as the
+continuities we can trace over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuities we can trace over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuities we can trace over time
+so one of the biggest questions we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the biggest questions we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the biggest questions we might
+ask about physics today is what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about physics today is what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about physics today is what what's
+the world made of what do we think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world made of what do we think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world made of what do we think as
+modern day scientists are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern day scientists are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern day scientists are the basic
+building blocks out of which the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks out of which the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks out of which the world
+is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made
+if we were to conduct uh you know a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to conduct uh you know a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to conduct uh you know a a
+survey of most working physicists at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of most working physicists at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of most working physicists at MIT
+or really anywhere around the world at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or really anywhere around the world at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or really anywhere around the world at
+this point we'd get an answer along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we'd get an answer along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we'd get an answer along
+these lines we would hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines we would hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines we would hear about
+something called the standard model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the standard model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the standard model of
+particle physics which is amazing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics which is amazing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics which is amazing and
+we'll actually talk a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually talk a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually talk a bit about the
+standard model later in this semester it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model later in this semester it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model later in this semester it
+describes the world as made up of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the world as made up of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the world as made up of a very
+small number of fundamental entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of fundamental entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of fundamental entities
+Elementary particles like the quarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles like the quarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles like the quarks and
+electrons and Tau mesons and neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and Tau mesons and neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and Tau mesons and neutrinos
+and even the long elusive Higgs boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the long elusive Higgs boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the long elusive Higgs boson
+there's a collection not a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a collection not a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a collection not a very big
+collection of stuff out of which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of stuff out of which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of stuff out of which we
+think literally everything else is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think literally everything else is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think literally everything else is made
+we hear the physicists today talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hear the physicists today talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hear the physicists today talk about
+the tools that have been developed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools that have been developed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools that have been developed to
+try to study the interactions of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to study the interactions of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to study the interactions of those
+Elementary bits of matter how different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary bits of matter how different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary bits of matter how different
+particles can interact with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can interact with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can interact with each other
+can scatter off each other can transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scatter off each other can transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scatter off each other can transmit
+the fundamental forces of nature by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental forces of nature by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental forces of nature by
+exchanging certain kinds of particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging certain kinds of particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging certain kinds of particles in
+a vacuum depending on which physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum depending on which physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum depending on which physicists
+we ask we might get an earful maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask we might get an earful maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask we might get an earful maybe more
+than we invited saying that actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we invited saying that actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we invited saying that actually all
+those particles of themselves really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles of themselves really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles of themselves really
+only the kind of um the efflorescence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the kind of um the efflorescence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the kind of um the efflorescence of
+more fundamental entities called strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fundamental entities called strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fundamental entities called strings
+that live in some abstract space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live in some abstract space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live in some abstract space the
+point is we're going to get an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we're going to get an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we're going to get an answer
+like this about basically particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this about basically particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this about basically particles
+exchanging particles in the vacuum now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging particles in the vacuum now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging particles in the vacuum now
+if we were to build our time machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to build our time machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to build our time machine
+which I sincerely hope we can complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I sincerely hope we can complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I sincerely hope we can complete
+soon and we go back you know a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon and we go back you know a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon and we go back you know a hundred
+or a little in 200 years to say talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a little in 200 years to say talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a little in 200 years to say talk
+with uh leading natural researchers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh leading natural researchers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh leading natural researchers in
+Britain and we told them this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and we told them this answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and we told them this answer
+that physicists today said the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physicists today said the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physicists today said the world is
+made of particles exchanging particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of particles exchanging particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of particles exchanging particles
+in a vacuum they would have thought we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vacuum they would have thought we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vacuum they would have thought we
+were really not with it I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really not with it I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really not with it I like to think
+they would have shouted bollocks or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have shouted bollocks or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have shouted bollocks or at
+least something maybe more colorful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least something maybe more colorful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least something maybe more colorful
+every single part of this moderate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single part of this moderate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single part of this moderate
+answer would have looked extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer would have looked extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer would have looked extraordinarily
+wrong-headed to the people that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong-headed to the people that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong-headed to the people that were
+going to spend some time uh reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend some time uh reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend some time uh reading
+about and talking about at the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and talking about at the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and talking about at the start of
+this term and why is that important I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and why is that important I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and why is that important I
+mean if we if we did this exercise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if we if we did this exercise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if we if we did this exercise with
+the ancient Mayans or the medieval Turks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ancient Mayans or the medieval Turks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ancient Mayans or the medieval Turks
+or or the or the Renaissance French we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or the or the Renaissance French we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or the or the Renaissance French we'd
+also expect some disagreement what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also expect some disagreement what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also expect some disagreement what I
+like about this is that we're turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about this is that we're turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about this is that we're turning
+the clock back not so far compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock back not so far compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock back not so far compared to
+the present day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present day
+and yet we already see a huge Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we already see a huge Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we already see a huge Divergence
+in the answers as we'll see throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the answers as we'll see throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the answers as we'll see throughout
+today and actually the first several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and actually the first several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and actually the first several
+class sessions for the term we use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class sessions for the term we use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class sessions for the term we use their
+equations we still use you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we still use you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we still use you know
+Maxwell's equations for example and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations for example and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations for example and a
+lot of the ideas that Michael Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the ideas that Michael Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the ideas that Michael Faraday
+introduced and yet what they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced and yet what they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced and yet what they thought
+those equations meant what they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations meant what they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations meant what they thought
+they were describing about how the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were describing about how the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were describing about how the world
+is made up are almost uh you know 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up are almost uh you know 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up are almost uh you know 180
+degrees opposite from how we start our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees opposite from how we start our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees opposite from how we start our
+investigations today so even though some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations today so even though some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations today so even though some
+parts have remained the same going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts have remained the same going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts have remained the same going over
+these 150 or 200 years to the Past what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 150 or 200 years to the Past what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 150 or 200 years to the Past what
+we make how we make sense of those ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make how we make sense of those ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make how we make sense of those ideas
+or those techniques have gone through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or those techniques have gone through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or those techniques have gone through a
+really quite amazing change so why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite amazing change so why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite amazing change so why do we
+think the world is made of that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the world is made of that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the world is made of that's not a
+kind of static set of answers and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of static set of answers and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of static set of answers and we see
+pretty dramatic change even over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic change even over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic change even over a
+relatively short span of History
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short span of History
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short span of History
+there's another kind of shift that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of shift that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of shift that we
+want to get our heads into a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get our heads into a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get our heads into a kind of
+attune ourselves to as well and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attune ourselves to as well and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attune ourselves to as well and that
+concerns who pursues the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns who pursues the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns who pursues the study of
+physics and in what kinds of settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and in what kinds of settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and in what kinds of settings
+what institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what institutions
+so during the the first half of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during the the first half of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during the the first half of the 19th
+century we'll start this class people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century we'll start this class people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century we'll start this class people
+who worked on what we would call physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who worked on what we would call physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who worked on what we would call physics
+electricity magnetism Optics other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism Optics other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism Optics other
+phenomena heat they also worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena heat they also worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena heat they also worked on
+things that we would call not physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we would call not physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we would call not physics
+like chemistry or mathematics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chemistry or mathematics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chemistry or mathematics or
+astronomy physiology even beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy physiology even beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy physiology even beyond that
+for them this was all kind of one field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them this was all kind of one field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them this was all kind of one field
+of study it was often grouped under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study it was often grouped under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study it was often grouped under the
+term natural philosophy rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term natural philosophy rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term natural philosophy rather than
+physics or chemistry or mathematics per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or chemistry or mathematics per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or chemistry or mathematics per
+se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se
+in fact the term for person who studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the term for person who studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the term for person who studied
+these things in English the term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in English the term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in English the term we
+would call scientists was actually only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call scientists was actually only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call scientists was actually only
+invented in 1834. it's remarkably new as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1834. it's remarkably new as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1834. it's remarkably new as
+far as the English language goes it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as the English language goes it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as the English language goes it was
+invented after some of the developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented after some of the developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented after some of the developments
+we'll actually start talking about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually start talking about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually start talking about today
+so even having the job description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even having the job description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even having the job description
+scientist or the title is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist or the title is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist or the title is actually
+relatively new and what these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new and what these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new and what these particular
+kinds of scientists that we would Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of scientists that we would Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of scientists that we would Now
+call physicists what they thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call physicists what they thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call physicists what they thought they
+should do again some pretty broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do again some pretty broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do again some pretty broad
+changes compared to what we're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes compared to what we're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes compared to what we're used to
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+not only do they think their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do they think their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do they think their job
+description was different than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description was different than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description was different than what we
+might imagine for ourselves but where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine for ourselves but where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine for ourselves but where
+they did the work and what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did the work and what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did the work and what kinds of
+settings or institutions that was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings or institutions that was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings or institutions that was also
+pretty different merely 200 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty different merely 200 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty different merely 200 years ago
+let alone much further back in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone much further back in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone much further back in human
+history so a lot of stuff we'll start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so a lot of stuff we'll start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so a lot of stuff we'll start by
+talking about today was not done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today was not done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today was not done in
+schools or universities they were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools or universities they were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools or universities they were done
+in separate institutes or academies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in separate institutes or academies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in separate institutes or academies and
+the key thing is these were not places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is these were not places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is these were not places
+where students took classes to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students took classes to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students took classes to get
+degrees there was a kind of separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees there was a kind of separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees there was a kind of separation
+between kind of learning institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between kind of learning institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between kind of learning institutions
+universities existed throughout many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities existed throughout many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities existed throughout many
+parts of the world including Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world including Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world including Western
+Europe and the United States the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and the United States the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and the United States the
+universities existed but that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities existed but that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities existed but that was not
+where people were doing what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people were doing what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people were doing what we would
+call scientific research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call scientific research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call scientific research
+in fact some of the most prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact some of the most prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact some of the most prominent
+natural philosophers or leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophers or leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophers or leading
+physicists were not only not professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists were not only not professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists were not only not professors
+at universities some of them had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at universities some of them had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at universities some of them had never
+even attended University themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even attended University themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even attended University themselves and
+that's true of the first figure we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of the first figure we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of the first figure we'll
+look at today uh Michael Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at today uh Michael Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at today uh Michael Faraday
+so there's a big shift toward a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a big shift toward a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a big shift toward a kind of
+placement of This research that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of This research that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of This research that would
+look more familiar things more like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more familiar things more like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more familiar things more like what
+we'd expect to see ourselves that shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd expect to see ourselves that shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd expect to see ourselves that shift
+begins in the middle of the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins in the middle of the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins in the middle of the 19th century
+so more like 150 or 170 years ago rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more like 150 or 170 years ago rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more like 150 or 170 years ago rather
+than 200 years ago or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 years ago or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 years ago or more
+there's a shift to where um research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a shift to where um research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a shift to where um research in
+fields like physics gets done more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields like physics gets done more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields like physics gets done more often
+than not by people who are professors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not by people who are professors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not by people who are professors in
+universities who also spend some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities who also spend some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities who also spend some of
+their time teaching students like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time teaching students like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time teaching students like what
+we are more used to today that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are more used to today that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are more used to today that's that's
+that has a history it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a history it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a history it's actually
+relatively recent and it has and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively recent and it has and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively recent and it has and it
+emerges really in the middle part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges really in the middle part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges really in the middle part of the
+19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century
+so the overall theme of this very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall theme of this very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall theme of this very first
+kind of warm-up for the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of warm-up for the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of warm-up for the class
+because they kind of put ourselves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they kind of put ourselves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they kind of put ourselves on
+guard we shouldn't assume that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard we shouldn't assume that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard we shouldn't assume that our
+current sense of what's expected or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sense of what's expected or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sense of what's expected or
+normal or familiar either about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal or familiar either about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal or familiar either about how we
+choose to study the natural world what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to study the natural world what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to study the natural world what
+concepts we use let alone how we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts we use let alone how we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts we use let alone how we think
+we we should be pursuing that and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we should be pursuing that and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we should be pursuing that and what
+kinds of Institutions or job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Institutions or job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Institutions or job
+descriptions we shouldn't expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions we shouldn't expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions we shouldn't expect that
+what's familiar to us today is just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's familiar to us today is just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's familiar to us today is just how
+people did things in the past and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did things in the past and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did things in the past and in
+fact we'll see some pretty dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we'll see some pretty dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we'll see some pretty dramatic
+changes over a relatively short span of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over a relatively short span of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over a relatively short span of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so let me pause there and ask of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me pause there and ask of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me pause there and ask of any
+questions just on that early kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just on that early kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just on that early kind of
+warm-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up
+anyone have any thoughts or questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any thoughts or questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any thoughts or questions
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if not then I'm going to press it on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not then I'm going to press it on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not then I'm going to press it on uh
+again feel free to jump in on the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again feel free to jump in on the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again feel free to jump in on the chat
+uh if things come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if things come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if things come up
+let's talk about this this first figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about this this first figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about this this first figure
+I already mentioned uh Michael Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already mentioned uh Michael Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already mentioned uh Michael Faraday
+we're gonna spend a little time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna spend a little time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna spend a little time talking
+about Faraday I think he's fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Faraday I think he's fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Faraday I think he's fascinating
+so he became one of the most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he became one of the most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he became one of the most successful
+and actually one of the most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually one of the most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually one of the most famous
+natural philosophers in his lifetime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophers in his lifetime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophers in his lifetime in
+fact really of the entire 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact really of the entire 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact really of the entire 19th century
+he had a pretty remarkable personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a pretty remarkable personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a pretty remarkable personal
+story and I think we'll also see he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and I think we'll also see he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and I think we'll also see he
+helps sort of make clears on the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps sort of make clears on the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps sort of make clears on the larger
+uh social and institutional changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh social and institutional changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh social and institutional changes
+going on as well he helps us understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on as well he helps us understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on as well he helps us understand
+his own larger time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own larger time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own larger time period
+personally he had this really uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally he had this really uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally he had this really uh kind of
+inspiring rags to riches story he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring rags to riches story he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring rags to riches story he was
+born into a rather poor family he never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born into a rather poor family he never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born into a rather poor family he never
+attended High School let alone College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended High School let alone College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended High School let alone College
+University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he was apprenticed to a book binder at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was apprenticed to a book binder at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was apprenticed to a book binder at
+age 13 that means he literally left his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 13 that means he literally left his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 13 that means he literally left his
+family moved in with uh his uh his main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family moved in with uh his uh his main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family moved in with uh his uh his main
+tutor uh and was apprenticed in a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor uh and was apprenticed in a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor uh and was apprenticed in a kind
+of um uh trade so in that sense his kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um uh trade so in that sense his kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um uh trade so in that sense his kind
+of like his career path started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like his career path started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like his career path started out
+closer to what we might expect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to what we might expect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to what we might expect of the
+Renaissance or even the Middle Ages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance or even the Middle Ages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance or even the Middle Ages and
+to the modern period it was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the modern period it was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the modern period it was a kind of
+time still of guilds and of Trades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time still of guilds and of Trades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time still of guilds and of Trades
+associations and his role his way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations and his role his way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations and his role his way to
+make a living was to learn the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a living was to learn the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a living was to learn the kind of
+manual dexterity skills of being a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual dexterity skills of being a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual dexterity skills of being a book
+binder starting early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder starting early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder starting early on
+he met the very famous chemist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he met the very famous chemist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he met the very famous chemist or
+national philosopher Humphrey Davey when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national philosopher Humphrey Davey when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national philosopher Humphrey Davey when
+Davey gave a series of public lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davey gave a series of public lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davey gave a series of public lectures
+on natural philosophy at the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on natural philosophy at the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on natural philosophy at the Royal
+Institution in London and we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution in London and we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution in London and we'll talk a
+bit about the Royal Institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the Royal Institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the Royal Institution
+it was not a university it was a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not a university it was a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not a university it was a place
+where research was done and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where research was done and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where research was done and public
+lectures were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures were given
+so Faraday was just mesmerized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Faraday was just mesmerized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Faraday was just mesmerized by
+Davey's lectures he actually took very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davey's lectures he actually took very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davey's lectures he actually took very
+careful notes on these public lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful notes on these public lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful notes on these public lectures
+uh pharity then bound them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pharity then bound them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pharity then bound them into a
+beautiful very fancy book and here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful very fancy book and here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful very fancy book and here's how
+we know he was so smart he then gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know he was so smart he then gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know he was so smart he then gave
+that fancy book to Davey as a gift and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fancy book to Davey as a gift and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fancy book to Davey as a gift and I
+have a hint here what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hint here what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hint here what you can do with
+that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information
+uh he basically bribed his way into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he basically bribed his way into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he basically bribed his way into a
+new kind of apprenticeship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of apprenticeship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of apprenticeship
+Davey was very flattered and impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davey was very flattered and impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davey was very flattered and impressed
+by the kind of manual skills by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the kind of manual skills by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the kind of manual skills by the
+dexterity that Faraday had shown so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity that Faraday had shown so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity that Faraday had shown so
+Davey hired Faraday for basically a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davey hired Faraday for basically a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davey hired Faraday for basically a new
+kind of apprenticeship Faraday had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of apprenticeship Faraday had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of apprenticeship Faraday had never
+attended high school or college it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended high school or college it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended high school or college it
+wasn't that he was trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that he was trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that he was trained in
+mathematical physics quite the contrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physics quite the contrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physics quite the contrary
+but Davey figured Faraday could do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Davey figured Faraday could do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Davey figured Faraday could do some
+new kinds of manual dexterity skills in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of manual dexterity skills in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of manual dexterity skills in
+the laboratory as a laboratory assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory as a laboratory assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory as a laboratory assistant
+a kind of con continuation of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of con continuation of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of con continuation of his
+bookbinder apprenticeship so that's her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookbinder apprenticeship so that's her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookbinder apprenticeship so that's her
+data that's how far it enters what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's how far it enters what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's how far it enters what we
+would Now call the world of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call the world of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call the world of natural
+philosophy so years and years go by they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy so years and years go by they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy so years and years go by they
+were very closely for a long time Davey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very closely for a long time Davey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very closely for a long time Davey
+eventually steps down he retires uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually steps down he retires uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually steps down he retires uh and
+Faraday in fact became his successor now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday in fact became his successor now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday in fact became his successor now
+the director of this Royal Institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director of this Royal Institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director of this Royal Institution
+in London so much like I mentioned a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London so much like I mentioned a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London so much like I mentioned a few
+moments ago Faraday worked on really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments ago Faraday worked on really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments ago Faraday worked on really a
+kind of mind-boggling array of topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mind-boggling array of topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mind-boggling array of topics
+mind-boggling from our modern point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-boggling from our modern point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-boggling from our modern point of
+view quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view quite
+um kind of familiar to his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of familiar to his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of familiar to his own
+contemporaries so he worked on what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries so he worked on what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries so he worked on what we
+would separately classify as chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would separately classify as chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would separately classify as chemistry
+Optics electric mechanism electrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics electric mechanism electrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics electric mechanism electrolysis
+and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+to Faraday these were all elements of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Faraday these were all elements of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Faraday these were all elements of a
+single unified Approach To Nature and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unified Approach To Nature and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unified Approach To Nature and he
+was particularly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was particularly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was particularly uh
+um fascinated even more than some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fascinated even more than some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fascinated even more than some of his
+contemporaries with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries with his
+interconvertibility of forces how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvertibility of forces how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvertibility of forces how could
+electrical effects make you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical effects make you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical effects make you know
+physiological effects happen like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological effects happen like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological effects happen like um
+using electric shocks to make a frog's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using electric shocks to make a frog's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using electric shocks to make a frog's
+leg jump how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg jump how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg jump how could
+um chemical facts be be catalyzed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemical facts be be catalyzed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemical facts be be catalyzed by
+electric currents so the way that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric currents so the way that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric currents so the way that one
+kind of phenomenon or Force could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of phenomenon or Force could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of phenomenon or Force could have
+effects in some other domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in some other domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in some other domain
+now Faraday was partly inspired in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Faraday was partly inspired in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Faraday was partly inspired in this
+kind of inter-convertibility view by his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inter-convertibility view by his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inter-convertibility view by his
+own religious background some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own religious background some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own religious background some really
+very interesting work by a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting work by a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting work by a number of
+historians biographers of Faraday who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians biographers of Faraday who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians biographers of Faraday who've
+tried to understand why Faraday took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to understand why Faraday took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to understand why Faraday took
+this kind of notion even further even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of notion even further even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of notion even further even
+more fervently than many of his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fervently than many of his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fervently than many of his own
+contemporaries and these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries and these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries and these other
+historians make a pretty compelling case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians make a pretty compelling case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians make a pretty compelling case
+Faraday belonged to a rather small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday belonged to a rather small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday belonged to a rather small
+religious minority in England he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious minority in England he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious minority in England he was a
+Protestant but he was not an Anglican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant but he was not an Anglican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant but he was not an Anglican
+Anglican he was not a member of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anglican he was not a member of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anglican he was not a member of the kind
+of official Church of England he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of official Church of England he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of official Church of England he
+belonged to this small sect called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to this small sect called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to this small sect called the
+sandamanians Protestant but not Anglican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandamanians Protestant but not Anglican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandamanians Protestant but not Anglican
+and the sandinians even more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sandinians even more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sandinians even more than the
+kind of standard Church of England at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of standard Church of England at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of standard Church of England at
+the time emphasized a kind of underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time emphasized a kind of underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time emphasized a kind of underlying
+Unity to all of nature we're all part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity to all of nature we're all part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity to all of nature we're all part of
+one natural world uh and that people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural world uh and that people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural world uh and that people and
+things are somehow connected to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are somehow connected to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are somehow connected to each
+other that was part of what the Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that was part of what the Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that was part of what the Santa
+minus themselves kind of believed and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus themselves kind of believed and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus themselves kind of believed and it
+had a theological import for them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a theological import for them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a theological import for them and
+there's a really interesting parallel at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really interesting parallel at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really interesting parallel at
+the very least in some of the ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very least in some of the ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very least in some of the ways that
+pharah didn't explore the natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharah didn't explore the natural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharah didn't explore the natural world
+as well he became a beloved very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well he became a beloved very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well he became a beloved very
+successful public lecturer he continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful public lecturer he continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful public lecturer he continued
+the tradition that Humphrey David had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tradition that Humphrey David had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tradition that Humphrey David had
+done at the Royal Institution giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the Royal Institution giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the Royal Institution giving
+these very very well attended so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very very well attended so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very very well attended so-called
+Christmas lectures these still continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas lectures these still continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas lectures these still continue
+from the Royal Institution to this day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Royal Institution to this day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Royal Institution to this day
+Faraday would really fill the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday would really fill the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday would really fill the lecture
+hall and give these dazzling spectacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall and give these dazzling spectacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall and give these dazzling spectacular
+demonstrations of electrical effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of electrical effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of electrical effects and
+chemical change and all the rest that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical change and all the rest that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical change and all the rest that's
+partly why he became so beloved and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly why he became so beloved and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly why he became so beloved and well
+known in his lifetime you can't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in his lifetime you can't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in his lifetime you can't quite
+see it in this engraving it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in this engraving it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in this engraving it's hard to
+tell but these were this really was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell but these were this really was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell but these were this really was the
+definition of popular the tickets were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of popular the tickets were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of popular the tickets were
+not too expensive that's partly how very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too expensive that's partly how very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too expensive that's partly how very
+young and poor Faraday himself was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and poor Faraday himself was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and poor Faraday himself was able
+to attend as a child it wasn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attend as a child it wasn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attend as a child it wasn't like
+attending you know the fanciest Opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending you know the fanciest Opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending you know the fanciest Opera
+performance uh in in high Elite London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh in in high Elite London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh in in high Elite London
+there was a kind of yeah you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a kind of yeah you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a kind of yeah you wouldn't
+there'd be cheap seats so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be cheap seats so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be cheap seats so you can see
+how large the hall was so they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large the hall was so they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large the hall was so they're the
+very nice you know fancy seats that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice you know fancy seats that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice you know fancy seats that is
+now were expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now were expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now were expensive and
+um tickets would go to the to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tickets would go to the to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tickets would go to the to the to the
+affluence uh and well to do but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence uh and well to do but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence uh and well to do but there
+really was a what we today would call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was a what we today would call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was a what we today would call a
+kind of Outreach it was a real effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Outreach it was a real effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Outreach it was a real effort to
+reach across several kind of Social and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach across several kind of Social and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach across several kind of Social and
+economic classes not all the way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic classes not all the way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic classes not all the way but
+broader than only the very elite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than only the very elite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than only the very elite and
+they they became a really beloved kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they became a really beloved kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they became a really beloved kind
+of City institution within London people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of City institution within London people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of City institution within London people
+would come in from out of town uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in from out of town uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in from out of town uh to
+attend them that became an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend them that became an annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend them that became an annual
+tradition uh and Faraday became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition uh and Faraday became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition uh and Faraday became
+especially beloved as a presenter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially beloved as a presenter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially beloved as a presenter in
+that tradition so they really were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tradition so they really were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tradition so they really were
+reaching not only people who had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching not only people who had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching not only people who had any
+interest in uh in natural philosophy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in uh in natural philosophy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in uh in natural philosophy was
+really the kind of a way of showing kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the kind of a way of showing kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the kind of a way of showing kind
+of sophistication uh yeah and and a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophistication uh yeah and and a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophistication uh yeah and and a way
+for members of the so-called aspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for members of the so-called aspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for members of the so-called aspiring
+classes meaning those who weren't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes meaning those who weren't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes meaning those who weren't so
+well to do to be able to participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to do to be able to participate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to do to be able to participate in
+things that they saw the real Elites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they saw the real Elites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they saw the real Elites
+doing so it really had a interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so it really had a interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so it really had a interesting
+kind of social cross-section to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of social cross-section to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of social cross-section to them
+other historians written a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other historians written a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other historians written a lot of
+history says about these public vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history says about these public vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history says about these public vectors
+they really were talked about broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really were talked about broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really were talked about broadly
+covered in the in the Broad Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the in the Broad Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the in the Broad Street
+newspapers and all that in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers and all that in this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers and all that in this time
+period the main mechanisms were largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the main mechanisms were largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the main mechanisms were largely
+books so even sign even scientists like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books so even sign even scientists like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books so even sign even scientists like
+whom we would call physicists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom we would call physicists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom we would call physicists were
+mostly writing monographs and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly writing monographs and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly writing monographs and sometimes
+writing short articles for fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing short articles for fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing short articles for fellow
+Specialists there were scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialists there were scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialists there were scientific
+journals including some of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals including some of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals including some of the earliest
+have been founded in England going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been founded in England going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been founded in England going back
+to the 1660s similar ones in in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1660s similar ones in in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1660s similar ones in in other
+parts of Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of Europe
+but the but the real kind of transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the but the real kind of transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the but the real kind of transfer
+mechanisms uh were often through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms uh were often through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms uh were often through
+monographs it's partly why Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monographs it's partly why Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monographs it's partly why Maxwell's
+Treatise that we'll talk about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treatise that we'll talk about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treatise that we'll talk about later
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+became so uh so widely known and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became so uh so widely known and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became so uh so widely known and so
+influential there were then these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential there were then these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential there were then these these
+lectures they were also so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures they were also so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures they were also so-called
+itinerant lecturers people who made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itinerant lecturers people who made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itinerant lecturers people who made
+their whole living just giving popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their whole living just giving popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their whole living just giving popular
+lectures on topics like electricity town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on topics like electricity town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on topics like electricity town
+to town so not just in London but to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to town so not just in London but to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to town so not just in London but to the
+to the outskirts and likewise throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outskirts and likewise throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outskirts and likewise throughout
+um provincial France and other places so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um provincial France and other places so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um provincial France and other places so
+there were kind of popular lectures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were kind of popular lectures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were kind of popular lectures in
+that sense you could think of it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense you could think of it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense you could think of it almost
+like like PBS television today like Nova
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like PBS television today like Nova
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like PBS television today like Nova
+specials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specials
+um but for fellow Specialists they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for fellow Specialists they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for fellow Specialists they were
+just the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the start of
+professional meetings the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional meetings the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional meetings the British
+Association for the advancement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association for the advancement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association for the advancement of
+science I'm having annual meetings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I'm having annual meetings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I'm having annual meetings of
+the sort that will become so familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort that will become so familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort that will become so familiar
+for fellow Specialists sometimes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fellow Specialists sometimes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fellow Specialists sometimes those
+will be covered in the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be covered in the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be covered in the National
+newspapers it was a hodgepodge some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers it was a hodgepodge some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers it was a hodgepodge some
+things would look familiar to us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would look familiar to us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would look familiar to us some
+things might seem a little a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might seem a little a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might seem a little a little more
+unusual but Faraday wrote books and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual but Faraday wrote books and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual but Faraday wrote books and
+books and some articles for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and some articles for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and some articles for example
+uh there and certainly some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there and certainly some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there and certainly some of this
+would get into the curriculum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get into the curriculum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get into the curriculum for
+universities and we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and we'll talk more about
+that actually especially later today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually especially later today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually especially later today and
+in the next class session but the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next class session but the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next class session but the way
+that kind of fellow researchers interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of fellow researchers interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of fellow researchers interact
+with fellow researchers it was largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fellow researchers it was largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fellow researchers it was largely
+through books sometimes through journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through books sometimes through journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through books sometimes through journals
+and through these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through these different kinds of
+lectures great great questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures great great questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures great great questions
+um I'm going to move on uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to move on uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to move on uh these are
+great questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions
+um I'll try to answer more than I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll try to answer more than I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll try to answer more than I don't
+get to uh as we go further but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh as we go further but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh as we go further but I want to
+get to one of the topics that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to one of the topics that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to one of the topics that was really
+really high on Faraday's list of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high on Faraday's list of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high on Faraday's list of most
+important because it's really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it's really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it's really going to
+set our our kind of agenda for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set our our kind of agenda for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set our our kind of agenda for several
+classes to come and that's what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to come and that's what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to come and that's what was
+called uh The Ether a a presumptive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh The Ether a a presumptive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh The Ether a a presumptive a
+hypothetical medium that pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical medium that pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical medium that pretty much
+everyone that we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone that we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone that we're going to talk about
+Faraday included just assume they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday included just assume they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday included just assume they kind
+of knew they had an extremely strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knew they had an extremely strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knew they had an extremely strong
+confidence that this medium was filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that this medium was filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that this medium was filling
+all of space filled every nook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of space filled every nook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of space filled every nook and
+cranny of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranny of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranny of the universe
+and that's it was this medium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it was this medium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it was this medium that
+filled everything that enabled various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled everything that enabled various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled everything that enabled various
+processes to affect one another that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to affect one another that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to affect one another that was
+the kind of inter-convertibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of inter-convertibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of inter-convertibility of
+forces why did electrical effects lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces why did electrical effects lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces why did electrical effects lead
+to Magnetic effects because they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Magnetic effects because they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Magnetic effects because they're both
+they're both ultimately effects of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both ultimately effects of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both ultimately effects of this
+ether that connects everything so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether that connects everything so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether that connects everything so what's
+the either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the either
+just during Faraday's own uh childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just during Faraday's own uh childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just during Faraday's own uh childhood
+another kind of amateur British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of amateur British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of amateur British
+naturalist named Thomas Young uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalist named Thomas Young uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalist named Thomas Young uh
+building on some work by French Scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on some work by French Scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on some work by French Scholars
+from around the same time right around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from around the same time right around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from around the same time right around
+the year 1800 had Advanced a wave theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year 1800 had Advanced a wave theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year 1800 had Advanced a wave theory
+of light this is opposite actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light this is opposite actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light this is opposite actually to
+Isaac Newton's theory of light who had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton's theory of light who had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton's theory of light who had a
+particle of a corpuscular Theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of a corpuscular Theory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of a corpuscular Theory so
+Thomas Young like some of the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Young like some of the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Young like some of the French
+Scholars as well suggests there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars as well suggests there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars as well suggests there's a
+whole bunch of optical phenomena like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of optical phenomena like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of optical phenomena like uh
+interference like reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference like reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference like reflection and
+refraction could really only be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction could really only be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction could really only be made
+sense of if light was a series of waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of if light was a series of waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of if light was a series of waves
+and I'm sure you've seen this as a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sure you've seen this as a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sure you've seen this as a very
+simple illustration if two waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple illustration if two waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple illustration if two waves are
+perfectly in sync with each other we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in sync with each other we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in sync with each other we'd
+say in Phase you can get constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in Phase you can get constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in Phase you can get constructive
+interference the Peaks will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference the Peaks will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference the Peaks will become
+larger than either wave alone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than either wave alone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than either wave alone the
+troughs become deeper of course if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troughs become deeper of course if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troughs become deeper of course if those
+two waves are exactly out of sync with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves are exactly out of sync with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves are exactly out of sync with
+each other if they're perfectly out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other if they're perfectly out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other if they're perfectly out of
+phase you can get destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you can get destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you can get destructive
+interference in the resultant wave will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in the resultant wave will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in the resultant wave will
+vanish altogether and sort of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish altogether and sort of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish altogether and sort of anything
+in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+so young and others were convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so young and others were convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so young and others were convinced that
+these interference phenomena could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interference phenomena could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interference phenomena could have
+were natural indications that light is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were natural indications that light is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were natural indications that light is a
+wave phenomena but then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave phenomena but then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave phenomena but then the next
+question is well waves of what waves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well waves of what waves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well waves of what waves in
+what ocean waves are clearly waves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ocean waves are clearly waves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ocean waves are clearly waves of
+water sound waves or compressions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water sound waves or compressions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water sound waves or compressions or
+waves in the atmosphere in the air water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in the atmosphere in the air water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in the atmosphere in the air water
+waves of so they said well anyway if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of so they said well anyway if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of so they said well anyway if we
+know about is a wave in some medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about is a wave in some medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about is a wave in some medium
+there must be a medium that carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a medium that carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a medium that carries
+these light waves it was called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these light waves it was called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these light waves it was called a
+luminiferous ethernet which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiferous ethernet which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiferous ethernet which is a very
+fancy word you can see how to parse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy word you can see how to parse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy word you can see how to parse it
+here if you remember either Latin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you remember either Latin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you remember either Latin or
+Harry Potter I find them equally helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry Potter I find them equally helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry Potter I find them equally helpful
+think about the lumos of spell in Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the lumos of spell in Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the lumos of spell in Harry
+Potter the luminee part just means light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potter the luminee part just means light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potter the luminee part just means light
+is referring to light ferrous means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referring to light ferrous means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referring to light ferrous means
+carrying things like a ferris wheel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying things like a ferris wheel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying things like a ferris wheel so
+the formal name of luminiferous ether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal name of luminiferous ether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal name of luminiferous ether it
+really just means the light carrying or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just means the light carrying or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just means the light carrying or
+The light-bearing Ether this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The light-bearing Ether this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The light-bearing Ether this was a
+medium in which light travels in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in which light travels in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in which light travels in which
+everything all of the physical phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all of the physical phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all of the physical phenomena
+were immersed which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were immersed which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were immersed which is why
+these folks would never have said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks would never have said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks would never have said the
+stuff of the world is Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of the world is Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of the world is Elementary
+particles traveling in vacuum there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles traveling in vacuum there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles traveling in vacuum there is
+no vacuum everything at root is filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no vacuum everything at root is filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no vacuum everything at root is filled
+with ether that's where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ether that's where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ether that's where they were
+starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from
+so why would you need a medium uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would you need a medium uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would you need a medium uh for
+light again even before around the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light again even before around the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light again even before around the same
+time as Thomas Young in England a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as Thomas Young in England a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as Thomas Young in England a number
+of French Scholars had found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of French Scholars had found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of French Scholars had found that the
+speed of light the speed at which light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light the speed at which light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light the speed at which light
+waves travel depends on the medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves travel depends on the medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves travel depends on the medium and
+medium in which they're traveling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in which they're traveling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in which they're traveling in
+fact they're slower in water than an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're slower in water than an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're slower in water than an air
+that's opposite by the way than sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's opposite by the way than sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's opposite by the way than sound
+waves sound waves travel more quickly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves sound waves travel more quickly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves sound waves travel more quickly in
+a dense medium and that led to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dense medium and that led to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dense medium and that led to things
+like Snell's law the whole kind of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Snell's law the whole kind of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Snell's law the whole kind of set
+of of um knowledge about refraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um knowledge about refraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um knowledge about refraction and
+how light behaves and it crosses from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how light behaves and it crosses from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how light behaves and it crosses from
+one type of medium to another it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of medium to another it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of medium to another it can
+characterize these media in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize these media in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize these media in terms of
+what became known as an index of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became known as an index of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became known as an index of a
+fraction and so everything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and so everything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and so everything about the
+behavior of these waves seem to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these waves seem to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these waves seem to depend
+on the medium through which they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the medium through which they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the medium through which they were
+traveling so there must be some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling so there must be some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling so there must be some kind of
+baseline or reference medium The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline or reference medium The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline or reference medium The Ether
+with respect to which any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to which any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to which any of these
+deviations would then be measured so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations would then be measured so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations would then be measured so uh
+water is one type of medium but even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is one type of medium but even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is one type of medium but even if
+you take all the water away and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take all the water away and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take all the water away and have a
+kind of evacuated chamber you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of evacuated chamber you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of evacuated chamber you still have
+light waves traveling in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves traveling in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves traveling in the in the
+remaining ether that was how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining ether that was how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining ether that was how they
+organized these studies or so much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized these studies or so much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized these studies or so much for
+light what about other things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light what about other things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light what about other things like
+electricity and magnetism so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and magnetism so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and magnetism so again
+during Faraday's uh early career by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during Faraday's uh early career by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during Faraday's uh early career by this
+point he was already a kind of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point he was already a kind of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point he was already a kind of um uh
+ensconced to the Royal Institution still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensconced to the Royal Institution still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensconced to the Royal Institution still
+working closely with people like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working closely with people like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working closely with people like uh
+Humphrey Davy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humphrey Davy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humphrey Davy
+there was a headline grabbing event not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a headline grabbing event not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a headline grabbing event not
+found in Britain but actually nearby uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Britain but actually nearby uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Britain but actually nearby uh
+in Denmark so when another natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Denmark so when another natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Denmark so when another natural
+philosopher Hans Christian urstead was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher Hans Christian urstead was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher Hans Christian urstead was
+giving a public lecture very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a public lecture very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a public lecture very much like
+at the Royal Institution same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Royal Institution same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Royal Institution same kind of
+format these were popular throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format these were popular throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format these were popular throughout
+Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe
+was giving a public lecture and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was giving a public lecture and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was giving a public lecture and he
+accidentally discovered in the midst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally discovered in the midst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally discovered in the midst of
+his talk something that he really didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his talk something that he really didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his talk something that he really didn't
+expect he had an apparatus that looked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect he had an apparatus that looked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect he had an apparatus that looked a
+lot like this a kind of conducting coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like this a kind of conducting coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like this a kind of conducting coil
+this is a conducting wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conducting wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conducting wire
+uh and he had nearby a compass so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he had nearby a compass so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he had nearby a compass so a
+magnetic needle and he found that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic needle and he found that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic needle and he found that when
+current was flowing through the wire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was flowing through the wire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was flowing through the wire the
+needle would be deflected he did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle would be deflected he did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle would be deflected he did not
+expect that at all none of his audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that at all none of his audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that at all none of his audience
+expected that no one else expected that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that no one else expected that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that no one else expected that
+somehow that a lecture currents the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that a lecture currents the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that a lecture currents the flow
+of electricity could affect Mac uh could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity could affect Mac uh could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity could affect Mac uh could
+induce magnetic effects it could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce magnetic effects it could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce magnetic effects it could change
+the behavior of that magnetic needle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of that magnetic needle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of that magnetic needle of
+the compass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compass
+this became headline news if there had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became headline news if there had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became headline news if there had
+been 19th century Twitter that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 19th century Twitter that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 19th century Twitter that would
+have broken Twitter hashtag they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have broken Twitter hashtag they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have broken Twitter hashtag they need to
+move I'm sure this was like literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move I'm sure this was like literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move I'm sure this was like literally
+whatever it was super excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was super excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was super excited about
+including people like uh Michael Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including people like uh Michael Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including people like uh Michael Faraday
+this was for Faraday exactly this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for Faraday exactly this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for Faraday exactly this kind
+of inter-conversion of forces that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inter-conversion of forces that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inter-conversion of forces that he
+was so interested partly from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so interested partly from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so interested partly from his
+sandamanian faith partly because he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandamanian faith partly because he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandamanian faith partly because he was
+a natural philosopher of his time so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural philosopher of his time so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural philosopher of his time so not
+only does he quickly replicate ersted's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does he quickly replicate ersted's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does he quickly replicate ersted's
+finding he separately finds that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding he separately finds that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding he separately finds that he can
+get electric current to uh move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get electric current to uh move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get electric current to uh move a
+compass needle he then finds the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass needle he then finds the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass needle he then finds the inverse
+he then does as shown here he takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then does as shown here he takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then does as shown here he takes a
+bar magnet and starts moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar magnet and starts moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar magnet and starts moving in a
+pattern near a conducting coil from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern near a conducting coil from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern near a conducting coil from
+which he can measure the current as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he can measure the current as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he can measure the current as an
+ammeter attached and he finds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammeter attached and he finds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammeter attached and he finds the
+inverse can happen as well then a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse can happen as well then a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse can happen as well then a moving
+magnet so changing magnetic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet so changing magnetic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet so changing magnetic uh
+can induce an electric current uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can induce an electric current uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can induce an electric current uh
+so he's investigating induction both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's investigating induction both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's investigating induction both
+sort of uh electric currents inducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh electric currents inducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh electric currents inducing
+magnetic effects magnetic fields or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic effects magnetic fields or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic effects magnetic fields or
+magnetic effects inducing electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic effects inducing electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic effects inducing electric
+effects and he wants to kind of keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and he wants to kind of keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and he wants to kind of keep
+track of this stuff so he starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of this stuff so he starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of this stuff so he starts
+sketching these helpful Doodles that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching these helpful Doodles that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching these helpful Doodles that he
+calls lines of force as far as Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls lines of force as far as Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls lines of force as far as Faraday
+was concerned these were lines of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was concerned these were lines of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was concerned these were lines of force
+to depict the underlying state of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depict the underlying state of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depict the underlying state of The
+Ether remember everything as far as he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether remember everything as far as he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether remember everything as far as he's
+concerned is what's going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned is what's going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned is what's going on with the
+underlying ether so it must be he begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying ether so it must be he begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying ether so it must be he begins
+to reason with these kind of pictorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reason with these kind of pictorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reason with these kind of pictorial
+uh AIDs that The Ether can be put under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh AIDs that The Ether can be put under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh AIDs that The Ether can be put under
+states of strain or tension that's if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of strain or tension that's if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of strain or tension that's if we
+have an electric charge that I place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electric charge that I place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electric charge that I place
+within the ether it's going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the ether it's going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the ether it's going to have an
+effect and put a kind of strain on The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and put a kind of strain on The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and put a kind of strain on The
+Ether immediately around it so he draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether immediately around it so he draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether immediately around it so he draws
+these lines of force emanating out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines of force emanating out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines of force emanating out of
+your outward from positive electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your outward from positive electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your outward from positive electric
+charge or collapsing in toward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge or collapsing in toward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge or collapsing in toward a
+negative electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative electric charge
+and then he begins using his sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he begins using his sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he begins using his sort of
+like Middle School level mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Middle School level mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Middle School level mathematics
+he'd had a little bit of geometry before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd had a little bit of geometry before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd had a little bit of geometry before
+leaving formal schooling and he puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving formal schooling and he puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving formal schooling and he puts
+that to work he says he he supposes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to work he says he he supposes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to work he says he he supposes what
+if the number of lines that come outward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number of lines that come outward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number of lines that come outward
+from a positive charge is fixed and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a positive charge is fixed and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a positive charge is fixed and is
+proportional to the amount of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the amount of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the amount of that
+electric charge so a charge of say seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge so a charge of say seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge so a charge of say seven
+units would have seven of these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units would have seven of these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units would have seven of these lines
+rating outward affecting the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating outward affecting the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating outward affecting the surrounding
+ether a charge of 10 units would have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether a charge of 10 units would have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether a charge of 10 units would have 10
+lines radiating outward and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines radiating outward and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines radiating outward and so on
+then you can imagine what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine what would happen
+if you surrounded that positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you surrounded that positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you surrounded that positive charge
+with a kind of imaginary sphere at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of imaginary sphere at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of imaginary sphere at some
+distant radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant radius
+then you're going to ask how many lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to ask how many lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to ask how many lines
+per unit area will cross through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit area will cross through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit area will cross through that
+imagined sphere the density of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined sphere the density of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined sphere the density of field
+lines will fall out the lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines will fall out the lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines will fall out the lines are
+dispersing as you get further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersing as you get further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersing as you get further and
+further away from the electric charge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from the electric charge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from the electric charge so
+the density of field lines how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of field lines how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of field lines how many of
+those lines will intersect a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines will intersect a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines will intersect a kind of
+unit of that sphere will fall off like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of that sphere will fall off like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of that sphere will fall off like
+one over r squared you take the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over r squared you take the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over r squared you take the fixed
+number of lines divide by the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines divide by the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines divide by the surface
+area that you've surrounded that charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that you've surrounded that charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that you've surrounded that charge
+by the area goes by like 4 pi r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the area goes by like 4 pi r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the area goes by like 4 pi r squared
+so the density should fall off like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the density should fall off like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the density should fall off like one
+over r squared that was really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r squared that was really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r squared that was really exciting
+to Faraday because he had learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Faraday because he had learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Faraday because he had learned from
+again from French Scholars like coulomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from French Scholars like coulomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from French Scholars like coulomb
+not too long before really just in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too long before really just in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too long before really just in in
+Faraday's own childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's own childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's own childhood
+if there were there was this newton-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were there was this newton-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were there was this newton-like
+force of attraction or repulsion among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of attraction or repulsion among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of attraction or repulsion among
+electric charges We Now call call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charges We Now call call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charges We Now call call it
+Coulomb's law that this this magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb's law that this this magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb's law that this this magnitude
+of the force between two electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the force between two electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the force between two electric
+charges falls off like one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges falls off like one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges falls off like one over the
+square the distance exactly as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the distance exactly as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the distance exactly as as
+Faraday had kind of reasons toward by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday had kind of reasons toward by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday had kind of reasons toward by
+thinking about State's attention and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about State's attention and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about State's attention and
+ether and how that strain would be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether and how that strain would be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether and how that strain would be kind
+of dissipated at more and more distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dissipated at more and more distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dissipated at more and more distance
+so far already went on remember he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far already went on remember he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far already went on remember he was
+so excited not only about one topic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excited not only about one topic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excited not only about one topic like
+electricity but also about magnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but also about magnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but also about magnetism
+what if you'd plop a bar magnet down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you'd plop a bar magnet down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you'd plop a bar magnet down in
+The Ether then he he could do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether then he he could do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether then he he could do that with
+these things like iron filings and Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things like iron filings and Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things like iron filings and Trace
+out the kind of lines of influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the kind of lines of influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the kind of lines of influence
+around the magnets I mean you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the magnets I mean you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the magnets I mean you've
+probably done even as a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably done even as a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably done even as a child
+and he realized that he could make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he realized that he could make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he realized that he could make sense
+of this also in terms of lines of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this also in terms of lines of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this also in terms of lines of force
+that these iron filings were helping him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these iron filings were helping him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these iron filings were helping him
+map out the kind of magnetic effects The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out the kind of magnetic effects The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out the kind of magnetic effects The
+Strain that the bar magnet with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strain that the bar magnet with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strain that the bar magnet with its
+North and South magnetic poles could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North and South magnetic poles could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North and South magnetic poles could do
+for the surrounding ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the surrounding ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the surrounding ether
+what's really interesting here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really interesting here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really interesting here is that
+pharity starts to say that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharity starts to say that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharity starts to say that sometimes
+forces might not be transmitted only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces might not be transmitted only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces might not be transmitted only
+along kind of straight line shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along kind of straight line shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along kind of straight line shortest
+path between A and B that was uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path between A and B that was uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path between A and B that was uh the
+sort of uh rule for all newton-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh rule for all newton-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh rule for all newton-like
+forces the magnetic lines of force would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the magnetic lines of force would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the magnetic lines of force would
+bend they'd curve they would they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend they'd curve they would they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend they'd curve they would they would
+have these kind of looping pads and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kind of looping pads and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kind of looping pads and so
+maybe the magnetic force did not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the magnetic force did not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the magnetic force did not always
+go on shortest distance pads and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on shortest distance pads and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on shortest distance pads and more
+generally Faraday starts saying let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally Faraday starts saying let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally Faraday starts saying let's
+keep track of all these states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of all these states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of all these states of
+tension in The Ether he introduces his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension in The Ether he introduces his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension in The Ether he introduces his
+notion of the field something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the field something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the field something that
+physicists to this day use every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists to this day use every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists to this day use every single
+day of our careers we we now call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of our careers we we now call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of our careers we we now call it
+field Theory it largely comes as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory it largely comes as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory it largely comes as being
+introduced by Faraday as he tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by Faraday as he tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by Faraday as he tries to
+make sense of with kind of convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of with kind of convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of with kind of convenient
+mnemonic devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mnemonic devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mnemonic devices
+these states of strain uh in The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states of strain uh in The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states of strain uh in The Ether
+so the electric and magnetic fields as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electric and magnetic fields as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electric and magnetic fields as
+far as Faraday was concerned were simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as Faraday was concerned were simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as Faraday was concerned were simply
+ways of characterizing the local state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of characterizing the local state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of characterizing the local state
+of the ether as represented by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ether as represented by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ether as represented by these
+kind of lines of force what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lines of force what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lines of force what were the
+stresses and strains at that spot in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses and strains at that spot in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses and strains at that spot in The
+Ether how do they change if I go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether how do they change if I go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether how do they change if I go to this
+spot how do they change at that one spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot how do they change at that one spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot how do they change at that one spot
+over time this is what he says is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time this is what he says is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time this is what he says is the
+notion of a field it's just shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a field it's just shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a field it's just shorthand
+for the state of the underlying ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the state of the underlying ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the state of the underlying ether
+Is that real no I might still wonder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that real no I might still wonder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that real no I might still wonder is
+The Ether uh just a helpful thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether uh just a helpful thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether uh just a helpful thing to
+think about or did Faraday and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about or did Faraday and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about or did Faraday and his
+colleagues think it was really part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues think it was really part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues think it was really part of
+the world and it was unambiguously for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and it was unambiguously for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and it was unambiguously for
+them part of the world not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them part of the world not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them part of the world not just
+convenient to think about but really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to think about but really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to think about but really the
+stuff from which the world was made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from which the world was made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from which the world was made and
+we'll talk about this in some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this in some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this in some more
+detail over coming class sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail over coming class sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail over coming class sessions
+Faraday thought he found like the golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday thought he found like the golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday thought he found like the golden
+proof in 1845 but now he's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof in 1845 but now he's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof in 1845 but now he's a much more
+senior researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior researcher
+how could you demonstrate that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you demonstrate that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you demonstrate that it was
+real well let's study the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real well let's study the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real well let's study the interaction
+between magnetic fields and the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between magnetic fields and the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between magnetic fields and the behavior
+of light in particular polarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light in particular polarized light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light in particular polarized light
+this is now known as the Faraday effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now known as the Faraday effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now known as the Faraday effect
+of the Faraday rotation it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Faraday rotation it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Faraday rotation it's one of
+these things it's literally still in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's literally still in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's literally still in our
+textbooks we use it all the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks we use it all the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks we use it all the time it
+comes from Faraday's efforts to prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Faraday's efforts to prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Faraday's efforts to prove to
+himself and his colleagues that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and his colleagues that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and his colleagues that we are
+all immersed in this elastic bendable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all immersed in this elastic bendable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all immersed in this elastic bendable
+ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether
+so uh so Faraday and his peers the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so Faraday and his peers the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so Faraday and his peers the idea
+was the following that if you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the following that if you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the following that if you put the
+ether under local strain by by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether under local strain by by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether under local strain by by uh by
+putting a local magnetic field in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a local magnetic field in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a local magnetic field in some
+region of space that magnetic field will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space that magnetic field will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space that magnetic field will
+have a kind of twisting or curling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of twisting or curling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of twisting or curling
+effect a kind of torsion on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect a kind of torsion on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect a kind of torsion on the
+underlying ether and then this light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying ether and then this light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying ether and then this light
+wave is traveling through this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is traveling through this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is traveling through this kind of
+deformed local bit of The Ether so Its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformed local bit of The Ether so Its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformed local bit of The Ether so Its
+Behavior will change in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior will change in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior will change in a particular
+What's called the plane of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the plane of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the plane of polarization
+the direction in which its uh its wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in which its uh its wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in which its uh its wave
+is is waving will erotic there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is waving will erotic there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is waving will erotic there'll be
+some angles shown here as the angle beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angles shown here as the angle beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angles shown here as the angle beta
+so if the if the field starts out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the if the field starts out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the if the field starts out the
+wave starts out waving in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave starts out waving in One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave starts out waving in One Direction
+it will literally be rotated by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will literally be rotated by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will literally be rotated by some
+angle the amount of rotation depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the amount of rotation depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the amount of rotation depends on
+the strength of the field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the field and the
+distance through which uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance through which uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance through which uh this this
+ether is under tension this is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether is under tension this is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether is under tension this is not just
+a good idea for 1845. it's it's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea for 1845. it's it's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea for 1845. it's it's how we
+make sense of the world today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of the world today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of the world today
+mine is The Ether part but it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine is The Ether part but it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine is The Ether part but it comes from
+running figure out is The Ether real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running figure out is The Ether real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running figure out is The Ether real
+just last year I had fun working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just last year I had fun working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just last year I had fun working with a
+really terrific Europe student some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really terrific Europe student some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really terrific Europe student some of
+you might know Max doschner hey my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know Max doschner hey my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know Max doschner hey my my
+friend Joe Formaggio in physics we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend Joe Formaggio in physics we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend Joe Formaggio in physics we use
+this exact same phenomenon that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact same phenomenon that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact same phenomenon that an
+external magnetic field will will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field will will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field will will uh
+rotate the plane of polarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the plane of polarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the plane of polarization of
+light uh not to talk about The Ether but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh not to talk about The Ether but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh not to talk about The Ether but
+as a way to jam Quantum encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to jam Quantum encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to jam Quantum encryption
+indefinitely so in the sort of hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely so in the sort of hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely so in the sort of hyper
+modern physics at the moment we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern physics at the moment we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern physics at the moment we're still
+going back to Faraday rotation and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to Faraday rotation and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to Faraday rotation and yet
+pharity thought this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharity thought this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharity thought this is a way of
+characterizing The Ether I just love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing The Ether I just love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing The Ether I just love
+that we're going to see many examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to see many examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to see many examples of
+that throughout the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that throughout the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that throughout the class
+let me wrap up the Faraday part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me wrap up the Faraday part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me wrap up the Faraday part that
+I'll pause again for some more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pause again for some more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pause again for some more questions
+so faradays we've seen worked on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faradays we've seen worked on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faradays we've seen worked on a
+variety of phenomena what we would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of phenomena what we would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of phenomena what we would call
+separately chemistry and Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately chemistry and Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately chemistry and Optics
+electrolysis even physiology little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolysis even physiology little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolysis even physiology little
+electricity magnetism he was especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism he was especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism he was especially
+interested in the interconvertibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the interconvertibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the interconvertibility of
+forces partly a compelling case has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces partly a compelling case has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces partly a compelling case has been
+made this kind of resonated especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this kind of resonated especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this kind of resonated especially
+closely with his uh uh his sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with his uh uh his sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with his uh uh his sort of
+religious minority views his sandamanian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious minority views his sandamanian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious minority views his sandamanian
+uh reviews uh and that there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reviews uh and that there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reviews uh and that there was this
+kind of underlying Unity of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of underlying Unity of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of underlying Unity of nature
+uh Faraday was never trained in advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Faraday was never trained in advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Faraday was never trained in advanced
+mathematics he had really just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics he had really just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics he had really just the
+rudiments of this kind of pictorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudiments of this kind of pictorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudiments of this kind of pictorial
+geometry like we saw with the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry like we saw with the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry like we saw with the kind of
+lines of force he was an apprentice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of force he was an apprentice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of force he was an apprentice to
+tinkerer he had tremendous manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkerer he had tremendous manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkerer he had tremendous manual
+dexterity skills and also great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity skills and also great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity skills and also great
+cleverness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness
+he became this leading experimentalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he became this leading experimentalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he became this leading experimentalist
+based on uh not formal training at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh not formal training at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh not formal training at a
+university but being kind of apprenticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university but being kind of apprenticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university but being kind of apprenticed
+as a book binder and then essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a book binder and then essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a book binder and then essentially
+apprenticed as Humphrey Davy's assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticed as Humphrey Davy's assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticed as Humphrey Davy's assistant
+at the Royal Institution not at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Royal Institution not at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Royal Institution not at a
+university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+he introduces these things which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduces these things which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduces these things which we
+still use to this day like lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use to this day like lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use to this day like lines of
+force and then fields for Faraday these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and then fields for Faraday these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and then fields for Faraday these
+are ways of characterizing the one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways of characterizing the one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways of characterizing the one big
+prize of natural studies meaning The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize of natural studies meaning The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize of natural studies meaning The
+Ether the medium within which all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether the medium within which all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether the medium within which all these
+things unfolded and the reason as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things unfolded and the reason as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things unfolded and the reason as far as
+Friday was concerned Why there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday was concerned Why there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday was concerned Why there could be
+this interconvertibility and unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interconvertibility and unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interconvertibility and unity
+so in place of Newtonian action at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in place of Newtonian action at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in place of Newtonian action at a
+distance that somehow one object could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that somehow one object could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that somehow one object could
+instantaneously affect or exertive force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously affect or exertive force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously affect or exertive force
+on another one Faraday starts explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another one Faraday starts explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another one Faraday starts explaining
+all physics physical phenomena here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all physics physical phenomena here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all physics physical phenomena here's
+the ambition to explain everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambition to explain everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambition to explain everything in
+terms of these local Fields there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these local Fields there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these local Fields there's a
+local disturbance here at position x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local disturbance here at position x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local disturbance here at position x
+equals one and it could convey effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and it could convey effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and it could convey effects
+to its nearest neighbors Point by point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its nearest neighbors Point by point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its nearest neighbors Point by point
+so you have to study how these fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to study how these fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to study how these fields
+change over time and spread out through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time and spread out through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time and spread out through
+space everything is now meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space everything is now meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space everything is now meant to be
+local Fields not action at a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Fields not action at a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Fields not action at a distance
+let me pause there again and ask him any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pause there again and ask him any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pause there again and ask him any
+questions see at least one more item in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions see at least one more item in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions see at least one more item in
+the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chat
+any questions on the Faraday material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good so it was common to attend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so it was common to attend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so it was common to attend the
+public science lectures in fact it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public science lectures in fact it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public science lectures in fact it was
+seen as a way of being kind of elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as a way of being kind of elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as a way of being kind of elegant
+again it does really fascinating work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it does really fascinating work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it does really fascinating work on
+the kind of social class emulation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of social class emulation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of social class emulation going
+on especially heightened as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on especially heightened as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on especially heightened as you might
+know in in Britain in this time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in Britain in this time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in Britain in this time period
+so to be considered a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to be considered a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to be considered a kind of
+fashionable lady in the terminology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashionable lady in the terminology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashionable lady in the terminology of
+the day one had to show or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day one had to show or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day one had to show or at least
+feign interest in a range of topics one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feign interest in a range of topics one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feign interest in a range of topics one
+of which was these kind of you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which was these kind of you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which was these kind of you know uh
+elegant demonstrations of the glories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant demonstrations of the glories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant demonstrations of the glories of
+the world for many people this by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world for many people this by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world for many people this by the
+way had a kind of overt religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way had a kind of overt religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way had a kind of overt religious
+significance a kind of natural theology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance a kind of natural theology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance a kind of natural theology
+not for everyone but for many in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for everyone but for many in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for everyone but for many in this
+period the idea was that learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the idea was that learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the idea was that learning about
+how electric shocks make frauds frogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how electric shocks make frauds frogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how electric shocks make frauds frogs
+legs twitch or how a magnetic uh bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs twitch or how a magnetic uh bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs twitch or how a magnetic uh bar
+magnet can change can induce electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet can change can induce electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet can change can induce electric
+current these are ways of kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current these are ways of kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current these are ways of kind of uh
+revealing uh the glory of God's creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing uh the glory of God's creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing uh the glory of God's creation
+as many people argue at the time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many people argue at the time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many people argue at the time so it
+was seen as a as actually a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was seen as a as actually a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was seen as a as actually a function of
+kind of moral or spirit virtual uplift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of moral or spirit virtual uplift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of moral or spirit virtual uplift
+and therefore again according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore again according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore again according to the
+kind of assumptions and we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assumptions and we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assumptions and we might say
+Prejudice is the time therefore all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice is the time therefore all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice is the time therefore all the
+more important for young women to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important for young women to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important for young women to be
+exposed to this was a thinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to this was a thinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to this was a thinking of the
+time with their kind of tender moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with their kind of tender moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with their kind of tender moral
+Souls that needed special care again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Souls that needed special care again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Souls that needed special care again to
+speak in in their idiom not not my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak in in their idiom not not my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak in in their idiom not not my own
+so there actually was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there actually was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there actually was a great
+encouragement for women to attend these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement for women to attend these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement for women to attend these
+public lectures not not as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lectures not not as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lectures not not as you might
+expect to move into the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to move into the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to move into the laboratory
+not to do the work that was an almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do the work that was an almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do the work that was an almost
+uniquely male Enclave in this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely male Enclave in this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely male Enclave in this period
+certainly in the Royal Institution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the Royal Institution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the Royal Institution but
+to be sort of exposed to be part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of exposed to be part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of exposed to be part of the
+broader kind of polite discussions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader kind of polite discussions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader kind of polite discussions it
+was one way of showing that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one way of showing that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one way of showing that you were
+um you know had a kind of appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know had a kind of appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know had a kind of appropriate
+upbringing and again there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbringing and again there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbringing and again there's lots of
+cool stuff I'd be glad to talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff I'd be glad to talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff I'd be glad to talk more
+about that or send some references to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that or send some references to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that or send some references to my
+readings the short answer was yes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings the short answer was yes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings the short answer was yes to
+attend the Christmas lectures at Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend the Christmas lectures at Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend the Christmas lectures at Royal
+Institute that was an awesome thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute that was an awesome thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute that was an awesome thing to
+you know bring your daughter to but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bring your daughter to but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bring your daughter to but uh
+but at the time and something we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the time and something we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the time and something we'll see
+change uh uh rather slowly but change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh uh rather slowly but change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh uh rather slowly but change
+over time throughout the semester at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time throughout the semester at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time throughout the semester at
+that time it was not something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time it was not something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time it was not something that was
+seen as a kind of um acceptable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as a kind of um acceptable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as a kind of um acceptable or
+appropriate um day job or a career path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate um day job or a career path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate um day job or a career path
+so that was a very very clear gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a very very clear gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a very very clear gender
+disparity but a great openness to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity but a great openness to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity but a great openness to have
+women participate in that limited way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women participate in that limited way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women participate in that limited way in
+the kind of uh public lectures so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of uh public lectures so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of uh public lectures so very
+good question we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question we'll come back to that
+that theme quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great questions oh that's so good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions oh that's so good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions oh that's so good so
+we'll come to actually we'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to actually we'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to actually we'll come to
+some of that in his very next unit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that in his very next unit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that in his very next unit right
+now so so partly I'll just punt but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so so partly I'll just punt but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so so partly I'll just punt but the
+short answer was there was a growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer was there was a growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer was there was a growing
+recognition in just this time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in just this time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in just this time period
+among many influential government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many influential government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many influential government
+leaders not only in Britain in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders not only in Britain in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders not only in Britain in many
+parts of Europe in fact many parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of Europe in fact many parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of Europe in fact many parts of
+the world China and Japan uh certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world China and Japan uh certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world China and Japan uh certainly
+North America a growing recognition by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America a growing recognition by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America a growing recognition by
+by this during this exact time period uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this during this exact time period uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this during this exact time period uh
+that many nation states would benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many nation states would benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many nation states would benefit
+from investing in some and what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from investing in some and what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from investing in some and what we would
+Now call science and technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now call science and technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now call science and technology or
+science and engineering so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering so there
+certainly were hot button issues then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly were hot button issues then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly were hot button issues then as
+now uh natural uh Evolution Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh natural uh Evolution Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh natural uh Evolution Darwin's
+theory of evolution which comes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of evolution which comes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of evolution which comes just
+around this time first published in 1859
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this time first published in 1859
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this time first published in 1859
+that becomes yet another flash point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes yet another flash point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes yet another flash point for
+um for tension and controversy but for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for tension and controversy but for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for tension and controversy but for a
+lot of this work and what we would Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this work and what we would Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this work and what we would Now
+call the physical sciences as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the physical sciences as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the physical sciences as we'll see
+there was actually a kind of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually a kind of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually a kind of investment
+a new kind of priority uh in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of priority uh in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of priority uh in a lot of
+this work not across the board not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work not across the board not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work not across the board not
+without its own hiccups we'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without its own hiccups we'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without its own hiccups we'll come to
+that but it was actually a turning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it was actually a turning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it was actually a turning point
+uh in in a new kind of investment partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in a new kind of investment partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in a new kind of investment partly
+because many of these places were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many of these places were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many of these places were
+undergoing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing their own
+kind of nation-based Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nation-based Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nation-based Industrial
+Development and we'll see that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development and we'll see that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development and we'll see that actually
+even more explicitly in the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more explicitly in the next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more explicitly in the next class
+some of it today with Maxwell and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it today with Maxwell and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it today with Maxwell and in the
+next semester was a great question it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next semester was a great question it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next semester was a great question it's
+a theme we'll Trace throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme we'll Trace throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme we'll Trace throughout the
+semester but even in in Faraday's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester but even in in Faraday's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester but even in in Faraday's own
+lifetime that was beginning to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime that was beginning to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime that was beginning to change
+into a more kind of um uh a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more kind of um uh a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more kind of um uh a higher
+priority and investment in exactly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and investment in exactly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and investment in exactly these
+topics great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics great question
+any others should we should we Press On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are great so keep in common these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are great so keep in common these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are great so keep in common these
+are great historical questions to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great historical questions to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great historical questions to help
+us think about like what was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us think about like what was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us think about like what was different
+back then what might have been similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then what might have been similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then what might have been similar
+so we're going to keep that kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to keep that kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to keep that kind of uh
+back and forth in mind as we enter now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth in mind as we enter now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth in mind as we enter now
+just the last part for today's class I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the last part for today's class I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the last part for today's class I'm
+going to talk about uh William Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about uh William Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about uh William Thompson
+and James Clark Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and James Clark Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and James Clark Maxwell
+so as as we saw at least briefly Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as as we saw at least briefly Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as as we saw at least briefly Faraday
+uh had very little formal training in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had very little formal training in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had very little formal training in
+mathematics uh and they used very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh and they used very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh and they used very little
+in his own studies his very voluminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his own studies his very voluminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his own studies his very voluminous
+studies and that's not surprising given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and that's not surprising given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and that's not surprising given
+what we know about his own uh early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about his own uh early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about his own uh early
+childhood and education there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood and education there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood and education there's a really
+remarkable shift one that I still find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable shift one that I still find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable shift one that I still find
+unbelievably fascinating so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably fascinating so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably fascinating so we're going
+to spend quite a bit of time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend quite a bit of time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend quite a bit of time talking
+about it today and next class as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it today and next class as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it today and next class as well
+this amazing shift it begins uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing shift it begins uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing shift it begins uh really
+late in Faraday's own lifetime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in Faraday's own lifetime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in Faraday's own lifetime in the
+middle Decades of the 19th century it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle Decades of the 19th century it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle Decades of the 19th century it
+doesn't only happen in Britain we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't only happen in Britain we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't only happen in Britain we're
+going to look at it because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at it because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at it because it's
+especially kind of um dramatic or kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially kind of um dramatic or kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially kind of um dramatic or kind
+of uh blown out of proportion we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh blown out of proportion we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh blown out of proportion we might
+say in Britain at places like Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in Britain at places like Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in Britain at places like Cambridge
+University it's happening also in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University it's happening also in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University it's happening also in places
+like France and other parts of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like France and other parts of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like France and other parts of the world
+uh even Beyond Europe but but Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even Beyond Europe but but Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even Beyond Europe but but Cambridge
+and Britain gives us like the the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Britain gives us like the the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Britain gives us like the the kind
+of Capstone picture of that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Capstone picture of that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Capstone picture of that and it's
+almost like pure essence so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like pure essence so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like pure essence so there's a
+real sea change going on between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real sea change going on between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real sea change going on between
+Faraday's early life and even the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's early life and even the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's early life and even the later
+years of his own career uh in in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of his own career uh in in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of his own career uh in in the way
+that people would try to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would try to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would try to approach
+National phenomena like electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National phenomena like electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National phenomena like electricity and
+activism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activism
+two kind of exemplars two examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kind of exemplars two examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kind of exemplars two examples of
+that shift are names that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shift are names that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shift are names that might be
+familiar to many of you and we'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to many of you and we'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to many of you and we'll spend
+a little time today talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little time today talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little time today talking about some
+of their work uh William Thompson who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their work uh William Thompson who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their work uh William Thompson who
+was later uh known as Lord Calvin that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was later uh known as Lord Calvin that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was later uh known as Lord Calvin that's
+the same Calvin from the Kelvin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Calvin from the Kelvin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Calvin from the Kelvin uh
+temperature scale absolute temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature scale absolute temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature scale absolute temperature
+familiar to you and other many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you and other many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you and other many other
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+uh so uh Thompson on one hand and James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh Thompson on one hand and James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh Thompson on one hand and James
+Clark Max on the other again I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark Max on the other again I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark Max on the other again I'm sure
+Maxwell a familiar name things like Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell a familiar name things like Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell a familiar name things like Max
+equations and all the rest so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and all the rest so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and all the rest so these two
+folks were about two generations younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were about two generations younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were about two generations younger
+than Faraday they were coming of age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Faraday they were coming of age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Faraday they were coming of age
+when Faraday was already a well-known uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Faraday was already a well-known uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Faraday was already a well-known uh
+National philosopher they pick up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National philosopher they pick up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National philosopher they pick up on
+Faraday's work they were Avid readers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's work they were Avid readers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's work they were Avid readers of
+Faraday's books often monographs not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's books often monographs not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's books often monographs not
+just as articles and they begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as articles and they begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as articles and they begin to
+translate it into a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it into a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it into a very powerful
+mathematical formalism of the sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formalism of the sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formalism of the sort that
+Faraday had you had no inkling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday had you had no inkling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday had you had no inkling of
+whatsoever turns out both Thompson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever turns out both Thompson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever turns out both Thompson and
+Maxwell were born in Scotland they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell were born in Scotland they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell were born in Scotland they were
+not from London or the immediate English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from London or the immediate English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from London or the immediate English
+surroundings they were both Scottish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings they were both Scottish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings they were both Scottish
+born they both moved to Cambridge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born they both moved to Cambridge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born they both moved to Cambridge for
+their formal University training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their formal University training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their formal University training
+in the middle Decades of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle Decades of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle Decades of the 19th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+so both Thompson and Maxwell became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both Thompson and Maxwell became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both Thompson and Maxwell became
+deeply involved coming to exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply involved coming to exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply involved coming to exactly the
+question that was raised just in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was raised just in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was raised just in that
+last question period they became deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question period they became deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question period they became deeply
+involved with what we might call kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with what we might call kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with what we might call kind of
+engineering aspects or applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering aspects or applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering aspects or applications of
+natural philosophy all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophy all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophy all around the
+physics of The Ether they had both had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of The Ether they had both had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of The Ether they had both had
+very long illustrious careers uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long illustrious careers uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long illustrious careers uh not
+only when they were University students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when they were University students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when they were University students
+they were pursuing these very fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pursuing these very fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pursuing these very fancy
+sophisticated mathematical kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated mathematical kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated mathematical kind of
+formal mathematical approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal mathematical approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal mathematical approaches to
+electricity magnetism and the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism and the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism and the physics of
+The Ether not only for the sake of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether not only for the sake of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether not only for the sake of pure
+mathematics as we'll see they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as we'll see they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as we'll see they were
+deeply involved in very practical ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply involved in very practical ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply involved in very practical ways
+with with things that the governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with things that the governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with things that the governments
+wanted to pay for like telegraphy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to pay for like telegraphy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to pay for like telegraphy and
+other practical Electro technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other practical Electro technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other practical Electro technical
+devices so among the most important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so among the most important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so among the most important in
+their own careers was indeed telegraphy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own careers was indeed telegraphy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own careers was indeed telegraphy
+so as you know Britain then as now was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know Britain then as now was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know Britain then as now was
+an island it's still an island back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an island it's still an island back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an island it's still an island back then
+it had lots and lots of colonies that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had lots and lots of colonies that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had lots and lots of colonies that's
+what's changed it was a period of still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's changed it was a period of still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's changed it was a period of still
+rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid
+um uh acceleration of the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh acceleration of the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh acceleration of the British
+colonial Adventure so distant outposts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial Adventure so distant outposts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial Adventure so distant outposts
+or so-called possessions territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so-called possessions territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so-called possessions territorial
+possessions really all around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possessions really all around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possessions really all around the world
+again many of you might recall the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again many of you might recall the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again many of you might recall the old
+quip that the Sun never sets on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quip that the Sun never sets on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quip that the Sun never sets on the
+British Empire and that time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Empire and that time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Empire and that time period
+there were colonial Holdings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were colonial Holdings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were colonial Holdings or
+territories that spanned really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories that spanned really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories that spanned really the
+entire Globe so at any given time of day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Globe so at any given time of day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Globe so at any given time of day
+the Sun was shining on some British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun was shining on some British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun was shining on some British
+Outpost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outpost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outpost
+so what do you need if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you need if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you need if you're going to
+try to administer a world spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to administer a world spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to administer a world spanning
+Empire you need ways to have efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire you need ways to have efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire you need ways to have efficient
+communication and that was an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and that was an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and that was an enormous
+uh impetus for things like telegraphy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impetus for things like telegraphy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impetus for things like telegraphy
+even with some of the former colonies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with some of the former colonies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with some of the former colonies
+like the United States or Canada some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the United States or Canada some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the United States or Canada some
+some kind of um formal Colonial Holdings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of um formal Colonial Holdings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of um formal Colonial Holdings
+there was still an effort in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was still an effort in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was still an effort in the same
+period the middle Decades of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the middle Decades of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the middle Decades of the 19th
+century to have efficient long-distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century to have efficient long-distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century to have efficient long-distance
+communication things like Commerce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication things like Commerce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication things like Commerce and
+diplomacy so there are all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy so there are all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy so there are all kinds of
+reasons why electromechanical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why electromechanical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why electromechanical uh
+investigations were given a very high uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations were given a very high uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations were given a very high uh
+priority in Britain in this time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority in Britain in this time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority in Britain in this time period
+so we get a taste of here's our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a taste of here's our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a taste of here's our first
+quotation from that little uh bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation from that little uh bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation from that little uh bit of the
+Maxwell that I designed Maxwell uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell that I designed Maxwell uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell that I designed Maxwell uh
+published this uh voluminous treat as A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this uh voluminous treat as A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this uh voluminous treat as A
+two-volume Treatise in 1873 to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-volume Treatise in 1873 to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-volume Treatise in 1873 to the two
+volumes together run to about 900 Pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes together run to about 900 Pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes together run to about 900 Pages
+it makes for fun beach reading but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes for fun beach reading but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes for fun beach reading but in
+the very opening of the preface we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very opening of the preface we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very opening of the preface we get
+this really interesting observation he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really interesting observation he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really interesting observation he
+tells us partly why anyone should read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us partly why anyone should read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us partly why anyone should read
+this book and he says here the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book and he says here the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book and he says here the important
+applications of electromagnetism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of electromagnetism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of electromagnetism to
+telegraphy have reacted on pure science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraphy have reacted on pure science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraphy have reacted on pure science
+by giving a commercial value and a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving a commercial value and a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving a commercial value and a data
+kind of um governmental diplomatic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um governmental diplomatic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um governmental diplomatic value
+to Accurate electrical measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Accurate electrical measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Accurate electrical measurements and
+by affording to electricians as they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by affording to electricians as they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by affording to electricians as they say
+experts in the field the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the field the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the field the use of
+apparatus on a scale which greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus on a scale which greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus on a scale which greatly
+transcends that of any ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends that of any ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends that of any ordinary
+laboratory this is they're getting huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory this is they're getting huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory this is they're getting huge
+Investments to conduct very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments to conduct very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments to conduct very large
+investigations with very elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations with very elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations with very elaborate
+apparatus the consequences of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus the consequences of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus the consequences of this
+demand this sort of government and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand this sort of government and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand this sort of government and and
+Commercial private interest demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial private interest demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial private interest demand for
+electrical knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical knowledge
+I know these experimental opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know these experimental opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know these experimental opportunities
+for acquiring that knowledge have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acquiring that knowledge have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acquiring that knowledge have
+already been very great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been very great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been very great
+both in stimulating the energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in stimulating the energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in stimulating the energies of
+advanced electricians and then diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced electricians and then diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced electricians and then diffusing
+among practical men a degree of accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among practical men a degree of accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among practical men a degree of accurate
+knowledge which is likely to conduce to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which is likely to conduce to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which is likely to conduce to
+the general scientific progress of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general scientific progress of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general scientific progress of the
+whole engineering profession PS why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole engineering profession PS why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole engineering profession PS why am I
+not hit 900 page book it's literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hit 900 page book it's literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hit 900 page book it's literally
+worth something that's what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth something that's what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth something that's what he's
+announcing in the opening pages of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing in the opening pages of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing in the opening pages of of
+his treatise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his treatise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his treatise
+so let's go a little bit uh into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go a little bit uh into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go a little bit uh into some
+some of how William Thompson and James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of how William Thompson and James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of how William Thompson and James
+Clark Maxwell start treating Faraday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark Maxwell start treating Faraday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark Maxwell start treating Faraday's
+kind of intellectual Legacy so Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intellectual Legacy so Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intellectual Legacy so Thompson
+began reading Faraday's books as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began reading Faraday's books as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began reading Faraday's books as well as
+some articles as an undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some articles as an undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some articles as an undergraduate
+Thompson was still you know basically 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson was still you know basically 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson was still you know basically 18
+and 19 years old at Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 19 years old at Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 19 years old at Cambridge
+when he starts devouring Faraday's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he starts devouring Faraday's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he starts devouring Faraday's work
+or continues to do so he began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or continues to do so he began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or continues to do so he began to
+realize that he could put Faraday's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that he could put Faraday's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that he could put Faraday's work
+it could kind of translate it on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could kind of translate it on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could kind of translate it on the one
+hand and also Newton's work on mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and also Newton's work on mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and also Newton's work on mechanics
+within the same mathematical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same mathematical structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same mathematical structure
+this was the stuff that only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the stuff that only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the stuff that only in the
+middle Decades of the 19th century was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle Decades of the 19th century was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle Decades of the 19th century was
+what Stu University students at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Stu University students at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Stu University students at
+Cambridge like William Thompson began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge like William Thompson began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge like William Thompson began to
+really be immersed in we'll talk much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be immersed in we'll talk much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be immersed in we'll talk much
+more about that in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that in the next lecture
+so we realize that you could make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we realize that you could make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we realize that you could make this
+bridge you could treat all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge you could treat all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge you could treat all these
+disparate phenomena within electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate phenomena within electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate phenomena within electricity
+and separately all these disparate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and separately all these disparate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and separately all these disparate
+phenomena within Newton's mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena within Newton's mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena within Newton's mechanics
+block sliding down planes the attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block sliding down planes the attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block sliding down planes the attraction
+of gravity introduce one similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity introduce one similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity introduce one similar
+mathematical construct the potential a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical construct the potential a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical construct the potential a
+scalar potential which is often just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar potential which is often just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar potential which is often just
+used labeled by the Greek letter Phi if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used labeled by the Greek letter Phi if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used labeled by the Greek letter Phi if
+this is brand new to you don't worry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is brand new to you don't worry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is brand new to you don't worry if
+it's very familiar to you great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very familiar to you great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very familiar to you great
+the idea is that a scalar function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that a scalar function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that a scalar function a
+scalar field like this potential it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field like this potential it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field like this potential it has
+values at every point in space those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at every point in space those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at every point in space those
+values can change over time but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values can change over time but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values can change over time but it
+doesn't have Direction it has no it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have Direction it has no it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have Direction it has no it only
+has magnitudes you can think of making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has magnitudes you can think of making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has magnitudes you can think of making a
+kind of uh uh representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh representing the
+temperature in the room at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the room at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the room at every
+location in space and then tracking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in space and then tracking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in space and then tracking how
+those temperature readings change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those temperature readings change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those temperature readings change over
+time at each location of space that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at each location of space that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at each location of space that's a
+scalar function temperatures scalar has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar function temperatures scalar has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar function temperatures scalar has
+magnitude but not Direction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude but not Direction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude but not Direction that's
+hopefully review other things like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully review other things like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully review other things like these
+fields that Faraday introduced for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that Faraday introduced for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that Faraday introduced for
+electricity magnetism those have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism those have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism those have
+direction as well as well as magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as well as well as magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as well as well as magnitude
+those are vector quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are vector quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are vector quantities
+well as Thompson was learning to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as Thompson was learning to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as Thompson was learning to just
+devour in his undergraduate studies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour in his undergraduate studies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour in his undergraduate studies you
+could create a vector quantity by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create a vector quantity by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create a vector quantity by taking
+kind of rates of change of a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rates of change of a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rates of change of a scalar
+quantity what we now call the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity what we now call the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity what we now call the gradient
+so the gradient often with this upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient often with this upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient often with this upside
+down triangle or an abolition symbol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down triangle or an abolition symbol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down triangle or an abolition symbol the
+gradient of a scalar function gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of a scalar function gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of a scalar function gives a
+vector function and in particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector function and in particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector function and in particular one
+could represent these Vector field-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could represent these Vector field-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could represent these Vector field-like
+quantities of either electricity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of either electricity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of either electricity or
+gravitation by first running out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation by first running out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation by first running out a
+simpler mathematical object the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler mathematical object the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler mathematical object the scalar
+function scalar potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function scalar potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function scalar potential
+so he first uh reviews what had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he first uh reviews what had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he first uh reviews what had already
+been worked out by a bunch of 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been worked out by a bunch of 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been worked out by a bunch of 18th
+century Savant throughout the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Savant throughout the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Savant throughout the um
+throughout France so French Scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout France so French Scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout France so French Scholars
+throughout the 1700s Downstream from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the 1700s Downstream from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the 1700s Downstream from
+Newton himself they had really transited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton himself they had really transited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton himself they had really transited
+Newton's own work into this language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's own work into this language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's own work into this language of
+um direct directional quantities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um direct directional quantities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um direct directional quantities like
+Fields like the gravitational like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields like the gravitational like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields like the gravitational like
+forces in the gravitational field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the gravitational field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the gravitational field and
+then introduced this simplifying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then introduced this simplifying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then introduced this simplifying uh
+mathematical structure of a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure of a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure of a scalar
+potential and then you could study not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then you could study not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then you could study not
+just how the field is related to changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how the field is related to changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how the field is related to changes
+in that scalar function the gradient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that scalar function the gradient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that scalar function the gradient you
+could see how the field would divert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see how the field would divert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see how the field would divert the
+Divergence of that field uh related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of that field uh related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of that field uh related to
+where the stuff is the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the stuff is the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the stuff is the density of
+sources of gravitation like the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of gravitation like the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of gravitation like the mass
+density this was basically a translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density this was basically a translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density this was basically a translation
+re-translation of of Newton's work from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-translation of of Newton's work from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-translation of of Newton's work from
+the 1680s translated into this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1680s translated into this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1680s translated into this more
+modern language throughout the 1700s by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern language throughout the 1700s by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern language throughout the 1700s by
+the French Scholars of Direction filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French Scholars of Direction filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French Scholars of Direction filled
+Vector quantities being related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector quantities being related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector quantities being related to
+derivatives to rates of change of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to rates of change of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to rates of change of simple
+or scalar quantities that was literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or scalar quantities that was literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or scalar quantities that was literally
+textbook stuff that's what Thompson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook stuff that's what Thompson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook stuff that's what Thompson's
+learning as an undergraduate it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning as an undergraduate it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning as an undergraduate it's now
+Thompson not those French folks in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson not those French folks in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson not those French folks in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+who says can we make a one for one map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says can we make a one for one map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says can we make a one for one map
+he's absorbing this cool Faraday stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's absorbing this cool Faraday stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's absorbing this cool Faraday stuff
+he says what if we represent an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says what if we represent an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says what if we represent an electric
+field as a state of strain and The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as a state of strain and The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as a state of strain and The Ether
+exactly as Faraday had begun kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as Faraday had begun kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as Faraday had begun kind of
+groping toward pictorially there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groping toward pictorially there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groping toward pictorially there's a
+there's electrical forces can be forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's electrical forces can be forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's electrical forces can be forces
+related to an electrical field the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to an electrical field the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to an electrical field the state
+of disturbance of The Ether sorry how'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disturbance of The Ether sorry how'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disturbance of The Ether sorry how'd
+that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry gang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry gang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry gang
+okay uh you can then relate the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you can then relate the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you can then relate the electric
+field again to rates of change of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field again to rates of change of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field again to rates of change of a
+simpler quantity a scalar potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler quantity a scalar potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler quantity a scalar potential
+exactly analogous to the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly analogous to the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly analogous to the gravitational
+case you can then ask how the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can then ask how the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can then ask how the electric
+field is um diverging throughout space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is um diverging throughout space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is um diverging throughout space
+and time like those lines of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time like those lines of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time like those lines of force
+getting more and more spread out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more and more spread out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more and more spread out from
+each other in Faraday and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in Faraday and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in Faraday and simple
+pictures and that's related to where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and that's related to where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and that's related to where the
+stuff is to the sources of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is to the sources of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is to the sources of this
+electrical disturbance the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical disturbance the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical disturbance the charge
+density how many electrical charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density how many electrical charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density how many electrical charged
+objects are distributed throughout space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are distributed throughout space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are distributed throughout space
+per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+so he makes a one-to-one map and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he makes a one-to-one map and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he makes a one-to-one map and he says
+there's really this precise mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really this precise mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really this precise mathematical
+analogy between electrical phenomena and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy between electrical phenomena and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy between electrical phenomena and
+mechanics like Newton's laws and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics like Newton's laws and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics like Newton's laws and the
+mapping is done by this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is done by this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is done by this a little bit
+more formal more fancy mathematics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal more fancy mathematics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal more fancy mathematics so
+far that's not so shocking Thompson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far that's not so shocking Thompson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far that's not so shocking Thompson was
+among the first to take this textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first to take this textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first to take this textbook
+side and start doing new things with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and start doing new things with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and start doing new things with it
+with the Faraday cool e m stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Faraday cool e m stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Faraday cool e m stuff
+one within one year of when Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one within one year of when Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one within one year of when Faraday
+introduced what we now call Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced what we now call Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced what we now call Faraday
+rotation there were that thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation there were that thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation there were that thing about the
+external magnetic field rotating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field rotating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field rotating the
+plane of polarization for light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of polarization for light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of polarization for light
+Thompson does the same thing he says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson does the same thing he says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson does the same thing he says oh
+good Faraday has some new cool stuff let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Faraday has some new cool stuff let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Faraday has some new cool stuff let
+me put that through uh my very fancy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put that through uh my very fancy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put that through uh my very fancy uh
+University mathematics so now he's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University mathematics so now he's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University mathematics so now he's still
+an undergraduate Thompson is now making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergraduate Thompson is now making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergraduate Thompson is now making
+brand new stuff not just rewriting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new stuff not just rewriting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new stuff not just rewriting the
+known uh regularities among electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh regularities among electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh regularities among electrical
+phenomena but in fact formalizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena but in fact formalizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena but in fact formalizing the
+brand new stuff like fairy rotation he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new stuff like fairy rotation he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new stuff like fairy rotation he
+introduces a new kind of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a new kind of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a new kind of mathematical
+object the vector potential that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the vector potential that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the vector potential that was not
+known even to the French Savant we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known even to the French Savant we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known even to the French Savant we still
+call it the vector potential a and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the vector potential a and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the vector potential a and he
+introduces a new operator new way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a new operator new way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a new operator new way of of
+manipulating that quantity which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating that quantity which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating that quantity which we call
+the curl Thompson invents curl as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl Thompson invents curl as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl Thompson invents curl as an
+undergraduate just let that sink in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate just let that sink in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate just let that sink in for
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+uh so you know the new semester is early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know the new semester is early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know the new semester is early
+you all can invent all kinds of new math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all can invent all kinds of new math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all can invent all kinds of new math
+before let's say November Thompson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before let's say November Thompson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before let's say November Thompson's
+literally doing this like for fun on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally doing this like for fun on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally doing this like for fun on the
+weekends because he can't get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends because he can't get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends because he can't get enough
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+um so he introduces a vector potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he introduces a vector potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he introduces a vector potential
+and this curl because as Faraday had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this curl because as Faraday had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this curl because as Faraday had
+kind of intuited the effect of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intuited the effect of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intuited the effect of a
+magnetic field on the surrounding Aether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field on the surrounding Aether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field on the surrounding Aether
+was this kind of turning or twisting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this kind of turning or twisting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this kind of turning or twisting uh
+strain unlike the kind of straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain unlike the kind of straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain unlike the kind of straight line
+strain of an electric field and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain of an electric field and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain of an electric field and so
+Thompson wanted to kind of formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson wanted to kind of formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson wanted to kind of formalize
+what that curl what that twisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that curl what that twisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that curl what that twisting
+torsion would be like as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsion would be like as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsion would be like as a as a
+different kind of strain in The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of strain in The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of strain in The Ether
+and he formalizes this new operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he formalizes this new operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he formalizes this new operator
+which we now know and love and use every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now know and love and use every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now know and love and use every
+single day it comes out of Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single day it comes out of Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single day it comes out of Thompson
+trying to treat mathematically formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to treat mathematically formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to treat mathematically formally
+what he was still learning very actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was still learning very actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was still learning very actively
+from people like Faraday pretty amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people like Faraday pretty amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people like Faraday pretty amazing
+so far following Faraday's lead Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far following Faraday's lead Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far following Faraday's lead Thompson
+begins to interpret this mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to interpret this mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to interpret this mathematical
+result mechanically remember we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result mechanically remember we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result mechanically remember we saw that
+one-to-one bridge between the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one bridge between the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one bridge between the kind of
+Newton mechanic stuff and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton mechanic stuff and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton mechanic stuff and the
+electricity stuff he says if the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity stuff he says if the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity stuff he says if the same
+mathematics applies maybe it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics applies maybe it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics applies maybe it's the same
+physical explanation on under perioding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical explanation on under perioding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical explanation on under perioding
+all of it The Ether he had learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it The Ether he had learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it The Ether he had learned from
+people like Michael Faraday and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Michael Faraday and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Michael Faraday and others
+The Ether syndrome is elastic physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether syndrome is elastic physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether syndrome is elastic physical
+medium it was literally a a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium it was literally a a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium it was literally a a kind of
+stuff spread it everywhere and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff spread it everywhere and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff spread it everywhere and that
+Medium could be put under local states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medium could be put under local states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medium could be put under local states
+of tension or strain with twist with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tension or strain with twist with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tension or strain with twist with
+directional properties uh described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional properties uh described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional properties uh described by
+these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors
+so these new mathematical techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these new mathematical techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these new mathematical techniques
+like curl could quantify this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like curl could quantify this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like curl could quantify this physical
+mechanical medium's response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical medium's response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical medium's response to
+pressures like electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures like electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures like electric and magnetic
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+he really took that to heart in a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really took that to heart in a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really took that to heart in a famous
+set of public lectures much like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of public lectures much like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of public lectures much like these
+London ones he actually came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London ones he actually came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London ones he actually came to
+Baltimore United States and gave very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore United States and gave very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore United States and gave very
+very well attended popular lectures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well attended popular lectures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well attended popular lectures for
+in Baltimore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Baltimore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Baltimore
+Thompson basically tried to give his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson basically tried to give his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson basically tried to give his
+audience a feel for what these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience a feel for what these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience a feel for what these kind of
+experts were doing this is a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts were doing this is a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts were doing this is a direct
+quotation so again people in their fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation so again people in their fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation so again people in their fancy
+Opera gloves like out for a night on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera gloves like out for a night on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera gloves like out for a night on the
+town through the great Lord Kelvin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town through the great Lord Kelvin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town through the great Lord Kelvin by
+this point the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the great
+ennobled um uh Lord Kelvin described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ennobled um uh Lord Kelvin described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ennobled um uh Lord Kelvin described
+about the latest advances and he tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the latest advances and he tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the latest advances and he tells
+his fancy audience stick your hand in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fancy audience stick your hand in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fancy audience stick your hand in a
+bowl of jelly okay and see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl of jelly okay and see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl of jelly okay and see how it
+Wiggles and vibrates As you move her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles and vibrates As you move her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles and vibrates As you move her
+hand around that's what it was to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand around that's what it was to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand around that's what it was to do
+physics because the jelly is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics because the jelly is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics because the jelly is just like
+this elastic ether it's everywhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elastic ether it's everywhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elastic ether it's everywhere and
+the job of super smart ambitious people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of super smart ambitious people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of super smart ambitious people
+like William Thompson was to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like William Thompson was to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like William Thompson was to quantify
+The Wiggles and vibrations of that ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Wiggles and vibrations of that ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Wiggles and vibrations of that ether
+much as you would if you disturbed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you would if you disturbed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you would if you disturbed this
+uh pot of jelly I love that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pot of jelly I love that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pot of jelly I love that
+this becomes known as a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes known as a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes known as a mechanical
+worldview if the mathematics was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldview if the mathematics was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldview if the mathematics was the
+same make this one-to-one mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same make this one-to-one mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same make this one-to-one mathematical
+map then maybe you could model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map then maybe you could model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map then maybe you could model
+electromagnetism on literally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism on literally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism on literally on
+mechanical models you have an elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical models you have an elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical models you have an elastic
+stuff under states of strain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff under states of strain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff under states of strain with
+directional properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional properties
+and if the models reproduce all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the models reproduce all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the models reproduce all the
+relevant phenomena like Coulomb's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant phenomena like Coulomb's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant phenomena like Coulomb's law
+and all the rest all the electrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the rest all the electrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the rest all the electrome
+magnetic phenomena so maybe these aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic phenomena so maybe these aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic phenomena so maybe these aren't
+only analogies or models maybe ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only analogies or models maybe ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only analogies or models maybe ether
+really was merely a mechanical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was merely a mechanical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was merely a mechanical system
+just like that jar of jam so it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that jar of jam so it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that jar of jam so it becomes
+a mechanical worldview all of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanical worldview all of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanical worldview all of the of the
+things of the world are to be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of the world are to be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of the world are to be understood
+on the mechanical kind of vibrations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mechanical kind of vibrations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mechanical kind of vibrations or
+responses of this space filling ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses of this space filling ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses of this space filling ether
+last part then I'll pause more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part then I'll pause more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part then I'll pause more questions
+we're almost done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost done
+uh when it turned to to Thompson's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when it turned to to Thompson's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when it turned to to Thompson's uh
+some slightly younger colleague uh James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slightly younger colleague uh James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slightly younger colleague uh James
+Clark Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mentioned they had a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned they had a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned they had a similar
+upbringing a couple years apart both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbringing a couple years apart both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbringing a couple years apart both
+Scottish both come to Cambridge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scottish both come to Cambridge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scottish both come to Cambridge for
+their undergraduate studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their undergraduate studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their undergraduate studies
+Max was a couple years younger I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max was a couple years younger I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max was a couple years younger I don't
+think they actually overlapped and came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they actually overlapped and came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they actually overlapped and came
+if they came to know each other later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they came to know each other later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they came to know each other later
+he uh Maxwell like Thompson becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh Maxwell like Thompson becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh Maxwell like Thompson becomes
+steeped in this new Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeped in this new Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeped in this new Cambridge
+mathematical training we'll talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical training we'll talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical training we'll talk a lot
+more about the Cambridge training in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the Cambridge training in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the Cambridge training in the
+next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class
+uh and they did and Maxwell develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they did and Maxwell develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they did and Maxwell develops
+further analogies between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further analogies between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further analogies between these
+electromagnetic kind of ether-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic kind of ether-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic kind of ether-based
+systems and mechanical systems here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and mechanical systems here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and mechanical systems here's a
+famous example this by the way you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous example this by the way you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous example this by the way you get
+some more description of this in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more description of this in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more description of this in that
+chapter by Bruce hunt in the reading for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter by Bruce hunt in the reading for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter by Bruce hunt in the reading for
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so to model the effects of a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to model the effects of a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to model the effects of a magnetic
+field on The Ether Maxwell imagines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on The Ether Maxwell imagines this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on The Ether Maxwell imagines this
+elaborate system basically it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate system basically it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate system basically it's like a
+Contraption of like pulleys and conveyor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contraption of like pulleys and conveyor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contraption of like pulleys and conveyor
+belts and gears we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belts and gears we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belts and gears we don't have to worry
+about the detail so much the ambition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the detail so much the ambition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the detail so much the ambition is
+what I want to convey that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to convey that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to convey that there's a
+physical model of an actual system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model of an actual system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model of an actual system a
+mechanical system gears levers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system gears levers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system gears levers and
+straps that he thinks is what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straps that he thinks is what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straps that he thinks is what's really
+going on in the ether when we do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the ether when we do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the ether when we do things
+like put a little patch of ether under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like put a little patch of ether under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like put a little patch of ether under
+local strain from a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local strain from a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local strain from a magnetic field
+so between these kind of vortices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between these kind of vortices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between these kind of vortices as
+depicted here are these idle Wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted here are these idle Wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted here are these idle Wheels
+we'll sort of stay in place but can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll sort of stay in place but can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll sort of stay in place but can
+change the rate at which they turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate at which they turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate at which they turn it
+really is like these conveyor belts if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is like these conveyor belts if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is like these conveyor belts if
+an external Force changed the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external Force changed the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external Force changed the rate at
+which one of these um uh vortices was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these um uh vortices was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these um uh vortices was
+spinning you could change it by imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning you could change it by imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning you could change it by imposing
+what is external Fields like a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is external Fields like a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is external Fields like a magnetic
+field you change the rate at which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you change the rate at which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you change the rate at which this
+kind of unit cell is spinning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unit cell is spinning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unit cell is spinning that
+changes the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the rate at which the
+immediately nearest neighbors are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately nearest neighbors are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately nearest neighbors are going
+to be uh behaving it's all this Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh behaving it's all this Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh behaving it's all this Faraday
+field idea of local neighbor to local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field idea of local neighbor to local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field idea of local neighbor to local
+neighbor not action at a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor not action at a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor not action at a distance
+so this unit cell starts to change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this unit cell starts to change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this unit cell starts to change its
+rate of rotation that changes speed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of rotation that changes speed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of rotation that changes speed at
+which these intervening these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these intervening these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these intervening these are called
+idle Wheels spin that then changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle Wheels spin that then changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle Wheels spin that then changes the
+rate at which their nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which their nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which their nearest neighbors
+soon because they're literally connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon because they're literally connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon because they're literally connected
+so it's all local effects so all effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's all local effects so all effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's all local effects so all effects
+are local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are local
+and the way that a magnetic disturbance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that a magnetic disturbance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that a magnetic disturbance
+affects something over there is by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects something over there is by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects something over there is by these
+local effects propagating through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local effects propagating through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local effects propagating through the
+medium in this kind of gears and straps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in this kind of gears and straps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in this kind of gears and straps
+uh conveyor belt sort of way and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conveyor belt sort of way and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conveyor belt sort of way and again
+he gives us hints about this in the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gives us hints about this in the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gives us hints about this in the even
+in the brief excerpt uh from Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brief excerpt uh from Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brief excerpt uh from Maxwell's
+three just that I assigned for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just that I assigned for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just that I assigned for today
+so you talked about how the action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you talked about how the action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you talked about how the action of
+one electrical system on another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electrical system on another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electrical system on another is
+affected not by Direction direct action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected not by Direction direct action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected not by Direction direct action
+at a distance not the way Newton had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a distance not the way Newton had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a distance not the way Newton had
+said but rather by means of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said but rather by means of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said but rather by means of a
+distribution of stress in this medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of stress in this medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of stress in this medium
+this elastic medium or The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elastic medium or The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elastic medium or The Ether
+extending continuously throughout space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending continuously throughout space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending continuously throughout space
+likewise he says a few pages later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise he says a few pages later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise he says a few pages later in
+the excerpt the distribution of stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excerpt the distribution of stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excerpt the distribution of stress
+in this medium is ether is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this medium is ether is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this medium is ether is precisely
+that to which ferrity was led in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to which ferrity was led in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to which ferrity was led in his
+investigation of induction of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation of induction of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation of induction of the fact
+that a moving magnetic moving magnet can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a moving magnetic moving magnet can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a moving magnetic moving magnet can
+induce electrical effects like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce electrical effects like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce electrical effects like an
+electric current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current
+at every point of the median there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point of the median there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point of the median there's a
+state of stress every part of the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of stress every part of the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of stress every part of the ether
+is under some kind of stress such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under some kind of stress such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under some kind of stress such as
+there's tensional longer lines of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tensional longer lines of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tensional longer lines of force
+pressure at right angles he's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure at right angles he's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure at right angles he's really
+building a mechanical model almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a mechanical model almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a mechanical model almost
+sometimes a kind of hydrostatic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a kind of hydrostatic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a kind of hydrostatic one
+other ones more like the gears of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones more like the gears of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones more like the gears of a
+factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+this became how the maxwellians not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became how the maxwellians not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became how the maxwellians not just
+Maxwell but even his nearest followers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell but even his nearest followers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell but even his nearest followers
+and students and kind of protege that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and students and kind of protege that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and students and kind of protege that's
+what they thought it was to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought it was to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought it was to study the
+natural world to build more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world to build more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world to build more and more
+kind of articulated mechanical models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of articulated mechanical models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of articulated mechanical models of
+The Ether with which they could model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether with which they could model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether with which they could model
+and even predict more and more features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even predict more and more features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even predict more and more features
+in the natural world like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the natural world like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the natural world like
+electromagnetic effects so one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic effects so one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic effects so one of his
+acolytes Oliver Lodge himself went on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acolytes Oliver Lodge himself went on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acolytes Oliver Lodge himself went on to
+a very very distinguished career uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very distinguished career uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very distinguished career uh in
+in physics himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics himself
+he wrote a book a few years later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a book a few years later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a book a few years later the
+Maxwell's Treatise called a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's Treatise called a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's Treatise called a modern
+modern views of electricity and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern views of electricity and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern views of electricity and it was
+all about this sort of maxwelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about this sort of maxwelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about this sort of maxwelling
+approach within this mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach within this mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach within this mechanical
+worldview to account for States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldview to account for States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldview to account for States
+Australian either using this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian either using this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian either using this kind of
+much more articulated mapping the fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more articulated mapping the fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more articulated mapping the fancy
+math the people like Thompson Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math the people like Thompson Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math the people like Thompson Maxwell
+and soon the whole Cambridge group would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soon the whole Cambridge group would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soon the whole Cambridge group would
+articulate well this didn't impress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate well this didn't impress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate well this didn't impress
+everyone I love this book review this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I love this book review this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I love this book review this is
+the nastiest book of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nastiest book of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nastiest book of you
+for a long long time here's a review by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long long time here's a review by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long long time here's a review by
+the French mathematical physicist Pierre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French mathematical physicist Pierre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French mathematical physicist Pierre
+duet reviewing uh Oliver Lodge's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duet reviewing uh Oliver Lodge's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duet reviewing uh Oliver Lodge's book
+this could have maxwellian uh book duam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could have maxwellian uh book duam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could have maxwellian uh book duam
+hopes you would like it he also was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes you would like it he also was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes you would like it he also was very
+interested in electric mechanism but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in electric mechanism but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in electric mechanism but he
+he just Snips in this wonderful sneering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just Snips in this wonderful sneering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just Snips in this wonderful sneering
+French way to wear the quoting says here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French way to wear the quoting says here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French way to wear the quoting says here
+is a book intended to expound the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a book intended to expound the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a book intended to expound the modern
+theories of electricity in it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of electricity in it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of electricity in it there are
+nothing but strings which move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but strings which move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but strings which move around
+pulleys which roll around drums which go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulleys which roll around drums which go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulleys which roll around drums which go
+through pearl beads which carry weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pearl beads which carry weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pearl beads which carry weights
+and tubes which pump water While others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tubes which pump water While others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tubes which pump water While others
+swell and contract toothed wheels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swell and contract toothed wheels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swell and contract toothed wheels are
+geared to one or other engaged hooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geared to one or other engaged hooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geared to one or other engaged hooks
+this is the real kicker we thought we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real kicker we thought we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real kicker we thought we
+were entering the Tranquil and neatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were entering the Tranquil and neatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were entering the Tranquil and neatly
+ordered Abode of reason but we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered Abode of reason but we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered Abode of reason but we find
+ourselves in a factory this was not High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in a factory this was not High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in a factory this was not High
+Praise he was like I thought I was gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Praise he was like I thought I was gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Praise he was like I thought I was gonna
+learn something edifying for my soul and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something edifying for my soul and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something edifying for my soul and
+said this is literally low class stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is literally low class stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is literally low class stuff
+this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most
+obnoxious takedown book review that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obnoxious takedown book review that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obnoxious takedown book review that I
+could think of so this maxwellian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of so this maxwellian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of so this maxwellian
+British approach doesn't please everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British approach doesn't please everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British approach doesn't please everyone
+and yet as we'll see in the last little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet as we'll see in the last little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet as we'll see in the last little
+bit they're starting to make some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit they're starting to make some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit they're starting to make some pretty
+remarkable strides nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable strides nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable strides nonetheless
+last little bit then we'll pause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last little bit then we'll pause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last little bit then we'll pause for
+questions last part for Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so while working out this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while working out this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while working out this sort of
+mechanical model how would local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical model how would local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical model how would local
+disturbances propagate through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances propagate through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances propagate through this
+elastic medium of The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic medium of The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic medium of The Ether
+Maxwell starts putting in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell starts putting in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell starts putting in some
+quantitative values for the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative values for the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative values for the way to
+characterize the kind of response of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the kind of response of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the kind of response of The
+Ether these are really like spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether these are really like spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether these are really like spring
+constants how stretchy is The Ether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants how stretchy is The Ether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants how stretchy is The Ether or
+how much stretchiness or tension do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stretchiness or tension do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stretchiness or tension do you
+get sort of per unit applied external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sort of per unit applied external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sort of per unit applied external
+field when we apply an external electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field when we apply an external electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field when we apply an external electric
+field to this part of The Ether how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to this part of The Ether how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to this part of The Ether how much
+does the tension change or likewise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the tension change or likewise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the tension change or likewise the
+magnetic field so we like spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field so we like spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field so we like spring
+constants okay analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants okay analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants okay analogous
+and that's what he and his colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what he and his colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what he and his colleagues
+are measuring in their local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring in their local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring in their local
+Laboratories and study then he goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories and study then he goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories and study then he goes back
+to these mechanical models to ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these mechanical models to ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these mechanical models to ask how
+quickly would a mechanical disturbance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly would a mechanical disturbance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly would a mechanical disturbance
+begin to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to propagate
+within this mechanical ether and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this mechanical ether and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this mechanical ether and he
+finds really to his surprise he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds really to his surprise he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds really to his surprise he didn't
+see that coming these disturbances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that coming these disturbances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that coming these disturbances in
+the either Moment by moment local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the either Moment by moment local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the either Moment by moment local
+effects would move out of speed he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects would move out of speed he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects would move out of speed he
+already knew very well the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew very well the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew very well the speed of
+speed the direct quotation was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed the direct quotation was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed the direct quotation was very
+famous paper from 1865
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper from 1865
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper from 1865
+and he says the velocity of transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says the velocity of transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says the velocity of transverse
+undulations in our hypothetical medium I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations in our hypothetical medium I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations in our hypothetical medium I
+just love that phrase transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just love that phrase transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just love that phrase transverse
+undulations in our hypothetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations in our hypothetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations in our hypothetically
+meaning the speed at which these waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the speed at which these waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the speed at which these waves
+of ether are traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ether are traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ether are traveling
+that's me to Greece so exactly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me to Greece so exactly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me to Greece so exactly with the
+velocity of light that's captured from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of light that's captured from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of light that's captured from
+Optical experiments in action mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical experiments in action mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical experiments in action mostly
+astronomical tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical tests
+that we can scarcely avoid the inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can scarcely avoid the inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can scarcely avoid the inference
+that light consists of the transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light consists of the transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light consists of the transverse
+undulations of the same medium ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations of the same medium ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations of the same medium ether
+which is the cause of electric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the cause of electric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the cause of electric and
+magnetic phenomena translate into how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic phenomena translate into how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic phenomena translate into how we
+might say it today light waves were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say it today light waves were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say it today light waves were
+literally nothing but traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally nothing but traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally nothing but traveling
+disturbances of electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances of electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances of electric and magnetic
+fields within this light-bearing of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields within this light-bearing of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields within this light-bearing of all
+pervasive ether he gets that he gets his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive ether he gets that he gets his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive ether he gets that he gets his
+unification of electricity magnetism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unification of electricity magnetism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unification of electricity magnetism and
+Optics by thinking very very hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics by thinking very very hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics by thinking very very hard and
+very quantitatively about the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quantitatively about the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quantitatively about the mechanical
+response of this all-pervasive ether so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of this all-pervasive ether so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of this all-pervasive ether so
+let me wrap up and I'll pause I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me wrap up and I'll pause I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me wrap up and I'll pause I see a
+bunch of comments coming up in the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of comments coming up in the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of comments coming up in the chat
+so I want to make sure your time to chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to make sure your time to chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to make sure your time to chat
+so he always wrap up for and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he always wrap up for and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he always wrap up for and then we'll
+uh we'll get to discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll get to discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll get to discussion
+leading natural philosophers of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading natural philosophers of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading natural philosophers of the 19th
+century were really quite convinced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century were really quite convinced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century were really quite convinced and
+they had very good reasons that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had very good reasons that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had very good reasons that the
+world is made up just different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is made up just different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is made up just different kinds of
+stuff than how our contemporaries would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff than how our contemporaries would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff than how our contemporaries would
+answer that question that opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question that opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question that opening
+question what's the world made of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's the world made of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's the world made of the
+folks back then World leading rightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks back then World leading rightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks back then World leading rightly
+celebrated Scholars Faraday Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated Scholars Faraday Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated Scholars Faraday Thompson
+Maxwell and and for that matter people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell and and for that matter people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell and and for that matter people
+like Pierre du Amin and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Pierre du Amin and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Pierre du Amin and his
+contemporaries as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries as well
+uh they were convinced that the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they were convinced that the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they were convinced that the world
+was not made of Elementary particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not made of Elementary particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not made of Elementary particles
+that skitter around in a vacuum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that skitter around in a vacuum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that skitter around in a vacuum but
+rather there was no vacuum and particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather there was no vacuum and particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather there was no vacuum and particles
+were kind of afterthought we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of afterthought we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of afterthought we'll come
+back to that next question that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that next question that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that next question that the
+world is filled with this elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is filled with this elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is filled with this elastic
+physical medium The Ether and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical medium The Ether and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical medium The Ether and and
+everything that matters is a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that matters is a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that matters is a response
+that ether to various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ether to various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ether to various kinds of
+mechanical disturbances as the Lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical disturbances as the Lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical disturbances as the Lord
+Kelvin says stick your hand in a bowl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin says stick your hand in a bowl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin says stick your hand in a bowl of
+jelly see how it Wiggles that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jelly see how it Wiggles that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jelly see how it Wiggles that's what the
+world is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is made of
+up until the middle Decades of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until the middle Decades of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until the middle Decades of the 19th
+century many leading highly accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century many leading highly accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century many leading highly accomplished
+and very influential natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very influential natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very influential natural
+philosophers like Michael Faraday could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers like Michael Faraday could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers like Michael Faraday could
+enter research careers based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter research careers based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter research careers based on this
+apprenticeship model closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship model closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship model closer to the
+Middle Ages or the Renaissance than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle Ages or the Renaissance than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle Ages or the Renaissance than to
+today they often worked in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they often worked in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they often worked in sort of
+institutes which had no formal teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutes which had no formal teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutes which had no formal teaching
+function they were not for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they were not for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they were not for the most part
+based at universities that's what begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based at universities that's what begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based at universities that's what begins
+to change in the middle Decades of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change in the middle Decades of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change in the middle Decades of the
+19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century
+so Faraday Thompson and Maxwell in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Faraday Thompson and Maxwell in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Faraday Thompson and Maxwell in their
+own different ways pursue these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own different ways pursue these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own different ways pursue these
+analogies between this light-bearing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies between this light-bearing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies between this light-bearing or
+luminiferous ether and mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiferous ether and mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiferous ether and mechanical
+systems Faraday with his rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Faraday with his rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Faraday with his rather
+rudimentary geometrical arguments and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary geometrical arguments and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary geometrical arguments and is
+very clever kind of pictorial AIDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever kind of pictorial AIDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever kind of pictorial AIDS
+Thompson Maxwell's is increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson Maxwell's is increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson Maxwell's is increasingly
+sophisticated mathematics and we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated mathematics and we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated mathematics and we'll look
+at that person more next time they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that person more next time they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that person more next time they all
+became convinced of what became called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became convinced of what became called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became convinced of what became called a
+mechanical worldview the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical worldview the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical worldview the electromagnetic
+effects were literally nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects were literally nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects were literally nothing but
+mechanical effects mechanical effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical effects mechanical effects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical effects mechanical effects on
+this all-provacing ether moreover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all-provacing ether moreover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all-provacing ether moreover this
+is the birth of what we now call field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the birth of what we now call field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the birth of what we now call field
+physics local causes yield local effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics local causes yield local effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics local causes yield local effects
+there's no action at a distance unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no action at a distance unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no action at a distance unlike
+Maxwell's description excuse me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's description excuse me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's description excuse me a
+Newton's description of gravity a can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's description of gravity a can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's description of gravity a can
+affect B but it'll take some time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect B but it'll take some time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect B but it'll take some time for
+the effects to propagate and certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects to propagate and certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects to propagate and certain
+kinds of propagating effects like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of propagating effects like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of propagating effects like these
+electric and magnetic transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic transverse
+undulations those show up as nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations those show up as nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations those show up as nothing
+other than what we call light let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than what we call light let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than what we call light let me
+stop streaming screen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop streaming screen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop streaming screen there
+open it up for questions uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up for questions uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up for questions uh there's a
+huge uh set in the chat I might I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge uh set in the chat I might I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge uh set in the chat I might I think
+I'll get welcome to them all today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great great question thank you so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great question thank you so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great question thank you so you're
+right so there was a spectrum even among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there was a spectrum even among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there was a spectrum even among
+what we now call the maxwellians they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call the maxwellians they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call the maxwellians they
+didn't all have you know exact the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't all have you know exact the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't all have you know exact the same
+ideas so they shared a lot and so indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so they shared a lot and so indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so they shared a lot and so indeed
+some of them wondered is this a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them wondered is this a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them wondered is this a useful
+analogy and if so should we nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy and if so should we nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy and if so should we nonetheless
+keep pursuing it see what we get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep pursuing it see what we get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep pursuing it see what we get out of
+it others were convinced that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it others were convinced that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it others were convinced that it's more
+than it's not merely an analogy it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it's not merely an analogy it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it's not merely an analogy it's a
+helpful analogy precisely because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful analogy precisely because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful analogy precisely because of
+some deeper similarity and individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deeper similarity and individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deeper similarity and individuals
+use change over time and the whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use change over time and the whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use change over time and the whole group
+would have a kind of let's say evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a kind of let's say evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a kind of let's say evolving
+center of gravity they were more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gravity they were more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gravity they were more like
+each other in the kind of Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in the kind of Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in the kind of Cambridge
+scene than like say the French or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene than like say the French or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene than like say the French or the
+Germans or indeed communities further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans or indeed communities further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans or indeed communities further
+afield as we'll look at so I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afield as we'll look at so I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afield as we'll look at so I don't want
+to make it sound like they're all kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it sound like they're all kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it sound like they're all kind
+of like exactly have the same notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like exactly have the same notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like exactly have the same notion
+they were pretty similar compared to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pretty similar compared to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pretty similar compared to as
+was actually a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a really interesting
+contrast next class I think interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast next class I think interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast next class I think interesting
+with some leading Scholars within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some leading Scholars within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some leading Scholars within the
+German states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German states
+so they they are those maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they are those maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they are those maybe the
+strongest contrast but you're right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest contrast but you're right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest contrast but you're right that
+some of these even within Cambridge are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these even within Cambridge are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these even within Cambridge are
+the kind of close maxwellian um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of close maxwellian um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of close maxwellian um
+colleagues they were all delighted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues they were all delighted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues they were all delighted to
+pursue the mathematical analogies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue the mathematical analogies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue the mathematical analogies they
+were getting trained in this very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting trained in this very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting trained in this very very
+um elaborate mathematical Machinery as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elaborate mathematical Machinery as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elaborate mathematical Machinery as
+we'll talk more about next time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about next time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about next time they
+shared that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared that
+and they were impressed by what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were impressed by what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were impressed by what the
+analogies would bring them either to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies would bring them either to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies would bring them either to
+explain something or to prompt new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain something or to prompt new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain something or to prompt new
+questions to then try to go investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to then try to go investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to then try to go investigate
+the laboratory was a productive set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory was a productive set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory was a productive set of
+analogies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies
+that was already what they agreed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already what they agreed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already what they agreed on
+some then said it's not just analogy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some then said it's not just analogy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some then said it's not just analogy the
+world is filled with jelly effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is filled with jelly effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is filled with jelly effective
+it's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question
+it looks like Julia has very kindly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like Julia has very kindly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like Julia has very kindly
+compiled a bunch of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled a bunch of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled a bunch of um
+questions for me let me answer some that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for me let me answer some that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for me let me answer some that
+Julie has uh private chatted to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julie has uh private chatted to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julie has uh private chatted to me and
+if if I missed some others we'll we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I missed some others we'll we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I missed some others we'll we have
+time for some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for some more
+so someone asks by way Julia if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so someone asks by way Julia if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so someone asks by way Julia if
+University and research institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and research institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and research institutions
+were separated at the time who used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were separated at the time who used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were separated at the time who used to
+teach at the universities oh very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at the universities oh very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at the universities oh very good
+um people would teach at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people would teach at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people would teach at the
+universities who had gone to University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities who had gone to University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities who had gone to University
+so his self-replicating now that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his self-replicating now that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his self-replicating now that's still
+true today but we've we've achieved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true today but we've we've achieved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true today but we've we've achieved a
+kind of Monopoly whereas back then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Monopoly whereas back then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Monopoly whereas back then it
+wasn't such a monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't such a monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't such a monopoly
+that is to say people who would teach at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say people who would teach at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say people who would teach at
+universities had indeed been trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities had indeed been trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities had indeed been trained
+like like uh William Thompson or James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like uh William Thompson or James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like uh William Thompson or James
+Clark Maxwell with their own students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark Maxwell with their own students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark Maxwell with their own students
+and in fact we'll talk quite a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we'll talk quite a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we'll talk quite a bit about
+this in the next class and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the next class and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the next class and something
+that I find really interesting uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I find really interesting uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I find really interesting uh and
+that was still separated from people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was still separated from people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was still separated from people who
+could enter really elaborately amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enter really elaborately amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enter really elaborately amazingly
+prestigious careers like Michael Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious careers like Michael Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious careers like Michael Faraday
+or even Thomas Young before him or Hans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even Thomas Young before him or Hans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even Thomas Young before him or Hans
+Christian ersted or many other names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian ersted or many other names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian ersted or many other names
+encountered today uh without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered today uh without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered today uh without going
+through that kind of formal University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that kind of formal University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that kind of formal University
+setting so the kind of apprenticeship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so the kind of apprenticeship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so the kind of apprenticeship
+model like get your hands dirty on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like get your hands dirty on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like get your hands dirty on
+effectively a kind of elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a kind of elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a kind of elaborate
+internship and just like never leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internship and just like never leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internship and just like never leave
+that was still a viable path in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was still a viable path in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was still a viable path in to
+conduct really world-class cutting-edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct really world-class cutting-edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct really world-class cutting-edge
+research then you'd often write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research then you'd often write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research then you'd often write your
+monograph your whole book about it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monograph your whole book about it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monograph your whole book about it maybe
+deliver some fancy lectures maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver some fancy lectures maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver some fancy lectures maybe some
+of the scholars at the University would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scholars at the University would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scholars at the University would
+be interested and maybe write a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested and maybe write a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested and maybe write a textbook
+and maybe lecture on it in their classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe lecture on it in their classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe lecture on it in their classes
+but they were kind of they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were kind of they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were kind of they were
+separated the separation begins to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated the separation begins to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated the separation begins to be
+reduced starting in in the uh roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced starting in in the uh roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced starting in in the uh roughly
+1850 1840s 1850s and they become much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850 1840s 1850s and they become much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850 1840s 1850s and they become much
+much closer associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer associated
+not automatically not without sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not automatically not without sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not automatically not without sort of um
+some some some switches back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some some switches back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some some switches back and forth
+but the trend really sets in starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the trend really sets in starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the trend really sets in starting in
+the middle 19th century again we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle 19th century again we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle 19th century again we'll look
+at that a bit more directly next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that a bit more directly next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that a bit more directly next time
+very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question
+so another question is why do we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another question is why do we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another question is why do we go from
+the convention used in Maxwell of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention used in Maxwell of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention used in Maxwell of
+denoting a potential as PSI to Now using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting a potential as PSI to Now using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting a potential as PSI to Now using
+a Phi oh very good are they different no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Phi oh very good are they different no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Phi oh very good are they different no
+they're not different so uh I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not different so uh I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not different so uh I guess I
+skipped ahead to the modern uh I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped ahead to the modern uh I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped ahead to the modern uh I showed
+my prejudices in my slides here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my prejudices in my slides here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my prejudices in my slides here just
+using the Greek letter Phi for potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Greek letter Phi for potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Greek letter Phi for potential
+uh that the short answer is I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the short answer is I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the short answer is I don't know
+what that particular letter changed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that particular letter changed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that particular letter changed what
+I do know and we'll talk about uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do know and we'll talk about uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do know and we'll talk about uh again
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+is that as you you had a taste of again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as you you had a taste of again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as you you had a taste of again
+in the reader today Maxwell was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reader today Maxwell was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reader today Maxwell was not
+using any of this fancy pass Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using any of this fancy pass Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using any of this fancy pass Vector
+stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right
+um Maxwell was writing everything out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Maxwell was writing everything out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Maxwell was writing everything out in
+explicit Cartesian coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit Cartesian coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit Cartesian coordinates
+I that's probably why I joke why his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's probably why I joke why his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's probably why I joke why his
+book was 900 Pages like if he just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book was 900 Pages like if he just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book was 900 Pages like if he just used
+vectors it would have been a 20-page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it would have been a 20-page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it would have been a 20-page
+pamphlet you know we'd be done uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamphlet you know we'd be done uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamphlet you know we'd be done uh and so
+I talk a lot about that actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk a lot about that actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk a lot about that actually in the
+coming class so the particular question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming class so the particular question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming class so the particular question
+how did Society come Phi it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did Society come Phi it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did Society come Phi it's
+interesting and I actually don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and I actually don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and I actually don't know
+um but the the larger question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the the larger question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the the larger question about
+Maxwell's notation and in particular how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's notation and in particular how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's notation and in particular how
+it could become so valuable for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could become so valuable for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could become so valuable for people
+like us when he writes these incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us when he writes these incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us when he writes these incredibly
+clunky pain-of-the-buck kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clunky pain-of-the-buck kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clunky pain-of-the-buck kinds of things
+that's probably why I gave you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably why I gave you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably why I gave you those
+excerpts from his reader from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts from his reader from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts from his reader from his
+Treatise it doesn't look just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treatise it doesn't look just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treatise it doesn't look just like you
+know our favorite textbooks today even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our favorite textbooks today even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our favorite textbooks today even
+when we're using quote-unquote his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're using quote-unquote his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're using quote-unquote his
+equations so it's a great question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so it's a great question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so it's a great question the
+conventions actually show a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions actually show a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions actually show a lot of
+interesting stuff even the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff even the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff even the particular
+question about sci-fi I I admit I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about sci-fi I I admit I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about sci-fi I I admit I don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+regarding the wheels pulleys as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the wheels pulleys as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the wheels pulleys as
+analogies of physical reality how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies of physical reality how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies of physical reality how is
+continuous rotational symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous rotational symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous rotational symmetry of the
+physics explained oh that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics explained oh that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics explained oh that's interesting
+um I think the idea oh that's good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the idea oh that's good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the idea oh that's good yeah
+that's good so I think they they gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so I think they they gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so I think they they gesture
+toward it by those like molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward it by those like molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward it by those like molecular
+vortices that's a kind of two-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices that's a kind of two-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices that's a kind of two-day
+two-dimensional slice and they certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional slice and they certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional slice and they certainly
+wear things like spheres so a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear things like spheres so a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear things like spheres so a lot of it
+they talked about ball bearings so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talked about ball bearings so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talked about ball bearings so you
+actually have spherical Symmetry and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have spherical Symmetry and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have spherical Symmetry and so
+they construct an even more elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they construct an even more elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they construct an even more elaborate
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+pulleys and gears so they were certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulleys and gears so they were certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulleys and gears so they were certainly
+very attuned especially think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very attuned especially think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very attuned especially think about
+these mathematical kind of um uh fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mathematical kind of um uh fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mathematical kind of um uh fancy
+mathematicians like Thompson maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians like Thompson maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians like Thompson maximum
+they're very attuned to what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very attuned to what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very attuned to what we would
+Now call symmetry arguments in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now call symmetry arguments in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now call symmetry arguments in real
+space could I rotate the system around X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space could I rotate the system around X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space could I rotate the system around X
+Y or Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or Z
+um and so a lot of their models were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so a lot of their models were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so a lot of their models were
+actually frankly sort of spherical like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually frankly sort of spherical like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually frankly sort of spherical like
+like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+um uh you know like like billiard balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know like like billiard balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know like like billiard balls
+or like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like um
+uh you know ball bearings as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know ball bearings as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know ball bearings as opposed to
+only like uh circles uh so we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like uh circles uh so we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like uh circles uh so we'll come
+we'll come to that as well these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to that as well these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to that as well these are all
+good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions
+other questions here from the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions here from the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions here from the chat
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or over nothing yet anyone else have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or over nothing yet anyone else have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or over nothing yet anyone else have any
+questions that they want us to pose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that they want us to pose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that they want us to pose for
+the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group
+feel free to raise just raise your blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to raise just raise your blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to raise just raise your blue
+hand at this point too now that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand at this point too now that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand at this point too now that we can
+see each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I like the comments about putting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like the comments about putting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like the comments about putting your
+hand in jelly now you keep on sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in jelly now you keep on sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in jelly now you keep on sticking
+my apologies for your keyboard but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my apologies for your keyboard but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my apologies for your keyboard but uh
+just trying to catch up on the chat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah good there's a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good there's a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good there's a really interesting
+comment here about from Sabrina I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here about from Sabrina I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here about from Sabrina I like
+this so Sabrina writes uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so Sabrina writes uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so Sabrina writes uh that that
+um I don't know what it got is a grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know what it got is a grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know what it got is a grand
+unified theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theory
+um but it seems like we're moving back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it seems like we're moving back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it seems like we're moving back
+towards everything being the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards everything being the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards everything being the same thing
+again uh with a little smile Emoji so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh with a little smile Emoji so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh with a little smile Emoji so
+one of the things that um maybe it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that um maybe it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that um maybe it comes
+back to actually to iabo's question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to actually to iabo's question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to actually to iabo's question so
+for some of these folks The Ether was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of these folks The Ether was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of these folks The Ether was a
+kind of word for something I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of word for something I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of word for something I didn't
+really know what it was a a subject a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what it was a a subject a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what it was a a subject a
+topic they figured had to be everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic they figured had to be everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic they figured had to be everywhere
+because they could in they could infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they could in they could infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they could in they could infer
+its effects if I wiggle something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its effects if I wiggle something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its effects if I wiggle something here
+something happens there there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens there there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens there there must be
+some medium that transmitted the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medium that transmitted the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medium that transmitted the the
+influence from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence from A to B
+if uh you know how could a moving bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh you know how could a moving bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh you know how could a moving bar
+magnet possibly affect an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet possibly affect an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet possibly affect an electric
+current because they're both immersed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current because they're both immersed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current because they're both immersed in
+the shared medium it's all pervasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shared medium it's all pervasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shared medium it's all pervasive
+median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median
+uh and so they gave it a name they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they gave it a name they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they gave it a name they gave
+a name long before they had any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name long before they had any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name long before they had any kind of
+articulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated
+descriptions or analogies of it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions or analogies of it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions or analogies of it they
+called it the light bearing either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it the light bearing either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it the light bearing either
+luminous even here decades before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous even here decades before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous even here decades before they
+had any kind of more specific ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any kind of more specific ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any kind of more specific ideas
+about it and so in that sense I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and so in that sense I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and so in that sense I think it
+is kind of like we're in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like we're in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like we're in a similar
+situation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation today
+uh and we'll talk a bit about this near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we'll talk a bit about this near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we'll talk a bit about this near
+the very end of the semester with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of the semester with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of the semester with our
+our quest to understand what's the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our quest to understand what's the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our quest to understand what's the world
+made of and we have some other we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of and we have some other we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of and we have some other we have
+very finely articulated models like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very finely articulated models like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very finely articulated models like a
+standard model and this kind of neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and this kind of neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and this kind of neutrino
+and that kind of electron and up quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of electron and up quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of electron and up quarks
+and down quarks and gluons and Higgs all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down quarks and gluons and Higgs all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down quarks and gluons and Higgs all
+this very specific stuff and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very specific stuff and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very specific stuff and that
+amounts as you may know for not more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts as you may know for not more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts as you may know for not more
+than five percent of the kind of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five percent of the kind of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five percent of the kind of mass
+balance of the universe we've explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of the universe we've explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of the universe we've explained
+five percent of the universe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent of the universe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent of the universe with
+unbelievable Precision out to 12 decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable Precision out to 12 decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable Precision out to 12 decimal
+places thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places thank you very much
+and we know nothing with a capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know nothing with a capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know nothing with a capital N
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+about the other 95 of the map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other 95 of the map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other 95 of the map of the
+energy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance
+so we give it names we call it dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we give it names we call it dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we give it names we call it dark
+matter and dark energy again it'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and dark energy again it'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and dark energy again it'll come
+to in the very uh near the end the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the very uh near the end the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the very uh near the end the very
+very end of the turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of the turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of the turn
+and I think in some sense I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think in some sense I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think in some sense I have some
+sort of sympathy with either my present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sympathy with either my present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sympathy with either my present
+colleagues myself and or with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues myself and or with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues myself and or with the the
+kind of people of farad as a maximal age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people of farad as a maximal age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people of farad as a maximal age
+they didn't know what the ether was but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know what the ether was but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know what the ether was but
+they knew it had to be there it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew it had to be there it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew it had to be there it was
+conveying all these effects they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying all these effects they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying all these effects they could
+measure the effects of disturbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the effects of disturbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the effects of disturbing the
+ether as far as they were concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether as far as they were concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether as far as they were concerned
+so they gave it a name a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they gave it a name a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they gave it a name a kind of
+placeholder name partly and helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder name partly and helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder name partly and helped
+organize their studies oh I'm studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize their studies oh I'm studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize their studies oh I'm studying
+luminiferous ether as well that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiferous ether as well that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiferous ether as well that helps
+get Scholars you know on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Scholars you know on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Scholars you know on the same page
+they would give their best estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would give their best estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would give their best estimates of
+what they thought the thing was like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought the thing was like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought the thing was like and
+how it behaved but they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it behaved but they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it behaved but they didn't know
+right they had they had a better or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they had they had a better or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they had they had a better or less
+well uh compelling responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh compelling responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh compelling responses
+uh and I think we're in a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think we're in a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think we're in a very similar
+situation today not by Design not by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation today not by Design not by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation today not by Design not by our
+hopes but because we have been stymied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes but because we have been stymied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes but because we have been stymied
+now for for decades to get any more kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for for decades to get any more kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for for decades to get any more kind
+of carefully articulated knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carefully articulated knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carefully articulated knowledge about
+what specifically is dark matter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what specifically is dark matter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what specifically is dark matter it
+seems to be filling every Galaxy uh much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be filling every Galaxy uh much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be filling every Galaxy uh much
+much more so than ordinary matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more so than ordinary matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more so than ordinary matter what
+and what particularly is this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what particularly is this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what particularly is this other
+separate kind of stuff that we now call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate kind of stuff that we now call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate kind of stuff that we now call
+Dark Energy so I think we again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark Energy so I think we again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark Energy so I think we again
+um I don't want to say we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't want to say we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't want to say we've learned
+nothing since 1820 and we can see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing since 1820 and we can see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing since 1820 and we can see some
+some uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh maybe
+um humbling humility inducing parallels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um humbling humility inducing parallels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um humbling humility inducing parallels
+uh between our our best efforts today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between our our best efforts today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between our our best efforts today
+and the efforts of very very Earnest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the efforts of very very Earnest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the efforts of very very Earnest
+talented folks uh from from long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented folks uh from from long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented folks uh from from long ago
+that's a great well so again we'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great well so again we'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great well so again we'll keep
+that in mind as we as we March forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind as we as we March forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind as we as we March forward
+throughout the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term
+uh Julian asks why are they so reluctant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Julian asks why are they so reluctant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Julian asks why are they so reluctant
+to accept action at a distance and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept action at a distance and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept action at a distance and how
+did we come to accept it oh good let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we come to accept it oh good let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we come to accept it oh good let me
+take the first one first action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first one first action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first one first action of
+distance that's a great topic um Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that's a great topic um Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that's a great topic um Newton
+famously says when it comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously says when it comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously says when it comes to the
+phenomena of gravity I feign no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena of gravity I feign no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena of gravity I feign no
+hypotheses uh hypothesis non-fingo was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses uh hypothesis non-fingo was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses uh hypothesis non-fingo was
+the Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Latin
+he says I think that quantitatively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says I think that quantitatively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says I think that quantitatively the
+effect of one Mass exerting a force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of one Mass exerting a force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of one Mass exerting a force in
+the other goes is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other goes is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other goes is the product of the
+mass is divided by the square of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is divided by the square of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is divided by the square of their
+distance is law of universal gravitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is law of universal gravitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is law of universal gravitation
+what's the underlying reason for that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the underlying reason for that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the underlying reason for that he
+says for that I feigned no hypotheses he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says for that I feigned no hypotheses he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says for that I feigned no hypotheses he
+actually had a lot of hypotheses he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had a lot of hypotheses he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had a lot of hypotheses he just
+knew not to write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew not to write them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew not to write them down
+a lot of Scholars have argued that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Scholars have argued that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Scholars have argued that he
+was actually convinced at least by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually convinced at least by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually convinced at least by
+analogy that gravity was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy that gravity was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy that gravity was a kind of
+alchemical effect even at a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alchemical effect even at a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alchemical effect even at a time when
+Alchemy was in kind of poor repute so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alchemy was in kind of poor repute so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alchemy was in kind of poor repute so he
+said outwardly and publicly I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said outwardly and publicly I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said outwardly and publicly I don't know
+what it is but he seems to have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but he seems to have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but he seems to have at least
+been inspired in part by these very what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been inspired in part by these very what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been inspired in part by these very what
+we would Now call occult forces where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would Now call occult forces where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would Now call occult forces where
+something can somehow have an influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can somehow have an influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can somehow have an influence
+on something else instantly across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something else instantly across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something else instantly across time
+and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space
+so so Newton was kind of comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Newton was kind of comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Newton was kind of comfortable
+with the notion of action or distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the notion of action or distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the notion of action or distance
+that somehow the Earth could instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow the Earth could instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow the Earth could instantly
+tug on the moon and vice versa without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug on the moon and vice versa without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug on the moon and vice versa without
+having to wait for some influence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to wait for some influence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to wait for some influence to
+travel as you hear and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel as you hear and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel as you hear and there
+that even in its day was criticized by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in its day was criticized by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in its day was criticized by a
+number of Scholars even in Newton's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Scholars even in Newton's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Scholars even in Newton's own
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+because they thought it did sound occult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they thought it did sound occult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they thought it did sound occult
+it sounds like you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like you know kind of
+Witchcraft how could this thing possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Witchcraft how could this thing possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Witchcraft how could this thing possibly
+affect something over there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect something over there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect something over there if
+everything else I see you know I throw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else I see you know I throw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else I see you know I throw a
+a pond excuse me a rock into the pond I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pond excuse me a rock into the pond I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pond excuse me a rock into the pond I
+see ripples spread out the distant edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see ripples spread out the distant edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see ripples spread out the distant edges
+of the pond aren't affected by my rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pond aren't affected by my rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pond aren't affected by my rock
+until the ripples get there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the ripples get there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the ripples get there there are
+all kinds of Common Sense observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of Common Sense observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of Common Sense observations
+that suggested to people like leibniz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested to people like leibniz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested to people like leibniz I
+mean like Newton's very smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like Newton's very smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like Newton's very smart
+contemporaries that the physical world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries that the physical world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries that the physical world
+seemed to convey influences by requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to convey influences by requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to convey influences by requiring
+some time for influence to route from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time for influence to route from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time for influence to route from A
+to B so Newton's in action of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B so Newton's in action of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B so Newton's in action of distance
+was already at least had a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already at least had a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already at least had a kind of
+curious you know kind of bad reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious you know kind of bad reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious you know kind of bad reputation
+among the savants who cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the savants who cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the savants who cared
+and then you get to someone like uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get to someone like uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get to someone like uh like
+uh Faraday and ersted and Thomas Young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Faraday and ersted and Thomas Young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Faraday and ersted and Thomas Young
+and now they figure they have a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they figure they have a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they figure they have a reason
+to finally give up or to finally reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finally give up or to finally reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finally give up or to finally reject
+at action or distance because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at action or distance because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at action or distance because they have
+separate reasons uh based on this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate reasons uh based on this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate reasons uh based on this wave
+theory of light say oh there is a seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of light say oh there is a seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of light say oh there is a seat
+there's a physical explanation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical explanation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical explanation that's
+available to us for how all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us for how all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us for how all these
+physical phenomena are transmitted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical phenomena are transmitted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical phenomena are transmitted from
+A to B across space they're all sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B across space they're all sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B across space they're all sitting
+in this elastic medium this ether and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this elastic medium this ether and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this elastic medium this ether and
+that can have a local disturbance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can have a local disturbance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can have a local disturbance that
+propagates so there was so to speak an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates so there was so to speak an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates so there was so to speak an
+added reason to pile on and say not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added reason to pile on and say not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added reason to pile on and say not only
+did people wonder about Newton's action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did people wonder about Newton's action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did people wonder about Newton's action
+distance in Newton's own day now roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in Newton's own day now roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in Newton's own day now roughly
+100 110 years later we have new inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 110 years later we have new inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 110 years later we have new inputs
+we have new evidence from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have new evidence from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have new evidence from our
+investigations the suggestion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations the suggestion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations the suggestion that
+Newton hadn't known about it or hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton hadn't known about it or hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton hadn't known about it or hadn't
+taken into account at all all the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into account at all all the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into account at all all the more
+reason to try to find out a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to try to find out a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to try to find out a kind of
+local cause local causes yield local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local cause local causes yield local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local cause local causes yield local
+effects kind of response so that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects kind of response so that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects kind of response so that starts
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+um more and more compelling to this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more and more compelling to this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more and more compelling to this next
+Generation Now now Julian asks because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Now now Julian asks because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Now now Julian asks because
+he knows what's coming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows what's coming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows what's coming uh
+why do we now accept action assistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we now accept action assistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we now accept action assistance
+we we sort of do and don't we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we sort of do and don't we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we sort of do and don't we have a
+love-hating relationship with it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love-hating relationship with it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love-hating relationship with it I
+assume Julian that you're referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume Julian that you're referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume Julian that you're referring to
+quantum entanglement your so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement your so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement your so-called
+Quantum non-locality uh if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum non-locality uh if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum non-locality uh if you're not
+referring to that I'm going to hijack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to that I'm going to hijack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to that I'm going to hijack
+this and I'm going to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm going to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm going to talk about it
+because I just love it so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just love it so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just love it so we're going to
+talk about that actually in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that actually in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that actually in a few
+classes a little bit later this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes a little bit later this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes a little bit later this term
+so how have we made our kind of awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how have we made our kind of awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how have we made our kind of awkward
+piece with a very certain kind of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with a very certain kind of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with a very certain kind of action
+at distance not easily not right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distance not easily not right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distance not easily not right away
+and thanks to a lot of um Harding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks to a lot of um Harding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks to a lot of um Harding
+contested thinking that's a preview for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested thinking that's a preview for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested thinking that's a preview for
+um for lecture 12 I think so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for lecture 12 I think so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for lecture 12 I think so we're gonna
+we're gonna talk about Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about Quantum
+non-locality because one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-locality because one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-locality because one of my favorite
+topics in the universe so we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in the universe so we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in the universe so we'll get to
+that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too
+but for a long long time between let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a long long time between let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a long long time between let's
+say you know 1800 and uh the 1960s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know 1800 and uh the 1960s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know 1800 and uh the 1960s or
+70s people were quite content to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s people were quite content to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s people were quite content to say the
+action of distance is always always bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of distance is always always bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of distance is always always bad
+we never want it we never want it in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never want it we never want it in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never want it we never want it in our
+physics and they had a range of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and they had a range of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and they had a range of reasons
+why they thought that was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they thought that was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they thought that was going to be
+acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+um approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um approach
+Aiden asks uh how accessible were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aiden asks uh how accessible were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aiden asks uh how accessible were the
+lectures and later universities research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and later universities research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and later universities research
+I mentioned that Faraday did not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that Faraday did not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that Faraday did not have
+much money when he was younger but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money when he was younger but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money when he was younger but he
+was the except was the exceptional rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the except was the exceptional rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the except was the exceptional rule
+to class discrimination prevention oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to class discrimination prevention oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to class discrimination prevention oh
+yeah very good so in Britain in British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very good so in Britain in British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very good so in Britain in British
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+I mean the rough shorthand is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the rough shorthand is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the rough shorthand is we're
+always talking about class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talking about class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talking about class
+discrimination so including in faradays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination so including in faradays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination so including in faradays
+time Faraday was absolutely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Faraday was absolutely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Faraday was absolutely the
+exception who proved the rule it was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception who proved the rule it was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception who proved the rule it was as
+I say This Rags to Rich's story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say This Rags to Rich's story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say This Rags to Rich's story
+it wasn't there that there was no social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't there that there was no social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't there that there was no social
+mobility and you can read any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility and you can read any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility and you can read any kind of
+Charles Dickens novel to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Dickens novel to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Dickens novel to see some
+characters who who have a breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters who who have a breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters who who have a breakthrough
+and Rise Above their station in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rise Above their station in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rise Above their station in the
+language at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language at the time
+but in the in the in natural philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the in the in natural philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the in the in natural philosophy
+Faraday stands out as a pretty unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday stands out as a pretty unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday stands out as a pretty unusual
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+and the universities as well there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the universities as well there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the universities as well there were
+um uh scholarship students at places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh scholarship students at places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh scholarship students at places
+like Cambridge then is now so it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Cambridge then is now so it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Cambridge then is now so it wasn't
+only very very rich children of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only very very rich children of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only very very rich children of very
+rich families who could go to university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich families who could go to university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich families who could go to university
+but it was tilted very strong in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was tilted very strong in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was tilted very strong in that
+way and in fact it's only in Britain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and in fact it's only in Britain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and in fact it's only in Britain in
+the middle Decades of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle Decades of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle Decades of the 20th century
+like a hundred years after the days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hundred years after the days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hundred years after the days of
+Thompson and Maxwell where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson and Maxwell where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson and Maxwell where there's a
+very large University reform throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large University reform throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large University reform throughout
+Britain to make much more accessible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain to make much more accessible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain to make much more accessible you
+know for colleges universities for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for colleges universities for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for colleges universities for many
+many more for people from any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more for people from any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more for people from any more
+backgrounds back at a large-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds back at a large-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds back at a large-scale
+National University reform comes really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National University reform comes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National University reform comes really
+in Earnest like a hundred years later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Earnest like a hundred years later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Earnest like a hundred years later so
+there were students on Fellowship in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were students on Fellowship in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were students on Fellowship in
+fact Isaac Newton was a scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Isaac Newton was a scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Isaac Newton was a scholarship
+student when he went to Cambridge uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student when he went to Cambridge uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student when he went to Cambridge uh in
+his own lifetime in in the 1600s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own lifetime in in the 1600s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own lifetime in in the 1600s
+often they would have to be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they would have to be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they would have to be basically
+like a butler or or a maid for their for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a butler or or a maid for their for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a butler or or a maid for their for
+their roommates not an ideal situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their roommates not an ideal situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their roommates not an ideal situation
+right this is not like work study it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is not like work study it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is not like work study it was
+like you have to go clean up for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to go clean up for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to go clean up for your
+Rich roommate not what I recommend today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich roommate not what I recommend today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich roommate not what I recommend today
+so there were ways to be a student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were ways to be a student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were ways to be a student at
+some of these Elite British universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these Elite British universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these Elite British universities
+from from more humble backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from more humble backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from more humble backgrounds
+knockering this was well outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knockering this was well outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knockering this was well outside the
+reach of someone like Faraday so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach of someone like Faraday so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach of someone like Faraday so it does
+again the latter didn't extend sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the latter didn't extend sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the latter didn't extend sort of
+arbitrarily low but there were there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily low but there were there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily low but there were there was
+a range of social classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of social classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of social classes and
+universities in this time not not a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities in this time not not a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities in this time not not a full
+range and that begins to change pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and that begins to change pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and that begins to change pretty
+slowly all over the world including in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly all over the world including in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly all over the world including in
+Britain including frankly in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain including frankly in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain including frankly in the United
+States and of course we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and of course we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and of course we still have
+challenges even here so that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges even here so that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges even here so that's a great
+question charity was indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question charity was indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question charity was indeed the
+exception who who proves the rule within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception who who proves the rule within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception who who proves the rule within
+natural philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural philosophy
+um yeah great question any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah great question any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah great question any other
+questions there if not I realize we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there if not I realize we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there if not I realize we're
+pretty much at the hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much at the hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much at the hour
+those are great questions thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are great questions thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are great questions thank you so
+much I hope it's not too clunky we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I hope it's not too clunky we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I hope it's not too clunky we'll
+try to get better I'll try to get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get better I'll try to get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get better I'll try to get better
+at at flowing in the questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at flowing in the questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at flowing in the questions and
+discussions throughout these Zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions throughout these Zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions throughout these Zoom
+lectures anyway thanks everyone great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures anyway thanks everyone great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures anyway thanks everyone great
+great questions I'll post a video as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions I'll post a video as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions I'll post a video as
+soon as it's done processing it'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as it's done processing it'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as it's done processing it'll go to
+the campus site and we'll pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus site and we'll pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus site and we'll pick it up
+there for next week everyone stay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for next week everyone stay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for next week everyone stay well
+see you soon
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P-QxpiSYPOY.txt b/P-QxpiSYPOY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a830fac9c57b2f277d666d94c8ae27d63d7ed56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P-QxpiSYPOY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of my memories are growing up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my memories are growing up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my memories are growing up in a
+really tiny British dependent Territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tiny British dependent Territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tiny British dependent Territory
+called Ang Gilla to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Ang Gilla to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Ang Gilla to give you some
+perspective it's about 35 square miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it's about 35 square miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it's about 35 square miles
+total area 36 during low tide people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total area 36 during low tide people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total area 36 during low tide people
+knew each other if they didn't know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew each other if they didn't know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew each other if they didn't know them
+directly you knew who their family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly you knew who their family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly you knew who their family and
+relatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives
+were I became interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I became interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I became interested
+in uh medicine not just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh medicine not just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh medicine not just from the
+perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of
+understanding the fundamentals of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the fundamentals of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the fundamentals of how
+you know biology Works in in a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know biology Works in in a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know biology Works in in a living
+entity but but um but also the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity but but um but also the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity but but um but also the idea that
+it can go arai and how do you fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go arai and how do you fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go arai and how do you fix it
+every year about uh about 700,000 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year about uh about 700,000 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year about uh about 700,000 or so
+mostly kids under the age of five are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly kids under the age of five are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly kids under the age of five are
+estimated to die from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated to die from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated to die from
+malaria malaria is a parasitic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria malaria is a parasitic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria malaria is a parasitic uh
+disease it's it's caused by this family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease it's it's caused by this family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease it's it's caused by this family
+of of uh protozoan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh protozoan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh protozoan
+parasites a mosquito becomes infected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasites a mosquito becomes infected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasites a mosquito becomes infected by
+um feeding on the blood of an infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feeding on the blood of an infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feeding on the blood of an infected
+person that blood can contain infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that blood can contain infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that blood can contain infectious
+forms of the parasite that develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the parasite that develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the parasite that develops
+within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+mosquito and eventually will get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquito and eventually will get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquito and eventually will get into
+the salivary glands of the mosquito and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salivary glands of the mosquito and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salivary glands of the mosquito and
+then be transmitted back to the blood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be transmitted back to the blood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be transmitted back to the blood of
+another person who's bitten by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person who's bitten by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person who's bitten by that
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+moscito within the um red cell um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moscito within the um red cell um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moscito within the um red cell um
+there's an extremely high concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an extremely high concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an extremely high concentration
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+hemoglobin um which contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin um which contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin um which contains the
+co-actor heem that is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor heem that is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor heem that is responsible
+largely for the uh transport of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely for the uh transport of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely for the uh transport of oxygen
+in the in the human body the parasite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the human body the parasite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the human body the parasite is
+able to degrade um the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to degrade um the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to degrade um the majority of the
+hemoglobin within the Red Cell the heem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin within the Red Cell the heem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin within the Red Cell the heem
+it has to deal with because heem that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to deal with because heem that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to deal with because heem that is
+not polymerized has the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not polymerized has the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not polymerized has the ability to
+convert molecular oxygen into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert molecular oxygen into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert molecular oxygen into more
+reactive oxygen species that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species that can be
+damaging to membranes proteins DNA Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging to membranes proteins DNA Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging to membranes proteins DNA Etc
+and so the parasite has devised a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the parasite has devised a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the parasite has devised a
+strategy for polymerizing this heem into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for polymerizing this heem into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for polymerizing this heem into
+this inert polymer called hemoo and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inert polymer called hemoo and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inert polymer called hemoo and that
+actually provides an opportunity for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provides an opportunity for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provides an opportunity for us
+because if we can prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we can prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we can prevent the
+polymerization of heem in principle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization of heem in principle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization of heem in principle we
+can see the toxicity of he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the toxicity of he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the toxicity of he
+reemerging and so some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemerging and so some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemerging and so some of the most
+successful antimalarial compounds such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful antimalarial compounds such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful antimalarial compounds such
+as chloroquin can actually bind him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chloroquin can actually bind him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chloroquin can actually bind him and
+uh prevent its polymerization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prevent its polymerization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prevent its polymerization and
+presumably The increased amount of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably The increased amount of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably The increased amount of free
+heem that is produced then kills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heem that is produced then kills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heem that is produced then kills the
+parasite while I don't practice medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasite while I don't practice medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasite while I don't practice medicine
+um currently um I think that's just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um currently um I think that's just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um currently um I think that's just been
+a really valuable perspective and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really valuable perspective and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really valuable perspective and a
+framework for me to think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for me to think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for me to think about you know
+what I do in the long term and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do in the long term and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do in the long term and and and
+how that can translate into some impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that can translate into some impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that can translate into some impact
+on uh on on human life
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PuRJ9IgUW-M.txt b/PuRJ9IgUW-M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d7ac32c830df570a04e60115cc0320a728a3abf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PuRJ9IgUW-M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12984 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+we're going to continue with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue with our
+discussion of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the derivative
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let me recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the definition we introduced at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition we introduced at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition we introduced at the end
+of last time of the derivative so let i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last time of the derivative so let i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last time of the derivative so let i
+be an interval meaning it could be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interval meaning it could be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interval meaning it could be of
+the it could be open closed it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it could be open closed it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it could be open closed it could go
+out to plus infinity it could go out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to plus infinity it could go out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to plus infinity it could go out to
+minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity
+but you know what an interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's take a function from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a function from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a function from that
+interval to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval to r
+so we say f is differentiable at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say f is differentiable at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say f is differentiable at a point
+c and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and i
+if this limit of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this limit of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this limit of uh
+f of x minus f of c over x minus c this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of c over x minus c this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of c over x minus c this
+difference quotient uh if this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient uh if this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient uh if this limit
+exists this if this limit exists we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists this if this limit exists we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists this if this limit exists we also
+denote it by f prime of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote it by f prime of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote it by f prime of c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and last time we showed that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last time we showed that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last time we showed that uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave a
+simple example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that
+from last time that if f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time that if f of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time that if f of x equals
+alpha times x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times x to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times x to the n
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this function is differentiable at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is differentiable at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is differentiable at every
+c and its derivative is equal to n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and its derivative is equal to n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and its derivative is equal to n times
+alpha x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x
+c to the n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the n minus one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh
+state this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this in
+an equivalent way using sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent way using sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent way using sequences
+remember we had this characterization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had this characterization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had this characterization of
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+um of functions and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of functions and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of functions and you know the
+function we're kind of looking at is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're kind of looking at is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're kind of looking at is f
+of x minus f of c over x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus f of c over x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus f of c over x minus c
+we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this
+equivalence between limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between limits
+and limits of sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limits of sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limits of sequences
+from last time that the limit as let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time that the limit as let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time that the limit as let's
+say g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say g of x
+as x goes to c equals l if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c equals l if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c equals l if and only if
+for every sequence x of n converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every sequence x of n converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every sequence x of n converging to
+c g of x of n converges to l as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c g of x of n converges to l as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c g of x of n converges to l as n goes
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we can restate uh what it means for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can restate uh what it means for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can restate uh what it means for a
+function to be differentiable at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to be differentiable at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to be differentiable at a point
+and its derivative to be l say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its derivative to be l say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its derivative to be l say
+if and only if for every sequence x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if for every sequence x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if for every sequence x sub
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+uh with x sub n not equal to c for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with x sub n not equal to c for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with x sub n not equal to c for all n
+and converging to c we have that l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converging to c we have that l is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converging to c we have that l is
+equal to this limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this limit as n goes to
+infinity of now this sequence of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of now this sequence of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of now this sequence of numbers
+f of x n minus f of c over x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n minus f of c over x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n minus f of c over x of n
+um minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minus c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theme of today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of today is
+the connection between differentiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between differentiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between differentiability
+and continuity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continuity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continuity okay
+and we have kind of a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have kind of a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have kind of a very easy
+implication which is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication which is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication which is that if
+a function is differentiable at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is differentiable at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is differentiable at a point
+then it must be continuous at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it must be continuous at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it must be continuous at that point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so that's a statement of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a statement of this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a statement of this theorem
+if f going from an interval to r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f going from an interval to r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f going from an interval to r is
+differentiable at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at c
+then f is also continuous at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f is also continuous at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f is also continuous at c
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me also add in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also add in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also add in here
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+continuity at the point c in an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity at the point c in an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity at the point c in an interval
+is equivalent to saying that the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to saying that the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to saying that the limit
+as x goes to c of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c of f of x
+equals f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this is just a subtle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is just a subtle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is just a subtle point
+that i want to make is that for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to make is that for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to make is that for an
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+open closed half open half closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open closed half open half closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open closed half open half closed
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+any point in that interval is a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in that interval is a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in that interval is a cluster
+point of that interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore you know this definition i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know this definition i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know this definition i
+made up there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up there is
+is actually meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually meaningful
+and for continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for continuity
+something being continuous that c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something being continuous that c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something being continuous that c is
+equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+um if c is a cluster point which i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if c is a cluster point which i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if c is a cluster point which i just
+said it is it always is this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it is it always is this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it is it always is this limit
+equals the function evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the function evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the function evaluated at the
+point all right so that's just kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point all right so that's just kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point all right so that's just kind of a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a subtle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subtle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subtle uh
+comment i want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so how do we prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how do we prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how do we prove this
+we write the limit as x goes to c of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the limit as x goes to c of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the limit as x goes to c of f
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way
+so essentially what i do is i add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what i do is i add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what i do is i add and
+subtract f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract f c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract f c
+and then the part that is f of x minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the part that is f of x minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the part that is f of x minus f
+c i multiply uh by x minus c and divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i multiply uh by x minus c and divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i multiply uh by x minus c and divide
+by x minus c which is perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x minus c which is perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x minus c which is perfectly fine
+because remember for a limit i'm never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember for a limit i'm never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember for a limit i'm never
+actually plug i'm never actually looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plug i'm never actually looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plug i'm never actually looking
+at points where x equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at points where x equals c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at points where x equals c
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fine
+and so i get this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i get this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i get this expression here
+all right now what we know about limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what we know about limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what we know about limits
+is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um
+the limit of the sum is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the sum is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the sum is the sum of the
+limits if they as long as every all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits if they as long as every all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits if they as long as every all
+these limits exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these limits exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these limits exist
+and the limit of the product is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limit of the product is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limit of the product is a
+product of the limits again assuming all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the limits again assuming all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the limits again assuming all
+of these limits exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these limits exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these limits exist
+and the limit as x goes to c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limit as x goes to c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limit as x goes to c of
+everything you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you see here
+uh do exist so as x goes to c this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do exist so as x goes to c this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do exist so as x goes to c this thing
+in brackets or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brackets or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brackets or in the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i guess these are brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess these are brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess these are brackets
+i don't know what those are called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what those are called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what those are called um
+this limit here is f prime of c as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit here is f prime of c as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit here is f prime of c as x
+goes to c of x minus c that's just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c of x minus c that's just zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c of x minus c that's just zero
+and f of c is just a constant there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of c is just a constant there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of c is just a constant there's
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+changing with x so the limit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing with x so the limit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing with x so the limit of a
+constant is that constant so i just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is that constant so i just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is that constant so i just get
+f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c
+so the limit of this whole expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the limit of this whole expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the limit of this whole expression is
+f prime of c times 0 plus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of c times 0 plus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of c times 0 plus f of c
+which equals f of c so we've just proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals f of c so we've just proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals f of c so we've just proven
+that the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+is equal to f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to f c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to f c
+which is what we wish to prove okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we wish to prove okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we wish to prove okay
+therefore a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore a function which is
+differentiable at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at a point
+must be continuous at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be continuous at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be continuous at that point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so as beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so as beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so as beginning
+math students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math students
+we're learning proofs but we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning proofs but we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning proofs but we're also
+learning questions all right what type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning questions all right what type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning questions all right what type
+you know types of questions to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know types of questions to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know types of questions to ask
+and whenever you come across a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you come across a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you come across a new
+theorem that has one implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that has one implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that has one implication
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one hypothesis uh hypothesis one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hypothesis uh hypothesis one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hypothesis uh hypothesis one uh
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you should ask yourself does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask yourself does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask yourself does the
+converse hole does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse hole does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse hole does the
+conclusion also imply the hypothesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion also imply the hypothesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion also imply the hypothesis so
+we've shown that f differentiable at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that f differentiable at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that f differentiable at c
+implies f is continuous at c so does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies f is continuous at c so does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies f is continuous at c so does the
+converse hold namely if f is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse hold namely if f is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse hold namely if f is continuous
+at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point
+does this imply that f is differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this imply that f is differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this imply that f is differentiable
+at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and as you can see already there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see already there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see already there the
+answer is no all right i think you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no all right i think you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no all right i think you've
+probably covered this in calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably covered this in calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably covered this in calculus
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+what's the function that that gives this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the function that that gives this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the function that that gives this
+counter example that is continuous at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter example that is continuous at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter example that is continuous at c
+but not differentiable let's see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not differentiable let's see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not differentiable let's see well
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+take for example c equals zero and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for example c equals zero and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for example c equals zero and let's
+look at the function f of x equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the function f of x equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the function f of x equals the
+absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then this function here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this function here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this function here this is
+continuous at every point so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at every point so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at every point so in
+particular at c equals zero but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at c equals zero but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at c equals zero but it's not
+differentiable at c equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at c equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at c equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and how do you come up with uh and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you come up with uh and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you come up with uh and how
+do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do that
+you know how do you show something's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you show something's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you show something's not
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+um the simplest way is to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the simplest way is to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the simplest way is to use this
+remark up here by finding a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark up here by finding a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark up here by finding a sequence
+converging to c so that the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to c so that the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to c so that the difference
+quotient does not have a limit as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient does not have a limit as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient does not have a limit as n goes
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's what we'll do here is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we'll do here is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we'll do here is we'll
+find a sequence x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a sequence x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a sequence x sub n
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+with x sub n not equal to zero for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with x sub n not equal to zero for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with x sub n not equal to zero for all n
+converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to zero
+such that uh this limit does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that uh this limit does not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that uh this limit does not exist
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh and rather than write that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and rather than write that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and rather than write that because
+the limit does not exist it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit does not exist it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit does not exist it doesn't make
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+really sense for me to even write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sense for me to even write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sense for me to even write that
+let me write this as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this as saying
+as the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+how are we going to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to come up with the
+sequence x sub n so that the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x sub n so that the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x sub n so that the difference
+quotient does not uh converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient does not uh converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient does not uh converge
+well what's the logic so for f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the logic so for f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the logic so for f of x
+equals the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks like uh like this it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like uh like this it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like uh like this it looks like
+x it's equal to x over here minus x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x it's equal to x over here minus x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x it's equal to x over here minus x over
+here so if you were to formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you were to formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you were to formally
+differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well i mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean you could
+actually differentiate to the left of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually differentiate to the left of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually differentiate to the left of
+zero you get the derivative is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get the derivative is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get the derivative is equal to
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+to the right the derivative is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right the derivative is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right the derivative is one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that kind of suggests maybe there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of suggests maybe there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of suggests maybe there's some
+funny business going on at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny business going on at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny business going on at zero
+so let's look at a sequence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a sequence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a sequence which
+alternates between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates between
+being negative and positive but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being negative and positive but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being negative and positive but is
+converging to 0 and see if that sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to 0 and see if that sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to 0 and see if that sequence
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provide us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide us with
+you know this desired sequence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this desired sequence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this desired sequence which
+results in the difference quotient being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the difference quotient being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the difference quotient being
+divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent
+so let's just take a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just take a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just take a guess
+uh let x n be minus 1 to the n over n it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let x n be minus 1 to the n over n it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let x n be minus 1 to the n over n it
+doesn't have to be this one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be this one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be this one just
+something that alternates back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that alternates back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that alternates back and forth
+would be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be enough
+so this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be
+n squared here or 2n or into the 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squared here or 2n or into the 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squared here or 2n or into the 2020
+whatever you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you like
+then this is clearly always non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is clearly always non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is clearly always non-zero
+and it converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it converges to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course y converges to zero i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course y converges to zero i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course y converges to zero i mean
+we you could prove this by epsilon m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you could prove this by epsilon m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you could prove this by epsilon m
+definition but also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take the absolute value that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the absolute value that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the absolute value that's less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+one over n and this one we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n and this one we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n and this one we know
+converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero
+zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so
+by squeeze theorem the thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by squeeze theorem the thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by squeeze theorem the thing in the
+middle must converge to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle must converge to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle must converge to zero
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done
+okay so we have the sequence x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have the sequence x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have the sequence x sub n
+equals minus 1 to the n over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 1 to the n over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 1 to the n over n
+which is alternating back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is alternating back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is alternating back and forth
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+we hope it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope it's uh
+going to result in this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to result in this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to result in this difference
+quotient being divergent as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient being divergent as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient being divergent as n goes to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+and so we compute that let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we compute that let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we compute that let's look at the
+difference quotient f of x sub n minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient f of x sub n minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient f of x sub n minus f
+of 0 f of 0 is just 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 f of 0 is just 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 f of 0 is just 0.
+so i just get f of x sub n which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just get f of x sub n which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just get f of x sub n which is the
+absolute value of minus 1 to the n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of minus 1 to the n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of minus 1 to the n over
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+over x sub n which is minus 1 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x sub n which is minus 1 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x sub n which is minus 1 to the n
+over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+this is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just equal to 1 over n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just equal to 1 over n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just equal to 1 over n over
+minus 1 to the n over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the n over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the n over n
+which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+minus 1 to the minus n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the minus n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the minus n but
+you know minus 1 to the minus and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minus 1 to the minus and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minus 1 to the minus and this
+is equal to the same thing as -1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the same thing as -1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the same thing as -1 to the
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sequence here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here of
+difference quotient so f of x n minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient so f of x n minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient so f of x n minus f
+of 0 over x n minus 0 this is just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 over x n minus 0 this is just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 over x n minus 0 this is just equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the sequence minus 1 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence minus 1 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence minus 1 to the n
+which we know is divergent doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know is divergent doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know is divergent doesn't have
+a limit that's one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples of a sequence we proved does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a sequence we proved does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a sequence we proved does
+not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not converge
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in summary this function f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary this function f of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary this function f of x equals
+the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of x
+uh is continuous at c equals 0 but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is continuous at c equals 0 but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is continuous at c equals 0 but not
+differentiable at c equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at c equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at c equals 0.
+so now a natural question that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now a natural question that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now a natural question that people
+asked is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked is
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+a function being continuous at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function being continuous at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function being continuous at a point
+does not necessarily imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily imply
+that it's differentiable but let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's differentiable but let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's differentiable but let's take
+a function which is continuous on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function which is continuous on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function which is continuous on the
+real number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number line
+is there a point where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a point where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a point where uh
+it's differentiable so it's already on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's differentiable so it's already on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's differentiable so it's already on
+the board but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board but
+you know this is not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not completely
+a crazy question to ask for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy question to ask for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy question to ask for example
+let's go back to f of x equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to f of x equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to f of x equals the
+absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x
+right this function is differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this function is differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this function is differentiable
+everywhere except 0. so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except 0. so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except 0. so there's lots of
+points where this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where this function is
+differentiable it's differentiable for c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable it's differentiable for c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable it's differentiable for c
+positive and c negative so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and c negative so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and c negative so for this
+continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+there does exist points where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does exist points where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does exist points where it's
+differentiable and you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and you can imagine
+trying to draw any kind of curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to draw any kind of curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to draw any kind of curve that
+you can on a piece of paper and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can on a piece of paper and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can on a piece of paper and you can
+probably find a point on that curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably find a point on that curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably find a point on that curve that
+has a tangent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a tangent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a tangent all
+right i mean if you sit there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean if you sit there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean if you sit there with
+pencil and then try to draw something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and then try to draw something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and then try to draw something
+very jagged i mean there's still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very jagged i mean there's still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very jagged i mean there's still going
+to be little you know sections of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be little you know sections of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be little you know sections of your
+jagged curve where it has a tangent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jagged curve where it has a tangent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jagged curve where it has a tangent so
+you know i imagine this is why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i imagine this is why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i imagine this is why people
+thought this was the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was the case that
+a continuous function has to have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function has to have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function has to have at
+least one point where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one point where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one point where it's
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+and virus ross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and virus ross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and virus ross the
+godfather of analysis said no he came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+godfather of analysis said no he came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+godfather of analysis said no he came up
+with a whole class of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whole class of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whole class of examples
+of functions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions which are
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+on the real number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real number line
+but are differentiable nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are differentiable nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are differentiable nowhere
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this was a really surprising um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a really surprising um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a really surprising um
+really surprising set of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really surprising set of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really surprising set of examples
+and result to the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and result to the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and result to the community
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also one of the few results in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also one of the few results in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also one of the few results in this
+class that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that you really
+didn't see in you know your calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see in you know your calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see in you know your calculus
+class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so
+we're going to go through this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through this example
+although in most analysis classes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in most analysis classes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in most analysis classes it's
+reserved for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved for later
+but i think we can do it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what we're going to prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to construct a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to construct a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to construct a function
+which is continuous everywhere but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is continuous everywhere but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is continuous everywhere but is
+differentiable nowhere so a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable nowhere so a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable nowhere so a continuous
+nowhere differentiable function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'll even write write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll even write write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll even write write down
+the function for you so what's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function for you so what's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function for you so what's the idea
+that virustrust had it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that virustrust had it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that virustrust had it was
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+well i'm not going to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm not going to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm not going to write down the
+function just yet but the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just yet but the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just yet but the idea of the
+constructing such a function is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing such a function is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing such a function is that it
+should be highly oscillatory okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be highly oscillatory okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be highly oscillatory okay you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+imagine again you're trying to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine again you're trying to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine again you're trying to draw a
+picture of the graph of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the graph of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the graph of a function
+that's nowhere differentiable you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nowhere differentiable you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nowhere differentiable you would
+kind of sit there and break your pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sit there and break your pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sit there and break your pencil
+trying to draw just kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+highly oscillating function so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillating function so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillating function so that it
+never has a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that's and that's his idea uh is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's and that's his idea uh is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's and that's his idea uh is to
+build a function which is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a function which is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a function which is highly
+oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+not also too oscillatory so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not also too oscillatory so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not also too oscillatory so that it's
+still continuous at every point okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so to start with the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start with the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start with the construction of
+this function which is continuous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which is continuous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which is continuous but
+nowhere differentiable we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere differentiable we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere differentiable we're going to
+need a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a few
+simple facts to start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple facts to start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple facts to start off with
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is so again
+when we write out state our goal we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write out state our goal we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write out state our goal we're
+going to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous function from r to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+okay not differentiable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not differentiable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not differentiable it's
+differentiable at no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at no point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at no point
+so let's start off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+few uh simple facts about so i said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few uh simple facts about so i said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few uh simple facts about so i said that
+we're going to build a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build a function which is
+very which is oscillating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very which is oscillating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very which is oscillating uh
+quite a lot there's two functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot there's two functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot there's two functions you
+know that oscillate cosine and sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are going to be our building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be our building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be our building
+blocks we'll choose one of them um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks we'll choose one of them um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks we'll choose one of them um let's
+choose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh
+um let's choose cosine say as to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's choose cosine say as to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's choose cosine say as to be our
+building block but anyway so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block but anyway so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block but anyway so let's start
+off with some elementary facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with some elementary facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with some elementary facts about
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first is that for all x y and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that for all x y and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that for all x y and r
+cosine x minus cosine y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x minus cosine y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x minus cosine y
+is less than or equal to the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the absolute
+value of x times x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x times x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x times x minus y
+and the second is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for every real number c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all k natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a y and c plus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a y and c plus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a y and c plus pi
+over k c plus 3 pi over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that and let me label this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that and let me label this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that and let me label this as
+theorem 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+cosine of kc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of kc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of kc
+that's funny minus cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's funny minus cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's funny minus cosine of
+ky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is greater than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both of these are simple facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are simple facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are simple facts about
+cosine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine uh
+you know really this one just follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really this one just follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really this one just follows
+from the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the angle
+sum formula this one follows from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum formula this one follows from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum formula this one follows from the
+periodicity of cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of cosine
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+so why are these true so first off we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are these true so first off we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are these true so first off we
+did prove and maybe i should have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did prove and maybe i should have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did prove and maybe i should have used
+sine and instead of cosine in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and instead of cosine in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and instead of cosine in all of
+this but if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our
+continuity section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity section
+we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved that
+for all x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and y
+sine x minus sine y is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine x minus sine y is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine x minus sine y is less than or
+equal to the absolute value of x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the absolute value of x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the absolute value of x minus y
+for all x and y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and y okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and y okay
+and there is a simple relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a simple relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a simple relation between
+cosine x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sine of something and that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of something and that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of something and that's just a
+shift by pi over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x minus
+cosine of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of y
+this is equal to sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to sine
+x plus pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus pi over 2
+minus sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine
+y plus pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus pi over 2
+and if you like let me instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you like let me instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you like let me instead of using
+x and y here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y here
+let me use a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this is less than or equal to
+x plus pi over 2 minus y plus pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this inequality
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that proves number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves number one
+for number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's just a simple fact about cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a simple fact about cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a simple fact about cosine
+being a two pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a two pi periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a two pi periodic
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function g of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function g of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function g of x equals
+cosine k of x this is also periodic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine k of x this is also periodic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine k of x this is also periodic but
+now what's the period it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the period it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the period it's
+uh 2 pi over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this interval
+has length two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length two pi
+except it's missing the point c plus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's missing the point c plus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's missing the point c plus pi
+over two and c plus 3 pi over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two and c plus 3 pi over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two and c plus 3 pi over k
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus if i look at
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then so this function g of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this function g of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this function g of x equals
+cosine k of x if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine k of x if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine k of x if i look at
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the image of this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will contain
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+all of the real numbers between minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the real numbers between minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the real numbers between minus
+one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you know so this is a period this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so this is a period this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so this is a period this is a
+interval of length two pi over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length two pi over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length two pi over k
+cosine kx is two pi over k periodic so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine kx is two pi over k periodic so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine kx is two pi over k periodic so i
+should get everything between -1 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get everything between -1 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get everything between -1 and 1
+except possibly the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except possibly the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except possibly the value at
+the endpoints so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoints so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoints so
+take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the value at the endpoints is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine
+kc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+because cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cosine of
+cosine of k times c plus pi is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of k times c plus pi is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of k times c plus pi is equal to
+pi over k is equal to cosine of kc plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over k is equal to cosine of kc plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over k is equal to cosine of kc plus
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and cosine of something plus pi is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine of something plus pi is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine of something plus pi is equal
+to minus cosine of that thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus cosine of that thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus cosine of that thing okay
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+uh the image of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the image of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the image of this set
+by cosine kx contains everything between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cosine kx contains everything between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cosine kx contains everything between
+minus one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and one
+except for possibly uh uh the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for possibly uh uh the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for possibly uh uh the end point
+this really only happens at uh if cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really only happens at uh if cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really only happens at uh if cosine
+of k times z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cosine of
+kc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we choose y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we choose y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we choose y in
+this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c plus pi over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus pi over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus pi over k
+c plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus
+3 pi over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let's write it let's write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's write it let's write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's write it let's write it this
+way so if this thing is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if this thing is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if this thing is bigger than or
+equal to zero then we choose y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why am i confusing myself okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i confusing myself okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i confusing myself okay so this
+is simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple enough
+we choose y in this interval so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose y in this interval so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose y in this interval so that
+cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of
+ky equals minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if cosine kc is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cosine kc is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cosine kc is less than zero
+then we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine of k y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of k y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of k y equals
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know again here's so forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again here's so forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again here's so forget
+just to get an idea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get an idea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get an idea okay so
+i'm quibbling over a minor point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm quibbling over a minor point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm quibbling over a minor point the
+fact that we have to take away uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have to take away uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have to take away uh
+possibly the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly the point where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know possibly the value of cosine kc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know possibly the value of cosine kc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know possibly the value of cosine kc
+anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+let's erase this for a minute and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's erase this for a minute and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's erase this for a minute and let's
+imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the
+range of this guy i mean it's a 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of this guy i mean it's a 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of this guy i mean it's a 2 pi
+over k periodic uh interval you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k periodic uh interval you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k periodic uh interval you know so
+this should basically cover all values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should basically cover all values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should basically cover all values
+between -1 and 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between -1 and 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between -1 and 1.
+so cosine of kc will either be plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cosine of kc will either be plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cosine of kc will either be plus or
+minus so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so if it's
+non-negative then i can find a y in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative then i can find a y in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative then i can find a y in this
+interval since it's two pi over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval since it's two pi over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval since it's two pi over k
+periodic so that cosine of k y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so that cosine of k y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so that cosine of k y equals
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and since this is non-negative and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this is non-negative and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this is non-negative and this
+is equal to minus one the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus one the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus one the difference
+between these two an absolute value will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two an absolute value will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two an absolute value will
+be greater than or equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than or equal to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than or equal to 1.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now if cosine of kc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if cosine of kc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if cosine of kc is
+less than 0 then again since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0 then again since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0 then again since this
+interval contains minus 1 to 1 it's 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval contains minus 1 to 1 it's 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval contains minus 1 to 1 it's 2 pi
+over k periodic we choose a y so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k periodic we choose a y so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k periodic we choose a y so that
+cosine of ky equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of ky equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of ky equals 1.
+and then this is negative this is 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is negative this is 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is negative this is 1 so
+the difference between something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between something
+negative and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and 1
+is greater than or equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to 1.
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and that's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i i made a kind of a mess of it but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i made a kind of a mess of it but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i made a kind of a mess of it but this
+is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know
+very easy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to understand
+um if you just you know draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you just you know draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you just you know draw a picture
+really okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's take uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's take uh
+so let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again what what these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what what these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what what these two
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+parts of this theorem say is that cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this theorem say is that cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this theorem say is that cosine
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+cosine can be quite oscillatory if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine can be quite oscillatory if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine can be quite oscillatory if you
+you know insert a k here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know insert a k here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know insert a k here
+right because you know the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know the difference
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+this interval is actually you know quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval is actually you know quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval is actually you know quite
+small right the length of this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right the length of this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right the length of this interval
+is 2 pi over k if k is very large that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi over k if k is very large that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi over k if k is very large that's
+a very small interval yet somehow we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small interval yet somehow we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small interval yet somehow we can
+find two points which differ by at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two points which differ by at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two points which differ by at least
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+in value if we plug them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value if we plug them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value if we plug them into the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+but cosine is not too wild because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cosine is not too wild because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cosine is not too wild because it
+satisfies this bound so these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this bound so these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this bound so these two are
+kind of gonna they're gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gonna they're gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gonna they're gonna be the
+ingredients in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients in that uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know idea i said at the start that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know idea i said at the start that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know idea i said at the start that
+we're going to build a function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build a function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build a function which
+oscillates which which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates which which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates which which is quite
+oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory
+but it's not too oscillatory that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not too oscillatory that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not too oscillatory that it's
+still continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still continuous
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we're going to build our function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to build our function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to build our function
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine kx where k is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine kx where k is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine kx where k is going to be
+changing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay
+so i'm going to need one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to need one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to need one more
+very simple fact so this one i won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple fact so this one i won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple fact so this one i won't
+mess up too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up too much
+which is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the following
+for all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all a
+b c and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c and r
+uh the absolute value of a plus b plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the absolute value of a plus b plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the absolute value of a plus b plus c
+this is bigger than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than or equal to the
+absolute value of a minus the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a minus the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a minus the absolute
+value of v b minus the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of v b minus the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of v b minus the absolute value of
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+okay and the proof of this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the proof of this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the proof of this is just to
+use the triangle inequality twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the triangle inequality twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the triangle inequality twice
+we have the absolute value of a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the absolute value of a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the absolute value of a this is
+equal to a plus b plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a plus b plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a plus b plus c
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b plus c
+and this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the triangle inequality the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triangle inequality the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triangle inequality the absolute
+value of a plus b plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a plus b plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a plus b plus c
+plus the absolute value of minus times b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the absolute value of minus times b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the absolute value of minus times b
+plus c but that minus goes away with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c but that minus goes away with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c but that minus goes away with the
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i use a triangle inequality one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i use a triangle inequality one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i use a triangle inequality one
+more time here to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then if i subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if i subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if i subtract
+oh i didn't want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i
+subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract
+this side over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side over
+to the other side of this inequality i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side of this inequality i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side of this inequality i
+get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i get uh the statement of the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get uh the statement of the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get uh the statement of the theorem
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we're going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to introduce
+call this derum 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let me introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the guest of honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first
+i have the following claim for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the following claim for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the following claim for all
+x and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series given by sum from n equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series given by sum from n equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series given by sum from n equals 0
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+and instead of n i'm going to use k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of n i'm going to use k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of n i'm going to use k
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+160 k x so here's our very oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 k x so here's our very oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 k x so here's our very oscillatory
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+4 times to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so for each x and r this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for each x and r this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for each x and r this
+series converges absolutely so it spits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges absolutely so it spits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges absolutely so it spits
+out a real number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a real number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a real number so
+i can define a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can define a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can define a function
+uh in terms of this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that f from r to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b defined by f prime f of x is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b defined by f prime f of x is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b defined by f prime f of x is just the
+number that i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when i stick in x to the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which is meaningful because for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is meaningful because for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is meaningful because for all x
+this series converges absolutely so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges absolutely so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges absolutely so this
+is just a function i just put in x i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a function i just put in x i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a function i just put in x i get
+out a real number then the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is going to be our function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to be our function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to be our function
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+um continuous but nowhere differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um continuous but nowhere differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um continuous but nowhere differentiable
+all right it's as you can see it's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's as you can see it's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's as you can see it's built
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+a bunch of very oscillatory uh functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of very oscillatory uh functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of very oscillatory uh functions
+cosine of 160 kx this is just a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160 kx this is just a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160 kx this is just a really
+big number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number here
+and as i said when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said when we were talking about
+this theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem here
+each one of those pieces is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those pieces is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those pieces is very
+oscillatory on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory on
+you know a very small interval it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a very small interval it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a very small interval it
+oscillates between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates between
+two values that differ by at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values that differ by at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values that differ by at least one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so all of these got all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of these got all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of these got all of these
+guys are oscillatory and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are oscillatory and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are oscillatory and you know
+they're oscillatory on smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're oscillatory on smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're oscillatory on smaller and
+smaller intervals and somehow we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller intervals and somehow we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller intervals and somehow we're
+adding them all up in a way to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding them all up in a way to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding them all up in a way to get a
+function that's oscillatory on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's oscillatory on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's oscillatory on
+arbitrarily small intervals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small intervals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small intervals and
+therefore will not be differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the proof of one is very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of one is very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of one is very easy
+we just used a comparison principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine of 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+times x over 4 to the k this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x over 4 to the k this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x over 4 to the k this is less
+than or equal to because cosine of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to because cosine of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to because cosine of no
+matter what you plug in is bounded by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you plug in is bounded by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you plug in is bounded by 1
+this is always bounded by 1 over 4 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always bounded by 1 over 4 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always bounded by 1 over 4 to
+the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and therefore by the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the comparison
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergent and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and therefore
+the original series is absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original series is absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original series is absolute
+absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely convergent
+okay so each of these is bounded by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each of these is bounded by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each of these is bounded by 1
+over 4 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 to the k
+this series converges this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges this is a
+geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series
+therefore by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore by the
+comparison principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison principle
+the series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges
+so now we have this function defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have this function defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have this function defined by
+uh this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this series
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+no this is not a power series because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not a power series because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not a power series because a
+power series involves polynomials in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series involves polynomials in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series involves polynomials in x
+this is cosine of x or a number times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cosine of x or a number times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cosine of x or a number times x
+so let's show it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's show it's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's show it's bounded
+the the same proof actually that we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same proof actually that we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same proof actually that we gave
+here shows it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but x being r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x being r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x being r
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m goes to infinity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m goes to infinity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m goes to infinity of this
+sum and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for absolute values this limit pulls out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for absolute values this limit pulls out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for absolute values this limit pulls out
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+whenever the limit exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit of the absolute value equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the absolute value equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the absolute value equals
+the absolute value of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than or equal to the
+limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as
+m goes to infinity of bringing the abs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m goes to infinity of bringing the abs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m goes to infinity of bringing the abs
+so by the triangle inequality this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the triangle inequality this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the triangle inequality this is
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+finite sum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sum so
+i can bring the absolute values in and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can bring the absolute values in and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can bring the absolute values in and i
+get sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sum from
+a 0 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 to m
+of cosine 160 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosine 160 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosine 160 k
+x over 4 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over 4 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over 4 to the k
+absolute value and this is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value and this is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value and this is less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+limit as m goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m goes to infinity
+of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some
+k equals 0 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to m
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+4 to the minus k again because cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the minus k again because cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the minus k again because cosine of
+anything is bounded by 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals uh
+four thirds right this is just a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds right this is just a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds right this is just a sum
+from k equals zero to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equals zero to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equals zero to infinity
+of four to the minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this function is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this function is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this function is always
+bounded by four thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the function is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the function is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the function is bounded
+let's now show it's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now show it's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now show it's continuous
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to show a function's continuous remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show a function's continuous remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show a function's continuous remember
+we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that
+other characterization of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other characterization of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other characterization of continuity
+that a function is continuous at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a function is continuous at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a function is continuous at a point
+if and only if for every sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if for every sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if for every sequence
+converging to that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to that point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+f of x n converges to f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n converges to f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n converges to f of c
+so before i start writing all this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see being r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let x n be a sequence converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let x n be a sequence converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let x n be a sequence converging to
+c so what we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so what we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so what we want to show
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+of f of x in minus f of c an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x in minus f of c an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x in minus f of c an absolute
+value equals 0. all right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value equals 0. all right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value equals 0. all right that's the
+same as saying the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying the limit as n goes to
+infinity of f x n equals f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of f x n equals f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of f x n equals f of c
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+f is a bounded function so this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a bounded function so this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a bounded function so this sequence
+f of x n minus f c and absolute uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n minus f c and absolute uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n minus f c and absolute uh is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+an absolute value is a bounded sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value is a bounded sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value is a bounded sequence
+so it has a limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a limb soup
+and we did an exercise on the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did an exercise on the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did an exercise on the assignment
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the limit of a sequence equals zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a sequence equals zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a sequence equals zero if
+and only if the limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalently we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently we'll show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup
+of f of x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x sub n
+minus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of
+c equals zero all right this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equals zero all right this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equals zero all right this thing
+always exists for a bounded sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exists for a bounded sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exists for a bounded sequence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which is one of the reasons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the reasons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the reasons which
+is what makes limb soup so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes limb soup so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes limb soup so
+useful okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay
+is that they do always exist so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they do always exist so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they do always exist so if we
+show that this limb soup equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this limb soup equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this limb soup equals zero
+then this is equivalent to showing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is equivalent to showing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is equivalent to showing uh
+this limit equals zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit equals zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit equals zero okay
+again this was an exercise or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this was an exercise or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this was an exercise or you can
+take it as you know the limb f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it as you know the limb f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it as you know the limb f of
+something that's non-negative is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's non-negative is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's non-negative is always
+bigger than or equal to zero so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to zero so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to zero so if we
+show this is equal to zero we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this is equal to zero we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this is equal to zero we would have
+zero is less than or equal to the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than or equal to the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than or equal to the length
+m f of this thing is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m f of this thing is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m f of this thing is less than or equal
+to the limb soup which equals zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the limb soup which equals zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the limb soup which equals zero and
+therefore the limb equals the limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the limb equals the limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the limb equals the limb soup
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+okay so that's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's another way of
+seeing that this is equivalent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that this is equivalent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that this is equivalent to this
+all right so we're going to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to show this
+at the limb soup of f of x sub n minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the limb soup of f of x sub n minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the limb soup of f of x sub n minus f
+of c equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c equals 0.
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't
+so that might be a little tough but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might be a little tough but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might be a little tough but what
+we can show um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show um
+and what we will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we will show
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+we'll give ourselves a little room we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give ourselves a little room we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give ourselves a little room we'll
+show that for all epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limb sup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb sup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb sup
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+f of x sub n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sub n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sub n minus
+f of c which is a non-negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c which is a non-negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c which is a non-negative number
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+okay so this is a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a fixed number
+non-negative number which is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number which is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number which is always
+smaller than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than um
+put less than or equal to there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put less than or equal to there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put less than or equal to there which is
+smaller than any number that i want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than any number that i want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than any number that i want and
+therefore it has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improving thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving thus
+from soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so just to recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to recap
+we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show
+we have a sequence uh converging to c we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence uh converging to c we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence uh converging to c we
+want to show that f of x n converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that f of x n converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that f of x n converges to
+f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c
+all right another way of stating that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right another way of stating that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right another way of stating that is
+that this limit of the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this limit of the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this limit of the absolute value
+between of the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between of the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between of the difference between these
+two converges to zero that's again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two converges to zero that's again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two converges to zero that's again a
+equivalent way of stating the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in another assignment we proved that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another assignment we proved that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another assignment we proved that for
+a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of
+non-negative numbers or if you like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative numbers or if you like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative numbers or if you like just
+for a sequence of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sequence of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sequence of numbers
+it converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it converges to zero
+if and only if the limb soup of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the limb soup of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the limb soup of the
+absolute value converges to zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value converges to zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value converges to zero but
+this is a sequence of non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sequence of non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sequence of non-negative
+numbers this absolute value of f of x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this absolute value of f of x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this absolute value of f of x n
+minus f of c so this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c so this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c so this is equivalent to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this thing we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing we want to show
+is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to
+this thing right below it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing right below it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing right below it
+now rather than show directly that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rather than show directly that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rather than show directly that this
+limit limb soup equals 0 we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit limb soup equals 0 we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit limb soup equals 0 we're going to
+show that for all epsilon positive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that for all epsilon positive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that for all epsilon positive it's
+less than or equal to that small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to that small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to that small number
+and therefore proving that it's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore proving that it's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore proving that it's 0
+because it's a non-negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a non-negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a non-negative number
+smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+every positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every positive number
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this is our goal to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our goal to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our goal to show
+this limb soup is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we're now going to prove that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're now going to prove that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're now going to prove that that
+limb soup is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let m um be a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let m um be a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let m um be a natural number
+such that the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the sum from
+k equals m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals m naught
+plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+to infinity of 4 to the minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of 4 to the minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of 4 to the minus k
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+epsilon over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2.
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series here
+right this is a convergent series uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a convergent series uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a convergent series uh if
+i go from k equals zero to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i go from k equals zero to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i go from k equals zero to infinity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+you know we have this koshi criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have this koshi criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have this koshi criterion
+for convergence seek for convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convergence seek for convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convergence seek for convergent
+series which uh can be equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which uh can be equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which uh can be equivalently
+stated as for all m0 a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated as for all m0 a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated as for all m0 a natural number
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+uh or for all epsilon there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or for all epsilon there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or for all epsilon there exist
+so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+okay rather than go through all that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rather than go through all that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rather than go through all that we
+can actually just compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the left-hand side equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um 4 to the minus m naught minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4 to the minus m naught minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4 to the minus m naught minus 1
+times sum from l equals 0 to infinity 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sum from l equals 0 to infinity 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sum from l equals 0 to infinity 4
+to the minus l which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four thirds four to the minus m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds four to the minus m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds four to the minus m naught
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+one third four to the minus m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third four to the minus m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third four to the minus m naught
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if m naught is chosen very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if m naught is chosen very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if m naught is chosen very large
+right this is four to the minus m zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is four to the minus m zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is four to the minus m zero
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+i like i can write this as one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like i can write this as one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like i can write this as one third
+over one fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as long as m zero is chosen very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as m zero is chosen very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as m zero is chosen very
+large i can always make this very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large i can always make this very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large i can always make this very small
+that's the left side over there so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the left side over there so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the left side over there so i can
+always find an m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find an m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find an m0
+so that this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is the case
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb soup
+of f of x in minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x in minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x in minus f of x
+we split this up into two pieces this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we split this up into two pieces this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we split this up into two pieces this is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup
+then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of
+two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts
+sum from k equals zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals zero to
+m 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m 0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m 0 of
+cosine of 160 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160 k
+x n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n minus
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each of these is defined in terms of sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is defined in terms of sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is defined in terms of sum
+so i'm going to break the sum up into up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to break the sum up into up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to break the sum up into up
+to m 0 and then everything past m 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m 0 and then everything past m 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m 0 and then everything past m 0 this
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 4
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+cosine 160 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 160 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 160 k
+x n minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n minus cosine
+160 k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 k x
+plus sum from k equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m 0 plus 1 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m 0 plus 1 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m 0 plus 1 to infinity
+1 over 4 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 4 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 4 k
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+value and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we use the triangle inequality in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the triangle inequality in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the triangle inequality in the
+fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that
+limb soups preserve inequality so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soups preserve inequality so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soups preserve inequality so the
+absolute value of this thing is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of this thing is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of this thing is less
+than or equal to the sum of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the sum of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the sum of the absolute
+values and the limp soup of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the limp soup of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the limp soup of those
+sequences is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is less than or equal to the
+sum of the limb soups that was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the limb soups that was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the limb soups that was another
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+exercise from an assignment or you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise from an assignment or you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise from an assignment or you did
+something similar with the limb imp so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar with the limb imp so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar with the limb imp so
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+now i use the triangle inequality sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i use the triangle inequality sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i use the triangle inequality sum
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+k equals 0 to m 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to m 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to m 0
+4 minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine 160 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n minus
+cosine 160 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i've been writing x i meant to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've been writing x i meant to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've been writing x i meant to write
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in
+these brackets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see i might keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we have that this limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have that this limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have that this limb soup
+of f of x sub n minus f of c is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x sub n minus f of c is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x sub n minus f of c is less
+than or equal to the limb soup of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the limb soup of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the limb soup of this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+plus the limb soup of this guy and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the limb soup of this guy and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the limb soup of this guy and now
+i'm going to use the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use the triangle inequality
+again bringing the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again bringing the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again bringing the absolute values
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+of the the sums which is perfectly valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the sums which is perfectly valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the sums which is perfectly valid
+even for the infinite sum um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for the infinite sum um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for the infinite sum um
+by the same argument i used basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same argument i used basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same argument i used basically
+over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is less than or equal to the limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to the limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to the limb
+soup as n goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sum from k equals m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals m0
+plus 1 to infinity of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 to infinity of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 to infinity of now
+the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i applied the triangle inequality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i applied the triangle inequality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i applied the triangle inequality to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now cosine of anything is always bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cosine of anything is always bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cosine of anything is always bounded
+by one so this is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one so this is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one so this is bounded by
+first off um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off um
+let me come back to this second one m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me come back to this second one m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me come back to this second one m0
+is fixed remember this is not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed remember this is not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed remember this is not changing
+with n it's just fixed it depended only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n it's just fixed it depended only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n it's just fixed it depended only
+on epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on epsilon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on epsilon okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so m0 is fixed and this is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m0 is fixed and this is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m0 is fixed and this is less than or
+equal to limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to limb soup
+of n now we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we know about cosine that cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about cosine that cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about cosine that cosine of
+something minus cosine of something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something minus cosine of something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something minus cosine of something else
+is bounded by the difference in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by the difference in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by the difference in the in
+the argument so this is bounded by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument so this is bounded by minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument so this is bounded by minus
+4 to the minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the minus k
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+160 k x n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 k x n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 k x n minus
+160 k c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus limb soup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k equals m0 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals m0 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals m0 plus 1
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+4 minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times 2 as this is bounded by 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 as this is bounded by 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 as this is bounded by 1 that's
+bounded by 1. now there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by 1. now there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by 1. now there's no
+n left here so this is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now equal to that
+and we chose m0 so that this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we chose m0 so that this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we chose m0 so that this quantity
+here is less than epsilon over two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is less than epsilon over two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is less than epsilon over two so
+times two this is less than epsilon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times two this is less than epsilon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times two this is less than epsilon so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're in soup sum from k equals zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in soup sum from k equals zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in soup sum from k equals zero to
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 of
+40 k now again this is just a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 k now again this is just a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 k now again this is just a fixed
+number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limb soup is in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb soup is in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb soup is in n
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+this is just a fixed number times x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a fixed number times x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a fixed number times x sub
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+right the difference in this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the difference in this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the difference in this is just
+equal to 160 k times 4 to the minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 160 k times 4 to the minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 160 k times 4 to the minus k
+that's 40k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 40k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 40k
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+we chose m0 so that this quantity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose m0 so that this quantity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose m0 so that this quantity over
+here is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now as n goes to infinity
+x sub n is converging to c so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n is converging to c so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n is converging to c so this thing
+here converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converges to zero
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon equals epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon equals epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon equals epsilon
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know to me this is this is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to me this is this is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to me this is this is a real
+first proof of analysis where kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proof of analysis where kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proof of analysis where kind of
+you're using everything that you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using everything that you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using everything that you've been
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+exposed to up to this point to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to up to this point to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to up to this point to prove a
+really deep theorem okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deep theorem okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deep theorem okay so
+you know go through this slowly but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go through this slowly but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go through this slowly but uh
+there's there's you know not too much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the estimates are not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the estimates are not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the estimates are not all that
+tricky once once you have them in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky once once you have them in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky once once you have them in front
+of you okay so we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you okay so we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you okay so we've shown
+that for all epsilon this limb suit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all epsilon this limb suit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all epsilon this limb suit is
+less than or equal to epsilon because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to epsilon because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to epsilon because
+remember we we ended with epsilon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we started off estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this limb suit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limb suit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limb suit here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're in a position to to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're in a position to to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're in a position to to prove the
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem that we want to prove and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we want to prove and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we want to prove and this
+is due to virus straws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+which we've been studying f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've been studying f of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've been studying f of x equals
+sum from k equals 0 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 0 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 0 to infinity
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+160 k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 k x
+over 4 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is nowhere differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nowhere differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nowhere differentiable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so you know with everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you know with everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you know with everything
+we've done so far so we know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far so we know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far so we know this
+function is continuous right we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is continuous right we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is continuous right we've
+proven that so this example so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that so this example so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that so this example so this
+theorem provides you with an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem provides you with an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem provides you with an example of
+a function which is continuous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function which is continuous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function which is continuous but
+nowhere differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and with what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with what we have
+on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board
+namely you know the key parts are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you know the key parts are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you know the key parts are going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+what's in that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in that first
+theorem there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem there
+and there's triangle inequality we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's triangle inequality we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's triangle inequality we have
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we'll be able to prove this so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give myself a little space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to state uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem 2 from over there because i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem 2 from over there because i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem 2 from over there because i need
+some space to write in a minute for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space to write in a minute for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space to write in a minute for all
+a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c
+the absolute value of a plus b plus c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a plus b plus c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a plus b plus c is
+bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to
+a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+the absolute value of b minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of b minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of b minus the
+absolute value of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of c
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me re-summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since i've summarized it already what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i've summarized it already what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i've summarized it already what
+we've done up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done up to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done up to this point
+we've shown that this function here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that this function here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that this function here is
+well defined absolutely convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined absolutely convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined absolutely convert the
+series is always absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is always absolutely convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is always absolutely convergent
+and therefore this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this function
+is bounded and or we also prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded and or we also prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded and or we also prove that
+it's bounded and continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded and continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded and continuous
+right that was the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was the previous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was the previous theorem
+so this function is bounded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this function is bounded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this function is bounded and
+continuous and we're going to prove it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and we're going to prove it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and we're going to prove it's
+nowhere differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere differentiable
+and again what's the idea the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what's the idea the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what's the idea the idea is
+that we built it out of functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we built it out of functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we built it out of functions which
+are highly oscillatory at smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly oscillatory at smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly oscillatory at smaller and
+smaller scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scales
+okay so somehow this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so somehow this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so somehow this function
+is highly oscillatory at every scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highly oscillatory at every scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highly oscillatory at every scale
+okay and if you have a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you have a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you have a function which is
+highly oscillatory of every scale if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillatory of every scale if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillatory of every scale if
+some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have
+heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of
+you know brownian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know brownian motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know brownian motion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which is a function which is i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function which is i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function which is i mean
+which is a path which is you know highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a path which is you know highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a path which is you know highly
+oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then that function will not be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that function will not be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that function will not be uh
+differentiable anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+let's see be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see be
+any real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real number
+and what we're going to do just as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do just as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do just as in
+when we looked at f of x equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we looked at f of x equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we looked at f of x equal the
+absolute value of x we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x we're going to
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or find a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x of n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n such that
+x of n does not equal c for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x n converges to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n converges to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n converges to c
+and the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sequence
+f of x sub n minus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sub n minus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sub n minus f of c
+over x sub n minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact is divergent but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is divergent but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is divergent but we'll
+go even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go even further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go even further
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and therefore the sequence cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the sequence cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the sequence cannot
+converge and therefore the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and therefore the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and therefore the function is
+not differentiable at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to use theorem 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use theorem 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use theorem 1
+to find the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by theorem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by theorem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by theorem one
+namely part two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all in a natural number there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in a natural number there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in a natural number there exists
+a x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+what x sub n is in this interval of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x sub n is in this interval of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x sub n is in this interval of the
+form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c plus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus pi
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+160 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 n
+is less than x is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c plus 3 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus 3 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus 3 pi
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+160 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine of 160 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160 in
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+minus cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine of
+160 in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 in c
+is bigger than or equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me call these two properties a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call these two properties a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call these two properties a
+and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+another way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+is we could have instead written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could have instead written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could have instead written
+by subtracting c across the board that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x of n minus c is between pi over 160 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n minus c is between pi over 160 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n minus c is between pi over 160 n
+and 3 pi over 160 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 pi over 160 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 pi over 160 n
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+roll in x of n does not equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll in x of n does not equal to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll in x of n does not equal to c
+because their difference is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their difference is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their difference is bounded
+below by a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean their difference is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean their difference is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean their difference is actually
+positive and it's non-zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+by the squeeze theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know again if you like putting the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again if you like putting the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again if you like putting the c
+on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides
+uh we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get that
+x sub n converges to c so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n converges to c so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n converges to c so this will be
+our sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sequence
+uh our bad sequence for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our bad sequence for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our bad sequence for which the
+difference quotient is unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient is unbounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient is unbounded
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in fact let me let me write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact let me let me write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact let me let me write this out
+a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x sub n minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus c
+which is equal to x of n minus c because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to x of n minus c because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to x of n minus c because
+this is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive
+is less than 3 pi over 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 3 pi over 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 3 pi over 160
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this goes to zero therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes to zero therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes to zero therefore the
+absolute value of x n minus c converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x n minus c converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x n minus c converges
+to zero and therefore x sub n converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and therefore x sub n converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and therefore x sub n converges
+to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now to lessen the number of times i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to lessen the number of times i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to lessen the number of times i have
+to write cosine 160 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let fk of x be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let fk of x be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let fk of x be
+cosine 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 160
+kx over 4 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx over 4 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx over 4 to the k
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+f of x is equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is equal to the sum
+and k equal to 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k equal to 0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k equal to 0 of
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we're going to do is we're
+going to find a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find a lower bound
+on the absolute value of f of x in minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the absolute value of f of x in minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the absolute value of f of x in minus
+f of c over x of n minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c over x of n minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c over x of n minus c
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lower bound
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i can find a lower bound on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can find a lower bound on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can find a lower bound on this
+absolute value which is getting large as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value which is getting large as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value which is getting large as
+large as i wish then that proves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as i wish then that proves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as i wish then that proves that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sequence is unbounded and i'm done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at uh
+the absolute value of f of x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's just write this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just write this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just write this in in
+a few different ways or not a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few different ways or not a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few different ways or not a few
+different ways but let's split it up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but let's split it up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but let's split it up as
+a sum so all of these guys are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum so all of these guys are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum so all of these guys are equal to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sum of f sub k so i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nth one so remember f sub k this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth one so remember f sub k this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth one so remember f sub k this is just
+you know one of these building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+k equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put an x here i meant to write c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an x here i meant to write c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an x here i meant to write c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+i'm going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to let
+a sub n be this first number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b sub n be the second number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n be the second number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n be the second number
+including the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the sum
+and this will be c sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be c sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be c sub n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is equal to a sub n plus b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to a sub n plus b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to a sub n plus b sub n
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+c sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c sub n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now i'm going to use that triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to use that triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to use that triangle
+inequality i proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n
+minus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c
+is greater than or which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or which is equal to
+a sub n plus b sub n plus c sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus b sub n plus c sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus b sub n plus c sub n
+is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to
+a sub n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus
+b sub n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n minus
+c sub n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c sub n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c sub n okay
+now a sub n this is going to be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a sub n this is going to be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a sub n this is going to be this is
+just the difference between these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the difference between these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the difference between these guys
+this is bounded below by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bounded below by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bounded below by one
+all right so it's kind of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's kind of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's kind of large
+not one but uh one over four to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one but uh one over four to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one but uh one over four to the n
+these other guys will prove are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other guys will prove are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other guys will prove are very
+small compared to the a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the a sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the a sub n
+and then this lower bound this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this lower bound this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this lower bound this upper
+bound we have on x sub n minus c will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we have on x sub n minus c will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we have on x sub n minus c will be
+the nail in the coffin as we see so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nail in the coffin as we see so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nail in the coffin as we see so our
+goal is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is now
+to estimate from below a sub n remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate from below a sub n remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate from below a sub n remember
+we're trying to find a lower bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find a lower bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find a lower bound for
+this quantity over x of n minus c so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity over x of n minus c so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity over x of n minus c so we
+need to estimate these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to estimate these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to estimate these things
+from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below
+uh or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or this
+sum from below that means we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from below that means we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from below that means we need to
+estimate this from below and then b sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this from below and then b sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this from below and then b sub
+n and c sub n since they have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and c sub n since they have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and c sub n since they have minus
+signs from above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs from above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs from above
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sub n which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n which is equal to
+4 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the minus n
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+160 and x of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 and x of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 and x of n minus
+cosine 160 to the nc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+remember how we chose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we chose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we chose these
+extra bends this is bounded above by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bends this is bounded above by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bends this is bounded above by
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one or bounded below by one so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or bounded below by one so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or bounded below by one so this is
+bigger than or equal to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four to the minus n all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to the minus n all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to the minus n all right so that's
+a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n
+now let's look at how big b sub n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we want to bound this from above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to bound this from above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to bound this from above
+because when it hits the minus sign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when it hits the minus sign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when it hits the minus sign this
+will flip the inequality and we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flip the inequality and we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flip the inequality and we'll have
+that this will be bounded from below by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will be bounded from below by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will be bounded from below by
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+so the absolute value of b sub n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the absolute value of b sub n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the absolute value of b sub n okay
+that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to
+sum from k equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 0 to
+n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f k of x of n minus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f k of x of n minus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f k of x of n minus f of c
+k of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and bringing the absolute values inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bringing the absolute values inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bringing the absolute values inside
+by the triangle inequality this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triangle inequality this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triangle inequality this is less
+than or equal to sum from k equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to sum from k equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to sum from k equals n
+minus 1 of f of f k x sub n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 of f of f k x sub n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 of f of f k x sub n minus
+f k of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is equal to sum from k equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to sum from k equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to sum from k equals 0
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+n minus 1 4 to the minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 4 to the minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 4 to the minus k
+cosine 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 160
+k x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k x of n
+minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine
+of 160 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 160 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 160 k
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+and now we use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem 1 number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem 1 number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem 1 number two
+or number one i'm sorry theorem one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or number one i'm sorry theorem one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or number one i'm sorry theorem one part
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+theorem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+the difference in these uh is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in these uh is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in these uh is bounded by
+160k times the difference in those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160k times the difference in those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160k times the difference in those two
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now these things we can we can sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now these things we can we can sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now these things we can we can sum
+up in closed form well actually x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in closed form well actually x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in closed form well actually x sub n
+minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+uh we proved is less than 3 pi over 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we proved is less than 3 pi over 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we proved is less than 3 pi over 160
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is less than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+k equals 0 n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 n minus 1
+40k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40k
+and this equals 3 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals 3 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals 3 pi
+over 160 n now sum from k equals 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 160 n now sum from k equals 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 160 n now sum from k equals 0 to n
+minus 1 40k we use this formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 40k we use this formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 40k we use this formula for
+summing a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometric sum this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+40 to the n minus 1 over 39.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is less than okay so take away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than okay so take away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than okay so take away the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+this is uh one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh one over
+thirteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen
+four to minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to minus n
+times pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times pi
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than
+pi is less than 4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is less than 4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is less than 4 so
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me summarize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 13
+4 minus n plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box this is less the absolute value of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box this is less the absolute value of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box this is less the absolute value of c
+sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n
+absolute value is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is less than or equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we just kind of do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just kind of do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just kind of do a
+brutal estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we bring the absolute values inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring the absolute values inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring the absolute values inside
+okay so this is equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is equal so
+just as we had before with the b sub n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as we had before with the b sub n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as we had before with the b sub n's
+except now uh we're summing from k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now uh we're summing from k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now uh we're summing from k
+equals n plus one to infinity we brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n plus one to infinity we brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n plus one to infinity we brought
+the absolute values inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute values inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute values inside
+and then let's use the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's use the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's use the triangle
+inequality on that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember fk is equal to cosine of 160 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember fk is equal to cosine of 160 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember fk is equal to cosine of 160 k
+times x over 4 to the k so that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x over 4 to the k so that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x over 4 to the k so that's no
+matter what you plug in that's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you plug in that's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you plug in that's bounded
+by 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4
+1 over 4 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now this we can actually sum this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this we can actually sum this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this we can actually sum this is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+4 to the minus n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the minus n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the minus n minus 1
+times sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l equals 0 to infinity of 4 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 0 to infinity of 4 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 0 to infinity of 4 to the minus
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this equal
+this equals two times four to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals two times four to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals two times four to the minus
+n minus one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one times
+four thirds equals two thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds equals two thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds equals two thirds
+towards the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+my board works getting a little shoddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my board works getting a little shoddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my board works getting a little shoddy
+but um it'll be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ie we've proven that the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie we've proven that the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie we've proven that the absolute value
+of c sub n is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c sub n is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c sub n is bounded by
+two thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds
+four to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so combining everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so combining everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so combining everything that
+we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've shown that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that uh
+f of x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sub n
+minus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c
+which remember is equal is bounded below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is equal is bounded below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is equal is bounded below
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bounded
+below by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below by
+a sub n remember so the first box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n remember so the first box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n remember so the first box is
+bounded by four to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by four to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by four to the minus n
+so first off everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off everything
+the a sub n's b sub n c sub n so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a sub n's b sub n c sub n so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a sub n's b sub n c sub n so they
+all have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have some
+four to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to the minus n
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involved what happened to my estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved what happened to my estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved what happened to my estimate
+for b oh covering it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b oh covering it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b oh covering it up
+uh four to the minus n so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh four to the minus n so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh four to the minus n so this is
+one coming from the a sub n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coming from the a sub n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coming from the a sub n's
+and minus uh four over thirteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus uh four over thirteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus uh four over thirteen
+coming from the b sub n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the b sub n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the b sub n's
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+two thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming from the seasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do the arithmetic this is 4 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the arithmetic this is 4 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the arithmetic this is 4 to the minus
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+1 over 39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so f of x sub n minus f of c is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x sub n minus f of c is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x sub n minus f of c is bounded
+from below by 4 to the minus n times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below by 4 to the minus n times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below by 4 to the minus n times 1
+over 39. now i just divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 39. now i just divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 39. now i just divide by
+uh x sub n minus c which is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x sub n minus c which is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x sub n minus c which is bounded
+above by 3 pi over 160 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above by 3 pi over 160 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above by 3 pi over 160 in
+and therefore when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take reciprocals i get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take reciprocals i get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take reciprocals i get that
+i get that the absolute value of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that the absolute value of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that the absolute value of f of x
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+minus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c
+over x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x of n
+minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+is bounded from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded from
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+by 1 over x sub n minus c times 4 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 over x sub n minus c times 4 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 over x sub n minus c times 4 to the
+minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n
+1 over 39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 39
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 39
+which is bounded below by now inserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded below by now inserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded below by now inserting
+this estimate here i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate here i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate here i get
+40 in over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 in over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 in over
+i think that's 117 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the absolute value
+of the difference quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference quotient
+is bounded below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded below
+by 40 to the n over some fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 40 to the n over some fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 40 to the n over some fixed number
+and this thing on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing on the right hand side
+is unbounded as in gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unbounded as in gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unbounded as in gets
+as n varies from one to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n varies from one to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n varies from one to infinity
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+the absolute value of this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of this difference
+quotient is unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which finishes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+you know we've done some things maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've done some things maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've done some things maybe a
+few things that you haven't seen in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things that you haven't seen in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things that you haven't seen in uh
+calculus course definitely haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus course definitely haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus course definitely haven't seen
+this most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this most likely
+and really this is a first result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really this is a first result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really this is a first result that
+involves you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves you know
+a lot of math that we've covered up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of math that we've covered up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of math that we've covered up to
+this point to prove a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to prove a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to prove a very
+you know non-trivial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know non-trivial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know non-trivial and
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+deep theorem that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+differentiability is is um a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiability is is um a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiability is is um a bit of a
+miracle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle okay
+it's a miracle when it happens okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a miracle when it happens okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a miracle when it happens okay
+we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PwBO6pn5mkM.txt b/PwBO6pn5mkM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4445becc341762936bcb649497b17f96fdc037bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PwBO6pn5mkM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13616 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'll talk a bit about human subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll talk a bit about human subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll talk a bit about human subject
+and I also have a set of slides from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also have a set of slides from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also have a set of slides from
+that but uh you you can have them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but uh you you can have them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but uh you you can have them for
+reference so I wanted to give you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so I wanted to give you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so I wanted to give you first
+a little bit of background of uh why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of background of uh why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of background of uh why you
+know this whole how the whole regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this whole how the whole regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this whole how the whole regulation
+about the use of humans as a subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the use of humans as a subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the use of humans as a subject of
+research has come about um and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research has come about um and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research has come about um and uh and
+then explain what are the big principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then explain what are the big principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then explain what are the big principles
+that uh we are operating on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we are operating on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we are operating on and then
+finally explain what this means for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally explain what this means for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally explain what this means for you
+right now and in the future if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and in the future if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and in the future if you
+continue doing human uh research with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue doing human uh research with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue doing human uh research with
+human subjects so the the history of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subjects so the the history of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subjects so the the history of it
+is really um until reasonably recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really um until reasonably recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really um until reasonably recently
+and we're talking um um second world war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're talking um um second world war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're talking um um second world war
+and of the second world war there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the second world war there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the second world war there was no
+regulation of using humans at subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of using humans at subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of using humans at subject of
+of research people could do whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research people could do whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research people could do whatever it
+is they felt that was morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they felt that was morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they felt that was morally
+appropriate by their own standard of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate by their own standard of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate by their own standard of uh
+of moral so uh and that of course led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moral so uh and that of course led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moral so uh and that of course led to
+a number of excesses uh the two most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of excesses uh the two most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of excesses uh the two most
+famous ones are uh Nazi uh research uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous ones are uh Nazi uh research uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous ones are uh Nazi uh research uh
+in in the camp uh which was exposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the camp uh which was exposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the camp uh which was exposed and
+everybody discussed in great detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody discussed in great detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody discussed in great detail
+during the the Newber trials after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the the Newber trials after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the the Newber trials after the
+war uh but perhaps less obvious although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war uh but perhaps less obvious although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war uh but perhaps less obvious although
+it was also so relatively famous at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also so relatively famous at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also so relatively famous at the
+time and you may have heard of it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you may have heard of it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you may have heard of it is the
+the tesk trials in in America in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tesk trials in in America in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tesk trials in in America in the US
+although they're called trials they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're called trials they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're called trials they were
+they were really not trials at all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really not trials at all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really not trials at all uh
+there were a study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a study of
+um uh africanamerican men uh in who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh africanamerican men uh in who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh africanamerican men uh in who were
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh sick with ill with syphilis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sick with ill with syphilis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sick with ill with syphilis and the
+object of the study was to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of the study was to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of the study was to find out what
+what would be the course of syphilis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the course of syphilis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the course of syphilis if
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+untreated uh in a context where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated uh in a context where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated uh in a context where we
+actually knew how to treat syphilis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually knew how to treat syphilis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually knew how to treat syphilis
+there was already a medication available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was already a medication available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was already a medication available
+for syphilis but these people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for syphilis but these people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for syphilis but these people were
+actually not treated in order to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not treated in order to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not treated in order to see
+what is the natural course natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the natural course natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the natural course natural
+progression of of of the disease what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of of of the disease what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of of of the disease what it
+does to the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to the body
+Etc uh the people were lured with uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc uh the people were lured with uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc uh the people were lured with uh um
+uh false advertisement that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh false advertisement that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh false advertisement that they would
+be tested and they would be and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tested and they would be and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tested and they would be and they
+would be given uh they would be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be given uh they would be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be given uh they would be given
+cured uh and they were and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cured uh and they were and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cured uh and they were and a bunch of
+people died while in the trial obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died while in the trial obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died while in the trial obviously
+since they were sick with syphilis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they were sick with syphilis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they were sick with syphilis and
+no one treated them and then when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one treated them and then when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one treated them and then when this
+came about when this became public this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about when this became public this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about when this became public this
+created a huge outcry naturally uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a huge outcry naturally uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a huge outcry naturally uh there
+isn't any number of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any number of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any number of things that are
+wrong here uh one is uh not treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong here uh one is uh not treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong here uh one is uh not treating
+people when we when there is a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when we when there is a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when we when there is a known
+cure that's already approved one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure that's already approved one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure that's already approved one is uh
+lying to people when they come the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying to people when they come the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying to people when they come the
+second is uh um and the third one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is uh um and the third one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is uh um and the third one is
+addressing using as a group a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing using as a group a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing using as a group a group of
+they were um share cers you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were um share cers you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were um share cers you know very
+impoverished people uh uh who were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished people uh uh who were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished people uh uh who were not
+in a position to understand what was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to understand what was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to understand what was uh
+discussed to advocate for themselves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed to advocate for themselves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed to advocate for themselves or
+uh or to to question what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or to to question what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or to to question what the
+researchers were doing after that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers were doing after that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers were doing after that after
+and who so is this uh these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who so is this uh these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who so is this uh these are the two
+that were the most uh discussed I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were the most uh discussed I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were the most uh discussed I'm sure
+there were a bunch of other abuse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a bunch of other abuse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a bunch of other abuse of
+research at the same time uh but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research at the same time uh but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research at the same time uh but this
+prompted a sort of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompted a sort of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompted a sort of international
+reflection on uh how to treat human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on uh how to treat human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on uh how to treat human
+subjects uh human a subject of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects uh human a subject of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects uh human a subject of of
+research uh which culminated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh which culminated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh which culminated in
+something called the bment bment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the bment bment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the bment bment
+protocol which are international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which are international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which are international
+agreement of how to uh protect humans as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement of how to uh protect humans as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement of how to uh protect humans as
+subject of research which in the US are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of research which in the US are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of research which in the US are
+then uh kind of translated as a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh kind of translated as a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh kind of translated as a set of
+Regulation with a complicated codes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulation with a complicated codes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulation with a complicated codes that
+I don't remember uh um with which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember uh um with which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember uh um with which tells
+us uh how to how to to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh how to how to to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh how to how to to deal with
+subjects and basically there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects and basically there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects and basically there are three
+um principles three important principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um principles three important principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um principles three important principles
+uh one is beneficence uh one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is beneficence uh one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is beneficence uh one is
+Justice and uh uh and one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice and uh uh and one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice and uh uh and one is
+respect uh before I get into more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect uh before I get into more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect uh before I get into more detail
+into any of this uh any of the subject I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into any of this uh any of the subject I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into any of this uh any of the subject I
+want to talk about what is research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about what is research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about what is research and
+what is a human subject that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a human subject that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a human subject that's important
+because research is defined as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because research is defined as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because research is defined as a
+systematic intervention including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic intervention including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic intervention including
+research development testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research development testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research development testing and
+evaluation designed to develop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation designed to develop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation designed to develop or
+contribute to generalized knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to generalized knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to generalized knowledge
+activities that means definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that means definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that means definition
+constitute research for purpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute research for purpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute research for purpose of the
+HHS regulation whether or not they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HHS regulation whether or not they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HHS regulation whether or not they are
+conducted or supported under a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted or supported under a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted or supported under a program
+which is considered research for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is considered research for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is considered research for other
+purpose as you can guess I didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose as you can guess I didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose as you can guess I didn't write
+this up this is like a legal language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up this is like a legal language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up this is like a legal language
+for example some demonstration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example some demonstration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example some demonstration and
+service program may include research
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+I I hope that they know that but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hope that they know that but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hope that they know that but I don't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but uh because they are trying to
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+ align:start position:0%
+know but uh because they are trying to
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+though they are not uh funded by
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+
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+
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+research for example uh you don't need a
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+human human subject approval to conduct
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+you need you need human subject approval
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+so for example uh there is a study on
+
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+so for example uh there is a study on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh there is a study on
+test um test testing Jam testing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test um test testing Jam testing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus after they tested two to test the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus after they tested two to test the
+theory of choice overload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of choice overload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+Anga who wrote this study was planning
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+Anga who wrote this study was planning
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant but what you want to do what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output needs to be is relevant so
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+
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+
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+then when there was a big phase outcry a
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+
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+then when there was a big phase outcry a
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+propo Facebook uh the research that
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook was doing and then I don't know
+ 
+
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+Facebook was doing and then I don't know
+if it was there okay CID was doing some
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+
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+
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+like uh there was some confusion whether
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+you know if the if people don't feel
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+okay about it they can uh they can just
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+present in research project and I think
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+
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+one issue in the Facebook uh experiment
+
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+one issue in the Facebook uh experiment
+ 
+
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+one issue in the Facebook uh experiment
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+adopting uh
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+Justice how do you respect people by
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+
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+asking them whether they they want to be
+in the study uh so it's informed consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the study uh so it's informed consent
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+
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+in the study uh so it's informed consent
+protect protecting privacy and
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+particularly uh subject to undue
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+
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+uh special um uh provision to
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+uh special um uh provision to
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+
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+them beneficience required to assess the
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+them beneficience required to assess the
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+
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+them beneficience required to assess the
+risk benefit analysis including the the
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+risk benefit analysis including the the
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+
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+risk benefit analysis including the the
+study design so it doesn't mean that you
+
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+study design so it doesn't mean that you
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+
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+study design so it doesn't mean that you
+cannot do research that involve any risk
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+cannot do research that involve any risk
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+
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+cannot do research that involve any risk
+uh but that the risk needs to be uh
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+uh but that the risk needs to be uh
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+
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+uh but that the risk needs to be uh
+commensurate to the um to the potential
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+commensurate to the um to the potential
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+
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+benefit to the subject themselves and to
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+themselves for example when you do a
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+
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+themselves for example when you do a
+survey there is nothing in it for the
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+survey there is nothing in it for the
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+survey there is nothing in it for the
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+ align:start position:0%
+subject but the you have to uh make the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject but the you have to uh make the
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+case about the importance of the
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+knowledge to be gain to society and
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+subject committee to tell you I think
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+
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+
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+your research is kind of stupid so I'm
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+
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+your research is kind of stupid so I'm
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+not going to give approval because the
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+
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+not going to give approval because the
+there is no gain to society to learn the
+
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+there is no gain to society to learn the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+answer to your question I've never seen
+
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+answer to your question I've never seen
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to your question I've never seen
+them really do that because generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them really do that because generally
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+them really do that because generally
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+they don't go into the weeds of
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+
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+project but theoretically it is there it
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+
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+project but theoretically it is there it
+is completely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely uh
+acceptable yeah what um what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable yeah what um what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable yeah what um what about
+studies where informed consent sort of
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+studies where informed consent sort of
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+
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+studies where informed consent sort of
+renders the study undoable yes so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renders the study undoable yes so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renders the study undoable yes so you
+can uh you can uh request a waiver for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh you can uh request a waiver for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh you can uh request a waiver for
+of informed consent in two circumstances
+
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+of informed consent in two circumstances
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+
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+of informed consent in two circumstances
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+
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+to the to the answer so it would
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+
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+to the to the answer so it would
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+
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+for example if you're planning to do a
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+
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+for example if you're planning to do a
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+
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+
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+
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+are people are waiting for their train
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+
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+and you just want to ask question for
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+
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+and you just want to ask question for
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+
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+example you give them a list of names
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+
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+example you give them a list of names
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said does this name sound to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said does this name sound to you
+that it's a name of an African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a name of an African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a name of an African-American
+person or or a Caucasian person so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or or a Caucasian person so that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or or a Caucasian person so that
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+you just want to find out you know how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to find out you know how
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+
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+people names ring to people so you have
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+no interest in the identity of the
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+
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+no interest in the identity of the
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+ align:start position:0%
+person who gave you the answer so you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who gave you the answer so you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the answer uh in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the answer uh in in the
+absence of inform consent there is
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+absence of inform consent there is
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+will generally say let me not obtain
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+
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+will generally say let me not obtain
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+informed consent so then I really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed consent so then I really have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero risk for the person because no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero risk for the person because no one
+will ever know even who answered so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ever know even who answered so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ever know even who answered so
+that's why reason why you would not ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why reason why you would not ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why reason why you would not ask
+for informed conent the other is when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for informed conent the other is when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for informed conent the other is when it
+makes the study INF feasible for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the study INF feasible for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the study INF feasible for example
+because people should not know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people should not know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people should not know what the
+study is about because that would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is about because that would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is about because that would change
+their behavior so for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior so for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior so for example if you
+have you know slight subtle manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know slight subtle manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know slight subtle manipulation
+of how things are presented to people if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how things are presented to people if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how things are presented to people if
+you if you start by showing them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you start by showing them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you start by showing them a
+lengthy survey about the with the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy survey about the with the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy survey about the with the phone
+number of the guy in the human subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the guy in the human subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the guy in the human subject
+Department that's going to somewhat undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department that's going to somewhat undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department that's going to somewhat undo
+the benefit of doing this subtle man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit of doing this subtle man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit of doing this subtle man
+ulation so for this reason you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulation so for this reason you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulation so for this reason you can say
+look I'm really there's really no risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm really there's really no risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm really there's really no risk
+here let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me do
+it then what what human subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then what what human subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then what what human subject
+committee might require from you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee might require from you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee might require from you is that
+you provide a debrief to the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you provide a debrief to the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you provide a debrief to the subject
+later uh and that even you can sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh and that even you can sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh and that even you can sometime
+fight back if it's not feasible but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight back if it's not feasible but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight back if it's not feasible but in
+general when it's feasible that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when it's feasible that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when it's feasible that's what
+they they'll ask for so for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'll ask for so for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'll ask for so for example at
+the end you will send an email saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you will send an email saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you will send an email saying
+hey you were part of this study we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you were part of this study we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you were part of this study we were
+interest in knowing whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh when people receive a daily email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when people receive a daily email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when people receive a daily email
+about the weather they feel more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the weather they feel more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the weather they feel more
+optimistic or more pessimistic whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic or more pessimistic whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic or more pessimistic whatever
+this is what we found 55% of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we found 55% of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we found 55% of people who
+received the the weather felt good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the the weather felt good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the the weather felt good about
+the day and 45 felt bad and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and 45 felt bad and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and 45 felt bad and it was
+exactly the same thing in the in the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing in the in the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing in the in the no
+email group so our conclusion is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email group so our conclusion is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email group so our conclusion is that it
+makes no difference uh you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no difference uh you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no difference uh you could you
+could send this kind of email so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could send this kind of email so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could send this kind of email so some
+some human subject will require will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some human subject will require will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some human subject will require will
+require that so so none of that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that so so none of that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that so so none of that is that
+so there is a form that you uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a form that you uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a form that you uh that you
+fill up for your for your study none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up for your for your study none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up for your for your study none of
+them but there is also then someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but there is also then someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but there is also then someone who
+looks at it at MIT where the the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at it at MIT where the the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at it at MIT where the the human
+subject committee is very very organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject committee is very very organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject committee is very very organized
+you will received questions before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will received questions before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will received questions before the
+meeting meets they ask you to send your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting meets they ask you to send your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting meets they ask you to send your
+application a month before if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application a month before if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application a month before if it's not
+an exempt application which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exempt application which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exempt application which I'll
+discussed in a minute they'll ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in a minute they'll ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in a minute they'll ask you to
+send you for a month before the meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you for a month before the meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you for a month before the meeting
+that look at it before they send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look at it before they send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look at it before they send you
+question and iterate with you so that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and iterate with you so that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and iterate with you so that by
+the time you come to the meeting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you come to the meeting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you come to the meeting it's
+pretty much going to be approved unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much going to be approved unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much going to be approved unless
+there is something really tricky about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something really tricky about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something really tricky about
+it so these questions would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so these questions would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so these questions would have been
+this back and forth would have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back and forth would have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back and forth would have taken
+place uh if uh you're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh if uh you're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh if uh you're doing something
+very simple for example just collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple for example just collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple for example just collecting
+data so if you collect if you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so if you collect if you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so if you collect if you're doing a
+survey uh you do not need a full human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey uh you do not need a full human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey uh you do not need a full human
+subject approval you you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject approval you you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject approval you you can be
+considered to be exempt what exempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be exempt what exempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be exempt what exempt
+means is that it's going to be reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that it's going to be reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that it's going to be reviewed
+by the leader of the of the committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the leader of the of the committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the leader of the of the committee
+and not by the full committee so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not by the full committee so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not by the full committee so
+typically for your in your case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically for your in your case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically for your in your case when
+you're going to if you collect your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to if you collect your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to if you collect your own
+data or do simple experiment you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or do simple experiment you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or do simple experiment you can you
+can probably be exempt uh regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably be exempt uh regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably be exempt uh regardless
+what this means for you is if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means for you is if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means for you is if you want
+to do anything involving human subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything involving human subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything involving human subjects
+you have to take the human subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take the human subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take the human subject
+training uh you find a link to that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training uh you find a link to that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training uh you find a link to that on
+the on the MIT page because they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the MIT page because they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the MIT page because they will
+not even consider your application if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even consider your application if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even consider your application if
+you've not been trained it takes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've not been trained it takes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've not been trained it takes about
+an hour to go over all the screens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour to go over all the screens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour to go over all the screens and
+answer the question so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question so it's it's
+something uh definitely worth doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh definitely worth doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh definitely worth doing and
+uh then you you you can submit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you you you can submit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you you you can submit your
+application just in case you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application just in case you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application just in case you might not
+be exempt it's better to send it a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exempt it's better to send it a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exempt it's better to send it a month
+before you have deadlines but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you have deadlines but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you have deadlines but in general
+you would be you could be approved much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be you could be approved much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be you could be approved much
+faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than
+that um any questions on this uh on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um any questions on this uh on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um any questions on this uh on this
+set of issues yes I think different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of issues yes I think different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of issues yes I think different
+types of because one of my friends who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of because one of my friends who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of because one of my friends who
+did the coou HS training he said there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the coou HS training he said there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the coou HS training he said there
+were 16 modules and one module took him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 16 modules and one module took him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 16 modules and one module took him
+2 hours and so I was like for a 14 week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hours and so I was like for a 14 week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hours and so I was like for a 14 week
+project should I do go through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project should I do go through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project should I do go through all the
+training and I don't know I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and I don't know I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and I don't know I have to do
+this this training all the time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this training all the time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this training all the time because
+you have to redo it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to redo it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to redo it
+regularly uh it doesn't it doesn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly uh it doesn't it doesn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly uh it doesn't it doesn't take
+me that long so maybe the reality is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that long so maybe the reality is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that long so maybe the reality is in
+between uh uh but it's like basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh uh but it's like basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh uh but it's like basically
+it's like it's a it's a set of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's a it's a set of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's a it's a set of slides
+and you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of
+it's kind of makes sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of makes sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of makes sense it's
+sensible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible uh
+so hour you just through the screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hour you just through the screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hour you just through the screen and
+answer yeah I I just did it recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah I I just did it recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah I I just did it recently
+again for the second time I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the second time I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the second time I think it
+took me an hour and a half yeah I'm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me an hour and a half yeah I'm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me an hour and a half yeah I'm on
+the human subject committee not for MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human subject committee not for MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human subject committee not for MIT
+but for the NBR so it this this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the NBR so it this this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the NBR so it this this these
+issues are known by me but still I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are known by me but still I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are known by me but still I think
+it's not very difficult so and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very difficult so and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very difficult so and it's kind
+of it's sort of uh informative anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's sort of uh informative anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's sort of uh informative anyway
+because uh it is uh some of this the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it is uh some of this the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it is uh some of this the way
+they ask the questions a bit it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask the questions a bit it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask the questions a bit it's not
+obvious so it's a bit like if you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious so it's a bit like if you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious so it's a bit like if you took a
+class in analytical philosophy some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in analytical philosophy some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in analytical philosophy some of
+them are a little bit like this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are a little bit like this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are a little bit like this kind of
+problem that you ask yourself uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you ask yourself uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you ask yourself uh so it's
+it's it's pretty interesting no maybe he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pretty interesting no maybe he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pretty interesting no maybe he
+was very very very very careful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very very very careful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very very very careful you
+friend it shouldn't take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long um any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um any other
+questions so what I don't want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so what I don't want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so what I don't want to talk
+talk about today is a special special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today is a special special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today is a special special
+distributions uh so what is so special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions uh so what is so special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions uh so what is so special
+about us the special distributions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about us the special distributions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about us the special distributions so
+some some distributions are special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some distributions are special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some distributions are special
+because they are related to others so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are related to others so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are related to others so
+they help they building blocks from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help they building blocks from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help they building blocks from one
+to the other and there in fact a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other and there in fact a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other and there in fact a bunch
+of nice charts showing the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice charts showing the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice charts showing the relationship
+between various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between various
+distributions um some distributions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um some distributions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um some distributions are
+special because they can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special because they can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special because they can be used to
+model a wide variety of random phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a wide variety of random phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a wide variety of random phenomena
+normal distribution being Chief among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution being Chief among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution being Chief among
+them but for example the pron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but for example the pron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but for example the pron
+distribution we're going to see today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we're going to see today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we're going to see today to
+model the arrival of events is also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the arrival of events is also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the arrival of events is also very
+useful uh sometimes this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh sometimes this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh sometimes this is the case
+because there is a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a fundamental
+underlying principle that's true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying principle that's true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying principle that's true for the
+normal distribution there is a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution there is a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution there is a reason
+why a lot of things uh end up a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a lot of things uh end up a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a lot of things uh end up a lot of
+variable we use in social science end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we use in social science end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we use in social science end up
+looking like they are normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like they are normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like they are normally
+distributed and we'll discuss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and we'll discuss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and we'll discuss that
+reason detailed uh on Wednesday I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason detailed uh on Wednesday I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason detailed uh on Wednesday I think
+um and some cases it's just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some cases it's just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some cases it's just because
+a particular family is just uh can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular family is just uh can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular family is just uh can can
+describe can be you have very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe can be you have very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe can be you have very few
+parameter that can describe a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that can describe a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that can describe a lot of
+distri that can describe a lot of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri that can describe a lot of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri that can describe a lot of random
+variables uh so it helps when we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh so it helps when we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh so it helps when we go to
+estimation down the line you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation down the line you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation down the line you can say
+that with by estimating one parameter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with by estimating one parameter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with by estimating one parameter we
+can we can map uh potentially a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can map uh potentially a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can map uh potentially a lot of
+phenomenon we like that to be explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we like that to be explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we like that to be explaining
+to be trying to fit in distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be trying to fit in distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be trying to fit in distribution with
+as few parameter as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as few parameter as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as few parameter as
+possible so I don't really work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so I don't really work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so I don't really work on
+statistics but I work I do some work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics but I work I do some work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics but I work I do some work on
+social networks and on social networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social networks and on social networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social networks and on social networks
+uh every other week there is a new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every other week there is a new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every other week there is a new uh
+measure of centrality uh so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of centrality uh so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of centrality uh so it's a
+little bit like that with distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like that with distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like that with distributions
+like as far I can tell like there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as far I can tell like there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as far I can tell like there is
+always new candidate special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always new candidate special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always new candidate special
+distributions uh but to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions uh but to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions uh but to be really
+special distributions must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special distributions must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special distributions must be
+mathematically elegant and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically elegant and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically elegant and they they
+should arise in settings that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should arise in settings that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should arise in settings that are
+applications real applications that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications real applications that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications real applications that are
+interested and interesting and diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and interesting and diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and interesting and diverse
+so I'm never going to be the judge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm never going to be the judge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm never going to be the judge of
+what is distribution but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is distribution but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is distribution but that's what
+people uh look at it um so today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh look at it um so today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh look at it um so today is
+going to be more of a reference class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more of a reference class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more of a reference class
+we're going to go over a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go over a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go over a lot of
+distribution and the the the mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the the the mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the the the mean and
+the variance of the distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the distribution is
+going to be there and we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be there and we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be there and we are going to
+show you uh how they look like uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh how they look like uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh how they look like uh uh
+it's going to be less conceptual than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be less conceptual than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be less conceptual than
+what we've done before but uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done before but uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done before but uh you can
+then use it for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use it for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use it for for
+l so we've seen many of them some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so we've seen many of them some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so we've seen many of them some of
+them we we've not necessarily named them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we we've not necessarily named them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we we've not necessarily named them
+but we've seen many of them along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've seen many of them along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've seen many of them along the
+way this is kind of stuff we've seen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is kind of stuff we've seen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is kind of stuff we've seen uh
+and let's go over them so we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go over them so we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go over them so we'll start
+with the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discrete
+distribution so the the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so the the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so the the fundamental
+building block of course is the berui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block of course is the berui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block of course is the berui
+distribution which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is the
+the when there are two possible outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when there are two possible outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when there are two possible outcome
+you're flipping a coin or you're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flipping a coin or you're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flipping a coin or you're uh
+wondering whether someone was treated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering whether someone was treated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering whether someone was treated or
+not treated or you're wondering whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not treated or you're wondering whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not treated or you're wondering whether
+someone is a um a Republican or Democrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is a um a Republican or Democrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is a um a Republican or Democrat
+then the probability of failure one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability of failure one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability of failure one of
+the two outcome you're going to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two outcome you're going to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two outcome you're going to name
+success one of the two outcome you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success one of the two outcome you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success one of the two outcome you're
+going to to name failure so let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to name failure so let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to name failure so let's call
+the probability of success p and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of success p and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of success p and the
+probability of failure Q which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure Q which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure Q which is 1
+minus P then f x of p is p to the x q to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P then f x of p is p to the x q to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P then f x of p is p to the x q to
+the 1 - x of if x is zero or one and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 - x of if x is zero or one and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 - x of if x is zero or one and of
+course it doesn't it's not defined other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it doesn't it's not defined other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it doesn't it's not defined other
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+otherwise so this is just uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so this is just uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so this is just uh uh the
+chance that you that you get a tail or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you that you get a tail or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you that you get a tail or a
+head by by doing a coin uh and P is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head by by doing a coin uh and P is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head by by doing a coin uh and P is the
+with a coin with a Fair coin of course P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a coin with a Fair coin of course P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a coin with a Fair coin of course P
+would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a
+half uh the mean of berui distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half uh the mean of berui distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half uh the mean of berui distribution
+uh is variable that that a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is variable that that a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is variable that that a distribution
+is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply
+p uh that is something that's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh that is something that's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh that is something that's extremely
+useful actually it's going to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful actually it's going to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful actually it's going to come back
+again and again it would think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again it would think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again it would think that's
+the simplest thing on the planet and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest thing on the planet and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest thing on the planet and it
+is the simplistic of the planet but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplistic of the planet but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplistic of the planet but it's
+very useful in economics partly when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful in economics partly when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful in economics partly when we
+I think in particular when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in particular when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in particular when we start
+thinking about uh uh people when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh uh people when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh uh people when people
+are assigned to treatment and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assigned to treatment and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assigned to treatment and control
+which is what I work with randomiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I work with randomiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I work with randomiz
+control trial people are assigned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial people are assigned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial people are assigned with
+treatment and control we're keeping use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control we're keeping use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control we're keeping use
+making use of this very simple result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making use of this very simple result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making use of this very simple result
+all the time it's where does it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time it's where does it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time it's where does it comes
+from well the expectation is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from well the expectation is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from well the expectation is simply the
+probability that X is one times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is one times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is one times the
+probability that that happens it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that that happens it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that that happens it should
+be a p not a one here plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a p not a one here plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a p not a one here plus the
+probability that x is 0 * 0 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x is 0 * 0 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x is 0 * 0 and that's
+that's that's directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's directly
+p and the the we can do the same uh same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the the we can do the same uh same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the the we can do the same uh same
+work with P Square and it also the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with P Square and it also the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with P Square and it also the the
+expectation of x square is also P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x square is also P for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x square is also P for
+the same reason it's p * 1 sare plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason it's p * 1 sare plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason it's p * 1 sare plus uh
+1 minus P * 0 which is uh which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus P * 0 which is uh which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus P * 0 which is uh which is again
+p and combine and that that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and combine and that that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and combine and that that allows us to
+calculate combining these two allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate combining these two allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate combining these two allows us
+to calculate the variance of a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the variance of a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the variance of a binomial
+which is p *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is p *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is p *
+Q um so it can tell you so it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q um so it can tell you so it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q um so it can tell you so it tells you
+for example that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that the
+so of beri so it tells you for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of beri so it tells you for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of beri so it tells you for example
+that the berui distribution that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the berui distribution that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the berui distribution that have
+the largest variance are the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest variance are the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest variance are the one that
+are with p is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with p is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with p is the
+half so this is our friend B we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so this is our friend B we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so this is our friend B we're going
+to use it a lot today but we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it a lot today but we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it a lot today but we're also
+going to use it a lot I use it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it a lot I use it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it a lot I use it all the
+time in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in my
+work uh binomial we we've seen already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh binomial we we've seen already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh binomial we we've seen already
+we've seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen as
+well uh it's uh if X1 to xn are IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh it's uh if X1 to xn are IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh it's uh if X1 to xn are IID
+random variables which are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables which are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables which are all
+berui then the sum of this X case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berui then the sum of this X case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berui then the sum of this X case is
+distributed as binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as binomial distribution
+with parameter n and p so the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter n and p so the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter n and p so the B
+distribution you can write as B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you can write as B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you can write as B of
+binomial of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial of one
+p so uh in in words what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so uh in in words what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so uh in in words what does this mean
+it means that the binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the binomial distribution
+is the number of successes in a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of successes in a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of successes in a sequence
+of n independent success failure trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n independent success failure trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n independent success failure trials
+all of which yield success with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which yield success with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which yield success with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+P we've seen the the density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we've seen the the density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we've seen the the density function
+it's binomial NK * p k * 1us p n um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's binomial NK * p k * 1us p n um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's binomial NK * p k * 1us p n um
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+K uh for xal 0 1 2 3 n and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh for xal 0 1 2 3 n and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh for xal 0 1 2 3 n and otherwise
+zero it's defined over this it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's defined over this it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's defined over this it has a
+positive probability over this this X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive probability over this this X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive probability over this this X
+and otherwise zero um where the just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise zero um where the just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise zero um where the just as
+a kind of reminder point and K is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of reminder point and K is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of reminder point and K is and
+factorial of n divid by factorial of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial of n divid by factorial of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial of n divid by factorial of K
+factorial n minus K it's n CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial n minus K it's n CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial n minus K it's n CH
+K I'll give you the so the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I'll give you the so the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I'll give you the so the expectation
+the variant are easy to compute uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variant are easy to compute uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variant are easy to compute uh from
+what you've seen last time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've seen last time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've seen last time because
+expectation is a linear operator we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is a linear operator we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is a linear operator we are
+summing and beru that have the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing and beru that have the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing and beru that have the same uh
+that have the same expectation P so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same expectation P so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same expectation P so the
+expectation is NP and for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is NP and for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is NP and for the same
+reason the probability of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the probability of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the probability of the the the
+property of the variance the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the variance the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the variance the variance of
+X is simply going to be n * p q n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is simply going to be n * p q n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is simply going to be n * p q n *
+variables that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that have
+PQ what was what did we what was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ what was what did we what was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ what was what did we what was our
+example for a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution the example we chose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the example we chose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the example we chose we
+used in the same that Sarah used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the same that Sarah used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the same that Sarah used in the
+first lecture where we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture where we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture where we introduced
+it oh yeah many heads and tails but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh yeah many heads and tails but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh yeah many heads and tails but in a
+like a pizza to no we're coming to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pizza to no we're coming to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pizza to no we're coming to the
+pizza toppings there they will be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza toppings there they will be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza toppings there they will be back
+they will be back was it the St Curry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be back was it the St Curry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be back was it the St Curry
+Steph Curry exactly so uh I uh so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steph Curry exactly so uh I uh so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steph Curry exactly so uh I uh so here
+are so sorry that's a binomial that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so sorry that's a binomial that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so sorry that's a binomial that's
+two binomials actually uh what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two binomials actually uh what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two binomials actually uh what do we
+just to to see how they look like uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to see how they look like uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to see how they look like uh so
+these are two b one is a p of 02 and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two b one is a p of 02 and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two b one is a p of 02 and one
+is a p of 05 you can see that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a p of 05 you can see that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a p of 05 you can see that they are
+uh and we to in both cases we take 40 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we to in both cases we take 40 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we to in both cases we take 40 40
+draw by the way this ones I drew uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw by the way this ones I drew uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw by the way this ones I drew uh I
+drew in latch I discovered while writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew in latch I discovered while writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew in latch I discovered while writing
+this lecture noage you can draw uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture noage you can draw uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture noage you can draw uh
+distributions in latch so if anybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions in latch so if anybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions in latch so if anybody has
+an interest I can post a source code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest I can post a source code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest I can post a source code of
+how you do these lectures in in uh in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do these lectures in in uh in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do these lectures in in uh in it
+actually makes nice graphs I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes nice graphs I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes nice graphs I mean I
+don't know maybe you don't think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe you don't think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe you don't think they
+are nice at all but so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice at all but so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice at all but so these are the
+these are these are two examples uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are two examples uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are two examples uh one
+with a p of 0.05 this this this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a p of 0.05 this this this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a p of 0.05 this this this one
+we'll see again and one with a p of 02
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see again and one with a p of 02
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see again and one with a p of 02
+so you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it's
+symmetric uh and uh it's almost Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric uh and uh it's almost Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric uh and uh it's almost Bell
+shape although of course it's a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape although of course it's a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape although of course it's a discrete
+distribution so it's kind of a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so it's kind of a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so it's kind of a funny
+looking Bell we'll come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking Bell we'll come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking Bell we'll come back to the
+we'll come back to that in a minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that in a minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that in a minute so
+Steph Curry H do they follow so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steph Curry H do they follow so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steph Curry H do they follow so this is
+how bomal looks like so and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bomal looks like so and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bomal looks like so and this is uh
+the shot the success out of the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shot the success out of the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shot the success out of the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt so this is
+what roughly what what it should be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what roughly what what it should be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what roughly what what it should be so
+do you think it's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+binomial looks left yeah it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial looks left yeah it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial looks left yeah it's a little
+bit well it maybe it could be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit well it maybe it could be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit well it maybe it could be you know
+there is some chance maybe it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some chance maybe it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some chance maybe it could be
+so but maybe it's a bit skewed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but maybe it's a bit skewed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but maybe it's a bit skewed to the
+left so it doesn't look that binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so it doesn't look that binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so it doesn't look that binomial
+and the thing is that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing is that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing is that um so
+I I'll give you two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll give you two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll give you two pieces of
+information it's it's unlikely to me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's it's unlikely to me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's it's unlikely to me uh
+because uh so a binomial can be a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh so a binomial can be a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh so a binomial can be a sum of
+beru of course sum of sum of binomial as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beru of course sum of sum of binomial as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beru of course sum of sum of binomial as
+long as they have the same p uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they have the same p uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they have the same p uh but
+uh the success is made of the success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the success is made of the success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the success is made of the success of
+the three point shots and the success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three point shots and the success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three point shots and the success of
+the three-point shots and this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-point shots and this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-point shots and this is how
+the three-point uh shot looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-point uh shot looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-point uh shot looks like the
+success on the three-point shot looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success on the three-point shot looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success on the three-point shot looks
+like and it's definitely quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and it's definitely quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and it's definitely quite
+skewed and this is a two points which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed and this is a two points which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed and this is a two points which
+skewed the other way so this is a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed the other way so this is a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed the other way so this is a sum of
+two distribution neither of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distribution neither of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distribution neither of which is
+binomial it seems very unlikely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial it seems very unlikely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial it seems very unlikely that
+it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually
+binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial
+um we'll go back to we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll go back to we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll go back to we'll go back to
+think what what these guys might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what what these guys might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what what these guys might be
+actually uh but Al that to say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh but Al that to say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh but Al that to say that it
+is useful to know a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful to know a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful to know a little bit the
+theory of how things come like sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of how things come like sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of how things come like sometimes
+the data is not sufficient maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is not sufficient maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is not sufficient maybe you
+could test that you cannot yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could test that you cannot yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could test that you cannot yet because
+we haven't done estimation yet but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done estimation yet but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done estimation yet but when
+you do estimation You' be able to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do estimation You' be able to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do estimation You' be able to test
+whether this looks like it's B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this looks like it's B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this looks like it's B
+distributed like a binomial I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed like a binomial I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed like a binomial I don't know
+with 56 observation 56 games whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 56 observation 56 games whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 56 observation 56 games whether you
+would really have the answer uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really have the answer uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really have the answer uh but the
+here we bring in the theory to say Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we bring in the theory to say Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we bring in the theory to say Well
+it can't be true actually when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be true actually when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be true actually when you think
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+it so that's for the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's for the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's for the binomial
+uh the hyper geometric is our friend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the hyper geometric is our friend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the hyper geometric is our friend the
+pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+toppings uh so when you the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toppings uh so when you the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toppings uh so when you the binomial
+distribution we use to model when you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we use to model when you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we use to model when you uh
+want to model the number of successes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model the number of successes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model the number of successes in
+the sample of size n with replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample of size n with replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample of size n with replacement
+when you're re retrying all the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're re retrying all the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're re retrying all the time so
+that's why uh the the pizza topping was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why uh the the pizza topping was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why uh the the pizza topping was
+the number of vegetarian topping on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vegetarian topping on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vegetarian topping on your
+pizza you're not once you've picked AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza you're not once you've picked AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza you're not once you've picked AR
+chokes you don't put back and can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chokes you don't put back and can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chokes you don't put back and can pick
+arti chuk again or your pizza will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arti chuk again or your pizza will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arti chuk again or your pizza will be
+very arti Chuky and not not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very arti Chuky and not not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very arti Chuky and not not very
+delicious so the typical textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious so the typical textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious so the typical textbook
+example is the number of Red Bulls you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the number of Red Bulls you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the number of Red Bulls you
+take from an ear um and the example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from an ear um and the example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from an ear um and the example we
+used as a running example in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a running example in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a running example in this class
+is the number of vegetarian topics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of vegetarian topics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of vegetarian topics on
+Pizza where they could be topping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pizza where they could be topping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pizza where they could be topping
+toppings that are either vegetarian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toppings that are either vegetarian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toppings that are either vegetarian or
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+vegetarian so here are let a be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetarian so here are let a be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetarian so here are let a be the
+number of successes and B the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successes and B the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successes and B the number of
+failures you you might want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures you you might want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures you you might want to define
+the Big N is the sum of a plus B and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big N is the sum of a plus B and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big N is the sum of a plus B and N
+the number of draws then this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of draws then this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of draws then this is the the
+distribution of of of an hyper geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of of of an hyper geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of of of an hyper geometric
+of X random variable that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X random variable that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X random variable that is
+distribution as I realize I forget I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as I realize I forget I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as I realize I forget I
+forgot to specify the I forgot to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to specify the I forgot to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to specify the I forgot to tell
+you over which X so X is like 1 2 3 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over which X so X is like 1 2 3 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over which X so X is like 1 2 3 Etc
+till n and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till n and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till n and otherwise
+zero so it's uh binomial AK binomial b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's uh binomial AK binomial b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's uh binomial AK binomial b
+n- x over binomial A + B Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n- x over binomial A + B Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n- x over binomial A + B Over
+N so it is somewhat related to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so it is somewhat related to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so it is somewhat related to to the
+binomial which you can see very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial which you can see very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial which you can see very well
+when you look at the the the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the the the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the the the formula for
+the expectation and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation and for the
+variance uh a over a plus b is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance uh a over a plus b is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance uh a over a plus b is the
+number of successes divided by the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successes divided by the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successes divided by the sum
+of success plus failure so it's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success plus failure so it's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success plus failure so it's a number
+of vegetarian topping available over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vegetarian topping available over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vegetarian topping available over the
+overall some so you can think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall some so you can think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall some so you can think of it as a
+PB as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB as
+the the P being the the the fraction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the P being the the the fraction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the P being the the the fraction the
+probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a
+success so it is almost looking like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so it is almost looking like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so it is almost looking like um
+the expectation is uh would be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is uh would be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is uh would be almost
+like NP if we Define p as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like NP if we Define p as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like NP if we Define p as the
+probability of vegetarian over the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of vegetarian over the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of vegetarian over the the
+the total sum of of toppings but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sum of of toppings but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sum of of toppings but the
+variance is a little different so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is a little different so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is a little different so this
+part of it looks like n * P * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it looks like n * P * Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it looks like n * P * Q
+but then there is this guy too so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there is this guy too so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there is this guy too so what
+is this guy doing for us it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this guy doing for us it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this guy doing for us it's going to
+make the variance bigger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller it's going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it's going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it's going to make it
+smaller accounting for the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller accounting for the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller accounting for the fact that
+every time we remove a vegetarian topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we remove a vegetarian topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we remove a vegetarian topic
+there is a smaller sample so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a smaller sample so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a smaller sample so there are
+fewer options and of course as n becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer options and of course as n becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer options and of course as n becomes
+very large then this term is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large then this term is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large then this term is what
+happens to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this
+term it becomes smaller goes to one It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it becomes smaller goes to one It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it becomes smaller goes to one It
+becom smaller and smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becom smaller and smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becom smaller and smaller and smaller
+over time uh sorry so when Big N becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh sorry so when Big N becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh sorry so when Big N becomes
+much larger than n so when the sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than n so when the sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than n so when the sample is
+very large and you're you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large and you're you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large and you're you're you're
+you're drawing a few but it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing a few but it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing a few but it's basically
+saying the replacement doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the replacement doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the replacement doesn't matter
+anymore so could you explain what K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so could you explain what K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so could you explain what K and
+X are the uh so X is the K is probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X are the uh so X is the K is probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X are the uh so X is the K is probably a
+Why is key there's no key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is key there's no key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is key there's no key
+here yeah yeah K is a typo and K is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah yeah K is a typo and K is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah yeah K is a typo and K is a
+typo there there is a number of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo there there is a number of this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo there there is a number of this I
+keep switching between K and X people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep switching between K and X people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep switching between K and X people
+people use both convention so I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use both convention so I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use both convention so I got
+mixed up I'm trying to stick with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed up I'm trying to stick with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed up I'm trying to stick with X
+because that's what Sarah used earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what Sarah used earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what Sarah used earlier
+uh and I'm starting from things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm starting from things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm starting from things that
+have case so I try to sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have case so I try to sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have case so I try to sometimes they
+would be also floating wise apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be also floating wise apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be also floating wise apologize
+for that as a minute and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as a minute and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as a minute and I think that's
+a k or X or Y will typically be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k or X or Y will typically be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k or X or Y will typically be kind of
+interchangeable this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable this should be
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so it's basically uh telling us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's basically uh telling us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's basically uh telling us that
+it's the number of combination where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of combination where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of combination where I
+have picked uh a uh vegetarian uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked uh a uh vegetarian uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked uh a uh vegetarian uh
+toppings uh and the and uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toppings uh and the and uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toppings uh and the and uh the the the
+number of combination where where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combination where where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combination where where I have
+picked B the rest the complement of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked B the rest the complement of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked B the rest the complement of a
+non vegetarian toppings divided by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non vegetarian toppings divided by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non vegetarian toppings divided by all
+of the possibility for pi exactly those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possibility for pi exactly those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possibility for pi exactly those
+ones so when uh when n is um when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so when uh when n is um when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so when uh when n is um when the
+sample size is large and uh and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is large and uh and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is large and uh and the the
+sample you and the the number of Trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you and the the number of Trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you and the the number of Trials
+you have is small relative to that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is small relative to that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is small relative to that then
+they're going to look small and more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look small and more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look small and more and
+more similar basically you can ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more similar basically you can ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more similar basically you can ignore
+that there is replacement or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is replacement or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is replacement or not
+replacement um so typically for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement um so typically for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement um so typically for example
+when you're when you're going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're going to draw
+when you're drawing a doesn't matter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're drawing a doesn't matter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're drawing a doesn't matter we
+go back to that that so we have asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that that so we have asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that that so we have asked
+ourselves uh how is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh how is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh how is a random variable
+distributed if it's described uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed if it's described uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed if it's described uh just
+the prob if it describe success or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prob if it describe success or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prob if it describe success or
+failure and if it describe the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and if it describe the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and if it describe the number of
+success out of uh a given number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success out of uh a given number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success out of uh a given number of
+attempt then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt then uh
+the something without the replacement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something without the replacement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something without the replacement so
+say the number of vegetarian toppings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the number of vegetarian toppings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the number of vegetarian toppings
+that I pick if I pick uh a given number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pick if I pick uh a given number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pick if I pick uh a given number
+of toppings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toppings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toppings
+and number of toppings the last thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of toppings the last thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of toppings the last thing we
+could ask is or the next thing we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask is or the next thing we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask is or the next thing we could
+ask is the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is the how
+many uh trials do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh trials do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh trials do I need
+to perform to achieve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform to achieve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform to achieve our
+successes so you might ask yourself why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes so you might ask yourself why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes so you might ask yourself why
+would I ever ask this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I ever ask this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I ever ask this particular
+question so what would be a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so what would be a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so what would be a practical
+example what would be an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what would be an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what would be an example where
+you where you would be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where you would be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where you would be interested in
+this very question the number of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very question the number of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very question the number of uh the
+number of trial to achieve R success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is we Haven done an example of that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we Haven done an example of that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we Haven done an example of that yes
+I have to make a team of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to make a team of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to make a team of people who
+speak a particular language out of lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak a particular language out of lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak a particular language out of lots
+of people I pick them I at randomly ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people I pick them I at randomly ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people I pick them I at randomly ask
+them what language you speak and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what language you speak and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what language you speak and they
+say whatever Hindi or Chinese and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whatever Hindi or Chinese and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whatever Hindi or Chinese and so
+they in the team otherwise yeah it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in the team otherwise yeah it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in the team otherwise yeah it could
+give you exactly it would tell me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you exactly it would tell me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you exactly it would tell me how
+many people I need to pick in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people I need to pick in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people I need to pick in order to
+have my fully constituted team exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my fully constituted team exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my fully constituted team exactly
+yeah if you're taking a survey or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're taking a survey or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're taking a survey or like
+you just want to kind of study you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to kind of study you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to kind of study you need
+our number of people to create surve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our number of people to create surve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our number of people to create surve
+like how to add yes exactly so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to add yes exactly so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to add yes exactly so it could
+be very useful for polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly or you could ask yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or you could ask yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or you could ask yourself you
+could set r equal one for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set r equal one for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set r equal one for example the
+first failure and you could Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first failure and you could Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first failure and you could Define the
+first you could define success as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you could define success as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you could define success as the
+machine breaking down it could be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine breaking down it could be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine breaking down it could be how
+how long will a machine go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long will a machine go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long will a machine go in
+expectation before breaking down so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation before breaking down so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation before breaking down so in
+engineering that's something that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering that's something that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering that's something that they
+will need all the time they will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need all the time they will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need all the time they will need to
+know all the time like in how what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the time like in how what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the time like in how what's the
+how is it distributed the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it distributed the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it distributed the number of
+times that I can run my machine till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that I can run my machine till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that I can run my machine till
+it's actually going to full full fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually going to full full fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually going to full full fall
+off become sick so that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off become sick so that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off become sick so that is something
+that people use also in U uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use also in U uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use also in U uh in
+engineering or in in in studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or in in in studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or in in in studies
+of linking networks together Etc because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linking networks together Etc because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linking networks together Etc because
+once you have if you have several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have if you have several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have if you have several of
+these machines together that are link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines together that are link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines together that are link
+together then you can also start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then you can also start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then you can also start
+thinking about uh uh issues like what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh uh issues like what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh uh issues like what if
+they all fa what so depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all fa what so depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all fa what so depending on what
+you're trying to study it could be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to study it could be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to study it could be what
+if the you know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the you know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the you know how how
+many op how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many op how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many op how
+many times of use will it take till the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times of use will it take till the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times of use will it take till the
+entire system breaks down how many how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system breaks down how many how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system breaks down how many how
+many supports do I need for my machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many supports do I need for my machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many supports do I need for my machines
+Etc so this is distributed in the in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so this is distributed in the in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so this is distributed in the in as
+here here I had the maximum number of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I had the maximum number of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I had the maximum number of y
+and x and keys mixed up but I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x and keys mixed up but I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x and keys mixed up but I think I
+cleaned up um this is a um P to the r x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned up um this is a um P to the r x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned up um this is a um P to the r x
+uh Q which is 1 minus P to the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Q which is 1 minus P to the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Q which is 1 minus P to the power of
+x - R multiply by xus binomial of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - R multiply by xus binomial of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - R multiply by xus binomial of x -
+one R minus one so let me try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one R minus one so let me try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one R minus one so let me try to give
+you an intuition for that so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an intuition for that so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an intuition for that so we're
+trying to get uh uh exactly our failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get uh uh exactly our failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get uh uh exactly our failure
+and then stop so what we know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stop so what we know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stop so what we know is that
+the last one has to be a success so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one has to be a success so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one has to be a success so we
+have uh we know that in we've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we know that in we've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we know that in we've done a
+number of successes so it's we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successes so it's we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successes so it's we've done
+xus one trial and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus one trial and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus one trial and finally
+one one success it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one success it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one success it's
+MX yeah for X for X we've done xus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX yeah for X for X we've done xus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX yeah for X for X we've done xus one
+trials and then finally one is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials and then finally one is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials and then finally one is the one
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+success the other thing we know is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success the other thing we know is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success the other thing we know is out
+of this how many of those have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this how many of those have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this how many of those have been
+successes Rus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is
+been so we've done xus one trial out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so we've done xus one trial out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so we've done xus one trial out of
+which we got R minus one successes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we got R minus one successes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we got R minus one successes and
+finally we get one the last thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we get one the last thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we get one the last thing is a
+success that happens with that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success that happens with that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success that happens with that that one
+happens with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with what
+probability P so that's one happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P so that's one happen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P so that's one happen with
+probability P so we know that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P so we know that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P so we know that we're
+going to multiply something that is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply something that is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply something that is here
+by P and then uh to find out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P and then uh to find out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P and then uh to find out what's the
+what's the probability of that happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of that happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of that happening
+we we say well for any sequence that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we say well for any sequence that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we say well for any sequence that has
+uh R minus one successes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh R minus one successes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh R minus one successes and
+U uh and the rest is failure to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh and the rest is failure to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh and the rest is failure to happen
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+probability P to the power R minus one Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P to the power R minus one Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P to the power R minus one Q
+to the power x xus r to get uh uh X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power x xus r to get uh uh X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power x xus r to get uh uh X to
+get p p successes out of I need to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get p p successes out of I need to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get p p successes out of I need to look
+this side of out of xus one trials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of out of xus one trials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of out of xus one trials for
+any sequence that has the any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sequence that has the any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sequence that has the any of these
+sequence happen with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence happen with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence happen with that
+probability and then how many such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and then how many such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and then how many such
+sequences are there well any way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences are there well any way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences are there well any way to
+arrange x r minus one successes out of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange x r minus one successes out of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange x r minus one successes out of r
+xus one trials so we can put it uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus one trials so we can put it uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus one trials so we can put it uh so
+that gives us this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us this this
+number so this is a number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is a number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is a number of possible
+arrangements and each of them happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements and each of them happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements and each of them happens
+with that probability and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that probability and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that probability and then we have
+another P here which gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another P here which gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another P here which gives you the
+formula that's over there so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's over there so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's over there so that's how
+you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from
+from the beru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beru
+to to this to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this to negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this to negative
+binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial
+um some textbook some people uh Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some textbook some people uh Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some textbook some people uh Define
+it differently but in for our purpose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differently but in for our purpose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differently but in for our purpose in
+this class we're always going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we're always going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we're always going to Define
+it this way but some people Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way but some people Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way but some people Define it
+differently and then are but use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and then are but use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and then are but use the
+same R so you need to be careful some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same R so you need to be careful some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same R so you need to be careful some
+people Define it as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Define it as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Define it as the number of
+failures needed to to achieve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures needed to to achieve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures needed to to achieve our
+successes so instead of being the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes so instead of being the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes so instead of being the entire
+number of Trials is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Trials is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Trials is just a
+failure so I didn't write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so I didn't write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so I didn't write down the
+formula so that do not confuse you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so that do not confuse you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so that do not confuse you but
+you could you could find it this way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could find it this way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could find it this way as
+well of course that's a it's just a re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course that's a it's just a re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course that's a it's just a re
+normalization of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indices the geometric distribution is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices the geometric distribution is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices the geometric distribution is uh
+is is is the same thing with a so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is the same thing with a so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is the same thing with a so it's a
+number of uh of failures before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh of failures before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh of failures before the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+success and as we were discussing as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and as we were discussing as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and as we were discussing as an
+example most of these things these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example most of these things these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example most of these things these
+failures are actually lack of failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures are actually lack of failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures are actually lack of failures
+so this failure is the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this failure is the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this failure is the the number of
+time where the machine doesn't break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where the machine doesn't break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where the machine doesn't break
+down till it actually breaks down is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down till it actually breaks down is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down till it actually breaks down is uh
+is a geometric distribution so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a geometric distribution so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a geometric distribution so it's a
+binomial distribution with r equal 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution with r equal 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution with r equal 1 the
+the expectation of a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of a geometric
+distribution Q over p and the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution Q over p and the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution Q over p and the variance
+is Q over p uh Pi Square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q over p uh Pi Square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q over p uh Pi Square so
+the the sum of our independent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of our independent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of our independent uh
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative
+binomial and in fact the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial and in fact the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial and in fact the sum
+of a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a number
+of negative binomial is also negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative binomial is also negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative binomial is also negative
+binomial so you can relate them to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial so you can relate them to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial so you can relate them to each
+other and that means that you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that means that you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that means that you can tell
+us what is the expectation of a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what is the expectation of a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what is the expectation of a negative
+binomial then according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial then according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial then according
+toia the expectation is one of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toia the expectation is one of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toia the expectation is one of is
+it ACC toia the expectation is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ACC toia the expectation is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ACC toia the expectation is one over
+uh Vari is yeah shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so I think it might be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so I think it might be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so I think it might be related to
+this uh to the to the scaling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+uh it might be related so first let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might be related so first let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might be related so first let me
+check that I get it wrong I get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that I get it wrong I get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that I get it wrong I get it right
+and second secondly if that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second secondly if that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second secondly if that's the case
+it might be because they Define it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be because they Define it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be because they Define it as a
+they Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Define it
+differently let me check that for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so no I believe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so no I believe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so no I believe this is
+correct uh why would they say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh why would they say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh why would they say that uh
+yeah they Define it by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they Define it by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they Define it by the number of
+they Define it differently they Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Define it differently they Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Define it differently they Define
+it with this alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with this alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with this alternative
+way is the number of uh so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is the number of uh so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is the number of uh so that's why
+you need to be careful it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be careful it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be careful it's going
+naturally it's going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it's going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it's going to change the
+naturally it's going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it's going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it's going to change the
+expectation the number of uh the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation the number of uh the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation the number of uh the number
+if I count the total number of Trials I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I count the total number of Trials I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I count the total number of Trials I
+should by the way write you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should by the way write you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should by the way write you the the
+formula they also have there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula they also have there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula they also have there's two
+columns in the Wikipedia page one over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns in the Wikipedia page one over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns in the Wikipedia page one over p
+and the other column says oneus p p I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other column says oneus p p I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other column says oneus p p I
+need to find Q as oneus P yeah I'm glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find Q as oneus P yeah I'm glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find Q as oneus P yeah I'm glad
+that you are uh checking in real term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are uh checking in real term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are uh checking in real term by
+the way the the the the expectation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the the the the expectation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the the the the expectation for
+the expectation for the negative is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation for the negative is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation for the negative is R
+cu over p and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance actually I don't know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance actually I don't know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance actually I don't know what is
+more what is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what is more
+conventional I I would have said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional I I would have said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional I I would have said that
+the number of Trials was the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of Trials was the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of Trials was the number of
+Trials is more conventional the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trials is more conventional the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trials is more conventional the number
+of failures for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failures for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failures for the
+geometric maybe you see number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric maybe you see number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric maybe you see number of
+failures more often but then to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures more often but then to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures more often but then to make it
+consistent with the typical definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the typical definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the typical definition
+for the negative binomial and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the negative binomial and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the negative binomial and make the
+geometri the sum of geometrics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometri the sum of geometrics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometri the sum of geometrics the
+negative need to Define as a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative need to Define as a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative need to Define as a number of
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trials yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so I should write uh some textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I should write uh some textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I should write uh some textbook
+people and Wikipedia Define it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and Wikipedia Define it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and Wikipedia Define it as the
+number of although that could change but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of although that could change but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of although that could change but
+tomorrow one of you could have fixed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow one of you could have fixed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow one of you could have fixed it
+and then I'm fix it I don't know changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm fix it I don't know changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm fix it I don't know changed
+it I don't it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error so that I had written the I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so that I had written the I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so that I had written the I had
+written out the formula and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out the formula and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out the formula and then we
+decided I would create confusion so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided I would create confusion so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided I would create confusion so I
+did I removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so the pon distribution is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the pon distribution is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the pon distribution is a very
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+one the pon distribution expresses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the pon distribution expresses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the pon distribution expresses the
+probability of a given number of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given number of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given number of events
+occurring over a fixed interval of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring over a fixed interval of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring over a fixed interval of time
+if you can count the event in in whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can count the event in in whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can count the event in in whole
+number if the occurrence are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if the occurrence are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if the occurrence are independent
+and if the average frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the average frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the average frequency of
+occurrences for a time period is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences for a time period is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences for a time period is known
+so what could be I'll put that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what could be I'll put that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what could be I'll put that more
+formally in a moment but what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally in a moment but what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally in a moment but what would be
+what would described the what would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would described the what would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would described the what would be a
+what could be nicely described by a pone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be nicely described by a pone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be nicely described by a pone
+distribution Radio Active Decay sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution Radio Active Decay sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution Radio Active Decay sorry
+radioactive decay radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay radioactivity
+radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive
+decay are you asking your you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay are you asking your you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay are you asking your you're you're
+way past my uh my my expertise level I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way past my uh my my expertise level I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way past my uh my my expertise level I I
+don't even know it would be a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know it would be a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know it would be a discrete
+thing not disc it has to be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing not disc it has to be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing not disc it has to be like a
+number of you know think of a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of you know think of a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of you know think of a number of
+things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah
+POS uh yes uh although if you had yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS uh yes uh although if you had yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS uh yes uh although if you had yes I
+guess if you had yeah that's a exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if you had yeah that's a exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if you had yeah that's a exact
+positive period of the case of the flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive period of the case of the flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive period of the case of the flu
+in a day for example you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a day for example you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a day for example you could
+exactly uh number of the bass coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh number of the bass coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh number of the bass coming to
+a Bass Station number of passes coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bass Station number of passes coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bass Station number of passes coming
+to B station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B station
+Terminators yeah it could be although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminators yeah it could be although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminators yeah it could be although it
+might not be uh it might change a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be uh it might change a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be uh it might change a lot
+over time so it might not have a uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so it might not have a uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so it might not have a uh you
+might you might want to be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might want to be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might want to be much more
+specific which is say between a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific which is say between a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific which is say between a period
+of time because it might be clamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because it might be clamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because it might be clamped
+otherwise yes could you do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise yes could you do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise yes could you do something
+like number of hurricanes in a jurri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like number of hurricanes in a jurri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like number of hurricanes in a jurri
+season or those who may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season or those who may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season or those who may not be
+independent uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh I think
+that they might not be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might not be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might not be independent
+across season but for one season in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across season but for one season in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across season but for one season in
+particular you could say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you could say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you could say this is the
+this is the this is their arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is their arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is their arrival
+rate um what do you think I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um what do you think I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um what do you think I didn't
+hurricanes number of hurricanes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes number of hurricanes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes number of hurricanes in a
+hurricane season you could say yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane season you could say yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane season you could say yes you
+could say for a particular season the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say for a particular season the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say for a particular season the
+probability that they are it could be po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that they are it could be po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that they are it could be po
+yeah I mean I we would have to know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I we would have to know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I we would have to know a
+little bit more about meteorology to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about meteorology to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about meteorology to be
+able to answer that because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to answer that because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to answer that because because
+we're we have to assume that the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we have to assume that the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we have to assume that the these
+are independent events and maybe in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent events and maybe in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent events and maybe in fact
+meteorologists know that they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meteorologists know that they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meteorologists know that they're very
+connected related certainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected related certainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected related certainly not
+independent within season there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent within season there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent within season there are
+higher season and there are any new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher season and there are any new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher season and there are any new
+season non any new season Etc but within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season non any new season Etc but within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season non any new season Etc but within
+that maybe for a period of time within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe for a period of time within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe for a period of time within a
+season they are they could be concerning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season they are they could be concerning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season they are they could be concerning
+and I don't I I don't know but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't I I don't know but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't I I don't know but that's
+exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right
+question the average WIS for for ex Club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the average WIS for for ex Club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the average WIS for for ex Club
+number yes uh uh the number of or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yes uh uh the number of or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yes uh uh the number of or the
+number of goals scored in a match or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of goals scored in a match or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of goals scored in a match or
+people could describe as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could describe as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could describe as a as
+person typical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person typical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person typical example
+train whether it comes at a given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train whether it comes at a given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train whether it comes at a given time
+uh the number it has to be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number it has to be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number it has to be the number of
+train showing up yeah that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train showing up yeah that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train showing up yeah that's what we
+discuss with the bus I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with the bus I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with the bus I don't know
+whether it is that clear because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is that clear because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is that clear because the the
+the it's going to so I guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's going to so I guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's going to so I guess you could
+uh you could if you restricted over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could if you restricted over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could if you restricted over a
+given time period you could but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time period you could but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time period you could but it
+depends a lot from time period to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot from time period to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot from time period to other
+so it's not it's it's not there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not it's it's not there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not it's it's not there are many
+more trains at 6:00 in the morning than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more trains at 6:00 in the morning than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more trains at 6:00 in the morning than
+at than at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at than at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at than at
+noon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon
+yep so something that would not be pest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so something that would not be pest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so something that would not be pest
+for example is a number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is a number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is a number of people
+showing up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up at the
+cafeteria during a given interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria during a given interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria during a given interval of
+time first of all because people tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first of all because people tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first of all because people tend to
+arrive together so they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive together so they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive together so they are not
+independent the events are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the events are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the events are not
+independent uh and then second of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh and then second of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh and then second of all
+it's going it depend a lot over so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going it depend a lot over so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going it depend a lot over so there
+people might have together so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have together so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have together so you can
+have two people in the exact same moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two people in the exact same moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two people in the exact same moment
+on time which we are going to uh rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time which we are going to uh rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time which we are going to uh rule
+out and second they're coming more at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and second they're coming more at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and second they're coming more at
+some time than some other so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time than some other so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time than some other so they're not
+independent there are more people coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent there are more people coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent there are more people coming
+over time that's why with the bus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time that's why with the bus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time that's why with the bus and
+the train I was trying to specify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train I was trying to specify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train I was trying to specify that
+you need to know like if you within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know like if you within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know like if you within a
+particular within peak time maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular within peak time maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular within peak time maybe it's
+independent but for the hour definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but for the hour definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but for the hour definitely
+for for the whole day definitely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the whole day definitely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the whole day definitely it
+isn't because there are more train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't because there are more train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't because there are more train
+coming up at sometime than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up at sometime than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up at sometime than some
+others you had a a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you had a a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you had a a point
+no if we see the number of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if we see the number of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if we see the number of students
+coming to the class from in 10:30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the class from in 10:30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the class from in 10:30 to
+10:35 is that because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10:35 is that because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10:35 is that because they're
+independent we know well people yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we know well people yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we know well people yeah
+unless so the problem you might have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless so the problem you might have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless so the problem you might have is
+people might arrive together two friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might arrive together two friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might arrive together two friends
+might arrive together and we're ruling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might arrive together and we're ruling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might arrive together and we're ruling
+that one of the person PO is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the person PO is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the person PO is going to
+rule this out another yeah oh we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this out another yeah oh we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this out another yeah oh we make
+radioactive decay where would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay where would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay where would just be
+the number of decay of that yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of decay of that yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of decay of that yeah maybe
+it's like I really know even less about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I really know even less about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I really know even less about
+radioactive decay than about medology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay than about medology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay than about medology so
+I don't even know what the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know what the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know what the object
+is so trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so trust
+you um the number of ideas that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the number of ideas that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the number of ideas that a
+research Department might a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Department might a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Department might a research
+Department of a firm will have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of a firm will have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of a firm will have in a
+month might be a pant distribution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month might be a pant distribution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month might be a pant distribution you
+know every moment they could have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every moment they could have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every moment they could have an
+idea or not and they're coming in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or not and they're coming in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or not and they're coming in this
+independent way sometimes we model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent way sometimes we model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent way sometimes we model this
+as person distribution uh in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as person distribution uh in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as person distribution uh in fact it's
+often modeled like that I wonder whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often modeled like that I wonder whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often modeled like that I wonder whether
+it's appropriate but it's often modeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's appropriate but it's often modeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's appropriate but it's often modeled
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um is it fair to say like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is it fair to say like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is it fair to say like if you
+can with a smaller distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually the population reason I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the population reason I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the population reason I mention
+is that example within a specific you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that example within a specific you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that example within a specific you
+can assume these people have lot contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume these people have lot contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume these people have lot contact
+with each other that some is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other that some is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other that some is basically
+has great effect when people that end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has great effect when people that end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has great effect when people that end of
+itself might not necessar independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself might not necessar independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself might not necessar independent
+but if you took let's take the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you took let's take the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you took let's take the entire
+economics department where you have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics department where you have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics department where you have not
+necessarily as much like if somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily as much like if somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily as much like if somebody has
+an idea of here it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of here it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of here it's not necessarily
+transed then could you make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transed then could you make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transed then could you make that
+assumption yeah even if it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption yeah even if it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption yeah even if it's one
+Department you could say well I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department you could say well I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department you could say well I'm going
+to consider the the entire department as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the the entire department as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the the entire department as
+a so the question is whether they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the question is whether they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the question is whether they are
+they arrive in an independent where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arrive in an independent where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arrive in an independent where you
+can say well a particular lab would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well a particular lab would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well a particular lab would have
+some streak of imagination at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some streak of imagination at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some streak of imagination at some point
+and they will you know start generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will you know start generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will you know start generate a
+ton of ideas more at some other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of ideas more at some other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of ideas more at some other than
+some other then it would not be a pel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other then it would not be a pel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other then it would not be a pel uh
+but yeah in in with several people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah in in with several people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah in in with several people
+working independently for so for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working independently for so for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working independently for so for each of
+them it might be P they are thinking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it might be P they are thinking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it might be P they are thinking you
+know sometimes they something comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes they something comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes they something comes up
+sometimes it doesn't uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't uh and then you
+could say for the Department it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say for the Department it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say for the Department it's a
+bunch of people working together uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people working together uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people working together uh that
+might that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that might
+work that might work uh so let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that might work uh so let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that might work uh so let's put
+that in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in uh let's put this this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh let's put this this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh let's put this this the the
+discussion we're having inally is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we're having inally is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we're having inally is in a
+more formal mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal mathematical
+way uh so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh so let's uh
+so the p is a discrete distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the p is a discrete distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the p is a discrete distribution
+although sometimes people draw it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although sometimes people draw it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although sometimes people draw it as a
+continuous dist do it continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous dist do it continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous dist do it continuously
+because when you have a lot of ends it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have a lot of ends it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have a lot of ends it
+starts looking almost continous but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts looking almost continous but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts looking almost continous but it's
+it's really a discrete distribution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a discrete distribution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a discrete distribution it's
+about uh so it's a uh NT let's NT be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh so it's a uh NT let's NT be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh so it's a uh NT let's NT be an
+integer Valu the random variable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer Valu the random variable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer Valu the random variable which
+satisfies the Su property first n z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the Su property first n z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the Su property first n z is
+zero then is s is smaller than T NS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then is s is smaller than T NS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then is s is smaller than T NS and
+NT minus ns are independent what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NT minus ns are independent what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NT minus ns are independent what does it
+mean it means that arrival are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it means that arrival are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it means that arrival are
+independent over this joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent over this joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent over this joint
+interval so uh for example it rules out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so uh for example it rules out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so uh for example it rules out
+uh in the case of students arriving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of students arriving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of students arriving at
+the cafeteria it rules out the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there is a rush hour where a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a rush hour where a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a rush hour where a lot of
+people are coming and a non-rush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are coming and a non-rush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are coming and a non-rush
+hour uh and then NS and n t plus s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour uh and then NS and n t plus s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour uh and then NS and n t plus s minus
+NT of in identical distribution what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NT of in identical distribution what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NT of in identical distribution what
+does it say what does it uh what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it say what does it uh what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it say what does it uh what does it
+reflect yeah in a particular time slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect yeah in a particular time slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect yeah in a particular time slot
+uh they're identically distributed yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're identically distributed yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're identically distributed yeah
+exactly the the arrival time the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the the arrival time the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the the arrival time the the
+number of arrival in an interval depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrival in an interval depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrival in an interval depends
+only on the length of that interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the length of that interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the length of that interval and
+not where that interval is located uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where that interval is located uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where that interval is located uh in
+the time period we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time period we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time period we're looking
+at and then uh the distribution of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and then uh the distribution of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and then uh the distribution of as
+the the the uh interval as the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the uh interval as the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the uh interval as the interval
+becomes the entire period you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the entire period you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the entire period you're getting
+the the limit of that is is gamma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the limit of that is is gamma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the limit of that is is gamma so
+that we call gamma the the arrival rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call gamma the the arrival rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call gamma the the arrival rate
+and it's a constant for small interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a constant for small interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a constant for small interval
+so the it's the limit over the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the it's the limit over the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the it's the limit over the interval
+becoming smaller and smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming smaller and smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming smaller and smaller and smaller
+and smaller is going to be gamma which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller is going to be gamma which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller is going to be gamma which
+means that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in a
+period of length uh t uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of length uh t uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of length uh t uh what's the
+arrival rate we what's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival rate we what's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival rate we what's the number of
+arrival uh we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival uh we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival uh we can we can
+expect gamma gamma T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect gamma gamma T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect gamma gamma T
+exactly so uh if uh all of that is uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so uh if uh all of that is uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so uh if uh all of that is uh so
+that's already tell us what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already tell us what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already tell us what is happening
+then if all of that is true oh I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if all of that is true oh I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if all of that is true oh I forgot
+to discuss the fifth postulate before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss the fifth postulate before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss the fifth postulate before I
+got there uh the two things no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there uh the two things no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there uh the two things no no
+simultaneous arrival we rule out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous arrival we rule out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous arrival we rule out
+simultaneous arrival so no people coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous arrival so no people coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous arrival so no people coming
+together no two so for example for ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together no two so for example for ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together no two so for example for ideas
+in a lab it might be a problem if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab it might be a problem if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab it might be a problem if one
+idea immediately brings down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea immediately brings down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea immediately brings down a
+downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream
+idea if all of that is true then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if all of that is true then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if all of that is true then uh we
+defined the probability that uh n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the probability that uh n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the probability that uh n the
+the PDF has the probability that NT is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF has the probability that NT is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF has the probability that NT is K
+is gamma t to the k e to the power minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gamma t to the k e to the power minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gamma t to the k e to the power minus
+gamma T to divided by K factorial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma T to divided by K factorial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma T to divided by K factorial so
+gamma and T are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and T are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and T are always
+together gamma is the arrival rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together gamma is the arrival rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together gamma is the arrival rate for
+as the interval become smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the interval become smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the interval become smaller and
+smaller and smaller and T is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and T is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and T is the length
+of the interval we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval we're
+considering uh so lamb we generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering uh so lamb we generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering uh so lamb we generally
+denote Lambda is equal to gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote Lambda is equal to gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote Lambda is equal to gamma
+T so if you check Wikipedia is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so if you check Wikipedia is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so if you check Wikipedia is going to
+be full of lambdas and it's not my typos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be full of lambdas and it's not my typos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be full of lambdas and it's not my typos
+uh Lambda is equal to gamma T it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lambda is equal to gamma T it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lambda is equal to gamma T it is the
+propensity that an uh that some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity that an uh that some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity that an uh that some point
+will arrive over the propensity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will arrive over the propensity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will arrive over the propensity to
+arrive over a fixed per over a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive over a fixed per over a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive over a fixed per over a fixed
+period of time so what's the what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time so what's the what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time so what's the what is the
+expectation of uh uh of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n you already gave me the gave me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you already gave me the gave me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you already gave me the gave me the
+answer G it's gamma t or Lambda exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer G it's gamma t or Lambda exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer G it's gamma t or Lambda exactly
+the expectation so it's an very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation so it's an very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation so it's an very
+interesting distrib ution because its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting distrib ution because its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting distrib ution because its
+expectation is is Lambda or gamma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is is Lambda or gamma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is is Lambda or gamma and
+its variance is also Lambda so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variance is also Lambda so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variance is also Lambda so one
+parameter entirely describes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter entirely describes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter entirely describes this
+distribution here is how it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here is how it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here is how it looks like a
+probability for different lambdas so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for different lambdas so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for different lambdas so I
+plotted it as a function of the lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted it as a function of the lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted it as a function of the lambdas
+since that's the and uh you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's the and uh you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's the and uh you can see that
+with the with a small Lambda we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with a small Lambda we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with a small Lambda we have a
+lot of mass at the it's towards the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of mass at the it's towards the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of mass at the it's towards the left
+it's quite skewed to the right and as l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite skewed to the right and as l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite skewed to the right and as l
+becomes bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes bigger and
+bigger what does it start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like it's more and less and less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's more and less and less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's more and less and less and
+less as we get more uh occurrence of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less as we get more uh occurrence of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less as we get more uh occurrence of uh
+more as the event become more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as the event become more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as the event become more likely to
+occur during a fixed time period it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur during a fixed time period it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur during a fixed time period it
+becomes less and less skewed eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes less and less skewed eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes less and less skewed eventually
+what it looks L you know because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks L you know because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks L you know because it's
+discreted would say it looks more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreted would say it looks more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreted would say it looks more and
+more like a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution so uh the some property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so uh the some property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so uh the some property
+it's U its expectation is Lambda it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's U its expectation is Lambda it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's U its expectation is Lambda it's
+variance in Lambda uh you might wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in Lambda uh you might wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in Lambda uh you might wonder
+whether that's a bug or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's a bug or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's a bug or a
+feature uh in a lot of cases it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature uh in a lot of cases it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature uh in a lot of cases it's a
+feature because it's it has fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature because it's it has fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature because it's it has fewer
+parameters uh to estimate but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh to estimate but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh to estimate but in some
+cases it it might be a bug because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it it might be a bug because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it it might be a bug because you
+might not be able to you might be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to you might be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to you might be you
+might want to increase the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to increase the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to increase the uh the
+expectation of of of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of of of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of of of the distribution
+you're trying to work with without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to work with without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to work with without
+increasing the variance at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the variance at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the variance at the same time
+in which case you would use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you would use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you would use something
+else uh you would use a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh you would use a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh you would use a distribution
+that that that allows to that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that allows to that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that allows to that different
+that that don't pin the variance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that don't pin the variance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that don't pin the variance and the
+mean together it is skewed because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean together it is skewed because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean together it is skewed because it
+cannot be negative so if an event is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be negative so if an event is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be negative so if an event is not
+very likely still the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely still the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely still the probability that
+it happens is never negative so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens is never negative so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens is never negative so it is
+sked to uh but as the Lambda increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sked to uh but as the Lambda increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sked to uh but as the Lambda increases
+and therefore this this constraint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this this constraint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this this constraint that
+it cannot be be negative uh is less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be be negative uh is less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be be negative uh is less and
+less likely to bind then it becomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to bind then it becomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to bind then it becomes uh
+more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric so these two things you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so these two things you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so these two things you you
+you know as you pointed out as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as you pointed out as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as you pointed out as you
+increase Lambda and you have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase Lambda and you have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase Lambda and you have a certain
+number of you have a lot of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of you have a lot of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of you have a lot of observation
+it's try starting to look more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's try starting to look more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's try starting to look more and more
+like a like a binomial so you said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like a binomial so you said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like a binomial so you said a
+normal but that's because as we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal but that's because as we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal but that's because as we will see
+very soon the binomial start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon the binomial start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon the binomial start looking
+like a normal when you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a normal when you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a normal when you have enough
+trials uh so all these things starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials uh so all these things starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials uh so all these things starts
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+together and the two are in fact related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the two are in fact related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the two are in fact related
+so um suppose that you took a interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um suppose that you took a interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um suppose that you took a interval
+your interval Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interval Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interval Z
+T and you divided it in in in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and you divided it in in in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and you divided it in in in lots of
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+intervals small enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals small enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals small enough that
+the the chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chance that
+uh that two events happen together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that two events happen together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that two events happen together
+during that interval is is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero then the probability of success in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the probability of success in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the probability of success in
+each interval is Lambda Over N because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each interval is Lambda Over N because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each interval is Lambda Over N because
+you've you've you've divided that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've you've divided that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've you've divided that guy
+which where the arrival rate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which where the arrival rate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which where the arrival rate for the
+entire period is Lambda so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire period is Lambda so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire period is Lambda so the
+probability within each interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability within each interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability within each interval is
+Lambda Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N um and the probability of n success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N um and the probability of n success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N um and the probability of n success
+over the period is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period is therefore
+approximately binomial because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately binomial because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately binomial because it's the
+number of n success in this n little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of n success in this n little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of n success in this n little
+independent trial that you are that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent trial that you are that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent trial that you are that you
+are making that you are trying um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making that you are trying um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making that you are trying um so uh
+so that's a way of relating the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a way of relating the two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a way of relating the two uh
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the that helps you give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that helps you give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that helps you give you the
+intuition for the result that the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for the result that the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for the result that the limit
+of a uh of a binomial distribution as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh of a binomial distribution as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh of a binomial distribution as
+and the number of n goes to Infinity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of n goes to Infinity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of n goes to Infinity uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+binomial that only that doesn't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial that only that doesn't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial that only that doesn't work for
+uh if the Lambda is too small because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the Lambda is too small because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the Lambda is too small because as
+you could see it doesn't work if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see it doesn't work if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see it doesn't work if the
+Lambda is if the if the the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is if the if the the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is if the if the the person
+distribution is so skew it could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is so skew it could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is so skew it could never
+look like a binomial so it works only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a binomial so it works only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a binomial so it works only if
+this Lambda has to be a little bit larg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda has to be a little bit larg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda has to be a little bit larg
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so p is one over Lambda Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so p is one over Lambda Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so p is one over Lambda Lambda is
+fixed and N is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and N is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and N is a positive
+number so the ADV AG of the pant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the ADV AG of the pant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the ADV AG of the pant
+distribution is that it's much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is that it's much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is that it's much easier to
+work with than a binomial so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with than a binomial so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with than a binomial so when you
+have a small value of P which means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small value of P which means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small value of P which means uh
+that will that is going to give you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will that is going to give you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will that is going to give you if
+you have large values of P the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have large values of P the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have large values of P the binomial
+distribution is better approximated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is better approximated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is better approximated by
+normal which we are going to see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal which we are going to see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal which we are going to see in a
+minute but if you have small values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but if you have small values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but if you have small values of
+P's then the person distribution can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's then the person distribution can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's then the person distribution can be
+used to become close to uh can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to become close to uh can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to become close to uh can be used
+to uh to describe a variable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to describe a variable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to describe a variable that's
+actually really distributed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really distributed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really distributed as a
+binomial distribution and it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution and it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution and it's much
+easier to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with I think we discussed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I think we discussed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I think we discussed all
+that oh and I want to go back to Steph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh and I want to go back to Steph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh and I want to go back to Steph
+Curry so this is a number of three-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curry so this is a number of three-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curry so this is a number of three-point
+shots made in a game this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots made in a game this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots made in a game this is not a
+fraction anymore this is a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction anymore this is a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction anymore this is a number of
+success of this is the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of this is the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of this is the number of uh
+successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+shots uh and this is a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots uh and this is a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots uh and this is a number of
+successful uh 2 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful uh 2 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful uh 2 point
+shots maybe it's B I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots maybe it's B I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots maybe it's B I don't know
+I don't have a theory that it would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a theory that it would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a theory that it would not
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+PUO uh the two-point shot doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PUO uh the two-point shot doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PUO uh the two-point shot doesn't look
+so great uh the three-point shot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great uh the three-point shot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great uh the three-point shot you
+know it has skewed and it starts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has skewed and it starts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has skewed and it starts by
+going low and then it has a peak maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going low and then it has a peak maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going low and then it has a peak maybe
+it could be a person distribution do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a person distribution do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a person distribution do you
+think it could be a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it could be a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it could be a person
+Distribution on theoretical my I went I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on theoretical my I went I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on theoretical my I went I
+tried to I tried to uh to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to I tried to uh to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to I tried to uh to think of the
+postulate and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate and thinking
+that maybe it could work certainly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe it could work certainly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe it could work certainly you
+don't do two at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do two at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do two at the
+time it might not be independent that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it might not be independent that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it might not be independent that's
+problem might not be independent but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem might not be independent but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem might not be independent but it
+could be close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per each shot has a fixed probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per each shot has a fixed probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per each shot has a fixed probability
+each success in thean distribution has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each success in thean distribution has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each success in thean distribution has a
+fixed probability P right over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed probability P right over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed probability P right over an
+interval over probability gamma over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval over probability gamma over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval over probability gamma over
+over an over a period over a long period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an over a period over a long period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an over a period over a long period
+it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over
+over any interval it's as the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any interval it's as the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any interval it's as the interval
+become smaller and smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller and smaller
+it goes to gamma so over any interval T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to gamma so over any interval T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to gamma so over any interval T
+the probability of success is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of success is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of success is
+G try to rationalize with st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Curry if if his shots are have have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curry if if his shots are have have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curry if if his shots are have have one
+probability P right Ian the P for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P right Ian the P for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P right Ian the P for his
+shots being a success so here it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots being a success so here it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots being a success so here it's like
+maybe success is a little bit confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe success is a little bit confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe success is a little bit confusing
+here because I put the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I put the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I put the number of
+successful game but just think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful game but just think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful game but just think the
+number of shots we could also do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shots we could also do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shots we could also do the
+number of attempts this is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of attempts this is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of attempts this is the number of
+actually successful shots uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually successful shots uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually successful shots uh so the
+question is the number of uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the number of uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the number of uh so the
+question is how many times does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many times does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many times does he
+actually put the bull into into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put the bull into into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put the bull into into the
+basket in a game not out of what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket in a game not out of what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket in a game not out of what we were
+doing before with the baru is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing before with the baru is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing before with the baru is the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+successful shots out of the 20 shots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful shots out of the 20 shots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful shots out of the 20 shots so
+this this had this idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this had this idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this had this idea of the
+probability of success this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of success this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of success this is the
+probability of access is nowhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of access is nowhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of access is nowhere here
+this is just the number of shots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the number of shots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the number of shots that
+are being made okay so so in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being made okay so so in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being made okay so so in every
+single per in every moment of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single per in every moment of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single per in every moment of the game
+suppose that in every moment of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that in every moment of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that in every moment of the game
+it could be throwing the ball into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be throwing the ball into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be throwing the ball into the
+basket and as this if the if the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket and as this if the if the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket and as this if the if the entire
+game is uh how long is a basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is uh how long is a basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is uh how long is a basket
+game let's say two hours uh then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game let's say two hours uh then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game let's say two hours uh then uh the
+the the Lambda would be the Lambda would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Lambda would be the Lambda would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Lambda would be the Lambda would
+be gamma * 2 hours wouldn't you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gamma * 2 hours wouldn't you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gamma * 2 hours wouldn't you expect
+parameter very depending on like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter very depending on like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter very depending on like the
+other team like how they are you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other team like how they are you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other team like how they are you make
+yes so and this is aage over 56 uh 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so and this is aage over 56 uh 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so and this is aage over 56 uh 56
+game so it is possible that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so it is possible that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so it is possible that it's not
+independent because it's not Independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because it's not Independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because it's not Independent
+by games that they are better games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by games that they are better games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by games that they are better games and
+worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst
+games but people use it um yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games but people use it um yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games but people use it um yeah that's a
+people use it for soccer matches socer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use it for soccer matches socer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use it for soccer matches socer
+goals so that's that seems to be similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so that's that seems to be similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so that's that seems to be similar
+but you're right that it's the arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right that it's the arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right that it's the arrival
+rate is going to depend on uh might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is going to depend on uh might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is going to depend on uh might
+depend on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the other
+team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team
+Jose wonder how how the distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jose wonder how how the distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jose wonder how how the distribute
+changes as you increase the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as you increase the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as you increase the like
+intervals instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals instead of
+doings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ands so the gamma remains uh the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ands so the gamma remains uh the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ands so the gamma remains uh the gamma
+is the parameter that's that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the parameter that's that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the parameter that's that's why I
+think we like it's conceptually cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we like it's conceptually cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we like it's conceptually cleaner
+to work with gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with gamma
+because it's the the gamma is the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the the gamma is the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the the gamma is the limit
+as this interval becomes to as interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this interval becomes to as interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this interval becomes to as interval
+tends to zero so the gamma is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to zero so the gamma is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to zero so the gamma is a fixed
+parameter Lambda is going to increase if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Lambda is going to increase if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Lambda is going to increase if
+it's if it's you're looking by per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's you're looking by per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's you're looking by per
+quarter for a given gamma you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter for a given gamma you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter for a given gamma you're going
+to have a a larger Lambda if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a a larger Lambda if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a a larger Lambda if you're
+working during the entire match and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working during the entire match and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working during the entire match and if
+you're working during the first half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working during the first half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working during the first half of
+the match or the second half Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match or the second half Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match or the second half Lambda is
+going to increase proportionately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase proportionately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase proportionately to
+that so if you're asking so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you're asking so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you're asking so the the the
+variant the the expectation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant the the expectation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant the the expectation and the
+variance of the p is necessarily going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the p is necessarily going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the p is necessarily going
+to depend of what period of time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend of what period of time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend of what period of time you're
+thinking about so it's a 15 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about so it's a 15 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about so it's a 15 minute
+period it's a 10 minutes period it's a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it's a 10 minutes period it's a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it's a 10 minutes period it's a 1
+second period in one second it would so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period in one second it would so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period in one second it would so
+if we do that like that graphic would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more no there if if it is in fact p as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more no there if if it is in fact p as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more no there if if it is in fact p as
+you change the length of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the length of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the length of the interval
+it's going to still look like a Pon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to still look like a Pon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to still look like a Pon but
+with a Lambda that is smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Lambda that is smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Lambda that is smaller and
+smaller so for example if I work with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so for example if I work with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so for example if I work with a
+2 hours the expected number of shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hours the expected number of shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hours the expected number of shot
+shots over two hours is uh a gamma times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots over two hours is uh a gamma times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots over two hours is uh a gamma times
+2 hours uh the uh the rate per per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hours uh the uh the rate per per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hours uh the uh the rate per per
+whatever it is for the period of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is for the period of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is for the period of two
+hours if I work for 15 minutes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours if I work for 15 minutes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours if I work for 15 minutes it's
+going to be correspondingly like eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be correspondingly like eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be correspondingly like eight
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that that that makes sense no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that makes sense no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that makes sense no the
+the the the number of arrival is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the number of arrival is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the number of arrival is going
+to depend both on the arrival rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend both on the arrival rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend both on the arrival rate which
+is gamma uh and the and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gamma uh and the and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gamma uh and the and which is
+something that is not going to that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not going to that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not going to that we
+consider to be fixed and the um period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be fixed and the um period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be fixed and the um period
+of time over over which we are counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time over over which we are counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time over over which we are counting
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+arrivals uh the explanation is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals uh the explanation is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals uh the explanation is related
+to the pon distribution in uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pon distribution in uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pon distribution in uh it's a
+waiting time between two events in a Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time between two events in a Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time between two events in a Pon
+process so how long do you have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so how long do you have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so how long do you have to wait
+uh between two uh two process to arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between two uh two process to arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between two uh two process to arrive
+so this is the the exponential we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the exponential we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the exponential we've
+seen before without motivating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before without motivating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before without motivating it
+particularly but you've played with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly but you've played with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly but you've played with it
+or the headache example the headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the headache example the headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the headache example the headache
+example was the was the motivation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was the was the motivation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was the was the motivation they
+exponential so it's FX Lambda e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so it's FX Lambda e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so it's FX Lambda e to the
+power of minus uh e to the uh minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of minus uh e to the uh minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of minus uh e to the uh minus
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x uh one interesting property of the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh one interesting property of the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh one interesting property of the so
+this is the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the expectation of the
+exponential and the variance one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and the variance one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and the variance one
+interesting property of the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property of the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property of the exponential
+distribution is that it's memory lless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is that it's memory lless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is that it's memory lless
+so it doesn't matter what has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't matter what has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't matter what has happened
+before uh the the probability that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh the the probability that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh the the probability that X is
+greater than T is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than T is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than T is the probability that
+uh X is greater than t uh plus h given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X is greater than t uh plus h given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X is greater than t uh plus h given
+that X is greater than H should be an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is greater than H should be an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is greater than H should be an H
+here oh sorry the the the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh sorry the the the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh sorry the the the probability
+that X is greater than H is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is greater than H is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is greater than H is the
+probability that X is greater than t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is greater than t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is greater than t
+plus H given that X is greater than T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus H given that X is greater than T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus H given that X is greater than T so
+when the interval moves it only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the interval moves it only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the interval moves it only depends
+on on the on the the current location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the on the the current location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the on the the current location of
+the interval not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval not on the
+past Al so the Lambda the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past Al so the Lambda the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past Al so the Lambda the Lambda
+distribution is the is a specific case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the is a specific case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the is a specific case
+of a gamma distribution which I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gamma distribution which I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gamma distribution which I don't
+want to get into the detail which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into the detail which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into the detail which is you
+can think it's sort of a waiting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think it's sort of a waiting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think it's sort of a waiting time
+before a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a number of
+occurrences um and we're skipping gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences um and we're skipping gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences um and we're skipping gamma
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so those were our discrete distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those were our discrete distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those were our discrete distribution
+and now we only have two uh continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we only have two uh continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we only have two uh continuous
+distribution to go through but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to go through but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to go through but they are
+quite we like them a lot one we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite we like them a lot one we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite we like them a lot one we've seen
+uh we already spend a lot of time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we already spend a lot of time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we already spend a lot of time with
+is the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uniform
+distribution uh the uniform distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh the uniform distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh the uniform distribution
+is I I can plot the graphic first is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I can plot the graphic first is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I can plot the graphic first is the
+probability uh uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh uh the the the
+probability distribution function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function is
+constant over an interval and it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over an interval and it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over an interval and it's zero
+everywhere else so it's you 1 / B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else so it's you 1 / B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else so it's you 1 / B minus
+a over the interval the interval uh ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over the interval the interval uh ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over the interval the interval uh ab
+and it's zero everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else so that's how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so that's how it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so that's how it looks
+like uh that's the mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh that's the mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh that's the mean you can
+calculate those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate those very
+easily uh and you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh and you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh and you can calculate the
+variance also I I put the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance also I I put the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance also I I put the the one
+intermediate step uh right down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate step uh right down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate step uh right down the
+integral you can calculate the E of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you can calculate the E of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you can calculate the E of X
+squ and then you can calculate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and then you can calculate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and then you can calculate the the
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+uh if a is zero and b equal 1 we we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if a is zero and b equal 1 we we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if a is zero and b equal 1 we we call
+the resulting distribution standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting distribution standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting distribution standard
+uniform and one interesting aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and one interesting aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and one interesting aspect of
+the stand standard uniform is if U1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stand standard uniform is if U1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stand standard uniform is if U1 is
+standard uniform 1 minus U1 is likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uniform 1 minus U1 is likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uniform 1 minus U1 is likewise
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform we use it always we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform we use it always we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform we use it always we use the
+uniform distribution a lot uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution a lot uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution a lot uh an
+important one that we already discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one that we already discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one that we already discussed
+and given the in the interest of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given the in the interest of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given the in the interest of time
+I'm not going to spend as much time as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to spend as much time as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to spend as much time as I
+have stuff on the on the on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stuff on the on the on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stuff on the on the on the on the
+graph but I want you to go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but I want you to go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but I want you to go over the
+example on the graph because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the graph because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the graph because there is
+some R coding an important one is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some R coding an important one is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some R coding an important one is is
+randomly generating numbers as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generating numbers as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generating numbers as you know
+computers don't know how to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers don't know how to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers don't know how to generate
+random numbers but they know how to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers but they know how to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers but they know how to to
+take a a draw from from a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a draw from from a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a draw from from a random
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+um so the uniform distribution is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the uniform distribution is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the uniform distribution is very
+uh useful when we want to create any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh useful when we want to create any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh useful when we want to create any
+simulation so for example when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so for example when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so for example when you want
+to create a treated and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a treated and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a treated and control
+observation uh and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh and as you
+know it turns out as all of can is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it turns out as all of can is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it turns out as all of can is able
+to to randomly sample from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to randomly sample from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to randomly sample from any
+distribution you'd like but suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you'd like but suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you'd like but suppose that
+uh this somehow disappear we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this somehow disappear we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this somehow disappear we know how to
+go from the the lecture and I think from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the the lecture and I think from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the the lecture and I think from
+the problem sets we know how to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets we know how to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets we know how to go from
+a sampling from a uniform distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sampling from a uniform distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sampling from a uniform distribution
+to uh to sampling directly from to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to sampling directly from to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to sampling directly from to to um
+to sampling from most many distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sampling from most many distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sampling from most many distributions
+you might be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be interested
+in I put in the code here to uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I put in the code here to uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I put in the code here to uh uh to
+show you that it's that in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that it's that in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that it's that in fact it's
+true so let's just go quickly over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so let's just go quickly over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so let's just go quickly over the
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+one so in fact that might have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in fact that might have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in fact that might have been the
+example in the problem set this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the problem set this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the problem set this is the
+uh uh you did this example yeah yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you did this example yeah yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you did this example yeah yeah in
+class actually the not the not the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually the not the not the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually the not the not the r
+part so this is the r part that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so this is the r part that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so this is the r part that uh this
+is the r equivalent that when we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the r equivalent that when we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the r equivalent that when we saw in
+class we uh we like literally we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we uh we like literally we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we uh we like literally we just
+put down if we have a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down if we have a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down if we have a uniform
+distribution we take the inverse CDF we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we take the inverse CDF we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we take the inverse CDF we
+have the formula for the inverse CDF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the formula for the inverse CDF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the formula for the inverse CDF and
+then we can sample from it and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can sample from it and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can sample from it and when you
+do that you do something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you do something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you do something that looks
+reasonably like a exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably like a exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably like a exponential
+function and alternatively this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and alternatively this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and alternatively this is you
+could you could tell you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could tell you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could tell you could you could
+um uh instead of writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh instead of writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh instead of writing down the
+analytic formula you could ask a latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic formula you could ask a latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic formula you could ask a latch
+to go from the uniform to the Qs for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from the uniform to the Qs for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from the uniform to the Qs for any
+distribution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in
+R the Q gives you the it's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the Q gives you the it's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the Q gives you the it's the inverse
+quantal function so the QX is the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantal function so the QX is the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantal function so the QX is the r
+formula for that we wrote out explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for that we wrote out explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for that we wrote out explicitly
+in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous
+slides so you could do you could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so you could do you could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so you could do you could do the
+inverse PDF that way and you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse PDF that way and you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse PDF that way and you would get
+something similar or if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar or if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar or if you were
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+um wanted to go even faster you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wanted to go even faster you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wanted to go even faster you could
+directly sample uh from the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly sample uh from the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly sample uh from the exponential
+distribution which is called RX so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is called RX so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is called RX so you
+can directly sample exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can directly sample exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can directly sample exponential
+distribution called X so RX is a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution called X so RX is a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution called X so RX is a sample
+from the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exponential
+distribution and it would also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it would also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it would also look
+pretty similar uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar uh that is
+fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate
+um same example you go through you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same example you go through you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same example you go through you can
+go through it at your leisure for p to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it at your leisure for p to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it at your leisure for p to
+go from from a uniform distribution to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from from a uniform distribution to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from from a uniform distribution to a
+p it's not it has a bit of a problem at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p it's not it has a bit of a problem at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p it's not it has a bit of a problem at
+the at the towards the left so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the towards the left so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the towards the left so there
+might be an error in this code so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an error in this code so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an error in this code so maybe
+the work is find the error uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is find the error uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is find the error uh and then
+uh this is what you do if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what you do if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what you do if you actually
+ask a a um R to sample for you from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a a um R to sample for you from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a a um R to sample for you from the
+person distribution which it can do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person distribution which it can do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person distribution which it can do very
+well another thing you that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well another thing you that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well another thing you that is
+underlying this type of work is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying this type of work is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying this type of work is when you
+want to choose a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to choose a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to choose a random
+sample uh so you have a list for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample uh so you have a list for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample uh so you have a list for example
+this chooses a list of so the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chooses a list of so the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chooses a list of so the function
+sample in R samples from a list of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample in R samples from a list of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample in R samples from a list of 50
+states either with replacement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states either with replacement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states either with replacement or
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+replacement uh so we sample 25 states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement uh so we sample 25 states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement uh so we sample 25 states
+with replacement without replacement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with replacement without replacement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with replacement without replacement at
+the bottom of that it's going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of that it's going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of that it's going to ask
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+uh that's also what is underlying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's also what is underlying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's also what is underlying this
+is also a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a uniform
+distribution and uh many other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh many other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh many other things
+that you can you can look at let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can you can look at let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can you can look at let's look
+at the normal distribution we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the normal distribution we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the normal distribution we'll
+introduce it now and then we'll use it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it now and then we'll use it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it now and then we'll use it a
+lot next time since since we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot next time since since we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot next time since since we are
+probably uh directly going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh directly going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh directly going through
+that we can first have a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can first have a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can first have a look at
+it you will know how it looks like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you will know how it looks like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you will know how it looks like it
+looks bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks bell
+shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped
+symmetrical it has thin tail which is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical it has thin tail which is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical it has thin tail which is it
+doesn't have that many observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that many observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that many observation
+towards the top it is uh um and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the top it is uh um and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the top it is uh um and where
+does it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it come
+from well one way to think of where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from well one way to think of where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from well one way to think of where it
+comes from is that it's the uh limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+binomial so if so suppose that X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial so if so suppose that X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial so if so suppose that X is a
+binomial NP then for any number c and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial NP then for any number c and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial NP then for any number c and d
+uh the probability that the standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the probability that the standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the probability that the standardized
+version of this binomial which is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this binomial which is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this binomial which is x
+minus NP which is the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus NP which is the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus NP which is the mean of the
+binomial divided by the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial divided by the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial divided by the square root of
+the variance of this binomial is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of this binomial is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of this binomial is between
+these two interval the limit of that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two interval the limit of that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two interval the limit of that as
+n goes to Infinity uh is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to Infinity uh is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to Infinity uh is the integral
+between C and D of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between C and D of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between C and D of this function
+function uh that we call uh that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh that we call uh that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh that we call uh that we call
+Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little
+fi and that's the that's the normal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and that's the that's the normal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and that's the that's the normal um
+that's that's the normal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the normal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the normal the
+standardized normal distribution we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized normal distribution we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized normal distribution we call
+Little f for this function the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little f for this function the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little f for this function the density
+uh and we call uh big big F for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we call uh big big F for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we call uh big big F for the uh
+for the uh the PD the the CDF CDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh the PD the the CDF CDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh the PD the the CDF CDF of
+it uh this is a standard normal it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh this is a standard normal it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh this is a standard normal it has
+expectation of zero and a variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of zero and a variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of zero and a variance of
+one so here's like a graphical way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so here's like a graphical way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so here's like a graphical way of
+how the binomials as you add uh as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the binomials as you add uh as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the binomials as you add uh as you
+make uh more and more uh intervals will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh more and more uh intervals will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh more and more uh intervals will
+look more and more uh like a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more and more uh like a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more and more uh like a normal
+distribution so this is a binomial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is a binomial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is a binomial with
+uh a p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a p of
+five it doesn't have to be 0 five but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it doesn't have to be 0 five but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it doesn't have to be 0 five but it
+is works best better with 0 five like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is works best better with 0 five like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is works best better with 0 five like
+when P's are very little as we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when P's are very little as we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when P's are very little as we discussed
+before you would you would approximate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you would you would approximate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you would you would approximate a
+binomial with a plus not with a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial with a plus not with a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial with a plus not with a normal
+distribution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um
+so this is a with a small n with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a with a small n with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a with a small n with a
+larger n with a bigger n of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger n with a bigger n of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger n with a bigger n of course we
+need to start by standardizing them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start by standardizing them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start by standardizing them so
+this is a standardized version and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a standardized version and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a standardized version and
+eventually you know it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you know it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you know it's going to look
+like as you make more and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as you make more and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as you make more and more and more
+and more interval of your standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more interval of your standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more interval of your standardized
+version it's going to look normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version it's going to look normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version it's going to look normal
+so from a normal distribution uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from a normal distribution uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from a normal distribution uh so uh
+um from the standard normal you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the standard normal you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the standard normal you can go
+to you can have any other number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you can have any other number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you can have any other number of
+other normal distribution which have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other normal distribution which have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other normal distribution which have a
+uh um um means uh mu and standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um um means uh mu and standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um um means uh mu and standard
+deviation Sigma so if Z is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation Sigma so if Z is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation Sigma so if Z is the standard
+normal then xal mu plus Sigma Z is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then xal mu plus Sigma Z is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then xal mu plus Sigma Z is a
+normal distribution with uh um uh me mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution with uh um uh me mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution with uh um uh me mu
+and sigma the the the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma the the the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma the the the standard deviation
+of it which is the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it which is the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it which is the square of the
+variance so this this will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so this this will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so this this will have this
+will be distributed like over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be distributed like over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be distributed like over there
+where we just take five instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just take five instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just take five instead of
+taking F of uh of uh um X we takes Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking F of uh of uh um X we takes Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking F of uh of uh um X we takes Pi of
+x minus mu over Sigma and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus mu over Sigma and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus mu over Sigma and we have to
+standardize by dividing by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize by dividing by the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize by dividing by the standard
+deviation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation as
+well um one useful property uh that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um one useful property uh that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um one useful property uh that will
+kind of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+uh an extremely useful property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an extremely useful property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an extremely useful property is that
+if X1 is normal then X2 uh then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X1 is normal then X2 uh then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X1 is normal then X2 uh then uh
+the X2 plus BX what is if X1 and X2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X2 plus BX what is if X1 and X2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X2 plus BX what is if X1 and X2 are
+normal then X2 plus bx1 are also normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then X2 plus bx1 are also normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then X2 plus bx1 are also normal
+what did I say no X2 equal a plus b X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I say no X2 equal a plus b X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I say no X2 equal a plus b X1
+sorry X2 = A + B X1 one is also normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry X2 = A + B X1 one is also normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry X2 = A + B X1 one is also normal
+which means a plus b x b e of X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means a plus b x b e of X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means a plus b x b e of X1 and
+variance b square of variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance b square of variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance b square of variance of
+X1 and more generally if you have a n ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and more generally if you have a n ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and more generally if you have a n ID
+random variable and you are taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and you are taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and you are taking the
+sum of them then the sum of them is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of them then the sum of them is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of them then the sum of them is also
+around a normal with uh the the sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a normal with uh the the sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a normal with uh the the sum the
+the expectation is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is the sum of the
+expectations and the variance is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and the variance is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and the variance is the is
+the the sum of the sigma square is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of the sigma square is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of the sigma square is is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+variance we knew that uh we knew there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance we knew that uh we knew there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance we knew that uh we knew there
+are mean and variant but the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mean and variant but the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mean and variant but the theorem
+here which I have not proven but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I have not proven but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I have not proven but what's
+new here is that they are also normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new here is that they are also normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new here is that they are also normally
+distributed it's not just so we when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed it's not just so we when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed it's not just so we when you
+take a sum of random of of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sum of random of of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sum of random of of random
+variable that are distributed uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that are distributed uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that are distributed uh that
+have normal distribution there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have normal distribution there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have normal distribution there are some
+also has a normal distributions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a normal distributions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a normal distributions and I
+think I can stop here because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can stop here because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can stop here because it's a
+very natural way to uh to take it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural way to uh to take it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural way to uh to take it from
+here here this is just I ploted no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here this is just I ploted no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here this is just I ploted no one
+so maybe next time we should U um go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe next time we should U um go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe next time we should U um go
+over how we use the CDF I can take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over how we use the CDF I can take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over how we use the CDF I can take five
+minutes y uh this is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes y uh this is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes y uh this is a normal
+distribution for you with uh with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for you with uh with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for you with uh with the uh
+the the the the region what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the region what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the region what what
+fraction of the density is within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the density is within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the density is within each
+of the each of the regions we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the each of the regions we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the each of the regions we'll take
+from that later I took a long time doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that later I took a long time doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that later I took a long time doing
+this graph so you look get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Pz7U-AEi8v0.txt b/Pz7U-AEi8v0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7b73b72fa8fa13b7071f9b3d0229415ecce0d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Pz7U-AEi8v0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+Hello. My name is Krishna Rajagopal and
+I'm MIT's Dean for Digital Learning.
+
+Ordinarily, I would be recording this
+update for the OCW community from our
+
+offices on campus but as these are not
+ordinary times I find myself delivering
+
+this message to you from my home in the
+same way that so many MIT faculty along
+
+with educators all around the world are
+right now teaching their students from
+
+home during this global pandemic. From
+the beginning, OpenCourseWare was meant
+
+to be a resource for anyone who wants to
+learn, whenever and wherever they need it.
+
+We've always believed in the urgency of
+our mission but never before have we
+
+seen the stakes rise so immediately as
+we have these past several weeks. With
+
+millions even billions of people around
+the world asked to stay apart, stay at home,
+
+and adapt to sudden changes in the way
+we all live, work, connect, and learn. This
+
+has brought particular challenges for
+educators and needs for all of us as
+
+learners. Here at MIT as Dean I have the
+new responsibility of supporting,
+
+encouraging, and applauding my faculty
+colleagues as all of a sudden we're
+
+teaching 1,250 courses online for our
+students who are now remote learners all
+
+around the globe. If you are an educator
+and want to see how we're helping our
+
+instructors find their way you can have
+a look at our teachremote.mit.edu
+
+website and if you're a student, figuring
+out how to navigate a world of remote
+
+learning for yourself, you can have a
+look at our learnremote.mit.edu
+
+website which we set up for our students.
+Just as we have long done via OCW itself,
+
+here at MIT, we're sharing what we do
+with the world. In the midst of these
+
+changes we have been humbled by the role
+
+that OCW is playing. It should be no
+
+secret to you that many of our faculty
+are using materials from OCW in their
+
+remote teaching right now. Just as any of
+you can use OCW as part of your remote
+
+learning. Since March, we've seen a
+significant increase in the number of
+
+visits to OCW from learners all around
+the world,
+
+seeing as much as a 95% increase in
+visits to OCW over the same period last
+
+year. These millions of visits include a
+significant share from new users
+
+visiting OCW for the very first time,
+coming to us from all around the world
+
+with India, Brazil, Turkey, Germany,
+Pakistan, the United Kingdom, as well as
+
+the United States among the countries
+where we have seen the largest increases.
+
+These numbers tell an inspiring story
+about the resilience of learners in the
+
+face of an immense global challenge. I'm
+inspired that at this time of great
+
+stress and uncertainty so many of you
+are focusing your time and your energy
+
+on learning. Whether you're students
+keeping your education going, lifelong
+
+learners laying the groundwork for what
+you want to do next in your workplace
+
+when you return, or simply, satisfying
+your curiosity at this time. All of you
+
+remind all of us, just how valuable open
+access to online learning resources like
+
+OCW can be, in extraordinary, and ordinary times alike. In the past month,
+
+MIT has also launched a Full Steam Ahead website,
+a new rapid response offering that gives
+
+all of you new curated ways of finding
+MIT learning resources for k-12, higher
+
+education, and lifelong learning from OCW
+and more during this Covid-19 pandemic.
+
+Like so many others, the OCW team is now
+working from home, and doing very well
+
+indeed. We continue to publish courses,
+support our learners, and prepare new
+
+episodes of OCW's Chalk Radio podcast, all from our homes. The first season of Chalk
+
+Radio brings you conversations with
+beloved MIT faculty like Amah Edoh, Anjali
+
+Sastry, Mike Short and Gil Strang. Chalk
+Radio shares the personal stories and
+
+passions behind the inspired teaching
+that powers MIT and so many of the
+
+courses you love on OCW. In its first two
+months, Chalk Radio podcasts have been
+
+heard over 80 thousand times. As we
+approach the milestone of OCW's 20th
+
+anniversary next year, we're busy planning for the
+next 20 years of OpenCourseWare. The team
+
+is working hard on a next-generation OCW
+platform that will give you exciting new
+
+ways to learn from, and teach with, openly
+shared MIT resources. I'll tell you more
+
+about that in the fall.
+Sharing MIT with the world, giving
+
+educators and learners everywhere new
+opportunities to teach and learn, is what
+
+OCW is all about. Teaching and learning,
+after all, is what we do, together. In this
+
+moment when we're all apart, here at OCW
+we're inspired by the ways that so many
+
+of you are relying upon OpenCourseWare
+to continue your learning, together with
+
+MIT, as always. If OCW has been helpful
+to you, we invite you to join us by
+
+sharing your story with us. And, we ask
+you to share OCW with the people in your
+
+life. Telling us how you use OCW helps us
+understand the impact that OCW has had
+
+in recent weeks and how we can make it
+better as we move forward. Spreading the
+
+word about OCW ensures that your friends,
+your colleagues, and your family know
+
+that they have a resource to turn to in
+OCW whenever, wherever, and however they
+
+might need it. As all of us navigate the
+coming weeks and months together, we want
+
+you to know that OCW is here for you and
+will continue to be here for you. Thank
+
+you for learning and thank you for
+learning with us.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QHTJK0v404U.txt b/QHTJK0v404U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32e40fab42cc4c2771baad4e77ebc61ca52fe0a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QHTJK0v404U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to do
+two things in particular one is finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things in particular one is finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things in particular one is finish
+off uh with the discussion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh with the discussion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh with the discussion of this
+device a Shaker this by the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device a Shaker this by the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device a Shaker this by the way this is
+a commercial thing and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commercial thing and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commercial thing and out of the
+catalog this is the littlest one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog this is the littlest one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog this is the littlest one they
+make this is called this is a 50 PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this is called this is a 50 PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this is called this is a 50 PB
+Shaker at full speed it actually puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaker at full speed it actually puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaker at full speed it actually puts
+out 50 pounds just with all it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 50 pounds just with all it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 50 pounds just with all it is is
+masses inside going round and round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses inside going round and round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses inside going round and round
+commercial purpose ah what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial purpose ah what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial purpose ah what's its
+commercial purpose well um the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial purpose well um the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial purpose well um the big
+ones that are or maybe you know 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are or maybe you know 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are or maybe you know 100
+pounds of moving mass or they bolt them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of moving mass or they bolt them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of moving mass or they bolt them
+to the floor in nuclear power plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the floor in nuclear power plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the floor in nuclear power plants and
+test them shake the buildings to repes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them shake the buildings to repes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them shake the buildings to repes
+to uh represent earthquake kind of loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh represent earthquake kind of loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh represent earthquake kind of loads
+and things like that okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that okay and the
+smaller ones you can buy these for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ones you can buy these for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ones you can buy these for this
+kind is actually if you're running an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind is actually if you're running an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind is actually if you're running an
+operation like in a flower Mill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation like in a flower Mill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation like in a flower Mill and
+you've got particulate stuff trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got particulate stuff trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got particulate stuff trying to
+get it to slide through shoots does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to slide through shoots does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to slide through shoots does
+stuff slide down shoots easier if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff slide down shoots easier if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff slide down shoots easier if the
+things are vibrating a little bit have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are vibrating a little bit have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are vibrating a little bit have
+you ever banged on something to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever banged on something to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever banged on something to get
+stuff to come loose you just stick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to come loose you just stick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to come loose you just stick one
+of these on the side and let it run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these on the side and let it run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these on the side and let it run
+nothing sticks so there's lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing sticks so there's lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing sticks so there's lots and lots
+of purposes for shakers like this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of purposes for shakers like this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of purposes for shakers like this so we
+were uh in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh in the process of
+analyzing how one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works and I want to finish that off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and I want to finish that off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and I want to finish that off and
+then part two today is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then part two today is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then part two today is we're going to
+you know we've only really talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've only really talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've only really talked about
+uh angular momentum with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh angular momentum with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh angular momentum with respect to
+particles individual particles and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles individual particles and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles individual particles and even
+in your physics classes you did things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your physics classes you did things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your physics classes you did things
+with mass moments of inertia and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mass moments of inertia and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mass moments of inertia and so
+we're going to make the connection today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make the connection today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make the connection today
+between particles Mass moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between particles Mass moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between particles Mass moments of
+inertia unbalanced shakers it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia unbalanced shakers it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia unbalanced shakers it all comes
+together in one in in the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in one in in the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in one in in the second part of
+today's lecture so the the problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture so the the problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture so the the problem we
+are analyzing here that literally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are analyzing here that literally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are analyzing here that literally that
+little Shaker can be mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Shaker can be mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Shaker can be mod
+uh well in one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application we can find that thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rollers this is the problem we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollers this is the problem we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollers this is the problem we were
+discussing it has inside of it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing it has inside of it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing it has inside of it an
+unbalanced rotating Mass with an arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced rotating Mass with an arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced rotating Mass with an arm
+that's eong it's called the eccentricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's eong it's called the eccentricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's eong it's called the eccentricity
+in the trade and it has some mass m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trade and it has some mass m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trade and it has some mass m and
+the OB and this body that it's in we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OB and this body that it's in we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OB and this body that it's in we'll
+call it Mass of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Mass of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Mass of the body
+MB and this thing's going around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB and this thing's going around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB and this thing's going around and
+round so this is some angle Theta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so this is some angle Theta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so this is some angle Theta which
+is described as Omega T and it's they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described as Omega T and it's they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described as Omega T and it's they're
+constant rotation rate devices so Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant rotation rate devices so Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant rotation rate devices so Theta
+dot equals Omega and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant that's how they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's how they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's how they're basically
+designed and we label this point a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and we label this point a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and we label this point a over
+here we have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a uh
+inertial coordinate system XY this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial coordinate system XY this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial coordinate system XY this point
+a this point we've called B in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis and we set out to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we set out to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we set out to find the
+equation of motion of this thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion of this thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion of this thing in the
+X Direction has no movement in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction has no movement in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction has no movement in the Y
+it's confined in the Y it puts out lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's confined in the Y it puts out lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's confined in the Y it puts out lots
+of force in the y direction you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force in the y direction you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force in the y direction you really
+have to restrain it to keep it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to restrain it to keep it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to restrain it to keep it from
+moving but it doesn't move in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving but it doesn't move in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving but it doesn't move in the y
+direction but it will move move in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but it will move move in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but it will move move in the
+uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we came to the conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we came to the conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we came to the conclusion that
+we could write for the main body the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write for the main body the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write for the main body the
+summation of the external forces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the external forces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the external forces on
+MB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB is
+just MB times its acceleration and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just MB times its acceleration and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just MB times its acceleration and its
+acceleration completely defined by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration completely defined by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration completely defined by this
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we and if we draw a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and if we draw a free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and if we draw a free body
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this Mass you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a normal force I'll call n in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal force I'll call n in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal force I'll call n in the y
+direction upwards you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction upwards you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction upwards you're going to have
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+downwards and you're going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards and you're going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards and you're going to have some
+force exerted on it through this shaft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force exerted on it through this shaft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force exerted on it through this shaft
+that comes from the little Mass so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the little Mass so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the little Mass so we're
+accounting for everything the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for everything the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for everything the little
+Mass all its influence on this m big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass all its influence on this m big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass all its influence on this m big
+block by the forces that are pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block by the forces that are pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block by the forces that are pass
+through that Rod which is hinged at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that Rod which is hinged at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that Rod which is hinged at the
+center okay and I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay and I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay and I'm going to call
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+MB okay the force on that from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB okay the force on that from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB okay the force on that from that
+little link now that happens to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little link now that happens to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little link now that happens to be equal
+to minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus the
+forces on the mass that this Rod exerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the mass that this Rod exerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the mass that this Rod exerts
+it must exert some force on the Mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must exert some force on the Mass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must exert some force on the Mass to
+make it go round and round okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it go round and round okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it go round and round okay and
+because of Newton's third law those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Newton's third law those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Newton's third law those two
+forces have to be equal and opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces have to be equal and opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces have to be equal and opposite
+because they're on operating on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're on operating on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're on operating on the same
+massless shaft for the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless shaft for the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless shaft for the purpose of this
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example okay so that's basically so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so that's basically so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so that's basically so this
+is in order to find that equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in order to find that equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in order to find that equation of
+motion the sum of the external forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the sum of the external forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the sum of the external forces
+these are both in the y direction so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both in the y direction so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both in the y direction so we
+just need to find the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to find the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to find the horizontal
+component of this force and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this force and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this force and we'll be
+able to complete that equation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to complete that equation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to complete that equation so the
+point of the exercise here is this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the exercise here is this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the exercise here is this just
+to find this horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this horizontal
+component so to do that let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so to do that let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so to do that let's move on to
+thinking about the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little Mass small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Mass small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Mass small
+mass and what its free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and what its free body diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and what its free body diagram
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so viewed from the here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so viewed from the here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so viewed from the here's our
+Rod here's the small Mass this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod here's the small Mass this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod here's the small Mass this is the
+side view so this's the point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side view so this's the point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side view so this's the point that's
+rotating about a but I want to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about a but I want to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about a but I want to draw a
+free body diagram on of this Rod if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram on of this Rod if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram on of this Rod if
+there's going to be the the rod puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be the the rod puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be the the rod puts a
+force on this Mass which will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on this Mass which will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on this Mass which will have a
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+component FM and I'll just call it Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component FM and I'll just call it Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component FM and I'll just call it Y and
+it'll put a force that's an horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll put a force that's an horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll put a force that's an horizontal
+component FM X and I'm put I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component FM X and I'm put I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component FM X and I'm put I'm writing
+them drawing them both positive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them drawing them both positive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them drawing them both positive because
+I don't know which direction they act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know which direction they act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know which direction they act
+and if the answer turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the answer turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the answer turns out to be
+positive then I guess right if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then I guess right if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then I guess right if it's
+negative it means it's going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it means it's going the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it means it's going the other
+way and what other forces are acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and what other forces are acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and what other forces are acting on
+this well there is certainly is an mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well there is certainly is an mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well there is certainly is an mg
+G downwards acting on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass okay and there's no forces in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass okay and there's no forces in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass okay and there's no forces in and
+out of the page on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the page on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the page on
+it okay and it's operating in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and it's operating in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and it's operating in the plane
+so this is what one a planer motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what one a planer motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what one a planer motion
+problem and we note that uh in here r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we note that uh in here r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we note that uh in here r
+dot equals rouble dot equals z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot equals rouble dot equals z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot equals rouble dot equals z the
+change this thing doesn't change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this thing doesn't change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this thing doesn't change in
+length at all it's just going round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length at all it's just going round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length at all it's just going round and
+round fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round fixed
+length so the we can write then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so the we can write then that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so the we can write then that the
+summation of the external forces on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the external forces on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the external forces on this
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+Mass better equal its mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass better equal its mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass better equal its mass times the
+acceleration of point a with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of point a with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of point a with respect to
+the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial
+frame and whoops not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and whoops not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and whoops not a
+but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B the acceleration of this point this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the acceleration of this point this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the acceleration of this point this is
+B we need to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we need to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we need to figure out what the
+acceleration of that point is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that point is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that point is in the
+inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial
+frame but we've done enough of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but we've done enough of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but we've done enough of these
+problems that this is should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that this is should be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that this is should be pretty
+easy this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is the
+mass times the acceleration of point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration of point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration of point a
+with respect to o plus the mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to o plus the mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to o plus the mass times
+the acceleration of B with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of B with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of B with respect to a
+b and a okay these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all vectors until I break them down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vectors until I break them down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vectors until I break them down into
+their X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components so what's the acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so what's the acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so what's the acceleration of
+a with respect to O in the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to O in the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to O in the coordinate
+systems that we have uh written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so that's just kind of our generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's just kind of our generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's just kind of our generic
+representation of of of acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of of of acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of of of acceleration
+right but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we've
+chosen some coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen some coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen some coordinates
+here specifically have a coordinate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here specifically have a coordinate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here specifically have a coordinate that
+describes the motion of the main Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the motion of the main Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the motion of the main Mass
+right what is that so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is that so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is that so what's the
+acceleration of point a x double dot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of point a x double dot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of point a x double dot so
+we know that this then is m xou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this then is m xou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this then is m xou
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+plus now it's easy to to describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now it's easy to to describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now it's easy to to describe this
+in terms of cylindrical coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of cylindrical coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of cylindrical coordinates and
+we can then write that well then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then write that well then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then write that well then this
+must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the r the terms in the r hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction our hat and then terms over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction our hat and then terms over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction our hat and then terms over
+here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in
+the Theta hat Direction Theta dot + 2 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta hat Direction Theta dot + 2 r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta hat Direction Theta dot + 2 r
+dot Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Theta
+dot now which of these are zero does see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot now which of these are zero does see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot now which of these are zero does see
+radius is our arm change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is our arm change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is our arm change
+length no so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length no so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length no so this is
+zero uh is the is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh is the is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh is the is the angular
+acceleration constant so this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration constant so this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration constant so this is zero
+the arm change length the cholis is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm change length the cholis is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm change length the cholis is zero
+so there's no coriolis Force no orian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no coriolis Force no orian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no coriolis Force no orian
+Force no radial acceleration only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force no radial acceleration only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force no radial acceleration only a
+single term just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single term just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single term just that
+centripetal so this becomes a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal so this becomes a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal so this becomes a pretty
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so the
+summation of the external forces on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the external forces on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the external forces on our
+little mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass
+then we can write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can write as
+MX dot in the I hat Direction I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX dot in the I hat Direction I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX dot in the I hat Direction I'm going
+to break it into its Vector components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+minus M and I know that R here equals e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M and I know that R here equals e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M and I know that R here equals e
+that's the eccentricity now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the eccentricity now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the eccentricity now I'm going to
+start using these terms minus m e Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar all
+R hat but I'm going to break that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R hat but I'm going to break that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R hat but I'm going to break that
+R goes round and round I need to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R goes round and round I need to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R goes round and round I need to break
+it into X and Y components but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into X and Y components but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into X and Y components but we've
+done that many times before that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that many times before that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that many times before that looks
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+cosine Omega T in the IH hat Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T in the IH hat Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T in the IH hat Direction
+plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a
+s Omega T in the J hat Direction so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Omega T in the J hat Direction so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Omega T in the J hat Direction so as
+this thing goes round and round it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing goes round and round it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing goes round and round it has a
+cosine term and a sign term and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine term and a sign term and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine term and a sign term and this is
+in the X Direction This is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y so we're really interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so we're really interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so we're really interested in the
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+on small mass m in the X Direction so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on small mass m in the X Direction so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on small mass m in the X Direction so we
+just need to pull out the X components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to pull out the X components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to pull out the X components
+from this so we have an m x double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so we have an m x double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so we have an m x double
+dot I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus m e Omega 2 cine Omega t i hat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m e Omega 2 cine Omega t i hat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m e Omega 2 cine Omega t i hat we
+can drop the I hats now because we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop the I hats now because we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop the I hats now because we just
+have one single component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this
+is this quantity I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this quantity I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this quantity I called
+FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM
+X and fmx then is the X term in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and fmx then is the X term in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and fmx then is the X term in my
+little free body diagram and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little free body diagram and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little free body diagram and and the
+force that it exerts on the main mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that it exerts on the main mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that it exerts on the main mass is
+in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction so this is the force that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this is the force that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this is the force that the
+rod places on that little mass in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod places on that little mass in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod places on that little mass in the X
+Direction what's the force that the rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction what's the force that the rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction what's the force that the rod
+places on the big mass in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places on the big mass in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places on the big mass in the X
+Direction minus that okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction minus that okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction minus that okay so this is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+f m b in the X Direction and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f m b in the X Direction and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f m b in the X Direction and that's what
+we're after we need that Force so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after we need that Force so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after we need that Force so that
+we can go back now and finish out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go back now and finish out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go back now and finish out our
+the equation of motion that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion that we were
+after for the main Mass this up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after for the main Mass this up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after for the main Mass this up here we
+need to sum the external forces to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sum the external forces to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sum the external forces to get
+that fill out that expression but while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fill out that expression but while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fill out that expression but while
+I'm here just to have it the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here just to have it the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here just to have it the summation
+of the forces on the small mass in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forces on the small mass in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forces on the small mass in the Y
+Direction look at our free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction look at our free body diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction look at our free body diagram
+it has a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mg and it then has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg and it then has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg and it then has this
+term minus m e Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term minus m e Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term minus m e Omega
+s sin Omega T so just for completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sin Omega T so just for completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sin Omega T so just for completeness
+we have the also the Y component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the also the Y component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the also the Y component of the
+force that the rod places on the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that the rod places on the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that the rod places on the small
+mass and minus this amount is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and minus this amount is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and minus this amount is what it
+places on the main mass that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places on the main mass that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places on the main mass that it's
+connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's go back to our equation up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go back to our equation up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go back to our equation up
+here the summation of the forces on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the summation of the forces on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the summation of the forces on the
+main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body in the X
+Direction it's going to be the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction it's going to be the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction it's going to be the main
+body xou Dot and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the X Direction forces it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the X Direction forces it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the X Direction forces it's only
+there's only comp the X component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only comp the X component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only comp the X component of
+this force and that's what we have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force and that's what we have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force and that's what we have right
+here it's minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's our equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our equation of
+motion we can rearrange it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion we can rearrange it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion we can rearrange it a little bit
+and it it remarkably simplifies actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it remarkably simplifies actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it remarkably simplifies actually
+you end up if you collect the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up if you collect the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up if you collect the motion
+terms involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms involving
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals an external excitation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals an external excitation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals an external excitation on the
+right hand side and that's Eddie there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and that's Eddie there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and that's Eddie there's
+been I've been kind of following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been I've been kind of following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been I've been kind of following the
+commentaries in NB little confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentaries in NB little confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentaries in NB little confusion
+about some questions when you're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some questions when you're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some questions when you're asked
+find an equation of motion is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an equation of motion is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an equation of motion is that the
+same thing as meaning find the mo you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as meaning find the mo you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as meaning find the mo you
+know solve the equation of motion no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know solve the equation of motion no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know solve the equation of motion no
+asking to find the equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking to find the equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking to find the equation of motion
+means get this far now if I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means get this far now if I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means get this far now if I want to know
+a solution for this pretty trivial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution for this pretty trivial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution for this pretty trivial in
+this case is going to look like cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is going to look like cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is going to look like cosine
+Omega T but uh then i' then You' I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T but uh then i' then You' I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T but uh then i' then You' I'd say
+solve that equation of motion okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that equation of motion okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that equation of motion okay now
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+see we also know let's just finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we also know let's just finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we also know let's just finish this
+that the summation of the forces on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the summation of the forces on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the summation of the forces on this
+main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main
+body in the y direction must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body in the y direction must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body in the y direction must be zero
+because it can't move no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration and from the free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and from the free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and from the free body
+diagram for that we can write that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for that we can write that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for that we can write that this
+is n in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MBG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus mg from the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+plus me omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus me omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus me omega
+SAR sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR sin Omega
+T just the other phase of this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T just the other phase of this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T just the other phase of this and the
+interesting thing here then is to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the force that it takes to hold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the force that it takes to hold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the force that it takes to hold this
+thing in place so you get MB + m *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in place so you get MB + m *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in place so you get MB + m *
+G plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G plus or
+minus that right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what's that so let's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's that so let's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's that so let's kind
+of look step back and look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look step back and look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look step back and look at these
+things and say what it what's it telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and say what it what's it telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and say what it what's it telling
+us so first of all just to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so first of all just to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so first of all just to keep this
+thing from moving up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from moving up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from moving up and
+down there's a there's a force on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there's a there's a force on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there's a there's a force on it
+that has to support its weight and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to support its weight and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to support its weight and it's
+the combined weight of whatever's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combined weight of whatever's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combined weight of whatever's inside
+that container the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that container the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that container the weight of the
+rotating mass and the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating mass and the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating mass and the weight of the
+object they have to be supported by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object they have to be supported by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object they have to be supported by a
+normal force which is this is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force which is this is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force which is this is a constant
+term weight down normal force up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term weight down normal force up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term weight down normal force up and
+around that constant force is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that constant force is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that constant force is an
+oscillating force me omega s sin Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating force me omega s sin Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating force me omega s sin Omega t
+e Omega s have you should recognize as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Omega s have you should recognize as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Omega s have you should recognize as a
+centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal
+acceleration mass times acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration mass times acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration mass times acceleration is
+a force and because it goes round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force and because it goes round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force and because it goes round and
+round it's you know when it's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round it's you know when it's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round it's you know when it's like this
+it's pulling up and when it's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pulling up and when it's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pulling up and when it's like this
+it's pulling down and when it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pulling down and when it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pulling down and when it's like
+this it's only going to the side so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's only going to the side so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's only going to the side so it
+have S Omega t for the vertical Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have S Omega t for the vertical Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have S Omega t for the vertical Parts
+cosine Omega t for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+horizontal and that's actually all there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and that's actually all there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and that's actually all there
+is to the shake that's all there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the shake that's all there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the shake that's all there is
+that's that's all the is to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all the is to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all the is to these
+shakers they're rotating Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakers they're rotating Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakers they're rotating Mass
+inside now what in the U homework from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside now what in the U homework from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside now what in the U homework from
+the second homework where you had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second homework where you had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second homework where you had this
+thing this ball running around inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this ball running around inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this ball running around inside
+where I posed the question in a way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I posed the question in a way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I posed the question in a way I
+didn't really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intend but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asked here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked here's the
+track and you had this roller going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and you had this roller going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and you had this roller going
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+inside and I asked to find the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and I asked to find the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and I asked to find the normal
+force that the track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that the track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that the track
+exerts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerts on the
+roller so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller so it's an
+unknown and there must also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and there must also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and there must also be a
+tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on this
+thing and there's also going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's also going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's also going to be this
+thing certainly has weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing certainly has weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing certainly has weight
+mg okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's so that's the complete free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's so that's the complete free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's so that's the complete free
+body diagram now if let's call if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body diagram now if let's call if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body diagram now if let's call if this
+is frictionless which it won't be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frictionless which it won't be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frictionless which it won't be in
+real reality but for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real reality but for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real reality but for the purposes of
+analysis let's say it's frictionless so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis let's say it's frictionless so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis let's say it's frictionless so
+it's only a normal force where does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a normal force where does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a normal force where does this
+tangential Force come from why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential Force come from why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential Force come from why is it
+there in this problem there's a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this problem there's a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this problem there's a key
+piece of information you're told and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information you're told and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information you're told and
+that is that the angular acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the angular acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the angular acceleration of
+this thing is constant it's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is constant it's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is constant it's constant
+speed going around if you had a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed going around if you had a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed going around if you had a B
+rolling around there at constant speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling around there at constant speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling around there at constant speed
+would it would it want to Would It Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would it want to Would It Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would it want to Would It Go
+constant if you just pushed it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if you just pushed it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if you just pushed it and it
+started rolling would slow down going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started rolling would slow down going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started rolling would slow down going up
+and it would speed up coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why gravity right so there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why gravity right so there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why gravity right so there must be
+something that has to overcome gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has to overcome gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has to overcome gravity
+going uphill and holding it back coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uphill and holding it back coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uphill and holding it back coming
+downhill so the way these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill so the way these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill so the way these things
+actually work is they've got ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work is they've got ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work is they've got ports
+pushing compressed air in here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing compressed air in here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing compressed air in here and this
+is driven around by compressed air and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven around by compressed air and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven around by compressed air and
+there's different there's a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different there's a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different there's a pressure
+difference between this side and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this side and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this side and that
+side and that generates the necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and that generates the necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and that generates the necessary
+tangential Force to make the thing go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential Force to make the thing go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential Force to make the thing go
+around and round but they're really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and round but they're really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and round but they're really easy
+to make you can imagine very few moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you can imagine very few moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you can imagine very few moving
+Parts just hook up a compressed air hose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts just hook up a compressed air hose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts just hook up a compressed air hose
+of that and it's just pushing a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and it's just pushing a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and it's just pushing a ball
+around the inside you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the inside you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the inside you get the same
+outcome okay so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh on this ball on this roller if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this ball on this roller if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this ball on this roller if there
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a we the problem that we just solved is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we the problem that we just solved is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we the problem that we just solved is
+we found FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found FM
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+Y and f m in the X and this problem said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and f m in the X and this problem said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and f m in the X and this problem said
+yeah but why can't we get the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but why can't we get the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but why can't we get the same thing
+but have those coordinates be F normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have those coordinates be F normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have those coordinates be F normal
+and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F
+tangential and sure that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential and sure that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential and sure that's just a
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+rotation so you can what can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so you can what can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so you can what can you say
+about these forces well one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these forces well one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these forces well one thing you
+could say is FN SAR plus ft^ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say is FN SAR plus ft^ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say is FN SAR plus ft^ s
+had better be equal to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better be equal to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better be equal to F
+MX2 Plus FM y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX2 Plus FM y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX2 Plus FM y^2
+right and then just like converting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then just like converting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then just like converting from
+Polar to cartisian coordinates you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar to cartisian coordinates you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar to cartisian coordinates you can
+do these conversions and you could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these conversions and you could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these conversions and you could find
+out for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for example that
+FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is keep my notation consistent here FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is keep my notation consistent here FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is keep my notation consistent here FN
+will be f m in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be f m in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be f m in the
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+cosine Omega T Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T Plus
+FM in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM in the y
+sin Omega T and so there's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega T and so there's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega T and so there's the answer
+that this is what you're asked for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what you're asked for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what you're asked for in
+that problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's now you need all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's now you need all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's now you need all you need
+to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about
+shakers if you if you're ever confronted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakers if you if you're ever confronted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakers if you if you're ever confronted
+with something like this you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like this you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like this you know what's
+the magnitude of the force that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the force that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the force that the
+Shaker puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little
+louder m R Omega squ but substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder m R Omega squ but substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder m R Omega squ but substitute for
+R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+eccentricity it's whatever that mass m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity it's whatever that mass m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity it's whatever that mass m
+length is out there that's spanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is out there that's spanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is out there that's spanding
+around me omega squ is the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around me omega squ is the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around me omega squ is the magnitude of
+the force and it's going to oscillate up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force and it's going to oscillate up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force and it's going to oscillate up
+and down and it's going to have gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down and it's going to have gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down and it's going to have gravity
+that it adds to but the important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it adds to but the important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it adds to but the important part
+is me omega squ it's a magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me omega squ it's a magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me omega squ it's a magnitude of the
+force okay we're going to now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force okay we're going to now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force okay we're going to now we're
+going to move on to the next topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to the next topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to the next topic and
+the next topic is mass moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic is mass moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic is mass moments of
+inertia and it has a strong connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia and it has a strong connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia and it has a strong connection
+to these and I'm going to use this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these and I'm going to use this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these and I'm going to use this kind
+of analysis as the transition to talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis as the transition to talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis as the transition to talking
+about moments of inertia moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moments of inertia moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moments of inertia moments of
+inertia and products of inertia so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia and products of inertia so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia and products of inertia so any
+final questions about this before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final questions about this before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final questions about this before we go
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah why did I include mg mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why did I include mg mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why did I include mg mg
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+oh this is a yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and where's my free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and where's my free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and where's my free body
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+it has it on it right and he just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has it on it right and he just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has it on it right and he just didn't
+get it down into the into the and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it down into the into the and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it down into the into the and what
+direction is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in okay because then we did it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay because then we did it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay because then we did it back
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um back in the last line for the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back in the last line for the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back in the last line for the Y
+component now does it appear in this com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component now does it appear in this com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component now does it appear in this com
+in this one this equation at all has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one this equation at all has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one this equation at all has
+absolutely nothing to do with it gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing to do with it gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing to do with it gravity
+is in the J J hat Direction This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the J J hat Direction This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the J J hat Direction This is a
+force equation in the I hat but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force equation in the I hat but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force equation in the I hat but it does
+appear in that normal tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in that normal tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in that normal tangential
+expression when if you go look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when if you go look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when if you go look at the
+solution for that problem because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for that problem because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for that problem because it has
+components in both the I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in both the I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in both the I and J
+directions and so it'll it'll show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and so it'll it'll show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and so it'll it'll show up
+gravity will show up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity will show up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity will show up in this
+expression right through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right through this
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+bottom yep you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom yep you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom yep you
+have mgus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mgus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mgus
+mg I don't understand where that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg I don't understand where that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg I don't understand where that last
+plus came from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I this is zero yes I left the N where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is zero yes I left the N where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is zero yes I left the N where it
+was and moved everything to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and moved everything to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and moved everything to the other
+side yes so this be that plus becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to
+the okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which right and from what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which right and from what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which right and from what I can
+understand you just move that force over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you just move that force over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you just move that force over
+to the large Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H they should be should be minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H they should be should be minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H they should be should be minus this
+thing the summation here this force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the summation here this force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the summation here this force is
+minus the little Mass Force so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the little Mass Force so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the little Mass Force so that
+ought to become a plus and a plus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to become a plus and a plus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to become a plus and a plus right
+and so if I do that carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I do that carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I do that carefully
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+okay but this one's got appears to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this one's got appears to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this one's got appears to have
+a sign problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign problem
+right um but these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but these two
+terms have got to be the same and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms have got to be the same and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms have got to be the same and so
+I've got a mistake somewhere and rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a mistake somewhere and rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a mistake somewhere and rather
+than spend 10 minutes fixing it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than spend 10 minutes fixing it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than spend 10 minutes fixing it on the
+Fly take I'll take note of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this should be okay that in makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this should be okay that in makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this should be okay that in makes
+sense too I just don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah ah wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah ah wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah ah wait a second
+minus no no I'm not going to try to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus no no I'm not going to try to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus no no I'm not going to try to fix
+it right now I made it so I made a know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now I made it so I made a know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now I made it so I made a know
+slip in my notes somewhere but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip in my notes somewhere but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip in my notes somewhere but I will
+repair that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is constant or the angular velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is constant or the angular velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is constant or the angular velocity
+is constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant right
+acceleration is going to be Conant which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is going to be Conant which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is going to be Conant which
+means that the that's driven by the mot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the that's driven by the mot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the that's driven by the mot
+is going to be changing to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be changing to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be changing to account for
+Gravity so doesn't isn't gravity like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity so doesn't isn't gravity like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity so doesn't isn't gravity like
+taken into account if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Conant I yeah okay I but so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant I yeah okay I but so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant I yeah okay I but so you're
+asking if gravity is not taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if gravity is not taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if gravity is not taken into
+account somehow by that rotating thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account somehow by that rotating thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account somehow by that rotating thought
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gravitational force that is on the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force that is on the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force that is on the main
+mass that comes from the little Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that comes from the little Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that comes from the little Mass
+certainly has to pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has to pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has to pass through the
+rod right it's got to be contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod right it's got to be contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod right it's got to be contained in
+the forces in the connecting rod so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces in the connecting rod so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces in the connecting rod so it's
+definitely there but the the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely there but the the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely there but the the force
+that's caused that causes a centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's caused that causes a centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's caused that causes a centripetal
+acceleration of that rotating Mass has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that rotating Mass has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that rotating Mass has
+is completely independent of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely independent of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely independent of gravity
+with or without gravity it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or without gravity it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or without gravity it takes a
+particular Force to make that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Force to make that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Force to make that thing
+travel in a circular path and that's M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in a circular path and that's M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in a circular path and that's M
+minus Mr R Theta do 2ar always yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Mr R Theta do 2ar always yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Mr R Theta do 2ar always yep so
+doesn't that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that on which expression this one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on which expression this one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on which expression this one okay
+this is the total forces on the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the total forces on the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the total forces on the little
+Mass we got from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need to back up to here the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to back up to here the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to back up to here the total
+forces are mass times the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces are mass times the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces are mass times the acceleration
+of the main body it's connected to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main body it's connected to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main body it's connected to plus
+the mass times the acceleration of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass times the acceleration of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass times the acceleration of B
+with respect to a so we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a so we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a so we have to have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+term and we then go into our four terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we then go into our four terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we then go into our four terms
+here and find there's only one left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and find there's only one left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and find there's only one left
+so that's the force exerted on the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the force exerted on the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the force exerted on the small
+mass by the rod and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass by the rod and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass by the rod and that is
+positive MX do minus Mr Theta do^ 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive MX do minus Mr Theta do^ 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive MX do minus Mr Theta do^ 2 so
+we sum the forces on that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sum the forces on that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sum the forces on that little
+Mass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass it
+is got to be equal to ah I know where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is got to be equal to ah I know where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is got to be equal to ah I know where we
+made a mistake we so we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake we so we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake we so we've just
+discovered our mistake this has got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered our mistake this has got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered our mistake this has got to
+be equal to mass times the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to mass times the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to mass times the acceleration
+and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the
+forces the summation of the forces is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the summation of the forces is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the summation of the forces is
+mass times acceleration so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times acceleration so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times acceleration so that's the
+acceleration is this plus this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is this plus this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is this plus this but the
+sum of the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the know the problem here is I've used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the know the problem here is I've used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the know the problem here is I've used a
+notation where it's this is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where it's this is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where it's this is very similar
+looking to the forces that I've noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to the forces that I've noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to the forces that I've noted
+here so this is the actual force in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the actual force in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the actual force in the
+y direction J hat plus the actual force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction J hat plus the actual force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction J hat plus the actual force
+in the X Direction I hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction I hat minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction I hat minus
+mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I so when I solve for the I component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so when I solve for the I component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so when I solve for the I component
+I'm going to get the I pieces of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get the I pieces of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get the I pieces of that
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MGI I mean excuse the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component should it be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the J component will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the J component will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the J component will have this
+piece time sin Omega t with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece time sin Omega t with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece time sin Omega t with a
+minus and you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and you move the
+mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+J to to that side and it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J to to that side and it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J to to that side and it becomes a
+plus all right that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense the rod has to hold up the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the rod has to hold up the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the rod has to hold up the weight
+of that little Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that little Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that little Mass
+right the weight's down but the rod has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the weight's down but the rod has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the weight's down but the rod has
+to push up on it in the y direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push up on it in the y direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push up on it in the y direction so
+the force the rod it pushes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force the rod it pushes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force the rod it pushes on the
+little Mass has got to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Mass has got to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Mass has got to be equal to the
+weight of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the small
+Mass minus this m Omega squ term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass minus this m Omega squ term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass minus this m Omega squ term which
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+centripetal is the force necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal is the force necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal is the force necessary to
+create the centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the centripetal
+acceleration Okay so we've got this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed this term
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the minus that force is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the minus that force is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the minus that force is then
+the force on the main body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+plus now I've got to figure out what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now I've got to figure out what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now I've got to figure out what we
+I did wrong here we're we said we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did wrong here we're we said we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did wrong here we're we said we were
+doing what I said I wasn't going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what I said I wasn't going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what I said I wasn't going to do
+we're on the Fly trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the Fly trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the Fly trying to figure out
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay you're happy now good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay you're happy now good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay you're happy now good
+okay all right we're going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation right fair enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep this is just minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep this is just minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep this is just minus
+F well this is the on the little Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F well this is the on the little Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F well this is the on the little Mass
+this is the force on the little Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the force on the little Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the force on the little Mass
+from the freeb diagram right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh helps dist and that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helps dist and that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helps dist and that's different
+from the summation one here okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the summation one here okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the summation one here okay all
+right I think we got to start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think we got to start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think we got to start it
+out now do we have will use this uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now do we have will use this uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now do we have will use this uh I've
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+on the Stellar website under readings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Stellar website under readings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Stellar website under readings a
+little onepage thing called moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little onepage thing called moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little onepage thing called moments of
+inertia it's a it's it's two pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia it's a it's it's two pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia it's a it's it's two pages of
+information taken from the Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information taken from the Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information taken from the Williams
+textbook on Dynamics and I'm just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook on Dynamics and I'm just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook on Dynamics and I'm just kind
+of show you it's going to show some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show you it's going to show some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show you it's going to show some of
+what I'm going to put on the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to put on the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to put on the board and
+especially the detailed stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the detailed stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the detailed stuff that you
+don't have to copy okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to copy okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to copy okay we're going to
+come up some expressions for angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up some expressions for angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up some expressions for angular
+momentum in terms of particles and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in terms of particles and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in terms of particles and their
+positions and we're this is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and we're this is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and we're this is now the
+subject of mass and moments of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of mass and moments of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of mass and moments of inertia
+and products of inertia and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products of inertia and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products of inertia and I'm going to
+put some of these equations on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some of these equations on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some of these equations on the board
+you don't have to copy them all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to copy them all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to copy them all these
+all these Expressions become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Expressions become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Expressions become the
+definitions of mass moments of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of mass moments of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of mass moments of inertia
+and products of inertia and if you drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products of inertia and if you drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products of inertia and if you drop
+down one La last little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one La last little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one La last little
+bit we come up with an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit we come up with an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit we come up with an expression for
+angular momentum three Vector components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum three Vector components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum three Vector components
+look like I XX Omega X Plus iix y Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like I XX Omega X Plus iix y Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like I XX Omega X Plus iix y Omega
+Y and so forth and the the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so forth and the the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so forth and the the these
+components in terms of particle masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in terms of particle masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in terms of particle masses
+and positions are defined in these final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positions are defined in these final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positions are defined in these final
+equations so we're going to make that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so we're going to make that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so we're going to make that so
+I'm going to tell you what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you what I'm going to
+tell you we're going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you we're going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you we're going to make the
+transition from ma from dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from ma from dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from ma from dealing with
+particles and angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and angular momentum of
+particles to angular momentum of rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to angular momentum of rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to angular momentum of rigid
+bodies okay and I in my own experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies okay and I in my own experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies okay and I in my own experience
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is something that is generally done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is generally done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is generally done
+badly and I'm going to try to do it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly and I'm going to try to do it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly and I'm going to try to do it well
+okay I'm going to try to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to try to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to try to give you an
+intuitive understanding of why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of why we have
+these diagonal terms called the moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagonal terms called the moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagonal terms called the moments
+of inertia and what they're useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia and what they're useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia and what they're useful for
+and why these off diagonal terms called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why these off diagonal terms called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why these off diagonal terms called
+products of Atia turn up and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of Atia turn up and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of Atia turn up and what they
+actually mean when I was taught this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean when I was taught this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean when I was taught this
+stuff I never got a gut feeling for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I never got a gut feeling for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I never got a gut feeling for why
+or what the off diagonal terms meant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what the off diagonal terms meant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what the off diagonal terms meant you
+don't know it but we've been using them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it but we've been using them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it but we've been using them
+and I'll tell you the answer the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you the answer the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you the answer the answer
+is that when we have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like well the one the motorcycle problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well the one the motorcycle problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well the one the motorcycle problem
+is this that we were talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this that we were talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this that we were talking about is
+this basically here's the motorcycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically here's the motorcycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically here's the motorcycle
+wheel spinning around and round and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel spinning around and round and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel spinning around and round and it
+has these two masses this is set up B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these two masses this is set up B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these two masses this is set up B so
+one little Mass was off to the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little Mass was off to the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little Mass was off to the side of
+the rim a bit and the other mass is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rim a bit and the other mass is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rim a bit and the other mass is off
+to the side I think it yeah in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side I think it yeah in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side I think it yeah in the
+picture it looked like this here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it looked like this here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it looked like this here's the
+AAL motorcycle Forks would be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL motorcycle Forks would be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL motorcycle Forks would be coming
+down like this had these two little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like this had these two little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like this had these two little
+masses Ace you know equal distance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses Ace you know equal distance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses Ace you know equal distance but
+opposite sides from one another now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sides from one another now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sides from one another now if
+this spins it puts a heck of a wobble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spins it puts a heck of a wobble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spins it puts a heck of a wobble
+into this thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this thing okay
+and it's these it's these this puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's these it's these this puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's these it's these this puts a
+moment about this point it tries to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment about this point it tries to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment about this point it tries to make
+this thing Rock back and forth as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing Rock back and forth as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing Rock back and forth as it's
+spinning it's really hard to hold here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning it's really hard to hold here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning it's really hard to hold here
+you hold the axle here and now you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold the axle here and now you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold the axle here and now you got
+to do it so you don't get hit by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so you don't get hit by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so you don't get hit by the
+there you go now tell me if you feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go now tell me if you feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go now tell me if you feel a
+moment it's really hard to keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's really hard to keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's really hard to keep that
+thing from straight right well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from straight right well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from straight right well that's
+what it's trying to do to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's trying to do to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's trying to do to that
+motorcycle wheel all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle wheel all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle wheel all
+right okay for this problem those I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay for this problem those I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay for this problem those I
+those off diagonal terms the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those off diagonal terms the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those off diagonal terms the products of
+inertia are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia are not
+zero okay the product of inertia terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay the product of inertia terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay the product of inertia terms
+cause these things called Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause these things called Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause these things called Dynamic
+imbalances it causes there to be angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalances it causes there to be angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalances it causes there to be angular
+M makes the angular momentum terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M makes the angular momentum terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M makes the angular momentum terms
+instead of the angular momentum being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the angular momentum being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the angular momentum being
+aligned with the axis of rotation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the axis of rotation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the axis of rotation the
+rotation Vector it's pointed off in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Vector it's pointed off in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Vector it's pointed off in this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+anytime that happens you anytime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime that happens you anytime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime that happens you anytime the
+angular momentum vector and the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum vector and the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum vector and the rotation
+Vector are not aligned you will have off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector are not aligned you will have off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector are not aligned you will have off
+diagonal terms and you will have Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms and you will have Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms and you will have Dynamic
+imbalance okay so there's a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance okay so there's a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance okay so there's a physical
+consequence of those off diagonal terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of those off diagonal terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of those off diagonal terms
+and they explain the dynamic imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they explain the dynamic imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they explain the dynamic imbalance
+so let's see if we can't make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if we can't make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if we can't make some
+uh some Headway on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some Headway on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some Headway on
+that okay you've seen the rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases one that looks like that which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one that looks like that which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one that looks like that which I
+just had set up a second ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one looks like that call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one looks like that call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one looks like that call this
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the in the both cases the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the in the both cases the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the in the both cases the rotation
+is around a vertical axis and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around a vertical axis and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around a vertical axis and it's
+constant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and
+I I just mean these to be two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just mean these to be two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just mean these to be two different
+cases let me make it lower case so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let me make it lower case so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let me make it lower case so to
+confuse it with my coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse it with my coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse it with my coordinate system
+notation this is going to be point a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is going to be point a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is going to be point a in
+this in both of these problems and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in both of these problems and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in both of these problems and it's
+there's going to it's going to be the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to it's going to be the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to it's going to be the or
+origin of a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so if you cause this to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if you cause this to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if you cause this to spin
+these are these both have U did I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these both have U did I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these both have U did I write
+these masses as M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+well for just for a moment let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for just for a moment let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for just for a moment let's just
+think of these as being equal masses if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as being equal masses if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as being equal masses if
+you do this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this problem
+this do you think this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do you think this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do you think this one will
+wobble no it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobble no it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobble no it's perfectly
+balanced and it'll just spin nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and it'll just spin nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and it'll just spin nice and
+smoothly it has angular momentum around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly it has angular momentum around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly it has angular momentum around
+the Z axis the Omega axis it has angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z axis the Omega axis it has angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z axis the Omega axis it has angular
+momentum in that direction certainly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in that direction certainly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in that direction certainly we
+can calculate it this one has masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate it this one has masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate it this one has masses
+same mass same distance away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mass same distance away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mass same distance away from this
+axis but now one up and one down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but now one up and one down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but now one up and one down this
+one wobbles and this one but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wobbles and this one but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wobbles and this one but this one
+has a component of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a component of angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a component of angular momentum
+that's in this direction which exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this direction which exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this direction which exactly
+equal to this one but this one also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this one but this one also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this one but this one also has
+a component that's that's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a component that's that's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a component that's that's in this
+direction and we're going to figure look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and we're going to figure look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and we're going to figure look
+take a look and see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so we're going to do this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we're going to do this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we're going to do this problem
+here let's let's we going to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B this case b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this case b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this case b
+and here's the goal the goal is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the goal the goal is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the goal the goal is to show
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular
+momentum of this system with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this system with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this system with respect to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point can be
+written as a matrix with constants in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a matrix with constants in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a matrix with constants in it
+which we call the mass moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call the mass moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call the mass moment of inertia
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a
+vector the vector component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the vector component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the vector component
+of the rotation rate now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rotation rate now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rotation rate now this
+problem the u z axis will be upwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the u z axis will be upwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the u z axis will be upwards and
+will only have one component one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only have one component one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only have one component one
+non-zero component but in general we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero component but in general we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero component but in general we
+want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to
+express the angular momentum as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the angular momentum as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the angular momentum as a
+product of this inertia Matrix and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of this inertia Matrix and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of this inertia Matrix and these
+are the inertias we'll find out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the inertias we'll find out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the inertias we'll find out with
+respect to a times a vector of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a times a vector of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a times a vector of angular
+velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities
+we've got to be very careful about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to be very careful about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to be very careful about some
+definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's so we're going to do this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so we're going to do this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so we're going to do this specific
+problem but it has we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it has we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it has we're going to use
+methods that are completely General so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are completely General so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are completely General so I
+want to describe the general problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the general problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the general problem
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+inertial coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial coordinate system
+fixed here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body out here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body out here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body out here in
+space and it is rotating about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it is rotating about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it is rotating about some
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a so 01 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so 01 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so 01 and the
+rotation Vector the angular rotation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Vector the angular rotation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Vector the angular rotation is
+some omega and it's just in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some omega and it's just in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some omega and it's just in some
+direction and that Omega is with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that Omega is with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that Omega is with respect
+we always in these angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always in these angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always in these angular momentum
+problems define rotation rate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems define rotation rate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems define rotation rate with
+respect to an inertial coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to an inertial coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to an inertial coordinate
+system okay now this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a so first carefully Define a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so first carefully Define a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so first carefully Define a is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so is it an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point yeah and any you can do Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point yeah and any you can do Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point yeah and any you can do Newton's
+Laws from this point just as well as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laws from this point just as well as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laws from this point just as well as you
+could any fixed any fixed point in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could any fixed any fixed point in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could any fixed any fixed point in this
+inertial reference frame is an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial reference frame is an inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial reference frame is an inertial
+point and you can use Newton's Laws so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you can use Newton's Laws so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you can use Newton's Laws so
+this is a fixed point I'm defining it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fixed point I'm defining it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fixed point I'm defining it
+that way this body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way this body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way this body is
+rotating about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about that
+point with this angular rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with this angular rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with this angular rate
+okay but attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but attached to the
+body is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh coordinate system that rotates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coordinate system that rotates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coordinate system that rotates with
+the body so this will be some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body so this will be some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body so this will be some a
+XYZ coordinate system attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ coordinate system attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ coordinate system attached to the
+body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so
+it's like this problem where I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this problem where I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this problem where I've got a
+a coordinate system attached to my wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coordinate system attached to my wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coordinate system attached to my wheel
+there's X here's y maybe Z coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's X here's y maybe Z coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's X here's y maybe Z coming out of
+it and in really simple case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in really simple case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in really simple case it's
+rotating around the z-axis but I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating around the z-axis but I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating around the z-axis but I could
+say I could make it rotate around some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I could make it rotate around some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I could make it rotate around some
+other axis I pushed a nail through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other axis I pushed a nail through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other axis I pushed a nail through here
+and I'm trying to hold it constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to hold it constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to hold it constant here
+and now it's rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's rotating
+about a different axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a different axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a different axis
+right same rotation rate but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same rotation rate but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same rotation rate but you know
+it's not necessarily it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily it doesn't have to
+be lined up in any pretty way I gu if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lined up in any pretty way I gu if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lined up in any pretty way I gu if I
+make that thing rotate around that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that thing rotate around that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that thing rotate around that other
+axis it looks weird but we can Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it looks weird but we can Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it looks weird but we can Define it
+and that's what we're talking about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're talking about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're talking about here
+so this body is rotating around some has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this body is rotating around some has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this body is rotating around some has
+some rotation rate with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rotation rate with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rotation rate with respect to a
+reference frame attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XYZ is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame I can't got make this go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+okay and not I'm I've drawn them a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and not I'm I've drawn them a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and not I'm I've drawn them a kind
+of funny angles here just to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funny angles here just to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funny angles here just to emphasize
+that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not
+necessarily lined up with these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily lined up with these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily lined up with these and
+they're and it's can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're and it's can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're and it's can
+rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to emphasize it's always in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize it's always in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize it's always in the
+inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+okay in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the last
+point which will get may be confusing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which will get may be confusing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which will get may be confusing to
+start with Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Omega
+measured with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expressed in terms of the a XY Z unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors okay we're GNA do that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay we're GNA do that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay we're GNA do that turns out
+it vastly simplifies the problem to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it vastly simplifies the problem to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it vastly simplifies the problem to to
+express the rotation in the unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the rotation in the unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the rotation in the unit vectors
+of the frame attached to the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame attached to the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame attached to the body
+remember that frame is still f it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that frame is still f it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that frame is still f it has
+it's its origin a is at a fixed point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its origin a is at a fixed point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its origin a is at a fixed point in
+the inertial frame so it's just a ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial frame so it's just a ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial frame so it's just a ro
+systems going around and you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems going around and you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems going around and you can in
+there inside of that system you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there inside of that system you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there inside of that system you have
+a rotation and you can break it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation and you can break it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation and you can break it down
+into little XYZ components just a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little XYZ components just a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little XYZ components just a vector
+and you can express it in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can express it in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can express it in those
+components that's all we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now I want to look into I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I want to look into I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I want to look into I want to
+do the motorcycle problem I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the motorcycle problem I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the motorcycle problem I'm going to
+turn it on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it on its
+side and the reason I'm going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the reason I'm going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the reason I'm going to do this
+specific example is the Hope here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example is the Hope here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example is the Hope here is to
+actually now give you a physical feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now give you a physical feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now give you a physical feeling
+what for what's going on we've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for what's going on we've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for what's going on we've done a
+lot of a lot of illustrations of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of illustrations of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of illustrations of it and
+you know that it produces imbalances so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it produces imbalances so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it produces imbalances so
+here's my Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my Z
+axis and my rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate Omega with respect to O is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate Omega with respect to O is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate Omega with respect to O is some
+omega in the K hat Direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega in the K hat Direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega in the K hat Direction in the
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+frame and in my in this case I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and in my in this case I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and in my in this case I'm going
+to uh it's going to be simpler than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh it's going to be simpler than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh it's going to be simpler than the
+general case so that we can do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case so that we can do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case so that we can do it in a
+reasonable length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable length of
+time so actually is here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rod here's my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a this is my coordinate system a XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is my coordinate system a XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is my coordinate system a XY
+Z okay so this is now in attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so this is now in attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so this is now in attached to the
+body my body is my rigid body is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body my body is my rigid body is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body my body is my rigid body is a
+massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless
+rod with two masses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod with two masses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod with two masses on
+it okay and this distance this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X going that way will be a y which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X going that way will be a y which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X going that way will be a y which we
+have little use of there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have little use of there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have little use of there's nothing
+happening in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in that
+direction so this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so this distance
+here I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll call
+X1 this distance here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 this distance here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 this distance here is
+Z1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is
+Z2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 and
+X2 now we're going to make this pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 now we're going to make this pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 now we're going to make this pro
+it'll we'll substitute in numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll we'll substitute in numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll we'll substitute in numbers so
+this is symmetric so X2 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is symmetric so X2 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is symmetric so X2 is going to be
+minus X1 and so forth but we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X1 and so forth but we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X1 and so forth but we don't have
+to do we don't I want to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we don't I want to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we don't I want to keep them
+separate for the moment so you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate for the moment so you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate for the moment so you see what
+happens two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens two different
+terms okay so that defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so the the coordinates of we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the the coordinates of we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the the coordinates of we'll
+call this Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this Mass
+M1 going to keep this a little general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 going to keep this a little general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 going to keep this a little general
+for a moment and this is M2 so M1 is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment and this is M2 so M1 is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment and this is M2 so M1 is at
+the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+i 0 and Z1 K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i 0 and Z1 K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i 0 and Z1 K and
+M2 is at X2 i z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 is at X2 i z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 is at X2 i z and
+Z2 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just points in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just points in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just points in a
+plane and I want now to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the angular
+momentum of this object with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this object with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this object with respect to
+point a remember we comput angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a remember we comput angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a remember we comput angular
+momentum with respect to points so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with respect to points so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with respect to points so I'm
+going to do it with respect to point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it with respect to point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it with respect to point a
+and that's going to be the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be the sum of the
+angular momentum of mass one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of mass one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of mass one with
+respect to a plus the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a plus the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a plus the angular momentum
+of Mass 2 with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the angular momentum of any particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the angular momentum of any particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the angular momentum of any particle
+I with respect to a is R cross P right R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with respect to a is R cross P right R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with respect to a is R cross P right R
+cross the linear momentum so it's r i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the linear momentum so it's r i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the linear momentum so it's r i
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+a cross p i now the P this is the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross p i now the P this is the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross p i now the P this is the m
+momentum of the particle that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the particle that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the particle that's always
+with respect to what kind of frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to what kind of frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to what kind of frame
+when you compute angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compute angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compute angular
+momentum must be the inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum must be the inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum must be the inertial frame
+right so you know technically to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know technically to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know technically to start
+with just remind you of that we'd say o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just remind you of that we'd say o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just remind you of that we'd say o
+but we've already said that our a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've already said that our a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've already said that our a is a
+fixed point in inertial frame so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point in inertial frame so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point in inertial frame so it's
+okay to write r i with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to write r i with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to write r i with respect to
+a cross in this case pii with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross in this case pii with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross in this case pii with respect to
+a they're the same thing these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they're the same thing these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they're the same thing these two
+things are exactly the same thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are exactly the same thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are exactly the same thing the
+momentum measured at any two fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum measured at any two fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum measured at any two fixed
+points in an inertial frame is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in an inertial frame is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in an inertial frame is the same
+doesn't matter where you're me measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where you're me measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where you're me measuring
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we know that P I with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we know that P I with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we know that P I with respect
+to a now we'll call it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a now we'll call it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a now we'll call it is the
+mass I times the velocity of I with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I times the velocity of I with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I times the velocity of I with
+respect to a right that's just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a right that's just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a right that's just that's
+just ordinary linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum so I need an expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so I need an expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so I need an expression for the
+velocity of I with respect to a any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so these are fixed now these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so these are fixed now these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so these are fixed now these are
+fixed length things the velocity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed length things the velocity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed length things the velocity of a
+moving point is just the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving point is just the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving point is just the derivative of
+the position Vector but you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position Vector but you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position Vector but you have this
+little some this equation some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little some this equation some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little some this equation some people
+call the transport equation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the transport equation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the transport equation so the
+length of this thing's not changing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this thing's not changing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this thing's not changing any
+so it's just going to have one term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just going to have one term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just going to have one term in
+it so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Velocity in Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation Omega cross all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+right and this could also all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this could also all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this could also all right
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors and because I can say that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and because I can say that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and because I can say that then
+I can say hi I with respect to a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say hi I with respect to a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say hi I with respect to a is
+MI r i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MI r i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MI r i
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+cross Omega with respect to O cross r i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Omega with respect to O cross r i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Omega with respect to O cross r i
+with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+so any rigid body so here's the here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any rigid body so here's the here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any rigid body so here's the here's
+the link now here's a jump from IND from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link now here's a jump from IND from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link now here's a jump from IND from
+points particles to rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points particles to rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points particles to rigid
+bodies any rigid body is made up of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies any rigid body is made up of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies any rigid body is made up of a
+whole mass of particles connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mass of particles connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mass of particles connected
+rigidly together no relative motion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigidly together no relative motion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigidly together no relative motion but
+whole mass of particles so I can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mass of particles so I can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mass of particles so I can compute
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+momentum of a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a rigid
+body as the summation over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body as the summation over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body as the summation over all the
+little particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particles in
+it Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i r i a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i r i a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i r i a
+cross Omega with respect to O cross r i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Omega with respect to O cross r i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Omega with respect to O cross r i
+a just that just sum them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just that just sum them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just that just sum them all
+up and when you have continuous bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and when you have continuous bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and when you have continuous bodies
+these summations turn into in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these summations turn into in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these summations turn into in
+so you'll find definitions for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll find definitions for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll find definitions for you know
+like there's a mass moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a mass moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a mass moment of inertia
+about this axis of this wheel and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this axis of this wheel and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this axis of this wheel and it
+gets mr^ 2 over two and it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets mr^ 2 over two and it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets mr^ 2 over two and it comes
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+uh and that's the number that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the number that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the number that you have
+to multiply by Omega to get the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by Omega to get the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by Omega to get the angular
+momentum so it comes from summing up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so it comes from summing up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so it comes from summing up all
+these little particles in this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little particles in this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little particles in this thing is
+the total momentum angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total momentum angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total momentum angular momentum of
+the object all right let's do that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object all right let's do that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object all right let's do that we're
+going to do that for our two little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that for our two little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that for our two little
+masses here and see what kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops so I want to get my H with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so I want to get my H with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so I want to get my H with respect
+to a is a sum of H1 with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a is a sum of H1 with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a is a sum of H1 with respect to a
+plus H2 with respect to a and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus H2 with respect to a and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus H2 with respect to a and I'm just
+going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so it's
+M1 so if I were just work out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 so if I were just work out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 so if I were just work out that
+little Vector products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Vector products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Vector products
+there M1 here's r i a it's X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there M1 here's r i a it's X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there M1 here's r i a it's X1
+I plus Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus Z1
+K cross Omega z k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross X1 I + Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross X1 I + Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross X1 I + Z1
+K okay and then I have a second term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and then I have a second term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and then I have a second term the
+M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+x2i plus Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Omega
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k X2 I + Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k X2 I + Z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k X2 I + Z2
+K so just a lot of little Vector terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so just a lot of little Vector terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so just a lot of little Vector terms
+that that is that expression for our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is that expression for our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is that expression for our two
+little particles in with their specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particles in with their specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particles in with their specific
+positions at X1 and Z1 and X2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z2 so if I multiply all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 so if I multiply all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 so if I multiply all that
+out then I'll get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then I'll get the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then I'll get the following
+result that H with respect to a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+M1 X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 X1
+squared Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Omega
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus
+M1 X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 X1
+Z1 Omega Z in the I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction plus an
+M2 x 2^ 2 Omega z k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 x 2^ 2 Omega z k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 x 2^ 2 Omega z k
+a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+M2 X2 Z2 Omega Z in the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 X2 Z2 Omega Z in the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 X2 Z2 Omega Z in the I
+Direction so this is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this is the angular
+momentum of particle one this is angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of particle one this is angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of particle one this is angular
+momentum of particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and I'm going to do a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case in the special case I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+M1 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 =
+M2 = m/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 = m/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 = m/
+2 so they'll just sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so they'll just sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so they'll just sum to
+M and X1 = Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and X1 = Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and X1 = Min -
+X2 and Z1 = minus Z2 so because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and Z1 = minus Z2 so because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and Z1 = minus Z2 so because that's
+so they're nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're nice
+and symmetrically opposite like drawn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symmetrically opposite like drawn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symmetrically opposite like drawn in
+the picture but I'm making them equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture but I'm making them equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture but I'm making them equal
+masses and equal distances on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and equal distances on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and equal distances on either
+side of the origin right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the origin right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the origin right and that's
+going to make this thing simplify quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make this thing simplify quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make this thing simplify quite
+a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of the
+form this angular momentum Vector is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this angular momentum Vector is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this angular momentum Vector is of
+the form has three Vector components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form has three Vector components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form has three Vector components in
+this particular case this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case this one's
+zero and we call the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we call the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we call the first component
+this one the this one here will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the this one here will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the this one here will be
+HX and this one here is clearly h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX and this one here is clearly h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX and this one here is clearly h
+Z the component in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the component in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the component in the Z Direction
+okay and if we draw here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system here's our coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system the coordinate system attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the coordinate system attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the coordinate system attached to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body it has a z component of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it has a z component of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it has a z component of angular
+momentum positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum positive
+upwards and it has an X component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards and it has an X component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards and it has an X component of
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+momentum in the minus Direction like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the minus Direction like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the minus Direction like
+that and you add them together you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you add them together you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you add them together you get
+that so this is H with respect to a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is H with respect to a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is H with respect to a this
+is h z this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+HX okay now we've we've found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX okay now we've we've found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX okay now we've we've found this
+before and when we we didn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and when we we didn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and when we we didn't talk
+anything about moments of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about moments of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about moments of inertia
+anything we're just dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we're just dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we're just dealing with
+particles earlier as we did problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles earlier as we did problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles earlier as we did problems we
+found out that when you have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that when you have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that when you have this kind
+of unbalanced the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unbalanced the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unbalanced the direction of the
+angular momentum Vector is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum Vector is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum Vector is not in the
+same direction as the rotation Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction as the rotation Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction as the rotation Vector in
+this case the rotation is Omega z k it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the rotation is Omega z k it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the rotation is Omega z k it's
+like that the vector is going around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the vector is going around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the vector is going around it
+angular momentum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in general You' write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general You' write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general You' write
+HX General this General case and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX General this General case and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX General this General case and this is
+what you can pull off this little two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can pull off this little two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can pull off this little two
+sheet handout that you can that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet handout that you can that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet handout that you can that you can
+download and have to copy everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download and have to copy everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download and have to copy everything
+this is going to look like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to look like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to look like an
+ixx Omega X Plus IX y Omega y + I XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixx Omega X Plus IX y Omega y + I XZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixx Omega X Plus IX y Omega y + I XZ
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z so if we look at that and we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so if we look at that and we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so if we look at that and we look at
+this this particular case the HX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular case the HX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular case the HX
+term is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so and this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression for HX and in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for HX and in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for HX and in this particular
+case that will look like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that will look like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that will look like uh
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+m x 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x 1
+Z1 Omega Z and it's this is the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 Omega Z and it's this is the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 Omega Z and it's this is the piece
+that's in the I Direction that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the I Direction that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the I Direction that's why we
+call it HX and this is uh this is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it HX and this is uh this is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it HX and this is uh this is then
+I X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I X
+Z Omega Z so this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Omega Z so this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Omega Z so this piece
+here is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what we call
+ixz it's where it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from and we can write it so this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and we can write it so this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and we can write it so this is in
+this this is our spe this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is our spe this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is our spe this is our
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case we get this result and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we get this result and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we get this result and we find
+there's H in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's H in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's H in uh
+h y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h y is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mx12 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mx12 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mx12 Omega
+Z Omega Z and that's got to be of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Omega Z and that's got to be of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Omega Z and that's got to be of the
+form I ZZ Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z Now what how do you remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Now what how do you remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Now what how do you remember what the
+subscripts mean ixz means this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts mean ixz means this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts mean ixz means this is the
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+component and this is the RO Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and this is the RO Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and this is the RO Omega
+component it's multiplied by so ixz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component it's multiplied by so ixz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component it's multiplied by so ixz is
+the product of inertia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of inertia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of inertia for
+HX cause that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX cause that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX cause that's related to
+rotation in the the Z component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in the the Z component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in the the Z component of
+rotation that's what the subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that's what the subscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that's what the subscripts
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and maybe I'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in general we can if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we can if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we can if you know the
+what these constants are for your rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these constants are for your rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these constants are for your rigid
+body and you know your rotation rate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and you know your rotation rate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and you know your rotation rate you
+instantly know your angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly know your angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly know your angle
+momentum and these things the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and these things the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and these things the products
+and moments of inertia are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moments of inertia are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moments of inertia are basically
+cataly LED you find them in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataly LED you find them in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataly LED you find them in the back of
+your textbook for all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook for all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook for all sorts of different
+objects so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so I know
+that for motion rotate uh the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for motion rotate uh the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for motion rotate uh the if you
+have Z in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction and this thing rotating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this thing rotating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this thing rotating around
+Z HZ is the total mass of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z HZ is the total mass of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z HZ is the total mass of the system
+times the radius squar divid 2 Mr 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the radius squar divid 2 Mr 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the radius squar divid 2 Mr 2 over
+2 would be izz for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 would be izz for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 would be izz for this
+object and it's sort for so all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it's sort for so all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it's sort for so all all
+sorts of objects those are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of objects those are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of objects those are these are
+just cataloged values and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cataloged values and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cataloged values and then there's
+ways of moving the axes called parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of moving the axes called parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of moving the axes called parallel
+axis theorems that you've probably run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorems that you've probably run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorems that you've probably run
+into that allows you then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that allows you then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that allows you then to
+construct these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these
+values from one known point to moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from one known point to moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from one known point to moving
+the point to someplace else and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point to someplace else and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point to someplace else and having
+it move around that so these values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it move around that so these values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it move around that so these values are
+tabulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated
+calculated around with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated around with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated around with respect to the
+centers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers of
+mass and if you want to have the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and if you want to have the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and if you want to have the mass
+moments of inertia with respect to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia with respect to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia with respect to any
+other point then you will you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point then you will you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point then you will you use
+something which we call a parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we call a parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we call a parallel axis
+theorem which we'll which we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which we'll which we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which we'll which we'll get to
+in due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in due
+course okay pretty good on timing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay pretty good on timing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay pretty good on timing here
+um a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a note
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+textbooks textbook conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I Matrix in some they write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I Matrix in some they write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I Matrix in some they write it
+ixx iix y iix z and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixx iix y iix z and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixx iix y iix z and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I X no i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y x i y y i y z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CX some write it like that and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CX some write it like that and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CX some write it like that and others
+write it with all of these with minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it with all of these with minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it with all of these with minus
+signs in the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms so hibler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Williams does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams does
+not so the diagonal terms are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the diagonal terms are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the diagonal terms are always
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+yeah all the off one all the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all the off one all the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all the off one all the off
+diagonals are negative so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals are negative so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals are negative so this this is
+positive positive positive positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive positive positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive positive positive and
+then negative negative negative negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then negative negative negative negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then negative negative negative negative
+negative negative right now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative negative right now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative negative right now they're
+actually negative they'll be negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually negative they'll be negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually negative they'll be negative uh
+the numbers will pop up negative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers will pop up negative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers will pop up negative and so
+forth It's just that in the notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth It's just that in the notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth It's just that in the notations
+some authors have adopted putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some authors have adopted putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some authors have adopted putting the
+minus signs here others have embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs here others have embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs here others have embedded
+them in in the value itself so Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in the value itself so Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in the value itself so Williams
+notation he would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation he would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation he would say that
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+XZ is minus mx1 Z1 for this body hibler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ is minus mx1 Z1 for this body hibler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ is minus mx1 Z1 for this body hibler
+would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+it's plus and we put the minus sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus and we put the minus sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus and we put the minus sign in
+the in the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the notation
+okay so just be aware of that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just be aware of that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just be aware of that because
+you're going to all your life you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to all your life you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to all your life you're
+going to run into people saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run into people saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run into people saying the
+product of inertia this thing is and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of inertia this thing is and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of inertia this thing is and you
+got to know which way to define it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know which way to define it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know which way to define it all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to compute torqus you just take time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute torqus you just take time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute torqus you just take time
+derivatives of angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of angular momentum and
+we'll do we'll do that as a last little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do we'll do that as a last little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do we'll do that as a last little
+step next time but you've got the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step next time but you've got the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step next time but you've got the the uh
+essence of the movement from talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of the movement from talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of the movement from talking
+about particles to how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about particles to how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about particles to how we're going to
+talk about rigid bodies so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about rigid bodies so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about rigid bodies so you have
+muddy cards you have two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy cards you have two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy cards you have two or three
+minutes write down what was tough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes write down what was tough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes write down what was tough for
+you here write down what wasn't okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here write down what wasn't okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here write down what wasn't okay and
+uh see you next Tuesday oh I must say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see you next Tuesday oh I must say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see you next Tuesday oh I must say so
+this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+about the this Ang the mass moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the this Ang the mass moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the this Ang the mass moments of
+inertia Matrix that stuff is not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia Matrix that stuff is not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia Matrix that stuff is not on the
+exam but knowing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but knowing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but knowing about
+particles and particle moments of is
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Qq_EFXj3wgw.txt b/Qq_EFXj3wgw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcb45561d4fc82cc2bd2b924ad604bf7893be791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Qq_EFXj3wgw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now I'm going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now I'm going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now I'm going to discuss
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+method of reducing Fringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of reducing Fringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of reducing Fringe
+contrast and this one is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and this one is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and this one is associated with
+the intensities in the two arms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensities in the two arms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensities in the two arms of the
+interferometer let's look at our present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer let's look at our present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer let's look at our present
+setup and again let's look closely at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and again let's look closely at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and again let's look closely at
+the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the
+fringes and we see the gut contrast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes and we see the gut contrast that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes and we see the gut contrast that
+we've had before let's check on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had before let's check on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had before let's check on the
+intensities in the two arms so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities in the two arms so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities in the two arms so what I'm
+going to do here block one arm you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here block one arm you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here block one arm you can
+see the intensity of one arm then block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the intensity of one arm then block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the intensity of one arm then block
+the other arm you can see the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other arm you can see the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other arm you can see the intensity
+of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other
+arm again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm again
+you can see that the two intensities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the two intensities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the two intensities are
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+equal and we get pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and we get pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and we get pretty good
+contrast now I'm going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast now I'm going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast now I'm going to change the
+relative intensities in the two arms by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative intensities in the two arms by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative intensities in the two arms by
+putting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tena here is an attenuator that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tena here is an attenuator that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tena here is an attenuator that I'm
+placing in this arm so that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing in this arm so that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing in this arm so that the total
+attenuation in the beam coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation in the beam coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation in the beam coming out of
+this arm will be a factor of 10 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arm will be a factor of 10 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arm will be a factor of 10 let's
+look at at the intensity coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at the intensity coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at the intensity coming from
+this arm you can see as before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arm you can see as before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arm you can see as before it's
+pretty bright this look at intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty bright this look at intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty bright this look at intensity
+coming from the other arm and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the other arm and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the other arm and it's
+attenuated by a factor of 10 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated by a factor of 10 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated by a factor of 10 let me
+remove the card let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the card let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the card let's look at the
+interference pattern and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern and then you can
+see that the interference pattern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the interference pattern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the interference pattern here
+there's a loss in in contrast especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a loss in in contrast especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a loss in in contrast especially
+uh in this area around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this area around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this area around
+here the the good contrast over here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the good contrast over here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the good contrast over here can
+be explained but I don't want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explained but I don't want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explained but I don't want to go into
+it right now but the one that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now but the one that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now but the one that we're
+interested is the is the bad contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested is the is the bad contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested is the is the bad contrast
+around here around this region because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here around this region because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here around this region because
+if I take this out take the Tator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out good contrast comes back if I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out good contrast comes back if I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out good contrast comes back if I put it
+in I get that PO contrast on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I get that PO contrast on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I get that PO contrast on the
+side now to go further I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now to go further I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now to go further I'm going to
+put a bigger attenuator this time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a bigger attenuator this time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a bigger attenuator this time I'm
+going to attenuate the beam coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attenuate the beam coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attenuate the beam coming out
+of this arm by factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this arm by factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this arm by factor of
+100 again let me show you the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 again let me show you the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 again let me show you the intensity
+in the other arm as it was before pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other arm as it was before pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other arm as it was before pretty
+good if I look at the attenuated arm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if I look at the attenuated arm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if I look at the attenuated arm now
+you can't even see the beam at all I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even see the beam at all I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even see the beam at all I've
+attenuated by a factor of 100 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated by a factor of 100 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated by a factor of 100 let me
+remove the card so I can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the card so I can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the card so I can look at the
+interference pattern and you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern and you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern and you can still
+make out a little bit of interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make out a little bit of interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make out a little bit of interference
+the contrast is is is very poor but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast is is is very poor but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast is is is very poor but at
+least you you get a feel that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you you get a feel that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you you get a feel that there is
+there is interference uh going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is interference uh going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is interference uh going on with
+poor contrast because the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor contrast because the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor contrast because the two
+intensities are are unequal and again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities are are unequal and again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities are are unequal and again if
+I take it out you can see the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take it out you can see the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take it out you can see the contrast
+is back put it back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back put it back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back put it back in
+again and the contrast is very poor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and the contrast is very poor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and the contrast is very poor so
+in conclusion if you want to get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conclusion if you want to get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conclusion if you want to get good
+contrast in the fringes and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast in the fringes and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast in the fringes and that's where
+the information is you have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information is you have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information is you have to make sure
+that the intensities in the two arms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the intensities in the two arms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the intensities in the two arms are
+equal otherwise you have poorer contrast
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Qx2NKaUCUw0.txt b/Qx2NKaUCUw0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a2da25b180f2f819496c050d284accb10f31842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Qx2NKaUCUw0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+Hey guys.
+
+Welcome back.
+
+Today, we're going to be working
+on a problem that asks
+
+you to find the PMF of a
+function of a random variable.
+
+So let's just jump right in.
+
+The problem statement gives
+you the PMF for a random
+
+variable called x.
+
+So we're told that there's this
+random variable x that
+
+takes on values minus 3, minus
+2, minus 1, 1, 2, and 3.
+
+And for each of those values,
+the probability mass lying
+
+over that value is given
+by this formula, x
+
+squared over a.
+
+Now I didn't write it here to
+save room, but we're also told
+
+that a is a real number that
+is greater than 0.
+
+And we're told that the
+probability of x taking on any
+
+value outside of the set is 0.
+
+Now we're asked to do two
+things in the problem.
+
+First is to find the value
+of the parameter a.
+
+And that's sort of a natural
+question to ask, because if
+
+you think about it, the PMF
+isn't fully specified.
+
+And in fact, if you plug in the
+wrong number for a, you
+
+actually won't get
+a valid PMF.
+
+So we'll explore that idea
+in the first part.
+
+And then the second part, you're
+given a new random
+
+variable called z.
+
+And z happens to be
+a function of x.
+
+In fact, it's equal
+to x squared.
+
+And then you're asked
+to compute that PMF.
+
+So this problem is a good
+practice problem.
+
+I think, at this point, you
+guys are sort of newly
+
+acquainted with the
+idea of a PMF, or
+
+probability mass function.
+
+So this problem will hopefully
+help you get more familiar
+
+with that concept and how
+to manipulate PMFs.
+
+And by the way, just to make
+sure we're all on the same
+
+page, what does a PMF
+really tell you?
+
+So p sub X, where this is
+a capital X, because the
+
+convention in this class
+is to use capital
+
+letters for random variables.
+
+So p X of k, this is defined
+to be the probability that
+
+your random variable X takes
+on a value of k.
+
+So essentially, this says--
+
+and this is just some number.
+
+So in our particular case,
+this would be equal to k
+
+squared over a.
+
+And how you can interpret
+this is this px guy is
+
+sort of like a machine.
+
+He takes in some value that
+your random variable could
+
+take on, and then he spits out
+the amount of probability mass
+
+lying over that value.
+
+OK.
+
+So now that we've done that
+quick recap, let's get back to
+
+the first part of the problem.
+
+So we have this formula for
+px of x, and we need
+
+to solve for a.
+
+So in order to do that, we're
+going to use one of our axioms
+
+of probability to set
+up an equation.
+
+And then we can solve
+precisely for a.
+
+So namely, we know that every
+PMF must sum to 1.
+
+And so essentially, if you sum
+this guy over all possible
+
+values of x, you should get a 1,
+and that equation will let
+
+us solve for a.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+Summation over x of px of x.
+
+So here, essentially
+you're only summing
+
+over these six values.
+
+So this is equal to px of minus
+3, plus px of minus 2,
+
+plus px of minus 1, et cetera.
+
+Oops. px of 2 plus px of 3.
+
+OK.
+
+And again, like the
+interpretation as we said,
+
+this number here should be
+interpreted as the amount of
+
+probability mass lying
+over minus 3.
+
+And to help you visualize this,
+actually, before we go
+
+further with the computation,
+let's actually plot this PMF.
+
+So the amount of probability
+mass lying over minus 3, the
+
+way we figure that out is we
+take minus 3 and we plug it
+
+into this formula up here.
+
+So you get 9/a.
+
+ 
+
+Now you can do this
+for minus 2.
+
+You've got 4/a, looking
+at the formula.
+
+For 1, you get 1/a.
+
+And of course, this graph, it's
+the mirror image over 0,
+
+because of the symmetry.
+
+So hopefully this little
+visualization helps you
+
+understand what I'm
+talking about.
+
+And now we can just read
+these values off of the
+
+plot we just made.
+
+So we know px minus 3
+is equal to px of 3.
+
+So we can go ahead and just
+take 2 times 9/a.
+
+Similarly, we get 2 times 4/a,
+and then plus 2 times 1/a.
+
+So now it's just a question
+of algebra.
+
+So simplifying this, you're
+going to get 18 plus 8 plus 2,
+
+divided by a.
+
+And this gives you 28/a.
+
+And as I argued before, you
+know that if you sum a PMF
+
+over all possible values,
+you must get 1.
+
+So this is equal to 1, which
+of course implies that a is
+
+equal to 28.
+
+ 
+
+So what we've shown here is that
+you actually don't have a
+
+choice for what value
+a can take on.
+
+It must take on 28.
+
+And in fact, if you plug in
+any other value than 28 in
+
+here, you actually are not going
+to have a valid PMF,
+
+because it's not going
+to sum to 1.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'm going to write my answer
+here, and then erase to
+
+give myself more room for part
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R6RePgr4oBo.txt b/R6RePgr4oBo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..534ec7168cab963cfa76fa4cc23846a9a5174623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R6RePgr4oBo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have already begun with the generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have already begun with the generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have already begun with the generate
+perturbation theory and we obtain a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and we obtain a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and we obtain a the
+first result perhaps the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first result perhaps the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first result perhaps the most important
+result already came rather quick and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result already came rather quick and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result already came rather quick and let
+me review what we've had so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me review what we've had so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me review what we've had so we're
+talking about the hamiltonian h0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the hamiltonian h0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the hamiltonian h0 that
+had the generous ease and we were now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the generous ease and we were now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the generous ease and we were now
+interested to see what the perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to see what the perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to see what the perturbation
+does to those degenerate states what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to those degenerate states what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to those degenerate states what
+does it do to its energies what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do to its energies what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do to its energies what does it
+do to the states themselves so we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to the states themselves so we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to the states themselves so we called
+that the generate subspace the space V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the generate subspace the space V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the generate subspace the space V
+Capital m and the rest of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital m and the rest of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital m and the rest of the state
+space of the theory was called V hat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the theory was called V hat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the theory was called V hat for
+those states in the degenerate space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states in the degenerate space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states in the degenerate space we
+use a label n for being n phaidor having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a label n for being n phaidor having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a label n for being n phaidor having
+energy en they all have the same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy en they all have the same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy en they all have the same energy
+unperturbed energy e n0 this are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unperturbed energy e n0 this are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unperturbed energy e n0 this are the
+state and with k running from 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and with k running from 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and with k running from 1 to n
+these are a basis of linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a basis of linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a basis of linearly
+independent states that span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent states that span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent states that span the
+degenerate subspace so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate subspace so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate subspace so that's our
+degenerate subspace and then the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate subspace and then the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate subspace and then the rest of
+the space is a space V hot and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space is a space V hot and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space is a space V hot and it's
+spanned by states that we'll call p 0 us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by states that we'll call p 0 us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by states that we'll call p 0 us
+we used to call them and the notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to call them and the notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to call them and the notation is
+good that allows you to distinguish with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that allows you to distinguish with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that allows you to distinguish with
+two labels states in the degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two labels states in the degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two labels states in the degenerate
+subspace and with one label a state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace and with one label a state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace and with one label a state in
+the rest of the space the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the space the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the space the rest of the
+space can also have the generous ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space can also have the generous ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space can also have the generous ease
+that wouldn't matter you see when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't matter you see when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't matter you see when you do
+non degenerate perturbation theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non degenerate perturbation theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non degenerate perturbation theories
+because you are focusing on a single non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are focusing on a single non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are focusing on a single non
+degenerate state it's not that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate state it's not that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate state it's not that you're
+focusing on a theory in which every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on a theory in which every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on a theory in which every
+state is non-degenerate non degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is non-degenerate non degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is non-degenerate non degenerate
+perturbation theory means focusing on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory means focusing on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory means focusing on a
+non degenerate state of a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non degenerate state of a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non degenerate state of a general
+spectrum same thing with the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum same thing with the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum same thing with the general
+perturbations you focus on a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations you focus on a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations you focus on a particular
+non-degenerate space whether there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degenerate space whether there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degenerate space whether there are
+other non-degenerate spaces doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other non-degenerate spaces doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other non-degenerate spaces doesn't
+matter they will be treated as the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter they will be treated as the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter they will be treated as the rest
+and that makes your life simple so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes your life simple so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes your life simple so we
+had our perturbative equations assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our perturbative equations assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our perturbative equations assumed
+that we were gonna find States and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were gonna find States and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were gonna find States and K
+that depend on lambda and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend on lambda and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend on lambda and they would
+have energies e MK that depend on lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energies e MK that depend on lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energies e MK that depend on lambda
+and looking at the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the Schrodinger equation
+we found an expansion in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found an expansion in which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found an expansion in which this
+state is the state and 0 plus lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the state and 0 plus lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the state and 0 plus lambda and
+1 plus lambda squared n 2 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus lambda squared n 2 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus lambda squared n 2 and this
+energy is en 0 plus the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is en 0 plus the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is en 0 plus the first
+Corrections but the second Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections but the second Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections but the second Corrections
+and those things so this were our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things so this were our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things so this were our
+equations that probably by now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that probably by now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that probably by now if
+they're starting to look pretty familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting to look pretty familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting to look pretty familiar
+and as usual we say that the state a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as usual we say that the state a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as usual we say that the state a
+correction to a state doesn't receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to a state doesn't receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to a state doesn't receive
+Corrections we can work in a convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections we can work in a convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections we can work in a convention
+where it doesn't receive Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it doesn't receive Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it doesn't receive Corrections
+proportional to the original state this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the original state this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the original state this
+could be reabsorbed into normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be reabsorbed into normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be reabsorbed into normalization
+so that was the set up and if we said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the set up and if we said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the set up and if we said we
+would calculate things using three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would calculate things using three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would calculate things using three steps
+and the first step was to the act with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first step was to the act with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first step was to the act with
+those unperturbed states on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unperturbed states on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unperturbed states on the order
+lambda equation so lambda to the 1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equation so lambda to the 1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equation so lambda to the 1 there
+the first equation is always trivial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first equation is always trivial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first equation is always trivial so
+we acted on this equation and this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we acted on this equation and this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we acted on this equation and this state
+are killed by the left this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are killed by the left this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are killed by the left this operator
+because they are states of energy en 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are states of energy en 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are states of energy en 0
+and therefore you get the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you get the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you get the right-hand
+side equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side equal to 0
+when you have the n0l and we discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the n0l and we discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the n0l and we discovered
+that the consistency of our expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the consistency of our expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the consistency of our expansion
+requires that the chosen basis because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that the chosen basis because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that the chosen basis because
+after all you chose that basis nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all you chose that basis nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all you chose that basis nobody
+gave it to you if you have a degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it to you if you have a degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it to you if you have a degenerate
+subspace you can take any set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace you can take any set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace you can take any set of
+linearly independent vectors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent vectors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent vectors that are
+orthonormal and that's a good basis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal and that's a good basis it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal and that's a good basis it's
+not a uniquely different basis but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a uniquely different basis but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a uniquely different basis but in
+the chosen basis that you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chosen basis that you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chosen basis that you're working
+with it must happen that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it must happen that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it must happen that the
+perturbation is diagonal Delta n K this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation is diagonal Delta n K this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation is diagonal Delta n K this
+LK and therefore the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LK and therefore the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LK and therefore the first order
+perturbation when you take L equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation when you take L equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation when you take L equal to K
+is given by this matrix element between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by this matrix element between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by this matrix element between
+em K and M K so this is a clear result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em K and M K so this is a clear result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em K and M K so this is a clear result
+and where first result that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where first result that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where first result that in the
+degenerate subspace either you choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate subspace either you choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate subspace either you choose a
+basis that diagonalizes the perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that diagonalizes the perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that diagonalizes the perturbation
+to begin with or you compute the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with or you compute the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with or you compute the matrix
+Delta H in that the generate subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H in that the generate subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H in that the generate subspace
+and then work and diagonalize it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then work and diagonalize it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then work and diagonalize it so
+either way you do it so I want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way you do it so I want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way you do it so I want to make a
+couple of remarks on this thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of remarks on this thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of remarks on this thing is that
+the first remark is a terminology we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first remark is a terminology we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first remark is a terminology we can
+say that the degeneracy was lifted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the degeneracy was lifted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the degeneracy was lifted by
+the perturbation and that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbation and that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbation and that's a great
+thing if it happens what will come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if it happens what will come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if it happens what will come and
+more it's a very nice thing if the if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a very nice thing if the if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a very nice thing if the if it
+happens with the generous e lift it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with the generous e lift it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with the generous e lift it and
+you have the intuition what happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the intuition what happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the intuition what happens you
+have these states are all here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these states are all here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these states are all here at the
+same energy and then if the generous is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy and then if the generous is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy and then if the generous is
+lifted these are four states then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted these are four states then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted these are four states then
+suddenly won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly won't
+three four as lambda changes they split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four as lambda changes they split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four as lambda changes they split
+so their energy start to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their energy start to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their energy start to become
+different and that depends on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and that depends on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and that depends on the first
+energy Corrections being different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Corrections being different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Corrections being different for
+every single one of the states so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of the states so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of the states so this
+means that e mk1 is different from E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that e mk1 is different from E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that e mk1 is different from E and
+L 1 for the elf state and for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L 1 for the elf state and for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L 1 for the elf state and for the case
+state the first energy Corrections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the first energy Corrections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the first energy Corrections are
+different for all K different for L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for all K different for L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for all K different for L so
+for any two states that you pick from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any two states that you pick from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any two states that you pick from
+the list of your n capital n states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of your n capital n states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of your n capital n states
+they're for any two states that you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're for any two states that you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're for any two states that you pick
+their energies must be different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energies must be different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energies must be different and
+then the degeneracy is lifted and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the degeneracy is lifted and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the degeneracy is lifted and that
+means that you found what we will call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you found what we will call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you found what we will call a
+good basis a basis of states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good basis a basis of states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good basis a basis of states that
+diagonalizes delta h and already they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizes delta h and already they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizes delta h and already they
+entered the states have split you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the states have split you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the states have split you can
+now follow each of them and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now follow each of them and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now follow each of them and see what
+happens you know what is the preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you know what is the preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you know what is the preferred
+basis so this is nice and so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so this is nice and so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so this is nice and so this is our
+first remark degeneracies lifted when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first remark degeneracies lifted when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first remark degeneracies lifted when
+this happens and this is the case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens and this is the case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens and this is the case we're
+going to assume for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume for the rest of the
+discussion for the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion for the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion for the first part of the
+lecture that the degeneracy is lifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that the degeneracy is lifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that the degeneracy is lifted
+and then we'll try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll try to find the
+correction to the state let me comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the state let me comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the state let me comment
+that our first-order shifts shifts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our first-order shifts shifts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our first-order shifts shifts that
+we have found this eigen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have found this eigen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have found this eigen values are
+valid even if the degeneracy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid even if the degeneracy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid even if the degeneracy is not
+lifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second remark has to do with a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second remark has to do with a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second remark has to do with a rule
+to help you do this stuff this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you do this stuff this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you do this stuff this will be
+very useful in about the wink when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful in about the wink when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful in about the wink when we
+apply some of these things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some of these things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some of these things to the
+hydrogen atom so first a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so first a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so first a matter of
+notation some people use this I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation some people use this I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation some people use this I kind of
+like it a basis in VN that the GaN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it a basis in VN that the GaN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it a basis in VN that the GaN
+Eliza's Delta EIJ is called good basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so good bad it's kind of easily easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good bad it's kind of easily easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good bad it's kind of easily easy to
+relate to those things so it's good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to those things so it's good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to those things so it's good it's
+gives you the answer so we'll call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the answer so we'll call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the answer so we'll call it a
+good basis so how here comes a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good basis so how here comes a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good basis so how here comes a question
+that you want to answer typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to answer typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to answer typically you
+have some bases that you like and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some bases that you like and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some bases that you like and you
+have a delta eij now you could say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a delta eij now you could say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a delta eij now you could say okay
+do I know that Delta H is diagonal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know that Delta H is diagonal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know that Delta H is diagonal in
+this basis maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis maybe I don't
+so what can I do I can diagonalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can I do I can diagonalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can I do I can diagonalize it
+and check but sometimes there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check but sometimes there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check but sometimes there is a
+better way and it helps you explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way and it helps you explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way and it helps you explain why
+the matrix Delta H is diagonal so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix Delta H is diagonal so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix Delta H is diagonal so this
+is a shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a shortcut
+it's a conceptual idea that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conceptual idea that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conceptual idea that you can
+check that Delta H is diagonal without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that Delta H is diagonal without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that Delta H is diagonal without
+diagonalize in it so here it is if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize in it so here it is if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize in it so here it is if so
+here is a row row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the basis vectors are eigenstates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the basis vectors are eigenstates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the basis vectors are eigenstates of
+a hermitian K with different eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hermitian K with different eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hermitian K with different eigenvalues
+so so far what am I saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far what am I saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far what am I saying
+I'm bringing up a new operator somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm bringing up a new operator somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm bringing up a new operator somebody
+gives you another operator k hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you another operator k hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you another operator k hermitian
+and then you check that after all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you check that after all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you check that after all for
+this hermitian operator the basis or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hermitian operator the basis or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hermitian operator the basis or the
+basis vectors are eigenstates of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors are eigenstates of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors are eigenstates of that
+operator and with different eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and with different eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and with different eigenvalues
+all of them have different eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them have different eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them have different eigenvalues
+so if the basis vector is different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K commutes with Delta H then the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K commutes with Delta H then the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K commutes with Delta H then the basis
+is good this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now first time I heard this I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now first time I heard this I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now first time I heard this I still
+remember it seemed to be like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it seemed to be like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it seemed to be like a very
+complicated rule just diagonalize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated rule just diagonalize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated rule just diagonalize and
+forget about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about it
+no but it actually is very helpful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but it actually is very helpful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but it actually is very helpful so
+let's explain this rule so K with Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's explain this rule so K with Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's explain this rule so K with Delta
+H is equal to 0 so let's assume we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is equal to 0 so let's assume we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is equal to 0 so let's assume we have
+two eigenstates so proof here two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eigenstates so proof here two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eigenstates so proof here two
+eigenstates and 0 P and m0q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the k eigenvalues are lambda P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the k eigenvalues are lambda P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the k eigenvalues are lambda P and
+lambda Q that are different from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Q that are different from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Q that are different from each
+other so we said that the basis states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so we said that the basis states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so we said that the basis states
+are supposed to be eigenstates of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be eigenstates of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be eigenstates of this
+hermitian operator K and all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operator K and all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operator K and all of them
+with different eigenvalues so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different eigenvalues so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different eigenvalues so here I
+wrote two states that are part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote two states that are part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote two states that are part of our
+basis and I say the K eigen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and I say the K eigen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and I say the K eigen values are
+lambda P and lambda Q and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda P and lambda Q and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda P and lambda Q and they are
+different from each other so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other so far so good
+so then we can form the following and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we can form the following and 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we can form the following and 0
+P the commutator of K with Delta H with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the commutator of K with Delta H with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the commutator of K with Delta H with
+K or K without the age and 0 Q consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or K without the age and 0 Q consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or K without the age and 0 Q consider
+that matrix element since we say that K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix element since we say that K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix element since we say that K
+commutes with Delta H this must be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with Delta H this must be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with Delta H this must be 0
+that operator we've put in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator we've put in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator we've put in between the
+states is 0 so this is 0 because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states is 0 so this is 0 because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states is 0 so this is 0 because this is
+0 but on the other hand let's expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 but on the other hand let's expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 but on the other hand let's expand
+this this is a product a commutator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a product a commutator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a product a commutator to
+have K times Delta H minus Delta H times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K times Delta H minus Delta H times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K times Delta H minus Delta H times
+K since it's a hermitian operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K since it's a hermitian operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K since it's a hermitian operator the
+first term K is near this state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term K is near this state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term K is near this state and
+being hermitian you get the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hermitian you get the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hermitian you get the eigenvalue
+of it which is lambda p m0 p delta h and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it which is lambda p m0 p delta h and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it which is lambda p m0 p delta h and
+0 q that's from the first term and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 q that's from the first term and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 q that's from the first term and the
+second term is a minus the Delta H on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is a minus the Delta H on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is a minus the Delta H on
+the left so you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left so you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left so you get the
+- and 0q p delta h and the K acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and 0q p delta h and the K acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and 0q p delta h and the K acting on
+the right this time gives you lambda Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is equal to lambda P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to lambda P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to lambda P minus
+lambda Q times and it's the same factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Q times and it's the same factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Q times and it's the same factor
+for both terms Delta H and 0 Q okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both terms Delta H and 0 Q okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both terms Delta H and 0 Q okay so
+that matrix element has been evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix element has been evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix element has been evaluated
+and it's now equal to the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's now equal to the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's now equal to the product of the
+difference of eigenvalues times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of eigenvalues times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of eigenvalues times the
+matrix element of Delta EIJ but here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element of Delta EIJ but here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element of Delta EIJ but here we
+know that this product must be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this product must be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this product must be 0
+but since the two eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since the two eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since the two eigenvectors
+eigenvalues are different this factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are different this factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are different this factor is
+not 0 so the only possibility is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 so the only possibility is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 so the only possibility is that
+the second factor is 0 and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second factor is 0 and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second factor is 0 and you have
+shown therefore at this moment since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown therefore at this moment since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown therefore at this moment since
+this is 0 this implies that the M 0 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 0 this implies that the M 0 P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 0 this implies that the M 0 P
+Delta H and 0 Q is equal to 0 whenever P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and 0 Q is equal to 0 whenever P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and 0 Q is equal to 0 whenever P
+is different from Q and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from Q and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from Q and that's exactly
+the statement that all the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement that all the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement that all the off diagonal
+elements of delta h are 0 so indeed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of delta h are 0 so indeed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of delta h are 0 so indeed it
+has been diagonalized so a rule to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been diagonalized so a rule to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been diagonalized so a rule to find
+a good basis is or you can without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good basis is or you can without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good basis is or you can without
+diagonalizing the delta eij you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing the delta eij you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing the delta eij you can say
+oh look at this basis this basis is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look at this basis this basis is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look at this basis this basis is good
+because there is this operator many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is this operator many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is this operator many
+times it will be angular momentum LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it will be angular momentum LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it will be angular momentum LZ
+maybe other thing for which all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe other thing for which all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe other thing for which all the
+states have different eigenvalues and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have different eigenvalues and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have different eigenvalues and it
+commutes with the perturbation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with the perturbation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with the perturbation so you
+look for an operator that commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for an operator that commutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for an operator that commutes with
+the perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbed
+for which your eigenstate for which your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which your eigenstate for which your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which your eigenstate for which your
+basis vectors may be eigenstates
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RPF_t-C55Fw.txt b/RPF_t-C55Fw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf0c7893dd31bb8c08dae13f042e1e501b1c66d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RPF_t-C55Fw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+using semiclassical methods to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using semiclassical methods to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using semiclassical methods to approach
+the vibrational integrals that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational integrals that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational integrals that we're
+going to encounter in spectroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculations we knew when uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we knew when uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we knew when uh we
+encountered the AR centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered the AR centroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered the AR centroid
+approximation that something special was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that something special was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that something special was
+happening that there was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that there was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that there was a kind of
+localization that is not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization that is not supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization that is not supposed to
+happen in quantum mechanics when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in quantum mechanics when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in quantum mechanics when we're
+when we learn about the incompatibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we learn about the incompatibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we learn about the incompatibility
+of of knowing both coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of knowing both coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of knowing both coordinate and
+momentum yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum yet
+somehow uh these integrals were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh these integrals were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh these integrals were uh
+accumulating in a narrow region of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating in a narrow region of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating in a narrow region of space
+and it's telling you there's a hint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's telling you there's a hint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's telling you there's a hint that
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+localization that's relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization that's relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization that's relevant for
+understanding these uh processes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these uh processes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these uh processes okay so
+in all of spectroscopy we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of spectroscopy we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of spectroscopy we're always
+evaluating Matrix elements and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating Matrix elements and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating Matrix elements and these
+Matrix always have are expressed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix always have are expressed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix always have are expressed as a
+product of three Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three Factor
+the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic
+factor which is mostly a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is mostly a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is mostly a radial
+integral the angular part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the angular part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the angular part of the
+electronic factor is kind of an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic factor is kind of an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic factor is kind of an angular
+momentum integral and and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum integral and and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum integral and and can be
+partitioned off because it's evaluable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned off because it's evaluable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned off because it's evaluable
+exactly then there's the nuclear radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly then there's the nuclear radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly then there's the nuclear radial
+integral and then there's a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then there's a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then there's a nuclear
+angular integral which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular integral which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular integral which is
+always a uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is always just a number that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always just a number that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always just a number that you
+can look up by doing Al angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look up by doing Al angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look up by doing Al angular momentum
+algebra so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Electro
+notes and you don't have this you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and you don't have this you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and you don't have this you don't
+have this but sir probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+does what did you have oh well give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you're not on the list I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're not on the list I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're not on the list I
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we we are always going to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we are always going to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we are always going to evaluate
+these Matrix elements is a product of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Matrix elements is a product of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Matrix elements is a product of or
+a sequence of three integrals and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of three integrals and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of three integrals and so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+two basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basis
+functions which I'm going to write in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which I'm going to write in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which I'm going to write in a
+sort of case a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way okay so we have these W these basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so we have these W these basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so we have these W these basis
+functions which are igen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+Z so we've chosen to put certain terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so we've chosen to put certain terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so we've chosen to put certain terms
+of the total hamiltonian into this h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total hamiltonian into this h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total hamiltonian into this h0
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+h0 defines a basis set in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 defines a basis set in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 defines a basis set in other words
+these are igen functions of h0 there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are igen functions of h0 there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are igen functions of h0 there are
+no off diagonal elements of h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we are free to choose which terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are free to choose which terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are free to choose which terms we
+put into H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into H
+Zer for example the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer for example the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer for example the spin orbit
+hamiltonian is some radial integral l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is some radial integral l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is some radial integral l.
+SI Su over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI Su over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI Su over
+electrones that's a kind of inconvenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrones that's a kind of inconvenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrones that's a kind of inconvenient
+operator this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is actually a
+simplification already but it's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification already but it's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification already but it's a kind
+of inconvenient operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inconvenient operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inconvenient operator
+and you can simplify it to uh a LZ s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can simplify it to uh a LZ s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can simplify it to uh a LZ s z
+plus other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff and usually this gets put into h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and usually this gets put into h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and usually this gets put into h0
+and this other stuff which causes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other stuff which causes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other stuff which causes off
+diagonal matrix elements between states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix elements between states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix elements between states
+of different Lambda or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Lambda or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Lambda or
+S those are saved for H1 so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S those are saved for H1 so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S those are saved for H1 so it's not
+even that we put all of h0 all of spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that we put all of h0 all of spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that we put all of h0 all of spin
+orbit into h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit into h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit into h0
+or we might not want to put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we might not want to put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we might not want to put this in
+there because that would make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because that would make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because that would make it
+difficult to have a case b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to have a case b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to have a case b
+hiloni so and and in the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiloni so and and in the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiloni so and and in the rotational
+hamiltonian we have uh various terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we have uh various terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we have uh various terms we
+could write the rotational hiltonium as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write the rotational hiltonium as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write the rotational hiltonium as
+B J - l - s^ 2 or we could write it as B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B J - l - s^ 2 or we could write it as B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B J - l - s^ 2 or we could write it as B
+nus uh L 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus uh L 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus uh L 2
+or we could write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could write it as
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+where where this is the uh angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where this is the uh angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where this is the uh angular
+momentum of the bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the bare
+ion uh so there are a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion uh so there are a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion uh so there are a whole bunch of
+things you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could use
+these are true but J is gone here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are true but J is gone here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are true but J is gone here and
+certain uh certain coupling terms I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh certain coupling terms I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh certain coupling terms I mean
+here we have three diagonal terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have three diagonal terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have three diagonal terms and
+two cross term and three cross terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cross term and three cross terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cross term and three cross terms
+here we have two diagonal terms and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have two diagonal terms and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have two diagonal terms and one
+cross term and so one can make all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term and so one can make all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term and so one can make all sorts
+of choices of what goes into h z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices of what goes into h z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices of what goes into h z
+and some of those are dictated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those are dictated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those are dictated by
+convenience and some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience and some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience and some of them are
+dictated by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by some
+expectation of what the molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of what the molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of what the molecule is
+going to be behaving like okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be behaving like okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be behaving like okay so we
+have an 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an 8
+Z Jeff I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in order to be honest we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in order to be honest we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in order to be honest we have to
+evaluate Matrix elements of what we left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate Matrix elements of what we left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate Matrix elements of what we left
+out so this is all of the terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is all of the terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is all of the terms in the
+hamiltonian we didn't include an 8 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we didn't include an 8 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we didn't include an 8 Z
+which is where it becomes interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where it becomes interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where it becomes interesting
+and this is so we have an off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is so we have an off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is so we have an off diagonal
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and
+uh so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're going to
+have we write this out I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we write this out I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we write this out I should have
+done this in an earlier lecture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this in an earlier lecture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this in an earlier lecture because
+I think it would have made things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it would have made things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it would have made things a
+little more transparent to to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more transparent to to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more transparent to to see the
+The Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix element
+expressed or reduced in three steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed or reduced in three steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed or reduced in three steps to
+the the number that that appears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number that that appears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number that that appears in the
+hamiltonian uh Matrix so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh Matrix so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh Matrix so we have
+V1 then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 then we have
+E1 then we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 then we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 then we have some
+operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which
+uh uh has R and maybe R depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2
+D2 so this is where all of the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 so this is where all of the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 so this is where all of the radial
+and none of the angular stuff comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and none of the angular stuff comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and none of the angular stuff comes in
+uh and then we have Lambda S one Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Omega 1
+M1 and then we have some other operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 and then we have some other operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 and then we have some other operator
+which is purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular and
+then uh Omega 2 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh Omega 2 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh Omega 2 2 and
+2 lamb 2 S2 Sig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 lamb 2 S2 Sig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 lamb 2 S2 Sig
+2 and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay and so this is an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and so this is an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and so this is an angular
+integral it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it's
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+this is a radial integral and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a radial integral and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a radial integral and there
+aren't any there isn't any algebra here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any there isn't any algebra here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any there isn't any algebra here
+you just have to do a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to do a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to do a numerical
+integration or two numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration or two numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration or two numerical
+Integrations so in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrations so in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrations so in the context of the
+born opheim approximation this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born opheim approximation this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born opheim approximation this becomes
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+function one two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R operator well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R operator well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R operator well
+uh and then we calculate the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we calculate the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we calculate the vibrational
+integral of that and then this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of that and then this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of that and then this whole
+thing becomes operator 1 2 evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing becomes operator 1 2 evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing becomes operator 1 2 evaluated at
+V1 V2 at the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 V2 at the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 V2 at the r
+Centum okay so now this is just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centum okay so now this is just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centum okay so now this is just a number
+and it's a number that's telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a number that's telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a number that's telling you
+about some electronic property sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some electronic property sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some electronic property sample
+that a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particular
+point and one of the things you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and one of the things you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and one of the things you discover
+when you play with these things is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play with these things is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play with these things is that
+almost no matter what you do you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no matter what you do you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no matter what you do you're
+always sampling this property at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sampling this property at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sampling this property at the
+same point and so it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point and so it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point and so it's really hard to
+determine experimentally from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine experimentally from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine experimentally from
+experimentally E easily observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally E easily observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally E easily observable
+quantities how an electronic property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities how an electronic property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities how an electronic property
+actually depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually depends on
+our because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our because of
+some interesting and convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting and convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting and convenient
+facts okay which we'll we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts okay which we'll we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts okay which we'll we'll sort of
+touch on today would you ever do like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on today would you ever do like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on today would you ever do like a
+small expansion like a gum type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small expansion like a gum type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small expansion like a gum type of
+expansion around the R Bar and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion around the R Bar and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion around the R Bar and actually
+put in kind of a a width to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in kind of a a width to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in kind of a a width to the
+distribution there ever be scenario you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there ever be scenario you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there ever be scenario you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um I mean you you normally think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean you you normally think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean you you normally think of this
+as a linear function of of R and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear function of of R and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear function of of R and so you
+have a constant term and a and a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant term and a and a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant term and a and a first
+derivative term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative term
+uh and I mean what you suggest is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I mean what you suggest is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I mean what you suggest is a
+perfectly reasonable thing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable thing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable thing but it's
+actually going in the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going in the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going in the wrong
+direction I'll show you how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'll show you how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'll show you how we can
+systematically vary our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically vary our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically vary our
+part uh in what kind of experiments I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh in what kind of experiments I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh in what kind of experiments I'll
+try to remember to do that okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to remember to do that okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to remember to do that okay so um
+well maybe I should just jump ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe I should just jump ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe I should just jump ahead
+suppose we have two potential curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have two potential curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have two potential curves
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+cross okay and we're observing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross okay and we're observing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross okay and we're observing energy
+levels which accidentally get are near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels which accidentally get are near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels which accidentally get are near
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other because uh in our Spectrum we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because uh in our Spectrum we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because uh in our Spectrum we see
+these perturbations and those could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perturbations and those could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perturbations and those could only
+be caused by energy levels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be caused by energy levels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be caused by energy levels that
+are uh at at about the same energies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh at at about the same energies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh at at about the same energies in
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+states and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and it turns out
+that the value of r that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of r that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of r that gets
+sampled is always where these two curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled is always where these two curse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled is always where these two curse
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh observe some kind of radial integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observe some kind of radial integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observe some kind of radial integral
+uh sample this property between levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sample this property between levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sample this property between levels
+that are not near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not near
+degenera perhaps by causing a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenera perhaps by causing a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenera perhaps by causing a transition
+then what you do in order to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do in order to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do in order to calculate
+the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap
+integral uh is to displace the curves up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh is to displace the curves up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh is to displace the curves up
+so that the levels are at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the levels are at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the levels are at the same
+integral the same energy and that moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the same energy and that moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the same energy and that moves
+the stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um I shouldn't have done this now I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I shouldn't have done this now I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I shouldn't have done this now I I
+think it really uh it would be better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it really uh it would be better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it really uh it would be better if
+it came where I planed to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came where I planed to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came where I planed to talk about it
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+but for example perturbations are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for example perturbations are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for example perturbations are always
+between levels that are at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between levels that are at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between levels that are at the same
+energy and so they're almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so they're almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so they're almost always
+sampling the same stationary base Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the same stationary base Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the same stationary base Point
+transitions Frank Condon factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions Frank Condon factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions Frank Condon factors are
+always sampling vibrational overlaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sampling vibrational overlaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sampling vibrational overlaps
+between one Lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one Lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one Lower
+State and different levels of the Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and different levels of the Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and different levels of the Upper
+State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and
+that uh results in causing since if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh results in causing since if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh results in causing since if you
+visualize the calculation as Shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the calculation as Shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the calculation as Shifting
+the curves up to so that the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves up to so that the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves up to so that the vibrational
+levels are at the same energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are at the same energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are at the same energy that
+systematically moves the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically moves the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically moves the intersection
+point and that leads to the uh as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that leads to the uh as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that leads to the uh as you
+follow along progression of vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow along progression of vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow along progression of vibrational
+transitions the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the transition
+moment is sampled at a systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is sampled at a systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is sampled at a systematically
+varied R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied R
+centroid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid and
+that variation in the AR centroid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variation in the AR centroid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variation in the AR centroid is
+roughly proportional to the wave number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly proportional to the wave number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly proportional to the wave number
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+transition so for for transitions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so for for transitions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so for for transitions you
+can get the transition the dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the transition the dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the transition the dependence of
+the transition moment as a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition moment as a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition moment as a function of r
+but for perturbations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for perturbations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for perturbations you can
+but there are these Vel transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are these Vel transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are these Vel transformed
+quantities that lead to some fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that lead to some fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that lead to some fine
+structure and those involve summing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and those involve summing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and those involve summing over
+states that are far away and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are far away and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are far away and so they
+provide a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a little bit of
+information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about
+different the dependence of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the dependence of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the dependence of some
+electronic quantity on inter nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic quantity on inter nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic quantity on inter nuclear
+distance so this may have been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so this may have been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so this may have been more
+detailed than you wanted and it may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed than you wanted and it may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed than you wanted and it may have
+been in a package that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in a package that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in a package that is not
+understandable yet but I tried to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable yet but I tried to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable yet but I tried to answer
+your question is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we
+proceed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I forgot to put in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I forgot to put in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I forgot to put in is
+this so we're sampling this electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're sampling this electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're sampling this electronic
+quantity and we have always this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and we have always this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and we have always this
+vibrational overlap Factor so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap Factor so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap Factor so we have a
+vibrational overlap factor which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap factor which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap factor which we're
+going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to
+calculate we may want to to uh calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate we may want to to uh calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate we may want to to uh calculate
+this but if we know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if we know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if we know something about the
+curves we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves we know
+that and so uh and then these integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so uh and then these integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so uh and then these integrals
+are just given to us by using angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just given to us by using angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just given to us by using angular
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+Matrix there's no radial dependenc here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix there's no radial dependenc here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix there's no radial dependenc here
+so if you know this and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know this and you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know this and you know this
+then from the OB observed Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from the OB observed Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from the OB observed Matrix element
+you get this electronic Factor sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this electronic Factor sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this electronic Factor sampled
+at the known inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the known inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the known inter
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in Spectrum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in Spectrum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in Spectrum we
+often care about our dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often care about our dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often care about our dependent
+electronic factors that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic factors that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic factors that's one of the
+products of our uh uh work I mean one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of our uh uh work I mean one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of our uh uh work I mean one of
+the r dependent electronic factors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r dependent electronic factors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r dependent electronic factors is
+just the potential energy curve we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the potential energy curve we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the potential energy curve we want
+to know about that we want to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about that we want to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about that we want to know about
+molecular constants and how they vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular constants and how they vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular constants and how they vary
+with our how does the spin orbit vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our how does the spin orbit vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our how does the spin orbit vary
+with r why does it vary with r because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with r why does it vary with r because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with r why does it vary with r because
+the electronic configuration is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic configuration is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic configuration is changing
+with r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with r
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if we have a deep understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we have a deep understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we have a deep understanding of
+what goes into this we can learn a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes into this we can learn a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes into this we can learn a huge
+amount about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount about how the
+Spectrum samples are dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum samples are dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum samples are dependent
+electronic factors we can develop a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic factors we can develop a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic factors we can develop a a
+classical mechanical like picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanical like picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanical like picture
+of how the Dynamics is occurring where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the Dynamics is occurring where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the Dynamics is occurring where
+is the coupling happening in space when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coupling happening in space when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coupling happening in space when
+does it occur in time why does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it occur in time why does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it occur in time why does it
+occur uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur uh what
+enables molecules to have radiationless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables molecules to have radiationless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables molecules to have radiationless
+transitions from one electronic state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from one electronic state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from one electronic state to
+another how do how do processes that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another how do how do processes that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another how do how do processes that uh
+aren't supposed to happen in h0 how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't supposed to happen in h0 how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't supposed to happen in h0 how do
+they happen where did they happen can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen where did they happen can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen where did they happen can we
+uh what are we allowed to learn okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are we allowed to learn okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are we allowed to learn okay so
+the purpose of this lecture is to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this lecture is to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this lecture is to focus
+on what we can get from this now some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what we can get from this now some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what we can get from this now some
+people would say well why bother if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say well why bother if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say well why bother if we
+know the potential energy curves we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the potential energy curves we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the potential energy curves we can
+always calculate this numerically and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always calculate this numerically and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always calculate this numerically and we
+can always calculate it accurately but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always calculate it accurately but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always calculate it accurately but
+suppose we don't know the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we don't know the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we don't know the potential
+curves or so suppose we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves or so suppose we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves or so suppose we don't know
+anything about the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the electronic
+couplings uh well then uh we don't uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings uh well then uh we don't uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings uh well then uh we don't uh we
+don't know what to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what to do with the
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+here and so I want to show you how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so I want to show you how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so I want to show you how we
+can extract information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extract information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extract information about the
+positions of potential curves the slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of potential curves the slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of potential curves the slopes
+of the potential curves at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential curves at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential curves at certain
+points and the magnitudes of couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the magnitudes of couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the magnitudes of couplings
+and uh what the terms okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what the terms okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what the terms okay so this is
+going to be on semic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on semic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on semic
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+quanics or at least a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanics or at least a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanics or at least a specific
+application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and this is not taught generally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is not taught generally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is not taught generally in
+chemistry quanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry quanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry quanics
+cless we focus on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cless we focus on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cless we focus on just
+evaluating integrals exactly because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating integrals exactly because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating integrals exactly because we
+can do it but the hard thing is to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it but the hard thing is to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it but the hard thing is to go
+from what we can do to what it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we can do to what it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we can do to what it tells us
+and semiclassical cor mechanics really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and semiclassical cor mechanics really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and semiclassical cor mechanics really
+enables you to make microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to make microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to make microscopic
+interpretations that's what I hope to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what are the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the essential
+differences between quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between quantum mechanics
+and classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and classical
+mechanics well in quantum mechanics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics well in quantum mechanics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics well in quantum mechanics we
+have the uncertainty principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and it says that you cannot think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it says that you cannot think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it says that you cannot think
+about something like X of t p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something like X of t p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something like X of t p of
+T you can't imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you can't imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you can't imagine
+describing a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory
+um you need Notes too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in classical mechanics we we get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in classical mechanics we we get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in classical mechanics we we get all
+of our insights from trajectories we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our insights from trajectories we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our insights from trajectories we
+follow something and we know that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow something and we know that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow something and we know that at
+some special point in space or time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special point in space or time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special point in space or time
+something dramatic occurred that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dramatic occurred that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dramatic occurred that if you
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+motion on some kind of a potential curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion on some kind of a potential curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion on some kind of a potential curve
+uh the system would be going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the system would be going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the system would be going back and
+forth and then all of a sudden at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and then all of a sudden at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and then all of a sudden at some
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+it would find itself moving on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would find itself moving on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would find itself moving on this
+curve if there was some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve if there was some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve if there was some kind of
+coupling uh I you can think of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling uh I you can think of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling uh I you can think of two
+coupled oscillators you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillators you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillators you can think of
+riding in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding in a
+car and uh the wheels aren't quite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and uh the wheels aren't quite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and uh the wheels aren't quite in
+alignment and at some critical velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment and at some critical velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment and at some critical velocity
+you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh
+the you start building up a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you start building up a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you start building up a resonance
+and all of a sudden the car falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the car falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the car falls
+apart and it's very much like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and it's very much like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and it's very much like that that
+because of our resonance or because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our resonance or because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our resonance or because of
+some uh particular uh localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh particular uh localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh particular uh localized
+phenomenon a dramatic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon a dramatic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon a dramatic thing
+occurs and we know this happens in quto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and we know this happens in quto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and we know this happens in quto
+mechanics but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but we
+don't we don't allow ourselves to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't allow ourselves to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't allow ourselves to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+localization okay we also have wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization okay we also have wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization okay we also have wave
+functions that oscillate so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that oscillate so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that oscillate so there are
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're talking about amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're talking about amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're talking about amplitudes
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+probabilities and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and so there's
+interference effects and uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effects and uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effects and uh there are
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+complications that we know are outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications that we know are outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications that we know are outside
+of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classical
+mechanics and but a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and but a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and but a lot of these
+complications can be made to go away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications can be made to go away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications can be made to go away so
+what we want to do is build up a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is build up a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is build up a wave
+function which is constructed out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is constructed out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is constructed out of
+quantities we know from classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities we know from classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities we know from classical
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+and these wave functions will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these wave functions will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these wave functions will have the
+absolute minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute minimum of
+stuff that allows them to be quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that allows them to be quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that allows them to be quantum
+mechanical but everything in them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical but everything in them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical but everything in them is
+connected to classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics okay well we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay well we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay well we have this
+interesting relationship that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting relationship that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting relationship that the the
+the Bro wavelength is uh H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bro wavelength is uh H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bro wavelength is uh H over
+P so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so this is
+this is the uh the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh the expectation value of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+momentum or this is you know this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or this is you know this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or this is you know this what
+is this really well we can say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this really well we can say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this really well we can say that this
+is the classical momentum evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the classical momentum evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the classical momentum evaluated at
+some value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of the
+coordinate and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and then the
+wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+is varying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varying with
+r and classically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and classically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and classically of
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+is given well we have the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given well we have the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given well we have the kinetic energy
+energy minus V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy minus V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy minus V of
+R is v^ 2/ 2 * the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is v^ 2/ 2 * the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is v^ 2/ 2 * the reduced
+Mass so we can get P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so we can get P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so we can get P of
+R is equal to uh 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is equal to uh 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is equal to uh 2
+mu b v r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the classical momentum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the classical momentum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the classical momentum at
+R it's not Quant mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it's not Quant mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it's not Quant mechanical
+momentum but it's a function that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but it's a function that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but it's a function that is
+related to the quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the quantum mechanical
+momentum or it's related to the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or it's related to the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or it's related to the momentum
+or it's just a function and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's just a function and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's just a function and it's
+classical so we have the energy we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical so we have the energy we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical so we have the energy we know
+that we have the potential energy curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the potential energy curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the potential energy curve
+which we want to know and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we want to know and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we want to know and we have
+this so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we could
+then use this to calculate the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use this to calculate the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use this to calculate the spacing
+between successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes and this is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and this is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and this is absolutely
+correct if the kinetic energy is varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if the kinetic energy is varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if the kinetic energy is varying
+rapidly with r then we have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly with r then we have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly with r then we have to be a
+little bit more care careful because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more care careful because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more care careful because we
+need to to evaluate an integral over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to evaluate an integral over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to evaluate an integral over P
+of R Dr R and we have to accumulate Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R Dr R and we have to accumulate Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R Dr R and we have to accumulate Pi
+of phase before we have the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase before we have the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase before we have the next
+note but if it's not changing we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note but if it's not changing we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note but if it's not changing we can be
+really naive and just say well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really naive and just say well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really naive and just say well we're
+going to evaluate the de broy wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evaluate the de broy wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evaluate the de broy wavelength
+at a particular region of space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular region of space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular region of space and
+that's telling us how far the nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling us how far the nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling us how far the nodes are
+apart or what the spatial oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart or what the spatial oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart or what the spatial oscillation
+frequency of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the wave function
+is and it's it's really accurate and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it's it's really accurate and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it's it's really accurate and now
+that's the quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have also that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function well this is some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well this is some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well this is some probability
+distribution this is not the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is not the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is not the momentum
+anymore this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore this is some
+probability okay and uh so well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay and uh so well what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay and uh so well what is
+the probability of finding a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding a system
+classically in a particular region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically in a particular region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically in a particular region of
+space well it's proportional to one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it's proportional to one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it's proportional to one over
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity right if a system is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right if a system is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right if a system is moving
+through space it's going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space it's going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space it's going to spend a
+certain time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time at
+R and that that will be one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and that that will be one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and that that will be one over the
+velocity so we know that s of R is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we know that s of R is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we know that s of R is going
+to have to be proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be proportional to the
+classical momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the square root of the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square root of the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square root of the classical
+momentum that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's the
+envelope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope so
+now we have an envelope which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an envelope which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an envelope which is our
+dependence our dependent and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence our dependent and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence our dependent and for the
+most part this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part this is
+correct there are cases if P of R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct there are cases if P of R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct there are cases if P of R is
+zero this would be infinite and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this would be infinite and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this would be infinite and we know
+that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be
+Troublesome cuz the wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troublesome cuz the wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troublesome cuz the wave function is
+never going to be infinite and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be infinite and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be infinite and and the
+classical momentum is zero at a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical momentum is zero at a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical momentum is zero at a turning
+point and we're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we're really interested in
+turning points so that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning points so that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning points so that there is a
+fundamental problem here okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem here okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem here okay so we have
+an envelope and then we have a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an envelope and then we have a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an envelope and then we have a weight
+function that's going to be oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to be oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to be oscillatory
+and how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does it
+oscillate well it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate well it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate well it's going to
+oscillate 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate 2 pi
+r over Lambda of R right that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r over Lambda of R right that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r over Lambda of R right that's what we
+mean by a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a wavelength
+so this is telling us how the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is telling us how the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is telling us how the wave
+function is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate
+so this is pretty close to the wkv wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty close to the wkv wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty close to the wkv wave
+function the only thing that's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the only thing that's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the only thing that's missing
+is this doesn't accumulate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this doesn't accumulate phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this doesn't accumulate phase
+properly because uh it's acting uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly because uh it's acting uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly because uh it's acting uh I
+mean it's telling you the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's telling you the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's telling you the local
+oscillations so uh you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations so uh you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations so uh you need to
+accumulate phase in a if there are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate phase in a if there are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate phase in a if there are going
+to be interference effects the phase has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interference effects the phase has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interference effects the phase has
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+right but this is easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed so what is this well this is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so what is this well this is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so what is this well this is H
+over P so we have R * p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh R * P has dimension of action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh R * P has dimension of action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh R * P has dimension of action and
+so uh so we have S of R * P of R over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H so okay that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and since we know what P of R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since we know what P of R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since we know what P of R is
+we can plug in uh what the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug in uh what the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug in uh what the energy
+dependence you know we can we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence you know we can we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence you know we can we can write
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+function so this is this everyone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is this everyone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is this everyone who's
+taken 561 should be bothered by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken 561 should be bothered by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken 561 should be bothered by this
+because it's Dred into you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's Dred into you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's Dred into you that you
+can't know the momentum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know the momentum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know the momentum and the
+position but this is only the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but this is only the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but this is only the classical
+momentum it's nothing Quant mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's nothing Quant mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's nothing Quant mechanically
+it just is something that enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just is something that enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just is something that enables you to
+have the right phase the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right phase the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right phase the right
+oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the wkb wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which we
+derive uh by uh doing a kind of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive uh by uh doing a kind of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive uh by uh doing a kind of power
+series expansion of the dord equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansion of the dord equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansion of the dord equation
+and powers of H bar or 1 over H bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powers of H bar or 1 over H bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powers of H bar or 1 over H bar and
+just keeping the lowest the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keeping the lowest the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keeping the lowest the you know the
+the lowest power we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest power we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest power we
+can uh anyway it has this form some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh anyway it has this form some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh anyway it has this form some
+normalization constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization constant
+p r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+s 5 R +un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 5 R +un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 5 R +un
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+4 so this is the accumulating phase y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so this is the accumulating phase y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so this is the accumulating phase y of
+R is integral from a turning point to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is integral from a turning point to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is integral from a turning point to R
+of P of r d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P of r d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P of r d
+r so this is exactly what we had here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so this is exactly what we had here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so this is exactly what we had here
+except now we're treating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now we're treating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now we're treating the
+phase as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillations and this pi over 4 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and this pi over 4 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and this pi over 4 is a
+special boundary condition that enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special boundary condition that enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special boundary condition that enables
+you to cross through this singularity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to cross through this singularity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to cross through this singularity in
+the wave function at the turning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function at the turning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function at the turning point
+and join up with functions that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and join up with functions that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and join up with functions that that
+behave properly in the non-classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave properly in the non-classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave properly in the non-classical
+region in other words they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in other words they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in other words they
+Decay exponentially to zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity so this is what you need it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this is what you need it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this is what you need it's
+derived by a a a clever uh uh splicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived by a a a clever uh uh splicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived by a a a clever uh uh splicing
+of the wkb wave function onto a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wkb wave function onto a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wkb wave function onto a wave
+function that works near the turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that works near the turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that works near the turning
+point which is an Airy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is an Airy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is an Airy
+function and uh so this is is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh so this is is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh so this is is quite
+rigorous and so even though the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous and so even though the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous and so even though the wave
+function this wkb wave function is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this wkb wave function is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this wkb wave function is not
+valid near a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid near a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid near a turning
+point it's valid everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's valid everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's valid everywhere
+else and uh so this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and uh so this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and uh so this is in the
+classically bound region and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically bound region and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically bound region and this is the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase so now what we've done is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so now what we've done is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so now what we've done is we've
+got in the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the wave function
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum we've got uh and this momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we've got uh and this momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we've got uh and this momentum
+depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the
+energy we've got the energy dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we've got the energy dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we've got the energy dependence
+we've got the spatial dependence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the spatial dependence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the spatial dependence so
+we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the
+oscillations we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations we know what the
+oscillation uh frequency is we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation uh frequency is we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation uh frequency is we know what
+the en envelope is we know how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the en envelope is we know how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the en envelope is we know how they
+depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on
+energy and so you don't have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so you don't have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so you don't have to solve
+any shy equations all you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any shy equations all you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any shy equations all you have to do is
+say I want want to know about the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want want to know about the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want want to know about the wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+here and I know what determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I know what determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I know what determines the
+essential features of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential features of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential features of the wave function
+here they are the amplitude from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are the amplitude from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are the amplitude from the
+envelope the spatial oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope the spatial oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope the spatial oscillation
+frequency from P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and the
+phase which is gotten by this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is gotten by this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is gotten by this phase
+integral and normally you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and normally you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and normally you don't need
+this that's only when you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's only when you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's only when you're really
+trying to do something accurately or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do something accurately or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do something accurately or
+when you're trying to understand an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to understand an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to understand an
+interference effect but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect but often
+this is an extra complexity but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an extra complexity but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an extra complexity but it's not
+solving a shorter equation it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a shorter equation it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a shorter equation it's an
+integral over an explicitly known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over an explicitly known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over an explicitly known
+function if you know V of R and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you know V of R and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you know V of R and if you
+don't this one of the ways how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+we're ready to deal with this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so suppose we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so suppose we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so suppose we have two
+electronic States and uh they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States and uh they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States and uh they have
+potential curves that are like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves that are like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves that are like this and
+there is some coupling term between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some coupling term between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some coupling term between
+these electronic states that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electronic states that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electronic states that means that
+these two zero order levels are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two zero order levels are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two zero order levels are going to
+be not igen States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not igen States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not igen States
+the the system if initially prepared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the system if initially prepared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the system if initially prepared in
+a zero order level like this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero order level like this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero order level like this is going to
+end up going back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up going back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up going back and forth between
+these two zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two zero order
+levels or if we're working in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or if we're working in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or if we're working in the
+frequency domain the igen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain the igen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain the igen states
+wouldn't be here and here they'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be here and here they'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be here and here they'd be
+pushed apart a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed apart a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed apart a little
+bit and the igen states would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and the igen states would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and the igen states would be a
+mixture of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels if we made a wave P wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels if we made a wave P wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels if we made a wave P wave packet
+might be start moving along here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be start moving along here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be start moving along here and
+going back and suddenly appearing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and suddenly appearing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and suddenly appearing over
+here and I you I drew I I made it appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I you I drew I I made it appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I you I drew I I made it appear
+suddenly over here by jumping at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly over here by jumping at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly over here by jumping at this
+special Point that's in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Point that's in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Point that's in fact what
+happens amplitude leaks from one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens amplitude leaks from one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens amplitude leaks from one to the
+other at this stationary phas point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other at this stationary phas point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other at this stationary phas point so
+what we want to do is understand the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is understand the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is understand the uh
+um the overlap integral and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the overlap integral and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the overlap integral and in
+particular well the overlap integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular well the overlap integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular well the overlap integral is
+an integral of R from zero because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral of R from zero because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral of R from zero because at
+zero the uh I mean you can't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the uh I mean you can't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the uh I mean you can't have an
+inter distance less than zero so 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter distance less than zero so 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter distance less than zero so 0 to
+Infinity of K of V1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of K of V1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of K of V1 of
+r k of V2 of r v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r k of V2 of r v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r k of V2 of r v
+r now vibrational wave functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r now vibrational wave functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r now vibrational wave functions are
+real so we don't have to play games with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so we don't have to play games with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so we don't have to play games with
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+conjugation we could be evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation we could be evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation we could be evaluating the
+integral of some function of r and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of some function of r and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of some function of r and the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+argument applies it doesn't unless this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument applies it doesn't unless this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument applies it doesn't unless this
+function of r is really kinky it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r is really kinky it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r is really kinky it it
+doesn't it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it doesn't
+care so on this plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so on this plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so on this plot of
+energy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus
+R things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R things
+across we have our c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across we have our c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across we have our c
+e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and
+e so the two curves intersect in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so the two curves intersect in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so the two curves intersect in a
+particular energy and they intersect at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular energy and they intersect at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular energy and they intersect at
+a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular
+R and those two quantities are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and those two quantities are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and those two quantities are going to
+play a critical role in everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a critical role in everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a critical role in everything we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+okay first thing is suppose we ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first thing is suppose we ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first thing is suppose we ask how
+this integral accumulates as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral accumulates as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral accumulates as the
+integrate over R in other words we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over R in other words we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over R in other words we have
+uh 0 to R not to Infinity of K V1 R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 to R not to Infinity of K V1 R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 to R not to Infinity of K V1 R
+Prime V2 of R Prime d r Prime okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime V2 of R Prime d r Prime okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime V2 of R Prime d r Prime okay this
+is telling us how the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us how the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us how the integral
+accumulates if we set r equal Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates if we set r equal Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates if we set r equal Infinity
+then it will be the value of the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be the value of the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be the value of the overlap
+integral and what you see generally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what you see generally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what you see generally is
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+accumulates like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it it's it's oscillating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it it's it's oscillating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it it's it's oscillating around
+zero and then it jumps up to some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then it jumps up to some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then it jumps up to some value
+and it oscillates around the final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it oscillates around the final value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it oscillates around the final value
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit so it's telling you that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so it's telling you that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so it's telling you that something
+happened at this special internate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at this special internate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at this special internate
+distance and what is that inter nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and what is that inter nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and what is that inter nuclear
+distance it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RC and why does this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC and why does this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC and why does this happen
+because the wave function on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave function on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave function on this
+potential and the wave function on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the wave function on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the wave function on this
+potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at
+RC have the same classical momentum they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC have the same classical momentum they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC have the same classical momentum they
+have the same de broy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same de broy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same de broy
+wavelength this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength this
+function which is a product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a product of two
+rapidly oscillating functions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly oscillating functions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly oscillating functions this
+function stops oscillating at RC because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function stops oscillating at RC because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function stops oscillating at RC because
+the two functions oscillate at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency that's the stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's the stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's the stationary phase
+condition and the integral can be said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and the integral can be said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and the integral can be said
+to have a value which is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a value which is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a value which is determined by
+uh right one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right one of
+RC 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC 2 of
+RC so that's the amplitude right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC so that's the amplitude right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC so that's the amplitude right at the
+Crossing time Delta R stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing time Delta R stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing time Delta R stationary
+phase the length of the stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the length of the stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the length of the stationary phase
+region what is that that's how far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region what is that that's how far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region what is that that's how far you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+go before the these two wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go before the these two wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go before the these two wave functions
+accumulate Pi phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference why would they accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference why would they accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference why would they accumulate
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+phas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas the
+potentials at RC have different first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives the derivative determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives the derivative determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives the derivative determines
+how the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accumulates and so this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates and so this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates and so this is basically
+related to the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the derivative of
+potential one dtive of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential one dtive of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential one dtive of potential
+two evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RC so we have something from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC so we have something from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC so we have something from the
+envelope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and
+something uh from the phase accumulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh from the phase accumulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh from the phase accumulation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh these are classical quantities these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are classical quantities these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are classical quantities these
+are the quantities we often want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the quantities we often want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the quantities we often want to
+know we like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EC RC and the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+RC and by looking at the systematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC and by looking at the systematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC and by looking at the systematics of
+the vibrational overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational overlap
+integrals we can determine all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantities so the stuff we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so the stuff we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so the stuff we want to know
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+explicitly embed in the integral that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly embed in the integral that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly embed in the integral that we
+might evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might evaluate
+numerically but if we evaluate it semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically but if we evaluate it semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically but if we evaluate it semi
+classically then the connections are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically then the connections are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically then the connections are all
+exposed and so you know exactly what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed and so you know exactly what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed and so you know exactly what to
+do rather than doing some elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rather than doing some elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rather than doing some elaborate
+numerical study to find out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical study to find out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical study to find out the
+sensitivity of some potential series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of some potential series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of some potential series of
+observations on what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure so here is where you really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so here is where you really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so here is where you really do
+get insight instead of trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get insight instead of trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get insight instead of trying to get
+sight by numerical Explorations you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight by numerical Explorations you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight by numerical Explorations you say
+I know what the important factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what the important factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what the important factors are
+and how do I arrange my experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I arrange my experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I arrange my experiment to
+expose those important factors or how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose those important factors or how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose those important factors or how do
+I do the calculations that I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the calculations that I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the calculations that I need to do
+rather than all conceivable calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than all conceivable calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than all conceivable calculations
+in order to expose what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to expose what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to expose what might be
+relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experimentals this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentals this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentals this is kind of a
+revolutionary idea because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary idea because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary idea because we're not
+used to uh trying to uh ex ract from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to uh trying to uh ex ract from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to uh trying to uh ex ract from an
+exact numerical result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact numerical result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact numerical result
+Insight we're not using used to analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight we're not using used to analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight we're not using used to analytic
+Theory anymore we're used to numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory anymore we're used to numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory anymore we're used to numerical
+analysis and but often having physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and but often having physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and but often having physical
+Insight can direct you to the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight can direct you to the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight can direct you to the specific
+class of calculation or the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of calculation or the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of calculation or the specific
+class of experiment that will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of experiment that will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of experiment that will actually
+determine something that nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine something that nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine something that nobody else
+knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to
+do because we all know from working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because we all know from working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because we all know from working in
+the lab that everything we try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab that everything we try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab that everything we try to do
+even if your research supervisor tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your research supervisor tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your research supervisor tells
+you it's trivial takes a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's trivial takes a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's trivial takes a long time and
+so you might as well do the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might as well do the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might as well do the right thing
+first rather than something else because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rather than something else because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rather than something else because
+whatever it is you do first is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you do first is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you do first is pretty
+much what you're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what you're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what you're going to be doing
+forever and so having Insight is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so having Insight is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so having Insight is a good
+thing and similarly for calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and similarly for calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and similarly for calculations
+although I haven't had the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I haven't had the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I haven't had the experience of
+having being told what calculations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having being told what calculations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having being told what calculations to
+do but I I'm I'm sure that it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but I I'm I'm sure that it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but I I'm I'm sure that it's the same
+sort of thing okay so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing okay so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing okay so now let me
+simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um whenever I give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whenever I give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whenever I give a
+lecture I my entire body gets covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I my entire body gets covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I my entire body gets covered
+with chalk and I remember watching eie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chalk and I remember watching eie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chalk and I remember watching eie
+Wilson lecturer when I was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson lecturer when I was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson lecturer when I was a graduate
+student and he would stand he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and he would stand he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and he would stand he would
+dressed immaculately he would wear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed immaculately he would wear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed immaculately he would wear a
+jacket and tie and he would hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket and tie and he would hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket and tie and he would hold the
+chalk and he would actually spin it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk and he would actually spin it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk and he would actually spin it in
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+fingers and at the end of a lecture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and at the end of a lecture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and at the end of a lecture you
+could not find a particle of talk on him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not find a particle of talk on him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not find a particle of talk on him
+it seemed that way anyway and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed that way anyway and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed that way anyway and I just
+wonder how how did he do that but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one I want to return to this product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want to return to this product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want to return to this product of
+amplitudes and how would I determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and how would I determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and how would I determine
+this product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product of
+amplitudes well the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes well the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes well the product of
+amplitudes is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes is given
+by a time over a period so the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is given since since we want uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given since since we want uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given since since we want uh a
+product of two amplitudes we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two amplitudes we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two amplitudes we're going to
+calculate these two amplitudes what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate these two amplitudes what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate these two amplitudes what is
+this this is the time it takes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the time it takes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the time it takes for the
+particle to move through the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to move through the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to move through the stationary
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is the stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the stationary phase
+region and uh uh so we pick an energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and uh uh so we pick an energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and uh uh so we pick an energy we
+know a momentum we know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity okay we know the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay we know the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay we know the length of the
+stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase
+region so if we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so if we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so if we make the
+approximation that the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that the velocity is
+constant over the entire space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over the entire space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over the entire space
+stationary phase region and since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase region and since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase region and since the
+two levels are at the same energy above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels are at the same energy above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels are at the same energy above
+the stationary phase the Velocity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary phase the Velocity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary phase the Velocity in
+both is the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 is
+just our stationary phase the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our stationary phase the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our stationary phase the length of
+the stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary phase
+region over the velocity at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region over the velocity at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region over the velocity at the
+uh our Central the crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our Central the crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our Central the crossing
+point and we know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we know what that
+is okay and what's the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and what's the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and what's the period
+well how long does it take for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how long does it take for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how long does it take for the
+system to go back back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to go back back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to go back back and
+forth well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth well
+classically that's given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically that's given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically that's given by the
+uh well Quantum mechanically it's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well Quantum mechanically it's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well Quantum mechanically it's given
+by H over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by H over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by H over e
+v + 1 e v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v + 1 e v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v + 1 e v
+-1 2 the average vibrational level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 2 the average vibrational level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 2 the average vibrational level
+spacing at V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing at V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing at V
+and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega or um yeah one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of okay and we can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay and we can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay and we can get this
+either uh I mean where do we get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh I mean where do we get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh I mean where do we get these
+two energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energy
+differences well we might measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences well we might measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences well we might measure
+them or we might get them from the wkb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or we might get them from the wkb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or we might get them from the wkb
+quantization condition which is p e or p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization condition which is p e or p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization condition which is p e or p
+v of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v of
+r e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r e
+r from the left Turning Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r from the left Turning Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r from the left Turning Point
+at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh
+DB to the right Turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB to the right Turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB to the right Turning
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+D is equal to h / 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half it's basically saying that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half it's basically saying that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half it's basically saying that each
+vibrational w function has v internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational w function has v internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational w function has v internal
+nodes and you're just accumulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and you're just accumulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and you're just accumulating the
+phase from one turning point to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase from one turning point to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase from one turning point to the
+other and this tells us where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and this tells us where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and this tells us where the
+vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels
+are so we can use this to find the v+1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so we can use this to find the v+1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so we can use this to find the v+1
+and V minus one in uh level energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V minus one in uh level energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V minus one in uh level energies and
+calculate this average Omega or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this average Omega or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this average Omega or we can
+modify the Su the wkb quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the Su the wkb quantization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the Su the wkb quantization
+condition to actually get the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to actually get the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to actually get the period
+directly is taking a derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integram and it's still a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integram and it's still a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integram and it's still a numerical
+they're both numerical integrals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both numerical integrals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both numerical integrals but
+they're not integrals of wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not integrals of wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not integrals of wave functions
+they're integrals of a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can get the fraction of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can get the fraction of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can get the fraction of time in
+each oscillation period system one is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each oscillation period system one is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each oscillation period system one is in
+the stationary phase region for action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary phase region for action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary phase region for action
+of time in each oscillation period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in each oscillation period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in each oscillation period
+system two is in the stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system two is in the stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system two is in the stationary phase
+region the probability amplitude is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the probability amplitude is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the probability amplitude is the
+product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of
+those and so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and so now we have a
+function uh the length of the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh the length of the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh the length of the stationary
+phase region is determined by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase region is determined by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase region is determined by this
+difference of derivatives we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of derivatives we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of derivatives we have this
+uh uh um this amplitude at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um this amplitude at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um this amplitude at the
+stationary face point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary face point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary face point which is
+basically these factors and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these factors and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these factors and I'm
+sorry I'm walking back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm walking back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm walking back and forth
+um okay so basically we have now all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so basically we have now all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so basically we have now all of
+the stuff we need in terms of quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we need in terms of quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we need in terms of quantities
+like that we would use to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we would use to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we would use to describe the
+motion of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a wave
+pack or motion of a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have this problem suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have this problem suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have this problem suppose we
+have a bound state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bound state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bound state
+crossed by a repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed by a repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed by a repulsive
+state so we would need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so we would need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so we would need to calculate the
+overlap between a bound State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between a bound State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between a bound State and
+repulsive State and there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive State and there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive State and there are different
+normalization schemes for bound States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization schemes for bound States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization schemes for bound States
+and repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repulsive
+States so but one trick is to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so but one trick is to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so but one trick is to say okay
+what the hell with this let's just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell with this let's just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell with this let's just make
+the repulsive State B by building in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsive State B by building in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsive State B by building in an
+infinite wall at large R so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite wall at large R so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite wall at large R so now the
+repulsive state has a very high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive state has a very high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive state has a very high density
+of vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibrational levels
+and we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can find
+them and we can find the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we can find the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we can find the vibrational
+period we can find the amplitude and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we can find the amplitude and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we can find the amplitude and the
+stationary phase region using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase region using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase region using the same
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+for and so then what you care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and so then what you care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and so then what you care about is
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+interaction between the repulsive State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the repulsive State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the repulsive State
+and the bounce State as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bounce State as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bounce State as a function of
+vibrational level of the bound State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level of the bound State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level of the bound State
+that's an observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an observable
+quantity so uh if we were to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so uh if we were to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so uh if we were to uh
+plot the width of the bound vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the width of the bound vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the width of the bound vibrational
+level or the quasy bound vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or the quasy bound vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or the quasy bound vibrational
+level versus V what we would find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level versus V what we would find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level versus V what we would find is
+that the width is essentially zero for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the width is essentially zero for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the width is essentially zero for a
+while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and
+then it it goes up Suddenly and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it it goes up Suddenly and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it it goes up Suddenly and then it
+goes down it might oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down it might oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down it might oscillate
+you so there's going to be as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so there's going to be as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so there's going to be as a function
+of B the width due to predissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B the width due to predissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B the width due to predissociation
+will have a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a characteristic
+shape and all of the features in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and all of the features in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and all of the features in this
+characteristic shape are related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic shape are related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic shape are related to the
+quantities we care about DC RC different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St everything and so if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St everything and so if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St everything and so if you know the
+bound curve and you can make some obser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound curve and you can make some obser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound curve and you can make some obser
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ation this rapid onset is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation this rapid onset is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation this rapid onset is basically
+telling you that at this vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that at this vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that at this vibrational
+level that's about the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that's about the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that's about the energy of the
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+Crossing and then as it goes the uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing and then as it goes the uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing and then as it goes the uh how
+big it gets is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it gets is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it gets is related
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+slope when it starts to turn around is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope when it starts to turn around is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope when it starts to turn around is
+also related to the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also related to the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also related to the difference in the
+slope and uh getting a node is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and uh getting a node is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and uh getting a node is a very
+sensitive thing because in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive thing because in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive thing because in in
+experimental uh spectroscopy measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uh spectroscopy measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uh spectroscopy measuring
+int absolute intensities or absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int absolute intensities or absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int absolute intensities or absolute
+quantities other than frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities other than frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities other than frequency is
+really hard but getting a zero even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard but getting a zero even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard but getting a zero even if
+you don't observe the zero you see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't observe the zero you see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't observe the zero you see it's
+going down and it starts coming up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down and it starts coming up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down and it starts coming up you
+know the zero was in between and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the zero was in between and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the zero was in between and that
+tells you really well the quantity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you really well the quantity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you really well the quantity you
+want so now what I've done is I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so now what I've done is I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so now what I've done is I said
+okay there is this numerical integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is this numerical integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is this numerical integral
+that if you knew both of these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you knew both of these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you knew both of these curves
+well could calculate but generally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could calculate but generally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could calculate but generally you
+know this and you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this and you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this and you don't know
+that and so I've shown you how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so I've shown you how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so I've shown you how you can
+use the quantities you can measure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the quantities you can measure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the quantities you can measure to
+determine the shape of this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the shape of this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the shape of this curve
+accurately in this region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately in this region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately in this region of the
+crossing which fortunately is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing which fortunately is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing which fortunately is the only
+region that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that you're
+sampling so even if the coupling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling so even if the coupling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling so even if the coupling is
+strongly AR dependent it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly AR dependent it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly AR dependent it doesn't matter
+because this stationary phase condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this stationary phase condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this stationary phase condition
+is so strong that it pck takes out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so strong that it pck takes out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so strong that it pck takes out the
+value of the coupling function at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the coupling function at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the coupling function at that
+critical distance and almost doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical distance and almost doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical distance and almost doesn't
+care and you can even prove that if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and you can even prove that if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and you can even prove that if it's
+varying linearly it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying linearly it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying linearly it's completely
+independent of where you sample it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of where you sample it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of where you sample it if
+it's varying quadratically by going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's varying quadratically by going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's varying quadratically by going over
+a very wide range you can begin to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very wide range you can begin to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very wide range you can begin to pick
+up that quadratic uh dependence okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that quadratic uh dependence okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that quadratic uh dependence okay so
+all of the physical stuff is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the physical stuff is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the physical stuff is connected
+to what you can observe and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you can observe and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you can observe and that's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+now I told you how you could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I told you how you could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I told you how you could calculate
+all of the relevant stuff and I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the relevant stuff and I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the relevant stuff and I made a
+lot of gross approximations in my book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of gross approximations in my book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of gross approximations in my book
+there is a Formula V1 or VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a Formula V1 or VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a Formula V1 or VI
+VJ and you'll see that all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VJ and you'll see that all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VJ and you'll see that all of those
+things appear in the formula but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things appear in the formula but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things appear in the formula but also
+with a little bit more rigor okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit more rigor okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit more rigor okay so the
+vibrational overlap is given by 2 * H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap is given by 2 * H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational overlap is given by 2 * H
+bar Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega 1
+bar H bar Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar H bar Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar H bar Omega 2
+bar time reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass over
+HR P of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HR P of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HR P of R
+crossing the V1 v r Min D V2 of R and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the V1 v r Min D V2 of R and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the V1 v r Min D V2 of R and R
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is uh what are these These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is uh what are these These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is uh what are these These
+are P1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T2 this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 this is the
+amplitude right because uh the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude right because uh the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude right because uh the amplitude
+the velocities is are the same at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities is are the same at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities is are the same at the
+Crossing Point so we get a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing Point so we get a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing Point so we get a square root
+of P from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P from
+both and this is the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and this is the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and this is the difference of
+derivatives so all the good stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so all the good stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so all the good stuff is
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we have
+Z but I promised and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z but I promised and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z but I promised and then we have the
+stuff to make it physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to make it physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to make it physically
+correct if s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if s of
+e a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e a
+function minus s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+okay this is the phase fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is uh what I would like to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what I would like to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what I would like to leave
+out but sometimes you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but sometimes you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but sometimes you need to know the
+phase at each of the stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase at each of the stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase at each of the stationary phase
+points if there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if there's more than
+one because you can get interference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because you can get interference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because you can get interference so
+this is just keeping track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just keeping track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just keeping track of the
+accumulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating
+phase this integral is a product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this integral is a product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this integral is a product of two
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+functions the integral of a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the integral of a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the integral of a product of
+two area functions functions is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two area functions functions is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two area functions functions is another
+area function and so that's where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area function and so that's where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area function and so that's where that
+is okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and
+so we have S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have S of
+e is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is you
+know that this this is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this this is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this this is needed
+because the argument of an AA function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the argument of an AA function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the argument of an AA function
+is a little bit strange and so but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit strange and so but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit strange and so but this
+is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the phase
+Factor so we have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so we have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so we have eight
+2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to
+RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC
+P2 of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 of H
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh
+B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+RC P1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R so what you can see this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so what you can see this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so what you can see this is the
+turning point of potential number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point of potential number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point of potential number two
+this is the turning point of Po number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the turning point of Po number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the turning point of Po number
+one we're just integrating the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're just integrating the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're just integrating the phase
+we're just doing the phase integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing the phase integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing the phase integral from
+the Turning Point into the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Turning Point into the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Turning Point into the place where
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+functions uh where the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh where the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh where the integral
+accumulates and so we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates and so we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates and so we're going to get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+of uh the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the uh uh
+the contribution to the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution to the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution to the integral from
+the stationary Bas point at RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is this part is a detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this part is a detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this part is a detail but
+this is basically all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically all the
+physics or all the classical physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or all the classical physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or all the classical physics and
+that's kind of neat and uh uh I know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of neat and uh uh I know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of neat and uh uh I know a
+very few spectroscopists who worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few spectroscopists who worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few spectroscopists who worry about
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+things they just make the measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they just make the measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they just make the measurements
+and say well some theorist is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well some theorist is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well some theorist is going to
+tell me what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what these
+me for my PhD Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+uh perturbation Matrix elements spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perturbation Matrix elements spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perturbation Matrix elements spin
+orbit and rotational peration Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and rotational peration Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and rotational peration Matrix
+elements between two electronic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements between two electronic States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements between two electronic States
+as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of
+B and I was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I was able to
+show that the measured coupling terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the measured coupling terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the measured coupling terms
+were the product of a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the product of a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the product of a constant
+electronic Factor times a vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Factor times a vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Factor times a vibrational
+overlap so that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so that was the first
+demonstration that one could use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that one could use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that one could use this
+expected separation of coupling Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected separation of coupling Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected separation of coupling Matrix
+elements into a a constant radial factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements into a a constant radial factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements into a a constant radial factor
+and a vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vibrational
+overlap just like you do for electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap just like you do for electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap just like you do for electronic
+transitions where you have a Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions where you have a Frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions where you have a Frank
+Condon factor which is an overlap Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condon factor which is an overlap Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condon factor which is an overlap Square
+Times an electronic factor and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times an electronic factor and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times an electronic factor and then I
+use the same idea as a postto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same idea as a postto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same idea as a postto
+uh to get absolute vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get absolute vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get absolute vibrational
+numbering of dark States states that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering of dark States states that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering of dark States states that you
+couldn't see by looking at the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see by looking at the variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see by looking at the variation
+of the perturbation Matrix elements with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the perturbation Matrix elements with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the perturbation Matrix elements with
+uh vibrational quantum number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vibrational quantum number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vibrational quantum number in the
+bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+state but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but I didn't
+know the semiclassical arguments so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the semiclassical arguments so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the semiclassical arguments so I
+saw these oscillations and I and I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw these oscillations and I and I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw these oscillations and I and I knew
+that the oscillations were the zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oscillations were the zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oscillations were the zeros
+were really important and the zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really important and the zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really important and the zeros
+really nailed the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nailed the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nailed the vibrational
+numbering and then later on I figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering and then later on I figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering and then later on I figured
+out that well I could have you approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that well I could have you approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that well I could have you approach
+this problem very differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um suppose and this is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose and this is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose and this is related to the
+question they asked last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they asked last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they asked last
+time suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time suppose you
+have kind flabby poil a very strong one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind flabby poil a very strong one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind flabby poil a very strong one
+so you have a stationary Bas Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a stationary Bas Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a stationary Bas Point here
+stationary Bas Point here stationary Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary Bas Point here stationary Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary Bas Point here stationary Bas
+Point here so the vibrational overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here so the vibrational overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here so the vibrational overlap
+would accumulate at three points and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would accumulate at three points and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would accumulate at three points and the
+accumulation of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of these three
+points could would each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points could would each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points could would each of the
+contributions could add either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions could add either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions could add either
+constructively or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively or
+destructively and you get into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively and you get into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively and you get into trouble
+well as I've drawn it if you're at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as I've drawn it if you're at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as I've drawn it if you're at low
+energy and you're sampling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you're sampling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you're sampling the
+interactions this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this one is
+irrelevant uh as I've drawn this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant uh as I've drawn this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant uh as I've drawn this these
+two come in at about the same energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two come in at about the same energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two come in at about the same energy and
+that would be the worst of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the worst of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the worst of all possible
+conditions normally you get the turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions normally you get the turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions normally you get the turning
+on of an interaction associated with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of an interaction associated with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of an interaction associated with one
+stationary face point and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary face point and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary face point and then in
+somewhat higher energy you might see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat higher energy you might see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat higher energy you might see the
+appearance of another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of another one
+and that leads to complexities but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads to complexities but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads to complexities but if
+you've got enough of a purchase on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got enough of a purchase on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got enough of a purchase on the
+problem from the first one then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from the first one then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from the first one then this is
+not a big deal that's just giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal that's just giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal that's just giving you
+another uh you can undo the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh you can undo the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh you can undo the interference
+effects and it's just giving you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and it's just giving you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and it's just giving you another
+value of the potential and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the potential and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the potential and its
+slope which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope which is
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay classical this classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay classical this classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay classical this classical mechanics
+oh we going to finish early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can bring classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can bring classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can bring classical mechanics
+into quantum mechanics through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into quantum mechanics through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into quantum mechanics through the
+stationary phase or the semic classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase or the semic classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase or the semic classical
+wave function but you can also bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function but you can also bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function but you can also bring
+classical mechanics into quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics into quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics into quantum
+mechanics by making wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics by making wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics by making wave
+meths these are particle like states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meths these are particle like states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meths these are particle like states
+which are described in a purely quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are described in a purely quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are described in a purely quantum
+mechanical way but they behave following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way but they behave following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way but they behave following
+your classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classical
+intuition about how a particle moves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about how a particle moves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about how a particle moves on
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+potential but there are always these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but there are always these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but there are always these
+things about how does a particle get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about how does a particle get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about how does a particle get
+from one potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one potential to
+another is it magic does it happen some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is it magic does it happen some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is it magic does it happen some
+in some random probabilistic way or does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some random probabilistic way or does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some random probabilistic way or does
+it happen at a particular location in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and one of the pictures we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and one of the pictures we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and one of the pictures we have to
+describe these sorts of phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe these sorts of phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe these sorts of phenomena
+we is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is it's the
+landow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landow
+xener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so we
+might start a wave packet here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start a wave packet here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start a wave packet here and it
+would move back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would move back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would move back and
+forth and when it goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and when it goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and when it goes through the
+region of this avoided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of this avoided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of this avoided
+crossing the particle might stay on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the particle might stay on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the particle might stay on this
+curve or it might jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other and we have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and we have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and we have a nice
+theory that uh comes from our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that uh comes from our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that uh comes from our own
+experience driving too fast in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience driving too fast in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience driving too fast in a
+car if you're going too fast and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car if you're going too fast and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car if you're going too fast and you
+have to make a right turn you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a right turn you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a right turn you can't do
+it you can roll the car but uh uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can roll the car but uh uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can roll the car but uh uh if you
+go slowly it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go slowly it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go slowly it's no
+problem and so we have some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so we have some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so we have some something
+that's related to the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to the curvature
+here and the Gap and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the Gap and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the Gap and the
+velocity and those quantities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and those quantities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and those quantities in the
+diabetic picture are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic picture are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic picture are
+exactly uh the quantities we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh the quantities we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh the quantities we've been
+focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+um the velocity well we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the velocity well we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the velocity well we've been talking
+about the velocity right we we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the velocity right we we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the velocity right we we have the
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum uh the um The Gap that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum uh the um The Gap that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum uh the um The Gap that's the
+coupling Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling Matrix
+element uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh the
+uh in the iaic picture we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the iaic picture we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the iaic picture we have a
+difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in
+derivatives when the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives when the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives when the difference in
+derivatives is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is
+large uh it's really hard for the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh it's really hard for the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh it's really hard for the system
+to jump when the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump when the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump when the difference in
+derivatives is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is
+small then uh i' Sor when the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then uh i' Sor when the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then uh i' Sor when the difference
+in derivatives is large it lies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in derivatives is large it lies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in derivatives is large it lies to
+J when the difference in derivatives is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J when the difference in derivatives is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J when the difference in derivatives is
+small like here it's hard to birn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like here it's hard to birn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like here it's hard to birn the
+J cuz it can it can make this gentle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J cuz it can it can make this gentle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J cuz it can it can make this gentle
+curve and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I'd like to be more explicit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to be more explicit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to be more explicit about
+the connection between the land xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between the land xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between the land xor
+model and the uh the quantities in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the uh the quantities in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the uh the quantities in my
+semi-classical wave function I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-classical wave function I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-classical wave function I know I
+can that was going to be the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that was going to be the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that was going to be the last
+lecture I'm not sure in a finite time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm not sure in a finite time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm not sure in a finite time I
+can do this more than in a hand waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this more than in a hand waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this more than in a hand waving
+way but I'll have something to say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but I'll have something to say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but I'll have something to say on
+Friday about some topic related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday about some topic related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday about some topic related to
+this so that's all I have to say today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's all I have to say today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's all I have to say today
+are there questions yes when you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions yes when you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions yes when you say the
+difference in derivatives do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in derivatives do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in derivatives do you mean
+the difference in derivatives for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in derivatives for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in derivatives for the
+lower potential energy curve on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower potential energy curve on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower potential energy curve on either
+side of the maximum or do you mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the maximum or do you mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the maximum or do you mean the
+differ derivative between the two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ derivative between the two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ derivative between the two curves
+on the same side okay when we in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same side okay when we in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same side okay when we in the
+Lander picture that's expressed in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lander picture that's expressed in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lander picture that's expressed in terms
+of noncrossing or amatic Curves okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noncrossing or amatic Curves okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noncrossing or amatic Curves okay the
+picture that I've been developing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I've been developing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I've been developing is
+diabetic Crossing curves okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic Crossing curves okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic Crossing curves okay the
+difference in derivatives for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in derivatives for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in derivatives for the
+diabetic Crossing curves at the Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic Crossing curves at the Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic Crossing curves at the Crossing
+is uh is related to uh uh to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is related to uh uh to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is related to uh uh to the the
+curvature here and and the Gap and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature here and and the Gap and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature here and and the Gap and but
+how that works I I need a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works I I need a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works I I need a little more
+time to work out if I can but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work out if I can but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work out if I can but the the
+the quantities I've identified in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities I've identified in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities I've identified in the
+semi classical wave function are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi classical wave function are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi classical wave function are
+directly are together related to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly are together related to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly are together related to The
+landow xener Crossing or non-crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landow xener Crossing or non-crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landow xener Crossing or non-crossing
+formula all of the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula all of the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula all of the classical
+quantities and uh that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and uh that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and uh that I would like to
+to talk about and maybe I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about and maybe I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about and maybe I don't know
+what else I'm going to talk about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else I'm going to talk about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else I'm going to talk about on
+Friday maybe it'll just be a lunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday maybe it'll just be a lunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday maybe it'll just be a lunch of
+blett but I'll have something to say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blett but I'll have something to say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blett but I'll have something to say on
+Friday but this is this semi classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday but this is this semi classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday but this is this semi classical
+quantization the semi classical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization the semi classical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization the semi classical way
+function this was really what the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this was really what the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this was really what the whole
+series of lectures was
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RhIh1zw0-BM.txt b/RhIh1zw0-BM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..704949ee04dcd3538f7e241f9de7093d7ada25b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RhIh1zw0-BM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so welcome back again to ao3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back again to ao3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back again to ao3
+today my friend is to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today my friend is to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today my friend is to continue the
+discussion of the two string system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the two string system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the two string system
+which we were working really hard last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we were working really hard last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we were working really hard last
+time but that we sort of round out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but that we sort of round out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but that we sort of round out of
+time so we didn't have time to enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we didn't have time to enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we didn't have time to enjoy
+what we have done right so today we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done right so today we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done right so today we are
+going to discuss all the outcome of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss all the outcome of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss all the outcome of that
+calculation and also we will start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and also we will start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and also we will start to
+discuss more examples which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss more examples which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss more examples which can be
+described by the wave equation today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the wave equation today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the wave equation today we
+are going to talk about another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about another example
+which is some wave it's a very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some wave it's a very exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some wave it's a very exciting
+topic and afterwards we would start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and afterwards we would start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and afterwards we would start the
+discussion of electromagnetic waves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of electromagnetic waves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of electromagnetic waves so
+this is the wave equation which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wave equation which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wave equation which we have
+been using and over the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using and over the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using and over the last few
+lectures we have been discussing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we have been discussing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we have been discussing two
+special kinds of solutions the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kinds of solutions the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kinds of solutions the normal
+modes standing which essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes standing which essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes standing which essentially
+standing waves in the end which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing waves in the end which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing waves in the end which we
+identified and the progressing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified and the progressing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified and the progressing wave
+solution which is very powerful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is very powerful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is very powerful in
+describing the phenomena which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the phenomena which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the phenomena which we are
+familiar with last time in the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with last time in the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with last time in the end of
+the lecture we were discussing about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture we were discussing about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture we were discussing about an
+interesting example which involve two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example which involve two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example which involve two
+strings in the system one is actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings in the system one is actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings in the system one is actually in
+the lap and I have you know mass per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lap and I have you know mass per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lap and I have you know mass per
+unit length Rho L equal to Rho 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length Rho L equal to Rho 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length Rho L equal to Rho 1 and
+right hand side one is seeker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side one is seeker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side one is seeker and
+therefore the mass per unit length Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the mass per unit length Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the mass per unit length Rho
+is larger which is called Rho 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger which is called Rho 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger which is called Rho 2
+what we did last time is to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time is to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time is to assume that
+we have a progressing wave which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a progressing wave which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a progressing wave which is
+actually going into this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going into this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going into this which is
+actually the first initiated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first initiated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first initiated in the
+lapis.i string and this going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapis.i string and this going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapis.i string and this going to work
+the boundary of the two systems the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary of the two systems the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary of the two systems the more
+massive one and the last last massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive one and the last last massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive one and the last last massive
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and see what is going to happen and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what is going to happen and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what is going to happen and what
+we actually try to describe last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually try to describe last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually try to describe last time is
+that we actually define incident wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually define incident wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually define incident wave
+described by this Fi function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this Fi function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this Fi function
+transmission where transmitted wave ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission where transmitted wave ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission where transmitted wave ft
+and the refractive wave FR by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the refractive wave FR by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the refractive wave FR by using
+boundary conditions which we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions which we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions which we discussed
+last time we can conclude that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we can conclude that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we can conclude that there is
+a fixed relation between the three-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed relation between the three-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed relation between the three-way
+with equation wave functions what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equation wave functions what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equation wave functions what we
+issue concluded last time is that f R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue concluded last time is that f R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue concluded last time is that f R is
+proportional to F I which is the Ennead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to F I which is the Ennead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to F I which is the Ennead
+it which is the incident wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is the incident wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is the incident wave function
+by some constant which is called R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some constant which is called R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some constant which is called R and
+what is R is it as we saw last time is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is R is it as we saw last time is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is R is it as we saw last time is V
+2 minus V 1 over B 1 plus B 2 which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus V 1 over B 1 plus B 2 which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus V 1 over B 1 plus B 2 which are
+the velocities of the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities of the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities of the first and second
+string and the transmitted wave of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and the transmitted wave of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and the transmitted wave of T is
+actually also proportional to the east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also proportional to the east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also proportional to the east
+of the wave and and the coefficient we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave and and the coefficient we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave and and the coefficient we
+call it a towel or to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a towel or to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a towel or to describe the
+amplitude of the transmitted wave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the transmitted wave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the transmitted wave okay
+so what we actually can do is the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we actually can do is the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we actually can do is the power
+n so we actually discuss two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we actually discuss two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we actually discuss two examples
+last time Praga in V 1 and V 2 and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time Praga in V 1 and V 2 and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time Praga in V 1 and V 2 and there
+are two more examples we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two more examples we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two more examples we can actually
+make use of this equation we obtain last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of this equation we obtain last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of this equation we obtain last
+time to discuss what will be the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to discuss what will be the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to discuss what will be the physics
+outcome of this kind of situation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of this kind of situation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of this kind of situation so the
+first example which we we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example which we we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example which we we can actually
+discuss is the is that okay now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is the is that okay now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is the is that okay now I have
+the string as usual the connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string as usual the connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string as usual the connected to a
+wall okay so this time you can say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall okay so this time you can say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall okay so this time you can say oh
+wait wait wait a second there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait wait a second there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait wait a second there's only one
+string now right but the last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string now right but the last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string now right but the last time we
+were solving two strings right but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solving two strings right but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solving two strings right but what
+I'm doing now is to treat the war as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing now is to treat the war as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing now is to treat the war as if
+it's a string okay but this war is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a string okay but this war is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a string okay but this war is
+really massive there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really massive there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really massive there
+for the Rowell or the the mass per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Rowell or the the mass per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Rowell or the the mass per unit
+length is really large okay goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is really large okay goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is really large okay goes to
+infinity okay if that's the case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay if that's the case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay if that's the case if you
+accept this idea okay this is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this idea okay this is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this idea okay this is still a
+two-string system okay then I can now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-string system okay then I can now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-string system okay then I can now go
+ahead and calculate what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and calculate what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and calculate what will be the
+velocity the velocity v-two what goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the velocity v-two what goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the velocity v-two what goes to
+zero okay then I can go ahead and plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay then I can go ahead and plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay then I can go ahead and plug
+it into my equations right so we spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into my equations right so we spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into my equations right so we spend a
+lot of time last in the last lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time last in the last lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time last in the last lecture to
+obtain those three equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain those three equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain those three equations
+and we will find out if we I have v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will find out if we I have v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will find out if we I have v2
+goes to zero I have R equal to minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero I have R equal to minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero I have R equal to minus 1
+and tau which is - with the related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tau which is - with the related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tau which is - with the related to
+the amplitude of the transmitted wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the transmitted wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the transmitted wave is
+equal to zero as you can see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero as you can see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero as you can see from this
+equation okay what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay what does that mean that
+means once we solve that like question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means once we solve that like question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means once we solve that like question
+we also know what would be the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know what would be the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know what would be the outcome
+of this experiment this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this experiment this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this experiment this physical
+situation when we have a string attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when we have a string attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when we have a string attached
+to a wall and we have an incident wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a wall and we have an incident wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a wall and we have an incident wave
+and as a function of time what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a function of time what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a function of time what is going
+to happen afterwards is that this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen afterwards is that this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen afterwards is that this wave
+is going to propagate and hit a wall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to propagate and hit a wall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to propagate and hit a wall and
+the cuddly fractured completely okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cuddly fractured completely okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cuddly fractured completely okay the
+amplitude ratio is minus 1 therefore all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude ratio is minus 1 therefore all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude ratio is minus 1 therefore all
+the energy is refracted by the wall okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is refracted by the wall okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is refracted by the wall okay
+in this very highly idealized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very highly idealized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very highly idealized the
+situation okay so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation okay so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation okay so that's kind of
+interesting the second example is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the second example is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the second example is also
+very interesting so if you have a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting so if you have a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting so if you have a string
+attached to a massive ring okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a massive ring okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a massive ring okay and this
+ring can go up and down freely without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring can go up and down freely without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring can go up and down freely without
+any friction okay you can again say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any friction okay you can again say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any friction okay you can again say no
+no this is again a single string system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is again a single string system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is again a single string system
+right but what I am going to argue now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what I am going to argue now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what I am going to argue now
+is that okay there is another string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay there is another string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay there is another string
+which is so light mass per unit Lance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so light mass per unit Lance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so light mass per unit Lance is
+close to zero okay so it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero okay so it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero okay so it's actually the
+air okay if I do that what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air okay if I do that what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air okay if I do that what is going to
+happen the row air is going to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the row air is going to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the row air is going to go to the
+limit of zero right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of zero right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of zero right because the
+right-hand side you know can you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side you know can you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side you know can you almost
+cannot see it and the b2 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see it and the b2 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see it and the b2 which is the
+velocity of the transmitted wave goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the transmitted wave goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the transmitted wave goes to
+infinity okay if that's the case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay if that's the case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay if that's the case you can
+issue again plugging into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue again plugging into this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue again plugging into this equation
+we obtain and you will conclude that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obtain and you will conclude that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obtain and you will conclude that R
+will be equal to 1 and tau will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 1 and tau will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 1 and tau will be equal
+to 2 so what does that mean this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 so what does that mean this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 so what does that mean this means
+that if you have this end which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have this end which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have this end which is the
+open end is attached to a drink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open end is attached to a drink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open end is attached to a drink and
+which you can move up and down then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can move up and down then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can move up and down then you
+get the refraction the refraction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the refraction the refraction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the refraction the refraction the
+amplitude of the refractive wave doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the refractive wave doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the refractive wave doesn't
+change because R is equal to 1 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because R is equal to 1 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because R is equal to 1 right so
+it's still in the positive direction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still in the positive direction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still in the positive direction we
+define and but it now it goes backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define and but it now it goes backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define and but it now it goes backward
+again all the energy is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all the energy is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all the energy is actually
+refracted as you can see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted as you can see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted as you can see from this
+equation right but the curious case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right but the curious case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right but the curious case is
+that the strangest thing is that the Tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the strangest thing is that the Tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the strangest thing is that the Tau
+is equal to 2 that's kind of strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 2 that's kind of strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 2 that's kind of strange
+right tau is equal to what equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tau is equal to what equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tau is equal to what equal to 2
+what does that mean that means you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means you are
+going to predict a transmitted wave with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to predict a transmitted wave with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to predict a transmitted wave with
+amplitude exactly 2 times of the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude exactly 2 times of the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude exactly 2 times of the in
+certain wave and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wave and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wave and it's going to be
+propagating in the right-hand side at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in the right-hand side at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in the right-hand side at
+the speed goes to infinity okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed goes to infinity okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed goes to infinity okay what
+does that mean does that mean the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean does that mean the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean does that mean the energy
+is not conserved have we found a cure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not conserved have we found a cure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not conserved have we found a cure of
+the energy crisis right because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy crisis right because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy crisis right because now
+actually I can I can actually take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can I can actually take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can I can actually take all
+those energy ok ok I can design this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energy ok ok I can design this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energy ok ok I can design this
+thing right then this thing will bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right then this thing will bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right then this thing will bounce
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+over the prayers and there is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the prayers and there is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the prayers and there is going to
+emit energy right oh my god we saw all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit energy right oh my god we saw all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit energy right oh my god we saw all
+the Pavan you should be really excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pavan you should be really excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pavan you should be really excited
+about it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right
+no but the unfortunately raw error goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but the unfortunately raw error goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but the unfortunately raw error goes
+to 0 right so it should be nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 right so it should be nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 right so it should be nothing
+oscillating out of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating out of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating out of this system
+okay so therefore there's no additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore there's no additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore there's no additional
+energy radiated out of this system too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy radiated out of this system too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy radiated out of this system too
+bad right go back to work alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right go back to work alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right go back to work alright so
+that's actually what we discussed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what we discussed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what we discussed last
+time and I hope that can complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I hope that can complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I hope that can complete the
+loop and today we before we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and today we before we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and today we before we actually
+move to a sound wave I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to a sound wave I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to a sound wave I would like to
+also talk about very briefly harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about very briefly harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about very briefly harmonic
+progressing waves okay so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing waves okay so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing waves okay so now you can
+see that a harmonica focusing wave looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a harmonica focusing wave looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a harmonica focusing wave looks
+really beautiful as you can see here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful as you can see here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful as you can see here and
+you can be described by a cosine KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be described by a cosine KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be described by a cosine KX
+minus Omega T plus Phi right or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T plus Phi right or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T plus Phi right or you can
+issue the earth of Isis with a face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue the earth of Isis with a face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue the earth of Isis with a face and
+you can always write it in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always write it in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always write it in different
+forms and since we have learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and since we have learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and since we have learned how to
+describe in general the progressing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in general the progressing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in general the progressing wave
+this is just to remind you that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to remind you that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to remind you that okay
+there's no pub and also to describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no pub and also to describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no pub and also to describe a
+harmonic focusing wave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic focusing wave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic focusing wave okay
+all right so so since we have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so since we have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so since we have learned
+about waves which involve oscillation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about waves which involve oscillation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about waves which involve oscillation in
+the transverse direction okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse direction okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse direction okay so so
+basically we always say ok things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we always say ok things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we always say ok things are
+oscillating up and down in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down in the case of
+string before I start the sound wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string before I start the sound wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string before I start the sound wave
+there's a tip a different kind of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tip a different kind of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tip a different kind of wave
+which we can also see very often in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can also see very often in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can also see very often in the
+daily life this called longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily life this called longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily life this called longitudinal
+waves okay for example I can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay for example I can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay for example I can have a
+spring wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring wave
+okay and I can actually so imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can actually so imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can actually so imagine I
+have a spring wave and I can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spring wave and I can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spring wave and I can actually do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+I also they in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also they in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also they in
+oriental direction then that can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriental direction then that can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriental direction then that can produce
+displacement with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement with respect to the
+equilibrium position and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position and this kind of
+behavior is like a density wave we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is like a density wave we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is like a density wave we call
+it a large institutional waves okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a large institutional waves okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a large institutional waves okay this
+is actually exactly what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually exactly what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually exactly what is happening
+with some wave so what is actually sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some wave so what is actually sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some wave so what is actually sound
+wave is actually a collection of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is actually a collection of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is actually a collection of motion
+of air molecules and they are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air molecules and they are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air molecules and they are actually
+oscillating back and forth and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating back and forth and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating back and forth and and we
+make use that to issued each ascends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use that to issued each ascends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use that to issued each ascends
+energy over the place okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over the place okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over the place okay
+and today we are going to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we are going to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we are going to discuss the
+sound wave and by the way just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound wave and by the way just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound wave and by the way just for
+simplicity because drawing all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity because drawing all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity because drawing all those
+thoughts really take a lot of time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts really take a lot of time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts really take a lot of time okay
+so what we sometimes do is that okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we sometimes do is that okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we sometimes do is that okay we
+can now draw the pressure the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now draw the pressure the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now draw the pressure the amplitude
+of the pressure or the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pressure or the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pressure or the amplitude of the
+displacement of individual molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of individual molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of individual molecules in
+the in the discussion as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the discussion as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the discussion as a function of
+time so if we draw the amplitude as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if we draw the amplitude as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if we draw the amplitude as a
+function of time or as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time or as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time or as a function of
+location then it looks exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location then it looks exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location then it looks exactly the same
+as what we discussed before for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we discussed before for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we discussed before for the
+transverse direction waves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse direction waves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse direction waves okay
+so just some clarification it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just some clarification it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just some clarification it's not like
+the molecules are going up and down they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules are going up and down they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules are going up and down they
+are going back and forth and it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going back and forth and it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going back and forth and it's just a
+matter of presenting the design okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of presenting the design okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of presenting the design okay so
+this is an example of a travelling wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a travelling wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a travelling wave
+in the longitudinal direction and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the longitudinal direction and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the longitudinal direction and you
+can see that it is actually the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it is actually the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it is actually the density
+which is actually changing as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually changing as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually changing as a function
+of time and as you can see it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and as you can see it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and as you can see it's actually
+traveling at the fixed speed and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at the fixed speed and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at the fixed speed and going
+in the right direction of the holder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction of the holder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction of the holder
+blackboard okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard okay all right
+so with those being said we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with those being said we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with those being said we can actually
+get started with a concrete example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started with a concrete example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started with a concrete example okay
+so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would
+like to discuss with you now a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss with you now a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss with you now a system
+which is like you have a tube okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like you have a tube okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like you have a tube okay a
+tube with cross-section area a so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube with cross-section area a so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube with cross-section area a so a is
+actually the area of the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the area of the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the area of the cross-section
+and and I can now wonder no no the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I can now wonder no no the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I can now wonder no no the the
+physics question asking is what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics question asking is what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics question asking is what will be
+the what would be the the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what would be the the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what would be the the behavior of
+this the air inside this tube so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the air inside this tube so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the air inside this tube so before
+I go ahead and solve this problem I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go ahead and solve this problem I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go ahead and solve this problem I need
+to define and give you some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define and give you some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define and give you some more
+information about this tube and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this tube and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this tube and also the
+condition or they say the environment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition or they say the environment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition or they say the environment is
+to be sleeping in so the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sleeping in so the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sleeping in so the the first
+information I would like to give you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I would like to give you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I would like to give you is
+that the the pressure the room pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the pressure the room pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the pressure the room pressure
+is a should be p 0 in this example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a should be p 0 in this example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a should be p 0 in this example so
+the p 0 is actually the RAM pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p 0 is actually the RAM pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p 0 is actually the RAM pressure and
+I can now define a coordinate system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now define a coordinate system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now define a coordinate system the
+X Direction is actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction is actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction is actually in the
+horizontal direction pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction pointing to the
+right hand side and and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and and now I can
+actually try to describe a small unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to describe a small unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to describe a small unit
+volume inside the tube by location X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume inside the tube by location X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume inside the tube by location X and
+the width of this small volume I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this small volume I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this small volume I call it
+Delta X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X okay
+and if I go ahead and prepare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I go ahead and prepare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I go ahead and prepare this
+system and the at time T there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the at time T there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the at time T there there's
+something happening to this system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happening to this system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happening to this system so
+now this you need land you need a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this you need land you need a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this you need land you need a new
+unit volume I'd was discussing is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume I'd was discussing is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume I'd was discussing is get
+displaced with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced with respect to the
+equilibrium position so so that me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position so so that me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position so so that me
+assume that something happened at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that something happened at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that something happened at time
+equal to T the lap inside H of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T the lap inside H of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T the lap inside H of the
+volume is shifted to were a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is shifted to were a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is shifted to were a positive
+direction which is described by wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is described by wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is described by wave
+functions I X and the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I X and the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I X and the position of the
+right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+edge of this volume is shifted to side a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of this volume is shifted to side a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of this volume is shifted to side a
+X plus Delta X okay so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus Delta X okay so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus Delta X okay so something
+happened to this to this system okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this to this system okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this to this system okay we
+can also say that we can also describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also say that we can also describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also say that we can also describe
+this system the pressure of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system the pressure of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system the pressure of this system
+by P function P of X is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P function P of X is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P function P of X is actually equal
+to p0 which is actually the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p0 which is actually the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p0 which is actually the one
+temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+okay p0 is the baseline room pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay p0 is the baseline room pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay p0 is the baseline room pressure
+plus some kind of displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some kind of displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some kind of displacement
+displacement in pressure side P okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement in pressure side P okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement in pressure side P okay so
+now we describe the pressure acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we describe the pressure acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we describe the pressure acting on
+the laugh and sigh age of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laugh and sigh age of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laugh and sigh age of the small
+unique volume and the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique volume and the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique volume and the right hand side
+you can also do the same thing P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do the same thing P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do the same thing P of X
+plus Delta X which will be equal to p0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta X which will be equal to p0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta X which will be equal to p0
+plus side P describing the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus side P describing the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus side P describing the displacement
+or how offset the pressure is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how offset the pressure is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how offset the pressure is as a
+function of X but now evaluated at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X but now evaluated at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X but now evaluated at X
+plus Delta X okay so once we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta X okay so once we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta X okay so once we have all
+those elements defined this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements defined this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements defined this is actually
+just a copy of what I have in the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a copy of what I have in the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a copy of what I have in the slide
+and also sound reminder here and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also sound reminder here and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also sound reminder here and now we
+can actually calculate the motion of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually calculate the motion of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually calculate the motion of all
+the molecules in this volume right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules in this volume right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules in this volume right
+because we have pressure I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have pressure I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have pressure I have this
+displacement right which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement right which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement right which is the
+displacement is described by psy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is described by psy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is described by psy in
+position is described by psy the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is described by psy the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is described by psy the change
+in pressure is described by side P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pressure is described by side P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pressure is described by side P and
+now I can go ahead and apply for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can go ahead and apply for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can go ahead and apply for example
+Newton's law right then I can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law right then I can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law right then I can calculate
+or be the acceleration right for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or be the acceleration right for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or be the acceleration right for this
+for all the molecules inside this body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the molecules inside this body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the molecules inside this body
+right but wait wait a second that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but wait wait a second that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but wait wait a second that sounds
+all great but I don't know yet how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all great but I don't know yet how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all great but I don't know yet how to
+relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate
+pressure and the volume right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the volume right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the volume right because
+pressure is actually expressed by scipy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is actually expressed by scipy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is actually expressed by scipy
+and the volume is related to sigh I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume is related to sigh I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume is related to sigh I need
+to know what is actually relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is actually relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is actually relation
+between pressure and the displacement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pressure and the displacement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pressure and the displacement or
+pressure between sigh so that I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure between sigh so that I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure between sigh so that I can make
+progress right so that is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress right so that is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress right so that is actually the
+main discussion which I would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main discussion which I would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main discussion which I would like to do
+in this lecture ok so given those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture ok so given those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture ok so given those
+information I can now calculate what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I can now calculate what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I can now calculate what is
+actually the change in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the change in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the change in this little
+volume so if I can calculate the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so if I can calculate the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so if I can calculate the change
+in volume which is just quite by top d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in volume which is just quite by top d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in volume which is just quite by top d
+ok the Delta V can be easily calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok the Delta V can be easily calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok the Delta V can be easily calculated
+by a which is actually the the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a which is actually the the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a which is actually the the area of
+the cross section times sigh X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross section times sigh X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross section times sigh X plus
+Delta X t minus sy X right so PCD just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X t minus sy X right so PCD just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X t minus sy X right so PCD just
+calculate how much the the boundaries as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much the the boundaries as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much the the boundaries as
+it is placed and if we always take very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is placed and if we always take very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is placed and if we always take very
+small amplitude approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amplitude approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amplitude approximation
+ok then basically this expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok then basically this expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok then basically this expression is
+roughly equal to a partial side partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to a partial side partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to a partial side partial
+x times Delta X where the Delta X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times Delta X where the Delta X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times Delta X where the Delta X is
+really very small okay it's a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very small okay it's a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very small okay it's a very small
+volume I was talking about and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume I was talking about and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume I was talking about and I can
+also calculate the pressure difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the pressure difference pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the pressure difference pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the pressure difference pressure
+difference is between the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between the pressure
+acting in the lap inside edge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in the lap inside edge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in the lap inside edge and the
+pressure which is acting on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which is acting on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which is acting on the right
+hand side edge right so I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side edge right so I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side edge right so I can now
+calculate pressure difference the top P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate pressure difference the top P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate pressure difference the top P
+the Delta P will be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta P will be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta P will be minus
+sigh P X plus Delta X T plus side P X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh P X plus Delta X T plus side P X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh P X plus Delta X T plus side P X
+right so basically one you say should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically one you say should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically one you say should be
+the pressure is actually pushing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure is actually pushing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure is actually pushing the the
+the bottom right hand side the otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom right hand side the otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom right hand side the otherwise
+I should pushing it laughs and side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should pushing it laughs and side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should pushing it laughs and side
+direction right again I can take very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right again I can take very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right again I can take very
+small Delta X approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Delta X approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Delta X approximation and
+basically what you are going to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you are going to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you are going to get this
+- Archer side P partial X Delta X ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Archer side P partial X Delta X ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Archer side P partial X Delta X ok so
+we have prepared all those information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have prepared all those information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have prepared all those information
+about volume and and the pressure as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about volume and and the pressure as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about volume and and the pressure as I
+mentioned before the big question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the big question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the big question which
+we would like to ask is how do I relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to ask is how do I relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to ask is how do I relate
+pressure and the volume right so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the volume right so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the volume right so that I
+can make progress if I can read eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make progress if I can read eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make progress if I can read eight
+pressure and volume then I can know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and volume then I can know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and volume then I can know what
+is the relation between side P and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relation between side P and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relation between side P and the
+side then I can issue the you make use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then I can issue the you make use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then I can issue the you make use
+of Newton's law then I can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Newton's law then I can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Newton's law then I can calculate the
+resulting equation of motion okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting equation of motion okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting equation of motion okay so
+there's two possible interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two possible interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two possible interesting
+scenarios which we can read eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios which we can read eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios which we can read eight
+temperature so sorry relate pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so sorry relate pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so sorry relate pressure and
+the volume the first one was proposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume the first one was proposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume the first one was proposed by
+Newton okay Newton said that okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton okay Newton said that okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton okay Newton said that okay this
+is an interesting phenomena and what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting phenomena and what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting phenomena and what in
+my opinion although you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion although you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion although you actually
+displace this volume you know make but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace this volume you know make but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace this volume you know make but
+you know make the displacement in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make the displacement in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make the displacement in the in
+for those molecules in the in the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those molecules in the in the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those molecules in the in the tube
+but because the heat was conducted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because the heat was conducted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because the heat was conducted from
+one region to the other region all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one region to the other region all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one region to the other region all those
+regions are connected to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are connected to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are connected to each other and
+the conduct the speed of this heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduct the speed of this heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduct the speed of this heat
+transfer is so fast it's really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer is so fast it's really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer is so fast it's really fast
+like instant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instant the
+this feat is racially transfers from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feat is racially transfers from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feat is racially transfers from one
+and one direction to the odd one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one direction to the odd one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one direction to the odd one
+position to the other position therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to the other position therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to the other position therefore
+all that owed over the course of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that owed over the course of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that owed over the course of this
+evolution the temperature should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution the temperature should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution the temperature should be
+unchanged okay no matter what you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged okay no matter what you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged okay no matter what you do to
+this the air inside the tube the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the air inside the tube the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the air inside the tube the
+temperature should be unchanged because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature should be unchanged because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature should be unchanged because
+he think Newton's think that the heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he think Newton's think that the heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he think Newton's think that the heat is
+to be the speed of the heat distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the speed of the heat distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the speed of the heat distribution
+is really really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really fast
+that much faster than all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much faster than all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much faster than all those
+vibration happening in in the tube okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration happening in in the tube okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration happening in in the tube okay
+if that is the case okay that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is the case okay that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is the case okay that is the
+case then that means we can use ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P times V is equal to an RT I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P times V is equal to an RT I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P times V is equal to an RT I hope that
+you have learned this before in a 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have learned this before in a 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have learned this before in a 1 and
+a 2 if that's the case that means so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 if that's the case that means so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 if that's the case that means so
+those things are constant because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are constant because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are constant because we
+assume that temperature is unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+therefore this decision the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this decision the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this decision the right hand
+side is actually a constant therefore P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is actually a constant therefore P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is actually a constant therefore P
+times V will be some kind of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V will be some kind of constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V will be some kind of constant
+the P Ravi will be proportional to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P Ravi will be proportional to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P Ravi will be proportional to 1
+over P okay so that is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P okay so that is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P okay so that is actually the
+first idea which coming from Newton in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea which coming from Newton in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea which coming from Newton in
+order to read 8 pressure and the body ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to read 8 pressure and the body ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to read 8 pressure and the body ok
+the second idea is coming from Laplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second idea is coming from Laplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second idea is coming from Laplace
+the process that okay he has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that okay he has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that okay he has a different
+opinion on this matter he think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on this matter he think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on this matter he think that
+this is a shear at the abetik process ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shear at the abetik process ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shear at the abetik process ok
+what does that mean that means the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means the heat
+flow from the compressive region to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the compressive region to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the compressive region to the
+to the other region is really negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other region is really negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other region is really negligible
+because the oscillation is really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the oscillation is really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the oscillation is really fast
+and the transfer of T the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transfer of T the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transfer of T the speed of the
+transfer transfer of the heat is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer transfer of the heat is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer transfer of the heat is really
+slow compared to the timescale of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow compared to the timescale of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow compared to the timescale of the
+oscillation ok therefore in Laplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation ok therefore in Laplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation ok therefore in Laplace
+opinion he think that the whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion he think that the whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion he think that the whole process
+is adiabatic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if that's the case which I will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the case which I will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the case which I will show you
+later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay
+that means you will have this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you will have this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you will have this relation
+between pressure and the volume P times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pressure and the volume P times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pressure and the volume P times
+V to the gamma gamma is actually related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to the gamma gamma is actually related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to the gamma gamma is actually related
+to the decrease of freedom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the decrease of freedom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the decrease of freedom of the
+molecule okay which we will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay which we will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay which we will discuss
+later you know in the class this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you know in the class this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you know in the class this will be
+equal to constant okay so the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to constant okay so the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to constant okay so the very
+interesting thing of this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing of this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing of this lecture is
+that we are going to be able to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to be able to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to be able to test
+which one is correct you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is correct you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is correct you will be able to
+see if Newton wing or Laplace wing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if Newton wing or Laplace wing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if Newton wing or Laplace wing okay
+so as I mentioned before one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned before one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned before one is actually
+assuming the heat transfer the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the heat transfer the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the heat transfer the speed of
+the heat propagation is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat propagation is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat propagation is really really
+much larger than the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the speed of the
+oscillation the other viewpoint from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation the other viewpoint from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation the other viewpoint from
+Laplace is that the heat flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace is that the heat flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace is that the heat flow is
+actually really negligible compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really negligible compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really negligible compared to
+the oscillation we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation we are talking about
+here and now as usual I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now as usual I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now as usual I would like to
+have a boat now how many of you support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a boat now how many of you support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a boat now how many of you support
+Newton so ideal one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton so ideal one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton so ideal one two three four five
+six seven eight nine ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so 15 of you vote for Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many of you think Laplace is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the others
+okay very good so we have a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very good so we have a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very good so we have a major
+majority of you support the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of you support the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of you support the idea of
+Laplace and some of us support Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace and some of us support Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace and some of us support Newton
+and we are going to see what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to see what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to see what is going to
+happen in the lecture today okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the lecture today okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the lecture today okay so
+let's go ahead and apply this to ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and apply this to ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and apply this to ideas
+okay so so P V gamma equal to constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so P V gamma equal to constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so P V gamma equal to constant
+so in the case of ideal gas law gamma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case of ideal gas law gamma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case of ideal gas law gamma is
+equal to 1 therefore I just have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 therefore I just have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 therefore I just have to work
+on this functional form and also later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this functional form and also later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this functional form and also later
+we'll figure out what is gamma or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out what is gamma or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out what is gamma or
+together okay so that's consider on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so that's consider on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so that's consider on this
+small vibration okay small vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vibration okay small vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vibration okay small vibration
+means small vibration means that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means small vibration means that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means small vibration means that I have
+side P which is actually from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side P which is actually from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side P which is actually from this
+definition side P is actually the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition side P is actually the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition side P is actually the change
+in pressure with respect to the run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pressure with respect to the run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pressure with respect to the run
+pressure p0 okay the side P assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure p0 okay the side P assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure p0 okay the side P assuming
+that much much smaller than p0 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much much smaller than p0 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much much smaller than p0 okay and
+also I assume that the changing volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I assume that the changing volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I assume that the changing volume
+Delta V okay which I calculated there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V okay which I calculated there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V okay which I calculated there
+it's much much smaller than v-0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much much smaller than v-0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much much smaller than v-0 which is
+actually the original volume of the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the original volume of the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the original volume of the this
+little area the original volume of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little area the original volume of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little area the original volume of this
+area I I was working here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I I was working here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I I was working here okay
+all right so that's the two assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the two assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the two assumption
+okay before before I change the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay before before I change the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay before before I change the position
+of the boundary okay which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boundary okay which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boundary okay which is actually
+the upper graph okay if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper graph okay if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper graph okay if I change
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+I have p 0 V 0 gamma this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have p 0 V 0 gamma this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have p 0 V 0 gamma this is equal to
+some constant C okay and gamma can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant C okay and gamma can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant C okay and gamma can be
+equal to one so that you have ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so that you have ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so that you have ideal gas
+law after the vibration that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law after the vibration that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law after the vibration that should
+happen after the the walls are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen after the the walls are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen after the the walls are they
+should it is placed from the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it is placed from the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it is placed from the equilibrium
+position okay what I'm going to get is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay what I'm going to get is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay what I'm going to get is I
+will have P press the top P times V zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have P press the top P times V zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have P press the top P times V zero
+plus Delta V to the gamma this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta V to the gamma this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta V to the gamma this is equal
+to C okay so based on those actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C okay so based on those actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C okay so based on those actually I
+have already calculated Delta P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already calculated Delta P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already calculated Delta P and
+Delta V right okay so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V right okay so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V right okay so in this case
+actually dissociation this Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dissociation this Delta P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dissociation this Delta P
+should be is okay this is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be is okay this is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be is okay this is actually not
+the Delta P I was talking about there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta P I was talking about there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta P I was talking about there so
+I should change it to Delta P right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should change it to Delta P right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should change it to Delta P right
+because that is actually the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is actually the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is actually the the
+difference between the reloading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the reloading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the reloading
+pressure and the lower G no pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the lower G no pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the lower G no pressure
+right it's not the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not the difference between
+the lap and side pressure and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lap and side pressure and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lap and side pressure and the right
+hand side pressure which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side pressure which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side pressure which is actually
+shown there right okay so this Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there right okay so this Delta P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there right okay so this Delta P
+which I have already defined this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have already defined this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have already defined this is
+should be code side P okay therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be code side P okay therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be code side P okay therefore I
+were to write this to be P plus side P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to write this to be P plus side P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to write this to be P plus side P
+okay and I can now also copy this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can now also copy this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can now also copy this you
+are going to get B 0 as Delta V gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get B 0 as Delta V gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get B 0 as Delta V gamma
+and this is equal to C okay so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to C okay so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to C okay so as I
+mentioned before I'm considering small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before I'm considering small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before I'm considering small
+vibration right Delta V is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration right Delta V is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration right Delta V is much much
+smaller than V 0 therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than V 0 therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than V 0 therefore this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+can be written as keep peel up this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as keep peel up this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as keep peel up this is
+sorry this should be p0 I'm making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this should be p0 I'm making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this should be p0 I'm making some
+mistake here okay this expression should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake here okay this expression should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake here okay this expression should
+be written as p 0 press type e okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as p 0 press type e okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as p 0 press type e okay we
+wrote to the gamma 1 plus gamma delta v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote to the gamma 1 plus gamma delta v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote to the gamma 1 plus gamma delta v
+over video right because delta v is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over video right because delta v is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over video right because delta v is much
+much smaller than V 0 okay can everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than V 0 okay can everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than V 0 okay can everybody
+follow ok so here I already take small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow ok so here I already take small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow ok so here I already take small
+vibration approximation okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration approximation okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration approximation okay and
+basically I can now rewrite this thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can now rewrite this thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can now rewrite this thing I
+just expand all those turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expand all those turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expand all those turns
+basically I call this equation number 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I call this equation number 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I call this equation number 2
+ok equation number 2 what we can p 0 g 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok equation number 2 what we can p 0 g 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok equation number 2 what we can p 0 g 0
+comma plus gamma delta v v 0 comma to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma plus gamma delta v v 0 comma to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma plus gamma delta v v 0 comma to
+the minus 1 is 0 right plus gamma sy p v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 1 is 0 right plus gamma sy p v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 1 is 0 right plus gamma sy p v
+0 to the gamma plus gamma delta v sy p p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the gamma plus gamma delta v sy p p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the gamma plus gamma delta v sy p p
+0 comma to them a bit 0 to the comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma to them a bit 0 to the comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma to them a bit 0 to the comma
+minus 1 okay so there's no magic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 okay so there's no magic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 okay so there's no magic it's
+actually just expanding these turns then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just expanding these turns then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just expanding these turns then
+basically you are going to get 4 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you are going to get 4 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you are going to get 4 times
+right and basically if you dude write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and basically if you dude write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and basically if you dude write
+down the equation number 2 explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the equation number 2 explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the equation number 2 explicitly
+that is actually what you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually what you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually what you are going to
+get okay so we are making progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so we are making progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so we are making progress and
+we would like to simplify things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to simplify things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to simplify things and you
+can quickly identify the hardest term p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quickly identify the hardest term p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quickly identify the hardest term p
+0 v 0 2 gamma i know what is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 v 0 2 gamma i know what is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 v 0 2 gamma i know what is the value
+of that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that right
+that is actually the original situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually the original situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually the original situation
+and that is actually equal to C okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is actually equal to C okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is actually equal to C okay and
+let's took it the let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's took it the let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's took it the let's take a look at
+also this time this time is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this time this time is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this time this time is proportional
+to what proportional to Delta V which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what proportional to Delta V which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what proportional to Delta V which is
+a small very small quantity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small very small quantity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small very small quantity and the
+proportional to side P which is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to side P which is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to side P which is another
+very small quantity okay therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small quantity okay therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small quantity okay therefore
+taking a small vibration approximation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a small vibration approximation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a small vibration approximation I
+will just simply ignore this time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just simply ignore this time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just simply ignore this time okay
+just everybody following alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just everybody following alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just everybody following alright
+so this turn this original time is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this turn this original time is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this turn this original time is equal
+to C right based on this expression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C right based on this expression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C right based on this expression so
+we start from the the system before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start from the the system before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start from the the system before the
+vibration happened after the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration happened after the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration happened after the vibration
+happened there is a change in pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there is a change in pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there is a change in pressure
+there is a change in the top V but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a change in the top V but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a change in the top V but but
+if you multiply P V to the gamma this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you multiply P V to the gamma this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you multiply P V to the gamma this
+turn this this expression is still equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this this expression is still equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this this expression is still equal
+to C some kind of constant okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C some kind of constant okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C some kind of constant okay and now
+I do small vibration approximation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do small vibration approximation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do small vibration approximation and I
+drop the term which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the term which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the term which is actually
+proportional to theta V times side P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to theta V times side P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to theta V times side P and
+the basically what I get is that C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically what I get is that C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically what I get is that C is
+equal to C plus gamma delta P V 0 gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C plus gamma delta P V 0 gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C plus gamma delta P V 0 gamma
+minus 1 p 0 plus side P we do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 p 0 plus side P we do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 p 0 plus side P we do to the
+gamma okay this turn these two constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma okay this turn these two constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma okay this turn these two constant
+cancel right and now I can actually move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right and now I can actually move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right and now I can actually move
+one of the turn to a left hand side then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the turn to a left hand side then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the turn to a left hand side then
+basically what I am going to get is side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I am going to get is side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I am going to get is side
+P V 0 to gamma will be equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P V 0 to gamma will be equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P V 0 to gamma will be equal to minus
+gamma the top V gamma 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma the top V gamma 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma the top V gamma 0
+come on - BP 0 V 0 to the gamma minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on - BP 0 V 0 to the gamma minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on - BP 0 V 0 to the gamma minus 1
+times P we can immediately cancel V 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P we can immediately cancel V 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P we can immediately cancel V 0 to
+the gamma right therefore what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma right therefore what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma right therefore what we are
+going to get I'm petting side P will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get I'm petting side P will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get I'm petting side P will be
+equal to minus gamma p0 over p0 their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus gamma p0 over p0 their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus gamma p0 over p0 their
+tactic okay everybody following okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactic okay everybody following okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactic okay everybody following okay so
+this is actually the expression and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the expression and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the expression and we
+also know what what is a sheet a V right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know what what is a sheet a V right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know what what is a sheet a V right
+based on this expression Delta V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this expression Delta V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this expression Delta V is
+actually a partial sight partial X Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a partial sight partial X Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a partial sight partial X Delta
+X right if we look at the upper board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right if we look at the upper board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right if we look at the upper board
+which we actually just described a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we actually just described a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we actually just described a
+moment ago right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment ago right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment ago right
+therefore I can write we press Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can write we press Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can write we press Delta V
+by the expression then basically what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the expression then basically what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the expression then basically what I
+get is sy P for P equal to minus gamma p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is sy P for P equal to minus gamma p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is sy P for P equal to minus gamma p
+0 a delta X P V divided by V 0 r 2 sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a delta X P V divided by V 0 r 2 sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a delta X P V divided by V 0 r 2 sy
+partial X I'm just plugging in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X I'm just plugging in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X I'm just plugging in the
+expression for Delta V to that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for Delta V to that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for Delta V to that equation
+okay a lot of mathematics but auto tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a lot of mathematics but auto tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a lot of mathematics but auto tend
+to be pretty straightforward you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty straightforward you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty straightforward you don't
+actually have to copy because all up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to copy because all up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to copy because all up in
+our lecture note ok alright so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture note ok alright so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture note ok alright so here you
+can see that I can again simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that I can again simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that I can again simplify this
+expression a is actually the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression a is actually the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression a is actually the cross
+section of the tube right and Delta X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the tube right and Delta X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the tube right and Delta X is
+actually the width in the X direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the width in the X direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the width in the X direction so
+a times Delta X is just V 0 right oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times Delta X is just V 0 right oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times Delta X is just V 0 right oh
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+I get this very simple expression minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this very simple expression minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this very simple expression minus
+gamma p 0 cos i hydraulics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma p 0 cos i hydraulics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma p 0 cos i hydraulics
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we have achieved our goal to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have achieved our goal to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have achieved our goal to simplify
+the expression and find the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression and find the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression and find the relation
+between scipy and the sigh that's as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between scipy and the sigh that's as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between scipy and the sigh that's as you
+what originally we were hoping to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what originally we were hoping to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what originally we were hoping to do and
+we have achieved that and I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have achieved that and I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have achieved that and I call it
+equation number three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation number three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation number three here
+don't forget what is sy and sy p sy p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget what is sy and sy p sy p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget what is sy and sy p sy p is
+actually among of change in pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually among of change in pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually among of change in pressure and
+the size is actually the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size is actually the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size is actually the amount of
+displacement of the war okay of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the war okay of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the war okay of the of
+the the molecule in the body okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the molecule in the body okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the molecule in the body okay so now
+i am really close to my solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am really close to my solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am really close to my solution because
+now i can now calculate the force acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can now calculate the force acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can now calculate the force acting
+on this little volume right because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this little volume right because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this little volume right because now
+I know what is their blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what is their blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what is their blood pressure
+right okay so what is your what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what is your what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what is your what is your
+F total the f todo is actually Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F total the f todo is actually Delta P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F total the f todo is actually Delta P
+which is the difference in pressure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the difference in pressure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the difference in pressure from
+the left hand side and compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and compared to the
+right hand side n right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side n right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side n right so that's
+actually what we calculated before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we calculated before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we calculated before and
+that is a partial sight P partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a partial sight P partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a partial sight P partial X
+Delta X we also know what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X we also know what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X we also know what would be the
+mass right we we know that the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass right we we know that the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass right we we know that the little
+mass in this volume Delta n will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in this volume Delta n will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in this volume Delta n will be
+equal to Rho which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Rho which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Rho which is actually the
+density of the air times a which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the air times a which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the air times a which is the
+cross section times Delta X that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section times Delta X that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section times Delta X that will
+give you the little area V 0 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the little area V 0 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the little area V 0 right so
+Rho times a times Delta X will be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho times a times Delta X will be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho times a times Delta X will be your
+Delta F okay we are almost there I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F okay we are almost there I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F okay we are almost there I have
+the end I have the force what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I have the force what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I have the force what kinds of
+law do I need to use to get my equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law do I need to use to get my equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law do I need to use to get my equation
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+Newton's law right Newton's law so f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law right Newton's law so f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law right Newton's law so f is
+equal to n times a right so therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n times a right so therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n times a right so therefore I
+can now check today and this actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now check today and this actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now check today and this actually I
+cannot practice Rho times a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot practice Rho times a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot practice Rho times a times the
+attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks
+what is a a is actually side double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a a is actually side double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a a is actually side double dot
+right that is actually describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is actually describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is actually describing the
+displacement okay we should spare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement okay we should spare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement okay we should spare to the
+equilibrium position and now I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position and now I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position and now I know this
+is equal to Force which is a times Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Force which is a times Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Force which is a times Delta
+X partial size P partial X okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X partial size P partial X okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X partial size P partial X okay and you
+can see that both end you have a Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that both end you have a Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that both end you have a Delta X
+right so I can now cancel that both end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can now cancel that both end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can now cancel that both end
+you have the a so now I can cancel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the a so now I can cancel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the a so now I can cancel that
+then basically you get wrong side above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you get wrong side above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you get wrong side above
+palm this is equal to partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palm this is equal to partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palm this is equal to partial
+side-projects okay from the beginning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-projects okay from the beginning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-projects okay from the beginning we
+were talking about the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about the relation between
+side P the displacement in pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side P the displacement in pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side P the displacement in pressure and
+sigh how much the molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh how much the molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh how much the molecules are
+displaced and we have the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced and we have the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced and we have the solution is
+actually here if you ascertain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here if you ascertain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here if you ascertain the
+relation which is given by Newton or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which is given by Newton or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which is given by Newton or by
+Laplace basically you can conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace basically you can conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace basically you can conclude that
+this would be equal to gamma he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be equal to gamma he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be equal to gamma he's the
+rock hard to square sy p power x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock hard to square sy p power x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock hard to square sy p power x squared
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+and I can now put all the constants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can now put all the constants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can now put all the constants to
+the righthand side right basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the righthand side right basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the righthand side right basically what
+you get is side double Prime oh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is side double Prime oh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is side double Prime oh okay so
+here should be a patch of square side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here should be a patch of square side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here should be a patch of square side
+part 4x squared right because I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part 4x squared right because I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part 4x squared right because I'd
+replace side P by side right okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace side P by side right okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace side P by side right okay and I
+might I must miss one I must miss one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I must miss one I must miss one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I must miss one I must miss one
+negative sign somewhere where oh oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign somewhere where oh oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign somewhere where oh oh this
+is a should be there's a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a should be there's a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a should be there's a minus sign
+there right yeah on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right yeah on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right yeah on the left hand side
+yeah yes you are right and minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes you are right and minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes you are right and minus sign
+should be long Yeah right okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be long Yeah right okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be long Yeah right okay so that
+it should be okay sorry for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be okay sorry for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be okay sorry for that so
+there should be a minus sign here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a minus sign here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a minus sign here and
+and there should be a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should be a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should be a minus sign here
+and up to I Prague in equation number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up to I Prague in equation number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up to I Prague in equation number
+three then I get side double prime equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then I get side double prime equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then I get side double prime equal
+to gamma p0 over Rho partial square by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamma p0 over Rho partial square by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamma p0 over Rho partial square by
+partial X square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X square
+okay any other problems you'll find not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other problems you'll find not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other problems you'll find not
+yet okay okay so look at this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay okay so look at this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay okay so look at this equation
+oh my god what is this equation wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god what is this equation wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god what is this equation wave
+equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right
+again again wave equation okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again wave equation okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again wave equation okay you can
+say that hi not surprised because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that hi not surprised because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that hi not surprised because this
+system is no used to so many times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is no used to so many times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is no used to so many times you
+know I have learned this so many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have learned this so many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have learned this so many times
+but I still I'm still surprised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still I'm still surprised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still I'm still surprised that
+this is so identical to the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so identical to the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so identical to the physics
+which we have been studying for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have been studying for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have been studying for the for
+the strings for over a few lectures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings for over a few lectures okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings for over a few lectures okay
+so that's very nice and now the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very nice and now the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very nice and now the question
+we have an answer is that okay what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an answer is that okay what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an answer is that okay what this
+is should be gamma right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is should be gamma right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is should be gamma right
+what decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what decision
+so gamma in the case of adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gamma in the case of adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gamma in the case of adiabatic
+process okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay
+gamma is actually equal to alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is actually equal to alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is actually equal to alpha plus
+one minus alpha and alpha is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus alpha and alpha is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus alpha and alpha is actually
+related to the number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the number of degrees of
+freedom right so if you haven't learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right so if you haven't learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right so if you haven't learned
+this before I have a concrete a proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before I have a concrete a proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before I have a concrete a proof of
+at the appropriate process and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the appropriate process and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the appropriate process and and the
+disease actually coming from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease actually coming from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease actually coming from the first
+law of thermodynamics and basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of thermodynamics and basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of thermodynamics and basically you
+will be able to conclude that gamma will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to conclude that gamma will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to conclude that gamma will
+be equal to alpha plus 1 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to alpha plus 1 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to alpha plus 1 divided by
+alpha and the value of AB the value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and the value of AB the value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and the value of AB the value you
+get a for alpha is related to how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a for alpha is related to how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a for alpha is related to how many
+degrees of freedom you can issue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom you can issue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom you can issue the
+have in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this system
+okay for example if I have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for example if I have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for example if I have a system
+which is actually made of atomic gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually made of atomic gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually made of atomic gas
+okay so so this is only one atom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is only one atom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is only one atom right
+in a molecule and the basically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a molecule and the basically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a molecule and the basically you have
+three degrees of freedom right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three degrees of freedom right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three degrees of freedom right so you
+can move this thing in the oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move this thing in the oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move this thing in the oriented
+direction you can move this atom upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you can move this atom upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you can move this atom upside
+down or back and forth right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or back and forth right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or back and forth right so there
+are three degrees of freedoms and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three degrees of freedoms and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three degrees of freedoms and if you
+calculate alpha that will give you 3 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate alpha that will give you 3 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate alpha that will give you 3 2/3
+as 3 over 2 and the basically if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 3 over 2 and the basically if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 3 over 2 and the basically if you
+calculate a comma according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a comma according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a comma according to the
+equation you are going to get one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you are going to get one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you are going to get one point
+six seven okay on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven okay on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven okay on the other hand if you
+have the atomic gas okay that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the atomic gas okay that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the atomic gas okay that means you
+have more degrees of freedom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more degrees of freedom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more degrees of freedom so
+basically you have not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have not only the
+translational degrees of freedom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational degrees of freedom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational degrees of freedom the
+three ones which are identical to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ones which are identical to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ones which are identical to them
+on a atomic gas okay you can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a atomic gas okay you can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a atomic gas okay you can also have
+two rotational degrees of freedom so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rotational degrees of freedom so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rotational degrees of freedom so you
+can have these two atoms rotating like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have these two atoms rotating like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have these two atoms rotating like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you can have that rotating type like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have that rotating type like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have that rotating type like
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+the tricky thing is that this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky thing is that this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky thing is that this one
+vibration degree of freedom right as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration degree of freedom right as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration degree of freedom right as we
+actually learn from the coupled equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn from the coupled equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn from the coupled equation
+before but that this one very tricky D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but that this one very tricky D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but that this one very tricky D
+is not excited at all at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not excited at all at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not excited at all at low temperature
+you have to go to really really super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go to really really super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go to really really super
+high temperature so that this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature so that this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature so that this country
+this actually contribute to the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually contribute to the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually contribute to the overall
+decrease of Britain so therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease of Britain so therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease of Britain so therefore you
+have a total of available degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total of available degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total of available degrees of
+freedom of five and if you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of five and if you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of five and if you calculate the
+gamma you basically will get one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma you basically will get one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma you basically will get one point
+four okay so that's now calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so that's now calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so that's now calculate what
+will be the read outing speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the read outing speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the read outing speed of light
+also known as video light learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as video light learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as video light learn the
+speed of sound okay so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound okay so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound okay so if the
+temperature remain unchanged okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature remain unchanged okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature remain unchanged okay if you
+take this equation here this is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this equation here this is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this equation here this is a wave
+equation right therefore I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right therefore I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right therefore I know how to
+calculate the speed of sound right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the speed of sound right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the speed of sound right the
+speed of sound will be equal to the BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound will be equal to the BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound will be equal to the BP
+will be equal to square root of gamma p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to square root of gamma p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to square root of gamma p
+0 divided by Rho okay so I have figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 divided by Rho okay so I have figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 divided by Rho okay so I have figured
+out the row and the run pressure for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the row and the run pressure for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the row and the run pressure for you
+so the p 0 will be 10 to the 5 kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the p 0 will be 10 to the 5 kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the p 0 will be 10 to the 5 kilogram
+and s square and the Rho will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s square and the Rho will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s square and the Rho will be equal
+to 1.2 Rho is actually the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.2 Rho is actually the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.2 Rho is actually the density of
+the air is this a 1.2 kilogram per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is this a 1.2 kilogram per meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is this a 1.2 kilogram per meter
+cube okay if I have gamma equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube okay if I have gamma equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube okay if I have gamma equal to 1
+which is the case for ideal gas law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the case for ideal gas law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the case for ideal gas law
+temperature unchanged and I give I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature unchanged and I give I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature unchanged and I give I
+calculate the resulting speed of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the resulting speed of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the resulting speed of sound
+you are going to kiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to kiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to kiss
+like three night-night 389 meter per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three night-night 389 meter per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three night-night 389 meter per
+second so that's the prediction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that's the prediction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that's the prediction from
+Newton okay and the second case if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton okay and the second case if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton okay and the second case if we
+have if we believe in what at la process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we believe in what at la process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we believe in what at la process
+you said the heat flow is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said the heat flow is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said the heat flow is really really
+negligible compared to the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible compared to the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible compared to the speed of
+light elation then we have as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light elation then we have as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light elation then we have as we
+discussed last time in the last light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time in the last light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time in the last light
+karma will be equal to 1.4 therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+karma will be equal to 1.4 therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+karma will be equal to 1.4 therefore you
+will be able to calculate the reloading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to calculate the reloading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to calculate the reloading
+speed of song and that decision tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of song and that decision tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of song and that decision tree
+4342 okay so those are the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4342 okay so those are the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4342 okay so those are the predictions
+and what I'm going to do now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do now is to
+really demonstrate that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really demonstrate that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really demonstrate that we can actually
+measure the speed of sound in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the speed of sound in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the speed of sound in front of
+you so the first thing which I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so the first thing which I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so the first thing which I need to
+do is to switch so that you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to switch so that you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to switch so that you can see the
+camera okay and now I so now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera okay and now I so now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera okay and now I so now I have a
+setup here basically this setup is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup here basically this setup is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup here basically this setup is the
+bottle it's like the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle it's like the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle it's like the following
+so basically very similar to a setup we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically very similar to a setup we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically very similar to a setup we
+have here but at one end we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here but at one end we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here but at one end we actually
+have a speaker which produce sound wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a speaker which produce sound wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a speaker which produce sound wave
+okay so what this is as you what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this is as you what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this is as you what we have
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+this is the tube and we have one one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tube and we have one one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tube and we have one one and
+this speaker attached to here produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speaker attached to here produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speaker attached to here produce
+some wave and basically the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wave and basically the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wave and basically the amplitude
+will look well looks like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look well looks like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look well looks like this so
+basically this will create some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this will create some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this will create some kind of
+standing wave inside the tube and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave inside the tube and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave inside the tube and I have
+another device which is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another device which is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another device which is actually a
+microphone a microphone is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone a microphone is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone a microphone is connected to
+this scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scope
+which shows you the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows you the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows you the amplitude of the
+basically the MP to measure the pi this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the MP to measure the pi this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the MP to measure the pi this
+microphone okay and you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone okay and you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone okay and you will see that
+huh if I move this as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh if I move this as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh if I move this as a function of
+position you'll see that the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you'll see that the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you'll see that the amplitude
+is changing this caffeine smolder when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing this caffeine smolder when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing this caffeine smolder when
+it is actually hitting the note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually hitting the note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually hitting the note here
+okay because here there's almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because here there's almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because here there's almost no
+oscillation in the air therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation in the air therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation in the air therefore you
+will see your major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see your major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see your major
+a very small signal at that position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small signal at that position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small signal at that position and
+if we continue to move then you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we continue to move then you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we continue to move then you see that
+huh I move away from the note therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh I move away from the note therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh I move away from the note therefore
+I see some kind of Maxima then I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see some kind of Maxima then I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see some kind of Maxima then I see
+that this amplitude is dropping again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this amplitude is dropping again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this amplitude is dropping again
+okay if I continue if I continued and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I continue if I continued and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I continue if I continued and
+ ha again this amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ ha again this amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ ha again this amplitude is
+increasing to a very large value then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing to a very large value then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing to a very large value then it
+decreased to a mini-mart around note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased to a mini-mart around note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased to a mini-mart around note
+okay so what I'm going to do now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm going to do now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm going to do now is to
+measure the distance between notes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the distance between notes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the distance between notes okay
+and since let know sandwich which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since let know sandwich which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since let know sandwich which which
+way I actually put into the system have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I actually put into the system have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I actually put into the system have
+a frequency frequency of let me see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency frequency of let me see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency frequency of let me see the
+frequency I put in the frequency I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I put in the frequency I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I put in the frequency I put
+in is a 1 kilo Hertz right and the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is a 1 kilo Hertz right and the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is a 1 kilo Hertz right and the width
+with the location of the note I can know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the location of the note I can know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the location of the note I can know
+what will be what will be the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be what will be the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be what will be the wavelength
+of the sound wave right so therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sound wave right so therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sound wave right so therefore I
+can now measure the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now measure the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now measure the distance between the
+three nodes then I would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nodes then I would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nodes then I would be able to
+measure the wavelength then I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the wavelength then I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the wavelength then I will be
+able to know who is correct okay if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to know who is correct okay if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to know who is correct okay if if
+Newton is correct or Laplace is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton is correct or Laplace is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton is correct or Laplace is correct
+so that's do that so let me find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's do that so let me find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's do that so let me find the
+first minimum so the first minima is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first minimum so the first minima is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first minimum so the first minima is
+Iran 64 64 centimeter okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran 64 64 centimeter okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran 64 64 centimeter okay and you can
+see that they stop when you say when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they stop when you say when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they stop when you say when you
+see the switch in the minimum again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop okay very good so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay very good so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay very good so this is actually
+the first note the location of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first note the location of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first note the location of the first
+no and I was I was trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and I was I was trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and I was I was trying to find the
+next note right so that I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next note right so that I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next note right so that I can actually
+read out the wavelengths okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out the wavelengths okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out the wavelengths okay now this
+will increase again and reach stop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will increase again and reach stop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will increase again and reach stop you
+start a stop sign okay very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a stop sign okay very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a stop sign okay very good
+all right so I get the about you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I get the about you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I get the about you what
+you say should be 30 centimeter okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say should be 30 centimeter okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say should be 30 centimeter okay so
+now I can calculate what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can calculate what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can calculate what will be the
+lambda redundant is they should be 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda redundant is they should be 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda redundant is they should be 64
+minus 30 then what I get is 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 30 then what I get is 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 30 then what I get is 34
+centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter
+okay and if I care today the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I care today the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I care today the velocity
+okay the velocity of the sound wave then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the velocity of the sound wave then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the velocity of the sound wave then
+basically I have F times lambda and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I have F times lambda and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I have F times lambda and that
+will give you okay this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you okay this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you okay this is actually
+equal to 0.34 centimeter right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0.34 centimeter right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0.34 centimeter right so that
+will give you 340 meters per second oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you 340 meters per second oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you 340 meters per second oh
+my god this is so close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god this is so close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god this is so close to the
+protection of laplace first of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection of laplace first of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection of laplace first of all this
+is amazing why because with this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is amazing why because with this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is amazing why because with this looks
+pretty crappy thing I can measure some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty crappy thing I can measure some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty crappy thing I can measure some
+speed of sound secondly who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound secondly who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound secondly who the
+measurements really great match within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements really great match within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements really great match within
+like 1% you guys did a good job with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1% you guys did a good job with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1% you guys did a good job with
+enough stopping me right very nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough stopping me right very nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough stopping me right very nice and
+finally we unfortunately people vote for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we unfortunately people vote for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we unfortunately people vote for
+Newton's is wrong okay so what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's is wrong okay so what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's is wrong okay so what happened
+is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happened is that the Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened is that the Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened is that the Newton
+actually assuming that the speed of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually assuming that the speed of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually assuming that the speed of a
+propagation of the heat is really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the heat is really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the heat is really fast
+but actually that's not true right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually that's not true right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually that's not true right
+because with for example I'm standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with for example I'm standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with for example I'm standing
+here and heating up the air okay or okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and heating up the air okay or okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and heating up the air okay or okay
+not in the last few lecture I I even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the last few lecture I I even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the last few lecture I I even
+heat up the air by some kind of fire in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up the air by some kind of fire in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up the air by some kind of fire in
+front of you but you don't feel the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you but you don't feel the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you but you don't feel the heat
+right so the heat propagation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the heat propagation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the heat propagation is really
+not really really fast compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really really fast compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really really fast compared to the
+speed of vibration the vibration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of vibration the vibration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of vibration the vibration is
+really quick because it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick because it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick because it's actually
+vibrating up and down 1,000 times per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating up and down 1,000 times per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating up and down 1,000 times per
+second right so so that means what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second right so so that means what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second right so so that means what is
+actually much more reasonable is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more reasonable is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more reasonable is they
+should be to describe this process as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to describe this process as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to describe this process as
+adiabatic process okay so we would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic process okay so we would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic process okay so we would take
+a five minute break here so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five minute break here so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five minute break here so that we can
+take questions and we'll come back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take questions and we'll come back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take questions and we'll come back at
+what roughly thirty nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so welcome back everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so welcome back everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so welcome back everybody
+so so we can see that we from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can see that we from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can see that we from the last
+okay so from the discussion we we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from the discussion we we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from the discussion we we had
+before the break we see that the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the break we see that the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the break we see that the song
+wave can be described by something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave can be described by something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave can be described by something which
+we are now very familiar with the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now very familiar with the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now very familiar with the wave
+equation right and also we know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and also we know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and also we know what is
+actually the speed of the sound which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the speed of the sound which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the speed of the sound which is
+the patientís wave equation basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patientís wave equation basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patientís wave equation basically
+the speed of sound is actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of sound is actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of sound is actually equal to
+square root of gamma P Zero and mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of gamma P Zero and mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of gamma P Zero and mobile
+role okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay
+so gamma is actually attended from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gamma is actually attended from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gamma is actually attended from this
+discussion or how many degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion or how many degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion or how many degrees of
+freedom we have so the first case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom we have so the first case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom we have so the first case which
+discusses if you have a single atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses if you have a single atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses if you have a single atom
+which make your air then basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which make your air then basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which make your air then basically the
+camera is actually higher okay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is actually higher okay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is actually higher okay on the
+other hand if you have diatomic gas then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you have diatomic gas then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you have diatomic gas then
+the gamma is actually slightly smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma is actually slightly smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma is actually slightly smaller
+is where actually 1.4 okay so what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where actually 1.4 okay so what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where actually 1.4 okay so what will
+happen if I change the air in my lamp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I change the air in my lamp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I change the air in my lamp to
+monotonic monatomic atom so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic monatomic atom so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic monatomic atom so what is
+going to happen is that the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the speed of
+sound is going to be increased the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is going to be increased the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is going to be increased the speed
+of sound will increase and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound will increase and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound will increase and I have a
+fixed size of lump why I didn't increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed size of lump why I didn't increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed size of lump why I didn't increase
+my the size of Milan therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the size of Milan therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the size of Milan therefore the
+frequency of my son where what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of my son where what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of my son where what were
+increase right so how about we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase right so how about we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase right so how about we do that
+experiment and she works so here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and she works so here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and she works so here I have
+a balloon here which is full of helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balloon here which is full of helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balloon here which is full of helium
+okay and let me see if we works I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me see if we works I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me see if we works I'm not
+sure if we work but lat that's the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if we work but lat that's the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if we work but lat that's the cost
+of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single
+first and see what happens now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and see what happens now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and see what happens now I'm going
+to do a major up up operation to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a major up up operation to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a major up up operation to replace
+all all the air in my lung by this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all the air in my lung by this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all the air in my lung by this work
+let me get that's beef is this did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get that's beef is this did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get that's beef is this did you
+hear any difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear any difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear any difference
+no what's good maybe we should use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what's good maybe we should use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what's good maybe we should use this
+stuff maybe we should use that sound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff maybe we should use that sound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff maybe we should use that sound to
+go over all the lecture right okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over all the lecture right okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over all the lecture right okay it's
+a very dangerous experiment because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very dangerous experiment because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very dangerous experiment because you
+are replacing all the air alarm so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replacing all the air alarm so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replacing all the air alarm so you
+may choke right so that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may choke right so that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may choke right so that's okay
+fortunately I survived this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately I survived this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately I survived this experiment
+and hope you enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is what happened is the valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what happened is the valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what happened is the valley
+so basically basically all like gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically basically all like gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically basically all like gamma
+become large right therefore the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become large right therefore the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become large right therefore the speed
+of sound in my land becomes large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound in my land becomes large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound in my land becomes large
+therefore the frequency of my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the frequency of my son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the frequency of my son
+increased and you hear it sound really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased and you hear it sound really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased and you hear it sound really
+strange sound right okay very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange sound right okay very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange sound right okay very good so
+before the end I would like okay pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end I would like okay pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end I would like okay pour
+Newton before the end I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton before the end I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton before the end I would like to
+discuss with you something which I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you something which I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you something which I hope
+I will not see that again in the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not see that again in the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not see that again in the exam
+which way I saw that before so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way I saw that before so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way I saw that before so if I
+create a progressive wave okay in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a progressive wave okay in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a progressive wave okay in a
+single okay I'm gonna close and press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single okay I'm gonna close and press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single okay I'm gonna close and press
+open and tube okay this this progressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and tube okay this this progressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and tube okay this this progressing
+wave is going to be propagating at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is going to be propagating at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is going to be propagating at the
+speed of what speed of what some yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of what speed of what some yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of what speed of what some yes
+it's going to be propagating at a speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be propagating at a speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be propagating at a speed
+of sound and you will reach the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound and you will reach the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound and you will reach the boundary
+okay the question is where we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is where we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is where we see this
+with this well this is focusing we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this well this is focusing we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this well this is focusing we've
+just simply think out of the the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply think out of the the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply think out of the the tube
+okay how many of you think that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many of you think that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many of you think that's going
+to happen okay I hope I will never see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen okay I hope I will never see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen okay I hope I will never see
+that again in the exam this will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again in the exam this will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again in the exam this will never
+happen okay why that means you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay why that means you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay why that means you have a
+super narrow collimated focusing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super narrow collimated focusing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super narrow collimated focusing wave
+going straight out of the tube and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going straight out of the tube and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going straight out of the tube and now
+we're not actually match the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually match the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually match the boundary
+conditions at the end of the tube right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at the end of the tube right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at the end of the tube right
+so that means basically first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means basically first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means basically first of all
+there is there with no refraction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there with no refraction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there with no refraction okay
+that means all the energies as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means all the energies as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means all the energies as you
+transferred out of the outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred out of the outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred out of the outside of
+the world and according to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and according to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and according to what we
+actually discussed before what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussed before what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussed before what you will
+expect that okay now you suddenly change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that okay now you suddenly change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that okay now you suddenly change
+to an environment which you have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an environment which you have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an environment which you have really
+very large volume therefore you it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large volume therefore you it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large volume therefore you it would
+be very difficult to change the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very difficult to change the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very difficult to change the pressure
+outside of the tube right because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the tube right because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the tube right because what
+you are educated to is a reserve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are educated to is a reserve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are educated to is a reserve our
+Infini number of molecules outside it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infini number of molecules outside it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infini number of molecules outside it's
+going to be really hard to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really hard to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really hard to change the
+pressure okay therefore apparently this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure okay therefore apparently this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure okay therefore apparently this
+behavior doesn't match the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior doesn't match the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior doesn't match the boundary
+condition and therefore what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and therefore what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and therefore what you should
+expect is something like this which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is something like this which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is something like this which I
+can actually show you here okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually show you here okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually show you here okay so in
+this case you have to both side opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you have to both side opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you have to both side opened
+what is going to happen is that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen is that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen is that at the
+boundary actually it's like that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary actually it's like that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary actually it's like that's the
+case of heating a wall right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of heating a wall right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of heating a wall right because you
+know you're outside of the the tube you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're outside of the the tube you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're outside of the the tube you
+have really really large volume huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really really large volume huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really really large volume huge
+amount of air out of it right therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of air out of it right therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of air out of it right therefore
+it's like hitting a wall and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like hitting a wall and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like hitting a wall and it
+amplitude of the processing wave change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the processing wave change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the processing wave change
+side and go back to the tube and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and go back to the tube and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and go back to the tube and of
+course this system is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this system is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this system is actually not
+perfect therefore there can be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect therefore there can be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect therefore there can be some
+leaking ow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking ow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking ow
+Santa energy dick out of the the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Santa energy dick out of the the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Santa energy dick out of the the tube
+which essentially must have be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially must have be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially must have be happening
+right because we can as you draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we can as you draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we can as you draw the
+tube and we can hear the sound that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and we can hear the sound that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and we can hear the sound that is
+because some of the sound wave as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the sound wave as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the sound wave as you
+dig out of the tube and this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig out of the tube and this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig out of the tube and this process
+will go over over again and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go over over again and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go over over again and this this
+focusing wave is going to be going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing wave is going to be going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing wave is going to be going back
+and forth and like that okay so I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and like that okay so I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and like that okay so I hope
+that after this demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after this demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after this demonstration
+everybody will expect that okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will expect that okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will expect that okay this
+would be not the result will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be not the result will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be not the result will be like
+this focusing ways where is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this focusing ways where is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this focusing ways where is going to be
+refracted because of the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted because of the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted because of the boundary
+condition and they also change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and they also change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and they also change
+sign in terms of amperage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in terms of amperage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in terms of amperage
+okay so so what we have learned today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what we have learned today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what we have learned today so
+it's already close to the end we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already close to the end we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already close to the end we have
+learned example of attitudinal wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned example of attitudinal wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned example of attitudinal wave and
+and the basically longitudinal wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basically longitudinal wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basically longitudinal wave is
+actually in the form of density wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the form of density wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the form of density wave in
+the example which we covered today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example which we covered today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example which we covered today and
+the mathematical description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical description of the
+sound wave is going to be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound wave is going to be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound wave is going to be almost
+identical to what we have learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what we have learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what we have learned from
+the string case of which we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string case of which we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string case of which we as we
+discussed last time and there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time and there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time and there are two
+boundary conditions which I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions which I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions which I would like
+to briefly discuss before we end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to briefly discuss before we end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to briefly discuss before we end the
+lecture today so in the in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today so in the in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today so in the in the case of
+open-end as we discussed before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-end as we discussed before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-end as we discussed before we can
+have a system which contained a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system which contained a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system which contained a closed
+end and the open head what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and the open head what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and the open head what would be the
+boundary condition for a closed end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition for a closed end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition for a closed end so
+the cause and have a wall here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause and have a wall here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause and have a wall here right
+therefore when you have your molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore when you have your molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore when you have your molecule
+the air molecule oscillating back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air molecule oscillating back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air molecule oscillating back and
+forth when they are actually close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth when they are actually close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth when they are actually close to
+the wall they cannot vibrate right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall they cannot vibrate right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall they cannot vibrate right why
+because it's hitting the wall right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's hitting the wall right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's hitting the wall right it
+cannot vibrate so that actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot vibrate so that actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot vibrate so that actually the
+boundary condition at the closed end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition at the closed end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition at the closed end
+where you have a wall causing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a wall causing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a wall causing the the
+tube is Sai equal to zero okay and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube is Sai equal to zero okay and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube is Sai equal to zero okay and on
+the other hand if you have an open end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you have an open end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you have an open end
+okay if your open end that means outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if your open end that means outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if your open end that means outside
+of the tube that the pressure is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tube that the pressure is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tube that the pressure is equal
+to what is equal to p0 a run pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is equal to p0 a run pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is equal to p0 a run pressure
+okay and you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you have so
+missing stuff there therefore it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing stuff there therefore it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing stuff there therefore it's not
+possible to actually change the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to actually change the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to actually change the pressure
+traumatically at the edge of the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatically at the edge of the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatically at the edge of the opening
+okay therefore what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore what will be the
+cognition SI p sy p is actually again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition SI p sy p is actually again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition SI p sy p is actually again
+the displacement with respect to the run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement with respect to the run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement with respect to the run
+pressure will be equal to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure will be equal to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure will be equal to zero okay
+based on what we actually have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we actually have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we actually have learned
+from from from this expression okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from this expression okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from this expression okay
+sorry for that I think it's given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for that I think it's given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for that I think it's given here
+from this expression sy p is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this expression sy p is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this expression sy p is equal to
+minus gamma p 0 psi DX right so side P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma p 0 psi DX right so side P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma p 0 psi DX right so side P
+is proportional to pass your side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to pass your side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to pass your side
+projects okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects okay
+therefore this boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this boundary condition
+actually translate to partial sy partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually translate to partial sy partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually translate to partial sy partial
+x equal to 0 okay so this is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal to 0 okay so this is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal to 0 okay so this is a this
+actually looks really familiar to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks really familiar to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks really familiar to you
+right because in terms of sy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because in terms of sy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because in terms of sy if you
+forget about this system what this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about this system what this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about this system what this I
+should those boundary conditions mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should those boundary conditions mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should those boundary conditions mean to
+you it's exactly the same as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's exactly the same as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's exactly the same as you have
+some kind of a war in a LOF si and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a war in a LOF si and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a war in a LOF si and it's
+connected to a string and the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a string and the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a string and the right hand
+side end of the string is connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side end of the string is connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side end of the string is connected to a
+massive ring which can actually move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive ring which can actually move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive ring which can actually move up
+and down this two system if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down this two system if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down this two system if you actually
+don't look at the detail only do get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at the detail only do get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at the detail only do get the
+wave functions and the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and the boundary
+conditions they are identical okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they are identical okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they are identical okay so
+that's actually the first person we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the first person we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the first person we
+learn from here so when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from here so when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from here so when I talk about
+some wave when you think about some wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wave when you think about some wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wave when you think about some wave
+problem there is nothing to be afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there is nothing to be afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there is nothing to be afraid
+anymore because that's actually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because that's actually the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because that's actually the same
+as what we have learned with war and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we have learned with war and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we have learned with war and the
+stream system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream system
+okay that's the first thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the first thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the first thing with
+secondly that only works when I'd write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly that only works when I'd write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly that only works when I'd write
+my wave function in the form of side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave function in the form of side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave function in the form of side
+okay so now I can actually get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I can actually get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I can actually get the the
+first normal mode would be like this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first normal mode would be like this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first normal mode would be like this if
+I practice I as a function of X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I practice I as a function of X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I practice I as a function of X the
+second normal mode doesn't surprise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second normal mode doesn't surprise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second normal mode doesn't surprise you
+but looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but looks like this
+etc etc if I press i if I press I as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc if I press i if I press I as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc if I press i if I press I as a
+function though X on the other hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function though X on the other hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function though X on the other hand we
+also know that scipy is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that scipy is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that scipy is proportional to
+the side partial partial sighs partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side partial partial sighs partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side partial partial sighs partial X
+right therefore you can also prod scipy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore you can also prod scipy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore you can also prod scipy
+as a function of X then what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of X then what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of X then what you are
+going to get is actually something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is actually something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is actually something like
+this in the closed end the side P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the closed end the side P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the closed end the side P is
+actually reaching the maximum right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reaching the maximum right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reaching the maximum right
+because it got a war therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it got a war therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it got a war therefore you can
+actually produce pressure and on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produce pressure and on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produce pressure and on top of
+the wall but you cannot move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall but you cannot move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall but you cannot move the
+position of all those molecules in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of all those molecules in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of all those molecules in front
+of the wall right there for that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wall right there for that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wall right there for that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+you see exactly in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see exactly in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see exactly in the opposite
+direction if you do product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you do product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you do product the
+amplitude as a function though X you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function though X you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function though X you see
+a picture which is almost like flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture which is almost like flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture which is almost like flipped
+okay of course you can also do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course you can also do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course you can also do the same
+thing for the second one and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the second one and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the second one and basically
+what you are going to get is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are going to get is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are going to get is something
+like this the second okay so be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the second okay so be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the second okay so be careful
+about the matching between the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the matching between the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the matching between the boundary
+condition obtained it from the tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition obtained it from the tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition obtained it from the tube and
+stream wall system they are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream wall system they are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream wall system they are identical
+open and close correspond to open close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and close correspond to open close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and close correspond to open close
+to correspond to close when you express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correspond to close when you express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correspond to close when you express
+your equation of motion in terms of site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equation of motion in terms of site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equation of motion in terms of site
+on the other hand if you change that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you change that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you change that to
+IP then the relation is actually free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP then the relation is actually free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP then the relation is actually free
+okay thank you very much and I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much and I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much and I hope you
+enjoy the lecture today and I will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the lecture today and I will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the lecture today and I will see
+you next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RiPkBWXAQZE.txt b/RiPkBWXAQZE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a8de2899084ed6680b82b53dd2e9cb1c76f343a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RiPkBWXAQZE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu in this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this next
+demonstration we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration we're going to look at the
+Spectrum of the light from an argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum of the light from an argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum of the light from an argon
+laser we know that an argon laser lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we know that an argon laser lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we know that an argon laser lasers
+in several W wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several W wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several W wavelengths
+simultaneously so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so what we're going to do
+we're going to take the light from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the light from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the light from the
+Aron laser and we're going to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aron laser and we're going to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aron laser and we're going to look at it
+using a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a simple
+grating to see if indeed there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating to see if indeed there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating to see if indeed there are
+several wavelengths that are oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several wavelengths that are oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several wavelengths that are oscillating
+simultaneously now we've turned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously now we've turned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously now we've turned the
+discharge tube on and the laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge tube on and the laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge tube on and the laser is
+lazing the output of the laser is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazing the output of the laser is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazing the output of the laser is coming
+out from this end reflected by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from this end reflected by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from this end reflected by this
+mirror Mount and this and this mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror Mount and this and this mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror Mount and this and this mirror
+over here and let me show you let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and let me show you let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and let me show you let me
+show you then the the laser beam here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you then the the laser beam here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you then the the laser beam here's
+a laser beam coming out from the Argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser beam coming out from the Argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser beam coming out from the Argon
+laser what we're going to do is reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser what we're going to do is reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser what we're going to do is reflect
+It Again by another mirror over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It Again by another mirror over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It Again by another mirror over here
+onto onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto onto the
+screen now the Argon laser lasers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now the Argon laser lasers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now the Argon laser lasers at
+several wavelengths at the same time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several wavelengths at the same time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several wavelengths at the same time so
+in order to to demonstrate this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to demonstrate this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to demonstrate this I'm
+going to take this great in here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this great in here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this great in here and I'm
+going to put it in the in the way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in the in the way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in the in the way of the
+beam in order to disperse the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam in order to disperse the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam in order to disperse the various
+colors now what you see on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors now what you see on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors now what you see on the screen
+right now are the various orders of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now are the various orders of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now are the various orders of the
+grating but it's difficult to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating but it's difficult to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating but it's difficult to see the
+the various colors from this from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various colors from this from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various colors from this from this
+angle so what we'll do we'll take a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so what we'll do we'll take a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so what we'll do we'll take a a
+close look at the various orders and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close look at the various orders and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close look at the various orders and see
+how many lineses are are amazing so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many lineses are are amazing so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many lineses are are amazing so let
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+again repeat this again here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again repeat this again here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again repeat this again here with the
+with the grating out we only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the grating out we only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the grating out we only have one
+spot on the on the screen then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on the on the screen then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on the on the screen then when the
+grating is in we see the various orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating is in we see the various orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating is in we see the various orders
+so now we'll zoom in and and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll zoom in and and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll zoom in and and look at
+these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various
+orders so here we have a closeup of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders so here we have a closeup of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders so here we have a closeup of the
+output of the grating and see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the grating and see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the grating and see the
+various orders here is here's the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various orders here is here's the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various orders here is here's the zero
+order from the grading here's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order from the grading here's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order from the grading here's the the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+order now in the second we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order now in the second we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order now in the second we're already
+beginning to see the the dispersion see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to see the the dispersion see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to see the the dispersion see
+several colors and I think in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several colors and I think in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several colors and I think in the in the
+third order you're already beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third order you're already beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third order you're already beginning to
+see between the third and the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see between the third and the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see between the third and the fourth
+that there are indeed several uh laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are indeed several uh laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are indeed several uh laser
+lines that are lazing so if we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that are lazing so if we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that are lazing so if we can then
+zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in
+on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these
+orders in this case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders in this case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders in this case this is the
+fourth we can see that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth we can see that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth we can see that we have
+blue light blue and another weaker one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue light blue and another weaker one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue light blue and another weaker one
+in between and then the green which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and then the green which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and then the green which is
+at 51 45 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 51 45 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 51 45 uh
+angstroms so indeed that the laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms so indeed that the laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms so indeed that the laser is
+lazing at least at three 3 to four lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazing at least at three 3 to four lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazing at least at three 3 to four lines
+simultaneously
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RpK4scGYYmw.txt b/RpK4scGYYmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7306c6faeec3574b60322b54e147a63243f8f55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RpK4scGYYmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7045 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alrighty um so quite a lot of uh reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alrighty um so quite a lot of uh reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alrighty um so quite a lot of uh reading
+for today and and and all almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today and and and all almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today and and and all almost all
+pretty important um the good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important um the good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important um the good news is
+that from uh after today well I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from uh after today well I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from uh after today well I guess it
+depends on on whether it I guess I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on whether it I guess I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on whether it I guess I guess
+it's up for discussion whether it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up for discussion whether it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up for discussion whether it's good
+news or not but um I think it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news or not but um I think it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news or not but um I think it's good
+news uh we are moving from uh Baker to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news uh we are moving from uh Baker to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news uh we are moving from uh Baker to
+Mitchell and Robinson for your gramar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell and Robinson for your gramar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell and Robinson for your gramar
+readings and most of what you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and most of what you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and most of what you're reading
+for um Wednesday and Monday is further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um Wednesday and Monday is further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um Wednesday and Monday is further
+detail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and
+reinforcement um of what got introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement um of what got introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement um of what got introduced
+in Baker um so Mitchell and Robinson the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Baker um so Mitchell and Robinson the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Baker um so Mitchell and Robinson the
+the the chapter we're reading for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chapter we're reading for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chapter we're reading for our
+next two class sessions is um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two class sessions is um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two class sessions is um I think
+it's just called syntax um so um you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just called syntax um so um you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just called syntax um so um you'll
+get reinforcement of a lot of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reinforcement of a lot of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reinforcement of a lot of the things
+that got introduced hey FAS um that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got introduced hey FAS um that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got introduced hey FAS um that got
+introduced um somewhat briefly um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced um somewhat briefly um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced um somewhat briefly um for
+today um but we'll go through chapters 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um but we'll go through chapters 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um but we'll go through chapters 9
+through 12 in order um starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 12 in order um starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 12 in order um starting with the
+extremely brief uh chapter nine about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely brief uh chapter nine about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely brief uh chapter nine about
+numerals um Cardinal and ordinal numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals um Cardinal and ordinal numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals um Cardinal and ordinal numbers
+um you don't have to worry too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have to worry too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have to worry too much
+about these to be perfectly honest um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these to be perfectly honest um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these to be perfectly honest um
+the most important thing to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing to remember is
+that the numbers one 2 and three that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numbers one 2 and three that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numbers one 2 and three that is
+the cardinal numbers one two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinal numbers one two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinal numbers one two and three
+all get declined um in Old English um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get declined um in Old English um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get declined um in Old English um so
+one on this is on page 95 97 rather um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on this is on page 95 97 rather um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on this is on page 95 97 rather um
+the Cardinal on is usually declined as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cardinal on is usually declined as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cardinal on is usually declined as a
+strong noun when it is declined as weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong noun when it is declined as weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong noun when it is declined as weak
+Anna um it means alone so hey Anna Li he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna um it means alone so hey Anna Li he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna um it means alone so hey Anna Li he
+delay alone if it is um ambiguous the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay alone if it is um ambiguous the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay alone if it is um ambiguous the
+form whether it's strong or weak which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form whether it's strong or weak which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form whether it's strong or weak which
+of course it could be um then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it could be um then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it could be um then uh you
+will need to use context to help you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to use context to help you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to use context to help you um
+decide um the cardinal numbers two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide um the cardinal numbers two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide um the cardinal numbers two and
+three also have their own peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three also have their own peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three also have their own peculiar
+inflectional system shown Below in table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflectional system shown Below in table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflectional system shown Below in table
+9.1 um the only real uh thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.1 um the only real uh thing to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.1 um the only real uh thing to note
+about this table is that um it's laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this table is that um it's laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this table is that um it's laid
+out somewhat conf confusingly um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out somewhat conf confusingly um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out somewhat conf confusingly um the
+genitive and dative forms um they list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genitive and dative forms um they list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genitive and dative forms um they list
+Bakers listed the forms just under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bakers listed the forms just under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bakers listed the forms just under the
+neuter but those apply to all um the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuter but those apply to all um the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuter but those apply to all um the G
+the genders so in other words it's TWA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genders so in other words it's TWA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genders so in other words it's TWA
+um or TWA uh in the genitive of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or TWA uh in the genitive of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or TWA uh in the genitive of two
+whether it's masculine neuter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's masculine neuter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's masculine neuter or
+feminine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine um
+of interest but not particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest but not particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest but not particular
+importance um is the top of 98 um namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance um is the top of 98 um namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance um is the top of 98 um namely
+the fact that starting with 70 Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that starting with 70 Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that starting with 70 Old
+English pre prefixes hunt which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English pre prefixes hunt which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English pre prefixes hunt which actually
+means 100 um to the numbers so uh H uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE
+um um and so on these curious forms seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and so on these curious forms seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and so on these curious forms seem
+to reflect a number system common to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect a number system common to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect a number system common to all
+the earliest dramatic languages in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest dramatic languages in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest dramatic languages in which
+counting preceded by twelves and 60 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting preceded by twelves and 60 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting preceded by twelves and 60 was
+a significant number in much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant number in much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant number in much the same
+way that 100 is now um that's of of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that 100 is now um that's of of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that 100 is now um that's of of sort
+of you know cultural interest um but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know cultural interest um but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know cultural interest um but not
+something you're going to need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're going to need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're going to need to worry
+about um the number of times that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the number of times that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the number of times that you
+see numbers of this uh of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see numbers of this uh of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see numbers of this uh of this of this
+sort is very very small um any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is very very small um any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is very very small um any questions
+about numbers or rather numerals as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about numbers or rather numerals as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about numbers or rather numerals as they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entitled all right then let's move on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled all right then let's move on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled all right then let's move on on
+to um chapter 10 adverbs conjunctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um chapter 10 adverbs conjunctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um chapter 10 adverbs conjunctions
+and prepositions um the good news um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prepositions um the good news um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prepositions um the good news um
+which Baker trumpets in his opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Baker trumpets in his opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Baker trumpets in his opening
+sentence um is that these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence um is that these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence um is that these are all
+indeclinable um and so that is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeclinable um and so that is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeclinable um and so that is indeed
+good news I don't know that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news I don't know that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news I don't know that I would
+agree that on that for that reason they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that on that for that reason they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that on that for that reason they
+are relatively easy um that is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively easy um that is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively easy um that is one
+aspect of them that is easy um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of them that is easy um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of them that is easy um but in
+fact other aspects are challenging so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact other aspects are challenging so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact other aspects are challenging so
+we'll we'll go through those in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll go through those in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll go through those in order
+one of the things that's challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's challenging
+about adverbs is in fact the way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adverbs is in fact the way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adverbs is in fact the way that it
+makes um that the adverbial form is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes um that the adverbial form is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes um that the adverbial form is made
+namely by adding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely by adding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely by adding an
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so to just make the regular plain old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so to just make the regular plain old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so to just make the regular plain old
+adverb um you add an e to the end why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb um you add an e to the end why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb um you add an e to the end why is
+this challenging because it is yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this challenging because it is yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this challenging because it is yet
+another thing um that the E ending uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing um that the E ending uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing um that the E ending uh
+can be um so you'll need you'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be um so you'll need you'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be um so you'll need you'll often
+need to use context in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use context in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use context in order to
+distinguish the adverbial E ending from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the adverbial E ending from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the adverbial E ending from
+an E ending that's a that's uh a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an E ending that's a that's uh a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an E ending that's a that's uh a a a
+form of the adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the adjective
+um the o r and the OS endings are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the o r and the OS endings are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the o r and the OS endings are for
+the comparison of adjectives um on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison of adjectives um on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison of adjectives um on uh
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+101 so a uh sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 so a uh sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 so a uh sorry um
+uh LOF Le layoff leor and layoff leost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh LOF Le layoff leor and layoff leost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh LOF Le layoff leor and layoff leost
+um from LOF Le is the example that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from LOF Le is the example that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from LOF Le is the example that they
+um that they given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they given
+12.2.1 okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.2.1 okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.2.1 okay so this
+is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+comparative and the superlative forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um 10.2 switching back to uh switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 10.2 switching back to uh switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 10.2 switching back to uh switching
+back the page to page 100 um so the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the page to page 100 um so the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the page to page 100 um so the most
+common it it you get a you get a a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common it it you get a you get a a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common it it you get a you get a a brief
+paragraph at the top of the page on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph at the top of the page on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph at the top of the page on
+another way in which adverbs can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way in which adverbs can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way in which adverbs can be made
+namely by adding case endings to nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely by adding case endings to nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely by adding case endings to nouns
+um these are this is rare and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are this is rare and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are this is rare and it's
+mostly in um idiomatic expressions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in um idiomatic expressions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in um idiomatic expressions um
+some of which we've already seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which we've already seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which we've already seen before
+so Das and nus um the genitive that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Das and nus um the genitive that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Das and nus um the genitive that's a
+relic of the old genitive of Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relic of the old genitive of Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relic of the old genitive of Tom
+um unus unwillingly literally without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unus unwillingly literally without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unus unwillingly literally without
+thanks um and then datives so NE um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks um and then datives so NE um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks um and then datives so NE um
+literally by need um so that's a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally by need um so that's a case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally by need um so that's a case of
+where you could actually translate it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could actually translate it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could actually translate it as
+the um noun that it is and it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um noun that it is and it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um noun that it is and it would have
+sort of adverbial effect um quum um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of adverbial effect um quum um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of adverbial effect um quum um
+literally at times um that that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally at times um that that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally at times um that that one is
+actually very common so whum often um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very common so whum often um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very common so whum often um in
+fact I would say usually is adverbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I would say usually is adverbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I would say usually is adverbial
+rather than um functions adverbially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than um functions adverbially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than um functions adverbially
+even though it's actually a noun um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's actually a noun um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's actually a noun um so
+be on the lookout for that one um common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the lookout for that one um common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the lookout for that one um common
+adverbs listed with a star in table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbs listed with a star in table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbs listed with a star in table
+10.1 um I will draw attention even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 um I will draw attention even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 um I will draw attention even
+though it's not starred to thast in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not starred to thast in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not starred to thast in the
+right hand column sort of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand column sort of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand column sort of the the the
+lone unstarred word in the midst of a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone unstarred word in the midst of a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone unstarred word in the midst of a in
+a whole list of starred ones um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole list of starred ones um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole list of starred ones um
+afterwards as thas um that may strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards as thas um that may strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards as thas um that may strike
+you as strange because thas of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as strange because thas of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as strange because thas of course is
+what case um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what case um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what case um of
+SE genitive yes exactly genitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE genitive yes exactly genitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE genitive yes exactly genitive
+singular um masculine or neuter and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular um masculine or neuter and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular um masculine or neuter and yet
+here it seems to mean afterwards if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it seems to mean afterwards if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it seems to mean afterwards if you
+take a if you look up thas and I will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a if you look up thas and I will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a if you look up thas and I will do
+it for you um if you look up thas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you um if you look up thas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you um if you look up thas in
+baker's glossery then you will see see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baker's glossery then you will see see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baker's glossery then you will see see
+that it can mean also Accord so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can mean also Accord so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can mean also Accord so it can
+mean afterwards accordingly therefore to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean afterwards accordingly therefore to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean afterwards accordingly therefore to
+that extent um thas is a tricky word in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extent um thas is a tricky word in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extent um thas is a tricky word in
+that respect I'm not going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that respect I'm not going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that respect I'm not going to give you
+on an exam I'm not going to make thas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam I'm not going to make thas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam I'm not going to make thas
+behave um in such a way um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave um in such a way um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave um in such a way um but you
+should be on the lookout for it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on the lookout for it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on the lookout for it in your
+um in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your
+translations all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations all right
+um one thing to be um one thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing to be um one thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing to be um one thing to be
+aware of um is that the same word um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of um is that the same word um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of um is that the same word um and
+Baker uh Baker does say this um the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker uh Baker does say this um the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker uh Baker does say this um the same
+word can often function either as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word can often function either as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word can often function either as an
+adverb or as a subordinating conjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb or as a subordinating conjunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb or as a subordinating conjunction
+um which we get to in 10.3 um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we get to in 10.3 um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we get to in 10.3 um so the
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these is that an adverb like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is that an adverb like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is that an adverb like
+uh fourth so let's take the uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fourth so let's take the uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fourth so let's take the uh let's
+take forom as a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example um so as an adverb it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so as an adverb it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so as an adverb it means
+therefore so literally for this reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore so literally for this reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore so literally for this reason
+right um but it can also be if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but it can also be if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but it can also be if you take
+a look to take a quick look at 10.3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look to take a quick look at 10.3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look to take a quick look at 10.3 so
+we're going to flip back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to flip back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to flip back and forth
+between um page and 102 tables 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um page and 102 tables 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um page and 102 tables 10 10
+10.1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 and
+10.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.3
+um it can also mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so subordinating conjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adverb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the difference is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the difference is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the difference is that this
+adverb stands alone right therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb stands alone right therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb stands alone right therefore
+whereas the subordinating conjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the subordinating conjunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the subordinating conjunction
+introduces a subordinate clause that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a subordinate clause that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a subordinate clause that's
+going to need to have its own um its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to have its own um its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to have its own um its own
+subject and verb of the subordinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and verb of the subordinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and verb of the subordinating
+clause um often I would say in the pros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause um often I would say in the pros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause um often I would say in the pros
+usually and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually and in the
+Poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry
+sometimes um they will give you a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um they will give you a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um they will give you a hint
+the PO the author will give you a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PO the author will give you a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PO the author will give you a hint
+as to which is which by adding this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to which is which by adding this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to which is which by adding this um
+by adding this indeclinable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding this indeclinable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding this indeclinable the
+introducing the Clause version the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the Clause version the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the Clause version the
+subordinating conjunction version um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordinating conjunction version um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordinating conjunction version um of
+the of the word or phrase um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the word or phrase um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the word or phrase um so this is
+how um this is something to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um this is something to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um this is something to be on the
+lookout for but it's also something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookout for but it's also something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookout for but it's also something you
+shouldn't necessarily always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't necessarily always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't necessarily always
+expect uh um we see this actually that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh um we see this actually that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh um we see this actually that a
+similar um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar for those uh for those French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar for those uh for those French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar for those uh for those French
+speakers among you it's almost exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers among you it's almost exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers among you it's almost exactly
+the same formulation that gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formulation that gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formulation that gives us the
+French uh expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh expression for
+because for the reason that in medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the reason that in medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the reason that in medieval
+French um but of course now it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French um but of course now it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French um but of course now it's just
+become sort of combined into a single um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become sort of combined into a single um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become sort of combined into a single um
+into a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression reinforcing this point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression reinforcing this point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression reinforcing this point that
+the same word or words can serve either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same word or words can serve either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same word or words can serve either
+adverbial or uh um conjunctive functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbial or uh um conjunctive functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbial or uh um conjunctive functions
+um Modern English is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Modern English is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Modern English is much more
+comfortable with this ambiguity so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with this ambiguity so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with this ambiguity so at
+the bottom of page 100 Baker points out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of page 100 Baker points out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of page 100 Baker points out
+um that we use in Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we use in Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we use in Modern English
+interrogatives like where and when both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogatives like where and when both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogatives like where and when both
+to ask questions like where do you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions like where do you live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions like where do you live
+and to intro introduced adverb Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to intro introduced adverb Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to intro introduced adverb Clauses
+like I know where you live or adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I know where you live or adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I know where you live or adjective
+Clauses on the street where you live um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses on the street where you live um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses on the street where you live um
+this is the same is rarely true for Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same is rarely true for Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same is rarely true for Old
+English so usually you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English so usually you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English so usually you're going to get
+um some indication and usually it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some indication and usually it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some indication and usually it's the
+this that or sometimes even the thum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that or sometimes even the thum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that or sometimes even the thum
+that does that um that does that so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that um that does that so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that um that does that so for
+example if you take a look at after um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take a look at after um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take a look at after um
+on table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10.1 there it's an adverb which we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 there it's an adverb which we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 there it's an adverb which we use
+we would probably say after words in Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would probably say after words in Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would probably say after words in Old
+in in Modern English so even in Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Modern English so even in Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Modern English so even in Modern
+English we tend we do sometimes make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English we tend we do sometimes make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English we tend we do sometimes make a
+distinction between the adverbial form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the adverbial form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the adverbial form
+of a word and the conjunctive form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a word and the conjunctive form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a word and the conjunctive form of a
+word um like it it sounds a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um like it it sounds a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um like it it sounds a little
+strange to say after comma he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange to say after comma he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange to say after comma he went to
+the store we would usually say after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store we would usually say after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store we would usually say after
+words he went to the store after he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words he went to the store after he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words he went to the store after he went
+to the store suggests that the after is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the store suggests that the after is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the store suggests that the after is
+serving as a subordinating conjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving as a subordinating conjunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving as a subordinating conjunction
+introducing a whole clause in Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a whole clause in Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a whole clause in Old
+English by contrast after by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English by contrast after by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English by contrast after by
+itself is going to have the adverbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is going to have the adverbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is going to have the adverbial
+function comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function comparable to
+afterward and if you take a look at 10.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward and if you take a look at 10.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward and if you take a look at 10.2
+you see after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see after
+th um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th um our
+th for th um those uh those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th for th um those uh those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th for th um those uh those those
+indicate the subordinating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the subordinating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the subordinating um
+conjunctions after before and um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions after before and um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions after before and um because
+but as you can see it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you can see it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you can see it's not it's not
+uniform because with r for example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform because with r for example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform because with r for example it
+can either have the TH or not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either have the TH or not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either have the TH or not have the
+th depending so just be on the look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th depending so just be on the look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th depending so just be on the look for
+that um and especially if you see um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and especially if you see um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and especially if you see um a
+TH or and a th um look for a clause um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TH or and a th um look for a clause um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TH or and a th um look for a clause um
+along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um these starred ones you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um these starred ones you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um these starred ones you don't have
+to memor well many of these are word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memor well many of these are word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memor well many of these are word
+word words so in that sense you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word words so in that sense you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word words so in that sense you do have
+to memorize them um you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorize them um you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorize them um you don't have to
+memorize them like they don't they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize them like they don't they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize them like they don't they're
+not like the predate present verbs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the predate present verbs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the predate present verbs that
+I that I said that you have to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that I said that you have to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that I said that you have to memorize
+so these are these will only show up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are these will only show up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are these will only show up on
+the exam if they've been um word hord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam if they've been um word hord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam if they've been um word hord
+words to that point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to that point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to that point in the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um top of page 102 um the little the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um top of page 102 um the little the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um top of page 102 um the little the
+little box with the exclamation point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box with the exclamation point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box with the exclamation point
+says explicitly what I've just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says explicitly what I've just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says explicitly what I've just been
+going on about um the am the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on about um the am the ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on about um the am the ambiguity
+of some of these conjunctions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these conjunctions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these conjunctions with
+matching adverbs may optionally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching adverbs may optionally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching adverbs may optionally be
+resolved by adding the particle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by adding the particle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by adding the particle the
+which marks the word as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which marks the word as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which marks the word as a
+conjunction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes um they get doubled uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um they get doubled uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um they get doubled uh to
+indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate
+um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+indicate uh con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate uh con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate uh con
+conjunctives um so SWA can mean so or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctives um so SWA can mean so or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctives um so SWA can mean so or as
+but swas SWA always means as um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but swas SWA always means as um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but swas SWA always means as um in the
+sense of like in a conjunctive sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like in a conjunctive sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like in a conjunctive sense
+that is to say as introducing an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say as introducing an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say as introducing an entire
+um dependent clause like as the sun set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dependent clause like as the sun set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dependent clause like as the sun set
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+as a horse or whatever right introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a horse or whatever right introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a horse or whatever right introducing
+a clause versus introducing a simile all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clause versus introducing a simile all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clause versus introducing a simile all
+right um take a look at the correlative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um take a look at the correlative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um take a look at the correlative
+conjunctions down at the bottom um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions down at the bottom um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions down at the bottom um these
+are uh sorry rather at the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh sorry rather at the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh sorry rather at the middle
+middle-ish of page 102 the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-ish of page 102 the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-ish of page 102 the end of
+10.3 um correlative conjunctions um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.3 um correlative conjunctions um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.3 um correlative conjunctions um like
+Modern English both and are as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English both and are as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English both and are as follows
+um we we had ather yay um and in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we had ather yay um and in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we had ather yay um and in fact I
+think it was ather yay dot dot dot yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was ather yay dot dot dot yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was ather yay dot dot dot yay
+that meant both and um in the in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant both and um in the in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant both and um in the in the in
+the passage that Mike translated a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage that Mike translated a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage that Mike translated a while
+back um qua dot dot dot auor meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um qua dot dot dot auor meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um qua dot dot dot auor meaning
+whether or um not only but also neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nor and then th and th um that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor and then th and th um that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor and then th and th um that's a
+that's a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a um
+that's an expression a sort of adverbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an expression a sort of adverbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an expression a sort of adverbial
+use of the instrumental um that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the instrumental um that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the instrumental um that is
+actually one of the main uses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the main uses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the main uses of the
+increasingly um obsolete instrumental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly um obsolete instrumental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly um obsolete instrumental in
+Old English to have a th dot dot dot th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English to have a th dot dot dot th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English to have a th dot dot dot th
+to mean the blank the blank as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean the blank the blank as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean the blank the blank as in the
+more the merrier um or the less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the merrier um or the less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the merrier um or the less the
+better um something like that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um something like that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um something like that if you're
+talking about something you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about something you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about something you don't
+like um any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um any questions
+about these adverbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjunctions all right so correlation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions all right so correlation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions all right so correlation um
+we got a brief introduction to it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a brief introduction to it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a brief introduction to it with
+just that list of correlative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that list of correlative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that list of correlative
+conjunctions above 10.4 um correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions above 10.4 um correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions above 10.4 um correlation
+is a construction in which an adverb at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a construction in which an adverb at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a construction in which an adverb at
+the beginning of an independent clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of an independent clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of an independent clause
+recapitulates or anticipates an adverb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulates or anticipates an adverb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulates or anticipates an adverb
+clause um this happens a lot in Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause um this happens a lot in Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause um this happens a lot in Old
+English it happens a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it happens a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it happens a little bit in
+Modern English and Baker gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English and Baker gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English and Baker gives you some
+examples um but the examples in Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um but the examples in Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um but the examples in Modern
+English are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English are often
+either totally optional so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either totally optional so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either totally optional so for example
+the example uh if you were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example uh if you were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example uh if you were in
+Philadelphia then you must have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia then you must have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia then you must have seen
+Independence Hall like that then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence Hall like that then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence Hall like that then is
+totally optional we could just as easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally optional we could just as easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally optional we could just as easily
+and probably would more naturally say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably would more naturally say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably would more naturally say if
+you were in Philadelphia you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in Philadelphia you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in Philadelphia you must have
+seen Independence Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen Independence Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen Independence Hall
+um in Modern English these neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Modern English these neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Modern English these neither
+element of the coordinate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the coordinate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the coordinate of the
+coordination or sorry rather of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination or sorry rather of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination or sorry rather of the
+correlation neither element is optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation neither element is optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation neither element is optional
+um so you basically are just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you basically are just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you basically are just going to
+get used to seeing um both of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to seeing um both of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to seeing um both of these um
+uh both of these rather than just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both of these rather than just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both of these rather than just one
+um sometimes this causes difficulty when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes this causes difficulty when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes this causes difficulty when
+the conjunction and the adverb have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjunction and the adverb have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjunction and the adverb have the
+same form so for example take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form so for example take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form so for example take a look at
+page 104 top of the page these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 104 top of the page these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 104 top of the page these are very
+common and this explains by the way way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and this explains by the way way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and this explains by the way way
+back when in week one of this class when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when in week one of this class when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when in week one of this class when
+you were memorizing meanings of th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were memorizing meanings of th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were memorizing meanings of th and
+thaw um and so on um this explains how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaw um and so on um this explains how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaw um and so on um this explains how
+the same word could mean what can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same word could mean what can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same word could mean what can mean
+when and then specifically it mean Tha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and then specifically it mean Tha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and then specifically it mean Tha
+means when in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when in the initial
+um that is to say subordinative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is to say subordinative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is to say subordinative
+subordinated uh part of the clause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordinated uh part of the clause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordinated uh part of the clause and
+then in the main Clause so when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the main Clause so when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the main Clause so when you go
+outside then you will see the sun today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside then you will see the sun today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside then you will see the sun today
+at least um and similarly thaa thaa th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least um and similarly thaa thaa th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least um and similarly thaa thaa th
+th where and there yeah are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th where and there yeah are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th where and there yeah are there any
+obvious differences like semantically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious differences like semantically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious differences like semantically or
+syntactically between the use of thaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactically between the use of thaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactically between the use of thaw
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+thund um I would say thaw is just much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thund um I would say thaw is just much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thund um I would say thaw is just much
+more common yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common yeah
+so the more ambiguous word is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more ambiguous word is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more ambiguous word is the more
+common word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common word
+unfortunately um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately um other
+clity yeah exactly concision over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clity yeah exactly concision over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clity yeah exactly concision over
+Clarity um are there other semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarity um are there other semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarity um are there other semantic
+differences thaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences thaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences thaa
+thaa no not that I can think of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaa no not that I can think of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaa no not that I can think of good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others 10.5 on prepositions um the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others 10.5 on prepositions um the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others 10.5 on prepositions um the two
+things I want to reinforce here one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want to reinforce here one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want to reinforce here one um
+we previewed very slightly last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we previewed very slightly last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we previewed very slightly last time
+namely um the distinction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely um the distinction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely um the distinction between the
+dative and the accusative case in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative and the accusative case in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative and the accusative case in uh
+prep with prepositions that can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep with prepositions that can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep with prepositions that can take
+either typically um and this is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either typically um and this is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either typically um and this is at the
+the very last uh in the very last part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last uh in the very last part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last uh in the very last part
+of the chapter on page 105 typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chapter on page 105 typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chapter on page 105 typically the
+dative is associated with location or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative is associated with location or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative is associated with location or
+stability while the accusative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability while the accusative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability while the accusative is
+associated with movement towards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with movement towards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with movement towards this
+isn't a sort of 100% rule but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a sort of 100% rule but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a sort of 100% rule but I would
+say it's 90 to 95 um% the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's 90 to 95 um% the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's 90 to 95 um% the other thing
+that I want to emphasize about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to emphasize about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to emphasize about
+prepositions we've also seen a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions we've also seen a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions we've also seen a number of
+times and that is name that is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that is name that is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that is name that is how many
+things individual prepositions can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things individual prepositions can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things individual prepositions can mean
+which is to say many more things than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say many more things than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say many more things than
+the cognate preposition in Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognate preposition in Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognate preposition in Modern
+English um so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English um so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English um so for
+example um toe uh with can mean two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um toe uh with can mean two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um toe uh with can mean two
+towards at four uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards at four uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards at four uh
+um for before in front of because of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for before in front of because of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for before in front of because of in
+place of for the sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of for the sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of for the sake
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Mid with as well as by means of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mid with as well as by means of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mid with as well as by means of um
+one thing I want the other thing I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I want the other thing I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I want the other thing I I
+would I would draw attention to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would draw attention to is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would draw attention to is the
+difference between um Mid which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between um Mid which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between um Mid which is the
+typical Old English word for with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Old English word for with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Old English word for with
+cognate with German MIT um and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognate with German MIT um and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognate with German MIT um and with
+which is where we get our preposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we get our preposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we get our preposition
+with but more often in Old English means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but more often in Old English means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but more often in Old English means
+against um or opposite um sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against um or opposite um sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against um or opposite um sometimes
+towards um sometimes in exchange for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards um sometimes in exchange for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards um sometimes in exchange for um
+so think withstand withhold right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think withstand withhold right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think withstand withhold right the
+the kind of oppositional sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of oppositional sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of oppositional sense of the
+prefix in those verbs as opposed to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix in those verbs as opposed to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix in those verbs as opposed to like
+with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you
+um any questions about uh prepositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any questions about uh prepositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any questions about uh prepositions
+or indeed anything in chapter 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far all right Concord um so Concord all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far all right Concord um so Concord all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far all right Concord um so Concord all
+this really means chapter 11 um is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really means chapter 11 um is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really means chapter 11 um is the
+agreement in gender case and number um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement in gender case and number um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement in gender case and number um
+between different words that share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different words that share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different words that share a
+reference so this basically just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so this basically just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so this basically just means
+um that parts of the sentence that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that parts of the sentence that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that parts of the sentence that are
+grammatically related um have have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatically related um have have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatically related um have have to
+sort of have the same uh case so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have the same uh case so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have the same uh case so the
+preposition uh sorry not the preposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition uh sorry not the preposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition uh sorry not the preposition
+the um the adjective the demonstrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the adjective the demonstrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the adjective the demonstrative
+pronoun that go with a given noun are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun that go with a given noun are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun that go with a given noun are
+going to match that noun um in gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to match that noun um in gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to match that noun um in gender
+case and number with the very rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and number with the very rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and number with the very rare
+exceptions that um that we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions that um that we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions that um that we've discussed
+um like uh second person genitives uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like uh second person genitives uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like uh second person genitives uh or
+second person possessive adjectives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person possessive adjectives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person possessive adjectives so
+your um your ring we talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um your ring we talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um your ring we talked a little bit
+about that that goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that goes back to
+chapter five um the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter five um the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter five um the first and second
+person um agree with the no yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um agree with the no yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um agree with the no yeah that's
+first exactly sorry it's the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exactly sorry it's the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exactly sorry it's the third
+person that's the yeah so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's the yeah so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's the yeah so that that
+exception is covered on the bottom of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception is covered on the bottom of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception is covered on the bottom of uh
+on page 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 43
+5.1.2 um but other than that that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.1.2 um but other than that that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.1.2 um but other than that that is um
+that is that is one of the very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is one of the very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is one of the very few
+exceptions um the reason that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions um the reason that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions um the reason that this is
+helpful is because um especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful is because um especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful is because um especially in the
+Poetry is that old English word order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry is that old English word order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry is that old English word order is
+much more flexible than Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more flexible than Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more flexible than Modern English
+we've seen this before um so bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this before um so bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this before um so bottom of
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+107 uh Baker gives you a passage a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 uh Baker gives you a passage a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 uh Baker gives you a passage a short
+passage from bolf um about uh the coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage from bolf um about uh the coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage from bolf um about uh the coming
+of grindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+umon um so that hosta that hia looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umon um so that hosta that hia looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umon um so that hosta that hia looks
+initially like it's the subject um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially like it's the subject um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially like it's the subject um of
+the dependent clause it could be um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent clause it could be um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent clause it could be um and
+yet we're going to find out that so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we're going to find out that so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we're going to find out that so two
+things should give us pause one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should give us pause one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should give us pause one is the
+is the E ending of the verb which has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the E ending of the verb which has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the E ending of the verb which has to
+be singular the other thing that's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be singular the other thing that's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be singular the other thing that's even
+more unambiguous is the SE in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unambiguous is the SE in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unambiguous is the SE in the next
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+say um we know that that um has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um we know that that um has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um we know that that um has to be
+the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject
+um so very often in AA in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so very often in AA in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so very often in AA in um in
+translating in fact I think almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating in fact I think almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating in fact I think almost
+always you should be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you should be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you should be thinking about
+translating clause for clause or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating clause for clause or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating clause for clause or
+sentence for sentence um rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence for sentence um rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence for sentence um rather than
+word by word um because the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word by word um because the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word by word um because the words
+themselves are going to have um a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are going to have um a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are going to have um a more
+flexible order than they do in Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible order than they do in Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible order than they do in Modern
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+um turning the page to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turning the page to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turning the page to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes in situations where Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes in situations where Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes in situations where Modern
+English uses a pronoun subject so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uses a pronoun subject so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uses a pronoun subject so like
+he they she um the old English finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he they she um the old English finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he they she um the old English finite
+verb can sometimes Express the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb can sometimes Express the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb can sometimes Express the subject
+all by itself um and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by itself um and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by itself um and then there are
+three examples there um that uh of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples there um that uh of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples there um that uh of that
+very of that very phenomenon um namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very of that very phenomenon um namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very of that very phenomenon um namely
+of namely having an unexpressed subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of namely having an unexpressed subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of namely having an unexpressed subject
+that's contained within or rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's contained within or rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's contained within or rather
+implied within the verb itself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied within the verb itself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied within the verb itself um
+this rarely happens I would say quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rarely happens I would say quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rarely happens I would say quite
+rarely happens in Pros um and I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely happens in Pros um and I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely happens in Pros um and I will not
+give you a version of this on any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a version of this on any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a version of this on any of the
+exams um but especially as we move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams um but especially as we move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams um but especially as we move into
+the Poetry um for our own translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poetry um for our own translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poetry um for our own translations
+in class um you'll want to be uh keep an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class um you'll want to be uh keep an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class um you'll want to be uh keep an
+eye out for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility bottom of the page uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility bottom of the page uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility bottom of the page uh or
+rather bottom half of page 108 compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather bottom half of page 108 compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather bottom half of page 108 compound
+subjects may be split in Old English one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects may be split in Old English one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects may be split in Old English one
+part divided from the others by the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part divided from the others by the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part divided from the others by the verb
+or some other sentence fragment so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other sentence fragment so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other sentence fragment so we
+basically I think never do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I think never do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I think never do this in
+Modern English so a compound subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English so a compound subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English so a compound subject
+right is like um he and his friends went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is like um he and his friends went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is like um he and his friends went
+to the movies um we would never say he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the movies um we would never say he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the movies um we would never say he
+went to the movies and his friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the movies and his friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the movies and his friends
+because because without the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because without the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because without the benefit of
+case endings that makes it sound like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case endings that makes it sound like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case endings that makes it sound like we
+have not a compound subject but rather a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not a compound subject but rather a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not a compound subject but rather a
+comp compound object he went somehow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp compound object he went somehow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp compound object he went somehow in
+some sense to the movies and also went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense to the movies and also went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense to the movies and also went
+to his friends um in Old English because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his friends um in Old English because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his friends um in Old English because
+of the presence of case endings however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the presence of case endings however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the presence of case endings however
+ambiguous they sometimes are um Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous they sometimes are um Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous they sometimes are um Old
+English is prepared to split up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is prepared to split up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is prepared to split up a
+compound subject um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes quite
+dramatically um when it does so and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um when it does so and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um when it does so and this
+is uh this is worth highlighting when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is worth highlighting when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is worth highlighting when it
+when this happens um so the paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this happens um so the paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this happens um so the paragraph
+beginning compound subjects may be split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning compound subjects may be split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning compound subjects may be split
+in Old English next sentence when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Old English next sentence when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Old English next sentence when this
+happens the verb will typically agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the verb will typically agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the verb will typically agree
+with the first part of the subject so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first part of the subject so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first part of the subject so in
+the case that I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that I gave you
+of he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if we separated this um and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we separated this um and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we separated this um and so it
+such that it were um let's see he to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it were um let's see he to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it were um let's see he to the
+movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+went and his friends um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and his friends um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and his friends um what
+with this verb What form would this verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this verb What form would this verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this verb What form would this verb
+take singular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take singular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take singular or
+plural singular exactly what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural singular exactly what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural singular exactly what would the
+verb be by the way what is the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb be by the way what is the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb be by the way what is the third
+singular of went anyone got it ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand aoda very good excellent um if by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand aoda very good excellent um if by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand aoda very good excellent um if by
+contrast we simply reversed them his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast we simply reversed them his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast we simply reversed them his
+friends to the movies went and he then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends to the movies went and he then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends to the movies went and he then
+it would be aod daon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be aod daon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be aod daon right
+good it sounds so it sounds what because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it sounds so it sounds what because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it sounds so it sounds what because
+we still have case endings for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have case endings for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have case endings for our
+pronouns in English the the reverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns in English the the reverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns in English the the reverse of
+this sounds so much more cursed like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds so much more cursed like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds so much more cursed like to
+attempt to say in Modern English his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to say in Modern English his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to say in Modern English his
+friends went to movies and he is just oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends went to movies and he is just oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends went to movies and he is just oh
+cursed in like you mean in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursed in like you mean in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursed in like you mean in the sense of
+awkward yeah okay I thought it you meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward yeah okay I thought it you meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward yeah okay I thought it you meant
+it like literally sounded like a curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like literally sounded like a curse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like literally sounded like a curse
+in the in the Casual slaying sense oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the Casual slaying sense oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the Casual slaying sense oh
+I'm so glad to learn the Casual slang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so glad to learn the Casual slang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so glad to learn the Casual slang
+sense of cursed this is how I learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of cursed this is how I learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of cursed this is how I learn
+things um how the youth speak in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um how the youth speak in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um how the youth speak in today's
+vernacular um no that's very that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernacular um no that's very that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernacular um no that's very that that
+is interesting um and you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting um and you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting um and you're right
+cursed uh all right good excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursed uh all right good excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursed uh all right good excellent
+um impersonal verbs um we've talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impersonal verbs um we've talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impersonal verbs um we've talked a
+little bit about this um in uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this um in uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this um in uh in the
+context of Thon um so Thon taking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of Thon um so Thon taking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of Thon um so Thon taking an
+impersonal subject so uh where was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonal subject so uh where was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonal subject so uh where was that
+it was in um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in um oh
+be according to what it seemed to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be according to what it seemed to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be according to what it seemed to her
+namely Eve that fruit of the tree seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely Eve that fruit of the tree seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely Eve that fruit of the tree seemed
+good to eat right um the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to eat right um the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to eat right um the only thing
+really to know um about this is that old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to know um about this is that old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to know um about this is that old
+English has more significantly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has more significantly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has more significantly more
+impersonal verbs um than Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonal verbs um than Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonal verbs um than Modern English
+in fact many many languages have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact many many languages have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact many many languages have more
+impersonal verbs um than modern than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonal verbs um than modern than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonal verbs um than modern than
+modern learn English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern learn English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern learn English
+um to dream to to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to dream to to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to dream to to to be
+hungry um these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry um these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry um these are some
+examples to long for at the top of page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to long for at the top of page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to long for at the top of page
+110 bottom line here is just um feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 bottom line here is just um feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 bottom line here is just um feel
+free to translate um colloquially into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to translate um colloquially into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to translate um colloquially into
+into into how we would actually express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into how we would actually express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into how we would actually express
+it um in Modern English and not be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um in Modern English and not be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um in Modern English and not be um
+don't be too tethered um to the to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be too tethered um to the to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be too tethered um to the to to
+the to the um to a literal translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the um to a literal translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the um to a literal translation
+of the grammar um pronouns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grammar um pronouns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grammar um pronouns and
+antecedents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedents
+um we've already seen a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've already seen a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've already seen a good example of
+where you have to translate a masculine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to translate a masculine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to translate a masculine
+or a feminine pronoun as the neuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a feminine pronoun as the neuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a feminine pronoun as the neuter
+simply because of how Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because of how Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because of how Modern English
+uses grammatical gender which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses grammatical gender which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses grammatical gender which is to say
+barely at all um so remember in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely at all um so remember in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely at all um so remember in the
+miracle of St Benedict um SE um Sean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle of St Benedict um SE um Sean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle of St Benedict um SE um Sean we
+did a lot of talking about the stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of talking about the stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of talking about the stone
+that is the masculine Stone um so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the masculine Stone um so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the masculine Stone um so when
+when we subsequently refer to the stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we subsequently refer to the stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we subsequently refer to the stone
+in um using a pronoun um we had to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um using a pronoun um we had to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um using a pronoun um we had to use
+hey um because the stone itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey um because the stone itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey um because the stone itself is
+masculine grammatically um but you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine grammatically um but you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine grammatically um but you would
+go ahead and translate it as it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and translate it as it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and translate it as it because
+we would never talk about a stone as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would never talk about a stone as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would never talk about a stone as
+well I shouldn't say never people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I shouldn't say never people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I shouldn't say never people talk
+about a lot of things we would most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of things we would most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of things we would most
+typically not talk about a stone as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not talk about a stone as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not talk about a stone as
+being masculine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then um nouns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um nouns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um nouns and
+modifiers uh a noun and all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers uh a noun and all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers uh a noun and all its
+modifiers must agree in gender case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers must agree in gender case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers must agree in gender case and
+number um this sounds straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um this sounds straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um this sounds straightforward
+and indeed it is straightforward um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed it is straightforward um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed it is straightforward um but
+the reason that it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it's important to
+remember is that if you turn the page to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that if you turn the page to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that if you turn the page to
+the top of 112 the adjective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of 112 the adjective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of 112 the adjective is
+frequently separated from its noun um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently separated from its noun um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently separated from its noun um
+even in Pro pros and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in Pro pros and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in Pro pros and especially
+in poetry um when this happens the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poetry um when this happens the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poetry um when this happens the rules
+of Concord will help you match up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Concord will help you match up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Concord will help you match up the
+adjective when it's now with its noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective when it's now with its noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective when it's now with its noun
+and there's an example here from the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an example here from the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an example here from the old
+English poem uh Judith it's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English poem uh Judith it's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English poem uh Judith it's talking
+about uh the the wavy-haired one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the the wavy-haired one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the the wavy-haired one um
+Judith is this is when she's about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judith is this is when she's about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judith is this is when she's about to
+chop off hr's head um and well she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop off hr's head um and well she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop off hr's head um and well she's
+she's she cuts his head halfway off um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's she cuts his head halfway off um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's she cuts his head halfway off um
+then the wavy-haired ones struck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the wavy-haired ones struck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the wavy-haired ones struck the
+hostile minded enemy with a decorated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile minded enemy with a decorated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile minded enemy with a decorated
+sword so that she's cut through half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword so that she's cut through half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword so that she's cut through half of
+his neck um and if you take a look up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his neck um and if you take a look up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his neck um and if you take a look up to
+the Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+English there's a good data example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English there's a good data example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English there's a good data example of a
+dative of um dative of instrumentality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative of um dative of instrumentality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative of um dative of instrumentality
+and it's also a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a good example
+f um why is fog um why doesn't fum look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um why is fog um why doesn't fum look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um why is fog um why doesn't fum look
+like MAA even though they go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singular excellent fum is a dative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular excellent fum is a dative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular excellent fum is a dative
+singular masculine strong adjective um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular masculine strong adjective um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular masculine strong adjective um
+so uh so is that the decorated sword yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so is that the decorated sword yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so is that the decorated sword yes
+that's the decorated sword exactly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the decorated sword exactly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the decorated sword exactly um
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but um there the THL and the halna um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there the THL and the halna um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there the THL and the halna um uh
+go together and thus have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go together and thus have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go together and thus have the same
+ending despite being separated um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending despite being separated um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending despite being separated um in the
+sentence all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence all right
+um when participles are inflected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when participles are inflected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when participles are inflected so
+take a look at the very bottom of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the very bottom of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the very bottom of that
+um just above 11.5 that last paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just above 11.5 that last paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just above 11.5 that last paragraph
+um past and present participles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um past and present participles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um past and present participles are
+often inflected as adjectives even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often inflected as adjectives even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often inflected as adjectives even when
+they form paraphrastic verb forms um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form paraphrastic verb forms um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form paraphrastic verb forms um so
+in other words um basically all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words um basically all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words um basically all this
+means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that
+participles well participles often get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participles well participles often get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participles well participles often get
+declined in Old English in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined in Old English in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined in Old English in a way that
+they do not get declined um in Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not get declined um in Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not get declined um in Modern
+English um one thing to note when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English um one thing to note when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English um one thing to note when they
+are inflected the ending e is added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inflected the ending e is added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inflected the ending e is added to
+the nominative and accusative plural of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominative and accusative plural of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominative and accusative plural of
+all genders um and may occasionally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all genders um and may occasionally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all genders um and may occasionally be
+omitted um so just keep a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted um so just keep a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted um so just keep a slightly
+flexible eye out um for participial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible eye out um for participial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible eye out um for participial
+forms um but again not something I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um but again not something I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um but again not something I'm
+going to test you on on an exam all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test you on on an exam all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test you on on an exam all
+right um and then bad grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and then bad grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and then bad grammar
+11.5 um all that really means all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.5 um all that really means all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.5 um all that really means all that
+all that Baker's really going into um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that Baker's really going into um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that Baker's really going into um is
+that sometimes um when the sentences get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes um when the sentences get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes um when the sentences get
+especially complicated or often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially complicated or often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially complicated or often the
+author gets especially heated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author gets especially heated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author gets especially heated or
+especially excited about something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially excited about something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially excited about something um
+they lose track of their case endings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lose track of their case endings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lose track of their case endings um
+and that's fine uh don't worry too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine uh don't worry too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine uh don't worry too much
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right let's quickly go through 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let's quickly go through 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let's quickly go through 12
+point uh chapter 12 um so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh chapter 12 um so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh chapter 12 um so you're going
+to get a lot more on word order if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a lot more on word order if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a lot more on word order if you
+thought that the treatment was rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the treatment was rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the treatment was rather
+cursory um it it is um you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursory um it it is um you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursory um it it is um you're going to
+get more on word order when we dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more on word order when we dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more on word order when we dive into
+syntax um next time um for Mitchell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax um next time um for Mitchell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax um next time um for Mitchell and
+Robinson um but the Quick Start um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson um but the Quick Start um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson um but the Quick Start um is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh most often um Modern English has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most often um Modern English has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most often um Modern English has an
+SVO subject verb object word order just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVO subject verb object word order just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVO subject verb object word order just
+like Modern English um that's handy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Modern English um that's handy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Modern English um that's handy and
+about two-thirds of the way down page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two-thirds of the way down page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two-thirds of the way down page
+116 if the Clause has both a a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+116 if the Clause has both a a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+116 if the Clause has both a a direct
+and an indirect object and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an indirect object and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an indirect object and one of them
+is a pronoun the pronoun comes first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pronoun the pronoun comes first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pronoun the pronoun comes first um
+this is just like in Modern English um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like in Modern English um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like in Modern English um
+so here you may hear that he that if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you may hear that he that if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you may hear that he that if he
+that he gives us the power us is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he gives us the power us is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he gives us the power us is the
+indirect object it's a pronoun so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect object it's a pronoun so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect object it's a pronoun so it
+comes first power is the direct object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes first power is the direct object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes first power is the direct object
+um and so it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it comes
+second um all right 12.3 this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um all right 12.3 this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um all right 12.3 this is where
+it gets starts to get trickier um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets starts to get trickier um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets starts to get trickier um so
+verb subject word order is common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb subject word order is common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb subject word order is common in
+independent clauses introduced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent clauses introduced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent clauses introduced by the
+adverbs thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbs thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbs thought
+Thon th and the negative adverb and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thon th and the negative adverb and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thon th and the negative adverb and the
+conjunctions and on and a um this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions and on and a um this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions and on and a um this is uh
+we've had a preview of this um before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had a preview of this um before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had a preview of this um before
+and I've mentioned it as well um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've mentioned it as well um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've mentioned it as well um this is
+related to the fact that old English in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the fact that old English in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the fact that old English in
+independent clauses very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent clauses very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent clauses very much
+wants um has a has a preference for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants um has a has a preference for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants um has a has a preference for the
+conjugated verb to be the second element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated verb to be the second element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated verb to be the second element
+of the sentence um so if that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sentence um so if that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sentence um so if that first
+first element is taken by the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element is taken by the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element is taken by the subject
+alls well and good um the verb naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alls well and good um the verb naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alls well and good um the verb naturally
+takes the second position if by contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the second position if by contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the second position if by contrast
+um it's introduced by an adverb um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's introduced by an adverb um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's introduced by an adverb um then
+more often the verb is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often the verb is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often the verb is going to be
+second and you'll get the subject again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and you'll get the subject again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and you'll get the subject again
+most often the subject will be the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most often the subject will be the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most often the subject will be the third
+uh will be the third element as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be the third element as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be the third element as in the
+examples below very occasionally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples below very occasionally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples below very occasionally the
+word order this word order this V word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order this word order this V word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order this word order this V word
+order also appears in independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order also appears in independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order also appears in independent
+clauses not introduced by an adverb so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses not introduced by an adverb so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses not introduced by an adverb so
+whereon he acts the Dr drun um Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereon he acts the Dr drun um Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereon he acts the Dr drun um Etc
+that's quite unusual so it can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite unusual so it can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite unusual so it can happen
+but typically it's going to happen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically it's going to happen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically it's going to happen for
+um for the uh for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the uh for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the uh for the other
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+12.4 um do subject dot dot do verb this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.4 um do subject dot dot do verb this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.4 um do subject dot dot do verb this
+is commonly found in subordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commonly found in subordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commonly found in subordinate
+clauses um and clauses introduced by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses um and clauses introduced by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses um and clauses introduced by and
+uh on or o um this is sort of related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on or o um this is sort of related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on or o um this is sort of related to
+um well I shouldn't say with confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I shouldn't say with confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I shouldn't say with confidence
+that it's related to it's parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's related to it's parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's related to it's parallel to
+and seems likely related um to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seems likely related um to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seems likely related um to the fact
+that it that German also um tends to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it that German also um tends to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it that German also um tends to put
+the conjugated verb at the end of a at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugated verb at the end of a at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugated verb at the end of a at
+at at the end of a dependent clause um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the end of a dependent clause um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the end of a dependent clause um
+so we see examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah bottom of bottom of 119 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah bottom of bottom of 119 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah bottom of bottom of 119 if you
+find you're having difficulty locating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you're having difficulty locating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you're having difficulty locating
+the end of a clause and the word order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of a clause and the word order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of a clause and the word order
+appears to be subject dot dot dot verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be subject dot dot dot verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be subject dot dot dot verb
+consider the possibility that the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the possibility that the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the possibility that the finite
+verb marks the end of the Clause my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb marks the end of the Clause my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb marks the end of the Clause my
+memory from my dim dim memories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory from my dim dim memories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory from my dim dim memories of
+having studied German is that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having studied German is that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having studied German is that that's a
+pretty hard and fast rule in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard and fast rule in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard and fast rule in modern
+German it's also like there's a unifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German it's also like there's a unifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German it's also like there's a unifying
+linguistic theoretical treatment of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic theoretical treatment of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic theoretical treatment of why
+it's like subject verb or something verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like subject verb or something verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like subject verb or something verb
+in um nons subordinate clauses and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um nons subordinate clauses and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um nons subordinate clauses and at
+the end in a subordinate clause if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end in a subordinate clause if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end in a subordinate clause if you
+look up V2 syntax V2 syntax makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up V2 syntax V2 syntax makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up V2 syntax V2 syntax makes sense
+okay excellent and by the way I'm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay excellent and by the way I'm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay excellent and by the way I'm this
+was something that I wanted to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that I wanted to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that I wanted to kind of
+run by um folks um often I get asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by um folks um often I get asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by um folks um often I get asked
+kind of uh technical or even sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh technical or even sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh technical or even sometimes
+not very technical linguistic questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very technical linguistic questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very technical linguistic questions
+that I just don't know the answer to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just don't know the answer to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just don't know the answer to um
+I'm totally I would love to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm totally I would love to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm totally I would love to come up with
+a um some sort of system of I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um some sort of system of I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um some sort of system of I don't know
+extra credit or something um where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit or something um where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit or something um where those
+of you who have an interest in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who have an interest in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who have an interest in these
+questions um that I can't answer I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um that I can't answer I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um that I can't answer I think
+somebody I think it was you Alyssa said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody I think it was you Alyssa said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody I think it was you Alyssa said
+oh I think there's there's research out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think there's there's research out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think there's there's research out
+there we we could find the answer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we we could find the answer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we we could find the answer if you
+all want to find the answers to some to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all want to find the answers to some to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all want to find the answers to some to
+some of these questions I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these questions I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these questions I don't remember
+what the question was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the question was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the question was it was
+um yeah exactly I think it was I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah exactly I think it was I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah exactly I think it was I think
+it was something you asked Lambert about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something you asked Lambert about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something you asked Lambert about
+the the the the word order of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the word order of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the word order of of of
+negatives um yeah just just let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives um yeah just just let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives um yeah just just let me know
+if you wanted if anyone wants to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted if anyone wants to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted if anyone wants to do a
+deep or even sort of shallow dive on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep or even sort of shallow dive on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep or even sort of shallow dive on
+that um I would love to get a a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I would love to get a a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I would love to get a a kind of
+um uh folder of of answers to questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh folder of of answers to questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh folder of of answers to questions
+that I get asked so that future students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get asked so that future students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get asked so that future students
+will have the the benefits of of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the the benefits of of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the the benefits of of your
+wisdom and I promise to give credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom and I promise to give credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom and I promise to give credit
+where credit is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where credit is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where credit is due
+um where was I go with this oh right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where was I go with this oh right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where was I go with this oh right um
+it's less of a rule in Modern English or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less of a rule in Modern English or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less of a rule in Modern English or
+in sorry in Old English um but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorry in Old English um but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorry in Old English um but it is a
+it is a marked tendency um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a marked tendency um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a marked tendency um and this is
+something that I will um expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I will um expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I will um expect you to
+be um have some comfort level with um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um have some comfort level with um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um have some comfort level with um in
+the in the site translation on the um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the site translation on the um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the site translation on the um on
+the exam but don't worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam but don't worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam but don't worry too much about
+it just yet we're going to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just yet we're going to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just yet we're going to get more
+detail on word order um when we turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on word order um when we turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on word order um when we turn to
+Mitchell and Robinson's treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell and Robinson's treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell and Robinson's treatment of
+Syntax for Wednesday and next Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syntax for Wednesday and next Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syntax for Wednesday and next Monday
+um all right when a subord bottom of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right when a subord bottom of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right when a subord bottom of uh
+12 sorry bottom of 119 12.5 correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 sorry bottom of 119 12.5 correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 sorry bottom of 119 12.5 correlation
+when a subordinate clause and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a subordinate clause and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a subordinate clause and an
+independent clause are correlated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent clause are correlated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent clause are correlated and
+are introduced by an ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are introduced by an ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are introduced by an ambiguous
+conjunction adverb pair um especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction adverb pair um especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction adverb pair um especially
+tha tha th th and th th um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tha tha th th and th th um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tha tha th th and th th um you can
+usually tell the subordinate clause from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tell the subordinate clause from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tell the subordinate clause from
+the independent clause by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent clause by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent clause by looking at the
+word order in this situation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order in this situation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order in this situation the
+tendency of the independent clause is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency of the independent clause is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency of the independent clause is to
+have the vs word order um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vs word order um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vs word order um and the
+subordinate clause is more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordinate clause is more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordinate clause is more likely to
+have SV or S do dot Dov word order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have SV or S do dot Dov word order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have SV or S do dot Dov word order so
+there are some good um good examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some good um good examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some good um good examples in
+the little boxed section at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little boxed section at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little boxed section at the bottom
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can that you can take a take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can that you can take a take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can that you can take a take
+a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at
+um unfortunately this rule does not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately this rule does not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately this rule does not work
+in poetry in Pros it will work most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poetry in Pros it will work most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poetry in Pros it will work most of
+the time but you cannot count on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but you cannot count on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but you cannot count on it
+absolutely so um be aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so um be aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so um be aware of the
+tendency but don't expect it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency but don't expect it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency but don't expect it to be a
+hard and fast rule um the last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and fast rule um the last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and fast rule um the last part of
+chapter 12 um which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 12 um which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 12 um which is actually
+fairly well you I guess you all can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well you I guess you all can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well you I guess you all can
+decide how tricky it is but it is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how tricky it is but it is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how tricky it is but it is quite
+common is something called anticip a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is something called anticip a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is something called anticip a um
+so the the the technical explanation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the technical explanation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the technical explanation is
+as follows when a noun clause functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows when a noun clause functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows when a noun clause functions
+as a subject or an object um it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a subject or an object um it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a subject or an object um it must
+follow the verb but often a pronoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the verb but often a pronoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the verb but often a pronoun
+usually that but sometimes hit appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that but sometimes hit appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that but sometimes hit appears
+before the verb anticipating the coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the verb anticipating the coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the verb anticipating the coming
+Clause hence the hence the um hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause hence the hence the um hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause hence the hence the um hence the
+term um this pronoun Ure occurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term um this pronoun Ure occurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term um this pronoun Ure occurs in the
+position that a pronoun subject or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that a pronoun subject or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that a pronoun subject or
+object would normally take um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object would normally take um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object would normally take um so the
+examples here uh are are helpful so y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here uh are are helpful so y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here uh are are helpful so y
+mean Ward um so hold fast to my words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Ward um so hold fast to my words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Ward um so hold fast to my words
+and don't tell them to any other man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't tell them to any other man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't tell them to any other man
+that should y sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should y sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should y sorry
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+witha so if that should occur or should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witha so if that should occur or should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witha so if that should occur or should
+happen notice the use of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen notice the use of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen notice the use of the um
+subjunctive Y for the potential um if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjunctive Y for the potential um if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjunctive Y for the potential um if it
+should happen that you speak with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen that you speak with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen that you speak with him
+now that's a case where the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a case where the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a case where the um
+anticipation actually sort of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation actually sort of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation actually sort of works
+translates pretty well into Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates pretty well into Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates pretty well into Modern
+English we would say um or at least we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English we would say um or at least we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English we would say um or at least we
+could say something pretty similar um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say something pretty similar um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say something pretty similar um
+the next example is much less readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example is much less readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example is much less readily
+translated literally so hey drion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated literally so hey drion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated literally so hey drion that
+on y so he um the Lord perceived that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y so he um the Lord perceived that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y so he um the Lord perceived that
+that's the first independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first independent
+clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that first italicized that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that first italicized that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that first italicized that is
+basically a dummy word that alerts us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a dummy word that alerts us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a dummy word that alerts us to
+the fact alerts the reader to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact alerts the reader to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact alerts the reader to the fact
+that there's going to be this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be this um this
+long uh dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long uh dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long uh dependent
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Clause uh which is actually a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause uh which is actually a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause uh which is actually a noun
+clause it's the object of the verb saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause it's the object of the verb saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause it's the object of the verb saw
+the object of the verb yes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object of the verb yes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object of the verb yes all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is pretty this is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is pretty this is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is pretty this is actually very
+very common um we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common um we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common um we're going to see
+examples in the pros and also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the pros and also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the pros and also in the
+Poetry so you'll learn to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry so you'll learn to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry so you'll learn to get
+comfortable with this um kind of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with this um kind of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with this um kind of by
+you'll you'll learn by doing um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll learn by doing um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll learn by doing um which is
+kind of the light motif of this class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the light motif of this class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the light motif of this class um
+but in those cases um you do not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in those cases um you do not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in those cases um you do not have to
+translate the um introductory kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate the um introductory kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate the um introductory kind of
+dummy that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then paraphrastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then paraphrastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then paraphrastic
+verbs um Modern English all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs um Modern English all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs um Modern English all
+uh generally keeps the auxiliary and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generally keeps the auxiliary and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generally keeps the auxiliary and the
+verbals um together um although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbals um together um although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbals um together um although we
+sometimes separate them with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes separate them with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes separate them with an
+adverbial element um so like I will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbial element um so like I will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbial element um so like I will come
+quickly um we could say and often do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um we could say and often do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um we could say and often do I
+will quickly come but that's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will quickly come but that's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will quickly come but that's about the
+extent of it that's about as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of it that's about as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of it that's about as far as
+Modern English is willing to tolerate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English is willing to tolerate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English is willing to tolerate a
+separation of the auxiliary and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the auxiliary and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the auxiliary and the
+verbal Old English by contrast and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal Old English by contrast and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal Old English by contrast and you
+can see some examples on page 122 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see some examples on page 122 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see some examples on page 122 is
+perfectly happy to have quite a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy to have quite a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy to have quite a distance
+um between the two parts of the verb um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between the two parts of the verb um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between the two parts of the verb um
+so just make um just keep an eye out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just make um just keep an eye out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just make um just keep an eye out for
+that um so you have examples of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so you have examples of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so you have examples of all
+three of the word orders um that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the word orders um that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the word orders um that we've
+discussed subject verb verb subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed subject verb verb subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed subject verb verb subject and
+subject dot dot dot verb um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but other than
+that that's about that's about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's about that's about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's about that's about it for
+word order for today but like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order for today but like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order for today but like I said
+we're going to get more for Wednesday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get more for Wednesday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get more for Wednesday um
+any questions on any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alrighty
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RwBCrVB98s8.txt b/RwBCrVB98s8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9af257c228b0ba7dea59cfa5c441b4bc3fae01a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RwBCrVB98s8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh this video is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this video is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this video is a different
+direction it will be about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it will be about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it will be about linear
+equations and not differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and not differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and not differential equations
+a matrix uh is at the center of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix uh is at the center of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix uh is at the center of this
+video and it's called the incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and it's called the incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and it's called the incidence
+Matrix and that incidence Matrix tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that incidence Matrix tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that incidence Matrix tells
+me everything about a graph now what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me everything about a graph now what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me everything about a graph now what do
+I mean by the word graph I don't mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by the word graph I don't mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by the word graph I don't mean a
+graph of sinx or cosine X the word graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of sinx or cosine X the word graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of sinx or cosine X the word graph
+is used in another way completely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in another way completely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in another way completely for
+some edges and some nodes so I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edges and some nodes so I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edges and some nodes so I have some
+nodes in this case 1 2 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes that's my number n the number m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that's my number n the number m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that's my number n the number m is
+the number of edges that connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges that connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges that connect the
+nodes so I have Edge one connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so I have Edge one connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so I have Edge one connecting
+those nodes Edge two Edge three four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nodes Edge two Edge three four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nodes Edge two Edge three four and
+five and I didn't have an didn't put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and I didn't have an didn't put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and I didn't have an didn't put in
+an Edge six a complete graph would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Edge six a complete graph would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Edge six a complete graph would have
+all possible edges but a general graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible edges but a general graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible edges but a general graph
+can have some edges some some pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some edges some some pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some edges some some pairs of
+nodes are connected others are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are connected others are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are connected others are not
+connected okay so now I want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected okay so now I want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected okay so now I want to create
+the Matrix that shows me everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix that shows me everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix that shows me everything
+that's in that picture then I can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in that picture then I can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in that picture then I can work
+with the Matrix in and and graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Matrix in and and graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Matrix in and and graphs and
+and their matrices are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their matrices are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their matrices are the
+number one application number one model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one application number one model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one application number one model
+for uh so many applications like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh so many applications like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh so many applications like the
+worldwide web the web might have every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web the web might have every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web the web might have every
+every website would be a node and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every website would be a node and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every website would be a node and there
+would be an edge between two nodes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an edge between two nodes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an edge between two nodes if
+those websites are linked so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those websites are linked so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those websites are linked so the
+worldwide web is a giant graph or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web is a giant graph or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web is a giant graph or the
+telephone company is operating a has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone company is operating a has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone company is operating a has has
+a giant graph in which the nodes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant graph in which the nodes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant graph in which the nodes are the
+telephones and there's an edge when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephones and there's an edge when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephones and there's an edge when a
+call is made from one phone to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call is made from one phone to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call is made from one phone to another
+between two phones so nodes and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two phones so nodes and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two phones so nodes and edges
+and our brain which the great problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our brain which the great problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our brain which the great problem of
+the 21st century is to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21st century is to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21st century is to understand the
+graph that's represented by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that's represented by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that's represented by that
+represents our brain the connections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents our brain the connections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents our brain the connections of
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+in our thinking well that's a tougher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our thinking well that's a tougher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our thinking well that's a tougher
+problem then we'll solve today let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then we'll solve today let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then we'll solve today let me
+work with that graph and create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with that graph and create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with that graph and create the
+Matrix okay so the Matrix has five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so the Matrix has five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so the Matrix has five
+rows coming from the five edges let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows coming from the five edges let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows coming from the five edges let me
+take the first Edge so the first Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first Edge so the first Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first Edge so the first Edge
+there's Edge number one goes from node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Edge number one goes from node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Edge number one goes from node
+one to node two the nodes correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to node two the nodes correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to node two the nodes correspond to
+columns so if I want an edge from node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so if I want an edge from node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so if I want an edge from node
+one to node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to node
+two that edge one will go in row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that edge one will go in row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that edge one will go in row one
+Edge one so Edge one Edge first Edge go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge one so Edge one Edge first Edge go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge one so Edge one Edge first Edge go
+is connected to row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to row
+one and so that edge goes from node one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so that edge goes from node one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so that edge goes from node one
+to node 2 so I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to node 2 so I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to node 2 so I put a
+minus1 and a one and it doesn't touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and a one and it doesn't touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and a one and it doesn't touch
+nodes three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes three and
+four that's Edge one that's Row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's Edge one that's Row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's Edge one that's Row one
+going it now that tells me everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going it now that tells me everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going it now that tells me everything I
+see about row about Edge one Edge two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see about row about Edge one Edge two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see about row about Edge one Edge two
+goes from 1 to three so I'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 1 to three so I'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 1 to three so I'll put a
+minus1 a zero and a one in row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 a zero and a one in row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 a zero and a one in row two
+because row two comes comes from Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because row two comes comes from Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because row two comes comes from Edge
+two and it goes from 1 to Three Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it goes from 1 to Three Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it goes from 1 to Three Edge
+three will give me Row three from 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three will give me Row three from 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three will give me Row three from 2 to
+three so Edge three giving me Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so Edge three giving me Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so Edge three giving me Row
+three 2 to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 2 to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 2 to 3
+edge4 went from 1 to 4 so Min - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge4 went from 1 to 4 so Min - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge4 went from 1 to 4 so Min - one
+nothing nothing one that tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing nothing one that tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing nothing one that tells me that
+edge four is going from node one to node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge four is going from node one to node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge four is going from node one to node
+four and finally from node two to node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and finally from node two to node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and finally from node two to node
+four is the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the final
+row okay do you see there the the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay do you see there the the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay do you see there the the graph
+everything all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all the
+information uh in this picture is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh in this picture is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh in this picture is now
+captured in that Matrix so we can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in that Matrix so we can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in that Matrix so we can work
+with the Matrix and what does a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Matrix and what does a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Matrix and what does a matrix
+do it multiplies vectors that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it multiplies vectors that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it multiplies vectors that's what a
+matrix does it acts on vectors so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix does it acts on vectors so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix does it acts on vectors so what
+happens if I If I multiply that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I If I multiply that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I If I multiply that matrix
+by a vector so now I let me take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vector so now I let me take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vector so now I let me take out
+these these Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these Edge
+numbers and do a multiplication okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and do a multiplication okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and do a multiplication okay
+that Matrix has four columns it's a 5x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix has four columns it's a 5x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix has four columns it's a 5x4
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+M by n 5 by 4 so it multiplies a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M by n 5 by 4 so it multiplies a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M by n 5 by 4 so it multiplies a vector
+with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four
+components and those four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and those four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and those four components
+will represent will come from the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent will come from the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent will come from the four
+nodes and maybe they represent voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and maybe they represent voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and maybe they represent voltages
+at the nodes let me think like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the nodes let me think like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the nodes let me think like an
+electrical engineer for a moment okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer for a moment okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer for a moment okay so
+if there's my Matrix I imagine I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's my Matrix I imagine I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's my Matrix I imagine I have
+voltages V V1 V2 V3 V4 at the nodes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages V V1 V2 V3 V4 at the nodes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages V V1 V2 V3 V4 at the nodes so
+there's a V1 voltage here V2 a V3 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a V1 voltage here V2 a V3 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a V1 voltage here V2 a V3 and a
+V4 and with those voltages currents will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and with those voltages currents will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and with those voltages currents will
+flow and so my unknowns are the voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and so my unknowns are the voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and so my unknowns are the voltages
+the four voltages and the five currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four voltages and the five currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four voltages and the five currents
+that's what the engineer needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the engineer needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the engineer needs to know
+okay so first of all when I multiply a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all when I multiply a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all when I multiply a *
+V what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V what do I get
+let me just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just do that
+multiplication so that first row times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so that first row times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so that first row times
+that gives me V2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me V2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me V2 minus
+V1 right the dotproduct of the row with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 right the dotproduct of the row with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 right the dotproduct of the row with
+the vector the next one is V3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector the next one is V3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector the next one is V3 minus
+V1 then I have a minus one there it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 then I have a minus one there it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 then I have a minus one there it's a
+V3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 minus
+V2 then I have a minus1 and a one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 then I have a minus1 and a one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 then I have a minus1 and a one I
+think that's V4 4 - V1 and finally this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's V4 4 - V1 and finally this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's V4 4 - V1 and finally this
+dotproduct with that will give me a V4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct with that will give me a V4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct with that will give me a V4
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+V2 so what am I seeing here what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 so what am I seeing here what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 so what am I seeing here what is this
+is now a * V I've done a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a * V I've done a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a * V I've done a multiplication
+by a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vector of
+voltages and what have I found I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and what have I found I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and what have I found I found
+the differences in voltages the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences in voltages the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences in voltages the voltage
+difference between one end of the Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between one end of the Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between one end of the Edge
+and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+one I have five edges and now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I have five edges and now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I have five edges and now I have
+five results and those are the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five results and those are the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five results and those are the voltage
+differences and what does a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and what does a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and what does a difference
+in voltage do if I have a if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in voltage do if I have a if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in voltage do if I have a if these are
+at different voltages different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different voltages different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different voltages different
+potentials current flows if they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials current flows if they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials current flows if they're at
+the same potential no current flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same potential no current flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same potential no current flows
+right that's that's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's the fundamental
+driving equation of currents from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving equation of currents from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving equation of currents from
+voltages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages of
+is is the difference in the voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the difference in the voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the difference in the voltage the
+difference in the potential drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the potential drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the potential drives the
+flow and now how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and now how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and now how much
+flow well those so now I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow well those so now I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow well those so now I'm looking for
+the flows so I'll can I call those W say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flows so I'll can I call those W say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flows so I'll can I call those W say
+for the flows so I have a W2 is the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the flows so I have a W2 is the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the flows so I have a W2 is the flow
+on that edge a W1 is a flow there a W5 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge a W1 is a flow there a W5 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge a W1 is a flow there a W5 a
+W3 and a W4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my my pair of unknowns and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my pair of unknowns and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my pair of unknowns and that's the
+beauty of this picture is the voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of this picture is the voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of this picture is the voltages
+V1 to V4 at the nodes and the currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 to V4 at the nodes and the currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 to V4 at the nodes and the currents
+the currents the flows W1 to W5 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents the flows W1 to W5 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents the flows W1 to W5 on the
+five edges so now and and I've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five edges so now and and I've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five edges so now and and I've seen that
+AV gives me the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AV gives me the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AV gives me the voltage
+differences I'm going to briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I'm going to briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I'm going to briefly
+briefly approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly approach
+the fundamental laws of flow of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental laws of flow of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental laws of flow of current
+flow of flow in any network it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of flow in any network it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of flow in any network it's the the
+we're talking about the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the most basic
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+of I would almost say of Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I would almost say of Applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I would almost say of Applied
+Mathematics maybe I should say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics maybe I should say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics maybe I should say of
+discrete Applied Mathematics by discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete Applied Mathematics by discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete Applied Mathematics by discret
+I mean a graph not without derivatives I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean a graph not without derivatives I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean a graph not without derivatives I
+I'm not seeing derivatives here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not seeing derivatives here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not seeing derivatives here I'm just
+seeing matrices and vectors okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me so I have to remember that incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I have to remember that incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I have to remember that incidence
+Matrix a so uh let me write down again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a so uh let me write down again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a so uh let me write down again a
+v gave the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences and that's one part of my pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and that's one part of my pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and that's one part of my pi
+picture another part is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture another part is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture another part is what is the
+equation that finally brings it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that finally brings it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that finally brings it together
+that if I have the currents so V's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have the currents so V's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have the currents so V's the
+v's were the voltages now there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's were the voltages now there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's were the voltages now there's going
+to be an equation involving W the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an equation involving W the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an equation involving W the
+currents and what is the equ so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and what is the equ so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and what is the equ so this
+this this what I'm going to write here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this what I'm going to write here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this what I'm going to write here
+is going to be really important it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be really important it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be really important it's
+going to be Kirk offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+law k c l and I just emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law k c l and I just emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law k c l and I just emphasize that
+there are two h's in Kirk's name so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two h's in Kirk's name so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two h's in Kirk's name so
+Kirk's current law says and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk's current law says and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk's current law says and this is you
+pay attention it says that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention it says that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention it says that the total
+flow in to a to a node equals the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in to a to a node equals the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in to a to a node equals the flow
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+we're talking about equilibrium here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about equilibrium here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about equilibrium here so
+if current is traveling around my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if current is traveling around my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if current is traveling around my graph
+my network and it's traveling it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my network and it's traveling it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my network and it's traveling it's a
+stable equilibrium here so that flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium here so that flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium here so that flow
+into node one equals flow out of node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into node one equals flow out of node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into node one equals flow out of node
+one and let me tell you what what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and let me tell you what what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and let me tell you what what that
+equation is in terms of the Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is in terms of the Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is in terms of the Matrix a
+this voltage differences involved a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage differences involved a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage differences involved a and
+beautifully the the Kirk off's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully the the Kirk off's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully the the Kirk off's current
+law involves a transpose so a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law involves a transpose so a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law involves a transpose so a transpose
+now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4x5 these are the flows f a vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x5 these are the flows f a vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x5 these are the flows f a vector with
+five components because I have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five components because I have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five components because I have five
+edges and Kirk off's current law would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and Kirk off's current law would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and Kirk off's current law would
+say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's
+zero so between a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so between a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so between a and a
+transpose the incidence Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the incidence Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the incidence Matrix is
+leading me to the fundamental uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading me to the fundamental uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading me to the fundamental uh
+equilibrium conditions for flow in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium conditions for flow in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium conditions for flow in a
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+now one more law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one more law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one more law is
+needed it has to connect voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed it has to connect voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed it has to connect voltage
+differences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences to
+flows potentials to currents do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows potentials to currents do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows potentials to currents do you know
+that who's who created that law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that who's who created that law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that who's who created that law for
+uh for electrical in in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for electrical in in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for electrical in in electrical
+engineering it was m so Oh's law finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering it was m so Oh's law finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering it was m so Oh's law finally
+OHS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law is Edge by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is Edge by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is Edge by
+Edge that the potential difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge that the potential difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge that the potential difference the
+drop in potential the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in potential the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in potential the the the the the
+potential forcing current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential forcing current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential forcing current is
+proportional to the current so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the current so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the current so so this
+is potential so voltage difference let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is potential so voltage difference let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is potential so voltage difference let
+me let me write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me write it in
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage difference voltage drop I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference voltage drop I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference voltage drop I could
+say between the two between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ends or across across a resistor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends or across across a resistor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends or across across a resistor is
+proportional to and and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to and and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to and and there's some
+resistance some number some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance some number some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance some number some physical
+number comes in here this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number comes in here this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number comes in here this is where the
+material of the that we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of the that we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of the that we're working with
+comes in in kof's laws those laws hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in in kof's laws those laws hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in in kof's laws those laws hold
+for a network before we even say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a network before we even say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a network before we even say what
+the network is made of but now if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is made of but now if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is made of but now if our
+network is is made of resistors or pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is is made of resistors or pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is is made of resistors or pipes
+or whatever we have then this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever we have then this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever we have then this will be
+some conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conductance
+uh well so e equal IR is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistance times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance times
+the flow times the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+W okay so a difference in V's is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay so a difference in V's is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay so a difference in V's is some
+number this is the physical constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is the physical constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is the physical constant
+that we have to measure in a lab uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to measure in a lab uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to measure in a lab uh to
+know what our resistor what how many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what our resistor what how many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what our resistor what how many uh
+ohms our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms our
+resistor uh is that equation is on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor uh is that equation is on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor uh is that equation is on each
+Edge so we have a bunch of equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so we have a bunch of equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so we have a bunch of equations and
+together they tell us the four voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they tell us the four voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they tell us the four voltages
+and the five currents and uh I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the five currents and uh I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the five currents and uh I just
+maybe I just make the main point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just make the main point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just make the main point here
+the main point is that this Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point is that this Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point is that this Matrix is
+crucial a is crucial a transpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial a is crucial a transpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial a is crucial a transpose is
+crucial a gives volage differences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial a gives volage differences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial a gives volage differences that
+make something happen a transpose is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something happen a transpose is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something happen a transpose is the
+balance law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance law the
+balance or current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance or current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance or current
+balance at at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node and you won't be surprised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and you won't be surprised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and you won't be surprised that
+when the whole thing is put together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the whole thing is put together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the whole thing is put together and
+we have a final equation to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a final equation to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a final equation to solve
+we we end up with we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we end up with we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we end up with we end up with a
+transpose and a and that magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and a and that magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and a and that magic
+combination a transpose a is Central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a transpose a is Central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a transpose a is Central to
+uh graph Theory it's called the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graph Theory it's called the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graph Theory it's called the graph
+laian and has a name and and and a Fame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laian and has a name and and and a Fame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laian and has a name and and and a Fame
+of its own thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SSVdDcC2LrQ.txt b/SSVdDcC2LrQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c105186457e8138100a8cdf0c040b3055dd9cd4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SSVdDcC2LrQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the outline of what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the outline of what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the outline of what we're going
+to cover but before we get started on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover but before we get started on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover but before we get started on
+that I want to talk about a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk about a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk about a couple of
+things first of all last time we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all last time we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all last time we talked
+about the two-slit experiment and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two-slit experiment and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two-slit experiment and it's
+mostly classical there's only a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly classical there's only a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly classical there's only a little
+bit of quantum in it where we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of quantum in it where we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of quantum in it where we talk about
+momentum as being determined by H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum as being determined by H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum as being determined by H over
+lambda okay but what were the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda okay but what were the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda okay but what were the two
+surprising things about the two-slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising things about the two-slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising things about the two-slit
+experiment there two of them two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there two of them two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there two of them two
+surprises yes yes that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises yes yes that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises yes yes that's that's the
+surprising the most surprising thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising the most surprising thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising the most surprising thing and
+that when you go to really low intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you go to really low intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you go to really low intensity
+so there's only one photon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only one photon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only one photon which is
+quantum in the apparatus somehow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum in the apparatus somehow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum in the apparatus somehow it
+knows enough to interfere with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows enough to interfere with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows enough to interfere with itself
+and this is this the most mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this the most mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this the most mysterious
+aspect but then there's one other aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect but then there's one other aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect but then there's one other aspect
+which is how it communicates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how it communicates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how it communicates that
+interference with itself what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're hot you want to do another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well here we have the screen on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we have the screen on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we have the screen on which
+the information is deposited and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information is deposited and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information is deposited and you
+have possibly you know some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have possibly you know some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have possibly you know some sort of
+probability distribution which is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution which is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution which is a kind
+of a continuous thing but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a continuous thing but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a continuous thing but you don't
+observe that what do you observe you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that what do you observe you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that what do you observe you so
+you could say the state of of a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say the state of of a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say the state of of a particle
+has amplitude everywhere on this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has amplitude everywhere on this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has amplitude everywhere on this screen
+but what do you see in the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do you see in the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do you see in the experiment
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so you just see like one but you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just see like one but you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just see like one but you see it
+at one point you know thousands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point you know thousands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point you know thousands and
+thousands then eventually that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands then eventually that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands then eventually that's exactly
+right so the state of the system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the state of the system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the state of the system which
+is distributed collapses to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distributed collapses to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distributed collapses to a single
+point we say that what we were we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we say that what we were we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we say that what we were we are
+observing and this is mysterious and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and this is mysterious and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and this is mysterious and to
+bother you now we're seeing an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you now we're seeing an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you now we're seeing an eigen
+value of the measurement operator so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the measurement operator so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the measurement operator so we
+have this sort of thing it goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of thing it goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of thing it goes into the
+measurement operator and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement operator and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement operator and that
+measurement operator says this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement operator says this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement operator says this is one of
+the answers I'm permitted to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers I'm permitted to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers I'm permitted to give you
+and another aspect that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another aspect that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another aspect that's really
+disturbing or puzzling is that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing or puzzling is that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing or puzzling is that you do
+many identical experiments and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many identical experiments and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many identical experiments and the
+answer is always different there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is always different there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is always different there is no
+determinant there's only it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant there's only it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant there's only it's all
+probabilistic so this is really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic so this is really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic so this is really you know
+it should bother you and eventually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should bother you and eventually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should bother you and eventually it
+won't ok now there's another question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't ok now there's another question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't ok now there's another question I
+have when I described the two slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when I described the two slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when I described the two slit
+experiment I intentionally put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I intentionally put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I intentionally put something
+up on the diagram that should bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the diagram that should bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the diagram that should bother
+this should have said this is ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should have said this is ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should have said this is ridiculous
+I used a candle in the lecture and I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used a candle in the lecture and I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used a candle in the lecture and I use
+the lightbulb in the notes and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightbulb in the notes and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightbulb in the notes and why is
+that ridiculous yes that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ridiculous yes that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ridiculous yes that's right so
+these sources the sources of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sources the sources of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sources the sources of light that
+I mislead you with intentionally have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mislead you with intentionally have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mislead you with intentionally have a
+continuous frequency distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous frequency distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous frequency distribution and
+the interference depends on one the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference depends on one the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference depends on one the same
+frequency so that the only way you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so that the only way you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so that the only way you would
+see any kind of diffraction pattern any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any kind of diffraction pattern any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any kind of diffraction pattern any
+kind of pattern on the two slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern on the two slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern on the two slit
+experiment is if you had monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is if you had monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is if you had monochromatic
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+it would all wash out you'd still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would all wash out you'd still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would all wash out you'd still get
+dots but the dots would never give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots but the dots would never give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots but the dots would never give you
+anything except perhaps a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except perhaps a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except perhaps a superposition
+of two or three or an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two or three or an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two or three or an infinite number of
+patterns okay this is again something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns okay this is again something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns okay this is again something
+that's that's really bothersome now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really bothersome now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really bothersome now I
+also used the crude illustration of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used the crude illustration of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used the crude illustration of an
+uncertainty principle that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle that the
+uncertainty in position along the z axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in position along the z axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in position along the z axis
+and the uncertainty in the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uncertainty in the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uncertainty in the momentum
+along the z axis was greater than H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the z axis was greater than H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the z axis was greater than H and
+this I frozen I didn't realize that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I frozen I didn't realize that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I frozen I didn't realize that I
+really that I had Delta s the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that I had Delta s the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that I had Delta s the width of
+the slit but it really is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slit but it really is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slit but it really is the same thing
+as the Z because this lid is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Z because this lid is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Z because this lid is how you
+define the position in the z axis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the position in the z axis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the position in the z axis and so
+this is the first taste of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first taste of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first taste of the
+uncertainty principle and I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle and I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle and I said I
+didn't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in quantum mechanics you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in quantum mechanics you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in quantum mechanics you're not
+allowed to look inside small stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to look inside small stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to look inside small stuff
+you're not allowed to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to see the
+microscopic structure you're only able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic structure you're only able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic structure you're only able
+to do experiments usually thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do experiments usually thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do experiments usually thought
+experiments an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments an infinite number of
+identical experiments and they reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical experiments and they reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical experiments and they reveal
+the structure in some complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure in some complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure in some complex
+complicated and coded way and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and coded way and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and coded way and this is
+really not what the textbooks are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not what the textbooks are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not what the textbooks are about
+the textbooks don't tell you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks don't tell you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks don't tell you how you
+actually think about a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about a problem in
+quantum mechanics it they tell you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics it they tell you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics it they tell you here
+are some exactly solve problems memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some exactly solve problems memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some exactly solve problems memorize
+them and I don't want you I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I don't want you I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I don't want you I don't want
+to do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that okay
+last part of the introduction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part of the introduction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part of the introduction here
+suppose we have a circular drum a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a circular drum a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a circular drum a square
+drum and a rectangular drum have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum and a rectangular drum have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum and a rectangular drum have you
+ever seen a square drum or a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen a square drum or a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen a square drum or a rectangular
+drum do you have an idea how a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum do you have an idea how a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum do you have an idea how a square
+drum would sound yes you do have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum would sound yes you do have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum would sound yes you do have an idea
+it would sound terrible because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would sound terrible because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would sound terrible because the
+frequencies you get are not integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you get are not integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you get are not integer
+multiples it would just sound amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples it would just sound amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples it would just sound amazingly
+terrible but if you had a square drum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible but if you had a square drum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible but if you had a square drum or
+a rectangular drum you could do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular drum you could do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular drum you could do an
+experiment with some kind of acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with some kind of acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with some kind of acoustic
+instrument to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to find out what the
+frequency distribution is what the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distribution is what the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distribution is what the noise
+you make and you would be able to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make and you would be able to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make and you would be able to tell
+it's not round it might be square or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not round it might be square or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not round it might be square or it
+might have a certain ratio of dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a certain ratio of dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a certain ratio of dimensions
+this is what we're talking about as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're talking about as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're talking about as far
+as internal structure is concerned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as internal structure is concerned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as internal structure is concerned and
+it's very much like what you would do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much like what you would do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much like what you would do as
+a musician I mean certain when when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musician I mean certain when when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musician I mean certain when when a
+musical instrument is arranged correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical instrument is arranged correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical instrument is arranged correctly
+it's not like a square drum it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a square drum it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a square drum it sounds
+good and that's because you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and that's because you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and that's because you get
+harmonics or you get integer multiples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics or you get integer multiples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics or you get integer multiples
+of some standard frequency ok so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some standard frequency ok so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some standard frequency ok so now
+we're going to talk about the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the classical
+wave equation which is not quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation which is not quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation which is not quantum
+mechanics but it's a very similar sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but it's a very similar sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but it's a very similar sort
+of equation to the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equation to the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equation to the Schrodinger equation
+and so the methods for solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the methods for solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the methods for solving this
+differential equation are on display and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation are on display and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation are on display and
+so the tricks is well first of all where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tricks is well first of all where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tricks is well first of all where
+does this equation come from and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this equation come from and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this equation come from and it's
+always forces equal to mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always forces equal to mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always forces equal to mass times
+acceleration in disguise ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in disguise ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in disguise ok
+and then you have tricks for how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have tricks for how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have tricks for how do you
+solve this and one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this and one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this and one of the most
+frequently used and powerful tricks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used and powerful tricks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used and powerful tricks is
+separation of variables you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables you need to know
+how that works then once you've solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works then once you've solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works then once you've solved
+the problem you have the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you have the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you have the general
+solution and you then say well okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you then say well okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you then say well okay for
+the specific case we have like a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific case we have like a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific case we have like a string
+tied down at both ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied down at both ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied down at both ends
+we have boundary conditions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have boundary conditions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have boundary conditions and we
+impose those boundary conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose those boundary conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose those boundary conditions and
+then we have basically what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have basically what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have basically what we would
+call the normal modes of the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the normal modes of the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the normal modes of the problem and
+then we would have we would ask ok well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would have we would ask ok well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would have we would ask ok well
+suppose we're doing a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment or doing a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or doing a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or doing a specific
+preparation of the system and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation of the system and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation of the system and we can
+call that the pluck of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the pluck of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the pluck of the system and
+you might pluck several normal modes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might pluck several normal modes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might pluck several normal modes you
+get a superposition state and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a superposition state and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a superposition state and that
+superposition state behaves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition state behaves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition state behaves in a
+dynamical way and you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical way and you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical way and you want to be able to
+understand that dynamics and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that dynamics and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that dynamics and the most
+important thing that I want you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that I want you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that I want you to do is
+instead of write drawing trying to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of write drawing trying to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of write drawing trying to draw
+the solutions to a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to a differential equation
+which is a mathematical equation I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a mathematical equation I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a mathematical equation I want
+you to draw cartoons cartoons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to draw cartoons cartoons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to draw cartoons cartoons that
+embody your understanding of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embody your understanding of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embody your understanding of the problem
+and I'm going to be trying to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to be trying to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to be trying to do that
+today okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this course for the first half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this course for the first half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this course for the first half of
+the course most of what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course most of what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course most of what we're going to
+be doing is solving for exactly soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing is solving for exactly soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing is solving for exactly soluble
+problems the particle in a box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the particle in a box the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the particle in a box the
+harmonic oscillator the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator the height of the
+rigid rotor and the hydrogen with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid rotor and the hydrogen with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid rotor and the hydrogen with these
+four problems most of the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four problems most of the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four problems most of the things that we
+will encounter in quantum mechanics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter in quantum mechanics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter in quantum mechanics are
+somehow related to these and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow related to these and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow related to these and in the
+textbooks they treat these things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks they treat these things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks they treat these things as
+sacred and they say okay well now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred and they say okay well now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred and they say okay well now you
+will solve them you understand quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve them you understand quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve them you understand quantum
+mechanics but these are really tools for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but these are really tools for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but these are really tools for
+understanding more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding more complicated
+situations I mean you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations I mean you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations I mean you might have a
+particle a box instead of with a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a box instead of with a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a box instead of with a square
+a square bottom it might have a tilted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square bottom it might have a tilted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square bottom it might have a tilted
+bottom or it might have a double minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom or it might have a double minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom or it might have a double minimum
+but if you understand that you then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you understand that you then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you understand that you then can
+begin to build an understanding of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to build an understanding of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to build an understanding of what
+are the things in the experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things in the experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things in the experiment that
+tell you about these distortions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about these distortions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about these distortions of the
+standard problem and the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problem and the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problem and the same thing for
+a harmonic oscillator almost everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harmonic oscillator almost everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harmonic oscillator almost everything
+that's vibrating is harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vibrating is harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vibrating is harmonic
+approximately but there's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately but there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately but there's a little bit
+of distortion as you stretch it more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distortion as you stretch it more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distortion as you stretch it more and
+again you can understand how to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can understand how to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can understand how to measure
+the distortions from hermanas City by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortions from hermanas City by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortions from hermanas City by
+understanding the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the harmonic oscillator
+rigid rotor each atom it's all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid rotor each atom it's all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid rotor each atom it's all the same
+so I would like to tell you that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like to tell you that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like to tell you that these
+standard problems are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problems are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problems are really important
+but nothing is like that and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing is like that and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing is like that and what's
+important is how it's different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is how it's different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is how it's different from
+that and this is my unique perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is my unique perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is my unique perspective
+and you won't get that from a curb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you won't get that from a curb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you won't get that from a curb
+macquarie or any textbook but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macquarie or any textbook but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macquarie or any textbook but this is
+MIT so there are templates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so there are templates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so there are templates for
+understanding real quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding real quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding real quantum mechanical
+systems and the big thing the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and the big thing the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and the big thing the most
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technique for doing that is perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for doing that is perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for doing that is perturbation
+theory and so your perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and so your perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and so your perturbation theory
+is just a way of building beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a way of building beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a way of building beyond the
+oversimplification and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification and it's
+mathematically really ugly but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically really ugly but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically really ugly but it's
+tremendously powerful and it's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously powerful and it's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously powerful and it's where you
+get inside okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inside okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inside okay
+now many people have complained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now many people have complained that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now many people have complained that
+they found 561 hard because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found 561 hard because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found 561 hard because it's so
+mathematical and maybe this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and maybe this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and maybe this is going to
+be the most mathematical lecture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the most mathematical lecture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the most mathematical lecture in the
+course but I don't want it to be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I don't want it to be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I don't want it to be hard
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+chemists did I usually derive insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists did I usually derive insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists did I usually derive insights
+from pictorial rather than mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pictorial rather than mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pictorial rather than mathematical
+views of a problem and and that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of a problem and and that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of a problem and and that so what
+are the pictures that describe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pictures that describe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pictures that describe these
+differential equations how do we convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations how do we convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations how do we convert
+what seems to be just straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to be just straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to be just straight
+mathematics to pictures that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to pictures that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to pictures that mean
+something to us and that's my goal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to us and that's my goal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to us and that's my goal to
+get you to be drawing freehand pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to be drawing freehand pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to be drawing freehand pictures
+that embody the important features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embody the important features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embody the important features of
+the solutions to the problems okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to the problems okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to the problems okay so
+we're going to be looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at a
+differential equation and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and one of the
+first questions you ask well where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first questions you ask well where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first questions you ask well where did
+that equation come from and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation come from and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation come from and you're not
+going to derive a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive a differential equation
+ever in this course but you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever in this course but you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever in this course but you're going to
+want to think well I pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think well I pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think well I pretty much
+understand what's in this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's in this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's in this differential
+equation and and then we'll use standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and and then we'll use standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and and then we'll use standard
+methods for solving that equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know one such differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one such differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one such differential equation
+is this second derivative of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this second derivative of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this second derivative of some
+function with respect to a variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to a variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to a variable is
+equal to a constant times that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant times that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant times that function
+now that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you know
+you know sines and cosines are solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sines and cosines are solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sines and cosines are solutions
+to that and you know that Exponential's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and you know that Exponential's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and you know that Exponential's
+are solutions to that now that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solutions to that now that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solutions to that now that pretty
+much takes you through a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much takes you through a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much takes you through a lot of problems
+in quantum mechanics but now one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics but now one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics but now one of the
+important things is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things is this is a
+second-order differential equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order differential equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order differential equation and
+that means that there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there are going to be
+two linearly independent solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two linearly independent solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two linearly independent solutions and
+you need to know both of them I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know both of them I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know both of them I'll talk
+about this some more later now sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this some more later now sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this some more later now sometimes
+the differential equations look much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equations look much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equations look much
+more complicated than this and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than this and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than this and so the
+goal is usually to rewrite it in a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is usually to rewrite it in a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is usually to rewrite it in a form
+which corresponds to a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to a differential
+equation that is well known and solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is well known and solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is well known and solved
+by mathematicians whose business is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mathematicians whose business is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mathematicians whose business is
+doing that but we won't be doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that but we won't be doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that but we won't be doing that
+okay and but usually when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and but usually when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and but usually when you have a
+differential equation you have it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you have it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you have it's a
+the function is of more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is of more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is of more than one
+variable and frequently its position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and frequently its position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and frequently its position in
+time and so the first thing you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so the first thing you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so the first thing you do is
+you try to separate variables and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to separate variables and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to separate variables and so
+that's what we're going to do so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do so we have
+a differential equation and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential equation and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential equation and the first
+thing is a general solution and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a general solution and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a general solution and one of
+the things that this solution will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that this solution will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that this solution will have
+is nodes and the distance between nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a node here's a note that's half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a node here's a note that's half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a node here's a note that's half
+the wavelength and we know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength and we know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength and we know that in
+quantum mechanics if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics if you know the
+wavelength you know the momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength you know the momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength you know the momentum so
+nodes are really important because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are really important because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are really important because it's
+telling you how fast things are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can also look at the envelope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also look at the envelope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also look at the envelope and
+this would be some kind of classical as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be some kind of classical as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be some kind of classical as
+opposed to a quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a quantum mechanical
+probability distribution and so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and so it it
+might look like this but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like this but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like this but the important
+thing about the envelope is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the envelope is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the envelope is that it's
+always positive because it's probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive because it's probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive because it's probability
+as opposed to probability amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to probability amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to probability amplitudes
+which can be positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be positive and negative
+interference is really important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference is really important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference is really important in
+quantum mechanics but sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics but sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics but sometimes the
+envelope tells you all you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope tells you all you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope tells you all you need to know
+and the other thing is the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stationary phase so you have a wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase so you have a wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase so you have a wave and
+it's moving and you sit at a point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving and you sit at a point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving and you sit at a point on
+that wave and you ask how fast is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wave and you ask how fast is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wave and you ask how fast is that
+point move and I did that last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point move and I did that last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point move and I did that last time and
+ok so and I've already talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so and I've already talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so and I've already talked a little
+bit about once what we do next but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about once what we do next but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about once what we do next but the
+important thing is always at the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is always at the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is always at the end you
+draw a cartoon and you embody that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a cartoon and you embody that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a cartoon and you embody that are
+you endow that cartoon with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you endow that cartoon with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you endow that cartoon with your
+insights and that enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights and that enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights and that enables you to
+remember and to understand and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and to understand and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and to understand and to
+organize questions about the problem ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize questions about the problem ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize questions about the problem ok
+so let's get to work on a real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a string that's tied down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a string that's tied down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a string that's tied down at
+two points and so and let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points and so and let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points and so and let's look at
+distortion of that string and so we top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion of that string and so we top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion of that string and so we top
+this region of space up into regions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region of space up into regions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region of space up into regions so
+this might be the region that X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be the region that X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be the region that X minus
+one and this might be the region of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this might be the region of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this might be the region of X
+zero this might be region of x one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this might be region of x one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this might be region of x one and
+we're interested in okay suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in okay suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in okay suppose we have
+the value of the displacement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the displacement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the displacement of the
+wave here at X minus one and here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here at X minus one and here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here at X minus one and here and
+here okay so these would be the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so these would be the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so these would be the amount
+that the wave is displaced from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave is displaced from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave is displaced from
+equilibrium and and we call those u X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and and we call those u X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and and we call those u X
+and so the first segment here that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first segment here that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first segment here that minus
+one segment this segment is pulling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one segment this segment is pulling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one segment this segment is pulling down
+on the this segment of the string by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the this segment of the string by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the this segment of the string by
+this amount and this one is pulling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount and this one is pulling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount and this one is pulling up
+on the segment by that amount so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the segment by that amount so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the segment by that amount so we want
+to know what is the force acting on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is the force acting on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is the force acting on each
+segment and so we we have the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and so we we have the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and so we we have the force
+constant times the displacement at X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the displacement at X 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the displacement at X 0
+minus the displacement at X minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the displacement at X minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the displacement at X minus one so
+this is the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the difference between the
+displacements and this is the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and this is the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and this is the force
+constant we're talking about Hookes law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we're talking about Hookes law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we're talking about Hookes law
+Hookes law is the force is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law is the force is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law is the force is equal to
+minus K times the displacement and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K times the displacement and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K times the displacement and so
+we collect the forces felt by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect the forces felt by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect the forces felt by each
+particle and the forces felt by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the forces felt by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the forces felt by each
+particle again the force constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle again the force constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle again the force constant times
+the difference in you at zero and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in you at zero and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in you at zero and minus
+one minus the difference plus one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the difference plus one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the difference plus one minus
+the difference in you at zero plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in you at zero plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in you at zero plus one
+and this is a second derivative this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a second derivative this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a second derivative this is
+the second derivative of U with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of U with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of U with respect
+to X so we've derived a wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X so we've derived a wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X so we've derived a wave equation
+and we know it's going to involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know it's going to involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know it's going to involve a
+second derivative so force is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative so force is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative so force is equal to
+mass times with acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times with acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times with acceleration
+well we already know the force is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already know the force is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already know the force is going
+to be related to the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be related to the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be related to the second derivative
+of of U with respect to X and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of U with respect to X and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of U with respect to X and now this
+is something and this we know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something and this we know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something and this we know what this
+is the the this is going to be the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the this is going to be the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the this is going to be the time
+derivative okay and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay and this is just
+something that gets the unit's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that gets the unit's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that gets the unit's right and
+it it has physical significance but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has physical significance but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has physical significance but in
+the case of this particle on a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of this particle on a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of this particle on a string
+this straight and wave on a string it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this straight and wave on a string it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this straight and wave on a string it's
+related to the mass of the string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the mass of the string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the mass of the string and
+the tension of the string and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension of the string and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension of the string and it's also
+related to the velocity that things move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the velocity that things move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the velocity that things move
+okay so we have a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a differential equation
+that is related to force is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is related to force is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is related to force is equal to
+mass times acceleration and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times acceleration and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times acceleration and the
+differential equation has the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation has the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation has the form
+second derivative of U with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to one over V squared times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one over V squared times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one over V squared times the
+second derivative of U with respect to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of U with respect to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of U with respect to T
+that's the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wave equation
+so it's it's really F is equal to Ma but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's really F is equal to Ma but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's really F is equal to Ma but
+it okay and now the units of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and now the units of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and now the units of this this
+is X and this is T in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X and this is T in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X and this is T in order to be
+dimensionally consistent this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally consistent this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally consistent this has to be
+the something that is V over T x over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something that is V over T x over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something that is V over T x over T
+okay and so this may be a velocity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this may be a velocity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this may be a velocity but
+it has units of velocity that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has units of velocity that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has units of velocity that's the
+differential equation we want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well the original differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the original differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the original differential equation
+that I wrote I'm getting ahead of myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote I'm getting ahead of myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote I'm getting ahead of myself
+okay so this U of X and T we'd like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this U of X and T we'd like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this U of X and T we'd like it
+to be X of x times T we think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be X of x times T we think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be X of x times T we think we could
+separate the variables in this way so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the variables in this way so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the variables in this way so we
+try it if we fail it says you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it if we fail it says you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it if we fail it says you can't do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+failure is usually going to be result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is usually going to be result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is usually going to be result
+that none of the solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of the solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of the solution to the
+differential equation in this form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in this form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in this form is
+nothing it's a straight line nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it's a straight line nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it's a straight line nothing
+happening so failure is acceptable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so failure is acceptable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so failure is acceptable but
+if you know if if we're successful we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if if we're successful we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if if we're successful we're
+going to get two separate differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get two separate differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get two separate differential
+equations okay so what we do then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay so what we do then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay so what we do then is
+take this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitute this in and divide on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this in and divide on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this in and divide on the
+left so we have 1 over X of T X of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so we have 1 over X of T X of X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so we have 1 over X of T X of X of
+x times T of T times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times T of T times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times T of T times the second
+derivative of with respect to X of X T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of with respect to X of X T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of with respect to X of X T
+is equal to 1 over X T times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over X T times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over X T times the second
+derivative with respect to T of X ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to T of X ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to T of X ok
+well this operates this on this side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this operates this on this side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this operates this on this side of
+the equation there's the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation there's the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation there's the only thing that
+involves time is here this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves time is here this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves time is here this doesn't
+operate on time and so we can cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on time and so we can cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on time and so we can cancel the
+time dependence from this site and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence from this site and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence from this site and over
+on this side this derivative operates on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side this derivative operates on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side this derivative operates on
+T but not X and so we can cancel the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but not X and so we can cancel the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but not X and so we can cancel the X
+part and so what we have now is a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and so what we have now is a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and so what we have now is a in
+equation X of X second derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation X of X second derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation X of X second derivative with
+respect to x squared of X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x squared of X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x squared of X is equal to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this constant 1 over v squared times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant 1 over v squared times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant 1 over v squared times 1
+over T the derivative of T which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T the derivative of T which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T the derivative of T which we
+affect the little T ok so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the little T ok so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the little T ok so this is
+interesting we have a function of X on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we have a function of X on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we have a function of X on
+this side and a function of T on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side and a function of T on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side and a function of T on this
+side they're independent variables this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they're independent variables this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they're independent variables this
+can only be true if both sides are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be true if both sides are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be true if both sides are equal
+to the same constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we have two differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have two differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have two differential
+equations we have one or X second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we have one or X second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we have one or X second
+derivative with respect to X of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X of X is
+equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant
+and we have one over V squared 1 over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have one over V squared 1 over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have one over V squared 1 over T
+second derivative with respect to T of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative with respect to T of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative with respect to T of T
+is equal to K so now we're on firmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to K so now we're on firmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to K so now we're on firmer
+ground we know about solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground we know about solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground we know about solutions to this
+kind of equation and so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equation and so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equation and so there's two
+cases one is this K is greater than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one is this K is greater than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one is this K is greater than 0
+and the other is K less than 0 so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is K less than 0 so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is K less than 0 so let's
+look at this equation if K is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this equation if K is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this equation if K is greater
+than 0 then if we plug in a sine or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 then if we plug in a sine or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 then if we plug in a sine or a
+cosine we get something that's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine we get something that's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine we get something that's less than
+zero because the derivative of sine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the derivative of sine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the derivative of sine with
+respect to its variable is negative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to its variable is negative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to its variable is negative is
+negative cosine and then we do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cosine and then we do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cosine and then we do it again
+we get back to sign and so we have a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get back to sign and so we have a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get back to sign and so we have a so
+sines and cosines are no good for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines are no good for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines are no good for this
+equation if K is greater than 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if K is greater than 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if K is greater than 0 but
+Exponential's so you can have e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's so you can have e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's so you can have e to the
+some constant X or ISA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant X or ISA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant X or ISA
+minus some constant x over here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some constant x over here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some constant x over here we can
+have some for the negative value of K we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some for the negative value of K we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some for the negative value of K we
+can have signed some constant X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have signed some constant X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have signed some constant X and
+cosine X we know that so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X we know that so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X we know that so we have two
+cases so to make life simple we say K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so to make life simple we say K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so to make life simple we say K is
+going to be equal to lowercase K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we want to use this lowercase K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to use this lowercase K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to use this lowercase K
+in our solutions all right so I may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our solutions all right so I may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our solutions all right so I may have
+confused matters but the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused matters but the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused matters but the solution for
+the the time equation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the time equation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the time equation and the
+the position equation are clear and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position equation are clear and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position equation are clear and so
+depending on whether K is positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether K is positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether K is positive or
+negative we're dealing with sines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we're dealing with sines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we're dealing with sines and
+cosines or Exponential's okay so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines or Exponential's okay so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines or Exponential's okay so I don't
+want to belabor this but the next stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to belabor this but the next stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to belabor this but the next stage
+is boundary conditions we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is boundary conditions we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is boundary conditions we don't know
+whether K positive or K negative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether K positive or K negative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether K positive or K negative is
+possible but we do know boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but we do know boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but we do know boundary
+conditions and so if we have a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and so if we have a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and so if we have a string
+which is tied down at the end so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is tied down at the end so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is tied down at the end so this is
+x equals 0 and this is x equals L then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 0 and this is x equals L then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 0 and this is x equals L then
+we impose the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose the boundary conditions
+well the boundary conditions are u of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the boundary conditions are u of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the boundary conditions are u of 0
+T is equal to 0 and U of L T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to 0 and U of L T is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to 0 and U of L T is equal to
+0 so if we take the K greater than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so if we take the K greater than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so if we take the K greater than 0
+case U of 0 T is equal to the X part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case U of 0 T is equal to the X part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case U of 0 T is equal to the X part of
+you well let's just 0 T we have X of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well let's just 0 T we have X of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well let's just 0 T we have X of 0
+times T of T ok we don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T of T ok we don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T of T ok we don't really care
+about this but X of 0 has to be 0 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but X of 0 has to be 0 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but X of 0 has to be 0 I'm
+sorry ok so we have two solutions if K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry ok so we have two solutions if K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry ok so we have two solutions if K
+is greater than 0 we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 0 we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 0 we have the
+exponential factor the exponential term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential factor the exponential term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential factor the exponential term
+so we have a e to the 0 plus B e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a e to the 0 plus B e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a e to the 0 plus B e to the
+minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this has to be equal to zero its X 0 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be equal to zero its X 0 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be equal to zero its X 0 e
+to the 0 is 1 e to the minus 0 is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0 is 1 e to the minus 0 is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0 is 1 e to the minus 0 is 1 and
+so this is good a has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is good a has to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is good a has to be equal to
+minus B and then we have the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B and then we have the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B and then we have the other
+boundary condition X of L we have e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition X of L we have e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition X of L we have e to
+the we have it a each of the L plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we have it a each of the L plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we have it a each of the L plus B
+you don't minus L well I'm sorry let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't minus L well I'm sorry let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't minus L well I'm sorry let's
+just make put this what we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make put this what we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make put this what we already know
+is hey so we can write this as a e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hey so we can write this as a e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hey so we can write this as a e to
+the L minus e to the minus L that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L minus e to the minus L that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L minus e to the minus L that has to
+be equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0
+can't do it this can never be 0 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it this can never be 0 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it this can never be 0 so that
+means the K greater than 0 solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the K greater than 0 solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the K greater than 0 solutions are
+illegal well that's that's kind of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal well that's that's kind of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal well that's that's kind of bad
+news because it sounds like separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news because it sounds like separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news because it sounds like separation
+of variables is failing but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables is failing but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables is failing but it doesn't
+because the K less than 0 solution works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for K less than 0 X of 0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for K less than 0 X of 0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for K less than 0 X of 0 is equal to
+C sine 0 plus D cosine 0 and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C sine 0 plus D cosine 0 and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C sine 0 plus D cosine 0 and so that
+means D is equal to 0 things are dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means D is equal to 0 things are dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means D is equal to 0 things are dying
+and X of L boundary condition is C sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay L is equal to zero and this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay L is equal to zero and this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay L is equal to zero and this we can
+solve so sine is equal to zero when K L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so sine is equal to zero when K L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so sine is equal to zero when K L
+is equal to zero PI I over 0 PI to PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero PI I over 0 PI to PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero PI I over 0 PI to PI
+etc and so we have KL is equal to n PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can write this as K n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write this as K n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write this as K n is equal to
+n PI we get quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n PI we get quantization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n PI we get quantization
+this isn't quantum mechanics but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't quantum mechanics but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't quantum mechanics but there
+are certain allowed values of this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain allowed values of this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain allowed values of this K
+constant and we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and we have a bunch of
+solutions and so what do they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and so what do they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and so what do they look like
+so N equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so N equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so N equals 0
+N equals 1 N equals 2 so what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals 1 N equals 2 so what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals 1 N equals 2 so what does the
+zero solutions look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes nothing so we don't even think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes nothing so we don't even think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes nothing so we don't even think about
+this we say N equals zero is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we say N equals zero is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we say N equals zero is not a
+solution because the wave isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because the wave isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because the wave isn't there
+one node I've no nodes one node and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node I've no nodes one node and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node I've no nodes one node and if
+we look at this carefully the node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this carefully the node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this carefully the node is
+always at a symmetry point it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at a symmetry point it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at a symmetry point it's in the
+middle if we have the next one we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle if we have the next one we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle if we have the next one we'll
+have two nodes and they'll be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two nodes and they'll be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two nodes and they'll be at the
+one-third two-third points and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third two-third points and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third two-third points and so we
+know where the notes are we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the notes are we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the notes are we also know
+that the amplitude of each loop of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amplitude of each loop of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amplitude of each loop of the
+wave function is the same but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is the same but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is the same but it
+alternates in sign so you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates in sign so you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates in sign so you can draw
+cartoons now at will because this facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons now at will because this facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons now at will because this facial
+part of the the solutions of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the solutions of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the solutions of this wave
+is clear any value of the quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear any value of the quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear any value of the quantum number
+or the n gives you a picture that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the n gives you a picture that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the n gives you a picture that you
+can draw in seconds and there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw in seconds and there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw in seconds and there are a lot
+of fun quantum mechanical problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun quantum mechanical problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun quantum mechanical problems like
+that but sometimes you have to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but sometimes you have to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but sometimes you have to keep in
+mind that the node is separation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the node is separation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the node is separation in
+other words well let's just say node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words well let's just say node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words well let's just say node
+separation is lambda over 2 and lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is lambda over 2 and lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is lambda over 2 and lambda
+over 2 is equal to 1/2 H over P so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 is equal to 1/2 H over P so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 is equal to 1/2 H over P so if we
+know what the kinetic and the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the kinetic and the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the kinetic and the momentum
+is or we know what the kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or we know what the kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or we know what the kinetic energy is
+we know what the momentum is we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what the momentum is we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what the momentum is we know how
+how momentum is encoded in node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how momentum is encoded in node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how momentum is encoded in node
+separations so everything we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separations so everything we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separations so everything we want to
+know about a one-dimensional problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a one-dimensional problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a one-dimensional problem is
+expressed in the spacing of nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the spacing of nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the spacing of nodes and
+the amplitudes between nodes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes between nodes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes between nodes and the
+amplitudes between nodes have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes between nodes have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes between nodes have something
+to do with the kinetic energy then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the kinetic energy then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the kinetic energy then one
+more atom to because if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more atom to because if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more atom to because if you're going
+from here to here at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some high velocity there's not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high velocity there's not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high velocity there's not much
+amplitude and at a lower velocity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and at a lower velocity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and at a lower velocity you
+get more amplitude and so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more amplitude and so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more amplitude and so the the
+amplitude in each of this node to node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in each of this node to node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in each of this node to node
+seven sections is related to the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven sections is related to the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven sections is related to the average
+momentum of the classical particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the classical particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the classical particle in
+that section so the classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that section so the classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that section so the classical mechanics
+is going to be extremely important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be extremely important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be extremely important in
+drawing cartoons for quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing cartoons for quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing cartoons for quantum mechanical
+systems not in the textbooks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not in the textbooks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not in the textbooks we
+supposedly no Cossack mechanic pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly no Cossack mechanic pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly no Cossack mechanic pretty
+well and especially here at MIT so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and especially here at MIT so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and especially here at MIT so you
+might as well use that in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well use that in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well use that in order to get
+an idea of how all of the quantum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how all of the quantum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how all of the quantum of
+quantum mechanical problems you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical problems you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical problems you're
+facing will be behaving okay so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing will be behaving okay so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing will be behaving okay so the next
+thing we want to do is finish the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to do is finish the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to do is finish the job
+and so I can simply write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can simply write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can simply write down the
+time-dependent solutions they are e sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent solutions they are e sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent solutions they are e sine
+V a and T plus cosine cosine V K and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V a and T plus cosine cosine V K and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V a and T plus cosine cosine V K and and
+we could say that rather than carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say that rather than carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say that rather than carrying
+around all this stuff we can say Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all this stuff we can say Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all this stuff we can say Omega n
+is the pay and in that nice so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pay and in that nice so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pay and in that nice so we have a
+frequency for the time dependent part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for the time dependent part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for the time dependent part
+which is energy multiple of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is energy multiple of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is energy multiple of this
+constant V times is or this we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant V times is or this we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant V times is or this we can think
+of this in this case then so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in this case then so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in this case then so we can
+rewrite this in the frequency and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this in the frequency and phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this in the frequency and phase
+form so we have now the full solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so we have now the full solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so we have now the full solution we
+have a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a and
+sign and il-4 X and then this e and sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and il-4 X and then this e and sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and il-4 X and then this e and sign
+and okay sorry sign and I I'm so used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay sorry sign and I I'm so used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay sorry sign and I I'm so used to
+the pictures I don't even want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures I don't even want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures I don't even want to look
+at the equations anymore and Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equations anymore and Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equations anymore and Omega T
+plus F and cosine and Omega T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can also take this and rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can also take this and rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can also take this and rewrite it
+in a simpler form e and prime cosine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simpler form e and prime cosine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simpler form e and prime cosine and
+Omega T plus I so we can combine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T plus I so we can combine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T plus I so we can combine these
+two terms as a single cosine with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms as a single cosine with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms as a single cosine with a
+phase factor okay so now we're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase factor okay so now we're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase factor okay so now we're ready to
+actually go to the specific thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the specific thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the specific thing that
+you do it in a real real experiment or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it in a real real experiment or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it in a real real experiment or a
+real musical instrument we say okay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real musical instrument we say okay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real musical instrument we say okay here
+is the actual initial condition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual initial condition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual initial condition the
+pluck of the system and and that pluck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluck of the system and and that pluck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluck of the system and and that pluck
+usually occurs at T equals zero but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually occurs at T equals zero but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually occurs at T equals zero but I'll
+just specify it here and and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just specify it here and and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just specify it here and and what we
+have is now a sum over as many normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is now a sum over as many normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is now a sum over as many normal
+modes as you want we have a and E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes as you want we have a and E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes as you want we have a and E and
+prime times sine I n PI over L x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime times sine I n PI over L x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime times sine I n PI over L x times
+cosine and Omega T plus Phi n so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and Omega T plus Phi n so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and Omega T plus Phi n so we have
+a bunch of terms like this a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of terms like this a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of terms like this a spatial
+factor in a temporal factor and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in a temporal factor and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in a temporal factor and you can
+draw pictures of both now but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pictures of both now but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pictures of both now but there's
+another simplification from trigonometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another simplification from trigonometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another simplification from trigonometry
+sine a cosine B we have sine and cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine a cosine B we have sine and cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine a cosine B we have sine and cosine
+is good it can be written as 1/2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good it can be written as 1/2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good it can be written as 1/2 times
+sine and I L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and I L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and I L
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+Plus and Omega T plus Phi n plus sine n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus and Omega T plus Phi n plus sine n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus and Omega T plus Phi n plus sine n
+PI L X minus n Omega t minus Phi n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI L X minus n Omega t minus Phi n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI L X minus n Omega t minus Phi n so
+these are the two possible solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two possible solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two possible solutions and
+we can write them now in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write them now in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write them now in terms of
+position factor and a time factor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position factor and a time factor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position factor and a time factor in the
+same sine or cosine function so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sine or cosine function so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sine or cosine function so these
+are the things that we're now now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that we're now now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that we're now now we're
+ready to make a picture okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to make a picture okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to make a picture okay so these
+are the actual things that you make by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the actual things that you make by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the actual things that you make by
+exciting the system not in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting the system not in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting the system not in an
+eigenfunction but it's a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunction but it's a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunction but it's a superposition
+of eigenfunctions and again there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenfunctions and again there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenfunctions and again there are
+certain things you learn if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things you learn if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things you learn if you have a
+pure I can function you have standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure I can function you have standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure I can function you have standing
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+there's no left-right motion there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no left-right motion there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no left-right motion there's no
+breathing motion there's only up-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing motion there's only up-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing motion there's only up-down
+motion of each loop of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of each loop of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of each loop of the wave function
+if you have a superposition of two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a superposition of two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a superposition of two or
+more functions which are all of even n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then what happens is you have no motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is you have no motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is you have no motions
+you just have breathing in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have breathing in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have breathing in other words
+you have a function that might look sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function that might look sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function that might look sort
+of like this at one time and and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this at one time and and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this at one time and and like
+that and another time so amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and another time so amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and another time so amplitude is
+moving so it can be moving in front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so it can be moving in front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so it can be moving in front and
+in between it's sort of like this now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between it's sort of like this now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between it's sort of like this now if
+you have a function which involves both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function which involves both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function which involves both
+even and odd n you have left-right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and odd n you have left-right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and odd n you have left-right
+motion this is true in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion this is true in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion this is true in quantum mechanics
+too so you only get motion if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so you only get motion if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so you only get motion if you're
+making soup of eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well for this picture this is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this picture this is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this picture this is over
+simple so I mean you you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically what's happening is amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what's happening is amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what's happening is amplitude
+is moving from the middle to the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving from the middle to the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving from the middle to the edges
+and back and and so yes but you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and and so yes but you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and and so yes but you want to
+develop your own language your own set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop your own language your own set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop your own language your own set
+of drawings so that you understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawings so that you understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawings so that you understand these
+things and the important thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the important thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the important thing is the
+understanding the ability to draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the ability to draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the ability to draw these
+pictures which contain the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures which contain the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures which contain the critical
+information about note spacings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about note spacings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about note spacings
+amplitudes shapes and to anticipate when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes shapes and to anticipate when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes shapes and to anticipate when
+you're going to have left-right motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have left-right motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have left-right motion
+when you're just going to have up-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're just going to have up-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're just going to have up-down
+complicated up-down motions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated up-down motions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated up-down motions because
+there could be nodes but there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be nodes but there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be nodes but there is no
+motion of the center of this wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the center of this wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the center of this wave packet
+now this is this is fantastic because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is this is fantastic because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is this is fantastic because I
+just said wave packet quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said wave packet quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said wave packet quantum mechanics
+I get time to put I I can functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get time to put I I can functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get time to put I I can functions
+don't move so for positions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move so for positions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move so for positions of
+eigenfunctions do move if we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions do move if we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions do move if we make a
+superposition of many eigenfunctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of many eigenfunctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of many eigenfunctions
+it's a particle like state what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a particle like state what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a particle like state what that
+particle like state will do is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like state will do is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like state will do is exactly
+what you expect from you know one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect from you know one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect from you know one they
+particle like states the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like states the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like states the center of the
+wave packet for a particle like state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet for a particle like state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet for a particle like state
+moves according to Newton's equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves according to Newton's equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves according to Newton's equations so
+I'm saying I'm taking away your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying I'm taking away your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying I'm taking away your ability
+to look at microscopic stuff and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at microscopic stuff and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at microscopic stuff and now I'm
+going to give it back to you by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it back to you by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it back to you by the end
+of the course we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we're going to have the
+time-dependent shorter equation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent shorter equation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent shorter equation we're
+going to be able to see things move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to see things move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to see things move and
+we're going to see why they move and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see why they move and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see why they move and how
+they encode that motion not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they encode that motion not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they encode that motion not in the
+textbooks but I think it's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks but I think it's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks but I think it's something you
+really want to be able to do if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to be able to do if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to be able to do if you're
+going to understand physical systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to understand physical systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to understand physical systems and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+to guide your understanding you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guide your understanding you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guide your understanding you have to
+be able to draw these pictures and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to draw these pictures and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to draw these pictures and build
+step at a time and so this wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step at a time and so this wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step at a time and so this wave equation
+the classical wave equation gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical wave equation gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical wave equation gives you
+almost all of the tools for artistry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the tools for artistry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the tools for artistry as
+well as insight okay now in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as insight okay now in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as insight okay now in the notes
+there is a time-lapse movie that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a time-lapse movie that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a time-lapse movie that shows
+what a two-state wave function two-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a two-state wave function two-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a two-state wave function two-state
+solution to the wave equation looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the wave equation looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the wave equation looks like
+if you have even an odd or only even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have even an odd or only even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have even an odd or only even an
+even terms okay now I'm gonna make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even terms okay now I'm gonna make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even terms okay now I'm gonna make some
+assertions at the end we're coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertions at the end we're coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertions at the end we're coming back
+to the drum problem and suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the drum problem and suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the drum problem and suppose we have
+a rectangular drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well solving the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well solving the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well solving the differential equation
+for this rectangular drum gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this rectangular drum gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this rectangular drum gives you a
+bunch of normal mode frequencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of normal mode frequencies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of normal mode frequencies that
+depend on two indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the geometric structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the geometric structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the geometric structure of
+the the drum and these are the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the drum and these are the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the drum and these are the quantum
+numbers and these are the frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and these are the frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and these are the frequencies
+and it's going to make a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to make a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to make a whole bunch of
+frequencies that are not integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that are not integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that are not integer
+multiples of each other or of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of each other or of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of each other or of any
+simpler thing and that's why it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler thing and that's why it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler thing and that's why it sounds
+horrible you know it's a prophet like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible you know it's a prophet like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible you know it's a prophet like
+playing a violin with a saw it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a violin with a saw it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a violin with a saw it will
+sound terrible you would never do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound terrible you would never do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound terrible you would never do it but
+you would also never build a square or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would also never build a square or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would also never build a square or
+rectangular drum but the noise that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular drum but the noise that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular drum but the noise that you
+make tells immediately not just what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make tells immediately not just what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make tells immediately not just what the
+shape of the instrument is but how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the instrument is but how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the instrument is but how it
+was played for example suppose you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was played for example suppose you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was played for example suppose you had
+an elliptical drum that'll sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elliptical drum that'll sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elliptical drum that'll sound
+terrible too but here are the two foci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible too but here are the two foci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible too but here are the two foci
+I'm not so sure it'll sound terrible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so sure it'll sound terrible if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so sure it'll sound terrible if
+you hit it here we're here and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit it here we're here and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit it here we're here and certainly
+if you're a circular drum if you hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a circular drum if you hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a circular drum if you hit it
+in the middle as opposed to on the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle as opposed to on the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle as opposed to on the edges
+it'll sound different the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll sound different the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll sound different the spectral
+content will be the same but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content will be the same but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content will be the same but the
+amplitudes of each component will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes of each component will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes of each component will be
+different and so in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so in quantum mechanics
+you use the same sort of instinct as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the same sort of instinct as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the same sort of instinct as you
+develop as a musician in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop as a musician in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop as a musician in order to figure
+out how this system is going to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how this system is going to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how this system is going to respond
+to what you do to it and that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you do to it and that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you do to it and that's pretty
+powerful so many of you are musicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so many of you are musicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so many of you are musicians
+and you know instinctively what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know instinctively what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know instinctively what's wrong
+when you do something it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do something it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do something it's not quite
+right you or that your instrument is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you or that your instrument is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you or that your instrument is out
+of tune but in quantum mechanics all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tune but in quantum mechanics all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tune but in quantum mechanics all of
+those insights will come to bear not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those insights will come to bear not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those insights will come to bear not in
+the textbooks because the textbooks tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks because the textbooks tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks because the textbooks tell
+you about exactly solve problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about exactly solve problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about exactly solve problems and
+then they tell you how to do spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they tell you how to do spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they tell you how to do spectra
+that are too perfect for anybody else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are too perfect for anybody else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are too perfect for anybody else to
+observe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and
+you won't see those spectra and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't see those spectra and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't see those spectra and they
+don't tell you what the spectra you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you what the spectra you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you what the spectra you will
+observe tell you about the system in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe tell you about the system in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe tell you about the system in in
+question ok so I should stop now and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question ok so I should stop now and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question ok so I should stop now and I'm
+going to be generating problem set two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be generating problem set two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be generating problem set two
+which will be posted on Friday problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be posted on Friday problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be posted on Friday problem
+set one is due this Friday and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one is due this Friday and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one is due this Friday and good
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SnNmbVH5DAM.txt b/SnNmbVH5DAM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6369e770a176cd049fb8dca4b2bbe2c6394e608b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SnNmbVH5DAM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay welcome back everybody to ao3 today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back everybody to ao3 today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back everybody to ao3 today
+we are going to continue the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to continue the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to continue the discussion
+of a wave equation starting from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wave equation starting from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wave equation starting from last
+lecture so what have we learned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so what have we learned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so what have we learned last
+time as a reminder we have started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as a reminder we have started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as a reminder we have started to
+study the behavior of a wave equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the behavior of a wave equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the behavior of a wave equation we
+understood basic behavior about the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood basic behavior about the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood basic behavior about the wave
+equation and also are trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and also are trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and also are trying to solve
+the general row a solution of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general row a solution of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general row a solution of the wave
+equation the first thing which we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the first thing which we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the first thing which we learn
+as usual is the normal mode what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual is the normal mode what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual is the normal mode what are the
+normal modes in the case of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes in the case of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes in the case of wave
+equation or continuous translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or continuous translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or continuous translation
+symmetric system what we found that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric system what we found that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric system what we found that time
+is that they are standing waves and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are standing waves and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are standing waves and of
+course as usual the full solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as usual the full solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as usual the full solution which
+is a general description of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general description of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general description of this system
+is a superposition of infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a superposition of infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a superposition of infinite number of
+normal modes and that means one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and that means one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and that means one can
+understand this kind of systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this kind of systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this kind of systematically
+using a Fourier series so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a Fourier series so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a Fourier series so this is just a
+reminder so we what we have done is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder so we what we have done is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder so we what we have done is that
+basically we start with infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we start with infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we start with infinite number
+of coupled oscillators and we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coupled oscillators and we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coupled oscillators and we make the
+space between those massive objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between those massive objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between those massive objects in
+the system smaller and smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system smaller and smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system smaller and smaller and
+anterior become continuous right and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior become continuous right and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior become continuous right and a
+very interesting thing happened that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting thing happened that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting thing happened that
+automatically already give you wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically already give you wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically already give you wave
+equations okay so which it has shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay so which it has shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay so which it has shown
+here last time as I mentioned we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last time as I mentioned we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last time as I mentioned we
+discussed the normal modes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the normal modes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the normal modes which are
+standing waves those are the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing waves those are the first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing waves those are the first three
+normal modes and also the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and also the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and also the function of
+four of the normal modes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of the normal modes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of the normal modes which are
+standing waves so the structures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing waves so the structures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing waves so the structures is
+looks like this so you have a n which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so you have a n which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so you have a n which is
+the amplitude sine K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude sine K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude sine K and
+Pras Appa em which can be determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pras Appa em which can be determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pras Appa em which can be determined by
+boundary conditions and the sign Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and the sign Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and the sign Omega
+and T plus beta n that means all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T plus beta n that means all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T plus beta n that means all the
+points in the system oscillating at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the system oscillating at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the system oscillating at the
+same frequency Omega m and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency Omega m and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency Omega m and the same
+phase which is beta m and also based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is beta m and also based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is beta m and also based on
+the wave equation if you practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equation if you practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equation if you practice
+solution back into the equation you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution back into the equation you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution back into the equation you will
+find that Omega n is actually not a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that Omega n is actually not a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that Omega n is actually not a free
+parameter it's actually proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's actually proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's actually proportional to
+km which is the wave number of M's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km which is the wave number of M's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km which is the wave number of M's
+normal mode and this book this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and this book this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and this book this constant
+of VP we will find that today this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of VP we will find that today this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of VP we will find that today this is
+actually the speed of the wave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the speed of the wave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the speed of the wave in the
+case of travelling wave and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of travelling wave and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of travelling wave and if you look
+at the individual normal mode and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual normal mode and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual normal mode and make
+proud of those normal mode as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of those normal mode as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of those normal mode as a function
+of time you can see from here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time you can see from here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time you can see from here there are
+six different normal modes and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different normal modes and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different normal modes and they are
+like science so little shape in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like science so little shape in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like science so little shape in terms of
+amplitude as a function of position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function of position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function of position and
+on the string and you can see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the string and you can see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the string and you can see that if
+you distort the stream more then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you distort the stream more then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you distort the stream more then you get
+a higher oscillation frequency as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher oscillation frequency as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher oscillation frequency as you
+see from m equal to 1 to n equal to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from m equal to 1 to n equal to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from m equal to 1 to n equal to 6
+case so as I mentioned today we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so as I mentioned today we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so as I mentioned today we will
+talk about another interesting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about another interesting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about another interesting kind of
+solution which is progressive wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is progressive wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is progressive wave
+solution okay why why is this very this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay why why is this very this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay why why is this very this
+solution exciting that is because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution exciting that is because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution exciting that is because this
+section matches what we actually learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section matches what we actually learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section matches what we actually learned
+about waves right so we and also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about waves right so we and also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about waves right so we and also this
+solution as you enable us to send for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution as you enable us to send for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution as you enable us to send for
+example energy from one point to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example energy from one point to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example energy from one point to another
+point this is you what I'm doing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is you what I'm doing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is you what I'm doing now
+right I'm sending energy from my mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sending energy from my mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sending energy from my mouth
+to your ear so that you can hear what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your ear so that you can hear what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your ear so that you can hear what I
+have been talking about right about a oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking about right about a oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking about right about a oh
+sorry right so so that's really cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry right so so that's really cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry right so so that's really cool and
+we will to try to understand how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will to try to understand how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will to try to understand how it
+should be we can get this solution out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be we can get this solution out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be we can get this solution out
+of this stranger wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stranger wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stranger wave
+equation okay so what this joint here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so what this joint here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so what this joint here is
+normal more and we are going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal more and we are going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal more and we are going to talk
+about a second kind of solution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a second kind of solution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a second kind of solution which is
+the progressing wave solution and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progressing wave solution and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progressing wave solution and this
+solution have this form sy XT will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution have this form sy XT will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution have this form sy XT will be
+equal to some kind of function f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some kind of function f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some kind of function f and
+this is actually a function of X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a function of X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a function of X minus
+VP times T this is actually a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP times T this is actually a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP times T this is actually a general
+form of the purposing wave and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the purposing wave and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the purposing wave and f
+function is some kind of wave well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is some kind of wave well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is some kind of wave well
+behaved function of your choice okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved function of your choice okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved function of your choice okay so
+the first thing which I would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing which I would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing which I would like to do
+is to to show that this functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to to show that this functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to to show that this functional form
+is actually the solution of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the solution of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the solution of the wave
+equation right so pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so pretty straightforward
+we can actually go ahead and plug them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually go ahead and plug them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually go ahead and plug them
+into this equation and before that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this equation and before that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this equation and before that I
+would define tau is to be X minus V P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would define tau is to be X minus V P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would define tau is to be X minus V P
+times T okay so in order to prepare for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T okay so in order to prepare for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T okay so in order to prepare for
+plugging in this equation into plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in this equation into plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in this equation into plugging
+in this functional form to wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this functional form to wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this functional form to wave equation
+I would calculate using chandu or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would calculate using chandu or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would calculate using chandu or
+partial F partial X will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X will be equal to
+partial F partial tau R tau hat your app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial tau R tau hat your app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial tau R tau hat your app
+X and this will give you title F I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this will give you title F I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this will give you title F I show
+tau x in this case partial tau as your X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau x in this case partial tau as your X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau x in this case partial tau as your X
+will give you one okay and now will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you one okay and now will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you one okay and now will give
+you f prime okay therefore we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you f prime okay therefore we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you f prime okay therefore we can go
+ahead and calculate as well partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and calculate as well partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and calculate as well partial
+square f partial x squared okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square f partial x squared okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square f partial x squared okay that
+will give you f double prime tau so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you f double prime tau so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you f double prime tau so this
+is actually the first set of equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the first set of equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the first set of equation I
+need and in order to describe the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and in order to describe the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and in order to describe the right
+hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side
+the wave equation the others equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equation the others equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equation the others equation
+which I need in the preparation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I need in the preparation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I need in the preparation for
+packaging the whole thing into the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging the whole thing into the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging the whole thing into the wave
+equation is to calculate hydro f5t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is to calculate hydro f5t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is to calculate hydro f5t
+and according to Chandu or RF I so T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and according to Chandu or RF I so T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and according to Chandu or RF I so T is
+equal to partial F partial tau or tau hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to partial F partial tau or tau hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to partial F partial tau or tau hi
+sweetie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweetie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweetie
+in this case F is actually a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case F is actually a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case F is actually a function of
+X - BP T and tau is defined as X - BP t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X - BP T and tau is defined as X - BP t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X - BP T and tau is defined as X - BP t
+therefore you can actually median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can actually median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can actually median
+conclude that this will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this will be equal to
+minus VP partial F and that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VP partial F and that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VP partial F and that is actually
+equal to minus VP F similarly you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus VP F similarly you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus VP F similarly you can
+calculate partial square F partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate partial square F partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate partial square F partial T
+Square and now will give you a VP square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and now will give you a VP square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and now will give you a VP square
+from F double Prime the case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from F double Prime the case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from F double Prime the case where we
+did a double differential okay alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a double differential okay alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a double differential okay alright
+so from the first equation the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the first equation the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the first equation the second
+equation which I have on the board we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I have on the board we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I have on the board we
+can actually plug back that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually plug back that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually plug back that into the
+wave equation and what I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and what I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and what I'm going to get
+is partial square f by GT square that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partial square f by GT square that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partial square f by GT square that
+will be equal to VP square partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to VP square partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to VP square partial
+square F partial X square so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square F partial X square so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square F partial X square so that is a
+should be exactly the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be exactly the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be exactly the wave equation
+which we we actually get from we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we we actually get from we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we we actually get from we
+actually show from the beginning so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show from the beginning so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show from the beginning so that
+means this functional form satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this functional form satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this functional form satisfy the
+wave equation and I didn't even specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and I didn't even specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and I didn't even specify
+what is actually F function f function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually F function f function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually F function f function
+is some kind of well behaved function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of well behaved function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of well behaved function
+and it can be of all kinds of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be of all kinds of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be of all kinds of different
+shape which we will discuss later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape which we will discuss later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape which we will discuss later
+but that is actually pretty encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is actually pretty encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is actually pretty encouraging
+that means if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if you try
+to t store the string and and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t store the string and and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t store the string and and if this
+shape is actually propagating at okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is actually propagating at okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is actually propagating at okay
+the functional form of X X minus okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form of X X minus okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form of X X minus okay if
+you have any function which you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any function which you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any function which you have a
+functional form of f of X minus VP T no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of f of X minus VP T no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of f of X minus VP T no
+matter what kind of shape that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what kind of shape that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what kind of shape that is this
+shape is going to be first of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is going to be first of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is going to be first of all this
+function is a solution to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a solution to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a solution to the wave
+equation secondly we will show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation secondly we will show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation secondly we will show you that
+this shape is going to be propagating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape is going to be propagating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape is going to be propagating at
+the speed of BP and the strip will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of BP and the strip will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of BP and the strip will not
+change you will stay tied up forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you will stay tied up forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you will stay tied up forever
+according to the wave equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the wave equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the wave equation okay
+there's another functional form which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another functional form which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another functional form which
+can also be the functional form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be the functional form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be the functional form of the
+focusing wave we visually write it as f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing wave we visually write it as f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing wave we visually write it as f
+KX plus or minus Omega T okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX plus or minus Omega T okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX plus or minus Omega T okay and in
+this case if Omega is a should be P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if Omega is a should be P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if Omega is a should be P
+times K which is actually already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times K which is actually already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times K which is actually already a
+required from the discussion of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required from the discussion of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required from the discussion of normal
+modes then this equation this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes then this equation this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes then this equation this kind of
+functional form is also the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form is also the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form is also the solution of
+wave equation okay and of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation okay and of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation okay and of course you can
+actually go ahead and prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go ahead and prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go ahead and prove that
+probably after the lecture the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably after the lecture the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably after the lecture the proof
+will be very similar to what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very similar to what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very similar to what we have
+done here so now that's actually try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here so now that's actually try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here so now that's actually try to
+understand what does this function mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what does this function mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what does this function mean
+so I have a function which is f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a function which is f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a function which is f of X
+minus VP times T where X is U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VP times T where X is U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VP times T where X is U the
+position of them on the string and the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of them on the string and the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of them on the string and the T
+is actually the time which I go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the time which I go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the time which I go ahead
+and check this function and for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check this function and for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check this function and for example
+if I I can I can give you example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I I can I can give you example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I I can I can give you example a
+function for example I can make it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for example I can make it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for example I can make it like
+angular shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular shape that
+this and this is actually plotted as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is actually plotted as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is actually plotted as a
+function of tap so f of tau is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of tap so f of tau is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of tap so f of tau is actually
+giving you the information of the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the information of the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the information of the shape
+of the progressing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's discuss if I write f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's discuss if I write f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's discuss if I write f of X
+minus VT what does that mean okay first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VT what does that mean okay first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VT what does that mean okay first
+of all I can take T equal to zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I can take T equal to zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I can take T equal to zero what
+what will happen is that a lot instants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is that a lot instants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is that a lot instants
+of time T equal to zero X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time T equal to zero X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time T equal to zero X is equal to
+top that means at T equal to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that means at T equal to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that means at T equal to zero the
+shape of the string what looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the string what looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the string what looks like this
+like this function okay now I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this function okay now I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this function okay now I would like
+to know how this string is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how this string is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how this string is going to
+evolve as a function of time right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve as a function of time right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve as a function of time right so
+that's as you all we care right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as you all we care right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as you all we care right and that
+means I'm going to increase T to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm going to increase T to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm going to increase T to a
+larger value okay so suppose originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger value okay so suppose originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger value okay so suppose originally
+I have at T equal to zero I'm sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have at T equal to zero I'm sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have at T equal to zero I'm sitting on
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+okay I'm sample D F at this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm sample D F at this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm sample D F at this position
+okay if I increase T okay if I increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I increase T okay if I increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I increase T okay if I increase
+G from zero to a larger value where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G from zero to a larger value where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G from zero to a larger value where I
+will start to sample well why I moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to sample well why I moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to sample well why I moved to
+a lap inside or right-hand side anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lap inside or right-hand side anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lap inside or right-hand side anybody
+can help me because this function point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help me because this function point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help me because this function point
+says should be X minus VT right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says should be X minus VT right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says should be X minus VT right what
+would happen if I increase T tau well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I increase T tau well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I increase T tau well
+increase or decrease decrease very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or decrease decrease very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or decrease decrease very good
+so decrease right so that means at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so decrease right so that means at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so decrease right so that means at the
+fixed X I'm going to stand for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed X I'm going to stand for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed X I'm going to stand for this
+point okay what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay what does that mean that
+means originally if I practicing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means originally if I practicing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means originally if I practicing in
+terms of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X
+okay originally it has this shape now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay originally it has this shape now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay originally it has this shape now if
+I increase T what is going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I increase T what is going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I increase T what is going to happen is
+that originally I was sampled in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that originally I was sampled in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that originally I was sampled in this
+shape here and now I'm sampled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here and now I'm sampled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here and now I'm sampled in the
+shape here okay that means as t equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here okay that means as t equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here okay that means as t equal to
+t prime which is larger than t this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t prime which is larger than t this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t prime which is larger than t this
+shape first of all is unchanged secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape first of all is unchanged secondly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape first of all is unchanged secondly
+is actually moving the shape looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually moving the shape looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually moving the shape looks like
+as if is moving in the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if is moving in the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if is moving in the horizontal
+direction and the direction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the direction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the direction of this
+movement is in the positive x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is in the positive x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is in the positive x direction
+if I'd write my practicing wave solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'd write my practicing wave solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'd write my practicing wave solution
+in a functional form of f of X minus BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a functional form of f of X minus BT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a functional form of f of X minus BT
+okay you should be VP here sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should be VP here sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should be VP here sorry for
+that okay any questions so look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay any questions so look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay any questions so look at what
+we have done first of all we have proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done first of all we have proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done first of all we have proved
+that f of X minus VP T this function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f of X minus VP T this function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f of X minus VP T this function of
+1 is a solution to the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is a solution to the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is a solution to the wave equation
+okay if it's a solution secondly we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's a solution secondly we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's a solution secondly we also
+discussed the property of this version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the property of this version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the property of this version
+of form so that's this issue describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of form so that's this issue describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of form so that's this issue describing
+a shape and the whole shape is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shape and the whole shape is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shape and the whole shape is going to
+move as if it's moving as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move as if it's moving as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move as if it's moving as a function of
+time and to the positive x-direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and to the positive x-direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and to the positive x-direction so
+let me ask you another question so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you another question so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you another question so what
+will happen if I write the solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen if I write the solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen if I write the solution in
+the form of f of X plus VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of f of X plus VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of f of X plus VT
+anybody can help me with the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can help me with the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can help me with the direction
+of the propagation of the wave ya go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the propagation of the wave ya go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the propagation of the wave ya go to
+the laughing side of the port that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laughing side of the port that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laughing side of the port that means
+if I have another expression and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have another expression and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have another expression and using
+the same F function which is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same F function which is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same F function which is defined
+here in this case if I write f of X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this case if I write f of X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this case if I write f of X plus
+VT that means the shape will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT that means the shape will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT that means the shape will be
+being in the negative x-direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the negative x-direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the negative x-direction okay
+it's symmetric okay of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric okay of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric okay of course you can
+also discuss what will happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also discuss what will happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also discuss what will happen if you
+take this functional form and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this functional form and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this functional form and you are
+going to get exactly the same conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right now I have been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now I have been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now I have been talking about
+moving moving shape so what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving moving shape so what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving moving shape so what is actually
+really moving right okay professor did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moving right okay professor did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moving right okay professor did
+you just told us before that every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just told us before that every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just told us before that every point
+and the string can only move up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the string can only move up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the string can only move up and down
+now you are talking about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you are talking about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you are talking about something
+moving in the positive x and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in the positive x and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in the positive x and negative
+x-direction what does that mean right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-direction what does that mean right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-direction what does that mean right so
+that me take you take a white example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that me take you take a white example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that me take you take a white example so
+if I have a Gaussian house okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a Gaussian house okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a Gaussian house okay
+and I write this thing in the turning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I write this thing in the turning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I write this thing in the turning in
+the form of X minus VT at time T equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of X minus VT at time T equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of X minus VT at time T equal
+to zero this shape looks like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this shape looks like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this shape looks like this in
+the next moment okay if I increase time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next moment okay if I increase time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next moment okay if I increase time
+to T equal to one what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T equal to one what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T equal to one what is going to
+happen is that this shape move to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that this shape move to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that this shape move to work
+the positive x-direction okay and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive x-direction okay and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive x-direction okay and of
+course zeros are the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course zeros are the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course zeros are the equilibrium
+position of these waves of the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of these waves of the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of these waves of the table
+stream and what is happening is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and what is happening is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and what is happening is it's
+like this so basically all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so basically all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so basically all the points
+all the points on the string are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points on the string are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points on the string are really
+working together to put we produce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together to put we produce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together to put we produce this
+shifting these are progressing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting these are progressing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting these are progressing a
+Gaussian wave so what is happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian wave so what is happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian wave so what is happening is
+that if I focus on this point this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I focus on this point this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I focus on this point this point
+will go down and this point will go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down and this point will go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down and this point will go down
+go down go down until I touch this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down go down until I touch this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down go down until I touch this point
+so basically what is happening is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what is happening is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what is happening is like
+this all the points are only moving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the points are only moving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the points are only moving up
+and down horizontally but they all move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down horizontally but they all move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down horizontally but they all move
+in in a manner such that if you do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a manner such that if you do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a manner such that if you do get
+just the shape of the amplitude that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the shape of the amplitude that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the shape of the amplitude that the
+amputee was a function of X okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputee was a function of X okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputee was a function of X okay it
+looks as if the amplitude that the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks as if the amplitude that the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks as if the amplitude that the shape
+is actually moving to work positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually moving to work positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually moving to work positive
+x-direction moving towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-direction moving towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-direction moving towards the
+right-hand side of the board so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of the board so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of the board so what is
+actually moving what is moving is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving what is moving is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving what is moving is they
+should be all the point like mass on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be all the point like mass on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be all the point like mass on the
+string they are only moving up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string they are only moving up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string they are only moving up and down
+but they are moving together so nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are moving together so nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are moving together so nicely
+such that it looks as if the whole shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it looks as if the whole shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it looks as if the whole shape
+is actually shifting toward the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually shifting toward the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually shifting toward the positive
+x direction any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x direction any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x direction any questions
+so part okay okay so I hope that's a far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part okay okay so I hope that's a far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part okay okay so I hope that's a far
+enough and I would like to discuss with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and I would like to discuss with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and I would like to discuss with
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+interesting situation okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situation okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situation okay so we have
+learned that okay I can have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that okay I can have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that okay I can have for example
+triangular pulse okay and I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular pulse okay and I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular pulse okay and I can have
+this triangular pulse moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangular pulse moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangular pulse moving in the
+positive x direction and we will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x direction and we will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x direction and we will also
+find out that the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the speed of the
+propagation is actually VP okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation is actually VP okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation is actually VP okay because
+that's actually if you increase T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually if you increase T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually if you increase T and
+that's it's actually the speed of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's actually the speed of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's actually the speed of you
+know movement when you sample the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know movement when you sample the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know movement when you sample the shape
+and the f of tau right so therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the f of tau right so therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the f of tau right so therefore we
+can conclude that the speed of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can conclude that the speed of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can conclude that the speed of this
+triangular path is going to be VP okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular path is going to be VP okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular path is going to be VP okay
+if I have another triangle opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have another triangle opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have another triangle opposed
+starting from the right hand side end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the right hand side end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the right hand side end of
+the stream they have exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream they have exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream they have exactly the same
+shape exactly the same amplitude okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so of course according to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course according to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course according to what we
+actually wrote there they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote there they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote there they are going to
+move forever and at some point there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forever and at some point there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forever and at some point there
+were actually meet each other and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually meet each other and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually meet each other and what
+is going to happen is that you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that you have some
+house which is actually two signs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house which is actually two signs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house which is actually two signs of the
+shape at some point right because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape at some point right because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape at some point right because of the
+duality of the wave equation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality of the wave equation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality of the wave equation okay so
+that's actually pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually pretty straightforward
+however if I consider another case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if I consider another case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if I consider another case which
+is like this so I have two practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this so I have two practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this so I have two practicing
+waves one is actually going in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves one is actually going in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves one is actually going in the right
+hand side interaction the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side interaction the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side interaction the other one is
+going in the laughing side direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the laughing side direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the laughing side direction
+they have exactly the same shape but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have exactly the same shape but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have exactly the same shape but
+they have the amplitude says should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the amplitude says should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the amplitude says should be
+taking a minus sign okay so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a minus sign okay so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a minus sign okay so they they
+actually are exactly they have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are exactly they have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are exactly they have exactly
+the same amplitude but pointing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amplitude but pointing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amplitude but pointing to a
+different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction
+one is actually pointing upward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually pointing upward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually pointing upward the
+other one is actually pointing downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at some point these two waves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at some point these two waves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at some point these two waves is
+going to overlap each other okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to overlap each other okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to overlap each other okay when
+they overlap each other what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap each other what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap each other what is going to
+happen it's like this they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's like this they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's like this they are going to
+overlap each other okay that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap each other okay that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap each other okay that means the
+amplitude will be cancelling each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude will be cancelling each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude will be cancelling each other
+then from the experiment you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from the experiment you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from the experiment you will see
+something like this okay so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this okay so now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this okay so now this is
+the question I would like to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question I would like to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question I would like to ask you
+what will happen next the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen next the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen next the first
+possibility is that they can salt okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that they can salt okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that they can salt okay
+completely they disappear okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely they disappear okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely they disappear okay the
+second possibility is that okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possibility is that okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possibility is that okay they
+pass each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the third possibility is that okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third possibility is that okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third possibility is that okay it
+depends on the mood of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the mood of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the mood of the stream
+maybe something interesting is popping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something interesting is popping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something interesting is popping
+out maybe it's decide to produce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out maybe it's decide to produce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out maybe it's decide to produce you
+know two circular ways get creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two circular ways get creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two circular ways get creative
+right creative okay so how many okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right creative okay so how many okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right creative okay so how many okay
+everybody help to vote okay how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody help to vote okay how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody help to vote okay how many of
+you think that you will cancel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that you will cancel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that you will cancel and
+disappear anybody nobody ready okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear anybody nobody ready okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear anybody nobody ready okay so
+you can see that here nothing is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that here nothing is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that here nothing is there
+right why don't you think that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why don't you think that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why don't you think that will be
+canceled okay nobody think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled okay nobody think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled okay nobody think that would
+cancel very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel very good
+maybe we are all wrong second the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we are all wrong second the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we are all wrong second the pass
+each other how many of you think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good finally how many of you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good finally how many of you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good finally how many of you think
+that would be no it depends on the mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be no it depends on the mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be no it depends on the mood
+of the stream get creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream get creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream get creative
+one thank you for the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thank you for the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thank you for the support
+there are four people okay okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four people okay okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four people okay okay so let's
+discuss these three a situation care for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these three a situation care for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these three a situation care for
+D so the first situation if they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so the first situation if they cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so the first situation if they cancel
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+okay which sounds logical right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which sounds logical right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which sounds logical right because
+if we look at this string okay how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this string okay how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this string okay how could
+it string remember what happened before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it string remember what happened before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it string remember what happened before
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+how could remember right therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could remember right therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could remember right therefore
+shouldn't answer number one be a logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't answer number one be a logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't answer number one be a logical
+choice right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice right
+the catch is okay if they cancel the NAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catch is okay if they cancel the NAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catch is okay if they cancel the NAP
+means energy is not conserved right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means energy is not conserved right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means energy is not conserved right so
+somehow the energy I put in you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the energy I put in you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the energy I put in you know I
+worked really hard to shake this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really hard to shake this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really hard to shake this string
+right use my energy and it disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right use my energy and it disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right use my energy and it disappeared
+oh my god disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god disappear
+right then Eunji said okay the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then Eunji said okay the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then Eunji said okay the second
+one is okay I believe in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is okay I believe in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is okay I believe in energy
+conservation so they will pass each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation so they will pass each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation so they will pass each
+other but that means the string have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but that means the string have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but that means the string have
+memory right because right now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory right because right now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory right because right now there's
+nothing there what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there what is going on
+can somebody okay since most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody okay since most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody okay since most of you
+think that is actually what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is actually what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is actually what is happening
+can some of you explain me how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can some of you explain me how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can some of you explain me how this
+string actually remember what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string actually remember what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string actually remember what happened
+before anybody can help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know they balance each other but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they balance each other but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they balance each other but how
+is this different from her station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this different from her station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this different from her station
+stream of course I mean at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of course I mean at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of course I mean at some point it
+looks identical right but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks identical right but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks identical right but this is
+something which is different between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is different between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is different between
+this one and that one very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and that one very good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and that one very good point
+this one which is actually unperturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is actually unperturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is actually unperturbed
+have zero velocity right and this one no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero velocity right and this one no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero velocity right and this one no
+it's actually have a cut velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually have a cut velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually have a cut velocity
+actually this thing is already starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this thing is already starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this thing is already starting
+to it's already ready to move down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's already ready to move down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's already ready to move down and
+this part of the string is already ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the string is already ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the string is already ready
+to move up okay so that this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move up okay so that this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move up okay so that this actually
+how the string can remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the string can remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the string can remember what
+happened before it remember it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened before it remember it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened before it remember it by the
+velocity okay so what is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay so what is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay so what is actually not
+pretty here is a trick right is a should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty here is a trick right is a should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty here is a trick right is a should
+be the velocity the velocity is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the velocity the velocity is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the velocity the velocity is already
+nonzero compared to this situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero compared to this situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero compared to this situation and
+what is going to happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen is that
+afterward you will produce two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward you will produce two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward you will produce two
+corresponding triangular powell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding triangular powell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding triangular powell's
+continue and pass each other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and pass each other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and pass each other okay
+finally the third condition creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the third condition creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the third condition creative
+that may not happen because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not happen because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not happen because all the
+memory is still there in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is still there in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is still there in the form of
+kinetic energy okay so we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy okay so we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy okay so we can actually
+go ahead and do a small demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and do a small demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and do a small demonstration
+here okay so so let's focus on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so so let's focus on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so so let's focus on the right
+hand side part of this setup so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side part of this setup so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side part of this setup so this is
+actually the pair lab machine we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the pair lab machine we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the pair lab machine we had a
+before okay so now what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so now what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so now what I'm going to do
+is out now I'm going to create a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out now I'm going to create a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out now I'm going to create a square
+pulse positive square pulse from the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse positive square pulse from the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse positive square pulse from the lab
+inside and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and the
+square- powers in the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square- powers in the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square- powers in the right hand side
+and hope well then see what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hope well then see what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hope well then see what is going to
+happen okay no no this stop stop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay no no this stop stop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay no no this stop stop okay
+all right let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do it
+you see they pass each other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see they pass each other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see they pass each other and the
+shape actually continues so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape actually continues so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape actually continues so let's do
+that again the cancer at some point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again the cancer at some point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again the cancer at some point but
+they do pass each other and continue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do pass each other and continue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do pass each other and continue and
+there are some refraction as said chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some refraction as said chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some refraction as said chalk
+which I we are going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I we are going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I we are going to discuss
+afterwards let's do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards let's do that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards let's do that again
+you see at some point they cancel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see at some point they cancel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see at some point they cancel but
+the the positive powers continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the positive powers continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the positive powers continue
+troubled into your lap and side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled into your lap and side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled into your lap and side and the
+negative powers travel to your right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative powers travel to your right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative powers travel to your right
+hand side okay continue okay so based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side okay continue okay so based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side okay continue okay so based on
+the experiment most of you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment most of you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment most of you actually
+worker read the answer is number two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker read the answer is number two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker read the answer is number two and
+I would like to show you a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to show you a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to show you a few more
+examples based on my little simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples based on my little simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples based on my little simulation
+so first of all I would like to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all I would like to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all I would like to show you
+a square so I'll triangular powers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square so I'll triangular powers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square so I'll triangular powers they
+pass each other you can see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass each other you can see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass each other you can see that they
+they pass each other and the shape is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pass each other and the shape is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pass each other and the shape is
+actually changing as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing as a function of time
+and actually afterward they continue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually afterward they continue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually afterward they continue and
+in the keep the same shape based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the keep the same shape based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the keep the same shape based on this
+computer simulation another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer simulation another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer simulation another interesting
+thing to notice is that if you focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is that if you focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is that if you focus on
+the point at X equal to zero you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at X equal to zero you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at X equal to zero you see
+that this point actually never change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this point actually never change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this point actually never change
+amplitude right because this those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude right because this those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude right because this those two
+powers are really symmetric Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers are really symmetric Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers are really symmetric Y is
+positive the otherwise negative right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the otherwise negative right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the otherwise negative right
+okay as usual we can actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as usual we can actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as usual we can actually change the
+shape of the pulse for the importance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the pulse for the importance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the pulse for the importance it
+to circular shape and see what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to circular shape and see what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to circular shape and see what happened
+whew and again the position at s equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whew and again the position at s equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whew and again the position at s equal
+to zero is unchanged that's let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero is unchanged that's let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero is unchanged that's let's take a
+look at that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that again
+it really does something really funny it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really does something really funny it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really does something really funny it
+looks like and you can see that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and you can see that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and you can see that it is
+actually the velocity of the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the velocity of the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the velocity of the power of
+the string of the individual component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string of the individual component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string of the individual component
+of the string which would remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the string which would remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the string which would remember
+though in the original shape right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in the original shape right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in the original shape right so
+you can see the velocity okay bye I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the velocity okay bye I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the velocity okay bye I
+looks different from what you see before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks different from what you see before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks different from what you see before
+in the first example and finally as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first example and finally as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first example and finally as
+usual we have two nit waves it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we have two nit waves it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we have two nit waves it was
+really really crazy things and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really crazy things and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really crazy things and the
+amazing thing is that the string have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing thing is that the string have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing thing is that the string have
+such a good memory right it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a good memory right it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a good memory right it really
+remember what is going to happen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what is going to happen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what is going to happen before
+they touch each other okay okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they touch each other okay okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they touch each other okay okay so so
+what is going to happen to these two nit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen to these two nit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen to these two nit
+waves they are going to be propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves they are going to be propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves they are going to be propagating
+forever cannot stop until the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever cannot stop until the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever cannot stop until the edge of
+the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe
+maybe they dig out of there not my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they dig out of there not my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they dig out of there not my
+problem anymore okay so we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anymore okay so we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anymore okay so we talk about
+the energy stored in the string in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy stored in the string in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy stored in the string in the
+etc so how about we go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so how about we go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so how about we go ahead and
+calculate the kinetic energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the kinetic energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the kinetic energy and the
+potential energy so the first part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so the first part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so the first part is
+the kinetic energy okay I'm a 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy okay I'm a 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy okay I'm a 1/2
+century half MV square right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century half MV square right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century half MV square right so if I
+consider a small segment and string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a small segment and string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a small segment and string
+which have a width of Delta X okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have a width of Delta X okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have a width of Delta X okay and I
+can now calculate Delta M if I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now calculate Delta M if I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now calculate Delta M if I assume
+this string have mass per unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string have mass per unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string have mass per unit length
+Rho L and the string tension T ok if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho L and the string tension T ok if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho L and the string tension T ok if not
+actually give it to you when we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give it to you when we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give it to you when we set up
+the experiment then we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment then we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment then we can actually
+calculate the the mass of this most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the the mass of this most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the the mass of this most
+a portion of the stream then dead time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portion of the stream then dead time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portion of the stream then dead time
+and the mass will be equal to Rho L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass will be equal to Rho L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass will be equal to Rho L
+times DX because Rho L is the mass per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DX because Rho L is the mass per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DX because Rho L is the mass per
+unit length right therefore what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length right therefore what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length right therefore what is
+actually the kinetic energy is becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the kinetic energy is becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the kinetic energy is becoming
+pretty straight for is the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straight for is the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straight for is the integration
+over the whole string okay integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole string okay integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole string okay integration
+over the whole string is one-half based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole string is one-half based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole string is one-half based
+on this equation Rho L DX okay and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this equation Rho L DX okay and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this equation Rho L DX okay and times
+V what what is actually V here V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V what what is actually V here V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V what what is actually V here V is
+actually the velocity of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the velocity of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the velocity of individual
+point like mass on the string right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point like mass on the string right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point like mass on the string right so
+and we actually already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually already talked about
+that the velocity of individual mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the velocity of individual mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the velocity of individual mass is
+actually only in the y-direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only in the y-direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only in the y-direction right
+and the position of individual mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the position of individual mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the position of individual mass is
+described by by the function side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by by the function side okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by by the function side okay
+therefore what is actually velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what is actually velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what is actually velocity
+velocity is actually partial sigh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is actually partial sigh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is actually partial sigh I
+should tip right so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should tip right so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should tip right so that is actually
+giving you the velocity of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the velocity of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the velocity of individual
+mass on the string and if you square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass on the string and if you square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass on the string and if you square
+that that is actually giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is actually giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is actually giving you the
+total kinetic energy is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total kinetic energy is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total kinetic energy is in this
+functional form okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay
+that's also discuss what is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also discuss what is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also discuss what is actually the
+potential energy the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy the potential energy
+okay as you remember Delta table do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as you remember Delta table do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as you remember Delta table do the
+work is equal to F times Delta s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is equal to F times Delta s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is equal to F times Delta s the
+displacement F is the force and data s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement F is the force and data s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement F is the force and data s
+is the displacement so originally before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the displacement so originally before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the displacement so originally before
+which we actually perturb and this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we actually perturb and this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we actually perturb and this makes
+and displacement which is fed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and displacement which is fed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and displacement which is fed to
+equilibrium position this string have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position this string have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position this string have
+originally if I do get a small part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally if I do get a small part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally if I do get a small part of
+the string okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string okay
+in this region okay this looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region okay this looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region okay this looks like this
+this is Delta X and he has a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Delta X and he has a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Delta X and he has a constant
+stream tension peep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream tension peep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream tension peep
+okay now I can actually introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I can actually introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I can actually introduce some
+displacement and what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and what is going to happen
+is what it's going to look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's going to look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's going to look like this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this string is actually will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string is actually will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string is actually will be
+stretched right and this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched right and this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched right and this is actually the
+original Delta X the width of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Delta X the width of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Delta X the width of this
+little segment right and this correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little segment right and this correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little segment right and this correction
+is there should be a small change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there should be a small change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there should be a small change in the
+Y direction okay which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction okay which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction okay which is actually
+showing us Delta site and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing us Delta site and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing us Delta site and of course we
+can calculate the lens right the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the lens right the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the lens right the length
+of the string and and now we'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the string and and now we'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the string and and now we'll give you
+square root of Delta x squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Delta x squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Delta x squared plus
+Delta Y squared okay we can now go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y squared okay we can now go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y squared okay we can now go ahead
+and calculate the Delta W right so Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate the Delta W right so Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate the Delta W right so Delta
+W will be equal to F which is the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W will be equal to F which is the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W will be equal to F which is the force
+times Delta s okay we know the force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta s okay we know the force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta s okay we know the force the
+magnitude of that force is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that force is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that force is what is the
+string tension right okay so therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string tension right okay so therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string tension right okay so therefore I
+put P here and Delta s what is Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put P here and Delta s what is Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put P here and Delta s what is Delta s
+is how much I stretch this string right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much I stretch this string right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much I stretch this string right
+so this is actually the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the difference
+between the resulting lands and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the resulting lands and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the resulting lands and the
+original lens the tacks okay so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original lens the tacks okay so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original lens the tacks okay so that is
+actually giving you the talus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that means I can write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means I can write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means I can write it in
+this fashion or form the X square plus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fashion or form the X square plus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fashion or form the X square plus T
+side squared minus DX okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side squared minus DX okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side squared minus DX okay
+and this can I can of course take Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can I can of course take Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can I can of course take Delta
+X out of this square root of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X out of this square root of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X out of this square root of the square
+root thing and basically I get Delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root thing and basically I get Delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root thing and basically I get Delta x
+squared to the 1 plus psi DX squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to the 1 plus psi DX squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to the 1 plus psi DX squared
+minus D remember what we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D remember what we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D remember what we have been
+discussing until now we are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing until now we are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing until now we are always
+discussing small amplitude or small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing small amplitude or small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing small amplitude or small
+vibration right therefore that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration right therefore that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration right therefore that means I
+can use a small angle approximation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a small angle approximation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a small angle approximation that
+means Delta side is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Delta side is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Delta side is going to be very
+very small okay we should spare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small okay we should spare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small okay we should spare to the
+tax okay so that means the first turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax okay so that means the first turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax okay so that means the first turn
+will be roughly Delta X 1 plus psi T x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be roughly Delta X 1 plus psi T x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be roughly Delta X 1 plus psi T x
+squared 1 over 2 right because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 over 2 right because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 over 2 right because we have a
+square root of that press higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that press higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that press higher order
+term okay and of course we are showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay and of course we are showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay and of course we are showing
+that Delta psy is actually much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta psy is actually much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta psy is actually much smaller
+than Delta X therefore we ignore all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Delta X therefore we ignore all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Delta X therefore we ignore all
+those higher order terms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those higher order terms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those higher order terms okay
+so if we actually replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we actually replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we actually replace this
+expression back into the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression back into the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression back into the original
+equation you will see that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you will see that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you will see that the first
+turn one cancel with this minus DX term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn one cancel with this minus DX term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn one cancel with this minus DX term
+write this as you can show that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as you can show that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as you can show that okay so
+therefore I can calculate the table you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can calculate the table you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can calculate the table you
+will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to
+times delta x times one over to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times delta x times one over to the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times delta x times one over to the side
+the x squared okay therefore well will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x squared okay therefore well will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x squared okay therefore well will
+be the total potential energy the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total potential energy the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total potential energy the total
+potential energy will be in the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy will be in the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy will be in the equation
+of this the work DW over the whole range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this the work DW over the whole range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this the work DW over the whole range
+from of the of the system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from of the of the system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from of the of the system and the
+basically you can actually write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can actually write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can actually write it down
+as 1 over 2g sigh sigh okay alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 over 2g sigh sigh okay alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 over 2g sigh sigh okay alright so
+we can actually understand and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually understand and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually understand and the
+calculate the kinetic energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the kinetic energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the kinetic energy and the
+potential energy so before we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so before we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so before we take a
+break let's take a short example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break let's take a short example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break let's take a short example to
+check if we understand what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if we understand what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if we understand what we have
+learned so far so for example I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far so for example I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far so for example I have a
+if I have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a function
+psy XP okay and now this is should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psy XP okay and now this is should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psy XP okay and now this is should be
+equal to 1 over 1 plus X minus 3 P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 1 plus X minus 3 P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 1 plus X minus 3 P to
+the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4
+it's a crazy function okay if I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a crazy function okay if I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a crazy function okay if I assume
+that I I can do a very precise seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I can do a very precise seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I can do a very precise seeing a
+new per day the string so that I produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new per day the string so that I produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new per day the string so that I produce
+a wave function of this functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function of this functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function of this functional form
+1 over 1 plus X minus 3 P to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 1 plus X minus 3 P to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 1 plus X minus 3 P to the fourth
+can somebody tell me what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody tell me what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody tell me what is actually
+going to be the velocity of the wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the velocity of the wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the velocity of the wave and
+anybody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first thing which you can do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing which you can do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing which you can do is to
+express this crazy function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this crazy function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this crazy function in the
+functional form of f X minus VP T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of f X minus VP T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of f X minus VP T right
+and the VP is actually the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the VP is actually the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the VP is actually the speed of the
+wave right so so anybody know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so so anybody know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so so anybody know what this
+is you yes yeah that's true right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you yes yeah that's true right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you yes yeah that's true right
+because the whole function can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole function can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole function can be
+written as f X minus 3t right therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as f X minus 3t right therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as f X minus 3t right therefore
+the velocity VP or p3 of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity VP or p3 of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity VP or p3 of course if you
+are not sure you can actually calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sure you can actually calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sure you can actually calculate
+VP square by the ratio of partial square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP square by the ratio of partial square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP square by the ratio of partial square
+by partial T Square and Hydra Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by partial T Square and Hydra Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by partial T Square and Hydra Square
+side partial x squared and now will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side partial x squared and now will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side partial x squared and now will give
+you of course the VP square according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of course the VP square according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of course the VP square according to
+that wave equation okay all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wave equation okay all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wave equation okay all right so we
+would take a five-minute break from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a five-minute break from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a five-minute break from now
+and during the break I would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during the break I would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during the break I would try to
+return the exam to you okay so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the exam to you okay so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the exam to you okay so we will
+come back at 24 1224
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so welcome back everybody so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back everybody so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back everybody so we
+will continue the discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue the discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue the discussion of
+travelling wave so we have the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling wave so we have the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling wave so we have the very
+interesting discussion of two waves they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting discussion of two waves they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting discussion of two waves they
+are cancelling each other and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cancelling each other and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cancelling each other and somehow
+the string have a way to remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string have a way to remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string have a way to remember what
+happened before which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened before which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened before which is actually the
+velocity of each individual point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of each individual point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of each individual point and
+the string as a function of X okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string as a function of X okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string as a function of X okay that
+time so that's they should take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's they should take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's they should take a look
+at this example so make use of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this example so make use of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this example so make use of what we
+have learned so far okay we as we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned so far okay we as we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned so far okay we as we see
+here there is a triangular shape which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is a triangular shape which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is a triangular shape which I
+create in the lab and this triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create in the lab and this triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create in the lab and this triangular
+shape is actually there and stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is actually there and stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is actually there and stationary
+it's not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not moving
+okay the strings are addressed okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the strings are addressed okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the strings are addressed okay but
+have a triangular shape which I set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a triangular shape which I set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a triangular shape which I set up
+there okay so based on what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so based on what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so based on what we have
+learned so far we have learned normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far we have learned normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far we have learned normal
+modes we have learned about a travelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes we have learned about a travelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes we have learned about a travelling
+wave right I believe before we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right I believe before we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right I believe before we learn
+this class the first reaction to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class the first reaction to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class the first reaction to you is
+to to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to what
+what kind of decomposition food year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of decomposition food year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of decomposition food year
+decomposition right so what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition right so what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition right so what you are
+going to do is ok very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is ok very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is ok very good
+I have this shape so I do a foodie a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this shape so I do a foodie a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this shape so I do a foodie a
+decomposition and I have infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and I have infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and I have infinite number
+of turns and I ain't going to evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turns and I ain't going to evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turns and I ain't going to evolve
+invalid number or turn as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid number or turn as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid number or turn as a function of
+time and see what will happen to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and see what will happen to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and see what will happen to this
+system right so that actually what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so that actually what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so that actually what you
+were to before we learn travelling wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to before we learn travelling wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to before we learn travelling wave
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what I would like to say today is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to say today is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to say today is that
+if I really prepare this thing addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I really prepare this thing addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I really prepare this thing addressed
+stationary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary okay
+at T equal to 0 in contrast to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equal to 0 in contrast to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equal to 0 in contrast to what I
+just said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said before
+proof was messer which I use computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof was messer which I use computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof was messer which I use computer to
+decompose it and evolve all the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose it and evolve all the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose it and evolve all the infinite
+number of turns what we could do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns what we could do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns what we could do is that
+I can show you that this situation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can show you that this situation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can show you that this situation is a
+superposition of two traveling waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of two traveling waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of two traveling waves and
+then the question becomes super simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question becomes super simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question becomes super simple
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so instead of doing a proof force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation using computer decomposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation using computer decomposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation using computer decomposed to
+infinite number of normal modes what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of normal modes what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of normal modes what I
+can show you is that okay if I have a G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you is that okay if I have a G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you is that okay if I have a G
+function okay if I have a tree function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay if I have a tree function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay if I have a tree function
+which is equal to F X plus V PT plus F X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to F X plus V PT plus F X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to F X plus V PT plus F X
+minus v PT okay so this G function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v PT okay so this G function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v PT okay so this G function is a
+superposition of two traveling waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of two traveling waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of two traveling waves
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the shape is described by F function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape is described by F function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape is described by F function and
+one of them is traveling to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is traveling to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is traveling to the right
+hand side the other one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the other one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the other one is actually
+traveling to a lap inside okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to a lap inside okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to a lap inside okay if I
+assume that the superposition of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the superposition of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the superposition of these
+two traveling wave is cheap okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two traveling wave is cheap okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two traveling wave is cheap okay and I
+can now calculate the velocity partial G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now calculate the velocity partial G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now calculate the velocity partial G
+partial T and that will give you V P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T and that will give you V P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T and that will give you V P
+from - right because here it says UX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from - right because here it says UX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from - right because here it says UX
+minus VP right so I get minus VP out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VP right so I get minus VP out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VP right so I get minus VP out of
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+the first time if I do this partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time if I do this partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time if I do this partial
+differentiation then basically I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation then basically I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation then basically I get a
+B+ VP out of it and the second time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B+ VP out of it and the second time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B+ VP out of it and the second time I
+get - we pick out of it okay and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get - we pick out of it okay and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get - we pick out of it okay and these
+two turns cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two turns cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two turns cancel
+exactly okay what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay what does that mean that
+means all the points okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means all the points okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means all the points okay
+this G is actually a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G is actually a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G is actually a function of
+xnt on the point at T equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xnt on the point at T equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xnt on the point at T equal to zero
+okay we have initially velocity equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have initially velocity equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have initially velocity equal to
+zero okay so in other word if I have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so in other word if I have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so in other word if I have any
+random kind of shape okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random kind of shape okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random kind of shape okay
+in this case it's a triangular shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a triangular shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a triangular shape
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I can always decompose this stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always decompose this stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always decompose this stationary
+shape into two traveling wave okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape into two traveling wave okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape into two traveling wave okay one
+is actually traveling in the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually traveling in the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually traveling in the positive
+direction the other one is traveling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the other one is traveling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the other one is traveling in
+the negative direction okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative direction okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative direction okay so that
+means what is happening this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what is happening this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what is happening this is equal to
+a superposition of two traveling waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of two traveling waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of two traveling waves
+if I assume the height of this mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I assume the height of this mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I assume the height of this mountain
+to be H okay then I need to have H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be H okay then I need to have H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be H okay then I need to have H over
+2 as the height for the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 as the height for the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 as the height for the individual
+traveling waves one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves one is actually
+traveling to the right hand side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to the right hand side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to the right hand side the
+other one is actually traveling to a lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is actually traveling to a lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is actually traveling to a lap
+inside of the board okay so based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the board okay so based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the board okay so based on
+this trick actually we can see that huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick actually we can see that huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick actually we can see that huh
+I don't need to do infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to do infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to do infinite number of
+turns anymore right I don't need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns anymore right I don't need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns anymore right I don't need to do a
+food Yeti composition and get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food Yeti composition and get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food Yeti composition and get really
+crazy and take forever to write up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and take forever to write up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and take forever to write up the
+code on your computer and maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code on your computer and maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code on your computer and maybe there's
+some parking your call which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parking your call which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parking your call which is
+frustrating and what we could do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating and what we could do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating and what we could do is to
+simply decompose it into two traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply decompose it into two traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply decompose it into two traveling
+wave and I can now predict what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and I can now predict what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and I can now predict what will
+happen at time equal to four the m45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at time equal to four the m45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at time equal to four the m45
+what is going to happen so what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen so what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen so what is going
+to happen is that you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that you have two
+triangular shape waves each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular shape waves each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular shape waves each of them
+actually traveled by a distance of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually traveled by a distance of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually traveled by a distance of five
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that is actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is actually a very
+interesting fact and of course we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact and of course we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact and of course we can
+see from here if I quickly create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from here if I quickly create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from here if I quickly create a
+triangular shape and you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular shape and you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular shape and you will see that
+it really become two triangular shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really become two triangular shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really become two triangular shape
+waves so I can do this right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can do this you see so originally I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this you see so originally I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this you see so originally I'm
+creating some stationary shape okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating some stationary shape okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating some stationary shape okay and
+I'd release that it turns become two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd release that it turns become two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd release that it turns become two
+traveling waves with MP to half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves with MP to half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves with MP to half of the
+original height original displacement I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original height original displacement I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original height original displacement I
+can also do it in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do it in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do it in the opposite direction
+like a positive wave you see it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a positive wave you see it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a positive wave you see it does
+work and of course after the class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course after the class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course after the class you
+can make even more complicated shape if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make even more complicated shape if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make even more complicated shape if
+I have many more than two hands maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have many more than two hands maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have many more than two hands maybe I
+can do that but unfortunately on human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you can see that I can create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see that I can create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see that I can create the
+different slope in the positive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slope in the positive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slope in the positive a
+negative H and it does create two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative H and it does create two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative H and it does create two
+travelling wave and that's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling wave and that's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling wave and that's amazing
+because this is actually looks like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is actually looks like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is actually looks like just
+some kind of mathematical trick and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mathematical trick and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mathematical trick and we
+really match with what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really match with what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really match with what we can do
+experimentally okay so finally I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally okay so finally I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally okay so finally I would
+like to talk about the last topic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about the last topic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about the last topic of the
+lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is to connect two strings together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to connect two strings together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to connect two strings together
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so suppose I have two strings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I have two strings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I have two strings the
+left-hand side string is actually singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side string is actually singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side string is actually singer
+it has mass per unit length Rho L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has mass per unit length Rho L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has mass per unit length Rho L and
+string tension T in the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string tension T in the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string tension T in the right-hand side
+you can have a thicker string with mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a thicker string with mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a thicker string with mass
+per unit length four times Rho L and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit length four times Rho L and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit length four times Rho L and the
+string tension is as you keep constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string tension is as you keep constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string tension is as you keep constantly
+okay based on what we have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay based on what we have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay based on what we have learned
+before the velocity the velocity VP okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the velocity the velocity VP okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the velocity the velocity VP okay
+is equal to square root of T over Rho L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to square root of T over Rho L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to square root of T over Rho L
+right so that's actually fun the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's actually fun the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's actually fun the last
+few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures
+so the Lapidus side you will have B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Lapidus side you will have B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Lapidus side you will have B 1
+which is the velocity of the traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the velocity of the traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the velocity of the traveling
+wave equal to square root of T over Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equal to square root of T over Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equal to square root of T over Rho
+L and the right-hand side you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and the right-hand side you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and the right-hand side you will have
+square root of T over 4l for Rho L right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of T over 4l for Rho L right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of T over 4l for Rho L right
+and now will give you one half of p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now will give you one half of p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now will give you one half of p1
+okay so what does that mean this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that mean this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that mean this means
+that if I have a traveling wave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have a traveling wave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have a traveling wave in the
+left hand side the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side the speed of the
+traveling wave will be two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave will be two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave will be two times the
+speed of the traveling wave in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of the traveling wave in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of the traveling wave in the right
+hand side based on this calculation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side based on this calculation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side based on this calculation okay
+so what I would like to do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I would like to do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I would like to do is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+so I would like to ask a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like to ask a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like to ask a question about
+this system what will happen if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system what will happen if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system what will happen if I
+introduce a displacement and a traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a displacement and a traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a displacement and a traveling
+wave from the laugh and sigh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave from the laugh and sigh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave from the laugh and sigh and the
+question is what is going to happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is going to happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is going to happen to
+this system as a function of time once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system as a function of time once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system as a function of time once I
+actually give this input traveling wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give this input traveling wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give this input traveling wave
+and the answer is that this traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is that this traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is that this traveling
+waves is going to pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves is going to pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves is going to pass through the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+two systems and there may be refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two systems and there may be refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two systems and there may be refraction
+there may be transmission etc and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be transmission etc and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be transmission etc and we are
+actually in the good position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the good position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the good position to
+understand this phenomena okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this phenomena okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this phenomena okay so that's
+take a look at this situation carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this situation carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this situation carefully
+so now I define here the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I define here the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I define here the position of the
+boundary is equal is at X equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is equal is at X equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is equal is at X equal to zero
+okay and I can now go ahead and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can now go ahead and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can now go ahead and write
+down the conditions which is need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the conditions which is need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the conditions which is need to be
+satisfied in order to connect this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied in order to connect this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied in order to connect this to
+system property which you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system property which you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system property which you actually
+already see deserves about times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see deserves about times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see deserves about times the
+boundary condition so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so what are the
+boundary conditions which I need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions which I need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions which I need in
+order to connect the left hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to connect the left hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to connect the left hand side and
+right hand side systems okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side systems okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side systems okay so the
+first boundary condition is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first boundary condition is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first boundary condition is that the
+string is continuous right therefore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is continuous right therefore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is continuous right therefore if
+I have some kind of Y is a should Y of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some kind of Y is a should Y of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some kind of Y is a should Y of X
+P is describing the displacement of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is describing the displacement of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is describing the displacement of all
+the little mess on the string in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little mess on the string in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little mess on the string in the in
+the horizontal direction then that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal direction then that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal direction then that means
+Y the laugh and sigh evaluated at zero -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y the laugh and sigh evaluated at zero -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y the laugh and sigh evaluated at zero -
+in the in a slight lead lap inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in a slight lead lap inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in a slight lead lap inside of
+the lip and ER e will be equal to Y R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lip and ER e will be equal to Y R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lip and ER e will be equal to Y R
+which is a should be evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a should be evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a should be evaluated at the
+side the right hand side of the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the right hand side of the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the right hand side of the boundary
+at X equal to zero okay and the Y L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X equal to zero okay and the Y L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X equal to zero okay and the Y L is
+actually the wave function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the wave function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the wave function for the
+lapping side singer string and Y R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapping side singer string and Y R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapping side singer string and Y R is
+actually the wave function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the wave function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the wave function which
+described the right hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the right hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the right hand side of the
+stream okay so this means that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream okay so this means that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream okay so this means that the the
+the boundary condition tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the string cannot break right this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string cannot break right this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string cannot break right this you
+should match carefully so that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should match carefully so that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should match carefully so that these two
+systems are connected to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are connected to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are connected to each other
+property the second condition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the second condition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the second condition is that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+since this boundary actually have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this boundary actually have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this boundary actually have no
+massive particles there right so no no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive particles there right so no no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive particles there right so no no I
+can actually assume that this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually assume that this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually assume that this message
+this ring there okay therefore the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ring there okay therefore the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ring there okay therefore the slope
+of the left-hand side partial Y partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the left-hand side partial Y partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the left-hand side partial Y partial
+X as equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X as equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X as equal to zero
+okay will have to be equal to the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay will have to be equal to the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay will have to be equal to the slope
+at the right hand side okay if the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right hand side okay if the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right hand side okay if the slope
+doesn't match between the lapin side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match between the lapin side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match between the lapin side and
+right-hand side that means since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side that means since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side that means since they
+have constant tension right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constant tension right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constant tension right
+that means the tension the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the tension the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the tension the string
+tension cannot cancel each other then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension cannot cancel each other then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension cannot cancel each other then
+the massless string will be transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massless string will be transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massless string will be transferred
+to what about Mars in a second right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what about Mars in a second right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what about Mars in a second right
+because he has Hugh infinite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has Hugh infinite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has Hugh infinite amount of
+acceleration and that didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and that didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and that didn't happen
+right when I actually try to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I actually try to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I actually try to actually
+displays the string or the belt the bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays the string or the belt the bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays the string or the belt the bell
+lab system I didn't see crazy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab system I didn't see crazy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab system I didn't see crazy things
+happen right therefore the tension at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right therefore the tension at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right therefore the tension at
+this which acting on this message ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which acting on this message ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which acting on this message ring
+must cancel each other so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must cancel each other so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must cancel each other so that's the
+second boundary condition we have okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second boundary condition we have okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second boundary condition we have okay
+so now I would like to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I would like to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I would like to make some
+assumption so first of all I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so first of all I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so first of all I have an
+input input pulse which is actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input input pulse which is actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input input pulse which is actually come
+coming into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the system
+looks like this and I call it I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and I call it I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and I call it I is
+traveling to the positive x-direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to the positive x-direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to the positive x-direction
+right so therefore I can of course write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so therefore I can of course write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so therefore I can of course write
+it down as minus k1 X as Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down as minus k1 X as Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down as minus k1 X as Omega
+okay and I can so this is actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can so this is actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can so this is actually that
+in in certain house I call it I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in certain house I call it I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in certain house I call it I and
+after you pass the boundary okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you pass the boundary okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you pass the boundary okay so I
+can actually expect that there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually expect that there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually expect that there may be
+some kind of refraction which happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of refraction which happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of refraction which happen at
+the boundary fr fr and this time this fr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary fr fr and this time this fr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary fr fr and this time this fr
+is going to be traveling to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be traveling to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be traveling to the negative
+x direction therefore I can express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x direction therefore I can express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x direction therefore I can express
+express this function as fr is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this function as fr is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this function as fr is a
+function of plus k1 x plus Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of plus k1 x plus Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of plus k1 x plus Omega okay
+finally there can be also transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there can be also transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there can be also transmission
+wave right so you get the refraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so you get the refraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so you get the refraction and
+there can be some energy which somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be some energy which somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be some energy which somehow
+pass through the boundary and I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the boundary and I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the boundary and I call
+this transmission with F T which is said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transmission with F T which is said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transmission with F T which is said
+to the in the form of minus K 2 X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the in the form of minus K 2 X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the in the form of minus K 2 X plus
+Omega okay and in this case I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay and in this case I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay and in this case I assume
+that as a system is a should be having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a system is a should be having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a system is a should be having a
+k1 in a lab inside and k2 in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 in a lab inside and k2 in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 in a lab inside and k2 in the right
+hand side which is this with the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side which is this with the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side which is this with the wave
+number and the k1 is a should equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the k1 is a should equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the k1 is a should equal to
+Omega over v1 and the k2 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over v1 and the k2 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over v1 and the k2 is actually
+equal to Omega over v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega over v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega over v2
+okay so that essentially the set up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that essentially the set up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that essentially the set up and
+also the three travelling waves which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the three travelling waves which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the three travelling waves which
+way should the demonstrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way should the demonstrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way should the demonstrate this
+situation so we can now go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so we can now go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so we can now go ahead and
+approach those three travelling wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach those three travelling wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach those three travelling wave
+solution into the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution into the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution into the boundary conditions
+and we will be able to solve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be able to solve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be able to solve their
+relative amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative amplitudes
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so that's make use of the first boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's make use of the first boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's make use of the first boundary
+condition okay so the Y L so Y L is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay so the Y L so Y L is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay so the Y L so Y L is now
+a superposition of F I and F are Y R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of F I and F are Y R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of F I and F are Y R
+will be just the transmission wave F T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be just the transmission wave F T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be just the transmission wave F T
+okay so now I can prop that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I can prop that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I can prop that for this
+expression packing to the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression packing to the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression packing to the equation
+number one then basically what I get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one then basically what I get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one then basically what I get is
+f I Omega T okay because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f I Omega T okay because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f I Omega T okay because this is
+actually originally is actually minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually originally is actually minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually originally is actually minus K
+1 X plus Omega T right but this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 X plus Omega T right but this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 X plus Omega T right but this thing is
+actually evaluated at X equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evaluated at X equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evaluated at X equal to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the wave function has to be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function has to be continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function has to be continuous
+between the negative side of zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the negative side of zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the negative side of zero and
+the positive side of zero therefore if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive side of zero therefore if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive side of zero therefore if I
+plug in X equal to zero minus K 1 turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in X equal to zero minus K 1 turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in X equal to zero minus K 1 turn
+disappear and what is that Bober is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and what is that Bober is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and what is that Bober is
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+okay and this is a second turn FR I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a second turn FR I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a second turn FR I can
+write down especially you can FR Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down especially you can FR Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down especially you can FR Omega T
+and the right hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side of the
+expression is why are only have one 10ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is why are only have one 10ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is why are only have one 10ft
+and now you are going to get F P Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you are going to get F P Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you are going to get F P Omega
+okay so now we can also go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can also go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can also go ahead and
+plug in this equation 2 equation number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in this equation 2 equation number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in this equation 2 equation number
+2 right so what it's going to what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right so what it's going to what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right so what it's going to what what
+is going to happen is that I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that I do a
+partial differential differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential differentiation
+with respect to X and and the prodding X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and and the prodding X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and and the prodding X
+equal to zero to the expression and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero to the expression and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero to the expression and what
+I am going to get is minus K 1 F prong I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to get is minus K 1 F prong I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to get is minus K 1 F prong I
+it's a function of Omega T plus K one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of Omega T plus K one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of Omega T plus K one of
+our prom Omega T and this will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prom Omega T and this will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prom Omega T and this will be equal
+to minus K 2 in the right hand side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus K 2 in the right hand side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus K 2 in the right hand side you
+only have one turn which is empty right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one turn which is empty right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one turn which is empty right
+so you are going to have F - f okay -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes thank you very much okay very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you very much okay very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you very much okay very good
+so we are making progress here and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are making progress here and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are making progress here and what
+I can do now is to do in the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do now is to do in the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do now is to do in the equation
+over t4 for the equation number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t4 for the equation number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t4 for the equation number two
+right so if I do it in the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I do it in the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I do it in the equation
+basically what I'm going to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I'm going to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I'm going to get this
+minus K 1 over 2 I Omega T okay I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K 1 over 2 I Omega T okay I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K 1 over 2 I Omega T okay I do an
+integration over T pass okay okay over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over T pass okay okay over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over T pass okay okay over
+Omega sorry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sorry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sorry okay
+and the press K 1 over Omega F R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the press K 1 over Omega F R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the press K 1 over Omega F R and
+this is actually equal to minus K 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually equal to minus K 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually equal to minus K 2 over
+Omega F G ok based on the equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega F G ok based on the equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega F G ok based on the equation which
+we have before K 1 over Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have before K 1 over Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have before K 1 over Omega is
+actually 1 over P 1 right so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 over P 1 right so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 over P 1 right so basically
+what we have is actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is actually this is
+actually 1 over V 1 this is actually 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 over V 1 this is actually 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 over V 1 this is actually 1
+over V 1 and this is actually 1 over P 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V 1 and this is actually 1 over P 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V 1 and this is actually 1 over P 2
+okay so in short what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in short what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in short what we are going to
+get in the set the second equation ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the set the second equation ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the set the second equation ok
+will become minus V 2 I Omega T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become minus V 2 I Omega T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become minus V 2 I Omega T plus
+plus F R Omega T ok if I multiply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F R Omega T ok if I multiply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F R Omega T ok if I multiply both
+side by V 1 V 2 right then I get to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by V 1 V 2 right then I get to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by V 1 V 2 right then I get to be
+minus V 2 here right and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V 2 here right and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V 2 here right and this will be
+equal to okay this should be should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to okay this should be should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to okay this should be should be a
+minus sign here right because I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here right because I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here right because I am
+taking our minus V 2 yeah okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking our minus V 2 yeah okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking our minus V 2 yeah okay and this
+will be equal to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to the right
+sigh the right hand side because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh the right hand side because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh the right hand side because I
+multiply both side by v1 v2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both side by v1 v2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both side by v1 v2 right
+basically I get B minus B 1/2 T Omega ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I get B minus B 1/2 T Omega ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I get B minus B 1/2 T Omega ok
+so what is actually lap over is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is actually lap over is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is actually lap over is that now
+I have equation number 1 and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have equation number 1 and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have equation number 1 and I have
+equation number 2 those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation number 2 those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation number 2 those are just
+functions of fifa15 right so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of fifa15 right so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of fifa15 right so that means
+we can actually easily solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually easily solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually easily solve the
+equation and write everything in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and write everything in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and write everything in terms
+of FY so we can now solve 1 and 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FY so we can now solve 1 and 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FY so we can now solve 1 and 2 and
+write interns right which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write interns right which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write interns right which is actually
+the in certain way right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in certain way right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in certain way right so what
+essentially what we could do so if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we could do so if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we could do so if I do
+that if I solve the equation 1 and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I solve the equation 1 and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I solve the equation 1 and 2
+basically I get F R Omega T will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I get F R Omega T will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I get F R Omega T will be
+equal to V 2 minus V 1 divided by V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V 2 minus V 1 divided by V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V 2 minus V 1 divided by V 2
+plus V 1 times F I Omega if you taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V 1 times F I Omega if you taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V 1 times F I Omega if you taught
+me if I try try to solve 1 & 2 & Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I try try to solve 1 & 2 & Express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I try try to solve 1 & 2 & Express
+FR and FP in terms of F I the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR and FP in terms of F I the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR and FP in terms of F I the basically
+the second thing which I get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing which I get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing which I get from this
+solution is that F T will be equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that F T will be equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that F T will be equal to 2
+V 2 divided by P 1 plus P 2 F I Omega ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 2 divided by P 1 plus P 2 F I Omega ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 2 divided by P 1 plus P 2 F I Omega ok
+so look at what we have done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at what we have done okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at what we have done okay
+basically the first thing which we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the first thing which we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the first thing which we did
+is to identify what are the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to identify what are the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to identify what are the boundary
+conditions boundary condition one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions boundary condition one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions boundary condition one is the
+stree interim break at the boundary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stree interim break at the boundary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stree interim break at the boundary the
+slope match between the two countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope match between the two countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope match between the two countries
+because you have constant tension okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have constant tension okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have constant tension okay
+then I assume the solution have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I assume the solution have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I assume the solution have the
+functional form of three traveling wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of three traveling wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of three traveling wave
+the in certain traveling-wave f.i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in certain traveling-wave f.i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in certain traveling-wave f.i
+choppered into the positive direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choppered into the positive direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choppered into the positive direction
+refraction is expressed as fr going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction is expressed as fr going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction is expressed as fr going to
+the negative direction and finally ft is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative direction and finally ft is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative direction and finally ft is
+going to a transmission wave going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a transmission wave going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a transmission wave going to
+the positive direction okay then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive direction okay then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive direction okay then I
+practice those equations into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice those equations into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice those equations into the
+boundary condition and I saw everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition and I saw everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition and I saw everything
+fr and ft in terms of F I and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fr and ft in terms of F I and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fr and ft in terms of F I and this is
+what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get
+ok so that's actually in short what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's actually in short what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's actually in short what have
+we been doing ok so basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we been doing ok so basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we been doing ok so basically this
+expression is actually equal to R times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is actually equal to R times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is actually equal to R times
+I we are essentially v2 minus v1 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we are essentially v2 minus v1 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we are essentially v2 minus v1 divided
+by v1 plus v2 and in this case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by v1 plus v2 and in this case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by v1 plus v2 and in this case this is
+equal to transmission which I am writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to transmission which I am writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to transmission which I am writing
+as tau times F of T right I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as tau times F of T right I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as tau times F of T right I'm sorry I
+the initial incident wave and this tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial incident wave and this tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial incident wave and this tau
+is equal to 2 times v2 divided by v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 2 times v2 divided by v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 2 times v2 divided by v1
+plus v2 ok so in this example b2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v2 ok so in this example b2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v2 ok so in this example b2 is
+equal to 1 over 2 v1 right so I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 v1 right so I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 v1 right so I can now
+plug it in and see what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in and see what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in and see what I get
+they see the V 2 will be equal to P 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see the V 2 will be equal to P 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see the V 2 will be equal to P 1
+over 2 then I can evaluate well P the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 then I can evaluate well P the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 then I can evaluate well P the R
+and the T right and power right so the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T right and power right so the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T right and power right so the R
+will be minus 1/3 is a negative value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be minus 1/3 is a negative value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be minus 1/3 is a negative value
+and the tau will be equal to 2 over 3 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tau will be equal to 2 over 3 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tau will be equal to 2 over 3 ok
+so what have we learned from here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we learned from here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we learned from here so if
+I create a pulse starting from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I create a pulse starting from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I create a pulse starting from the the
+one which is actually have which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is actually have which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is actually have which is
+lighter or have smaller Rho L smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter or have smaller Rho L smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter or have smaller Rho L smaller
+mass per unit length when it passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass per unit length when it passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass per unit length when it passes
+through the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boundary
+okay there will be a refracted wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there will be a refracted wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there will be a refracted wave
+which the amplitude changes sign so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the amplitude changes sign so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the amplitude changes sign so what
+is going to happen is that you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that you will get
+a refractive wave and the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a refractive wave and the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a refractive wave and the amplitude
+change sign and there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change sign and there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change sign and there will be a
+transmitted wave which is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave which is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave which is actually going
+to the positive direction okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the positive direction okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the positive direction okay so this
+is actually a demonstration we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a demonstration we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a demonstration we have here
+so laugh and sigh is the system which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so laugh and sigh is the system which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so laugh and sigh is the system which I
+was talking about okay the smaller L Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about okay the smaller L Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about okay the smaller L Rho
+L system and right hand side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L system and right hand side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L system and right hand side is the
+larger Rho L system okay and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Rho L system okay and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Rho L system okay and now I can
+do the experiment and see what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the experiment and see what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the experiment and see what happened
+and I can net oh I connect the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can net oh I connect the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can net oh I connect the two
+system with with this ring okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with with this ring okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with with this ring okay so that
+they are coupled to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I hope you will work alright so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I hope you will work alright so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I hope you will work alright so now
+I can create Oh Oh trouble now my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can create Oh Oh trouble now my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can create Oh Oh trouble now my second
+I hope of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not easy okay now I can create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not easy okay now I can create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not easy okay now I can create a
+pulse from the left hand side oh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse from the left hand side oh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse from the left hand side oh that is
+the pressure okay so now I can create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure okay so now I can create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure okay so now I can create a
+pulse from the left hand side and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse from the left hand side and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse from the left hand side and you
+can see that there is a small house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there is a small house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there is a small house
+actually a pass through the the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pass through the the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pass through the the median
+but a pass through the boundary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a pass through the boundary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a pass through the boundary but
+unfortunately this demo is not still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this demo is not still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this demo is not still
+dough ready okay so we will see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dough ready okay so we will see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dough ready okay so we will see what we
+can get wrong here ah now it works very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get wrong here ah now it works very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get wrong here ah now it works very
+good okay so now I can actually put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so now I can actually put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so now I can actually put
+create a pulse from the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a pulse from the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a pulse from the left hand side
+and you can see that it does pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it does pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it does pass
+through this boundary if I set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this boundary if I set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this boundary if I set up the
+drink the drink was a following town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink the drink was a following town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink the drink was a following town
+somehow during the lecture and the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow during the lecture and the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow during the lecture and the D
+string is actually present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is actually present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is actually present in the
+boundary and connect this to Sisseton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and connect this to Sisseton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and connect this to Sisseton
+right based on what we put it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right based on what we put it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right based on what we put it from the
+equation basically you will see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation basically you will see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation basically you will see that if
+I have a positive amplitude passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a positive amplitude passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a positive amplitude passing
+through the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boundary
+okay there will be a net negative pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there will be a net negative pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there will be a net negative pulse
+going backward and a positive pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backward and a positive pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backward and a positive pulse
+going through the lab boundary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the lab boundary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the lab boundary okay
+which is the transmitted wave and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the transmitted wave and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the transmitted wave and let's
+see what is going to happen you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what is going to happen you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what is going to happen you see it
+does have a negative pulse going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a negative pulse going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a negative pulse going
+backward and you do see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward and you do see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward and you do see that there's a
+pulse which is actually going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse which is actually going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse which is actually going through
+this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system
+let's see this again you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this again you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this again you see that
+there's a positive amplitude house going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive amplitude house going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive amplitude house going
+through the boundary and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boundary and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boundary and there's a
+refraction through this Kuji says you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction through this Kuji says you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction through this Kuji says you're
+going backward in a laughing sighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backward in a laughing sighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backward in a laughing sighs
+system okay so on the other hand if my I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so on the other hand if my I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so on the other hand if my I
+star a traveling wave from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star a traveling wave from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star a traveling wave from the right
+hand side okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side okay you
+and sigh okay that means B 2 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigh okay that means B 2 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigh okay that means B 2 is going to
+be larger than B 1 right Abby to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than B 1 right Abby to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than B 1 right Abby to
+essentially going to be larger than v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially going to be larger than v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially going to be larger than v1
+right so what we are going to get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we are going to get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we are going to get is a
+positive amplitude refraction and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amplitude refraction and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amplitude refraction and also
+positive value transmission wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value transmission wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value transmission wave and
+let's see what is going to happen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is going to happen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is going to happen you
+see the refraction is positive this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the refraction is positive this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the refraction is positive this time
+and the transmission wave have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transmission wave have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transmission wave have also
+positive amplitude let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amplitude let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amplitude let's take a look at
+this thing again a very nice house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing again a very nice house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing again a very nice house and
+you can see the refraction because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the refraction because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the refraction because of
+this mathematics interesting scenes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematics interesting scenes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematics interesting scenes that
+match with experimental result and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with experimental result and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with experimental result and the
+prediction was that you are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction was that you are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction was that you are going to get
+the positive amplitude refractive wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive amplitude refractive wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive amplitude refractive wave
+and it does agree with the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does agree with the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does agree with the experimental
+data ok so this is actually what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ok so this is actually what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ok so this is actually what we have
+learned so we have learned traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so we have learned traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so we have learned traveling
+wave solution energy of an oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave solution energy of an oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave solution energy of an oscillating
+string and also the potential kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and also the potential kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and also the potential kinetic
+energy and also we learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and also we learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and also we learned how to
+actually match to media and passing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually match to media and passing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually match to media and passing how
+this probably will pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably will pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably will pass through the
+median cetera and next time we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median cetera and next time we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median cetera and next time we will talk
+about more systems described by wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more systems described by wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more systems described by wave
+equation and also dispersion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and also dispersion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and also dispersion relation
+what what does that mean is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does that mean is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does that mean is the time
+thank you very much and see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much and see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much and see you on
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/T0yzrZL1py0.txt b/T0yzrZL1py0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1614c54899626fe21b04c1ffcd60b0e178292b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/T0yzrZL1py0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4492 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: Welcome to 6.851
+Advanced Data Structures.
+
+I am Erik Demaine.
+
+You can call me Erik.
+
+We have two TAs, Tom
+Morgan and Justin Zhang.
+
+Tom's back there.
+
+Justin is late.
+
+And this class is
+about all kinds
+
+of very cool data structures.
+
+You should have already
+seen basic data structures
+
+like balance binary
+search trees and things
+
+like that, log n
+time to do wherever
+
+you want in one dimension.
+
+And here we're going to turn
+all those data structures
+
+on their head and
+consider them in all sorts
+
+of different models and
+additional cool problems.
+
+Today we're going to talk about
+time travel or temporal data
+
+structures, where
+you're manipulating time
+
+as any good time
+traveler should.
+
+Then we'll do geometry where
+we have higher dimensional
+
+data, more than one dimension.
+
+Then we'll look at
+a problem called
+
+dynamic optimality, which is,
+is there one best binary search
+
+tree that rules them all?
+
+Then we'll look at something
+called memory hierarchy, which
+
+is a way to model more realistic
+computers which have cache
+
+and then more cache
+and then main memory
+
+and then dish and all
+these different levels.
+
+How do you optimize for that?
+
+Hashing is probably the most
+famous, and most popular,
+
+most used data structure
+in computer science.
+
+We'll do a little bit on that.
+
+Integers, when you know that
+your data is integers and not
+
+just arbitrary black boxes that
+you can compare or do whatever,
+
+you can do a lot
+better with integers.
+
+You usually beat log n time.
+
+Often you can get constant time.
+
+For example, if you want
+to do priority queues,
+
+you can do square
+root log log n time.
+
+That's the best
+known randomized.
+
+Dynamic graphs, you have
+a graph you want to store,
+
+and the edges are being added
+and maybe deleted, like you're
+
+representing a social network.
+
+And people are friending
+and de-friending.
+
+You want to maintain some
+interesting information
+
+about that graph.
+
+Strings, you have
+a piece of text,
+
+such as the entire
+worldwide web.
+
+And you want to search
+for a substring.
+
+How do you do that efficiently?
+
+It's sort of the Google problem.
+
+Or you searching through
+DNA for patterns, whenever.
+
+And finally succinct
+data structures,
+
+which is all about
+taking what we normally
+
+consider optimal
+space or n space
+
+and reducing it down to the very
+bare minimum of bits of space.
+
+Usually if you want
+to store something
+
+where there's 2 to
+the n possibilities,
+
+you want to get away
+with n bits of space,
+
+maybe plus square root of
+n or something very tiny.
+
+So that's the sync
+data structures.
+
+So that's an overview
+of the entire class.
+
+And these are sort of the
+sections we'll be following.
+
+Let me give you a quick
+administrative overview
+
+of what we're doing.
+
+Requirements for the class--
+
+I guess, first,
+attending lecture.
+
+Obviously if you
+don't attend lecture,
+
+there'll be videos online.
+
+So that's resolvable.
+
+But let me know if you're
+not going to make it.
+
+We're going to have problems
+sets roughly every week.
+
+If you're taking the
+class for credit,
+
+they have a very simple rule
+of one page in, one page out.
+
+This is more constraint on
+us to write problems that
+
+have easy or short answers.
+
+You probably need
+to think about them
+
+a little bit before they're
+transparent, but then easy
+
+to write up.
+
+And then scribing lectures--
+so we have a scribe for today,
+
+I hope.
+
+Here?
+
+Yes, good.
+
+So most of the
+lectures have already
+
+been scribed in some
+version, and your goal
+
+is to revise that scribe
+notes that if you don't like
+
+handwritten notes, which
+are also online, then easier
+
+for people to read.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Listeners welcome.
+
+We're going to have an
+open problem session.
+
+I really like open problems.
+
+I really like solving
+open problems.
+
+So we've done this every time
+this class has been offered.
+
+So if you're interested in
+also solving open problems,
+
+it's optional.
+
+I will organize-- in
+a couple of weeks,
+
+we'll have a weekly
+open problem session
+
+and try to solve
+all the things that
+
+push the frontier of
+advanced data structures.
+
+So in classes, we'll see
+the state of the art.
+
+And then we'll change the state
+of the art in those sessions.
+
+I think that's it.
+
+Any questions about
+the class before we
+
+get into the fun stuff?
+
+All right.
+
+Let's do some time traveling.
+
+Before I get to time
+traveling, though, I
+
+need to define our
+model of computation.
+
+A theme in this class is that
+the model of computation you're
+
+working with matters.
+
+Models matter.
+
+And there's lots of different
+models of computation.
+
+We'll see a few of the
+main ones in this class.
+
+And the starting
+point, and the one
+
+we'll be using throughout today,
+is called a pointer machine.
+
+It's an old one from the '80s.
+
+And it corresponds to
+what you might think about
+
+if you've done a lot of
+object-oriented programming,
+
+and before that,
+structure-oriented programming,
+
+I guess.
+
+So you have a bunch of nodes.
+
+They have some fields in them,
+a constant number of fields.
+
+You can think of these
+as objects or strucs
+
+in c It used to be records
+back in Pascal days,
+
+so a lot of the papers
+call them records.
+
+You could just have a
+constant number of fields.
+
+You could think of
+those numbered, labeled.
+
+It doesn't really matter
+because there's only
+
+a constant number of them.
+
+Each of the fields could be
+a pointer to another node,
+
+could be a null pointer, or
+could have some data in it.
+
+So I'll just assume that
+all my data is integers.
+
+You can have a
+pointer to yourself.
+
+You can have a pointer over
+here, whatever you want.
+
+A pointer machine would
+look something like this.
+
+In any moment, this is the
+state of the pointer machine.
+
+So you think this as the memory
+of your computer storing.
+
+And then you have
+some operations
+
+that you're allowed to do.
+
+That's the computation
+part of the model.
+
+You can think of this
+as the memory model.
+
+What you're allowed to
+do are create nodes.
+
+You can say something
+like, x equals new node.
+
+You can, I don't
+know, look at fields.
+
+You can do x equals y.field.
+
+You can set fields,
+x.field equals y.
+
+You can compute on these
+data, so you can add 5 and 7,
+
+do things like that.
+
+I'm not going to worry about--
+
+I'll just write et cetera.
+
+This is more a model
+about how everything's
+
+organized in memory, not so
+much about what you're allowed
+
+to do to the data items.
+
+In this lecture, it
+won't matter what
+
+you're doing to the data items.
+
+We never touch them.
+
+We just copy them around.
+
+So am I missing anything?
+
+Probably.
+
+I guess you could destroy
+nodes if you felt like it.
+
+But we won't have
+to today, because we
+
+don't want to
+throw anything away
+
+when you're time traveling.
+
+It's too dangerous.
+
+And then the one catch
+here is, what are x and y?
+
+There's going to be one
+node in this data structure
+
+or in your memory
+called the root node.
+
+And you could think of that
+as that's the thing you always
+
+have in your head.
+
+This is like your
+cache, if you will.
+
+It's just got a constant
+number of things, just
+
+like any other node.
+
+And x and y are
+fields of the root.
+
+So that sort of
+ties things down.
+
+You're always working
+relative to the root.
+
+But you can look at the data,
+basically follow this pointer,
+
+by looking at the field.
+
+You could set one
+of these pointers--
+
+I think I probably need
+another operation here,
+
+like x equals y.field1,
+field2, that sort of thing,
+
+and maybe the reverse.
+
+But you can manipulate
+all nodes sort
+
+of via the root is the idea.
+
+You follow pointers,
+do whatever.
+
+So pretty obvious,
+slightly annoying
+
+to write down formally.
+
+But that is pointer machine.
+
+And what we're going to
+be talking about today
+
+in time travel is
+suppose someone
+
+gives me a pointer machine
+data structure, for example,
+
+balanced binary search
+tree, linked list.
+
+A lot of data structures,
+especially classic data
+
+structures, follow
+pointer machine model.
+
+What we'd like to do is
+transform that data structure
+
+or make a new
+pointer machine data
+
+structure that does
+extra cool things,
+
+namely travel through time.
+
+So that's what
+we're going to do.
+
+There's two senses of time
+travel or temporal data
+
+structures that we're going
+to cover in this class.
+
+The one for today is
+called persistence,
+
+where you don't forget
+anything, like an elephant.
+
+And the other one
+is retroactivity.
+
+Persistence will be today.
+
+Retroactivity is next class.
+
+Basically, these correspond
+to two models of time travel.
+
+Persistence is the branching
+universe time travel model,
+
+where if you make a
+change in the past,
+
+you get a new universe.
+
+You never destroy old universes.
+
+Retroactivity is more
+like Back to the Future,
+
+when you go back, make
+a change, and then you
+
+can return to the present
+and see what happened.
+
+This is a lot harder to do.
+
+And we'll work on
+that next class.
+
+Persistence is what
+we will do today.
+
+So persistence.
+
+The general idea of persistence
+is to remember everything--
+
+the general goal, I would say.
+
+And by everything, I
+mean different versions
+
+of the data structure.
+
+So you're doing data
+structures in general.
+
+We have update operations
+and query operations.
+
+We're mainly concerned
+about updates here.
+
+Every time you do an
+update, you think of it
+
+as taking a version of the data
+structure and making a new one.
+
+And you never want to
+destroy old versions.
+
+So even though an update
+like an insert or something
+
+changes the data structure, we
+want to remember that past data
+
+as well.
+
+And then let's make
+this reasonable.
+
+All data structure operations
+are relative to a specified
+
+version.
+
+So an update makes and
+returns a new version.
+
+So when you do an
+insert, you specify
+
+a version of your data
+structure and the thing
+
+you want to insert.
+
+And the output is a new version.
+
+So then you could insert into
+that new version, keep going,
+
+or maybe go back to the
+old version, modify that.
+
+I haven't said exactly
+what's allowed here,
+
+but this is sort of
+the general goal.
+
+And then there are four
+levels of persistence
+
+that you might want to get.
+
+First level is called
+partial persistence.
+
+This is the easiest to obtain.
+
+And in partial
+persistence, you're
+
+only allowed to update
+the latest version, which
+
+means the versions
+are linearly ordered.
+
+This is the easiest
+to think about.
+
+And time travel can easily get
+confusing, so start simple.
+
+We have a timeline of
+various versions on it.
+
+This is the latest.
+
+And what we can do is
+update that version.
+
+We'll get a new version, and
+then our latest is this one.
+
+What this allows is looking back
+at the past to an old version
+
+and querying that version.
+
+So you can still ask questions
+about the old version,
+
+if you want to be able to do
+a search on any of these data
+
+structures.
+
+But you can't change them.
+
+You can only change the
+most recent version.
+
+So that's nice.
+
+It's kind of like time
+machine on Mac, I guess.
+
+If you've ever seen the
+movie Deja Vu, which is not
+
+very common, but it's
+a good time travel
+
+movie, in the first half of
+the movie, all they can do
+
+is look back at the past.
+
+Later they discover
+that actually they
+
+have a full persistence model.
+
+It takes a while
+for dramatic effect.
+
+In full persistence, you can
+update anything you want--
+
+so update any version.
+
+and so then the
+versions form a tree.
+
+OK.
+
+So in this model,
+maybe you initially
+
+have a nice line of versions.
+
+But now if I go back to
+this version and update it,
+
+I branch, get a
+new version here.
+
+And then I might keep modifying
+that version sometimes.
+
+Any of these guys can branch.
+
+So this is why I call it the
+branching universe model, when
+
+you update your branch.
+
+So no version ever
+gets destroyed here.
+
+Again, you can
+query all versions.
+
+But now you can also
+update any version.
+
+But you just make a new version.
+
+It's a totally new world.
+
+When I update this
+version, this version
+
+knows nothing about all the--
+
+this doesn't know
+about this future.
+
+It's created its own future.
+
+There's no way to sort of
+merge those universes together.
+
+It's kind of sad.
+
+That's why we have the
+third level of persistence,
+
+which lets us merge timelines.
+
+It's great for lots
+of fiction out there.
+
+If you've seen the
+old TV show Sliders,
+
+that would be
+confluent persistence.
+
+So confluent persistence,
+you can combine two versions
+
+to create a new version.
+
+And in this case, again, you
+can't destroy old versions.
+
+In persistence, you
+never destroy versions.
+
+So now the versions form a
+DAG, directed acyclic graph.
+
+So now we're allowing--
+
+OK, you make some
+changes, whatever.
+
+You branch your universe,
+make some changes.
+
+And now I can say, OK, take
+this version of the data
+
+structure and this version
+and recombine them.
+
+Get a new version, and then
+maybe make some more changes.
+
+OK, what does combine mean?
+
+Well, it depends on
+your data structure.
+
+A lot of data structures
+have combine operations
+
+like if you have linked lists,
+you have two linked lists,
+
+you can concatenate them.
+
+That's an easy operation.
+
+Even if you have
+binary search trees,
+
+you can concatenate
+them reasonably easy
+
+and combine it into one
+big binary search tree.
+
+So if your data structure
+has an operation that
+
+takes as input two
+data structures,
+
+then what we're saying is now
+it can take two versions, which
+
+is more general.
+
+So I could take the
+same data structure,
+
+make some changes in
+one way, separately make
+
+some changes in a
+different way, and then
+
+try to concatenate them
+or do something crazy.
+
+This is hard to
+do, and most of it
+
+is an open problem
+whether it can be done.
+
+But I'll tell you about it.
+
+Then there's another level
+even more than confluent
+
+persistence.
+
+This is hard to interpret
+in the time travel world,
+
+but it would be functional
+data structures.
+
+If you've ever programmed
+in a functional programming
+
+language, it's a little bit
+annoying from an algorithm's
+
+perspective, because it
+constrains you to work
+
+in a purely functional world.
+
+You can never modify anything.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, we don't want
+to modify versions.
+
+That's fine.
+
+But in a functional
+data structure,
+
+you're not allowed to
+modify any nodes ever.
+
+All you can do is
+make new notes.
+
+This is constraining,
+and you can't always
+
+get optimal running times
+in the functional world.
+
+But if you can get a
+functional data structure,
+
+you have all these
+things, because you
+
+can't destroy anything.
+
+If you can't destroy
+nodes, then in particular,
+
+you can't destroy versions.
+
+And all of these things
+just work for free.
+
+And so a bunch of
+special cases are known,
+
+interesting special
+cases, like search trees
+
+you can do in the
+functional world.
+
+And that makes all
+of these things easy.
+
+So the rest of this
+lecture is going
+
+to be general techniques for
+doing partial full persistence,
+
+what we know about
+confluent, and what
+
+we know about functional,
+brief overview.
+
+Any questions about those
+goals, problem definitions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm still confused
+about functional, because--
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: What
+does functional mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: Yeah, I
+guess you'll see what--
+
+functional looks like all
+the other things, I agree.
+
+You'll see in a moment
+how we actually implement
+
+partial and persistence.
+
+We're going to be
+changing nodes a lot.
+
+As long as we still
+represent the same data
+
+in the old versions, we
+don't have to represent it
+
+in the same way.
+
+That lets us do things
+more efficiently.
+
+Whereas in functional,
+you have to represent
+
+all the old versions
+in exactly the way
+
+you used to represent them.
+
+Here we can kind of
+mangle things around
+
+and it makes things faster.
+
+Yeah, good question.
+
+So it seems almost the same,
+but it's nodes versus versions.
+
+I haven't really
+defined a version.
+
+But it's just that all the
+queries answer the same way.
+
+That's what you need
+for persistence.
+
+Other questions?
+
+All right.
+
+Well, let's do some
+real data structures.
+
+We start with
+partial persistence.
+
+This is the easiest.
+
+For both partial and
+full persistence,
+
+there is the following result.
+Any pointer machine data
+
+structure, one catch with a
+constant number of pointers
+
+to any node--
+
+so this is constant n degree.
+
+In a pointer machine, you
+always have a constant number
+
+of pointers out
+of a node at most.
+
+But for this result
+to hold, we also
+
+need a constant number of
+pointers into any node.
+
+So this is an extra constraint.
+
+Can be transformed into
+another data structure that
+
+is partially persistent and does
+all the things it used to do--
+
+so I'll just say, can be
+made partially persistent.
+
+You have to pay something, but
+you have to pay very little--
+
+constant amortized
+factor overhead,
+
+multiplicative overhead
+and constant amount
+
+of additive space per change
+in the data structure.
+
+So every time you do a
+modification in your pointer
+
+machine-- you set one of
+the fields to something--
+
+you have to store that forever.
+
+So, I mean, this is the
+best you could hope to do.
+
+You've got to store
+everything that happened.
+
+You pay a constant
+factor overhead, eh.
+
+We're theoreticians.
+
+That doesn't matter.
+
+Then you get any data
+structure in this world
+
+can be made
+partially persistent.
+
+That's nice.
+
+Let's prove it.
+
+OK, the idea is pretty simple.
+
+Pointer machines are all
+about nodes and fields.
+
+So we just need to simulate
+whatever the data structure is
+
+doing to those nodes
+and fields in a way
+
+that we don't lose
+all the information
+
+and we can still
+search it very quickly.
+
+First idea is to
+store back pointers.
+
+And this is why we need the
+constant n degree constraint.
+
+So if we have a node--
+
+how do I want to
+draw a node here?
+
+So maybe these are the
+three fields of the node.
+
+I want to also store
+some back pointers.
+
+Whenever there is a node
+that points to this node,
+
+I want to have a
+back pointer that
+
+points back so I know where
+all the pointers came from.
+
+If there's only p pointers,
+then this is fine.
+
+There'll be p fields here.
+
+So still constant, still in
+the pointier machine model.
+
+OK, I'm going to need
+some other stuff too.
+
+So this is a simple thing,
+definitely want this.
+
+Because if my nodes
+ever move around,
+
+I've got to update
+the pointers to them.
+
+And where are those pointers?
+
+Well, the back pointers
+tell you where they are.
+
+Nodes will still
+be constant size,
+
+remain in pointer
+machine data structure.
+
+OK.
+
+That's idea one.
+
+Idea two is this part.
+
+This is going to store
+something called mods.
+
+It could stand for something,
+but I'll leave it as mods.
+
+So these are two of the
+fields of the data structure.
+
+Ah, one convenience here
+is for back pointers,
+
+I'm only going to store it for
+the latest version of the data
+
+structure.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I forgot about that.
+
+We'll come back to that later.
+
+And then the idea is to
+store these modifications.
+
+How many modifications?
+
+Let's say up to p, twice p.
+
+p was the bound on the
+n degree of a node.
+
+So I'm going to allow 2p
+modifications over here.
+
+And what's a
+modification look like?
+
+It's going to consist
+of three things--
+
+get them in the right order--
+
+the version in which
+something was changed,
+
+the field that got changed,
+and the value it go changed to.
+
+So the idea is that these
+are the fields here.
+
+We're not going to touch those.
+
+Once they're set to something--
+
+or, I mean, whatever
+they are initially,
+
+they will stay that way.
+
+And so instead of actually
+changing things like the data
+
+structure normally
+would, we're just
+
+going to add modifications
+here to say, oh,
+
+well at this time, this field
+changed to the value of 5.
+
+And then later on, it
+changed to the value 7.
+
+And then later on, this one
+changed to the value 23,
+
+whatever.
+
+So that's what
+they'll look like.
+
+There's a limit to how many--
+
+we can only store a constant
+number of mods to each node.
+
+And our constant will be 2p.
+
+OK.
+
+Those are the
+ideas, and now it's
+
+just a matter of
+making this all work
+
+and analyzing that it's
+constant amortized overhead.
+
+So first thing is if you
+want to read a field,
+
+how would I read a field?
+
+This is really easy.
+
+First you look at what the
+field is in the node itself.
+
+But then it might
+have been changed.
+
+And so remember when
+I say read the field,
+
+I actually mean while
+I'm given some version,
+
+v, I want to know what is the
+value of this field at version
+
+v, because I want to be able
+to look at any of the old data
+
+structures too.
+
+So this would be at
+version v. I just
+
+look through all
+the modifications.
+
+There's constantly many,
+so it takes constant time
+
+to just flip through them
+and say, well, what changes
+
+have happened up to version v?
+
+So I look at mods
+with version less than
+
+or equal to v. That will be all
+the changes that happened up
+
+to this point.
+
+I see, did this field change?
+
+I look at the latest one.
+
+That will be how I read
+the field of the node, so
+
+constant time.
+
+There's lots of ways to make
+this efficient in practice.
+
+But for our purposes,
+it doesn't matter.
+
+It's constant.
+
+The hard part is how
+do you change a field?
+
+Because there might not be
+any room in the mod structure.
+
+So to modify, say we want to
+set node.field equal to x.
+
+What we do is first
+we check, is there
+
+any space in the mod structure?
+
+If there's any blank mods,
+so if the node is not full,
+
+we just add a mod.
+
+So a mod will look
+like now field x.
+
+Just throw that in there.
+
+Because right at this moment--
+
+so we maintain a time
+counter, just increment
+
+it ever time we do a change.
+
+This field changed that value.
+
+So that's the easy case.
+
+The trouble, of course,
+is if the node is full--
+
+the moment you've
+all been waiting for.
+
+So what we're going to do
+here is make a new node.
+
+We've ran out of space.
+
+So we need to make a new node.
+
+We're not going to touch the old
+node, just going to let it sit.
+
+It still maintains all
+those old versions.
+
+Now we want a new node
+that represents the latest
+
+and greatest of this node.
+
+OK.
+
+So make a new node.
+
+I'll call it node prime to
+distinguish from node, where
+
+with all the mods, and this
+modification in particular,
+
+applied.
+
+OK, so we make a new
+version of this node.
+
+It's going to have some
+different fields, whatever
+
+was the latest version
+represented by those mods.
+
+It's still going to
+have back pointers,
+
+so we have to maintain
+all those back pointers.
+
+And now the mod,
+initially, is going
+
+to be empty, because we
+just applied them all.
+
+So this new node doesn't
+have any recent mods.
+
+Old node represents
+the old versions.
+
+This node is going to
+represent the new versions.
+
+What's wrong with this picture?
+
+AUDIENCE: Update pointers.
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: Update pointers.
+
+Yeah, there's pointers
+to the old version
+
+of the node, which are fine for
+the old versions of the data
+
+structure.
+
+But for the latest version
+of the data structure,
+
+this node has moved
+to this new location.
+
+So if there are any old
+pointers to that node,
+
+we've got to update them
+in the current version.
+
+We have to update them to
+point to this node instead.
+
+The old versions are fine, but
+the new version is in trouble.
+
+Other questions or
+all the same answer?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if you wanted
+to read an old version
+
+but you just have the
+new version, [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: OK--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: The
+question is essentially,
+
+how do we hold on to versions?
+
+Essentially, you can think of
+a version of the data structure
+
+as where the root node is.
+
+That's probably the easiest.
+
+I mean, in general, we're
+representing versions
+
+by a number, v. But we
+always start at the root.
+
+And so you've given
+the data structure,
+
+which is represented
+by the root node.
+
+And you say, search
+for the value 5.
+
+Is it in this binary
+search tree or whatever?
+
+And then you just start
+navigating from the root,
+
+but you know I'm inversion
+a million or whatever.
+
+I know what version
+I'm looking for.
+
+So you start with the root,
+which never changes, let's say.
+
+And then you follow
+pointers that
+
+essentially tell
+you for that version
+
+where you should be going.
+
+I guess at the root version,
+it's a little trickier.
+
+You probably want a little array
+that says for this version,
+
+here's the root node.
+
+But that's a special case.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Another question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So on the
+new node that you
+
+created, the fields that you
+copied, you also have to have
+
+a version for them, right?
+
+Because [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: These--
+
+AUDIENCE: Or do you
+version the whole node?
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: Here we're
+versioning the whole node.
+
+The original field
+values represent
+
+what was originally there,
+whenever this node was created.
+
+Then the mods specify what
+time the fields change.
+
+So I don't think
+we need times here.
+
+All right.
+
+So we've got to update
+two kinds of pointers.
+
+There's regular
+pointers, which live
+
+in the fields, which are
+things pointing to the node.
+
+But then there's
+also back pointers.
+
+Because if this is
+a pointer to a node,
+
+then there'll be a back
+pointer back to the node.
+
+And all of those have to change.
+
+Conveniently, the back
+pointers are easy.
+
+So if they're back
+pointers to the node,
+
+we change them to
+the node prime.
+
+How do we find
+the back pointers?
+
+Well, we just follow
+all the pointers
+
+and then there will be
+back pointers there.
+
+Because I said we're
+only maintaining
+
+backed pointers for
+the latest version,
+
+I don't need to preserve
+the old versions
+
+of those backed pointers.
+
+So I just go in
+and I change them.
+
+It takes constant time,
+because the constant number
+
+of things I point to, each
+one as a back pointer.
+
+So this is cheap.
+
+There's no persistence here.
+
+That's an advantage of
+partial persistence.
+
+The hard part is
+updating the pointers
+
+because those live in fields.
+
+I need to remember the old
+versions of those fields.
+
+And that we do recursively.
+
+Because to change
+those pointers,
+
+that's a field update.
+
+That's something
+exactly of this form.
+
+So that's the same operation
+but on a different node.
+
+So I just do that.
+
+I claim this is good.
+
+That's the end of the algorithm.
+
+Now we need to analyze it.
+
+How do we analyze it?
+
+Any guesses?
+
+AUDIENCE: Amortize it.
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: Amortized
+analysis, exactly
+
+the answer I was looking for.
+
+OK.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] amortization.
+
+The most powerful
+technique in amortization
+
+is probably the
+potential method.
+
+So we're going to use that.
+
+There's a sort of more--
+
+you'll see a charging
+argument in a moment.
+
+We want the potential function
+to represent when this data
+
+structure is in a bad state.
+
+Intuitively, it's in a bad state
+when a lot of nodes are full.
+
+Because then as soon as
+you make a change in them,
+
+they will burst, and you have
+to do all this crazy recursion
+
+and stuff.
+
+This case is nice and cheap.
+
+We just add a modification,
+constant time.
+
+This case, not so nice
+because we recurse.
+
+And then that's going
+to cause more recursions
+
+and all sorts of
+chaos could happen.
+
+So there's probably a few
+different potential functions
+
+that would work here.
+
+And an old version
+of these nodes I said
+
+should be the number
+of full nodes.
+
+But I think we can make
+life a little bit easier
+
+by the following.
+
+Basically, the total
+number of modifications--
+
+not quite the total,
+almost the total.
+
+So I'm going to do c times
+the sum of the number of mods
+
+in latest version nodes.
+
+OK.
+
+So because we sort
+of really only
+
+care about-- we're only
+changing the latest version,
+
+so I really only
+care about nodes that
+
+live in the latest version.
+
+What do I mean by this?
+
+Well, when I made
+this new node prime,
+
+this becomes the new
+representation of that node.
+
+The old version is dead.
+
+We will never change it again.
+
+If we're modifying, we will
+never even look at it again.
+
+Because now everything
+points to here.
+
+So I don't really
+care about that node.
+
+It's got a ton of mods.
+
+But what's nice is that when
+I create this new node, now
+
+the mod list is empty.
+
+So I start from scratch,
+just like reinstalling
+
+your operating system.
+
+It's a good feeling.
+
+And so the potential goes down
+by, I guess, c times 2 times p.
+
+When I do this change, potential
+goes down by basically p.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is c any constant or--
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: c will be a
+constant to be determined.
+
+I mean, it could be 1.
+
+It depends how you
+want to define it.
+
+I'm going to use the CLRS
+notion of amortized cost, which
+
+is actual cost plus
+change in potential.
+
+And then I need a
+constant here, because I'm
+
+measuring a running time versus
+some combinatorial quantity.
+
+So this will be to match the
+running time that we'll get to.
+
+OK.
+
+So what is amortized cost?
+
+There's sort of two
+cases modification.
+
+There's the cheap case
+and the not so cheap case.
+
+In general, amortized cost--
+
+in both cases, it's
+going to be at most--
+
+well, first of all, we
+do some constant work
+
+just to figure out all this
+stuff, make copies, whatever.
+
+So that's some constant time.
+
+That's the part that I don't
+want to try to measure.
+
+Then potentially,
+we add a new mod.
+
+If we add a mod, that
+increases the potential by c.
+
+Because we're just counting
+mods, multiplying by c.
+
+So we might get plus 1 mod.
+
+This is going to
+be an upper bound.
+
+We don't always add 1, but
+worst case, we always had 1,
+
+let's say.
+
+And then there's
+this annoying part.
+
+And this might happen,
+might not happen.
+
+So then there's a plus maybe.
+
+If this happens, we
+decrease the potential
+
+because we empty out the
+mods for that node in terms
+
+of the latest version.
+
+So then we get a negative
+2cp, change in potential.
+
+And then we'd have to pay
+I guess up to p recursions.
+
+Because we have to--
+
+how many pointers
+are there to me?
+
+Well, at most p of them, because
+there are at most p pointers
+
+to any node.
+
+OK.
+
+This is kind of a weird--
+
+it's not exactly algebra here.
+
+I have this thing, recursions.
+
+But if you think about
+how this would expand,
+
+all right, this
+is constant time.
+
+That's good.
+
+And then if we do this--
+
+I'll put a question mark here.
+
+It might be here.
+
+It might not.
+
+If it's not here, find constant.
+
+If it is here, then this gets
+expanded into this thing.
+
+It's a weird way to
+write a recurrence.
+
+But we get p times whatever
+is in this right hand side.
+
+OK.
+
+But then there's this minus 2cp.
+
+So we're going to
+get p times 2c here.
+
+That's the initial cost.
+
+So that will cancel with this.
+
+And then we might get
+another recursion.
+
+But every time we get a
+recursion, all the terms
+
+cancel.
+
+So it doesn't matter
+whether this is here or not.
+
+You get 0, which is great.
+
+And you're left with
+the original 2c.
+
+Constant.
+
+OK.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] potential functions
+are always a little crazy.
+
+What's happening here is
+that, OK, maybe you add a mod.
+
+That's cheap.
+
+But when we have to do this
+work and we have to do this
+
+recursion-- this is up to
+2p updates or recursions--
+
+we are charging it to the
+emptying of this node.
+
+The number of mods
+went from 2p down to 0.
+
+And so we're just
+charging this update cost
+
+to that modification.
+
+So if you like charging schemes,
+this is much more intuitive.
+
+But with charging schemes,
+it's always a little careful.
+
+You have to make sure
+you're not double charging.
+
+Here it's obvious that
+you're not double charging.
+
+Kind of a cool and magical.
+
+This is a paper by
+Driscoll, Sarnak, Sleator,
+
+Tarjan from 1989.
+
+So it's very early
+days of amortization.
+
+But they knew how to do it.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: What happens
+if you overflow the root?
+
+Yeah, I never thought about
+the root before today.
+
+But I think the way
+to fix the root is
+
+just you have one big table
+that says, for a given version--
+
+I guess a simple
+way would be to say,
+
+not only is a version
+a number, but it's also
+
+a pointer to the root.
+
+There we go.
+
+Pointer machine.
+
+So that way you're just
+always explicitly maintaining
+
+the root copy or the pointer.
+
+Because otherwise,
+you're in trouble.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then can you
+go back to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: So in order
+to refer to an old version,
+
+you have to have the
+pointer to that root node.
+
+If you want to do it just
+from a version number,
+
+look at the data structure.
+
+Just from a version
+number, you would
+
+need some kind of
+lookup table, which
+
+is outside the pointer machine.
+
+So you could do it
+in a real computer,
+
+but a pointer machine is
+not technically allowed.
+
+So it's slightly awkward.
+
+No arrays are allowed
+in pointer machines,
+
+in case that wasn't clear.
+
+Another question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] constant
+space to store for [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And also, what if we have
+really big numbers [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: In this model,
+in the pointer machine model,
+
+we're assuming that whatever
+the data is in the items
+
+take constant space each.
+
+If you want to know about
+bigger things in here,
+
+then refer to future lectures.
+
+This is time travel, after all.
+
+Just go to a future
+class and then come back.
+
+[LAUGHS] So we'll get
+there, but right now,
+
+we're not thinking
+about what's in here.
+
+Whatever big thing
+you're trying to store,
+
+you reduce it down to
+constant size things.
+
+And then you spread them around
+nodes of a pointer machine.
+
+How you do that, that's
+up to the data structure.
+
+We're just transforming the
+data structure to be persistent.
+
+OK, you could ask about other
+models than pointer machines,
+
+but we're going to stick
+to pointer machines here.
+
+All right.
+
+That was partial persistence.
+
+Let's do full persistence.
+
+That was too easy.
+
+Same paper does
+full persistence.
+
+Systems That was just a warm up.
+
+Full persistence is actually
+not that much harder.
+
+So let me tell you
+basically what changes.
+
+There are two issues.
+
+One is that everything here
+has to change and not by much.
+
+We're still going to
+use back pointers.
+
+We're still going
+to have my mods.
+
+The number of mods is going
+to be slightly different
+
+but basically the same.
+
+Back pointers no longer just
+refer to the latest version.
+
+We have to maintain back
+pointers in all versions.
+
+So that's annoying.
+
+But hey, that's life.
+
+The amortization, the
+potential function
+
+will change slightly
+but basically not much.
+
+Sort of the bigger issue you
+might first wonder about,
+
+and it's actually the most
+challenging technically,
+
+is versions are
+no longer numbers.
+
+Because it's not a line.
+
+Versions are nodes in a tree.
+
+You should probably
+call them vertices
+
+in a tree to distinguish them
+from nodes in the pointer
+
+machine.
+
+OK, so you've got
+this tree of versions.
+
+And then versions are just
+some point on that tree.
+
+This is annoying
+because we like lines.
+
+We don't like trees as much.
+
+So what we're going to
+do is linearize the tree.
+
+Like, when in doubt, cheat.
+
+How do we do this?
+
+With tree traversal.
+
+Imagine I'm going to draw
+a super complicated tree
+
+of versions.
+
+Say there are three versions.
+
+OK.
+
+I don't want to number
+them, because that would be
+
+kind of begging the question.
+
+So let's just call
+them x, y, and z.
+
+All right.
+
+I mean, it's a directed
+tree, because we
+
+have the older versions.
+
+This is like the
+original version.
+
+And we made a change.
+
+We made a different change
+on the same version.
+
+What I'd like to do is a
+traversal of that tree,
+
+like a regular, as if you're
+going to sort those nodes.
+
+Actually, let me use
+color, high def here.
+
+So here's our
+traversal of the tree.
+
+And I want to look at the
+first and the last time I
+
+visit each node.
+
+So here's the first
+time I visit x.
+
+So I'll write this is
+the beginning of x.
+
+Capital X. Then this is
+the first time I visit y,
+
+so it's beginning of y.
+
+And then this is the last time
+I visit y, so it's the end of y.
+
+And then, don't care.
+
+Then this is the beginning of z.
+
+And this is the end of z.
+
+And then this is the end x.
+
+If I write those sequentially,
+I get bxbyeybzez,
+
+because this is so easy, ex.
+
+OK, you can think of these
+as parentheses, right?
+
+For whatever reason I chose b
+and e for beginning and ending,
+
+but this is like open
+parens, close parens.
+
+This is easy to
+do in linear time.
+
+I think you all know how.
+
+Except it's not
+a static problem.
+
+Versions are changing
+all the time.
+
+We're adding versions.
+
+We're never deleting
+versions, but we're always
+
+adding stuff to here.
+
+It's a little
+awkward, but the idea
+
+is I want to
+maintain this order,
+
+maintain the begin and
+the end of each you
+
+might say subtree of versions.
+
+This string, from
+bx to ex, represents
+
+all of the stuff in x's
+subtree, in the rooted tree
+
+starting at x.
+
+How do I maintain that?
+
+Using a data structure.
+
+So we're going to use something,
+a data structure we haven't yet
+
+seen.
+
+It will be in lecture 8.
+
+This is a time travel
+data structure,
+
+so I'm allowed to do that.
+
+So order maintenance
+data structure.
+
+You can think of this as
+a magical linked list.
+
+Let me tell you what the
+magical linked list can do.
+
+You can insert--
+
+I'm going to call it
+an item, because node
+
+would be kind of confusing
+given where we are right now.
+
+You can insert a new item in
+the list immediately before
+
+or after a given item.
+
+OK.
+
+This is like a
+regular linked list.
+
+Here's a regular linked list.
+
+And if I'm given a particular
+item like this one,
+
+I can say, well, insert
+a new item right here.
+
+You say, OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+I'll just make a new node and
+relink here, relink there.
+
+Constant time, right?
+
+So in an order maintenance
+data structure,
+
+you can do this
+in constant time.
+
+Wow!
+
+So amazing.
+
+OK, catch is the second
+operation you can do.
+
+Maybe I'll number these.
+
+This is the update.
+
+Then there's the query.
+
+The query is, what
+is the relative order
+
+of two notes, of two items?
+
+x and y.
+
+So now I give you this
+node and this node.
+
+And I say, which is to the left?
+
+Which is earlier in the order?
+
+I want to know, is x
+basically less than y
+
+in terms of the
+order in the list?
+
+Or is y less than x?
+
+And an order maintenance
+data structure
+
+can do this in constant time.
+
+Now it doesn't look like your
+mother's linked list, I guess.
+
+It's not the link list
+you learned in school.
+
+It's a magical linked
+list that can somehow
+
+answer these queries.
+
+How?
+
+Go to lecture 7.
+
+OK.
+
+Forward reference,
+lecture 8, sorry.
+
+For now, we're just going to
+assume that this magical data
+
+structure exists.
+
+So in constant
+time, this is great.
+
+Because if we're maintaining
+these b's and e's, we
+
+want to maintain the order
+that these things appear in.
+
+If we want to create
+a new version,
+
+like suppose we were
+just creating version z,
+
+well, it used to be everything
+without this bz, ez.
+
+And we'd just insert two
+items in here, bz and ez.
+
+They're right next
+to each other.
+
+And if we were given version
+x, we could just say,
+
+oh, we'll look at ex and insert
+two items right before it.
+
+Or you can put them
+right after bx.
+
+I mean, there's no
+actual order here.
+
+So it could have been y first
+and then z or z first and then
+
+y.
+
+So it's really easy to add a
+new version in constant time.
+
+You just do two of
+these insert operations.
+
+And now you have this magical
+order operation, which
+
+if I'm given two versions--
+
+I don't know, v and w--
+
+and I want to know is
+v an ancestor of w,
+
+now I can do it
+in constant time.
+
+So this lets me do a third
+operation, which is, is version
+
+v an ancestor of version w?
+
+Because that's going to
+be true if and only if bv
+
+is an ev nest around bw and ew.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's just three tests.
+
+They're probably not
+all even necessary.
+
+This one always holds.
+
+But if these guys fit in between
+these guys, then you know--
+
+now, what this tells us,
+what we care about here,
+
+is reading fields.
+
+When we read a field,
+we said, oh, we'll
+
+apply all the modifications
+that apply to version
+
+v. Before that, that
+was a linear order.
+
+So it's just all versions
+less than or equal to v. Now
+
+it's all versions that are
+ancestors of v. Given a mod,
+
+we need to know, does this
+mod apply to my version?
+
+And now I tell you, I can
+do that in constant time
+
+through magic.
+
+I just test these
+order relations.
+
+If they hold, then that
+mod applies to my version.
+
+So w's the version
+we're testing.
+
+v is some version in the mod.
+
+And I want to know, am
+descendant of that version?
+
+If so, the mod applies.
+
+And I update what the field is.
+
+I can do all pairwise ancestor
+checks and figure out,
+
+what is the most recent
+version in my ancestor history
+
+that modified a given field?
+
+That lets me read a
+field in constant time.
+
+Constants are getting
+kind of big at this point,
+
+but it can be done.
+
+Clear?
+
+A little bit of
+a black box here.
+
+But now we've gotten
+as far as reading.
+
+And we don't need
+to change much else.
+
+So this is good news
+
+Maybe I'll give you
+a bit of a diff.
+
+So full persistence,
+fully persistent theorem--
+
+done.
+
+OK.
+
+Same theorem just
+with full persistence.
+
+How do we do it?
+
+We store back pointers
+now for all versions.
+
+It's a little bit annoying.
+
+But how many mods do we use?
+
+There's lots of ways
+to get this to work,
+
+but I'm going to
+change this number
+
+to 2 times d plus p plus 1.
+
+Wait, what's d? d is the
+number of fields here.
+
+OK.
+
+We said it was
+constant number fields.
+
+I never said what that constant
+is. d for out degree, I guess.
+
+So p is in degree, max in
+degree. d is max out degree.
+
+So just slightly more--
+that main reason for this
+
+is because back pointers now
+are treated like everyone else.
+
+We have to treat both the out
+pointers and the in pointers
+
+as basically the same.
+
+So instead of p,
+we have d plus p.
+
+And there's a plus
+1 just for safety.
+
+It gets my amortization
+to work, hopefully.
+
+OK.
+
+Not much else-- this
+page is all the same.
+
+Mods are still, you give
+versions, fields, values,
+
+reading.
+
+OK, well, this is no longer
+less than or equal to v. But
+
+this is now with a version, sort
+of the nearest version, that's
+
+an ancestor of v.
+
+That's what we were
+just talking about.
+
+So that can be done
+in constant time.
+
+Check it for all of
+them, constant work.
+
+OK.
+
+That was the first part.
+
+Now we get to the hard
+part, which is modification.
+
+This is going to be different.
+
+Maybe you I should just erase--
+
+yeah, I think I'll
+erase everything,
+
+except the first clause.
+
+OK.
+
+If a node is not
+full, we'll just
+
+add a mod, just like before.
+
+What changes is
+when a node is full.
+
+Here we have to do something
+completely different.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if we just
+make a new version
+
+of this node that has empty
+mods, this one's still full.
+
+And I can keep modifying
+the same version.
+
+This new node that I just erased
+represents some new version.
+
+But if I keep modifying
+an old version, which
+
+I can do in full persistence,
+this node keeps being full.
+
+And I keep paying
+potentially huge cost.
+
+If all the nodes were full,
+and when I make this change
+
+every node gets
+copied, and then I
+
+make a change to
+the same version,
+
+every node gets copied again.
+
+This is going to take
+linear time per operation.
+
+So I can't do the old strategy.
+
+I need to somehow make
+this node less full.
+
+This is where we're
+definitely not functional.
+
+None of this was
+functional, but now I'm
+
+going to change an old node, not
+just make a new one in a more
+
+drastic way.
+
+Before I was adding a mod.
+
+That's not a
+functional operation.
+
+Now I'm actually going to remove
+mods from a node to rebalance.
+
+So what I'd like to do is
+split the node into two halves.
+
+OK.
+
+So I had some big
+node that was--
+
+I'll draw it-- completely full.
+
+Now I'm going to make two nodes.
+
+Here we go.
+
+This one is going
+to be half full.
+
+This one's going to
+be half full of mods.
+
+OK.
+
+The only question left is, what
+do I do with all these things?
+
+Basically what I'd like
+to do is have the--
+
+on the one hand, I want
+to have the old node.
+
+It's just where it used to be.
+
+I've just removed half of
+the mods, the second half,
+
+the later half.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+I don't know.
+
+Figure it out.
+
+It's linearized.
+
+I haven't thought
+deeply about that.
+
+Now we're going to make a
+new node with the second half
+
+of the mods.
+
+It's more painful
+than I thought.
+
+In reality, these mods represent
+a tree of modifications.
+
+And what you need to do is
+find a partition of that tree
+
+into two roughly equal halves.
+
+You can actually do a
+one third, 2/3 split.
+
+That's also in a future lecture,
+which whose number I forget.
+
+So really, you're
+splitting this tree
+
+into two roughly
+balanced halves.
+
+And so this 2 might actually
+need to change to a 3,
+
+but it's a constant.
+
+OK.
+
+What I want is for
+this to represent
+
+a subtree of versions.
+
+Let me draw the picture.
+
+So here's a tree of versions
+represented by the old mods.
+
+I'd like to cut out a
+subtree rooted at some node.
+
+So let's just assume
+for now this has exactly
+
+half the nodes.
+
+And this has half the nodes.
+
+In reality, I think it
+can be one third, 2/3.
+
+OK.
+
+But let's keep it convenient.
+
+So I want the new
+node to represent
+
+this subtree and this node
+to represent everything else.
+
+This node is as if this
+stuff hasn't happened yet.
+
+I mean, so it represents all
+these old versions that do not,
+
+that are not in the subtree.
+
+This represents all
+the latest stuff.
+
+So what I'm going to
+do is like before, I
+
+want to apply some
+mods to these fields.
+
+And whatever minds were
+relevant at this point, whatever
+
+had been applied, I apply
+those to the fields here.
+
+And so that means I can
+remove all of these mods.
+
+I only cared about these ones.
+
+Update these fields accordingly.
+
+I still have the other mods to
+represent all the other changes
+
+that could be in that subtree.
+
+OK.
+
+So we actually split the tree,
+and we apply mods to new nodes.
+
+Anything else I need to say?
+
+Oh, now we need to
+update pointers.
+
+That's always the fun part.
+
+Let's go over here.
+
+So old node hasn't moved.
+
+But this new node has moved.
+
+So for all of these
+versions, I want
+
+to change the pointer that
+used to point to old node
+
+should now point to new node.
+
+In this version, it's fine.
+
+It should still
+point to old node,
+
+because this represents
+all those old versions.
+
+But for the new version,
+that version in the subtree,
+
+I've got to point here instead.
+
+OK.
+
+So how many pointers could
+there be to this node
+
+that need to change.
+
+That's a tricky part
+in this analysis.
+
+Think about it for a while.
+
+I mean, in this
+new node, whatever
+
+is pointed to by either here or
+here in the new node also has
+
+a return pointer.
+
+All pointers are bidirectional.
+
+So we don't really care
+about whether they're forward
+
+or backward.
+
+How many pointers
+are there here?
+
+Well, there's d here
+and there's p here.
+
+But then there's also
+some additional pointers
+
+represented over here.
+
+How many?
+
+Well, if we assume this
+magical 50/50 split,
+
+there's right now d plus p plus
+1 mods over here, half of them.
+
+Each of them might be a pointer
+to some other place, which
+
+has a return pointer
+in that version.
+
+So number of back pointers
+that we need to update
+
+is going to be this, 2
+times d 2 times p plus 1.
+
+So recursively update at
+most 2 times d plus 2 times p
+
+plus 1 pointers to the node.
+
+The good news is this is
+really only half of them
+
+or some fraction of them.
+
+It used to be--
+
+well, there were
+more pointers before.
+
+We don't have to
+deal with these ones.
+
+That's where we're
+saving, and that's
+
+why this amortization works.
+
+Let me give you a potential
+function that makes this work--
+
+is minus c times sum of the
+number of empty mod slots.
+
+It's kind of the same
+potential but before
+
+we had this notion of
+dead and alive nodes.
+
+Now everything's alive
+because everything
+
+could change at any moment.
+
+So instead, I'm going to
+measure how much room I have
+
+in each node.
+
+Before I had no
+room in this node.
+
+Now I have half the
+space in both nodes.
+
+So that's good news.
+
+Whenever we have
+this recursion, we
+
+can charge it to a
+potential decrease.
+
+Fee goes down by--
+
+because I have a
+negative sign here--
+
+c times, oh man, 2 times
+d plus p plus 1, I think.
+
+Because there's d plus
+p plus 1 space here,
+
+d plus p plus 1 space here.
+
+I mean, we added
+one whole new node.
+
+And total capacity
+of a node in mods
+
+is 2 times d plus p plus 1.
+
+So we get that times c.
+
+And this is basically
+just enough,
+
+because this is 2 times
+d plus 2 times p plus 2.
+
+And here we have a plus 1.
+
+And so the recursion gets
+annihilated by 2 times d plus
+
+2 times p plus 1.
+
+And then there's one
+c left over to absorb
+
+whatever constant cost there
+was to do all this other work.
+
+So I got the constants
+just to work,
+
+except that I cheated and it's
+really a one third, 2/3 split.
+
+So probably all of these
+constants have to change,
+
+such is life.
+
+But I think you get the idea.
+
+Any questions about
+full persistence?
+
+This is fun stuff, time travel.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So in the first
+half of the thing where
+
+the if, there's room
+you can put it in.
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a
+question about how
+
+we represent the version.
+
+Because before when we said
+restore now [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It made more sense if now was
+like a timestamp or something.
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: OK.
+
+Right, so how do we represent a
+version even here or anywhere?
+
+When we do a modification, an
+update, in the data structure,
+
+we want to return
+the new version.
+
+Basically, we're going
+to actually store
+
+the DAG of versions.
+
+And a version is going to
+be represented by a pointer
+
+into this DAG.
+
+One of the nodes in this
+DAG becomes a version.
+
+Every node in this DAG is
+going to store a pointer
+
+to the corresponding b character
+and a corresponding e character
+
+in this data
+structure, which then
+
+lets you do anything you want.
+
+Then you can query
+against that version,
+
+whether it's an ancestor
+of another version.
+
+So yeah, I didn't mention that.
+
+Versions are nodes in here.
+
+Nodes in here have pointers
+to the b's and e's.
+
+And vice versa, the b's
+and e's have pointers back
+
+to the corresponding
+version node.
+
+And then you can keep
+track of everything.
+
+Good question.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] question.
+
+Remind me what d is in this.
+
+ERIK DEMAINE: Oh, d was
+the maximum out degree.
+
+It's the number of fields in
+a node, as defined right here.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Whew.
+
+OK, a little breather.
+
+That was partial persistence,
+full persistence.
+
+This is, unfortunately, the
+end of the really good results.
+
+As long as we have
+constant degree nodes,
+
+in and out degree,
+we can do all.
+
+We can do for
+persistence for free.
+
+Obviously there are practical
+constants involved here.
+
+But in theory, you
+can do this perfectly.
+
+Before we go on to
+confluence, there
+
+is one positive result,
+which is what if you
+
+don't like amortize bounds.
+
+There are various reasons
+amortize bounds might not
+
+be good.
+
+Maybe you really care
+about every operation
+
+being no slower than it was
+except by a constant factor.
+
+We're amortizing here, so some
+operations get really slow.
+
+But the others are all
+fast to compensate.
+
+You can deamortize, it's called.
+
+You can get constant
+worst case slowdown
+
+for partial persistence.
+
+This is a result of Garret
+Brodle from the late '90s, '97.
+
+For full persistence--
+so it's an open problem.
+
+I don't know if people
+have worked on that.
+
+All right.
+
+So some, mostly good results.
+
+Let's move on to confluent
+persistence where things
+
+get a lot more challenging.
+
+Lots of things go out the window
+with confluent persistence.
+
+In particular, your
+versions are now a DAG.
+
+It's a lot harder
+to linearize a DAG.
+
+Trees are not that
+far from pads.
+
+But DAGs are quite far
+from pads, unfortunately.
+
+But that's not all
+that goes wrong.
+
+Let me first tell you the
+kind of end effect as a user.
+
+Imagine you have
+a data structure.
+
+Think of it as a
+list, I guess, which
+
+is a list of characters
+in your document.
+
+You're using vi or Word,
+your favorite, whatever.
+
+It's a text editor.
+
+You've got a string of words.
+
+And now you like to do
+things like copy and paste.
+
+It's a nice operation.
+
+So you select an interval of
+the string and you copy it.
+
+And then you paste
+it somewhere else.
+
+So now you've got two
+copies of that string.
+
+This is, in some
+sense, what you might
+
+call a confluent
+operation, because--
+
+yeah, maybe a cleaner way to
+think of it is the following.
+
+You have your string.
+
+Now I have an operation,
+which is split it.
+
+So now I have two strings.
+
+OK.
+
+And now I have an operation,
+which is split it.
+
+Now I have three strings.
+
+OK.
+
+Now I have an operation
+which is concatenate.
+
+So I can, for
+example, reconstruct
+
+the original string-- actually,
+I have the original string.
+
+No biggie.
+
+Let's say-- because
+I have all versions.
+
+I never lose them.
+
+So now instead, I'm going to
+cut the string here, let's say.
+
+So now I have this and this.
+
+And now I can do
+things like concatenate
+
+from here to here to here.
+
+And I will get this
+plus this plus this.
+
+OK.
+
+This guy moved here.
+
+So that's a copy/paste
+operation with a constant number
+
+of splits and concatenates.
+
+I could also do cut and paste.
+
+With confluence, I can
+do crazy cuts and pastes
+
+in all sorts of ways.
+
+So what?
+
+Well, the so what
+is I can actually
+
+double the size of
+my data structure
+
+in a constant number
+of operations.
+
+I can take, for example,
+the entire string
+
+and concatenate it to itself.
+
+That will double the
+number of characters,
+
+number of elements in there.
+
+I can do that again
+and again and again.
+
+So in u updates,
+I can potentially
+
+get a data structure
+size 2 to the u.
+
+Kind of nifty.
+
+I think this is why
+confluence is cool.
+
+It's also why it's hard.
+
+So not a big surprise.
+
+But, here we go.
+
+In that case, the version DAG,
+for reference, looks like this.
+
+You're taking the same
+version, combining it.
+
+So here I'm assuming I have
+a concatenate operation.
+
+And so the effect here,
+every time I do this,
+
+I double the size.
+
+All right.
+
+What do I want to say about
+confluent persistence?
+
+All right.
+
+Let me start with the
+most general result, which
+
+is by Fiat and Kaplan in 2003.
+
+They define a notion called
+effective depth of a version.
+
+Let me just write it down.
+
+It's kind of like
+if you took this DAG
+
+and expanded it out to be a
+tree of all possible paths.
+
+Instead of point
+to the same node,
+
+you could just
+duplicate that node
+
+and then have pointers
+left and right.
+
+OK.
+
+So if I did that, of course,
+this size grows exponentially.
+
+It explicitly represents the
+size of my data structure.
+
+At the bottom, if
+I have u things,
+
+I'm going to have 2 to the
+u leaves at the bottom.
+
+But then I can easily
+measure the number of paths
+
+from the root to
+the same version.
+
+At the bottom, I still
+label it, oh, those
+
+are all v. They're all the
+same version down there.
+
+So exponential number
+of paths, if I take log,
+
+I get what I call
+effective depth.
+
+It's like if you somehow
+could rebalance that tree,
+
+this is the best you
+could hope to do.
+
+It's not really a lower bound.
+
+But it's a number.
+
+It's a thing.
+
+OK.
+
+Then the result they achieve
+is that the overhead is
+
+log the number of
+updates plus-- this
+
+is a multiplicative overhead,
+so you take your running time.
+
+You multiply it by this.
+
+And this is a time
+and a space overhead.
+
+So maximum effective depth
+of all versions, maybe even
+
+sum of effective depths, but
+we'll just say max to be safe.
+
+Sorry-- sum over
+all the operations.
+
+This is per operation.
+
+You pay basically
+the effective depth
+
+of that operation as a factor.
+
+Now, the annoying thing is if
+you have this kind of set up
+
+where the size
+grew exponentially,
+
+then number of paths
+is exponential.
+
+Log of the number of
+paths is linear in u.
+
+And so this factor could be
+as much as u, linear slowdown.
+
+Now, Fiat and Kaplan argue
+linear slowdown is not
+
+that bad, because if you weren't
+even persistent, if you did
+
+this in the naive way of
+just recopying the data,
+
+you were actually spending
+exponential time to build
+
+the final data structure.
+
+It has exponential size.
+
+Just to represent it explicitly
+requires exponential time,
+
+so losing a linear
+factor to do u operations
+
+and now u squared time
+instead of 2 to the u.
+
+So it's a big
+improvement to do this.
+
+The downside of this approach is
+that even if you have a version
+
+DAG that looks like this,
+even if the size of the data
+
+structure is staying
+normal, staying linear, so
+
+this potential, you could
+be doubling the size.
+
+But we don't know what
+this merge operation is.
+
+Maybe it just throws
+away one of the versions
+
+or does something--
+
+somehow takes half
+the nodes from one
+
+side, half the nodes from
+the other side maybe.
+
+These operations
+do preserve size.
+
+Then there's no great reason why
+it should be a linear slowdown,
+
+but it is.
+
+OK?
+
+So it's all right but not great.
+
+And it's the best
+general result we know.
+
+They also prove a lower bound.
+
+So lower bound is some effect
+of depth, total bits of space.
+
+OK.
+
+What does this mean?
+
+So even if this
+is not happening,
+
+the number of bits
+of space you need
+
+in the worst case--
+this does not
+
+apply to every data structure.
+
+That's one catch.
+
+They give a specific
+data structure
+
+where you need this much space.
+
+So it's similar to
+this kind of picture.
+
+We'll go into the details.
+
+And you need this much space.
+
+Now, this is kind of
+bad, because if there's
+
+u operations, and each of these
+is u, that's u squared space.
+
+So we actually need a
+factor u blow up in space.
+
+It looks like.
+
+But to be more precise,
+what this means is
+
+that you need omega e of
+v space, and therefore
+
+time overhead per update, if--
+
+this is not written
+in the paper--
+
+queries are free.
+
+Implicit here, they just want
+to slow down and increase space
+
+for the updates you do,
+which is pretty natural.
+
+Normally you think of queries
+as not increasing space.
+
+But in order to construct
+this lower bound,
+
+they actually do
+this many queries.
+
+So they do e of v queries
+and then one update.
+
+And they say, oh well, space
+had to go up by an extra e of v.
+
+So if you only charge
+updates for the space,
+
+then yes, you have
+to lose potentially
+
+a linear factor, this effect
+of death, potentially u.
+
+But if you also
+charge the queries,
+
+it's still constant
+in their example.
+
+So open question, for
+confluent persistence,
+
+can you achieve
+constant everything?
+
+Constant time and
+space overheads,
+
+multiplicative
+factor per operation,
+
+both updates and queries.
+
+So if you charge the
+queries, potentially you
+
+could get constant everything.
+
+This is a relatively
+new realization.
+
+And no one knows
+how to do this yet.
+
+Nice challenge.
+
+I think maybe we'll work on that
+in our first problem session.
+
+I would like to.
+
+Questions about that result?
+
+I'm not going to
+prove the result.
+
+But it is a fancy
+rebalancing of those kinds
+
+of pictures to get this log.
+
+There are other results
+I'd like to tell you about.
+
+So brand new result--
+
+that was from 2003.
+
+This is from 2012--
+
+no, '11, '11, sorry.
+
+It's SOTO, which is in January,
+so it's a little confusing.
+
+Is it '11?
+
+Maybe '12.
+
+Actually now I'm not sure.
+
+It's February already, right?
+
+A January, either this
+year or last year.
+
+It's not as general
+a transformation.
+
+It's only going to hold in
+what's called a disjoint case.
+
+But it gets a very good bound--
+
+not quite constant,
+but logarithmic.
+
+OK, logarithmic
+would also be nice.
+
+Or log, log n, whatever n is.
+
+Pick your favorite n,
+number of operations, say.
+
+OK.
+
+If you assume that confluent
+operations are performed only
+
+on two versions with
+no shared nodes--
+
+OK, this would be a way to
+forbid this kind of behavior
+
+where I concatenate the
+data structure with itself.
+
+All the nodes are common.
+
+If I guarantee that maybe I, you
+know, slice this up, slice it,
+
+dice it, wherever, and
+then re-emerge them
+
+in some other order, but
+I never use two copies
+
+of the same piece, that
+would be a valid confluent
+
+operation over here.
+
+This is quite a
+strong restriction
+
+that you're not allowed.
+
+If you try to, who
+knows what happens.
+
+Behavior's undefined.
+
+So won't tell you,
+oh, those two versions
+
+have this node in common.
+
+You've got to make
+a second copy of it.
+
+So somehow you have to guarantee
+that control and operations
+
+never overlap.
+
+But they can be reordered.
+
+Then you can get
+order log n overhead.
+
+n is the number of operations.
+
+I have a sketch
+of a proof of this
+
+but not very much
+time to talk about it.
+
+All right.
+
+Let me give you a quick picture.
+
+In general, the
+versions form a DAG.
+
+But if you make this assumption,
+and you look at a single node,
+
+and look at all the versions
+where that node appears,
+
+that is a tree.
+
+Because you're not allowed
+to remerge versions
+
+that have the same node.
+
+So while the big
+picture is a DAG,
+
+the small picture of a
+single guy is some tree.
+
+I'm drawing all
+these wiggly lines
+
+because there are all
+these versions where
+
+the node isn't changing.
+
+This is the entire version DAG.
+
+And then some of these nodes--
+
+some of these versions,
+I should say--
+
+that node that we're
+thinking about changes.
+
+OK, whenever it
+branches, it's probably
+
+because the actual
+node changed, maybe.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Anyway there are some dots
+here where the version changed,
+
+some of the leaves,
+maybe, that changed.
+
+Maybe some of them haven't yet.
+
+In fact, let's see.
+
+Here where it's change, it could
+be that we destroyed the node.
+
+Maybe it's gone from the
+actual data structure.
+
+But there still may
+be versions down here.
+
+It's not really a tree.
+
+It's a whole DAG of
+stuff down there.
+
+So that's kind of ugly.
+
+Where never the
+node still exists,
+
+I guess that is an
+actual leaf of the DAG.
+
+So those are OK.
+
+But as soon as I maybe
+delete that node,
+
+then there can be a
+whole subtree down there.
+
+OK.
+
+So now if you look at
+an arbitrary version,
+
+so what we're thinking about
+is how to implement reading,
+
+let's say.
+
+Reading and writing are
+more or less the same.
+
+I give you a version.
+
+I give you a node, and
+I give you a field.
+
+I want to know, what is the
+value of that field, that node,
+
+that version?
+
+So now where could
+a version fall?
+
+Well it has to be
+in this subtree.
+
+Because the node has to exist.
+
+And then it's maybe a pointer.
+
+A pointer could be to
+another node, which
+
+also has this kind of picture.
+
+They could be overlapping trees.
+
+In general, there
+are three cases.
+
+Either you're lucky, and the
+version you're talking about
+
+is a version where
+the node was changed.
+
+In that case, the data is
+just stored right there.
+
+That's easy.
+
+So you could just say, oh,
+how did the node change?
+
+Oh, that's what the field is.
+
+OK, follow the pointer.
+
+A slightly harder
+case it's a version
+
+in between two such changes.
+
+And maybe these are not updates.
+
+So I sort of want to know, what
+was the previous version where
+
+this node changed
+in constant time?
+
+It can be done.
+
+Not constant time,
+actually, logarithmic time,
+
+using a data structure
+called link-cut trees,
+
+another fun black
+box for now, which
+
+we will cover in lecture
+19, far in the future.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, that's one case.
+
+There's also the version
+where maybe a version
+
+is down here in a subtree.
+
+I guess then the
+node didn't exist.
+
+Well, all these
+things can happen.
+
+And that's even harder.
+
+It's messy.
+
+They use another trick, which
+is called fractional cascading,
+
+which I'm not even going to
+try to describe what it means.
+
+But it's got a very cool name.
+
+Because we'll be
+covering it in lecture 3.
+
+So stay tuned for that.
+
+I'm not going to say how
+it applies to this setting,
+
+but it's a necessary
+step in here.
+
+In the remaining
+zero minutes, let
+
+me tell you a little bit about
+functional data structures.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Beauty of time travel.
+
+Functional-- I just
+want to give you
+
+some examples of things that
+can be done functionally.
+
+There's a whole book about
+functional data structures
+
+by Okasaki.
+
+It's pretty cool.
+
+A simple example
+is balanced BSTs.
+
+So if you just want to get
+log n time for everything,
+
+you can do that functionally.
+
+It's actually really easy.
+
+You pick your favorite balance
+BST, like red black trees.
+
+You implement it top down so you
+never follow parent pointers.
+
+So you don't need
+parent pointers.
+
+So then as you make changes
+down the tree, you just copy.
+
+It's called path copying.
+
+Whenever you're about
+to make a change,
+
+make a copy of that node.
+
+So you end up copying all
+the change nodes and all
+
+their ancestors.
+
+There's only log n of them,
+so it takes log n time.
+
+Clear?
+
+Easy.
+
+It's a nice technique.
+
+Sometimes path copying
+is very useful.
+
+Like link-cut
+trees, for example,
+
+can be made functional.
+
+We don't know what they are,
+but they're basically a BST.
+
+And you can make
+them functional.
+
+We use that in a paper.
+
+All right.
+
+Deques.
+
+These are doubly ended queues.
+
+So it's like a stack and
+a queue and everything.
+
+You can insert and delete from
+the beginning and the end.
+
+People start to know
+what these are now,
+
+because Python calls him that.
+
+But you can also
+do concatenation
+
+with deques in constant
+time per operation.
+
+This is cool.
+
+Deques are not very
+hard to make functional.
+
+But you can do deques and
+you can concatenate them
+
+like we were doing in the figure
+that's right behind this board.
+
+Constant time split
+is a little harder.
+
+That's actually one
+of my open problems.
+
+Can you do lists with split and
+concatenate in constant time--
+
+functionally or confluently,
+persistently, or whatever?
+
+Another example-- oh, you
+can do a mix of the two.
+
+You can get log n search in
+constant time deque operations,
+
+is you can do tries.
+
+So a try is a tree
+with a fixed topology.
+
+Think of it as a directory tree.
+
+So maybe you're
+using Subversion.
+
+Subversion has time
+travel operations.
+
+You can copy an entire
+subtree from one version
+
+and stick it into a new
+version, another version.
+
+So you get a version DAG.
+
+It's a confluently
+persistent data structure--
+
+not implemented optimally,
+because we don't necessarily
+
+know how.
+
+But there is one paper.
+
+This actually came from the open
+problem section of this class
+
+four years ago, I think.
+
+It's with Eric Price
+and Stefan Langerman.
+
+You can get very good results.
+
+I won't write them down
+because it takes a while.
+
+Basically log the degree
+of the nodes factor
+
+and get functional, and
+you can be even fancier
+
+and get slightly better
+bounds like log log the degree
+
+and get confluently persistent
+with various tricks,
+
+including using all of
+these data structures.
+
+So if you want to implement
+subversion optimally,
+
+that is known how to be done but
+hasn't actually been done yet.
+
+Because there are those
+pesky constant factors.
+
+I think that's all.
+
+What is known about functional
+is there's a log n separation.
+
+You can be log n
+away from the best.
+
+That's the worst
+separation known,
+
+between functional and just
+a regular old data structure.
+
+It'd be nice to improve that.
+
+Lots of open problems here.
+
+Maybe we'll work
+on them next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/T1AtlGrCoU8.txt b/T1AtlGrCoU8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..479a19601a63a29956b435958adddeb2389969d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/T1AtlGrCoU8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to talk about the
+concepts of validity and satisfiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of validity and satisfiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of validity and satisfiability
+which take on some extra interest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which take on some extra interest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which take on some extra interest in the
+context of predicate calculus so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of predicate calculus so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of predicate calculus so let's
+remember for propositional validity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for propositional validity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for propositional validity if
+you have a propositional formula with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a propositional formula with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a propositional formula with
+variables taking the truth values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables taking the truth values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables taking the truth values
+ranging over true and false then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging over true and false then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging over true and false then a
+formula is valid when it's true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is valid when it's true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is valid when it's true for all
+possible truth values so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible truth values so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible truth values so here's an
+example that P implies Q or Q implies P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that P implies Q or Q implies P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that P implies Q or Q implies P
+and you can check that for the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check that for the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check that for the four
+possible environments of P and Q values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible environments of P and Q values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible environments of P and Q values
+true false values of P and Q this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true false values of P and Q this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true false values of P and Q this or
+will come out to be true well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out to be true well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out to be true well for
+predicate formulas there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate formulas there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate formulas there's a bunch of
+things that I need to give value to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I need to give value to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I need to give value to that
+are more complicated than just truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more complicated than just truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more complicated than just truth
+values in particular I will say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in particular I will say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in particular I will say that a
+predicate calculus formula is valid when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate calculus formula is valid when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate calculus formula is valid when
+it's true for all possible domains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true for all possible domains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true for all possible domains of
+discourse that the variables range over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse that the variables range over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse that the variables range over
+is it a technicality that it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a technicality that it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a technicality that it has to be
+non-empty but aside from that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty but aside from that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty but aside from that all
+possible domains and whenever you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible domains and whenever you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible domains and whenever you have a
+predicate mentioned in the formula um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate mentioned in the formula um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate mentioned in the formula um in
+order to know whether the formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know whether the formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know whether the formula is
+true or not I need to know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or not I need to know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or not I need to know what that
+predicate means so a formula is valid if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate means so a formula is valid if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate means so a formula is valid if
+it comes out true no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out true no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out true no matter what the
+predicate means let's look at a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate means let's look at a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate means let's look at a concrete
+example to get a grip on this here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to get a grip on this here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to get a grip on this here is a
+valid formula of predicate calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid formula of predicate calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid formula of predicate calculus
+it's mentioning a predicate Spee and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mentioning a predicate Spee and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mentioning a predicate Spee and Q
+it's of the form of a proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of the form of a proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of the form of a proposition
+because it's saying something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's saying something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's saying something about
+every possible Z in the domain and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible Z in the domain and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible Z in the domain and every
+possible X and every possible Y the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible X and every possible Y the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible X and every possible Y the only
+thing that we need to know to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we need to know to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we need to know to make sense
+out of this formula to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this formula to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this formula to figure out
+whether or not it's true is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's true is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's true is what's the
+domain that XY and Z range over and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that XY and Z range over and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that XY and Z range over and what
+exactly do P and Q mean well I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do P and Q mean well I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do P and Q mean well I want to
+argue informally let's just look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue informally let's just look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue informally let's just look at what
+this is saying together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying together
+what this is saying is suppose that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is suppose that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is suppose that for
+everything in the domain both property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the domain both property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the domain both property
+P of Z and P of Q in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Z and P of Q in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Z and P of Q in other words
+everything in the domain have property P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the domain have property P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the domain have property P
+and property Q well that certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and property Q well that certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and property Q well that certainly
+implies that everything in the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that everything in the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that everything in the domain
+has property P because they have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has property P because they have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has property P because they have both
+properties and also everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and also everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and also everything in the
+domain has property Q because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain has property Q because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain has property Q because everything
+has both properties so when you say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has both properties so when you say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has both properties so when you say it
+that way the the sense that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way the the sense that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way the the sense that this is a
+fundamental logical fact that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental logical fact that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental logical fact that doesn't
+depend on what P and Q mean or what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what P and Q mean or what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what P and Q mean or what the
+domain is it's just a fact about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is it's just a fact about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is it's just a fact about the
+nature of the meaning of the fur all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the meaning of the fur all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the meaning of the fur all
+Universal quantifier and the connectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal quantifier and the connectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal quantifier and the connectives
+and it implies that's how we figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it implies that's how we figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it implies that's how we figure out
+that this is valid well let me go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is valid well let me go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is valid well let me go one
+level in more detail to say again what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in more detail to say again what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in more detail to say again what I
+just said informally and try to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said informally and try to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said informally and try to be a
+little bit more precise and clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more precise and clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more precise and clearer
+about a reason why this formula is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a reason why this formula is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a reason why this formula is valid
+so suppose I wanted to prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I wanted to prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I wanted to prove that the
+formula is valid well it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is valid well it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is valid well it's an
+implication so the proof strategy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication so the proof strategy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication so the proof strategy there
+it is written again the proof strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is written again the proof strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is written again the proof strategy
+is I'm going to assume that the if part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to assume that the if part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to assume that the if part
+the left-hand side of the implies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side of the implies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side of the implies or
+hypothesis is true that is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is true that is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is true that is that for
+every Z P of Z holds and Q of Z holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Z P of Z holds and Q of Z holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Z P of Z holds and Q of Z holds
+and then I'm going to try to prove based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to try to prove based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to try to prove based
+on that that the consequent holds namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that that the consequent holds namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that that the consequent holds namely
+that the right-hand side for all X P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right-hand side for all X P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right-hand side for all X P of
+X and for all Y Q of Y holds okay how am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and for all Y Q of Y holds okay how am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and for all Y Q of Y holds okay how am
+I going to do that well so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to do that well so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to do that well so here's the
+formula written just to fit on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula written just to fit on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula written just to fit on the line
+with the concise mathematical symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the concise mathematical symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the concise mathematical symbols
+the upside-down V means and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upside-down V means and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upside-down V means and and the
+arrow means implies and we want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow means implies and we want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow means implies and we want to try
+to prove that this is validity that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that this is validity that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that this is validity that this
+is valid a little bit more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid a little bit more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid a little bit more carefully
+well the strategy as I said is to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the strategy as I said is to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the strategy as I said is to assume
+that the left hand side holds well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left hand side holds well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left hand side holds well
+what's the left hand side say and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the left hand side say and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the left hand side say and says
+that for every Z Q of Z holds and P of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every Z Q of Z holds and P of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every Z Q of Z holds and P of Z
+holds that means that for every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that means that for every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that means that for every possible
+environment that assigns a value to Z Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that assigns a value to Z Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that assigns a value to Z Q
+of Z and P of Z both come out to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z and P of Z both come out to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z and P of Z both come out to be true
+well suppose that the value that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose that the value that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose that the value that the
+environment assigns the value C to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment assigns the value C to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment assigns the value C to Z
+where C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C is
+some element to the domain then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element to the domain then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element to the domain then what
+this means is that in that environment Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is that in that environment Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is that in that environment Q
+of Z and P of Z is true which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z and P of Z is true which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z and P of Z is true which means that
+Q of C and P of C holds but Q of C holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q of C and P of C holds but Q of C holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q of C and P of C holds but Q of C holds
+so Q of C certainly hookey and P of CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Q of C certainly hookey and P of CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Q of C certainly hookey and P of CL
+so q FC certainly holds all by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q FC certainly holds all by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q FC certainly holds all by itself
+all right so now we're in an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're in an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're in an interesting
+situation because we just proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because we just proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because we just proved that
+our Q of C holds and we know nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Q of C holds and we know nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Q of C holds and we know nothing and
+have assumed nothing about C except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have assumed nothing about C except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have assumed nothing about C except that
+it's an element to the domain C could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an element to the domain C could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an element to the domain C could
+have been any element to the domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been any element to the domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been any element to the domain and
+we've managed to prove that Q of C whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've managed to prove that Q of C whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've managed to prove that Q of C whole
+so it follows that in fact we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it follows that in fact we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it follows that in fact we have
+really proved that for every X Q of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really proved that for every X Q of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really proved that for every X Q of X
+holds now that step of saying I proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds now that step of saying I proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds now that step of saying I proved
+it for Q of a given element without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for Q of a given element without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for Q of a given element without
+making any assumptions about the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any assumptions about the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any assumptions about the given
+element except that it's in the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element except that it's in the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element except that it's in the domain
+and therefore I can conclude that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I can conclude that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I can conclude that it
+holds for all domain elements it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for all domain elements it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for all domain elements it's very
+natural and plausible and understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and plausible and understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and plausible and understandable
+rule and it's a basic axiom of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and it's a basic axiom of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and it's a basic axiom of logic
+called ug universal generalization come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ug universal generalization come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ug universal generalization come
+back to it in a minute anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it in a minute anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it in a minute anyway
+I've just proved that for all X Q of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just proved that for all X Q of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just proved that for all X Q of X
+holds and by a completely symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds and by a completely symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds and by a completely symmetric
+argument for all Y P of Y holds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for all Y P of Y holds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for all Y P of Y holds and
+having proved both for all X Q of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having proved both for all X Q of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having proved both for all X Q of X and
+for all Y P of Y clearly the hand holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Y P of Y clearly the hand holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Y P of Y clearly the hand holds
+and I've just proved that the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've just proved that the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've just proved that the right-hand
+side of this implication is true given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this implication is true given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this implication is true given
+that the left hand side is true now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left hand side is true now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left hand side is true now
+having called this proving validity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having called this proving validity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having called this proving validity you
+let me immediately clarify that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me immediately clarify that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me immediately clarify that this is
+not fair to call a proof because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fair to call a proof because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fair to call a proof because the
+rules of the game are really murky here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the game are really murky here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the game are really murky here
+this theorem you could say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem you could say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem you could say that it
+didn't know you could read it as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know you could read it as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know you could read it as saying
+that Universal quantification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Universal quantification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Universal quantification
+distributes over and is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over and is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over and is one of these
+basic valid formulas that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic valid formulas that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic valid formulas that is so
+fundamental and intelligible that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental and intelligible that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental and intelligible that it's
+hard to see what more basic things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see what more basic things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see what more basic things you
+are allowed to assume when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to assume when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to assume when you're
+proving it and this proof really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving it and this proof really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving it and this proof really isn't
+anything more than translating upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more than translating upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more than translating upside
+down a and and the and symbol into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a and and the and symbol into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a and and the and symbol into
+English and saying that I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and saying that I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and saying that I'm using
+ordinary intuitive rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary intuitive rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary intuitive rules of
+for all and and and using that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all and and and using that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all and and and using that in the
+proof so this is a good way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so this is a good way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so this is a good way to think
+about the formula to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the formula to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the formula to get an
+understanding of it but it's not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of it but it's not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of it but it's not right
+to say that it's a proof because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that it's a proof because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that it's a proof because we
+haven't been exactly clear about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been exactly clear about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been exactly clear about what
+the proof rules are and with this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof rules are and with this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof rules are and with this kind
+of really fundamental valid fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really fundamental valid fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really fundamental valid fact it
+becomes a quite technical problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a quite technical problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a quite technical problem to
+decide what's what a proof is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what's what a proof is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what's what a proof is going to
+be what are what's fair to assume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what are what's fair to assume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what are what's fair to assume in
+what's fair not to assume it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's fair not to assume it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's fair not to assume it would
+actually be perfectly plausible to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be perfectly plausible to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be perfectly plausible to take
+this as an axiom and then prove other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an axiom and then prove other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an axiom and then prove other
+things as a consequence of it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as a consequence of it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as a consequence of it anyway
+going on let's look at this just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on let's look at this just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on let's look at this just for
+cultural reasons we're never gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural reasons we're never gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural reasons we're never gonna
+actually ask you to do anything with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask you to do anything with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask you to do anything with it
+but the universal generalization rule ug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the universal generalization rule ug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the universal generalization rule ug
+is would be stated this way as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is would be stated this way as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is would be stated this way as a
+deduction rule in logic the stuff over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction rule in logic the stuff over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction rule in logic the stuff over
+the bar means if you've proved this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar means if you've proved this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar means if you've proved this then
+you can conclude that you've proved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can conclude that you've proved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can conclude that you've proved the
+stuff below the bar so what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff below the bar so what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff below the bar so what this is
+saying is if you've proved P of say P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is if you've proved P of say P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is if you've proved P of say P of
+C for a constant C then you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C for a constant C then you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C for a constant C then you can prove
+that you can deduce that for every X P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can deduce that for every X P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can deduce that for every X P
+of X holds and this is providing that C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X holds and this is providing that C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X holds and this is providing that C
+does not occur in any other part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not occur in any other part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not occur in any other part of the
+predicate P except that where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate P except that where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate P except that where you're
+talking explicitly about it it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking explicitly about it it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking explicitly about it it's hard to
+be more precise about that for now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more precise about that for now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more precise about that for now and
+don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it
+but the idea is you're not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is you're not supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is you're not supposed to
+assume anything about C other than it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume anything about C other than it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume anything about C other than it's
+in the domain and that it has property P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the domain and that it has property P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the domain and that it has property P
+and you can then conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can then conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can then conclude that
+everything has property P so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has property P so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has property P so let's look
+at a similar example where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a similar example where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a similar example where it is
+possible to prove something namely I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to prove something namely I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to prove something namely I can
+prove that something's not valid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that something's not valid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that something's not valid so
+here's a similar looking formula this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a similar looking formula this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a similar looking formula this
+one says that for every Z if P of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one says that for every Z if P of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one says that for every Z if P of Z
+holds or Q of Z holds then for every X P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds or Q of Z holds then for every X P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds or Q of Z holds then for every X P
+of X holds or for every Y Q of Y holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X holds or for every Y Q of Y holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X holds or for every Y Q of Y holds
+and this one we're going to show is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one we're going to show is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one we're going to show is not
+valid let's think about for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid let's think about for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid let's think about for a minute
+what it's saying is if everything has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying is if everything has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying is if everything has
+either property P or property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either property P or property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either property P or property
+that implies that everything has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that everything has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that everything has
+property P or everything has property q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property P or everything has property q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property P or everything has property q
+well when you say it that way is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you say it that way is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you say it that way is clearly
+not the case but let's go one level more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case but let's go one level more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case but let's go one level more
+precise and lay that out what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise and lay that out what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise and lay that out what I'm going
+to do is convince you that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is convince you that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is convince you that it's not
+valid by giving you a counter model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid by giving you a counter model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid by giving you a counter model
+where I make I chose an interpretation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I make I chose an interpretation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I make I chose an interpretation I
+choose a domain of discourse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a domain of discourse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a domain of discourse and
+predicates that Q and that P and Q are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates that Q and that P and Q are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates that Q and that P and Q are
+going to mean over that domain and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mean over that domain and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mean over that domain and that
+make the left-hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the left-hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the left-hand side of this
+implication true and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication true and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication true and then I'm going to
+show you that the right-hand side is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that the right-hand side is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that the right-hand side is not
+true and that means that in that domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and that means that in that domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and that means that in that domain
+with those interpretations of P and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those interpretations of P and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those interpretations of P and Q
+this implication fails so it's not valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implication fails so it's not valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implication fails so it's not valid
+so I need to make the left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to make the left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to make the left-hand side
+true and the right-hand side false well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the right-hand side false well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the right-hand side false well
+I'm gonna choose the domain of discourse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna choose the domain of discourse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna choose the domain of discourse
+to be the simplest one that will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the simplest one that will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the simplest one that will make
+this false namely let's let it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this false namely let's let it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this false namely let's let it the
+domain of discourse just be the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of discourse just be the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of discourse just be the numbers
+1 and 2 and let Q of Z be the predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 2 and let Q of Z be the predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 2 and let Q of Z be the predicate
+that says Z is 1 and P of Z be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says Z is 1 and P of Z be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says Z is 1 and P of Z be the
+predicate that says Z is 2 well is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate that says Z is 2 well is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate that says Z is 2 well is the
+left-hand side true yeah because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side true yeah because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side true yeah because the
+only things there are in the domain are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things there are in the domain are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things there are in the domain are
+1 and 2 and so clearly everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 2 and so clearly everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 2 and so clearly everything in the
+domain is either 1 or 2 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is either 1 or 2 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is either 1 or 2 so the
+antecedent is true on the other hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedent is true on the other hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedent is true on the other hand is
+everything in the domain does it satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the domain does it satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the domain does it satisfy
+P is everything in the domain equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is everything in the domain equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is everything in the domain equal to 2
+no one's not equal to 2 what about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one's not equal to 2 what about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one's not equal to 2 what about is
+everything in the domain equal to 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the domain equal to 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the domain equal to 1 is
+is it true that for all Y Q of Y holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that for all Y Q of Y holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that for all Y Q of Y holds
+no 2 is in the domain and it's not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no 2 is in the domain and it's not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no 2 is in the domain and it's not equal
+to 1 and so we have found exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and so we have found exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and so we have found exactly what
+we wanted a counter model which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted a counter model which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted a counter model which makes
+the left-hand side of the implies true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side of the implies true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side of the implies true
+and the right-hand side of the implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right-hand side of the implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right-hand side of the implies
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+Glenny close with just one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glenny close with just one more example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glenny close with just one more example
+of a valid formula that we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a valid formula that we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a valid formula that we can talk
+through this is the version of de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this is the version of de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this is the version of de
+Morgan's law that works for quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law that works for quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law that works for quantifiers
+remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+Morgan's law was the thing that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law was the thing that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law was the thing that said
+that the negation of P or Q was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the negation of P or Q was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the negation of P or Q was the same
+as not P and not Q and remembering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as not P and not Q and remembering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as not P and not Q and remembering that
+the connection between Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between Universal
+quantification and-and-and existential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification and-and-and existential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification and-and-and existential
+quantification and or it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification and or it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification and or it turns out that
+by the same kind of reasoning de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same kind of reasoning de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same kind of reasoning de
+Morgan's law comes out this way it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law comes out this way it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law comes out this way it says
+that if it's not true that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's not true that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's not true that everything
+has property P that's possible if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has property P that's possible if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has property P that's possible if and
+only if there's something that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if there's something that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if there's something that doesn't
+have property P and so that's what de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have property P and so that's what de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have property P and so that's what de
+Morgan's law is it's another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law is it's another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law is it's another thing you
+could take as an axiom or you could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take as an axiom or you could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take as an axiom or you could try
+one of these hand waving proofs about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these hand waving proofs about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these hand waving proofs about
+but I think I've said enough to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I've said enough to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I've said enough to give you
+that example of another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example of another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example of another interesting
+valid formula and we'll stop with that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U9XakUrkwgw.txt b/U9XakUrkwgw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77ac646aa3f452ba7a6f39f814d088e5fc9df765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U9XakUrkwgw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right well you guys were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well you guys were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well you guys were trying to
+beat a time of 603 uh what time did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat a time of 603 uh what time did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat a time of 603 uh what time did you
+get we got a 557 oh man how do you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we got a 557 oh man how do you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we got a 557 oh man how do you feel
+uh we still I think we feel pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we still I think we feel pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we still I think we feel pretty good
+about it I mean it's it's our best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I mean it's it's our best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I mean it's it's our best
+flight so far um and it looked really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight so far um and it looked really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight so far um and it looked really
+nice so so how did how did that compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so so how did how did that compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so so how did how did that compare
+with how you predicted you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how you predicted you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how you predicted you would
+do I guess we are meeting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I guess we are meeting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I guess we are meeting our
+expectations we're doing really well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we're doing really well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we're doing really well but
+not quite what we're hoping for so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite what we're hoping for so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite what we're hoping for so we
+met our expect but not our hopes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met our expect but not our hopes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met our expect but not our hopes but
+you'll be back to fight another day no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be back to fight another day no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be back to fight another day no
+doubt if we can we've lost the battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt if we can we've lost the battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt if we can we've lost the battle
+but we'll win the war oh I I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll win the war oh I I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll win the war oh I I couldn't
+hear that one you oh I just said we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that one you oh I just said we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that one you oh I just said we've
+lost the battle but we'll win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the battle but we'll win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the battle but we'll win the
+war what do you think was uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war what do you think was uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war what do you think was uh most
+effective what what worked about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective what what worked about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective what what worked about your
+system uh probably reducing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh probably reducing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh probably reducing all of the
+drag cuz a couple days ago we had lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag cuz a couple days ago we had lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag cuz a couple days ago we had lots
+of holes and uh these large pouches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of holes and uh these large pouches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of holes and uh these large pouches to
+hold the eggs which were just all dragg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the eggs which were just all dragg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the eggs which were just all dragg
+and we eliminated all that that helped a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we eliminated all that that helped a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we eliminated all that that helped a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+I I think I think we owe a lot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I think we owe a lot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I think we owe a lot of our
+success to like Chris and our very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success to like Chris and our very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success to like Chris and our very
+experienced pilot um cuz I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced pilot um cuz I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced pilot um cuz I think that
+makes a huge difference in how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a huge difference in how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a huge difference in how in
+particular you fly the plan so low drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you fly the plan so low drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you fly the plan so low drag
+and pilot skill yes always a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pilot skill yes always a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pilot skill yes always a good
+combination uh so what do you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination uh so what do you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination uh so what do you think you
+might have done differently if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have done differently if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have done differently if
+anything stay in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+longer what about further back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer what about further back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer what about further back in time
+oh any design changes you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh any design changes you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh any design changes you might have
+considered I think it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered I think it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered I think it would have been
+nice if we could have tested different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if we could have tested different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if we could have tested different
+ideas in Flight cuz sometimes it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in Flight cuz sometimes it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in Flight cuz sometimes it's hard
+to know what actually matters more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what actually matters more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what actually matters more like
+if you add an extra thing that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add an extra thing that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add an extra thing that might
+stabilize or will it just get in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize or will it just get in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize or will it just get in the way
+and add more drag and I think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add more drag and I think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add more drag and I think you have
+to kind of fly it both ways and see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of fly it both ways and see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of fly it both ways and see so
+it would have been nice to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been nice to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been nice to have more
+time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do
+that so you've had a lot of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you've had a lot of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you've had a lot of new
+experiences and unified this year you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and unified this year you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and unified this year you
+designed built and flew your plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed built and flew your plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed built and flew your plane
+successfully uh you met and worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully uh you met and worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully uh you met and worked with
+new people and you had to keep up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people and you had to keep up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people and you had to keep up a
+tough academic pace for quite a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough academic pace for quite a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough academic pace for quite a long
+time which do you think which experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which do you think which experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which do you think which experience
+do you think were the most valuable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think were the most valuable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think were the most valuable and
+what do you think will serve you best in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think will serve you best in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think will serve you best in
+the courses and the years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courses and the years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courses and the years to
+come I think um the multitasking of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come I think um the multitasking of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come I think um the multitasking of it
+all I mean it's unified so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I mean it's unified so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I mean it's unified so you're
+dealing with all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with all these different
+disciplines and uh you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and uh you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and uh you're dealing with
+them like day after day and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like day after day and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like day after day and you've got
+problem sets and tests and these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and tests and these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and tests and these various
+things and well this is nice cuz it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and well this is nice cuz it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and well this is nice cuz it
+brings it all together so you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings it all together so you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings it all together so you've got to
+uh try to remember you know all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to remember you know all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to remember you know all these
+all these fields and figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these fields and figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these fields and figure out where
+they apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they apply
+together what are you going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what are you going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what are you going to do next
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+Disneyland thanks a lot you guys nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disneyland thanks a lot you guys nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disneyland thanks a lot you guys nice
+flight
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UjHXiTpQGpg.txt b/UjHXiTpQGpg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70bcb319418f70830cf737efdbbaeff7e6ea684f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UjHXiTpQGpg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to be
+talking about a chemical demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a chemical demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a chemical demonstration
+today that I like to call Let It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that I like to call Let It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that I like to call Let It
+Snow mit's Dr John Dolan here he is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snow mit's Dr John Dolan here he is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snow mit's Dr John Dolan here he is and
+his assistant Ariel are going to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his assistant Ariel are going to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his assistant Ariel are going to perform
+two magic tricks involving super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two magic tricks involving super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two magic tricks involving super
+absorbent polymers let's watch as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent polymers let's watch as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent polymers let's watch as they
+show us the first one at the Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show us the first one at the Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show us the first one at the Cambridge
+Science Festival and what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Festival and what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Festival and what I'm going to
+do is I'm going to pour some water into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to pour some water into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to pour some water into
+the beaker that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaker that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaker that she's
+holding and you keep your eyes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding and you keep your eyes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding and you keep your eyes on the
+beaker bring it down just a bit hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+firmly turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to we are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we are making
+snow we're making snow today ARA oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boy it's so cold and wet it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy it's so cold and wet it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy it's so cold and wet it's just like
+real snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look so what happened well Ariel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so what happened well Ariel was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so what happened well Ariel was
+holding a beaker containing some sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a beaker containing some sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a beaker containing some sodium
+polyacrylate which is a polymer now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyacrylate which is a polymer now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyacrylate which is a polymer now a
+polymer is a big molecule that's a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer is a big molecule that's a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer is a big molecule that's a chain
+of repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repeating
+units this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unit and this is what it looks like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now different chains are held together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now different chains are held together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now different chains are held together
+by cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cross
+links the ETC just means that this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the ETC just means that this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the ETC just means that this could
+be thousands of carbons long this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thousands of carbons long this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thousands of carbons long this is
+just a small part of the chain and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small part of the chain and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small part of the chain and the
+polymer now when water is added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer now when water is added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer now when water is added to the
+polymer it wants to rush into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer it wants to rush into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer it wants to rush into the
+material because of the presence of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because of the presence of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because of the presence of so
+many sod sodium and carboxilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ions the water displaces the sodium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions the water displaces the sodium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions the water displaces the sodium ions
+leaving negatively charged carboxilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving negatively charged carboxilate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving negatively charged carboxilate
+ions these repel each other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions these repel each other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions these repel each other and the
+repulsion causes the polymer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion causes the polymer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion causes the polymer which
+starts out wound together to unwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out wound together to unwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out wound together to unwind
+swell and stretch the cross links which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swell and stretch the cross links which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swell and stretch the cross links which
+connect the polymer chains together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the polymer chains together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the polymer chains together
+prevent them from breaking apart in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from breaking apart in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from breaking apart in the
+water and the fake snow that's created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and the fake snow that's created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and the fake snow that's created
+is the same snow they use in Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same snow they use in Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same snow they use in Hollywood
+movie sets now let's watch Dr Dolan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie sets now let's watch Dr Dolan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie sets now let's watch Dr Dolan and
+Ariel turn this same polymer into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ariel turn this same polymer into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ariel turn this same polymer into
+something totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something totally
+different okay so I've got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so I've got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so I've got another
+Beaker she's holding and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker she's holding and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker she's holding and I'm going to
+pour some water in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observe turn it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arel you don't have to hold your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arel you don't have to hold your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arel you don't have to hold your hand
+under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole that's the same polymer only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole that's the same polymer only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole that's the same polymer only this
+time the polymer is not as crosslin as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the polymer is not as crosslin as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the polymer is not as crosslin as
+the first one it's more of the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one it's more of the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one it's more of the straight
+chain polymer and it can absorb many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain polymer and it can absorb many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain polymer and it can absorb many
+more times its its weight in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more times its its weight in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more times its its weight in water
+you'll recognize this this is the diaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recognize this this is the diaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recognize this this is the diaper
+polymer the you know now right so Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer the you know now right so Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer the you know now right so Dr
+Dolan uses the same polymer with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolan uses the same polymer with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolan uses the same polymer with a
+different amount of crosslinking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of crosslinking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of crosslinking the
+sodium polyacrylate that makes diaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium polyacrylate that makes diaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium polyacrylate that makes diaper
+gel has fewer cross links and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel has fewer cross links and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel has fewer cross links and therefore
+can absorb more water water than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can absorb more water water than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can absorb more water water than the
+sodium polyacrylate that turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium polyacrylate that turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium polyacrylate that turned into
+snow overall this polymer can absorb up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow overall this polymer can absorb up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow overall this polymer can absorb up
+to 800 times its own weight in distilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 800 times its own weight in distilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 800 times its own weight in distilled
+water and about 30 times its own weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and about 30 times its own weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and about 30 times its own weight
+in urine it's the main ingredient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urine it's the main ingredient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urine it's the main ingredient in
+baby diapers used to keep the baby dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby diapers used to keep the baby dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby diapers used to keep the baby dry
+hope you enjoyed the video and I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you enjoyed the video and I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you enjoyed the video and I'll see
+you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Vf9if09KUvw.txt b/Vf9if09KUvw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd4613c89dc8212f98fd7ba72cb8b40ae426cdd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vf9if09KUvw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so um nice to see you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so um nice to see you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so um nice to see you all
+this morning can you hear me with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning can you hear me with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning can you hear me with the
+mic it's okay um and uh Leo told me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic it's okay um and uh Leo told me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic it's okay um and uh Leo told me you
+guys introduce yourselves at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys introduce yourselves at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys introduce yourselves at the
+beginning is that right you metion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is that right you metion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is that right you metion that
+right no well you mean in the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no well you mean in the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no well you mean in the audience
+yeah um you don't have to I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um you don't have to I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um you don't have to I just
+he um well just just so and can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he um well just just so and can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he um well just just so and can get a
+sense of of where you guys are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of of where you guys are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of of where you guys are coming
+from how many of you are students or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how many of you are students or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how many of you are students or
+versus graduate versus other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus graduate versus other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus graduate versus other
+professionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals
+students undergraduates yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students undergraduates yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students undergraduates yeah
+undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates
+one and graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and graduate
+students okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students okay and
+others okay good so you that's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay good so you that's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay good so you that's a it's a
+nice mix um so what I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice mix um so what I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice mix um so what I'm going to talk
+about uh this morning is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh this morning is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh this morning is positive
+deviant and I understand you've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviant and I understand you've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviant and I understand you've talked
+about this a little bit already but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit already but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit already but I
+want to go through um a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through um a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through um a bit of
+background on it and then I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on it and then I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on it and then I'll talk
+about most of of my research and please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about most of of my research and please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about most of of my research and please
+feel free to ask questions as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ask questions as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ask questions as we
+go okay I don't know if you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay I don't know if you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay I don't know if you have to do
+this at MIT but we have to do this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Harvard okay so as you might have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard okay so as you might have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard okay so as you might have seen
+in your course reader um the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your course reader um the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your course reader um the objective
+of of this lecture today is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this lecture today is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this lecture today is to
+understand how to achieve and Lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to achieve and Lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to achieve and Lead
+systems change to achieve high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems change to achieve high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems change to achieve high quality
+improvement within a healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement within a healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement within a healthcare
+organization change that just slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization change that just slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization change that just slightly
+um into a healthcare delivery program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into a healthcare delivery program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into a healthcare delivery program is
+I'm actually not an organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually not an organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually not an organizational
+systems person I do clinical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems person I do clinical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems person I do clinical research
+but I think a lot of the same principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think a lot of the same principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think a lot of the same principles
+apply as I mentioned we'll go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply as I mentioned we'll go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply as I mentioned we'll go over the
+concept ceptive positive deviant will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept ceptive positive deviant will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept ceptive positive deviant will
+focus on adherence to anti- retrovirals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on adherence to anti- retrovirals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on adherence to anti- retrovirals
+and are people here familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are people here familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are people here familiar with
+art more or less it's kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art more or less it's kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art more or less it's kind of in the
+media a lot but I'll go through a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media a lot but I'll go through a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media a lot but I'll go through a little
+bit of background on that as well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of background on that as well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of background on that as well to
+make sure we're on the same page and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're on the same page and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're on the same page and
+then I'll present my experience which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll present my experience which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll present my experience which is
+mostly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uganda so the H Holy Girl of uh quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda so the H Holy Girl of uh quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda so the H Holy Girl of uh quality
+improvement um is there an Innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement um is there an Innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement um is there an Innovative
+approach that can promote and sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that can promote and sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that can promote and sustain
+Behavioral or cultural change that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral or cultural change that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral or cultural change that is
+people- driven sustainable and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people- driven sustainable and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people- driven sustainable and less
+Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source
+intensive so this is where the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive so this is where the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive so this is where the concept
+of posi positive deviance comes in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of posi positive deviance comes in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of posi positive deviance comes in so
+it's based on social and behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on social and behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on social and behavioral
+change strategy it was originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change strategy it was originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change strategy it was originally
+introduced by Mary and zeitlin in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by Mary and zeitlin in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by Mary and zeitlin in in the
+context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of
+nutrition um the idea is that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition um the idea is that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition um the idea is that there were
+well-nourished kids even among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-nourished kids even among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-nourished kids even among the
+poorest communities and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest communities and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest communities and those are the
+kids that we would want to focus on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids that we would want to focus on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids that we would want to focus on to
+find out why are they doing well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out why are they doing well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out why are they doing well when
+everybody else is not and is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is not and is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is not and is there
+something organic about that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something organic about that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something organic about that situation
+that can be capitalized on what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be capitalized on what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be capitalized on what what is
+the expertise that that individual has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expertise that that individual has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expertise that that individual has
+developed that could be applied to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed that could be applied to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed that could be applied to all
+the other people who don't seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people who don't seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people who don't seem to have
+it at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point um so this has also been used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um so this has also been used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um so this has also been used in
+an NGO called save the children that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NGO called save the children that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NGO called save the children that's a
+picture of Jerry and uh and Monique um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Jerry and uh and Monique um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Jerry and uh and Monique um
+steinon or sternan sorry the spacings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steinon or sternan sorry the spacings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steinon or sternan sorry the spacings
+off there so they they applied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there so they they applied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there so they they applied this
+process um in Vietnam and they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um in Vietnam and they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um in Vietnam and they looked at
+um children who were malnourished and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um children who were malnourished and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um children who were malnourished and
+traditional supplemental feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional supplemental feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional supplemental feeding
+programs like giving out Plumping nut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs like giving out Plumping nut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs like giving out Plumping nut
+some people may have heard of that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people may have heard of that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people may have heard of that works
+very well when they're getting plumpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well when they're getting plumpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well when they're getting plumpy
+nut but they don't get plumpy nut for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nut but they don't get plumpy nut for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nut but they don't get plumpy nut for
+very long it's actually fairly expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long it's actually fairly expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long it's actually fairly expensive
+to implement and sustain so how else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement and sustain so how else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement and sustain so how else
+could they approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+malnutrition so they sat down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malnutrition so they sat down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malnutrition so they sat down with
+families and actually talked to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and actually talked to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and actually talked to them and
+I don't know what you've discussed in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what you've discussed in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what you've discussed in in
+previous lectures about how to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lectures about how to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lectures about how to approach
+a problem in the real world in clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in the real world in clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in the real world in clinical
+settings or um in whatever environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings or um in whatever environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings or um in whatever environment
+you're in but most researchers I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in but most researchers I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in but most researchers I've
+worked with and myself initially as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with and myself initially as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with and myself initially as well
+thought we you know studied all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we you know studied all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we you know studied all this
+great stuff in school and we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great stuff in school and we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great stuff in school and we have all
+these great ideas and we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these great ideas and we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these great ideas and we're just going
+to go do our research we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go do our research we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go do our research we're going to
+solve The World's problems and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve The World's problems and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve The World's problems and and
+wonderful aspirations like that but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful aspirations like that but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful aspirations like that but to
+First sit down and talk to people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First sit down and talk to people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First sit down and talk to people and
+figure out what they need what works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what they need what works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what they need what works
+what doesn't work is sometimes a misstep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't work is sometimes a misstep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't work is sometimes a misstep
+and I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's very
+critical so they enabled the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical so they enabled the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical so they enabled the community
+to define the problem and often when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the problem and often when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the problem and often when you
+go in to talk to people they may say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in to talk to people they may say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in to talk to people they may say
+well there there's no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there there's no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there there's no problem
+everything's fine you know there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's fine you know there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's fine you know there may be
+some cultural barriers people may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cultural barriers people may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cultural barriers people may not
+have thought about the situ the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought about the situ the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought about the situ the way
+you're thinking about it using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about it using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about it using the
+analysis skills that you have so helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis skills that you have so helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis skills that you have so helping
+people to define the problem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to define the problem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to define the problem and then
+helping to uncover current attitudes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to uncover current attitudes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to uncover current attitudes and
+um in this case feeding behaviors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case feeding behaviors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case feeding behaviors so
+what are what are people doing and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are people doing and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are people doing and how
+could how does that mix with the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could how does that mix with the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could how does that mix with the problem
+and what kind of solutions organically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of solutions organically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of solutions organically
+come out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation so villagers created their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so villagers created their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so villagers created their own
+growth charts and discovered well nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth charts and discovered well nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth charts and discovered well nurse
+kids among them and this self-discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids among them and this self-discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids among them and this self-discovery
+process is really important um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is really important um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is really important um people
+believe things that they've come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe things that they've come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe things that they've come up with
+on on their own much more than they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on their own much more than they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on their own much more than they will
+believe somebody you know like me going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe somebody you know like me going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe somebody you know like me going
+into Uganda and saying here's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Uganda and saying here's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Uganda and saying here's the answer
+to your problem so if they come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your problem so if they come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your problem so if they come up with
+it you already have the Buy in and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you already have the Buy in and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you already have the Buy in and all
+the Technologies we bring all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Technologies we bring all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Technologies we bring all the
+solutions we bring mean nothing if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we bring mean nothing if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we bring mean nothing if they
+don't get used and if people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get used and if people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get used and if people don't
+believe in them so what they found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in them so what they found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in them so what they found was
+um some of these kids were wellfed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of these kids were wellfed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of these kids were wellfed
+because they did unusual things and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they did unusual things and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they did unusual things and what
+they've called unusual was going out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've called unusual was going out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've called unusual was going out to
+Rice patties and Gathering shrimp sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rice patties and Gathering shrimp sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rice patties and Gathering shrimp sweet
+potatoes crabs things that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes crabs things that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes crabs things that were not
+really considered a appropriate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really considered a appropriate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really considered a appropriate but
+these kids were doing it anyway and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids were doing it anyway and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids were doing it anyway and they
+were actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better so the say the children group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so the say the children group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so the say the children group
+encouraged villagers to design a plan um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged villagers to design a plan um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged villagers to design a plan um
+to enable families with malnourished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable families with malnourished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable families with malnourished
+kids to learn these new practices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to learn these new practices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to learn these new practices so
+there's a bit of a barrier to get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a barrier to get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a barrier to get over
+this idea of what's appropriate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of what's appropriate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of what's appropriate and
+what's not appropriate but it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not appropriate but it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not appropriate but it all comes
+from within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from within the
+environment so they learned um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so they learned um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so they learned um so
+learning and resource um families went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and resource um families went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and resource um families went
+to uh rice patties and together worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh rice patties and together worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh rice patties and together worked
+through this and I like this quote um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and I like this quote um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and I like this quote um
+it's easier to act your way um to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to act your way um to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to act your way um to a new
+way of thinking than to think your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking than to think your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking than to think your way
+to a new way of acting again going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new way of acting again going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new way of acting again going back
+to the idea of what's growing out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of what's growing out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of what's growing out of the
+community so these are just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so these are just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so these are just some
+examples of how positive deviance has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how positive deviance has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how positive deviance has
+been used um so again the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used um so again the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used um so again the um
+malnutrition in Vietnamese communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malnutrition in Vietnamese communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malnutrition in Vietnamese communities
+it's been used in Primary School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been used in Primary School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been used in Primary School
+retention in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention in
+Argentina reduction of girl trafficking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina reduction of girl trafficking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina reduction of girl trafficking
+in East Java decrease in neonatal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in East Java decrease in neonatal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in East Java decrease in neonatal uh
+deaths and sickness in Pakistan and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths and sickness in Pakistan and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths and sickness in Pakistan and here
+in the states looking at reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the states looking at reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the states looking at reduction of
+methy resistant staff oras so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methy resistant staff oras so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methy resistant staff oras so I'm not
+going to go through any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through any of these
+examples but I just want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but I just want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but I just want to give you a
+sense as to how people have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as to how people have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as to how people have thought
+about positive deviants in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive deviants in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive deviants in a variety of
+settings and I can tell you more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and I can tell you more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and I can tell you more about
+the work I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work I've been
+doing so are there any questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so are there any questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so are there any questions on the
+the basic concept of positive deviant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic concept of positive deviant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic concept of positive deviant
+before we kind of get into the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we kind of get into the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we kind of get into the the
+nitty-gritty of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty of what I
+do yeah so is the idea that you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so is the idea that you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so is the idea that you kind of
+look at what's being done and who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's being done and who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's being done and who's the
+effective group and then try to mag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective group and then try to mag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective group and then try to mag
+move the distribution M exactly see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the distribution M exactly see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the distribution M exactly see it's
+so much easier to start with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much easier to start with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much easier to start with something
+that already Works than to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already Works than to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already Works than to try and
+figure out what could work and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what could work and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what could work and then to
+try and introduce it I think you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and introduce it I think you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and introduce it I think you may
+have heard I don't know if all if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard I don't know if all if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard I don't know if all if people
+here aren't familiar with ghd online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here aren't familiar with ghd online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here aren't familiar with ghd online
+have you talked about that okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you talked about that okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you talked about that okay so it's
+an online community sponsored through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an online community sponsored through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an online community sponsored through um
+through the Harvard Community talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Harvard Community talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Harvard Community talking
+about Technologies and other you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Technologies and other you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Technologies and other you know
+adherence and other factors related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence and other factors related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence and other factors related to
+Global health and there's been a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global health and there's been a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global health and there's been a recent
+panel on health it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel on health it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel on health it
+and it's not the technology that's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not the technology that's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not the technology that's hard
+it's the implementation that's hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the implementation that's hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the implementation that's hard you
+know it's and I'm not an engineer so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's and I'm not an engineer so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's and I'm not an engineer so I
+don't want to say you know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say you know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say you know anything
+about what you guys do because I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you guys do because I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you guys do because I'm I'm
+always very impressed but the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always very impressed but the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always very impressed but the hardest
+part I found in introducing Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I found in introducing Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I found in introducing Technologies
+is getting people to use them so if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting people to use them so if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting people to use them so if they
+already are ready to use it whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already are ready to use it whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already are ready to use it whatever it
+is you know you're halfway there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you're halfway there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you're halfway there any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+questions okay um so this is a condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay um so this is a condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay um so this is a condensed
+version of the table that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the table that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the table that was in the
+Bradley paper and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley paper and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley paper and basically
+there are four steps to develop your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four steps to develop your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four steps to develop your
+ideas around positive deviants the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas around positive deviants the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas around positive deviants the first
+one is to identify who are the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to identify who are the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to identify who are the positive
+deviants the second are to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants the second are to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants the second are to use
+qualitative methods to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative methods to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative methods to generate
+hypotheses on achieving top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses on achieving top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses on achieving top
+performance third is to test hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance third is to test hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance third is to test hypotheses
+and larger representative samples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger representative samples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger representative samples and
+then to work with key stakeholders to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to work with key stakeholders to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to work with key stakeholders to
+disseminate best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminate best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminate best
+practices so I think identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices so I think identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices so I think identifying
+positive deviants and using qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive deviants and using qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive deviants and using qualitative
+methods is is where I'd like to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods is is where I'd like to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods is is where I'd like to focus
+for the beginning and are any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the beginning and are any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the beginning and are any of you
+familiar with qualitative research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with qualitative research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with qualitative research
+anyone ever done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever done
+it okay so a lot of people when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so a lot of people when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so a lot of people when they
+first think of qualitative research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first think of qualitative research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first think of qualitative research
+think it's kind of fluffy and it is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of fluffy and it is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of fluffy and it is kind
+of fluffy right you sit down you talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fluffy right you sit down you talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fluffy right you sit down you talk to
+people um but I've become much more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um but I've become much more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um but I've become much more of
+an advocate for qualitative research The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advocate for qualitative research The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advocate for qualitative research The
+more I've done in the area because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I've done in the area because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I've done in the area because
+there's so much you can learn from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much you can learn from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much you can learn from doing
+really well-informed interviews and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well-informed interviews and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well-informed interviews and
+doing really you know thought through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really you know thought through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really you know thought through
+questions you know asking specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know asking specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know asking specific
+questions that get you information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that get you information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that get you information
+open-ended questions that give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended questions that give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended questions that give people
+the ability to EXP explore their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to EXP explore their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to EXP explore their own
+ideas and for you to explore their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and for you to explore their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and for you to explore their
+experiences so we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences so we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences so we'll talk a little bit
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that so I know most of you are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I know most of you are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I know most of you are familiar
+with art but I just wanted to go over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with art but I just wanted to go over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with art but I just wanted to go over a
+couple of the basics to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the basics to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the basics to make sure
+everybody's on the same page um HIV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's on the same page um HIV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's on the same page um HIV is
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+infection and it um it's you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and it um it's you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and it um it's you know it
+affects the immune system and the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the immune system and the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the immune system and the way we
+treat it is through what we call highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it is through what we call highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it is through what we call highly
+active anti- retroviral therapy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active anti- retroviral therapy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active anti- retroviral therapy or
+combination anti- retroviral therapy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination anti- retroviral therapy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination anti- retroviral therapy so
+if you take three uh three drugs three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take three uh three drugs three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take three uh three drugs three
+different each form a different class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different each form a different class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different each form a different class
+you can fully suppress the virus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fully suppress the virus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fully suppress the virus and
+people's immune systems come back they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's immune systems come back they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's immune systems come back they
+work very well there there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well there there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well there there are some
+problems with with the treatment but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with with the treatment but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with with the treatment but by
+and large if you take three drugs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large if you take three drugs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large if you take three drugs the
+virus is suppressed we don't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus is suppressed we don't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus is suppressed we don't see it
+clinically and people do very well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically and people do very well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically and people do very well for
+long periods of time but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long periods of time but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long periods of time but it's very
+critical to take all three drugs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to take all three drugs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to take all three drugs as
+prescribed so if people don't adhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed so if people don't adhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed so if people don't adhere to
+their medicine and we use this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their medicine and we use this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their medicine and we use this term
+adhere more than compliance you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere more than compliance you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere more than compliance you might
+hear both of them out there compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear both of them out there compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear both of them out there compliance
+tends to have this connotation of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to have this connotation of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to have this connotation of sort
+of a Pat Uh patronizing relationship um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Pat Uh patronizing relationship um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Pat Uh patronizing relationship um
+or paternal relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or paternal relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or paternal relationship between the
+doctor and the patient and adherence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor and the patient and adherence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor and the patient and adherence is
+more of a collaboration where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a collaboration where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a collaboration where people
+understand why they're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why they're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why they're doing something
+and choose to do it and you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose to do it and you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose to do it and you work
+together that's why I'm using the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's why I'm using the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's why I'm using the term
+adherence so lapses and adherence can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence so lapses and adherence can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence so lapses and adherence can
+allow the virus to start replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the virus to start replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the virus to start replicating
+again and the problem with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and the problem with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and the problem with these
+different drug classes is each one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different drug classes is each one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different drug classes is each one has a
+different halflife so um one class may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different halflife so um one class may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different halflife so um one class may
+be around in the blood for 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around in the blood for 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around in the blood for 24 hours
+another may be around for 72 hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another may be around for 72 hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another may be around for 72 hours and
+and if you stop taking your drugs all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you stop taking your drugs all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you stop taking your drugs all at
+once you might have a little bit of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you might have a little bit of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you might have a little bit of one
+class of drug in the blood system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of drug in the blood system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of drug in the blood system but
+not the other two and that's the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the other two and that's the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the other two and that's the perfect
+environment for drug resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for drug resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for drug resistance to
+develop the virus replicates thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the virus replicates thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the virus replicates thousands
+or millions of times a day and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or millions of times a day and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or millions of times a day and it's a
+very sloppy virus so if um it creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sloppy virus so if um it creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sloppy virus so if um it creates
+all kinds of mutations and that sets up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of mutations and that sets up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of mutations and that sets up
+a perfect scenario for developing drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect scenario for developing drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect scenario for developing drug
+resistance so the problem with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so the problem with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so the problem with the with
+the therapies is people may stop for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therapies is people may stop for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therapies is people may stop for a
+couple of days and that could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days and that could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days and that could actually
+kill the effect effectiveness of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill the effect effectiveness of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill the effect effectiveness of their
+therapy so even small lapses over short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy so even small lapses over short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy so even small lapses over short
+periods of time have major implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time have major implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time have major implications
+for long-term clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for long-term clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for long-term clinical
+efficacy so it's really important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficacy so it's really important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficacy so it's really important for
+people to take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to take their
+drugs and and this these principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and and this these principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and and this these principles of
+adherence apply to hypertension diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence apply to hypertension diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence apply to hypertension diabetes
+other things like that but with HIV the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that but with HIV the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that but with HIV the
+immediacy is really Critical with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy is really Critical with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy is really Critical with um
+hypertension diabetes that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension diabetes that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension diabetes that sort of thing
+you'll see the clinical effects months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the clinical effects months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the clinical effects months
+years later with HIV you'll see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later with HIV you'll see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later with HIV you'll see them
+within weeks if you know maybe months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within weeks if you know maybe months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within weeks if you know maybe months
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+so um anti retroviral therapy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um anti retroviral therapy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um anti retroviral therapy was
+brought out into the Western World you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought out into the Western World you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought out into the Western World you
+know in the '90s we got prus Inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the '90s we got prus Inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the '90s we got prus Inhibitors
+which are one of the stronger classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are one of the stronger classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are one of the stronger classes of
+drugs in '96 and this concept of Highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs in '96 and this concept of Highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs in '96 and this concept of Highly
+active anti retroviral therapy has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active anti retroviral therapy has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active anti retroviral therapy has been
+around for about 15 years now um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for about 15 years now um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for about 15 years now um and we
+used it very well in the US but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it very well in the US but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it very well in the US but in the
+early 2000s it hadn't really made it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2000s it hadn't really made it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2000s it hadn't really made it to
+subsaharan Africa or other developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa or other developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa or other developing
+settings and there was a lot of fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and there was a lot of fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and there was a lot of fear
+that people couldn't take it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people couldn't take it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people couldn't take it you know
+you have to take it every day twice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take it every day twice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take it every day twice a
+day measurements are now much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day measurements are now much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day measurements are now much more
+simpler simpler than they were um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler simpler than they were um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler simpler than they were um they
+were three or four times a day with lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three or four times a day with lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three or four times a day with lots
+of side effects now they're twice a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of side effects now they're twice a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of side effects now they're twice a day
+or even once a day with many fewer side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even once a day with many fewer side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even once a day with many fewer side
+effects but there's a lot of concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but there's a lot of concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but there's a lot of concern
+that if we introduce this very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we introduce this very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we introduce this very special
+therapy into developing settings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy into developing settings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy into developing settings that
+people aren't going to take their drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't going to take their drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't going to take their drugs
+they're going to develop resistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to develop resistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to develop resistance and
+they're going to spread that resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to spread that resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to spread that resistance
+through secondary transmission so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through secondary transmission so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through secondary transmission so it's
+really critical people understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical people understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical people understand how to
+take their drugs and there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their drugs and there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their drugs and there was a lot of
+fear that people couldn't do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear that people couldn't do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear that people couldn't do that in
+settings that were different than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings that were different than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings that were different than what
+we were used to so couple of quotes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were used to so couple of quotes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were used to so couple of quotes up
+here and these are from you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and these are from you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and these are from you know the
+Lance at and bmj so these are very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lance at and bmj so these are very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lance at and bmj so these are very well
+respected clinical uh references and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected clinical uh references and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected clinical uh references and
+this was the prevailing opinion in 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the prevailing opinion in 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the prevailing opinion in 2001
+2004 so the first one will widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 so the first one will widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 so the first one will widespread
+unre unregulated access to anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unre unregulated access to anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unre unregulated access to anti
+retrovirals in subsaharan Africa lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirals in subsaharan Africa lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirals in subsaharan Africa lead to
+the rapid emergence of drug resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rapid emergence of drug resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rapid emergence of drug resistant
+viral strains spelling Doom for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral strains spelling Doom for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral strains spelling Doom for the
+individual curtailing future treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual curtailing future treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual curtailing future treatment
+options and leading to transmission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and leading to transmission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and leading to transmission of
+resistant virus and the second one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant virus and the second one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant virus and the second one in
+Subs Africa the potential for short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs Africa the potential for short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs Africa the potential for short-term
+gains from reducing individual morbidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains from reducing individual morbidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains from reducing individual morbidity
+and mortality may be far outweighed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mortality may be far outweighed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mortality may be far outweighed by
+the potential for long-term spread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential for long-term spread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential for long-term spread of
+drug resistance in Africa a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug resistance in Africa a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug resistance in Africa a higher
+proportion of patients um are likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of patients um are likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of patients um are likely
+should be to have resistance or to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to have resistance or to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to have resistance or to fall
+into a category of potential poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a category of potential poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a category of potential poor
+adherers unless resource intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherers unless resource intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherers unless resource intensive
+adherence programs are available so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence programs are available so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence programs are available so
+these spares have basis in biology but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spares have basis in biology but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spares have basis in biology but I
+wasn't sure that they actually had basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure that they actually had basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure that they actually had basis
+in reality are there people who take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality are there people who take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality are there people who take
+their drugs well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugs well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugs well
+and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a
+particularly unfortunate quote yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly unfortunate quote yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly unfortunate quote yes you
+probably i' I've never met this man but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably i' I've never met this man but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably i' I've never met this man but
+I'm sure he's very sorry he said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure he's very sorry he said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure he's very sorry he said this
+because this quote comes up with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this quote comes up with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this quote comes up with you
+know all kinds of do Goods like me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all kinds of do Goods like me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all kinds of do Goods like me all
+the time and so he uh he said Africans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and so he uh he said Africans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and so he uh he said Africans
+don't know what western time is and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what western time is and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what western time is and they
+don't know what you're asking about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what you're asking about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what you're asking about when
+asked to take drugs at specific times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to take drugs at specific times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to take drugs at specific times so
+there was fear and perhaps some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was fear and perhaps some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was fear and perhaps some
+Prejudice that people uh couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice that people uh couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice that people uh couldn't do
+this so the first thing I like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the first thing I like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the first thing I like to do
+from a scientific perspective is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a scientific perspective is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a scientific perspective is look at
+the data right so you know how how were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right so you know how how were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right so you know how how were
+Americans actually doing with this How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans actually doing with this How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans actually doing with this How
+are Europeans doing with this and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Europeans doing with this and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Europeans doing with this and were
+they really taking their drugs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really taking their drugs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really taking their drugs so
+well so the answer is no we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the answer is no we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the answer is no we're actually
+really bad at it um these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad at it um these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad at it um these are some
+numbers U from from several us studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers U from from several us studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers U from from several us studies
+in San Francisco you know New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in San Francisco you know New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in San Francisco you know New York
+Philadelphia and these percentage points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and these percentage points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and these percentage points
+here are the median adherence levels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the median adherence levels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the median adherence levels so
+on average how often are people taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average how often are people taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average how often are people taking
+their drugs that's really poor you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugs that's really poor you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugs that's really poor you know
+our goal is somewhere in the upper 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is somewhere in the upper 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is somewhere in the upper 90s
+um this number of 95% you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this number of 95% you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this number of 95% you might have
+heard talked about um may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard talked about um may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard talked about um may or may not be
+accurate with the more potent regimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate with the more potent regimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate with the more potent regimens
+we're using now perhaps there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using now perhaps there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using now perhaps there's a little
+more flexibility depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexibility depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexibility depending on the
+patterns of adherence but you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of adherence but you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of adherence but you want
+something High 90% or somewhere in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something High 90% or somewhere in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something High 90% or somewhere in that
+area so we're not doing so great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so we're not doing so great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so we're not doing so great so
+should we be giving drugs out here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be giving drugs out here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be giving drugs out here in
+the US and maybe the Africans do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and maybe the Africans do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and maybe the Africans do it
+better than we do so important research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than we do so important research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than we do so important research
+was needed to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was needed to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was needed to answer this
+question so I'll turn now to Uganda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I'll turn now to Uganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I'll turn now to Uganda
+which is where I've been working for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where I've been working for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where I've been working for the
+past four years um I'm sure most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past four years um I'm sure most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past four years um I'm sure most of you
+know where Uganda is but I just put up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where Uganda is but I just put up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where Uganda is but I just put up a
+map there in case I don't have a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map there in case I don't have a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map there in case I don't have a pointer
+but the place where I I do work is um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the place where I I do work is um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the place where I I do work is um in
+the bottom left corner called embara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom left corner called embara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom left corner called embara
+it's about a four or five hour drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a four or five hour drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a four or five hour drive
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kalala so how how are people doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kalala so how how are people doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kalala so how how are people doing with
+taking their drugs in Africa and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking their drugs in Africa and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking their drugs in Africa and this
+was a study done by Jessica Yugi about 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a study done by Jessica Yugi about 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a study done by Jessica Yugi about 6
+or seven years ago and this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven years ago and this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven years ago and this is when
+drugs were still not free so pepar which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs were still not free so pepar which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs were still not free so pepar which
+is a major US initiative to get drugs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major US initiative to get drugs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major US initiative to get drugs to
+Africa was developed just shortly after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa was developed just shortly after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa was developed just shortly after
+this time period and drugs are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period and drugs are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period and drugs are now
+relatively widely available and and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively widely available and and free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively widely available and and free
+for people who can access them but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who can access them but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who can access them but at
+this time we're looking at a a motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we're looking at a a motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we're looking at a a motivated
+population who's willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population who's willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population who's willing to pay for
+drugs um granted they were generic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs um granted they were generic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs um granted they were generic but
+this is a month salary for most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a month salary for most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a month salary for most people
+to get their drugs each month which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get their drugs each month which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get their drugs each month which
+creates a lot of economic problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a lot of economic problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a lot of economic problems but
+still that's a lot better than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that's a lot better than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that's a lot better than what
+people were doing in Philadelphia or San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were doing in Philadelphia or San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were doing in Philadelphia or San
+Francisco and these different categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco and these different categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco and these different categories
+so men I'll go into adherence monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so men I'll go into adherence monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so men I'll go into adherence monitoring
+in a minute but it's an electronic pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute but it's an electronic pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute but it's an electronic pill
+bottle so people can see if they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle so people can see if they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle so people can see if they've
+taken their if they've at least opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken their if they've at least opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken their if they've at least opened
+the cap to their their pill bottle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap to their their pill bottle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap to their their pill bottle to
+presumably to take their drugs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably to take their drugs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably to take their drugs uh
+unannounced pill counts are where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unannounced pill counts are where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unannounced pill counts are where people
+go out to the home and um just ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out to the home and um just ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out to the home and um just ask for
+pill bottles and get a a quick snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill bottles and get a a quick snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill bottles and get a a quick snapshot
+if people have pills in their bottle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people have pills in their bottle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people have pills in their bottle or
+not and it's thought to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and it's thought to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and it's thought to be more
+objective um because you it's a surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective um because you it's a surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective um because you it's a surprise
+visit and the manipulation that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and the manipulation that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and the manipulation that people
+often do with in clinic or um re other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do with in clinic or um re other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do with in clinic or um re other
+announced pill counts um it tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced pill counts um it tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced pill counts um it tends to be
+a bit more objective and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more objective and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more objective and then
+self-reports just asking how many drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reports just asking how many drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reports just asking how many drugs
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+took so um Ed Mills did a nice meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took so um Ed Mills did a nice meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took so um Ed Mills did a nice meta
+analysis of adherence studies in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of adherence studies in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of adherence studies in North
+America and I think Europe um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and I think Europe um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and I think Europe um actually
+the the countries are all listed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the countries are all listed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the countries are all listed up
+there so North America and then other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so North America and then other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so North America and then other
+countries that had a bit more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that had a bit more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that had a bit more of a
+developing setting and pulled it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing setting and pulled it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing setting and pulled it all
+together and looked to see who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and looked to see who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and looked to see who had
+adherence greater than 95% this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence greater than 95% this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence greater than 95% this this
+goal that has been cited for so long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that has been cited for so long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that has been cited for so long and
+in developed countries only 55% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developed countries only 55% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developed countries only 55% of
+people achieved what we consider good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people achieved what we consider good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people achieved what we consider good
+adherence and in developing countries it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence and in developing countries it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence and in developing countries it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+77% so I think there's a lot we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77% so I think there's a lot we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77% so I think there's a lot we could
+learn from what's going on in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from what's going on in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from what's going on in these
+developing countries getting back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries getting back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries getting back to the
+idea of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of positive
+deviants and also I mean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants and also I mean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants and also I mean there are
+different populations I I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations I I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations I I don't want to
+criticize America too much or Europe too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize America too much or Europe too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize America too much or Europe too
+much because um the the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because um the the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because um the the process of
+developing anti-retroviral therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing anti-retroviral therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing anti-retroviral therapy
+didn't happen overnight a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen overnight a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen overnight a lot of people
+were on single drugs and then double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on single drugs and then double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on single drugs and then double
+drugs and then triple drugs um and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and then triple drugs um and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and then triple drugs um and with
+the African population at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the African population at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the African population at this point
+we're getting the very you know the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the very you know the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the very you know the most
+eager the most sick the most highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager the most sick the most highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager the most sick the most highly
+motivated so they're not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated so they're not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated so they're not entirely
+comparable populations but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable populations but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable populations but there's
+really no reason to think they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no reason to think they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no reason to think they're going
+to do worse and they're probably doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do worse and they're probably doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do worse and they're probably doing
+better than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than we
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+oops oh no my graphs didn't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops oh no my graphs didn't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops oh no my graphs didn't show
+up okay so this is was a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so this is was a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so this is was a really nice
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+showing huh no it's not unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing huh no it's not unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing huh no it's not unfortunately
+okay so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so imagine
+three different methods of the same ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different methods of the same ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different methods of the same ones
+mems pill count and self-report showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mems pill count and self-report showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mems pill count and self-report showing
+adherence um in a free uh sending a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence um in a free uh sending a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence um in a free uh sending a free
+drugs and they're all at the top so 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and they're all at the top so 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and they're all at the top so 96
+98% so over a year adherence tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98% so over a year adherence tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98% so over a year adherence tends to
+decline with time but we're still seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline with time but we're still seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline with time but we're still seeing
+very high rates of adherence and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high rates of adherence and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high rates of adherence and this
+was data from 2008 um I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was data from 2008 um I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was data from 2008 um I don't have the
+data um compiled to present you now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um compiled to present you now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um compiled to present you now but
+we've been following a cohort of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been following a cohort of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been following a cohort of over
+500 people um and adherence rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 people um and adherence rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 people um and adherence rates are
+still extremely high so people are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still extremely high so people are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still extremely high so people are are
+continuing to do quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and so people started to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so people started to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so people started to recognize
+this um around the mid 2000s and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um around the mid 2000s and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um around the mid 2000s and this is
+an article from The New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article from The New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article from The New York Times
+highlighting that Africans quote outdo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting that Africans quote outdo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting that Africans quote outdo
+us patients in following AIDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therapy so going back to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy so going back to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy so going back to positive
+deviants first thing is to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants first thing is to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants first thing is to identify
+positive deviants so you know in when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive deviants so you know in when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive deviants so you know in when I
+approached my research I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached my research I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached my research I didn't really
+think of it in the context of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in the context of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in the context of positive
+deviants but when Leo asked me to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants but when Leo asked me to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants but when Leo asked me to talk
+about this I realized it actually fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I realized it actually fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I realized it actually fit
+pretty nicely so we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nicely so we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nicely so we're looking at
+Africans and seeing how are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans and seeing how are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans and seeing how are they doing
+so well and also looking at within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well and also looking at within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well and also looking at within that
+population are there people who aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population are there people who aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population are there people who aren't
+doing so well and what can we learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so well and what can we learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so well and what can we learn from
+those people who are doing well so in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who are doing well so in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who are doing well so in in
+this case the majority are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the majority are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the majority are actually
+doing better um with within the African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better um with within the African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better um with within the African
+context but how do we apply that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but how do we apply that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but how do we apply that to
+people outside of Africa or to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people outside of Africa or to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people outside of Africa or to those
+people who aren't doing quite so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who aren't doing quite so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who aren't doing quite so well
+within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+Africa so in inter uh qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa so in inter uh qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa so in inter uh qualitative
+research so we work with uh Norma wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so we work with uh Norma wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so we work with uh Norma wear
+who's an anthropologist at the Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's an anthropologist at the Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's an anthropologist at the Harvard
+Medical School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical School
+and she did about 400 interviews so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she did about 400 interviews so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she did about 400 interviews so this
+is incredibly labor intensive work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly labor intensive work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly labor intensive work um
+she has three research sites one in Jos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has three research sites one in Jos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has three research sites one in Jos
+Nigeria one in Dar Salam Tanzania and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigeria one in Dar Salam Tanzania and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigeria one in Dar Salam Tanzania and
+one with us in embara um and she did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with us in embara um and she did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with us in embara um and she did
+these interviews to find out how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interviews to find out how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interviews to find out how are
+people doing so well like what's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing so well like what's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing so well like what's their
+secret so the idea is in um in a context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret so the idea is in um in a context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret so the idea is in um in a context
+of resource scarcity and so I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resource scarcity and so I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resource scarcity and so I don't have
+a point pointer but you see the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point pointer but you see the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point pointer but you see the yellow
+background is supposed to be resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is supposed to be resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is supposed to be resource
+scarcity so you know what how how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity so you know what how how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity so you know what how how do
+people get their drugs how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get their drugs how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get their drugs how do they
+adhere to their drugs what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to their drugs what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to their drugs what are their
+motivators what are their barriers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivators what are their barriers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivators what are their barriers and
+the idea is um here on the your left so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is um here on the your left so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is um here on the your left so
+um you have resources uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have resources uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have resources uh through
+relationships to overcome economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships to overcome economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships to overcome economic and
+other obstacles to adherence so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other obstacles to adherence so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other obstacles to adherence so if
+somebody needs to get to Clinic it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody needs to get to Clinic it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody needs to get to Clinic it could
+actually take them month salary just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take them month salary just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take them month salary just to
+get on the bus and get back so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on the bus and get back so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on the bus and get back so how do
+those people actually get to clinic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people actually get to clinic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people actually get to clinic to
+get their drugs well maybe they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their drugs well maybe they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their drugs well maybe they have
+someone they have a significant person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone they have a significant person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone they have a significant person
+in their life who's willing to loan them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their life who's willing to loan them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their life who's willing to loan them
+some money or to give them a ride or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money or to give them a ride or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money or to give them a ride or to
+watch their kids so that they can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch their kids so that they can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch their kids so that they can go to
+a clinic and then if they adhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clinic and then if they adhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clinic and then if they adhere to
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+drugs they pay back that that favor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs they pay back that that favor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs they pay back that that favor that
+was done to them they become well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done to them they become well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done to them they become well they
+start farming again um they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start farming again um they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start farming again um they're able to
+then help out that person when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then help out that person when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then help out that person when that
+person needs to get to clinic or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person needs to get to clinic or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person needs to get to clinic or or
+wherever they need to go so in a setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they need to go so in a setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they need to go so in a setting
+of of few resources people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of few resources people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of few resources people really
+support each other and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support each other and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support each other and they have to
+adhere to pay back that support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to pay back that support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to pay back that support
+and in the context of of this this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the context of of this this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the context of of this this cycle
+there are many barriers to consider so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many barriers to consider so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many barriers to consider so
+that's what these purple circles are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what these purple circles are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what these purple circles are so
+there are social structural barriers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are social structural barriers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are social structural barriers the
+patterns of of inequality stigma gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of of inequality stigma gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of of inequality stigma gender
+inequality these things may interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality these things may interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality these things may interrupt
+this cycle of sorry just a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle of sorry just a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle of sorry just a quick
+question yeah what's the um situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah what's the um situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah what's the um situation
+for these patients in terms of how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these patients in terms of how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these patients in terms of how they
+receive their drugs do they come and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive their drugs do they come and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive their drugs do they come and get
+the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs
+fromal workers yeah what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fromal workers yeah what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fromal workers yeah what sort of
+organization structur sure some most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization structur sure some most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization structur sure some most of
+this was done in 2008 um and things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done in 2008 um and things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done in 2008 um and things have
+changed a little bit um over time but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a little bit um over time but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a little bit um over time but at
+this point most struges were given out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point most struges were given out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point most struges were given out
+monthly so people had to get to Clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly so people had to get to Clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly so people had to get to Clinic
+every month and there was still some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month and there was still some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month and there was still some of
+this fear that if people don't come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fear that if people don't come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fear that if people don't come in
+every month how will we know how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month how will we know how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month how will we know how they're
+doing are they actually going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing are they actually going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing are they actually going to take
+their drugs and to have that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugs and to have that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drugs and to have that sort of
+paternal control you know it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternal control you know it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternal control you know it's not like
+you get your three- Monon mailin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your three- Monon mailin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your three- Monon mailin
+prescription like you do here and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription like you do here and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription like you do here and you're
+kind of you know on your own they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know on your own they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know on your own they really
+wanted to see people and some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see people and some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see people and some of that
+was for clinical benefit and I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for clinical benefit and I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for clinical benefit and I think in
+early days of treatment that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of treatment that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of treatment that's really
+warranted but as people get more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranted but as people get more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranted but as people get more stable
+they're doing well do they really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing well do they really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing well do they really need
+to come in every month and do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in every month and do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in every month and do some of
+these barriers come into play and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these barriers come into play and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these barriers come into play and people
+have begun to recognize that so in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have begun to recognize that so in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have begun to recognize that so in most
+Care Systems at least in you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care Systems at least in you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care Systems at least in you know where
+we're working and I'm not sure about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working and I'm not sure about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working and I'm not sure about the
+the J and the um Dar Salam sites but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J and the um Dar Salam sites but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J and the um Dar Salam sites but
+people getting two to three month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people getting two to three month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people getting two to three month
+prescriptions if they've been stable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptions if they've been stable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptions if they've been stable for
+a year um we haven't seen a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year um we haven't seen a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year um we haven't seen a lot of
+community health workers where we are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community health workers where we are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community health workers where we are um
+I know people do do that a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know people do do that a lot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know people do do that a lot for
+delivery of drugs and to overcome some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of drugs and to overcome some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of drugs and to overcome some
+of these barriers but in the sites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these barriers but in the sites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these barriers but in the sites that
+that we've been working with it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been working with it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been working with it's
+primarily people going to Clinic every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily people going to Clinic every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily people going to Clinic every
+two to three months at this point any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three months at this point any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three months at this point any
+other questions before I go on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people yeah um well the data I presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah um well the data I presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah um well the data I presented
+was from Uganda and I don't have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from Uganda and I don't have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from Uganda and I don't have the the
+Nigerian or the Tanzanian but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigerian or the Tanzanian but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigerian or the Tanzanian but it's the
+same group within Uganda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same group within Uganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same group within Uganda
+yeah so um there are different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um there are different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um there are different types of
+barriers and again there's social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers and again there's social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers and again there's social
+structural so people may feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural so people may feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural so people may feel
+stigmatized and that may interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stigmatized and that may interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stigmatized and that may interfere with
+this ability to ask for help from within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ability to ask for help from within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ability to ask for help from within
+their social capital um there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their social capital um there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their social capital um there may be
+individual issues about knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual issues about knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual issues about knowledge
+cognitive function alcohol use is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive function alcohol use is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive function alcohol use is a huge
+problem so people may have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so people may have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so people may have these
+resources but they may not access them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources but they may not access them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources but they may not access them
+because they may not believe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they may not believe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they may not believe in the
+therapy they're taking there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy they're taking there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy they're taking there may be
+cultural issues um do people prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural issues um do people prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural issues um do people prefer
+traditional healing methods before going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional healing methods before going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional healing methods before going
+to a western style of medicine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a western style of medicine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a western style of medicine um
+there's some issues about about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some issues about about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some issues about about having
+kids and you know should they take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and you know should they take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and you know should they take these
+drugs could that be dangerous for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs could that be dangerous for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs could that be dangerous for the
+kids um and then infrastructure getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids um and then infrastructure getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids um and then infrastructure getting
+to Clinic um some people have to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Clinic um some people have to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Clinic um some people have to walk
+for hours or again the the high cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours or again the the high cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours or again the the high cost of
+Transportation it may only be a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation it may only be a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation it may only be a dollar
+or two but that's very significant for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two but that's very significant for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two but that's very significant for a
+lot of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patients um and then one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients um and then one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients um and then one thing that's
+been extremely helpful is the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been extremely helpful is the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been extremely helpful is the cost of
+drugs so drugs in the US are incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs so drugs in the US are incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs so drugs in the US are incredibly
+expensive most are covered by Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive most are covered by Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive most are covered by Insurance
+not everybody has insurance but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody has insurance but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody has insurance but most
+people can get them covered um but in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can get them covered um but in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can get them covered um but in in
+order to get this therapy to people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get this therapy to people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get this therapy to people um
+the cost of drugs needed to come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of drugs needed to come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of drugs needed to come down
+dramatically I did a lot of work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically I did a lot of work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically I did a lot of work with
+this with the Clinton Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the Clinton Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the Clinton Foundation
+um but most drugs now are about $117 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but most drugs now are about $117 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but most drugs now are about $117 a
+month and that's made a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and that's made a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and that's made a huge difference
+in getting drugs to people so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting drugs to people so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting drugs to people so people
+aren't paying that but the ministries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't paying that but the ministries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't paying that but the ministries of
+Health are paying that or the a Aid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health are paying that or the a Aid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health are paying that or the a Aid
+agencies that are providing the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that are providing the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that are providing the drugs
+are paying these very low rates um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying these very low rates um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying these very low rates um which
+has helped a lot for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Access so I wanted to to delve in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access so I wanted to to delve in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access so I wanted to to delve in to
+this qualitative research a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this qualitative research a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this qualitative research a little bit
+to give you more of a sense as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you more of a sense as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you more of a sense as to what
+what is it like for an individual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it like for an individual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it like for an individual in
+Uganda to take anti-retroviral therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda to take anti-retroviral therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda to take anti-retroviral therapy
+and so I'm going to tell you the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to tell you the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to tell you the story
+of John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of John
+and John agreed to have his story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John agreed to have his story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John agreed to have his story
+told um so it's actually written up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told um so it's actually written up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told um so it's actually written up um
+in pla a couple years ago so John has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pla a couple years ago so John has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pla a couple years ago so John has no
+formal education and he's in very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal education and he's in very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal education and he's in very very
+many ways a very typical participant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways a very typical participant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways a very typical participant in
+our studies he works as a farmer so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our studies he works as a farmer so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our studies he works as a farmer so just
+subsistance farming uh he lives with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsistance farming uh he lives with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsistance farming uh he lives with his
+brother sister-in-law three nieces in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother sister-in-law three nieces in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother sister-in-law three nieces in a
+three room mud walled house without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three room mud walled house without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three room mud walled house without
+electricity he does own a lantern a bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity he does own a lantern a bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity he does own a lantern a bed
+sofa bike and a radio but he's he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sofa bike and a radio but he's he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sofa bike and a radio but he's he's the
+guy with no watch this is who Andrew n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy with no watch this is who Andrew n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy with no watch this is who Andrew n
+nasos um was talking about he is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasos um was talking about he is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasos um was talking about he is the
+African without a watch can he take his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African without a watch can he take his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African without a watch can he take his
+drugs so he was diagnosed with HIV in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs so he was diagnosed with HIV in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs so he was diagnosed with HIV in
+April 2005 and he started on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 2005 and he started on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 2005 and he started on those
+generic anti- retrovirals after he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic anti- retrovirals after he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic anti- retrovirals after he had a
+disseminated herpes zoster which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminated herpes zoster which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminated herpes zoster which is a
+very bad skin infection um and kaposi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad skin infection um and kaposi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad skin infection um and kaposi
+saroma which is a a cancer that's caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saroma which is a a cancer that's caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saroma which is a a cancer that's caused
+by a viral infection related to HIV his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a viral infection related to HIV his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a viral infection related to HIV his
+CD4 count was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD4 count was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD4 count was
+151 um and some of you may know below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+151 um and some of you may know below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+151 um and some of you may know below
+200 is considered a severe immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 is considered a severe immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 is considered a severe immune
+suppression and qualifies as a diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression and qualifies as a diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression and qualifies as a diagnosis
+of AIDS um as he would qualify anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AIDS um as he would qualify anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AIDS um as he would qualify anyway
+with these kind of uh clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comorbidities so before I mention mem's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comorbidities so before I mention mem's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comorbidities so before I mention mem's
+caps these bottles where you open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps these bottles where you open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps these bottles where you open the
+cab and shut it and you can find out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab and shut it and you can find out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab and shut it and you can find out how
+people are doing with their pill-taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing with their pill-taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing with their pill-taking
+behavior now they're not perfect people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior now they're not perfect people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior now they're not perfect people
+don't always take a pill every time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always take a pill every time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always take a pill every time they
+open the cap and sometimes they may take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the cap and sometimes they may take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the cap and sometimes they may take
+out several and put them in their pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out several and put them in their pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out several and put them in their pocket
+and not use the bottle but you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not use the bottle but you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not use the bottle but you get a
+pretty good sense as to help people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good sense as to help people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good sense as to help people are
+doing with their therapy if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with their therapy if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with their therapy if they
+actually are opening it twice a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are opening it twice a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are opening it twice a day
+every day as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day as they're
+prescribed so this was one of John's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed so this was one of John's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed so this was one of John's
+charts and each one of those little dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts and each one of those little dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts and each one of those little dots
+is an opening so he's doing extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an opening so he's doing extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an opening so he's doing extremely
+well you see a few kind of high and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see a few kind of high and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see a few kind of high and high
+and low but by and large he's he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low but by and large he's he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low but by and large he's he's doing
+extremely well in fact he had 90% of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well in fact he had 90% of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well in fact he had 90% of his
+doses within 10 minutes of when he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses within 10 minutes of when he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses within 10 minutes of when he said
+he would take them so he said he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would take them so he said he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would take them so he said he would
+take them 7:20 in the morning 7:20 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them 7:20 in the morning 7:20 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them 7:20 in the morning 7:20 at
+night soorry that should be um a.m. or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night soorry that should be um a.m. or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night soorry that should be um a.m. or
+p.m. I think anyway he um he took 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. I think anyway he um he took 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. I think anyway he um he took 90%
+within 17 minutes so I I could not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 17 minutes so I I could not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 17 minutes so I I could not do
+this I don't know if any of you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know if any of you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know if any of you could do
+this I can barely do that with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can barely do that with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can barely do that with like a
+week's worth of antibiotics you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's worth of antibiotics you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's worth of antibiotics you know um
+so he's he's doing incredibly well his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's he's doing incredibly well his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's he's doing incredibly well his
+overall adherence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall adherence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall adherence is
+99% so he's the guy we want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% so he's the guy we want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% so he's the guy we want to learn
+from right he's the he's the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right he's the he's the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right he's the he's the positive
+deviant we're talking about so any idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviant we're talking about so any idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviant we're talking about so any idea
+how he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he did
+it could be he's on the equator it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be he's on the equator it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be he's on the equator it's
+pretty reliable any other thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty reliable any other thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty reliable any other thoughts
+radio radio good thought anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio radio good thought anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio radio good thought anyone
+else okay so you're right this is John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay so you're right this is John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay so you're right this is John
+and this is his radio um so every day at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is his radio um so every day at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is his radio um so every day at
+7:20 his favorite program came on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:20 his favorite program came on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:20 his favorite program came on and so
+he was motivated to turn on the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was motivated to turn on the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was motivated to turn on the radio
+because it's his favorite program he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's his favorite program he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's his favorite program he was
+motivated to take his drugs because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to take his drugs because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to take his drugs because he
+was really sick he was dying he combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really sick he was dying he combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really sick he was dying he combined
+those together and did extremely well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together and did extremely well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together and did extremely well
+but the story doesn't end there um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the story doesn't end there um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the story doesn't end there um so
+things happen and JN is not a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen and JN is not a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen and JN is not a static
+person who doesn't change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who doesn't change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who doesn't change over
+time so we looked at Jon's adherence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we looked at Jon's adherence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we looked at Jon's adherence you
+know one of the values of of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the values of of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the values of of doing
+clinical research especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical research especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical research especially with
+longitudinal cohorts even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal cohorts even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal cohorts even though it's
+just observational it's not a fancy RCT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just observational it's not a fancy RCT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just observational it's not a fancy RCT
+randomized control trial you can learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial you can learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial you can learn a
+lot of information by seeing what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information by seeing what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information by seeing what people
+do over time so in the first nine months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do over time so in the first nine months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do over time so in the first nine months
+that was the the chart I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the chart I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the chart I showed you
+before if you look at the second one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you look at the second one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you look at the second one you
+see some gaps if you recall back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some gaps if you recall back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some gaps if you recall back to the
+beginning even a few days of not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning even a few days of not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning even a few days of not taking
+your drugs can be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drugs can be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drugs can be a real
+problem um so what happened during those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um so what happened during those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um so what happened during those
+gaps oops okay any thoughts what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps oops okay any thoughts what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps oops okay any thoughts what you
+know what kind of barriers could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what kind of barriers could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what kind of barriers could be a
+problem for John or what may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for John or what may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for John or what may have
+changed ran out of very possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed ran out of very possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed ran out of very possible
+stockouts are common less so than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockouts are common less so than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockouts are common less so than they
+used to be um but that could be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be um but that could be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be um but that could be you know
+something Beyond his control he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Beyond his control he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Beyond his control he just
+couldn't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get the
+drugs battery yeah most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs battery yeah most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs battery yeah most of them are
+crank but um yeah electricity is a h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank but um yeah electricity is a h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank but um yeah electricity is a h
+huge issue program got canel program got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge issue program got canel program got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge issue program got canel program got
+canceled sure so there's you know you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled sure so there's you know you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled sure so there's you know you go
+back to those purple circles I found I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to those purple circles I found I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to those purple circles I found I
+put up there there are many barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up there there are many barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up there there are many barriers
+that could exist in this case John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could exist in this case John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could exist in this case John
+actually fell in love um and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fell in love um and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fell in love um and his
+girlfriend was not able to access drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend was not able to access drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend was not able to access drugs
+so he was giving his drugs to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was giving his drugs to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was giving his drugs to his
+girlfriend during those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend during those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend during those
+lapses um so we were ultimately able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapses um so we were ultimately able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapses um so we were ultimately able to
+get his girlfriend on therapy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get his girlfriend on therapy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get his girlfriend on therapy you know
+and improve her access but it's the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improve her access but it's the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improve her access but it's the you
+know it's the importance of following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the importance of following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the importance of following
+people over time and getting data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over time and getting data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over time and getting data and
+just because you've gotten answer once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you've gotten answer once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you've gotten answer once
+doesn't mean you've continued to to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you've continued to to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you've continued to to have
+the right answer as as time progresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer as as time progresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer as as time progresses
+and access to the idea of stockouts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and access to the idea of stockouts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and access to the idea of stockouts is
+and availability of drugs is becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and availability of drugs is becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and availability of drugs is becoming
+much more of a problem than it was even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a problem than it was even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a problem than it was even
+a couple of years ago funding levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years ago funding levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years ago funding levels
+during the economy and the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the economy and the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the economy and the you know
+turned down the economy are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned down the economy are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned down the economy are are
+stagnating if not going down so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnating if not going down so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnating if not going down so these
+issues of sharing drugs and creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of sharing drugs and creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of sharing drugs and creating
+resistance may be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance may be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance may be a problem
+again okay and the other idea I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay and the other idea I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay and the other idea I wanted
+to introduce is deceptively good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce is deceptively good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce is deceptively good
+adherence so this is data I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence so this is data I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence so this is data I've been
+collecting on a pediatric cohort in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting on a pediatric cohort in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting on a pediatric cohort in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+area and um median adherence levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and um median adherence levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and um median adherence levels the
+ones I've been describing of 99% 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've been describing of 99% 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've been describing of 99% 95%
+that sounds really great and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds really great and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds really great and this is
+what we've seen in the Pediatric cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen in the Pediatric cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen in the Pediatric cohort
+as well and kids have a whole another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and kids have a whole another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and kids have a whole another
+set of issues because they're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of issues because they're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of issues because they're not the
+ones actually taking the drugs they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones actually taking the drugs they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones actually taking the drugs they have
+to rely on caregivers there many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on caregivers there many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on caregivers there many other
+complex factors I won't go into but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex factors I won't go into but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex factors I won't go into but
+looking at all these different measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all these different measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all these different measures
+objective measures subjective measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective measures subjective measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective measures subjective measures
+um we found very high adherence but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we found very high adherence but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we found very high adherence but when
+we looked at their viral suppression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at their viral suppression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at their viral suppression
+rates it's about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates it's about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates it's about half
+that doesn't make sense we should expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't make sense we should expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't make sense we should expect
+fully suppressed virus and these kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully suppressed virus and these kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully suppressed virus and these kids
+who are taking their drugs 95 90 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are taking their drugs 95 90 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are taking their drugs 95 90 you
+know 97% of the time so what we think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 97% of the time so what we think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 97% of the time so what we think is
+going on is that people are still having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is that people are still having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is that people are still having
+these transient lapses we're just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transient lapses we're just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transient lapses we're just not
+picking them up sorry the drugs are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking them up sorry the drugs are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking them up sorry the drugs are not
+effective they're very effective yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective they're very effective yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective they're very effective yes
+yeah these are highly active potent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these are highly active potent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these are highly active potent
+drugs so if you take them most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs so if you take them most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs so if you take them most of the
+time you know 90% of the time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know 90% of the time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know 90% of the time you're
+going to have a suppressed virus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a suppressed virus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a suppressed virus um
+there could be some issues especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be some issues especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be some issues especially
+with kids with pharmacokinetics we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kids with pharmacokinetics we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kids with pharmacokinetics we don't
+understand exactly how the drugs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand exactly how the drugs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand exactly how the drugs are
+being absorbed there may be biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being absorbed there may be biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being absorbed there may be biological
+differences there may be interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences there may be interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences there may be interactions
+with traditional medicines there many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with traditional medicines there many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with traditional medicines there many
+reasons that could happen but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that could happen but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that could happen but it's
+pretty much you take the drugs you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you take the drugs you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you take the drugs you get a
+suppressed virus and what we think may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed virus and what we think may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed virus and what we think may
+be happening is people are having small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening is people are having small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening is people are having small
+dips so you could have 95% overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dips so you could have 95% overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dips so you could have 95% overall
+adherence and miss one drug once one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence and miss one drug once one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence and miss one drug once one
+week and then one drug another week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and then one drug another week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and then one drug another week and
+it doesn't really matter because overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter because overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter because overall
+those half-lies haven't gone down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those half-lies haven't gone down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those half-lies haven't gone down to the
+sub therapeutic level but if you miss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub therapeutic level but if you miss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub therapeutic level but if you miss a
+block of 3 days that's enough to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of 3 days that's enough to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of 3 days that's enough to get
+that sub therapeutic drug level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sub therapeutic drug level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sub therapeutic drug level that
+cocktail that's perfect for creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocktail that's perfect for creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocktail that's perfect for creating
+drug resistant virus and with these kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug resistant virus and with these kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug resistant virus and with these kids
+we think this is happening a lot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think this is happening a lot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think this is happening a lot because
+of changes in caregiver um there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changes in caregiver um there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changes in caregiver um there's some
+sort of disruption in routine that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of disruption in routine that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of disruption in routine that sort
+of thing so even though the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing so even though the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing so even though the numbers are
+really good are there still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good are there still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good are there still
+problems so um again going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so um again going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so um again going back to the
+key barriers you know what could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key barriers you know what could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key barriers you know what could be
+causing these sorry there's no patch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing these sorry there's no patch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing these sorry there's no patch for
+with these drugs no no there's resch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these drugs no no there's resch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these drugs no no there's resch
+reseearch looking into Depo forms where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reseearch looking into Depo forms where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reseearch looking into Depo forms where
+you can get injections um and patches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get injections um and patches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get injections um and patches
+but the pharmacokinetics are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the pharmacokinetics are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the pharmacokinetics are really
+difficult especially with proteas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult especially with proteas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult especially with proteas
+Inhibitors and it depends on the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inhibitors and it depends on the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inhibitors and it depends on the class
+of drug but there so far everything has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drug but there so far everything has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drug but there so far everything has
+to be a pill at this point or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid so you know what could be causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so you know what could be causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so you know what could be causing
+this deceptively High adherence and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deceptively High adherence and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deceptively High adherence and are
+there more problems than we we think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more problems than we we think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more problems than we we think um
+and what are the barriers that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the barriers that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the barriers that could be
+leading to those and are there people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to those and are there people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to those and are there people
+who are getting over those barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are getting over those barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are getting over those barriers
+again going back to the idea of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going back to the idea of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going back to the idea of positive
+deviants so just to review you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants so just to review you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants so just to review you know
+social structural barriers individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social structural barriers individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social structural barriers individual
+barriers cultural barriers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers cultural barriers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers cultural barriers and
+infrastructural barriers of how we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructural barriers of how we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructural barriers of how we've
+we've grouped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've grouped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've grouped
+them so we again we want to find people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we again we want to find people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we again we want to find people
+um uh who's uh with adherence problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh who's uh with adherence problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh who's uh with adherence problems
+and we want to intervene before these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to intervene before these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to intervene before these
+clinical consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical consequences
+develop the window of opportunity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the window of opportunity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the window of opportunity is
+short we think we have about 48 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short we think we have about 48 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short we think we have about 48 hours
+before the virus starts to replicate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the virus starts to replicate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the virus starts to replicate in
+the absence of of of uh therapeutic drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of of of uh therapeutic drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of of of uh therapeutic drug
+levels and so the way we've approached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so the way we've approached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so the way we've approached
+this and and since I'm MIT I feel like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and since I'm MIT I feel like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and since I'm MIT I feel like I
+should talk about technology the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should talk about technology the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should talk about technology the way
+we've done this is is to use technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this is is to use technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this is is to use technology
+um to to find ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to find ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to find ways of
+identifying adherence lapses as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying adherence lapses as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying adherence lapses as they're
+happening so that we can find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so that we can find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so that we can find out what
+is the person doing who is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the person doing who is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the person doing who is able to
+rescue themselves to get back on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue themselves to get back on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue themselves to get back on their
+drugs or why why are these adherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or why why are these adherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or why why are these adherence
+lapses happening in the moment so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapses happening in the moment so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapses happening in the moment so we
+don't have to worry about recall bias we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about recall bias we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about recall bias we
+don't have to worry about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about social
+desirability bias can we take this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirability bias can we take this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirability bias can we take this idea
+of qualitative research and put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of qualitative research and put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of qualitative research and put it in
+the moment which no one's really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment which no one's really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment which no one's really been
+able to do before because we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do before because we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do before because we find out
+about adherence lapses weeks to months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adherence lapses weeks to months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adherence lapses weeks to months
+later when people come into clinic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when people come into clinic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when people come into clinic for
+their routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their routine
+appointments so I've talked about that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments so I've talked about that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments so I've talked about that I
+won't dwell on it I just wanted to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't dwell on it I just wanted to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't dwell on it I just wanted to again
+make sure we're all on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're all on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're all on the same page
+about how you monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you monitor
+adherence and um there are subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence and um there are subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence and um there are subjective
+measures and there are objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and there are objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and there are objective
+measures subjective measures are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures subjective measures are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures subjective measures are nice
+because they're quick they're easy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're quick they're easy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're quick they're easy you
+just ask somebody how how often did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask somebody how how often did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask somebody how how often did you
+miss a you know a drug or how often did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss a you know a drug or how often did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss a you know a drug or how often did
+you take a drug there are various recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a drug there are various recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a drug there are various recall
+periods people ask about you can try get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods people ask about you can try get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods people ask about you can try get
+percents rating um you can use computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percents rating um you can use computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percents rating um you can use computers
+there all kinds of ways you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of ways you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of ways you can do this
+to try and um get information quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and um get information quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and um get information quickly
+and easily but when it comes down to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easily but when it comes down to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easily but when it comes down to it
+these are all typically overestimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all typically overestimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all typically overestimates
+people want to tell you they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to tell you they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to tell you they're doing
+well right or they may think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right or they may think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right or they may think they're
+doing well it's hard to remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well it's hard to remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well it's hard to remember what
+you forgot so you know these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forgot so you know these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forgot so you know these are these
+are not great measures but you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not great measures but you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not great measures but you know they
+are easy to do their objective measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to do their objective measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to do their objective measures
+as I've mentioned these pill pill counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've mentioned these pill pill counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've mentioned these pill pill counts
+you can also look at Pharmacy records so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also look at Pharmacy records so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also look at Pharmacy records so
+if you have a good electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a good electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a good electronic medical
+record at some um do especially in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record at some um do especially in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record at some um do especially in South
+Africa you can get really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa you can get really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa you can get really good
+predictions of adherence or estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of adherence or estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of adherence or estimates of
+adherence that can predict clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence that can predict clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence that can predict clinical
+outcomes um based on how often people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes um based on how often people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes um based on how often people
+pick up their drugs it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up their drugs it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up their drugs it's sort of a
+maximum because you don't know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum because you don't know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum because you don't know if they
+take their drugs but these are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their drugs but these are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their drugs but these are ways of
+getting some sort of objective measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some sort of objective measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some sort of objective measure
+of adherence the M's caps I've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adherence the M's caps I've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adherence the M's caps I've mentioned
+you can also look at drug levels but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also look at drug levels but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also look at drug levels but
+getting spot drug levels um hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting spot drug levels um hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting spot drug levels um hasn't
+really been shown to be very sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been shown to be very sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been shown to be very sensitive
+or specific in predicting um clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or specific in predicting um clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or specific in predicting um clinical
+outcomes and so these are all most are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and so these are all most are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and so these are all most are
+more likely to be accurate they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be accurate they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be accurate they're also
+really expensive and hard to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive and hard to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive and hard to do in
+clinical settings so you know what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical settings so you know what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical settings so you know what can
+we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so I started to look at technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I started to look at technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I started to look at technology
+for um for uh monitoring adherence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for uh monitoring adherence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for uh monitoring adherence in
+real time and I started with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time and I started with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time and I started with two
+different approaches the first one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches the first one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches the first one is to
+look at self-report much as I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at self-report much as I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at self-report much as I'm not a
+fan of it again it's easy to do and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan of it again it's easy to do and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan of it again it's easy to do and you
+can use cell phones right so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use cell phones right so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use cell phones right so everybody
+has cell phones cell phones are saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cell phones cell phones are saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cell phones cell phones are saving
+the world and you know we're doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and you know we're doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and you know we're doing all
+kinds of wonderful things with cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of wonderful things with cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of wonderful things with cell
+phones so why not use them for this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones so why not use them for this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones so why not use them for this so
+you could do this through live calls you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this through live calls you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this through live calls you
+could actually just pick up the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually just pick up the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually just pick up the phone
+and ask somebody or you taking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask somebody or you taking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask somebody or you taking your
+pills you could use interactive voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pills you could use interactive voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pills you could use interactive voice
+response um for people who have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response um for people who have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response um for people who have low
+literacy that can be really advantageous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy that can be really advantageous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy that can be really advantageous
+texting it's popular it's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texting it's popular it's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texting it's popular it's convenient
+it's on the phone a question you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the phone a question you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the phone a question you know
+did you take your pills it's there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you take your pills it's there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you take your pills it's there when
+you pick up the phone you can answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick up the phone you can answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick up the phone you can answer it
+um this does involve two-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this does involve two-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this does involve two-way
+communication so I'm not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication so I'm not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication so I'm not talking about
+reminders here I'll get get to those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders here I'll get get to those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders here I'll get get to those in
+a minute but just wanted to draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but just wanted to draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but just wanted to draw that
+distinction and the data source may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction and the data source may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction and the data source may be
+the patient or Community Health worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient or Community Health worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient or Community Health worker
+so the pat you could ask the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pat you could ask the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pat you could ask the patient
+directly or you could ask a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or you could ask a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or you could ask a community
+health worker how is this person doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health worker how is this person doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health worker how is this person doing
+with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drugs I talked about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs I talked about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs I talked about some of the
+limitations already some additional ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations already some additional ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations already some additional ones
+are people um may not have Network they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people um may not have Network they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people um may not have Network they
+may turn off their P the the power on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may turn off their P the the power on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may turn off their P the the power on
+their phone to save battery uh they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phone to save battery uh they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phone to save battery uh they may
+share their phones they may change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share their phones they may change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share their phones they may change
+numbers um it requires some technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um it requires some technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um it requires some technical
+infrastructure um and it also depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure um and it also depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure um and it also depends on
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+understanding and I realize I'm probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and I realize I'm probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and I realize I'm probably
+going to run short on time so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run short on time so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run short on time so I'm going
+to go through these a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through these a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through these a little bit more
+quickly so we have some time at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so we have some time at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so we have some time at the end
+but I just wanted to give you some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just wanted to give you some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just wanted to give you some data
+and it's not showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not showing up
+either okay sorry um the the map up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay sorry um the the map up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay sorry um the the map up here
+shows cell phone reception and Uganda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows cell phone reception and Uganda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows cell phone reception and Uganda to
+give you a sense as to how well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense as to how well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense as to how well this
+could work gray areas have reception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work gray areas have reception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work gray areas have reception and
+where we are has a decent amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are has a decent amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are has a decent amount
+although not perfect and we did um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not perfect and we did um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not perfect and we did um we've
+been doing some pilot studies um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing some pilot studies um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing some pilot studies um in
+relatively small numbers of about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small numbers of about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small numbers of about 100
+people uh looking at uh adherence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh looking at uh adherence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh looking at uh adherence by
+self-report by foam and what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-report by foam and what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-report by foam and what we've done
+is is sent out a weekly message asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sent out a weekly message asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sent out a weekly message asking
+for their adherence over the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their adherence over the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their adherence over the previous
+several days and all they had to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several days and all they had to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several days and all they had to do is
+put in a pin so some sort of identifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a pin so some sort of identifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a pin so some sort of identifier
+so we know we got the right person we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know we got the right person we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know we got the right person we
+ask them the question and then we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them the question and then we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them the question and then we say
+thank you very much which is culturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much which is culturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much which is culturally
+very important um and we tried this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important um and we tried this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important um and we tried this a
+few times a week if we couldn't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times a week if we couldn't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times a week if we couldn't get the
+person and then we also gave adj in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and then we also gave adj in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and then we also gave adj in time
+support so that if people were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support so that if people were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support so that if people were trying to
+respond and it wasn't working we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and it wasn't working we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and it wasn't working we were
+automatically notified so we could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically notified so we could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically notified so we could call
+them in the moment and say what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the moment and say what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the moment and say what's going
+on you know you seems like you having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know you seems like you having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know you seems like you having
+trouble and what the graph showed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and what the graph showed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and what the graph showed it's
+not on the slide um is that we we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the slide um is that we we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the slide um is that we we had
+you know initially a really horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know initially a really horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know initially a really horrible
+experience with this um we had like 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with this um we had like 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with this um we had like 25%
+to 33% response rates that gave us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 33% response rates that gave us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 33% response rates that gave us a
+number um you looking for the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um you looking for the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um you looking for the number of
+doses missed and you know that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses missed and you know that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses missed and you know that was
+before we implemented some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we implemented some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we implemented some of these
+ideas of just in time training but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of just in time training but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of just in time training but still
+we're looking at about 60 to 80% success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at about 60 to 80% success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at about 60 to 80% success
+rate in getting a number and then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in getting a number and then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in getting a number and then if we
+look at that number most people said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that number most people said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that number most people said
+they did really well haven't missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did really well haven't missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did really well haven't missed
+anything or they didn't know and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything or they didn't know and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything or they didn't know and then we
+have about 7 to 10% of people who give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 7 to 10% of people who give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 7 to 10% of people who give
+us something else and that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something else and that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something else and that something
+else is what we can work with so if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is what we can work with so if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is what we can work with so if if
+their adherence is less than 100% we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their adherence is less than 100% we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their adherence is less than 100% we
+know there might be a problem and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there might be a problem and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there might be a problem and that
+might be someone we would want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be someone we would want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be someone we would want to do
+another interview on figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interview on figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interview on figure out what the
+barriers are and then potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers are and then potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers are and then potentially
+provide an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide an
+intervention and just to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and just to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and just to give you some
+flavor of what the the participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of what the the participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of what the the participants
+experienced in the study I thought these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced in the study I thought these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced in the study I thought these
+were were very surprising and revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were very surprising and revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were very surprising and revealing
+results the first one at first those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results the first one at first those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results the first one at first those
+questions confuse me they would ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions confuse me they would ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions confuse me they would ask you
+for your year this is the PIN um we told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your year this is the PIN um we told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your year this is the PIN um we told
+them to use the year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to use the year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to use the year of
+birth um you would still be trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth um you would still be trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth um you would still be trying to
+respond and the call goes off then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and the call goes off then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and the call goes off then they
+say that we shall try to call you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we shall try to call you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we shall try to call you back
+yet the person who had trained me had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the person who had trained me had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the person who had trained me had
+repeated for me and told me what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated for me and told me what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated for me and told me what to do
+it really greatly Disturbed me they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really greatly Disturbed me they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really greatly Disturbed me they were
+hard so this is a pin a single question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so this is a pin a single question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so this is a pin a single question
+and a closing statement and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a closing statement and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a closing statement and people
+consider this really hard well for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this really hard well for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this really hard well for the
+first time I had forgotten what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I had forgotten what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I had forgotten what to do
+and when trying to click yes the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when trying to click yes the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when trying to click yes the call
+went off then they train came and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went off then they train came and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went off then they train came and
+trained me again and I learned that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained me again and I learned that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained me again and I learned that when
+the Call Comes and you respond you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Call Comes and you respond you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Call Comes and you respond you don't
+first erase because when I would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first erase because when I would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first erase because when I would try
+doing so the call would go off so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so the call would go off so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so the call would go off so the
+person was trying to erase their text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person was trying to erase their text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person was trying to erase their text
+message as they were responding so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message as they were responding so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message as they were responding so very
+simple misunderstandings and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple misunderstandings and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple misunderstandings and this was a
+group of a fairly motivated people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of a fairly motivated people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of a fairly motivated people um
+many of them had used cell phones before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them had used cell phones before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them had used cell phones before
+but not all of them so this was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all of them so this was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all of them so this was very
+surprising to us how difficult this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to us how difficult this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to us how difficult this was
+actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to
+implement another approach we used was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement another approach we used was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement another approach we used was
+to take that W that M's pill bottle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that W that M's pill bottle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that W that M's pill bottle and
+make it w Wireless so we didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it w Wireless so we didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it w Wireless so we didn't actually
+develop this ourselves this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this ourselves this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this ourselves this is in
+collaboration with a South African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with a South African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with a South African
+company that's already been working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that's already been working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that's already been working on
+this so every time you open the cap we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so every time you open the cap we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so every time you open the cap we
+get a cellular signal sent by GPRS which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cellular signal sent by GPRS which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cellular signal sent by GPRS which
+is pretty reliable not entirely so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty reliable not entirely so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty reliable not entirely so we
+have SMS backup the device stores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have SMS backup the device stores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have SMS backup the device stores the
+information if there's no network so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if there's no network so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if there's no network so
+that we can get it when there is Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get it when there is Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get it when there is Network
+it's a pretty functional device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty functional device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty functional device and
+we've actually added a positive control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually added a positive control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually added a positive control
+so every morning at 1:00 a.m. we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every morning at 1:00 a.m. we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every morning at 1:00 a.m. we get a
+signal to establish that the device is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to establish that the device is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to establish that the device is
+actually working um so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually working um so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually working um so it's pretty
+exciting to be able to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to be able to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to be able to get this
+information in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in real
+time and this is a picture of one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is a picture of one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is a picture of one of our
+participants I'm holding the device so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants I'm holding the device so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants I'm holding the device so
+you can get a sense as to how big it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a sense as to how big it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a sense as to how big it is
+um and the setting where we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the setting where we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the setting where we're working
+so extremely rural um and this device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so extremely rural um and this device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so extremely rural um and this device
+does draw a bit of attention it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does draw a bit of attention it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does draw a bit of attention it's been
+an issue for a stigma that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue for a stigma that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue for a stigma that sort of thing
+but it's everybody's been very accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's everybody's been very accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's everybody's been very accepting
+of the device and despite the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the device and despite the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the device and despite the potential
+for for disclosure of status and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for disclosure of status and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for disclosure of status and again
+the same population we've been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same population we've been looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same population we've been looking
+for 48h hour interruptions um to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 48h hour interruptions um to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 48h hour interruptions um to to to
+do those qualitative interviews to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those qualitative interviews to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those qualitative interviews to find
+out what's going on when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on when people are
+having problems um so we also looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having problems um so we also looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having problems um so we also looked at
+viral loads to see if um if if the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral loads to see if um if if the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral loads to see if um if if the virus
+really is replicating that quickly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is replicating that quickly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is replicating that quickly how
+how soon would we need to intervene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how soon would we need to intervene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how soon would we need to intervene that
+sort of thing and this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing and this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing and this is an example of
+the data we got and I downloaded it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data we got and I downloaded it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data we got and I downloaded it last
+night so you can see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night so you can see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night so you can see that this
+participant took her drugs at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant took her drugs at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant took her drugs at around
+9:00 last night which is pretty powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9:00 last night which is pretty powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9:00 last night which is pretty powerful
+so she's in the middle of Uganda I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's in the middle of Uganda I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's in the middle of Uganda I'm in
+Boston and we can find out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and we can find out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and we can find out this
+information information in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so again we had very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so again we had very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so again we had very high
+acceptability people really like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptability people really like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptability people really like this
+whenever I talk about real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I talk about real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I talk about real-time
+adherence monitoring people say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence monitoring people say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence monitoring people say well you
+know thises the Big Brother aspect of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thises the Big Brother aspect of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thises the Big Brother aspect of it
+do people you know are they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people you know are they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people you know are they kind of
+creeped out by that and what we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creeped out by that and what we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creeped out by that and what we found
+out in in in our studies is people love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in in in our studies is people love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in in in our studies is people love
+it they love the fact that somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they love the fact that somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they love the fact that somebody's
+taking time and money to care about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking time and money to care about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking time and money to care about them
+and to support them so we have not had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to support them so we have not had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to support them so we have not had
+any of those issues um adherence is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those issues um adherence is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those issues um adherence is is
+pretty good although I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good although I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good although I think we're
+picking up more problems than we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up more problems than we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up more problems than we've
+realized some of the adherence rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized some of the adherence rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized some of the adherence rates are
+in the 80s those are lower than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 80s those are lower than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 80s those are lower than what
+what we've seen previously we've picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen previously we've picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen previously we've picked
+up many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up many
+interruptions um most of those have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions um most of those have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions um most of those have been
+due to no clear cause and what we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to no clear cause and what we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to no clear cause and what we think
+that's what people have told us I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people have told us I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people have told us I took
+my drugs you know I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my drugs you know I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my drugs you know I don't know why
+you're here why you investigating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here why you investigating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here why you investigating you
+know with this Interruption when I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with this Interruption when I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with this Interruption when I took
+them but we have this positive control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but we have this positive control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but we have this positive control
+and we have a pretty good idea they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a pretty good idea they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a pretty good idea they just
+didn't open the bottle and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't open the bottle and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't open the bottle and they're not
+telling us so even though there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us so even though there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us so even though there's no
+clear cause we think there's some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear cause we think there's some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear cause we think there's some kind
+of interrup and we need to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interrup and we need to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interrup and we need to work on
+better qualitative methods and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better qualitative methods and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better qualitative methods and trying to
+figure out what's what's going on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's what's going on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's what's going on but
+some of the reported reasons were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the reported reasons were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the reported reasons were just
+you know forgetting unintentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know forgetting unintentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know forgetting unintentional
+intentional non-d doing people decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional non-d doing people decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional non-d doing people decided
+they didn't want to take their drugs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want to take their drugs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want to take their drugs um
+pocket dosing people took their pills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket dosing people took their pills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket dosing people took their pills
+out of the device and didn't use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the device and didn't use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the device and didn't use it and
+the goal with these these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal with these these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal with these these kind of
+measurements is to make it as passive as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements is to make it as passive as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements is to make it as passive as
+possible so people don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so people don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so people don't have to do
+anything for us to get their measure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for us to get their measure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for us to get their measure so
+the more we ask them to do the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more we ask them to do the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more we ask them to do the more
+likely they are not to do it yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely they are not to do it yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely they are not to do it yeah if
+your device adds a beeping noise mm mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device adds a beeping noise mm mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device adds a beeping noise mm mhm
+no I like if it did how how do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I like if it did how how do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I like if it did how how do you think
+that would change these numbers you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would change these numbers you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would change these numbers you mean
+as a reminder yeah yeah there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder yeah yeah there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder yeah yeah there are many
+of these kind of devices that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of devices that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of devices that are coming
+out on the market um there's a one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the market um there's a one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the market um there's a one we
+use called the med uh Med Monitor and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use called the med uh Med Monitor and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use called the med uh Med Monitor and we
+use it in San Francisco a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in San Francisco a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in San Francisco a lot of people
+liked the um the beep reminder a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the um the beep reminder a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the um the beep reminder a lot of
+people find it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find it really
+annoying and there's um actually I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying and there's um actually I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying and there's um actually I'll
+show you in just a second there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in just a second there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in just a second there's some
+data looking at reminders um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looking at reminders um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looking at reminders um that
+there's a lot of habituation you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of habituation you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of habituation you know so
+if you get a reminder every day twice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a reminder every day twice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a reminder every day twice a
+day um you just ignore it I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um you just ignore it I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um you just ignore it I know
+clinically when I get the warnings on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically when I get the warnings on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically when I get the warnings on
+the computer you know don't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer you know don't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer you know don't do this
+don't do that I ignore them at at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that I ignore them at at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that I ignore them at at a
+certain point so there you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point so there you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point so there you know I think
+you need options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need options
+sorry not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yours um anyway in the interest of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours um anyway in the interest of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours um anyway in the interest of time
+I I'll move on but um anyway we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll move on but um anyway we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll move on but um anyway we found
+that this data correlated very well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this data correlated very well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this data correlated very well with
+objective measures of viral suppression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective measures of viral suppression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective measures of viral suppression
+we are seeing virus replicate in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are seeing virus replicate in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are seeing virus replicate in these
+short windows of time so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short windows of time so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short windows of time so it's really
+critical information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical information
+so you know what are we going to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what are we going to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what are we going to do um
+we need to test our hypothesis in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to test our hypothesis in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to test our hypothesis in uh in
+larger representative samples so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger representative samples so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger representative samples so we're
+taking this preliminary data and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this preliminary data and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this preliminary data and we we
+just started expanding to a five the 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started expanding to a five the 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started expanding to a five the 500
+person cohort we've been following we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person cohort we've been following we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person cohort we've been following we're
+going to be looking at social support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at social support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at social support
+and stigma um we're looking at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stigma um we're looking at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stigma um we're looking at um
+designing interventions So based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing interventions So based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing interventions So based on what
+we learn from people who are having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn from people who are having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn from people who are having
+problems and people who were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and people who were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and people who were able to
+overcome those problems how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome those problems how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome those problems how can we
+design interventions and then we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design interventions and then we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design interventions and then we'll use
+that experience with the cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience with the cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience with the cell phones
+which honestly wasn't very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which honestly wasn't very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which honestly wasn't very positive
+positive to learn how to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive to learn how to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive to learn how to communicate
+with people so can we capitalize on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people so can we capitalize on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people so can we capitalize on this
+social network that people are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social network that people are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social network that people are using
+anyway in an automated fashion so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in an automated fashion so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in an automated fashion so you
+know community health workers are great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know community health workers are great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know community health workers are great
+but they're expensive they're hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're expensive they're hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're expensive they're hard to
+organize people are getting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize people are getting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize people are getting their
+resource are getting their support from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource are getting their support from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource are getting their support from
+their existing resources can we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their existing resources can we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their existing resources can we just
+hook them all up they all have a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook them all up they all have a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook them all up they all have a cell
+phone anyway can we automate some way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone anyway can we automate some way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone anyway can we automate some way of
+notifying five people if John's having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notifying five people if John's having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notifying five people if John's having a
+problem and they can help get him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and they can help get him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and they can help get him to
+clinic or if it's a real like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic or if it's a real like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic or if it's a real like a a
+medical problem or much more serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical problem or much more serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical problem or much more serious
+problem can then the community health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can then the community health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can then the community health
+work could come in so we can triage um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work could come in so we can triage um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work could come in so we can triage um
+the needs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needs and the
+responses so just to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so just to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so just to give you a sense of
+what else is going on in EMB where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is going on in EMB where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is going on in EMB where we're
+working um there is a study examining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working um there is a study examining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working um there is a study examining
+social capital for propagation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social capital for propagation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social capital for propagation of
+adherence Behavior also for treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence Behavior also for treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence Behavior also for treatment of
+depression seeing if these behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression seeing if these behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression seeing if these behaviors
+really do spread through a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do spread through a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do spread through a community
+again looking at the organic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looking at the organic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looking at the organic structure
+of that of that Community what's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that Community what's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that Community what's already
+going on and how can we use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and how can we use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and how can we use that to
+support people who are having problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support people who are having problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support people who are having problems
+this is being done by Nicholas Christus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is being done by Nicholas Christus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is being done by Nicholas Christus
+and Neils rosenquist from the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Neils rosenquist from the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Neils rosenquist from the school
+public health Cherry Weiser is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health Cherry Weiser is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health Cherry Weiser is looking
+at Food security so it's is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Food security so it's is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Food security so it's is the fact
+that people can't get food is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can't get food is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can't get food is that a
+major barrier and how how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major barrier and how how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major barrier and how how can we
+intervene with that Ro of Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene with that Ro of Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene with that Ro of Transportation
+cash transfers just paying for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transfers just paying for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transfers just paying for people to
+get to Clinic is that enough um NECA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to Clinic is that enough um NECA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to Clinic is that enough um NECA and
+manano and David bsur are working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manano and David bsur are working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manano and David bsur are working on
+that and then looking at fertility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then looking at fertility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then looking at fertility
+desire so are people changing the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire so are people changing the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire so are people changing the way
+they take their drugs based on wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take their drugs based on wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take their drugs based on wanting
+to have kids and uh Lynn Matthews and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have kids and uh Lynn Matthews and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have kids and uh Lynn Matthews and
+Angela kaider are examining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angela kaider are examining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angela kaider are examining
+that so I will finish up in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I will finish up in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I will finish up in just a
+couple couple minutes and we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple couple minutes and we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple couple minutes and we can have a
+discussion but I mentioned earlier SMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but I mentioned earlier SMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but I mentioned earlier SMS
+reminders and you brought up the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders and you brought up the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders and you brought up the the
+point of of beeping and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of of beeping and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of of beeping and that sort of
+thing there have been a couple studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there have been a couple studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there have been a couple studies
+looking at SMS reminders um that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at SMS reminders um that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at SMS reminders um that have
+actually shown these are randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown these are randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown these are randomized
+control trials um this one and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials um this one and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials um this one and the next
+one I'll show you are both done in Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll show you are both done in Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll show you are both done in Kenya
+and they've shown that just sending out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've shown that just sending out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've shown that just sending out
+a reminder like this study um sent out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reminder like this study um sent out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reminder like this study um sent out a
+reminder message that said how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder message that said how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder message that said how are you
+doing in Swahili and if the person was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in Swahili and if the person was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in Swahili and if the person was
+able to respond I'm doing fine nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to respond I'm doing fine nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to respond I'm doing fine nothing
+happened but if they said there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but if they said there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but if they said there was a
+problem then a community health worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then a community health worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then a community health worker
+went out to to go um find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out to to go um find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out to to go um find out what the
+problem was and that showed a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was and that showed a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was and that showed a a
+statistically significant Improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant Improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant Improvement in
+adherence as well as viral supression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence as well as viral supression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence as well as viral supression so
+reminders definitely do have a role and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders definitely do have a role and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders definitely do have a role and
+maybe something like this could be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something like this could be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something like this could be used
+in the US you know we're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US you know we're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US you know we're starting to
+look at this in the US but most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this in the US but most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this in the US but most of these
+Studies have been done in Africa and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have been done in Africa and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have been done in Africa and I
+think it's it's a great I you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's a great I you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's a great I you know it's
+great for us to be able to learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for us to be able to learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for us to be able to learn from
+that environment and bring it back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that environment and bring it back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that environment and bring it back here
+to see if if maybe that would mesh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if if maybe that would mesh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if if maybe that would mesh with
+the way we work and a lot of studies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we work and a lot of studies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we work and a lot of studies are
+ongoing uh to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing uh to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing uh to look at
+that and this is the the second study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is the the second study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is the the second study in
+Kenya that I was involved with and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya that I was involved with and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya that I was involved with and it
+showed essentially the same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed essentially the same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed essentially the same thing that
+reminders can be very effective for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders can be very effective for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders can be very effective for um
+for improved rates of adherence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improved rates of adherence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improved rates of adherence but
+interestingly the weekly reminders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the weekly reminders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the weekly reminders
+worked daily reminders didn't so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked daily reminders didn't so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked daily reminders didn't so this is
+the idea of habituation people just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of habituation people just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of habituation people just got
+tired of them so they ignored them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of them so they ignored them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of them so they ignored them and
+we can go back to our qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go back to our qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go back to our qualitative
+research now and figure out why you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research now and figure out why you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research now and figure out why you so
+what kind of messages work best for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of messages work best for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of messages work best for
+which people um and can we learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people um and can we learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people um and can we learn from
+the participants who've been in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the participants who've been in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the participants who've been in these
+studies and then apply that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and then apply that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and then apply that information
+to you know larger interventions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know larger interventions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know larger interventions for
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+populations so at this point we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so at this point we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so at this point we have not
+actually started doing any of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started doing any of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started doing any of the the
+large scale interventions but potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale interventions but potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale interventions but potential
+partners that we could work with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners that we could work with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners that we could work with are
+ministries of health pepar is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministries of health pepar is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministries of health pepar is the the
+major supplier of anti retroviral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major supplier of anti retroviral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major supplier of anti retroviral
+therapy globally USA ID NOS are are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy globally USA ID NOS are are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy globally USA ID NOS are are very
+important especially at small scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important especially at small scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important especially at small scale
+locally so those are people we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally so those are people we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally so those are people we could
+potentially work with so in summary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially work with so in summary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially work with so in summary um
+most but not all Africans adhere very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most but not all Africans adhere very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most but not all Africans adhere very
+well to adherence um careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to adherence um careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to adherence um careful
+observational research has identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational research has identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational research has identified
+key factors to explain why in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key factors to explain why in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key factors to explain why in there
+ongoing studies um developing means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing studies um developing means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing studies um developing means to
+intervene in those individuals unable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in those individuals unable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in those individuals unable to
+ad uh to um achieve these high levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad uh to um achieve these high levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad uh to um achieve these high levels of
+adherence both in Africa and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence both in Africa and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence both in Africa and I think
+also like I was saying we can apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like I was saying we can apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like I was saying we can apply a
+lot of what we're learning about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we're learning about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we're learning about people
+who were doing so well in Africa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were doing so well in Africa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were doing so well in Africa and
+apply that to people who maybe not are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to people who maybe not are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to people who maybe not are
+not doing so well in other settings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing so well in other settings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing so well in other settings and
+then implementation will be the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then implementation will be the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then implementation will be the next
+challenge so I'll I'll end here um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge so I'll I'll end here um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge so I'll I'll end here um and I
+just want to acknowledge my funer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to acknowledge my funer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to acknowledge my funer
+National Institute of of mental health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Institute of of mental health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Institute of of mental health
+David bangsberg is my mentor along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David bangsberg is my mentor along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David bangsberg is my mentor along with
+Ira Wilson who's now at Brown um John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ira Wilson who's now at Brown um John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ira Wilson who's now at Brown um John
+Jackson I think gave a talk here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson I think gave a talk here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson I think gave a talk here a
+couple weeks ago he's done a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks ago he's done a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks ago he's done a lot of work
+with us um for the cell phone research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us um for the cell phone research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us um for the cell phone research
+and Corey Zoo um Gerald begam is a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Corey Zoo um Gerald begam is a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Corey Zoo um Gerald begam is a local
+partner who's done a lot of our work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner who's done a lot of our work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner who's done a lot of our work in
+in uh kalala um and that's been another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh kalala um and that's been another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh kalala um and that's been another
+great experience with this work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great experience with this work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great experience with this work is
+finding local resources people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding local resources people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding local resources people are doing
+a lot of this on their own already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this on their own already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this on their own already in
+country we don't need to bring all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we don't need to bring all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we don't need to bring all of
+our technology there it's it's growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our technology there it's it's growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our technology there it's it's growing
+endogenously um in a lot of these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenously um in a lot of these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenously um in a lot of these places
+Lloyd Marshall developed the wise pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lloyd Marshall developed the wise pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lloyd Marshall developed the wise pill
+and then of course all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course all the all the
+people we've been learning from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emirar so I think Leo did you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emirar so I think Leo did you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emirar so I think Leo did you come up
+with these these were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these these were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these these were in the
+syllabus so these are just some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus so these are just some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus so these are just some some
+questions we can talk about positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can talk about positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can talk about positive
+deviants pros and cons of of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants pros and cons of of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviants pros and cons of of doing this
+type of research how would you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of research how would you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of research how would you apply
+those steps I initially um presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps I initially um presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps I initially um presented
+from the Bradley article to to work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Bradley article to to work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Bradley article to to work that
+you'd like to do um or you can just open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to do um or you can just open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to do um or you can just open
+it up for General questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Vn--WpmhFS4.txt b/Vn--WpmhFS4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10f58a5a7b7f8ad38be0b284f35d6da54389a2fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vn--WpmhFS4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13816 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon
+so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are and let's see where where we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and let's see where where we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and let's see where where we are we
+have uh introduced this energy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh introduced this energy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh introduced this energy versus
+entropy diagram to summarize Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy diagram to summarize Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy diagram to summarize Concepts
+and we have obtained these important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have obtained these important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have obtained these important um
+inequalities that I called generically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that I called generically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that I called generically
+clavus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inequalities that essentially um talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that essentially um talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that essentially um talk
+about say something about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about say something about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about say something about how much
+entropy uh must be exchanged between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh must be exchanged between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh must be exchanged between two
+systems if these two systems start in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems if these two systems start in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems if these two systems start in a
+stable equilibrium States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium States
+and they need to exchange energy with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they need to exchange energy with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they need to exchange energy with no
+other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+so if this is the curve for stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is the curve for stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is the curve for stable
+equilibrium stat for system a and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium stat for system a and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium stat for system a and this
+is for system B we suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for system B we suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for system B we suppose that the
+system a starts in this state and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a starts in this state and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a starts in this state and that
+we want to extract this much energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to extract this much energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to extract this much energy from
+it and give it to system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay we realize that the there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay we realize that the there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay we realize that the there is no
+way to since there are no States below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to since there are no States below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to since there are no States below
+the initial State we need to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial State we need to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial State we need to extract
+also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay but the problem is that system B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the problem is that system B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the problem is that system B so
+if we extract entropy from system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we extract entropy from system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we extract entropy from system
+a uh that entropy can only go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh that entropy can only go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh that entropy can only go into
+system B because there are no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B because there are no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B because there are no other
+external effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external effects
+but starting from this state system B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but starting from this state system B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but starting from this state system B
+and receiving this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receiving this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receiving this much
+energy the amount of entropy that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the amount of entropy that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the amount of entropy that it can
+accommodate is only this much which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate is only this much which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate is only this much which is
+called s Max so that's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called s Max so that's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called s Max so that's the maximum
+amount of entropy that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accommodate whereas for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate whereas for system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate whereas for system
+a this is the minimum amount of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is the minimum amount of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is the minimum amount of entropy
+that it needs to uh give to system be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it needs to uh give to system be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it needs to uh give to system be in
+order to find a state with this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find a state with this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find a state with this lower
+energy level so we are left with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level so we are left with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level so we are left with a
+possibility of possible states that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of possible states that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of possible states that are
+on these dashed lines for system a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these dashed lines for system a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these dashed lines for system a and
+for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for system
+B that U correspond to entropy transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that U correspond to entropy transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that U correspond to entropy transfers
+within the range Allowed by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the range Allowed by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the range Allowed by these
+constraints that we have described okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that we have described okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that we have described okay
+so that turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that turns out to
+be writable as a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writable as a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writable as a couple of
+inequalities the Claus traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities the Claus traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities the Claus traditional
+statement is as we've seen it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is as we've seen it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is as we've seen it for
+infinitesimal amounts of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal amounts of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal amounts of energy
+transfers this is for finite but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers this is for finite but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers this is for finite but the
+concept is the same uh so today I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is the same uh so today I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is the same uh so today I wanted
+to talk about some traditional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+uh and uh we still need to Define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we still need to Define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we still need to Define what
+we mean by heat okay first of all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by heat okay first of all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by heat okay first of all we
+Define what we mean by work so work is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what we mean by work so work is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what we mean by work so work is a
+mode of interaction in which there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of interaction in which there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of interaction in which there is no
+entropy transfer and no uh transfer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy transfer and no uh transfer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy transfer and no uh transfer of
+amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents
+okay uh so that's for example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so that's for example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so that's for example what
+happens uh in in a weight process in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh in in a weight process in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh in in a weight process in a
+weight process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process
+if during the entire process there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if during the entire process there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if during the entire process there are
+no external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no external
+effects then the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects then the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects then the weight
+process experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process experiences
+a the system experiences a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the system experiences a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the system experiences a work
+interaction as you may read here it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction as you may read here it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction as you may read here it says
+that the weight process may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weight process may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weight process may be a
+diabatic we call a diabatic process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabatic we call a diabatic process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabatic we call a diabatic process a
+process in which uh there are only work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in which uh there are only work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in which uh there are only work
+interactions and then we say well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and then we say well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and then we say well a
+weight process may be a diabatic why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process may be a diabatic why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process may be a diabatic why why
+maybe and not is a diabatic well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and not is a diabatic well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and not is a diabatic well
+because a weight process is uh a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a weight process is uh a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a weight process is uh a process
+in which the only net external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the only net external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the only net external
+effect is uh the lifting or or lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is uh the lifting or or lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is uh the lifting or or lowering
+of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a
+weight the net effect but you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight the net effect but you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight the net effect but you could have
+some temporary effects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some temporary effects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some temporary effects that are
+initially done and then undone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and in thata which may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in thata which may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in thata which may not be
+describable by lifting or lowering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describable by lifting or lowering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describable by lifting or lowering a
+weight so in that case it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so in that case it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so in that case it's still a
+weight process but uh during the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process but uh during the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process but uh during the uh the
+process there were interactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there were interactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there were interactions that
+were may not be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were may not be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were may not be uh
+work but for Simplicity if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but for Simplicity if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but for Simplicity if you want to
+fix ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix ideas
+uh a good example of diabatic process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a good example of diabatic process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a good example of diabatic process is
+a is a weight process in which there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a weight process in which there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a weight process in which there are
+no entropy transfers all along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process anything that has an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process anything that has an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process anything that has an entropy
+transfer we call it non work so non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+uh is a very broad class of proc of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a very broad class of proc of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a very broad class of proc of
+processes of types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of types of
+interaction and uh in this broad class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and uh in this broad class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and uh in this broad class
+there is one limiting condition that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one limiting condition that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one limiting condition that we
+call heat interaction so we will see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call heat interaction so we will see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call heat interaction so we will see in
+a moment and why what's defining idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment and why what's defining idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment and why what's defining idea
+behind what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind what we call
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+uh it is a limiting process and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is a limiting process and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is a limiting process and it
+doesn't exhaust all the possible non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exhaust all the possible non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exhaust all the possible non
+work interactions so not all non work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work interactions so not all non work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work interactions so not all non work
+interactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are
+heat and in fact I already anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and in fact I already anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and in fact I already anticipated
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time that
+uh uh this during a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this during a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this during a heat
+interaction we have a very well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction we have a very well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction we have a very well defined
+ratio between the energy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between the energy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between the energy that is
+exchanged that we call Heat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged that we call Heat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged that we call Heat and the
+entropy that is exchanged and the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that is exchanged and the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that is exchanged and the ratio
+is equal energy to over entropy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal energy to over entropy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal energy to over entropy is the
+temperature at which that interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which that interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which that interaction
+occurs so much that therefore in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs so much that therefore in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs so much that therefore in order
+to characterize a heat interaction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize a heat interaction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize a heat interaction we
+only need to say it's heat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to say it's heat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to say it's heat we
+uh how much energy is transferred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much energy is transferred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much energy is transferred and
+what is the temperature at which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred
+but what's the defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the defining
+Criterion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat okay one way to put it is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat okay one way to put it is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat okay one way to put it is we
+we want to Define an interaction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to Define an interaction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to Define an interaction which
+is completely distinguishable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely distinguishable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely distinguishable from
+work so an interaction in which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so an interaction in which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so an interaction in which these
+two systems say system a and system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two systems say system a and system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two systems say system a and system
+B exchange energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B exchange energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B exchange energy and
+entropy and nothing no fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and nothing no fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and nothing no fraction of the
+energy that is exchanged between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is exchanged between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is exchanged between the
+two can be recognized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two can be recognized as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two can be recognized as
+work what does it mean all right we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what does it mean all right we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what does it mean all right we do
+it operationally let's say that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it operationally let's say that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it operationally let's say that uh we
+extract some energy uh from system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract some energy uh from system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract some energy uh from system
+a and let's suppose that we intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and let's suppose that we intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and let's suppose that we intercept
+that energy and before giving it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy and before giving it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy and before giving it to
+B we feed it to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we feed it to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we feed it to some
+Machinery some Machinery that will try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery some Machinery that will try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery some Machinery that will try
+at its best to split that energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its best to split that energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its best to split that energy into
+part that is recognizable as work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that is recognizable as work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that is recognizable as work and
+the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this sometimes I mean traditionally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes I mean traditionally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes I mean traditionally you
+would call it a Carno engine or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it a Carno engine or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it a Carno engine or let's
+but let's call it cycling Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's call it cycling Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's call it cycling Machinery
+cyclic because it U uh it has to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic because it U uh it has to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic because it U uh it has to return
+to its initial State and so whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its initial State and so whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its initial State and so whatever it
+does it's not because you consume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it's not because you consume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it's not because you consume the
+machine but because of the operations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but because of the operations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but because of the operations of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine okay so in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay so in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay so in this situation
+suppose we extract this much energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we extract this much energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we extract this much energy and
+this much entropy we fed it to the uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much entropy we fed it to the uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much entropy we fed it to the uh to
+the engine to the Machinery how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine to the Machinery how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine to the Machinery how much
+work can we extract well this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work can we extract well this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work can we extract well this is a
+standard problem in thermodynamics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problem in thermodynamics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problem in thermodynamics that
+gets solved by writing energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets solved by writing energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets solved by writing energy and
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balances so we write energy and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances so we write energy and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances so we write energy and entropy
+balances for the uh systems a and system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances for the uh systems a and system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances for the uh systems a and system
+B uh we also assume that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh we also assume that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh we also assume that um
+uh the system a and system B uh in begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the system a and system B uh in begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the system a and system B uh in begin
+and end in stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and we write this bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and we write this bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and we write this bunch of
+equations if you count the equal signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if you count the equal signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if you count the equal signs
+it's how many equations 1 2 3 four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how many equations 1 2 3 four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how many equations 1 2 3 four five
+six seven eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations considering the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations considering the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations considering the initial
+temperatures as fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures as fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures as fixed
+parameters the variables here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the variables here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the variables here are the
+valious entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanged and the energy and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged and the energy and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged and the energy and entropy
+changes for system a and system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for system a and system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for system a and system
+B so you can uh if you count them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so you can uh if you count them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so you can uh if you count them I
+think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are
+nine variables eight equations cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine variables eight equations cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine variables eight equations cannot
+solve the system but you can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the system but you can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the system but you can solve it
+solve it for a ratio of those two of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it for a ratio of those two of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it for a ratio of those two of of
+two of those variables and we choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those variables and we choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those variables and we choose the
+ratio that we are interested in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that we are interested in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that we are interested in uh
+namely the work that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the work that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the work that has
+been separated out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been separated out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been separated out of that
+stream over the in Inlet energy Inlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream over the in Inlet energy Inlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream over the in Inlet energy Inlet
+into the cyclic engine so and this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cyclic engine so and this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cyclic engine so and this ratio
+as we all know because we've all taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we all know because we've all taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we all know because we've all taken
+thermodynamics before it's the carau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics before it's the carau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics before it's the carau
+ratio uh between the uh two initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh between the uh two initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh between the uh two initial
+temperatures of uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of uh these
+systems okay so this says that if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay so this says that if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay so this says that if these
+two temperatures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different this ratio is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this ratio is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this ratio is not
+zero it's a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's a definite
+number it could be suppose the system B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it could be suppose the system B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it could be suppose the system B
+is at 300 K 6 ma is at 600 K this is 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 300 K 6 ma is at 600 K this is 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 300 K 6 ma is at 600 K this is 300
+over 600 is a half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 600 is a half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 600 is a half so
+-2 is 50% all right so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 is 50% all right so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 is 50% all right so that means that
+uh the cyclic engine here could split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cyclic engine here could split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cyclic engine here could split
+50% of the received energy from a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of the received energy from a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of the received energy from a and
+make it uh go into the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh go into the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh go into the work
+Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+sure if we want to uh complete the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if we want to uh complete the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if we want to uh complete the the
+job once uh we have split this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job once uh we have split this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job once uh we have split this energy
+and give it to the weight then we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it to the weight then we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it to the weight then we take
+the weight back and give that energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight back and give that energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight back and give that energy to
+system B so the end result is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B so the end result is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B so the end result is the same
+we transfer the energy from A to B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we transfer the energy from A to B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we transfer the energy from A to B with
+no external effects but in between we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no external effects but in between we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no external effects but in between we
+manage to recognize a part of what What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to recognize a part of what What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to recognize a part of what What
+flows from one system to the other as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows from one system to the other as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows from one system to the other as
+work that's not what we want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat we will call heat only in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat we will call heat only in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat we will call heat only in the limit
+in which this ratio goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which this ratio goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which this ratio goes to
+zero and that goes to zero only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that goes to zero only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that goes to zero only in the
+limit in which the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in which the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in which the two
+temperatures get equal or very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures get equal or very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures get equal or very close to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and
+U in terms of that train of inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in terms of that train of inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in terms of that train of inequalities
+that we have seen the cus inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen the cus inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen the cus inequality
+last time uh that interval of values if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh that interval of values if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh that interval of values if
+the two temperatures are equal shrinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two temperatures are equal shrinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two temperatures are equal shrinks
+to a single value and therefore uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a single value and therefore uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a single value and therefore uh we
+get a definite uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a definite uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a definite uh uh
+entropy transfer for a given energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy transfer for a given energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy transfer for a given energy
+transfer and that's how we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and that's how we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and that's how we get the
+famous equation that Delta s the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous equation that Delta s the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous equation that Delta s the entropy
+exchanged is the energy exchanged over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged is the energy exchanged over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged is the energy exchanged over T
+So Q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and of course I have stressed it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and of course I have stressed it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and of course I have stressed it so
+many times but we notice that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times but we notice that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times but we notice that we have
+defining heat here using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining heat here using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining heat here using
+entropy usually it's the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy usually it's the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy usually it's the other way
+around the traditional expositions start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the traditional expositions start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the traditional expositions start
+from a uh some uh hand waving definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a uh some uh hand waving definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a uh some uh hand waving definition
+of heat and then some definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat and then some definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat and then some definition of
+temperature and then Q overt becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then Q overt becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then Q overt becomes the
+entropy and that's the hand W I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and that's the hand W I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and that's the hand W I call it
+the hand waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand waving
+euristic uh definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euristic uh definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euristic uh definition of
+entropy that to be frank with you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that to be frank with you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that to be frank with you is
+what got me started with this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what got me started with this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what got me started with this subject
+because I was so unhappy of the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was so unhappy of the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was so unhappy of the way I
+was explained the subject that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was explained the subject that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was explained the subject that I want
+you to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to study
+more it's funny you you you you hate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's funny you you you you hate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's funny you you you you hate a
+subject because you don't understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject because you don't understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject because you don't understand it
+and then you become to love it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you become to love it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you become to love it because
+you no you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all right but how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right but how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right but how does this
+definition um match with our usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition um match with our usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition um match with our usual
+understanding because if I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding because if I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding because if I ask you
+what's heat well heat is the energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's heat well heat is the energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's heat well heat is the energy that
+is transferred between our systems at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transferred between our systems at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transferred between our systems at
+different temperature you would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature you would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature you would say well
+we just said no heat is the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said no heat is the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said no heat is the energy is
+transferred between systems at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature so is there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so is there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so is there something
+wrong and in fact there isn't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and in fact there isn't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and in fact there isn't because
+think of uh the typical model that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of uh the typical model that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of uh the typical model that we
+adopt in uh heat transfer now suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt in uh heat transfer now suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt in uh heat transfer now suppose we
+have two systems at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two systems at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two systems at different
+temperature and we put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we put them in
+contact in the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact in the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact in the region of
+contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there the their initial equilibrium if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the their initial equilibrium if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the their initial equilibrium if
+they had the temperature initially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the temperature initially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the temperature initially as
+soon as they go get in contact in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as they go get in contact in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as they go get in contact in the
+region of contact you get non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of contact you get non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of contact you get non
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+situation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may
+describe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh
+this system as a composite of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system as a composite of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system as a composite of many
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+systems Fu mechanics you would call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Fu mechanics you would call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Fu mechanics you would call them
+infinitesimal fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal fluid
+elements uh um in in a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh um in in a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh um in in a two-dimensional
+problem you could have infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you could have infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you could have infinitesimal
+slices of your of your solid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of your of your solid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of your of your solid or
+body uh and then then you may you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body uh and then then you may you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body uh and then then you may you may
+assume that we'll return when we do non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we'll return when we do non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we'll return when we do non
+equilibrium we return very much to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we return very much to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we return very much to this
+idea but we we subdivide our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but we we subdivide our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but we we subdivide our
+system uh in such a way that each local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh in such a way that each local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh in such a way that each local
+subsystem it's still known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem it's still known in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem it's still known in
+equilibrium State not not but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State not not but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State not not but not too
+but it is not too far from equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not too far from equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not too far from equilibrium
+okay so it turns out that we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out that we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out that we can assume
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U this is a what we do when we describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is a what we do when we describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is a what we do when we describe
+a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature
+distribution in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in our
+solid okay temperature distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid okay temperature distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid okay temperature distribution
+means that there is a temperature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is a temperature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is a temperature at
+each location so that means that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each location so that means that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each location so that means that each
+infinitesimal element is close enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal element is close enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal element is close enough to
+a stable equilibrium state that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable equilibrium state that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable equilibrium state that you can
+assign the temperature of that stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the temperature of that stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the temperature of that stable
+equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the fact that the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the fact that the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the fact that the temperature
+distribution is typically except extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is typically except extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is typically except extreme
+cases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh
+continuous means that if you look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous means that if you look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous means that if you look at uh
+uh from the small partitioning point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the small partitioning point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the small partitioning point of
+view uh each element has a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh each element has a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh each element has a temperature
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is differs only slightly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is differs only slightly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is differs only slightly from the
+adjacent element and so on by continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent element and so on by continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent element and so on by continuity
+so each lamina or each element is at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each lamina or each element is at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each lamina or each element is at a
+temperature very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature very close to the
+temperature of the near of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the near of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the near of the
+neighbor and therefore the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor and therefore the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor and therefore the interaction
+between them is an interaction in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them is an interaction in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them is an interaction in which
+there is exchange of energy and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is exchange of energy and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is exchange of energy and entropy
+and in which the two uh adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in which the two uh adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in which the two uh adjacent
+elements have almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements have almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements have almost the same
+temperature which fulfills our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which fulfills our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which fulfills our
+definition of a heat interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a heat interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a heat interaction so
+locally it is a heat interaction at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally it is a heat interaction at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally it is a heat interaction at the
+local temperature and then with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local temperature and then with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local temperature and then with the
+other element it's another heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other element it's another heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other element it's another heat
+interaction at the lower temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at the lower temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at the lower temperature and
+so or higher temperature and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this describes what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this describes what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this describes what I just
+said the for a say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid so suppose we concentrate on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so suppose we concentrate on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so suppose we concentrate on this
+infinitesimal element of of solid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal element of of solid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal element of of solid or
+Continuum in which uh um the coord is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum in which uh um the coord is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum in which uh um the coord is
+only like say one dimensional coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like say one dimensional coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like say one dimensional coordinate
+is between X and X Plus DX so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between X and X Plus DX so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between X and X Plus DX so it's
+infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal
+thin and it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and it is in
+contact with the element to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the element to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the element to the left and
+to the element to the to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the element to the to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the element to the to the right and
+for simp Simplicity let's just study a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simp Simplicity let's just study a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simp Simplicity let's just study a
+steady state situation here and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state situation here and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state situation here and make the
+energy balance and the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance so if I make the energy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so if I make the energy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so if I make the energy balance
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+lamina uh it's a I should put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamina uh it's a I should put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamina uh it's a I should put on the
+left hand side the rate of change of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side the rate of change of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side the rate of change of uh
+the uh energy of the lamina and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh energy of the lamina and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh energy of the lamina and on the
+right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand
+side the net contributions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the net contributions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the net contributions of the
+interactions to which that lamina is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions to which that lamina is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions to which that lamina is
+subjected so it receives a q dot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected so it receives a q dot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected so it receives a q dot that's
+now I'm assuming it is a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm assuming it is a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm assuming it is a heat
+interaction so it's ites a q Dot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so it's ites a q Dot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so it's ites a q Dot from
+the left and it gives Q dot to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and it gives Q dot to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and it gives Q dot to the
+right if the if what comes in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the if what comes in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the if what comes in to the
+left and goes out to the right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and goes out to the right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and goes out to the right is
+balanced same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced same
+rates the energy balance says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates the energy balance says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates the energy balance says that the
+rate of change or the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change or the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change or the rate of
+accumulation of energy of my system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of energy of my system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of energy of my system is
+zero so that property doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that property doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that property doesn't change
+with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+entropy the entropy balance should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the entropy balance should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the entropy balance should be
+written this way uh left hand side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this way uh left hand side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this way uh left hand side the
+rate of change of the property so the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of the property so the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of the property so the r
+rate of change of the entropy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of the entropy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of the entropy of this
+um see this is our system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see this is our system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see this is our system the
+lamina on the right hand side I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamina on the right hand side I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamina on the right hand side I have two
+terms the the terms having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the the terms having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the the terms having to do with
+the net uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net uh
+entropy received by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy received by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy received by
+interaction and the last term is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and the last term is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and the last term is the
+entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by
+irreversibility within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so from the left the entropy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the left the entropy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the left the entropy that is
+received the rate of which entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the rate of which entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the rate of which entropy is
+received is Q dot over T and T here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received is Q dot over T and T here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received is Q dot over T and T here is
+TX T of location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX T of location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX T of location
+X from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X from the right
+there is an outflow of entropy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an outflow of entropy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an outflow of entropy which is
+Q over T but here the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q over T but here the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q over T but here the temperature is
+different it's t at X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's t at X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's t at X Plus
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+okay one with a plus because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one with a plus because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one with a plus because it's
+entering one with the minus because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering one with the minus because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering one with the minus because it's
+leaving and that's the entropy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving and that's the entropy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving and that's the entropy balance
+so if we assume a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we assume a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we assume a steady
+state steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state steady state
+means the state doesn't change with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the state doesn't change with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the state doesn't change with time
+the state is what it's the properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is what it's the properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is what it's the properties so
+the proper none of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper none of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper none of the properties
+changes with time including entropy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with time including entropy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with time including entropy so
+St State implies that the stdt is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St State implies that the stdt is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St State implies that the stdt is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+then using this expression we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using this expression we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using this expression we can
+compute the entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we we recognize here TX and TX Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we recognize here TX and TX Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we recognize here TX and TX Plus
+DX if I divide that by DX that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX if I divide that by DX that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX if I divide that by DX that's an
+incremental ratio so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental ratio so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental ratio so that's the
+derivative of t with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh
+t^2 at the denominator so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 at the denominator so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 at the denominator so this is the
+result it says that the entropy produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it says that the entropy produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it says that the entropy produced
+by reversibility is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility is proportional to the
+heat that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that goes
+through divided by t^2 then multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through divided by t^2 then multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through divided by t^2 then multiplied
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the dtdx X is the gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dtdx X is the gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dtdx X is the gradient in
+temperature in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the X
+Direction with the minus sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction with the minus sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction with the minus sign in
+front so this tells us a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so this tells us a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so this tells us a few things
+first of all it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us in which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in which direction
+Q can exist for a given temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q can exist for a given temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q can exist for a given temperature
+distribution because the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because the entropy
+produced by irreversibility can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility can only be
+uh positive or zero if you if we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh positive or zero if you if we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh positive or zero if you if we were in
+a reversible case but it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversible case but it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversible case but it cannot be
+negative so it means that Q dot here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so it means that Q dot here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so it means that Q dot here I
+have t squ so it means that Q dot must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t squ so it means that Q dot must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t squ so it means that Q dot must
+have opposite sign uh of the gradi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opposite sign uh of the gradi in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opposite sign uh of the gradi in
+temperature so the Q dot flows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the Q dot flows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the Q dot flows in the
+direction of decreasing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of decreasing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of decreasing uh
+temperature which is of course what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is of course what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is of course what we
+know what Claus told us uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in another way the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day the the point though is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the the point though is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the the point though is that uh
+let's look at what uh what kind of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what uh what kind of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what uh what kind of model
+we're doing by assuming by assigning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing by assuming by assigning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing by assuming by assigning a
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it's really an approximation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's really an approximation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's really an approximation that
+we are making so in the in the whole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are making so in the in the whole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are making so in the in the whole of
+heat transfery mechanics when we when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfery mechanics when we when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfery mechanics when we when we
+make the local equilibrium assumption it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the local equilibrium assumption it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the local equilibrium assumption it
+is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which is
+good in order to assign local properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in order to assign local properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in order to assign local properties
+like temperature pressure chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like temperature pressure chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like temperature pressure chemical
+potentials to the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials to the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials to the fluid
+elements but we should not take it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but we should not take it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but we should not take it too
+literally because if we were truly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally because if we were truly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally because if we were truly in a
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+State this things couldn't happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this things couldn't happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this things couldn't happen and
+look at it this way U let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it this way U let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it this way U let's say that
+this is the E sucess diagram of my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the E sucess diagram of my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the E sucess diagram of my uh
+system here the lamin the infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh
+now uh yeah I think I it bigger here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh yeah I think I it bigger here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh yeah I think I it bigger here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the
+state I I draw the state of this lamina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I I draw the state of this lamina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I I draw the state of this lamina
+just a bit off the stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bit off the stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bit off the stable equilibrium
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve and let's see what happens there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and let's see what happens there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and let's see what happens there
+okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state the lamina receives both energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the lamina receives both energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the lamina receives both energy
+and entropy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left so that energy and entropy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so that energy and entropy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so that energy and entropy from the
+left that received from this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that received from this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that received from this side
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+u so the left hand from the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so the left hand from the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so the left hand from the left hand
+side there is a pull that tries to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there is a pull that tries to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there is a pull that tries to put
+this pull the state up because want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pull the state up because want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pull the state up because want to
+receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive
+energy and to the right because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and to the right because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and to the right because it
+receives an entropy given by q do/ t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives an entropy given by q do/ t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives an entropy given by q do/ t
+Okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the
+net result is that the state is pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net result is that the state is pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net result is that the state is pulled
+in this direction it wants to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the other hand
+there is also an interaction to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also an interaction to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also an interaction to the left
+I'm sorry to the right which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry to the right which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry to the right which takes
+things away it takes a energy down so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things away it takes a energy down so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things away it takes a energy down so it
+pulls down the same amount so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls down the same amount so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls down the same amount so these are
+balanced and therefore the state will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and therefore the state will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and therefore the state will
+remain at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain at this
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+but it pulls to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it pulls to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it pulls to the
+left a different value because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left a different value because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left a different value because
+the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is
+different and here I at X Plus DX the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and here I at X Plus DX the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and here I at X Plus DX the
+temperature I assume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I assume it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I assume it's
+smaller so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so this
+ratio since it's a denominator smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio since it's a denominator smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio since it's a denominator smaller
+than denominator means bigger so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than denominator means bigger so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than denominator means bigger so it
+means that this pull uh to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this pull uh to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this pull uh to the left
+is higher than the pool to the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the pool to the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the pool to the right so
+there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an
+unbalance and if if there were if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalance and if if there were if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalance and if if there were if there
+weren't entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't entropy produced by
+irreversibility this state would follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility this state would follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility this state would follow
+the imbalance and go backwards okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imbalance and go backwards okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imbalance and go backwards okay
+so that to say that that is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that to say that that is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that to say that that is to say that
+I need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need this
+irreversibility to be produced locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility to be produced locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility to be produced locally
+in order to maintain the steady state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to maintain the steady state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to maintain the steady state of
+that fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element but in order to produce entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but in order to produce entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but in order to produce entropy
+by r ibility I must not be at stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by r ibility I must not be at stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by r ibility I must not be at stable
+equilibrium because at stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because at stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because at stable
+equilibrium system is happy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium system is happy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium system is happy and it
+doesn't uh uh rearrange things in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh uh rearrange things in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh uh rearrange things in order
+it already it is in the maximum entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already it is in the maximum entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already it is in the maximum entropy
+there is no uh tendency to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no uh tendency to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no uh tendency to produce
+more so this is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so this is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so this is to say that
+uh there is a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a bit of a
+contradiction or at least that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction or at least that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction or at least that we have
+to be careful in understanding what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful in understanding what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful in understanding what the
+actual assumptions are this state is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual assumptions are this state is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual assumptions are this state is a
+non equilibrium State otherwise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium State otherwise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium State otherwise it
+couldn't produce entropy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't produce entropy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't produce entropy by
+reversibility but it is close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility but it is close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility but it is close to a
+stable equilibrium State and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State and therefore
+we can use uh the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use uh the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use uh the idea of
+temperature and assign it to the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and assign it to the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and assign it to the fluid
+element but indeed what it is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but indeed what it is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but indeed what it is is the
+temperature that would be reached if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that would be reached if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that would be reached if I
+took that fluid element and isolate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that fluid element and isolate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that fluid element and isolate from
+the rest and let it relax to equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest and let it relax to equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest and let it relax to equilibrium
+because if I shut the interactions left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I shut the interactions left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I shut the interactions left
+and right this non-e equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right this non-e equilibrium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right this non-e equilibrium state
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+spontaneously move to stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously move to stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously move to stable equilibrium
+and then it will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will have a
+temperature and that's the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and that's the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and that's the temperature
+that we assign to this non equum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State this is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is interesting
+because it is the local equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the local equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the local equilibrium
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+that we are used to use in in in flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are used to use in in in flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are used to use in in in flu
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can
+improve and people are doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve and people are doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve and people are doing uh
+extensions of fluid mechanics treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions of fluid mechanics treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions of fluid mechanics treatment
+in which you deal with this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you deal with this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you deal with this little
+difference in entropy because uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in entropy because uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in entropy because uh maybe
+you can assign a temperature but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assign a temperature but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assign a temperature but the
+entropy of this state is slightly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of this state is slightly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of this state is slightly less
+than this the temperature than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this the temperature than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this the temperature than the
+entropy of a a truly equilibrium State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of a a truly equilibrium State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of a a truly equilibrium State
+at that temperature and that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that temperature and that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that temperature and that difference
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+entropy does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some sometimes has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sometimes has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sometimes has
+uh as as an importance for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I want to uh talk about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to uh talk about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to uh talk about um
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+um very traditional ideas of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very traditional ideas of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very traditional ideas of heat
+engines heat pumps and Refrigeration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines heat pumps and Refrigeration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines heat pumps and Refrigeration
+units and see the energy and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and see the energy and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and see the energy and entropy
+that flows and uh and also uh it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flows and uh and also uh it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flows and uh and also uh it gives
+us the opportunity to Define what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the opportunity to Define what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the opportunity to Define what we
+mean by first and second law efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by first and second law efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by first and second law efficiency
+of devices like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start from what
+we uh are seeing so let's do it uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh are seeing so let's do it uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh are seeing so let's do it uh our
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+way suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way suppose
+we we we take the closest inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we take the closest inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we take the closest inequalities
+that we have seen the other day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen the other day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen the other day and
+remember that these subscri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that these subscri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that these subscri
+subscripts over the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts over the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts over the extreme
+inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities
+uh indicate uh what the condition should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indicate uh what the condition should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indicate uh what the condition should
+be for the strict equality to be to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for the strict equality to be to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for the strict equality to be to hold
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you
+remember we have an strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we have an strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we have an strict
+equality if the system is in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality if the system is in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality if the system is in a stable
+equilibrium State and ends in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State and ends in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State and ends in a stable
+equilibrium State and it is a reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State and it is a reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State and it is a reservoir
+so that the second derivative is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the second derivative is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the second derivative is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so
+let's consider our system to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoir at temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir at temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir at temperature
+ta I drop the subscrip one because for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta I drop the subscrip one because for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta I drop the subscrip one because for a
+reservoir there is always one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir there is always one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir there is always one
+temperature for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for all
+states and let's assume that also system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and let's assume that also system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and let's assume that also system
+B is a reservoir so also for B here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is a reservoir so also for B here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is a reservoir so also for B here I
+have an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh because because I also assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh because because I also assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh because because I also assume
+that the final states are stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the final states are stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the final states are stable
+equilibrium all right so then either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so then either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so then either
+this or that in if the two temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that in if the two temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that in if the two temperatures
+are different and here we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and here we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and here we would like to
+consider reservoirs at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider reservoirs at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider reservoirs at different
+temperatures even large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures even large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures even large
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+um there is no way that uh this left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no way that uh this left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no way that uh this left
+extreme can be equal to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme can be equal to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme can be equal to the right
+extreme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme and
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+somewhere there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be uh some irreversibility either in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh some irreversibility either in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh some irreversibility either in
+system a or in system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a or in system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a or in system
+B so as to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so as to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so as to make this
+uh things this train of equalities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things this train of equalities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things this train of equalities and
+inequalities satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities satisfied
+so so it is necessary if I transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it is necessary if I transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it is necessary if I transfer
+energy from a reservoir to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from a reservoir to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from a reservoir to another
+Reservoir at a different temperature it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir at a different temperature it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir at a different temperature it
+is necessary that some entropy be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary that some entropy be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary that some entropy be
+generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by
+reversibility uh in either one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility uh in either one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility uh in either one because
+there are no other systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around but suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+interpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpose a
+Machinery between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchange well in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange well in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange well in that case
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+possible to have things uh to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have things uh to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have things uh to operate
+without irreversibility so without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without irreversibility so without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without irreversibility so without
+entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+production this is the entropy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production this is the entropy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production this is the entropy balance
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+Machinery it says that well if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery it says that well if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery it says that well if the
+Machinery produces some um entropy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery produces some um entropy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery produces some um entropy by
+reversibility it must be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility it must be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility it must be equal to the
+difference between what it puts out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what it puts out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what it puts out from
+what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+receives and uh this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives and uh this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives and uh this is the energy
+balance for the Machinery it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it can produce work if it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can produce work if it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can produce work if it can
+manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage
+to give to Reservoir B less and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give to Reservoir B less and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give to Reservoir B less and energy
+than it receives from Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it receives from Reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it receives from Reservoir
+a okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+that everything it is possible to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything it is possible to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything it is possible to assume
+that everything has no entropy produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything has no entropy produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything has no entropy produced
+by reversibility so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility so
+no no no Delta s here in system a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no Delta s here in system a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no Delta s here in system a no
+Delta s ear in system B and also no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s ear in system B and also no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s ear in system B and also no
+Delta s ear in system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s ear in system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s ear in system
+X in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in that
+case from the entropy point of view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case from the entropy point of view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case from the entropy point of view the
+Machinery simply passes the entropy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery simply passes the entropy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery simply passes the entropy that
+comes from Reservoir a and gives it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Reservoir a and gives it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Reservoir a and gives it to
+Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B but it also recognizes that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but it also recognizes that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but it also recognizes that the
+Machinery is made there just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery is made there just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery is made there just to
+recognize that um in order to pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that um in order to pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that um in order to pass that
+entropy to system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy to system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy to system
+B it doesn't need to give it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it doesn't need to give it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it doesn't need to give it all the
+energy it received from a there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it received from a there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it received from a there is an
+unbalance difference which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalance difference which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalance difference which can be
+um which which can be transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which which can be transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which which can be transferred
+out by means of an interaction in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by means of an interaction in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by means of an interaction in which
+there is no entropy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so that's the
+idea of the Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engine Machinery that received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine Machinery that received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine Machinery that received
+heat from a reservoir at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from a reservoir at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from a reservoir at high
+temperature this is a heat engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is a heat engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is a heat engine
+between thermal reservoirs because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between thermal reservoirs because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between thermal reservoirs because you
+could have also heat engines between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have also heat engines between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have also heat engines between
+systems that have that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that have that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that have that are not
+reservoirs okay I take a a big uh piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs okay I take a a big uh piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs okay I take a a big uh piece
+of Steel out of a steel making plant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Steel out of a steel making plant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Steel out of a steel making plant and
+I want to recuperate the energy that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to recuperate the energy that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to recuperate the energy that it
+has before it cools down that's way of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has before it cools down that's way of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has before it cools down that's way of U
+um um recovering uh energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um recovering uh energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um recovering uh energy from
+industrial processes and of course as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes and of course as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes and of course as I
+cool it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it
+down the the piece of Steel decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the the piece of Steel decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the the piece of Steel decreases
+its temperature and so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoir that doesn't mean we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir that doesn't mean we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir that doesn't mean we cannot
+compute also for that situation what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute also for that situation what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute also for that situation what is
+the maximum work that you we can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum work that you we can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum work that you we can extract
+but that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's another
+situation and for example the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and for example the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and for example the maximum
+work we can extract in that case is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we can extract in that case is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we can extract in that case is not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+carau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carau
+coefficient whereas here if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient whereas here if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient whereas here if you do
+energy and entropy balances and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and entropy balances and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and entropy balances and here
+they are uh I'm going sort of quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are uh I'm going sort of quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are uh I'm going sort of quickly
+here I'm not going to into the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm not going to into the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm not going to into the details
+just give you uh some ideas on by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you uh some ideas on by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you uh some ideas on by
+following the flows of the entropy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the flows of the entropy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the flows of the entropy but
+here are the full um glory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the full um glory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the full um glory of the
+balance equations for um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance equations for um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance equations for um uh
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+Machinery um from which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery um from which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery um from which you can
+compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+work okay here is the result so the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay here is the result so the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay here is the result so the work
+that the Machinery the useful effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Machinery the useful effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Machinery the useful effect
+that the machiner can produce is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machiner can produce is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machiner can produce is equal
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+fraction of uh the heat that it receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of uh the heat that it receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of uh the heat that it receives
+from the hot Reservoir and that fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hot Reservoir and that fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hot Reservoir and that fraction
+is the caral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the caral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the caral
+coefficient between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures and then there is also a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and then there is also a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and then there is also a a
+terms which detracts and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which detracts and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which detracts and that is
+proportional to the entropy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the entropy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the entropy that is
+produced by reversibility within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by reversibility within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by reversibility within the
+Machinery it has a minor sign so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery it has a minor sign so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery it has a minor sign so if you
+if the Machinery does produce entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Machinery does produce entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Machinery does produce entropy
+that will detract and will will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will detract and will will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will detract and will will allow
+you to get less work than the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's view it from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's view it from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's view it from the point of
+view of entropy flows actually maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of entropy flows actually maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of entropy flows actually maybe we
+can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in terms of uh e sucess diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is system a reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is system a reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is system a reservoir
+a and this is Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this is Reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this is Reservoir
+B and I'm extracting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I'm extracting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I'm extracting some
+energy so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so I want
+to take this much energy out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+his clearly there no stage here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his clearly there no stage here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his clearly there no stage here so I
+need to extract also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to extract also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to extract also some
+entropy at least this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much but in order to extract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but in order to extract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but in order to extract that
+entropy I need another system that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy I need another system that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy I need another system that's why
+I need the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the reservoir
+B that picks up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that picks up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that picks up that
+entropy and so it will end up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will end up
+here provided uh since there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here provided uh since there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here provided uh since there are no
+states to the right of the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to the right of the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to the right of the maximum
+entropy uh I need also to provide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh I need also to provide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh I need also to provide some
+energy and that energy is this much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that energy is this much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that energy is this much it's
+Q uh received by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay so the difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so the difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so the difference between this
+and that is the work you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I if I draw a line with the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I draw a line with the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I draw a line with the slope of
+of reservoir a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work that I have extracted actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I have extracted actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I have extracted actually this
+is W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W
+rev because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rev because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rev because I have
+assumed that system B takes just barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that system B takes just barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that system B takes just barely
+the uh uh entropy that uh we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh entropy that uh we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh entropy that uh we need to
+that is being received by System a so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being received by System a so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being received by System a so it
+flows uh the entropy comes from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows uh the entropy comes from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows uh the entropy comes from uh from
+a the Machinery doesn't add because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the Machinery doesn't add because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the Machinery doesn't add because it's
+reversible it doesn't produce additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible it doesn't produce additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible it doesn't produce additional
+entropy it simply as to uh transfer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy it simply as to uh transfer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy it simply as to uh transfer it
+to system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+and the energy that is required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy that is required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy that is required to
+transfer uh uh that to system B is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer uh uh that to system B is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer uh uh that to system B is less
+than QA and therefore there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than QA and therefore there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than QA and therefore there is a
+difference and that difference can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that difference can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that difference can be
+transferred in an interaction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred in an interaction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred in an interaction where
+there is no entropy transfer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no entropy transfer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no entropy transfer which is
+work so this is the reversible operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this is the reversible operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this is the reversible operation
+if we have an irreversible operation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an irreversible operation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an irreversible operation so
+if the Machinery is irreversible like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Machinery is irreversible like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Machinery is irreversible like
+most practical machineries and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most practical machineries and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most practical machineries and therefore
+it produces some entropy that entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces some entropy that entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces some entropy that entropy
+will also need to be disposed of into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also need to be disposed of into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also need to be disposed of into
+the uh environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh environmental
+Reservoir and therefore it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and therefore it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and therefore it will
+require more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require more
+uh more energy to follow so in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more energy to follow so in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more energy to follow so in so the
+system B I need to add not only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B I need to add not only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B I need to add not only this
+entropy but also the entropy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but also the entropy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but also the entropy that is
+produced by irreversibility so that is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility so that is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility so that is s
+here produced in a machinery and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here produced in a machinery and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here produced in a machinery and the
+Machinery is called M okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery is called M okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery is called M okay
+so system B ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the amount of u q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the amount of u q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the amount of u q is
+higher and therefore the amount left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and therefore the amount left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and therefore the amount left the
+difference which is what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference which is what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference which is what will be
+transferred as work is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+so we have seen it in in various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have seen it in in various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have seen it in in various ways
+now typically one defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know uh most of you probably remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh most of you probably remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh most of you probably remembers
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um this ratio is not called carau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this ratio is not called carau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this ratio is not called carau
+coefficient like I'm calling it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient like I'm calling it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient like I'm calling it but it's
+called carau efficiency okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called carau efficiency okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called carau efficiency okay which is
+true in the sense that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the sense that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the sense that I can
+define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define an
+efficiency we are going to call it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency we are going to call it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency we are going to call it here
+first low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency as the ratio of the useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as the ratio of the useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as the ratio of the useful
+work so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the
+work uh divided by uh the the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh divided by uh the the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh divided by uh the the energy of
+the resource that you have used in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resource that you have used in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resource that you have used in this
+case the resource is the hot Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the resource is the hot Reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the resource is the hot Reservoir
+so the energy extracted from the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy extracted from the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy extracted from the hot
+Reservoir so this ratio is the first low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir so this ratio is the first low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir so this ratio is the first low
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+and the result and the the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result and the the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result and the the result of the
+energy balances shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balances shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balances shows
+that U the the Caro coefficient is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U the the Caro coefficient is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U the the Caro coefficient is the
+upper limit of this efficiency which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit of this efficiency which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit of this efficiency which is
+reached when s here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached when s here is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached when s here is equal to
+zero so the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the car
+coefficient is equal to the first LW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is equal to the first LW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is equal to the first LW
+efficiency for the reversible engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+somehow um inconvenient of first LW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiencies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies is
+that you know usually want say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know usually want say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know usually want say if
+something is 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is 50%
+efficient uh I would I would say oh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh I would I would say oh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh I would I would say oh why
+why aren't you doing better no there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why aren't you doing better no there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why aren't you doing better no there
+there is 50% room for improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh not here though because uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not here though because uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not here though because uh there's no
+way suppose you have a TA is equal 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way suppose you have a TA is equal 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way suppose you have a TA is equal 600
+and 600k and TB is 300K so the carau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 600k and TB is 300K so the carau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 600k and TB is 300K so the carau
+coefficient is 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is 1 half
+50% that's the maximum you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% that's the maximum you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% that's the maximum you can do
+there's no improvement you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no improvement you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no improvement you cannot
+improve so it would be better to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve so it would be better to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve so it would be better to have a
+to call efficiency or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so people have introduced the second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have introduced the second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have introduced the second low
+efficiency which Compares what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency which Compares what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency which Compares what you
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+obtain and put it in the numerator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain and put it in the numerator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain and put it in the numerator to
+the maximum that you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum that you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum that you could have
+obtained given the constraints and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained given the constraints and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained given the constraints and the
+physical laws so without violating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical laws so without violating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical laws so without violating
+anything uh okay so in that case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh okay so in that case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh okay so in that case this
+ratio for the reversible uh case is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for the reversible uh case is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for the reversible uh case is one
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+100% And so if the efficiency is 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% And so if the efficiency is 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% And so if the efficiency is 100%
+there's no room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improvement if it is not uh 100% or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement if it is not uh 100% or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement if it is not uh 100% or one
+it means that there is a something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that there is a something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that there is a something that
+reduces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces that
+and that something is the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that something is the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that something is the entropy
+produced by irreversibility so uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility so uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility so uh by
+thinking in these terms this second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in these terms this second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in these terms this second low
+efficiency allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency allows you to
+identify uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+um places in your um Machinery or power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um places in your um Machinery or power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um places in your um Machinery or power
+plant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant uh
+that uh that are the the sites where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that are the the sites where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that are the the sites where
+entropy gets produced by irreversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy gets produced by irreversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy gets produced by irreversibility
+because that the higher the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that the higher the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that the higher the entropy
+produced by reversibility the Lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by reversibility the Lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by reversibility the Lesser
+this efficiency so the more room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this efficiency so the more room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this efficiency so the more room for
+improvement and in fact a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and in fact a lot of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and in fact a lot of energy
+uh technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technology
+engineering uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh is
+into uh improving this efficiency that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh improving this efficiency that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh improving this efficiency that
+means identifying where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means identifying where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means identifying where the
+reversibilities are and removing them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibilities are and removing them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibilities are and removing them or
+reducing them optimizing from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing them optimizing from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing them optimizing from that point
+of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+uh do even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do even more
+quickly uh the same idea but for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh the same idea but for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh the same idea but for a
+refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unit it's again a situation in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit it's again a situation in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit it's again a situation in which I
+have two reservoirs ta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two reservoirs ta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two reservoirs ta and
+TB and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB and uh
+I identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I identify the
+environment as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as
+the system at higher temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+system at the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at the lower
+temperature is for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is for example the
+refrigerator cell the the the the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator cell the the the the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator cell the the the the room
+in that you want to keep refrigerated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you want to keep refrigerated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you want to keep refrigerated so
+and you want to keep it refrigerator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to keep it refrigerator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to keep it refrigerator so
+it seem typically uh there are heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seem typically uh there are heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seem typically uh there are heat
+losses from the walls of this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses from the walls of this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses from the walls of this uh uh
+refrigerator you need to compensate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator you need to compensate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator you need to compensate by
+removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing
+heat so the the unit wants to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so the the unit wants to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so the the unit wants to extract
+heat from a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from a low
+temperature from a temperat from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from a temperat from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from a temperat from a
+reservoir which is at lower temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir which is at lower temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir which is at lower temperature
+than the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment so if we go on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do again
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now I want I have my system B which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I want I have my system B which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I want I have my system B which
+is the refrigerating refrigerator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the refrigerating refrigerator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the refrigerating refrigerator uh
+room you want to uh extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room you want to uh extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room you want to uh extract
+energy and uh as usual in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh as usual in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh as usual in order to
+extract energy you need to extract also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract energy you need to extract also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract energy you need to extract also
+entropy so this is QB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so this is QB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so this is QB
+out and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+out so if I have this entropy going uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if I have this entropy going uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if I have this entropy going uh
+somewhere I need to put it to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system now this system a which is my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now this system a which is my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now this system a which is my my
+environment is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is there
+and I would like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to give
+it uh this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy but in order to give it I I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but in order to give it I I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but in order to give it I I also
+need to give some uh energy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give some uh energy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give some uh energy which is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than this
+one because the the because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the the because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the the because it's the
+environment is hotter so it has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is hotter so it has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is hotter so it has a higher
+slope so if I plot here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so if I plot here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so if I plot here the
+slope of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B this is the the energy that I extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is the the energy that I extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is the the energy that I extract
+from system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+okay but I need to give to a more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I need to give to a more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I need to give to a more energy
+in order for it to accommodate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for it to accommodate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for it to accommodate the
+entropy that I must extract from B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that I must extract from B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that I must extract from B so
+this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+work that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and of course if the Machinery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course if the Machinery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course if the Machinery is
+irreversible and it produces also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible and it produces also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible and it produces also some
+entropy by irreversibility not only I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy by irreversibility not only I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy by irreversibility not only I'm
+not I must accommodate this much entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I must accommodate this much entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I must accommodate this much entropy
+but but I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I must
+accommodate even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate even
+more that's the reversibility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Machinery this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery this
+much so system a must go up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so system a must go up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so system a must go up there and
+therefore I need to spend more work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I need to spend more work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I need to spend more work so
+this is what was W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what was W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what was W
+rev and this much is W uh say IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+revers okay now also here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revers okay now also here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revers okay now also here
+the Carno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient or similar does play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+usually in practice when you buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in practice when you buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in practice when you buy a
+refrigerator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator you
+uh um you want to know what the cop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um you want to know what the cop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um you want to know what the cop the
+coefficient of performance is which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of performance is which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of performance is which is a
+first flow uh ratio it's the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first flow uh ratio it's the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first flow uh ratio it's the ratio of
+the useful the cooling effect which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the useful the cooling effect which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the useful the cooling effect which is
+the energy you extract from the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy you extract from the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy you extract from the low
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+cell to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to the uh
+work typically electrical work that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work typically electrical work that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work typically electrical work that you
+need to spend in order to uh this to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cop has the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop has the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop has the highest
+value and then there is a term which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then there is a term which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then there is a term which is
+always is positive and that is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is positive and that is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is positive and that is bigger
+and bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger the
+more IR revers irreversible is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more IR revers irreversible is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more IR revers irreversible is your
+Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay also here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also here
+cop is typically a number greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one doesn't give you an indication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't give you an indication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't give you an indication of
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+the room for improvement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room for improvement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room for improvement is
+the second LW efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second LW efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second LW efficiency
+instead does and again we can Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead does and again we can Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead does and again we can Define it
+as the actual use useful effect divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the actual use useful effect divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the actual use useful effect divided
+by uh the best uh useful effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh the best uh useful effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh the best uh useful effect the
+maximum useful effect you could obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum useful effect you could obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum useful effect you could obtain
+uh with a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a reversible
+Machinery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that
+two as a maximum value equals to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two as a maximum value equals to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two as a maximum value equals to one
+100% in that case there is no room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% in that case there is no room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% in that case there is no room for
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+improvement and it's less than one due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and it's less than one due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and it's less than one due
+to the entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diversability the last of these series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversability the last of these series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversability the last of these series
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+traditional uh machineries say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional uh machineries say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional uh machineries say is the
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+pump the heat pump it's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump the heat pump it's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump the heat pump it's very similar to
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+refrigerator more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator more or less the same
+equations except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations except that
+now what switches is the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what switches is the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what switches is the position of the
+environment of your environment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of your environment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of your environment the
+environmental rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental rest
+OFW whereas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OFW whereas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OFW whereas for the
+refrigerator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator you
+were uh extracting energy from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh extracting energy from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh extracting energy from something
+which is colder than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is colder than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is colder than the
+environment in the heat pump you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in the heat pump you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in the heat pump you want to
+put energy in a a a reservoir which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put energy in a a a reservoir which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put energy in a a a reservoir which is
+hotter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment so now the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so now the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so now the environment
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be but the idea is more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but the idea is more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but the idea is more or less the same
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um except that the useful effect now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um except that the useful effect now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um except that the useful effect now is
+not the cooling of B but is the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the cooling of B but is the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the cooling of B but is the heating
+of a you want to heat up something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a you want to heat up something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a you want to heat up something like
+the house in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house in a
+and using heat pump which is nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using heat pump which is nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using heat pump which is nowadays
+been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done
+worldwide at least in places where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide at least in places where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide at least in places where you
+need Heating in the winter time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Heating in the winter time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Heating in the winter time
+and so the useful effect effect is QA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the useful effect effect is QA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the useful effect effect is QA
+therefore you define a different cop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you define a different cop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you define a different cop
+it's called cop but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called cop but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called cop but it's
+different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh
+this time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you
+put in the numerator the useful effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the numerator the useful effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the numerator the useful effect
+which is the heat uh given to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the heat uh given to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the heat uh given to the
+hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+system divided by the work that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system divided by the work that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system divided by the work that you have
+spent in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and
+again the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the second law
+efficiency is the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is the ratio
+between the useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the useful
+effect of your actual machinery and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of your actual machinery and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of your actual machinery and the
+useful effect of the reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effect of the reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effect of the reversible
+Machinery so uh that uh it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery so uh that uh it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery so uh that uh it would be
+equal to one for a reversible machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one for a reversible machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one for a reversible machinery
+and it's less than one if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's less than one if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's less than one if there is
+entropy produced by your Machinery here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by your Machinery here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by your Machinery here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since now we are talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since now we are talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since now we are talking about some
+practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aspects let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects let's talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh another chapter of of themodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another chapter of of themodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another chapter of of themodynamics
+that has to do with establishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with establishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with establishing the
+properties of substances at stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of substances at stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of substances at stable
+equilibrium and let's see this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and let's see this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and let's see this is an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+chapter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many scientists have devoted their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many scientists have devoted their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many scientists have devoted their lives
+in constructing the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substances for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to
+stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay
+uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here
+um Professor Kenan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Professor Kenan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Professor Kenan in
+1940 uh maybe earlier um spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 uh maybe earlier um spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 uh maybe earlier um spent a lot of
+time developing the steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time developing the steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time developing the steam
+tables which is uh the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables which is uh the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables which is uh the properties of
+water so how do we measure properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so how do we measure properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so how do we measure properties of
+substances in stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium well much of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium well much of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium well much of uh
+uh um the tools that we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um the tools that we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um the tools that we have is
+uh to is related to the the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to is related to the the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to is related to the the conditions
+for Mutual stable equilibrium that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mutual stable equilibrium that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mutual stable equilibrium that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+developed like equality of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed like equality of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed like equality of temperature
+equality of pressure the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of pressure the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of pressure the quality of
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials the the good thing is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials the the good thing is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials the the good thing is that if
+you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermometer what is a thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer what is a thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer what is a thermometer
+thermometer is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer is a is a
+system in which in some way you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which in some way you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which in some way you have um
+put a scale in which you can read uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a scale in which you can read uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a scale in which you can read uh uh
+the uh the value of the temperature then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the value of the temperature then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the value of the temperature then
+what you do you you you stick it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you you you stick it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you you you stick it in
+contact to the system you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and
+uh you leave enough time so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you leave enough time so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you leave enough time so that you
+convince yourself that the two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that the two systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that the two systems
+have reached the mutual equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached the mutual equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached the mutual equilibrium and
+if you are convinced that they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are convinced that they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are convinced that they are in
+mutual equilibrium then the theory says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual equilibrium then the theory says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual equilibrium then the theory says
+that the two temperatures are equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two temperatures are equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two temperatures are equal so
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+reading the the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the the temperature of the
+thermometer you have measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer you have measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer you have measured the
+temperature of system a of which you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of system a of which you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of system a of which you may
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+nothing so it's an indirect uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so it's an indirect uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so it's an indirect uh uh
+measurement of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the
+monometer you can construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer you can construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer you can construct the
+monometer as uh so that you can read out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer as uh so that you can read out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer as uh so that you can read out
+a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale
+uh the value here you put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the value here you put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the value here you put it in
+equilibrium Mutual equilibrium with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Mutual equilibrium with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Mutual equilibrium with your
+system by drilling a little hole in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by drilling a little hole in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by drilling a little hole in this
+uh in the boundary and uh and um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the boundary and uh and um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the boundary and uh and um with
+either a little piston or some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a little piston or some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a little piston or some um
+moving interface like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving interface like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving interface like
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if you're convinced that they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're convinced that they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're convinced that they are in
+mutual equilibrium reading the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual equilibrium reading the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual equilibrium reading the pressure
+of B gives you information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B gives you information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B gives you information about the
+pressure of system a so this is one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of system a so this is one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of system a so this is one way
+of measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measuring
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh this is just to remind U of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is just to remind U of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is just to remind U of that
+proof that I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that I don't want
+to go into details all but that it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why the pressure can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pressure can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pressure can be
+measured by measuring a force per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+anywhere in on the boundary of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in on the boundary of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in on the boundary of your
+system so you take the boundary of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you take the boundary of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you take the boundary of your
+system when it is in stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when it is in stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when it is in stable equilibrium
+drill a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill a
+hole and substitute that piece of wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and substitute that piece of wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and substitute that piece of wall
+with the movable wall and then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the movable wall and then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the movable wall and then you find
+a force per unit area that keeps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force per unit area that keeps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force per unit area that keeps that
+wall where the original one was once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall where the original one was once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall where the original one was once you
+found it that you have measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it that you have measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it that you have measured the
+force per unit area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force per unit area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force per unit area that
+balances the pressure pressure of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances the pressure pressure of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances the pressure pressure of your
+system and when you are in stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and when you are in stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and when you are in stable
+equilibrium that Force per unit area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that Force per unit area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that Force per unit area is
+equal no matter where you go and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal no matter where you go and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal no matter where you go and do this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+procedure whereas off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure whereas off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure whereas off
+equilibrium it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it can be
+uh you can always measure force per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can always measure force per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can always measure force per unit
+area but it may be non uniform not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but it may be non uniform not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but it may be non uniform not equal
+everywhere and there is no pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and there is no pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and there is no pressure
+because you're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+other another kind of measurement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another kind of measurement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another kind of measurement that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+do is like uh uh the so-called Jew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is like uh uh the so-called Jew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is like uh uh the so-called Jew
+apparatus in which you input some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus in which you input some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus in which you input some
+mechanical energy in your substance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy in your substance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy in your substance or
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+your in a piston or in a in a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in a piston or in a in a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in a piston or in a in a variable
+volume or in a constant volume container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume or in a constant volume container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume or in a constant volume container
+you put some energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put some energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put some energy in
+wait for the system to go to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the system to go to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the system to go to a new
+stable equilibrium and measure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium and measure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium and measure uh
+how much um they measure the how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much um they measure the how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much um they measure the how much
+the temperature has changed for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature has changed for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature has changed for your
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so mg Delta Z represents the ra the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mg Delta Z represents the ra the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mg Delta Z represents the ra the
+amount of energy that you have put in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy that you have put in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy that you have put in in
+the form of of work so you produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of of work so you produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of of work so you produce a
+work interaction uh and put energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work interaction uh and put energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work interaction uh and put energy into
+your system let it relax towards uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system let it relax towards uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system let it relax towards uh
+until it reaches equilibrium so new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it reaches equilibrium so new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it reaches equilibrium so new
+temperature compute the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature compute the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature compute the difference
+between the new temperature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the new temperature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the new temperature and the
+initial temperature delta T this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial temperature delta T this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial temperature delta T this ratio
+turns out to be equal to this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be equal to this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be equal to this the
+partial derivative of this property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of this property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of this property that
+we we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're going
+to Define in the moment and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define in the moment and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define in the moment and that's
+that's the property that we call heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the property that we call heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the property that we call heat
+capacity at constant pressure it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity at constant pressure it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity at constant pressure it's a
+stable equilibrium State Property we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State Property we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State Property we
+obtain it from the fundamental relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is one heat capacity uh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one heat capacity uh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one heat capacity uh for for
+when that is equal to the same ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that is equal to the same ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that is equal to the same ratio
+when you do the experiment at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the experiment at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the experiment at constant
+volume and there is another heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and there is another heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and there is another heat
+capacity when you do it at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure so let's start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so let's start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so let's start from the
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+pressure because G this gives us also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because G this gives us also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because G this gives us also a
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Define um the enthalpy so and to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define um the enthalpy so and to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define um the enthalpy so and to get to
+this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative
+that turns out to represent this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to represent this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to represent this result
+of this measurement so it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this measurement so it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this measurement so it's important
+because it is the way in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the way in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the way in which you
+measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property Let's Do It um starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Let's Do It um starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Let's Do It um starting from
+the fundamental relation in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental relation in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental relation in energy
+form and this is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H in a moment we will see that um this H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H in a moment we will see that um this H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H in a moment we will see that um this H
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+particular uh transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh transform of the
+fundamental relation which when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation which when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation which when we
+change variables but for the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change variables but for the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change variables but for the moment
+let's just take it for um as a abrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take it for um as a abrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take it for um as a abrupt
+definition let's say that we call H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition let's say that we call H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition let's say that we call H the
+sum of energy plus the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of energy plus the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of energy plus the product of
+pressure and volume we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy then by taking the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy then by taking the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy then by taking the differential
+of this expression and recalling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression and recalling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression and recalling that
+the differential of a product is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential of a product is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential of a product is equal
+to P DV plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VDP and where I see da I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDP and where I see da I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDP and where I see da I
+use the differential that I have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the differential that I have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the differential that I have written
+up here so I substitute and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so I substitute and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so I substitute and this is what
+I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left
+with from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with from this
+expression I can view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I can view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I can view this
+expression as a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as a the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+so you see the the independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the the independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the the independent variables
+are under the D so uh DS DP DN so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are under the D so uh DS DP DN so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are under the D so uh DS DP DN so I I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+since if so this is would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since if so this is would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since if so this is would be the
+differential of a function in which H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of a function in which H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of a function in which H is
+a function of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pnn and also the coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pnn and also the coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pnn and also the coefficients of the
+differential are the partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential are the partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential are the partial derivatives
+so for example the t is the partial of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the t is the partial of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the t is the partial of H
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+S the partial of what the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S the partial of what the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S the partial of what the partial of
+this function so the partial of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function so the partial of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function so the partial of a
+function in which the enthalpy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in which the enthalpy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in which the enthalpy is
+expressed as a function of s p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a function of s p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a function of s p and
+N so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature now in the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now in the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now in the business of
+measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+properties we like to have instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we like to have instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we like to have instruments
+okay so we have a thermometer measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a thermometer measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a thermometer measures
+temperature bar monometer measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature bar monometer measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature bar monometer measures the
+pressure there is no energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure there is no energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure there is no energy
+meter there is no entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter there is no entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter there is no entropy
+meter we measure energy and entropies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter we measure energy and entropies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter we measure energy and entropies
+indirectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+uh temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temperature and
+pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume so let's do that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so let's do that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so let's do that also
+mathematically so you look at this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically so you look at this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically so you look at this um
+equation here and this other equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here and this other equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here and this other equation
+then consider it as a system of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then consider it as a system of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then consider it as a system of two
+equations in which you want to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in which you want to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in which you want to eliminate
+the property that is hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that is hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that is hardly
+measur difficult to meas hard to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measur difficult to meas hard to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measur difficult to meas hard to measure
+which is the entropy so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the entropy so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the entropy so for example
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um expression this function here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um expression this function here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um expression this function here as a
+function instead of t as a function of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function instead of t as a function of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function instead of t as a function of s
+write it say s is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it say s is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it say s is a function of
+T and then take that s and put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then take that s and put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then take that s and put it in the
+original function up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function up
+there you manage to find H as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you manage to find H as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you manage to find H as a function
+of tpn so you change the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tpn so you change the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tpn so you change the independent
+variables to ones that can be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to ones that can be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to ones that can be easily
+measured temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured temperature and
+pressure so this new function and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so this new function and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so this new function and this
+is the way you have obtained it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way you have obtained it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way you have obtained it so we
+have a precise way recipe to obtain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a precise way recipe to obtain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a precise way recipe to obtain that
+function if we start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if we start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if we start from the
+fundamental relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation
+is of this function you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of this function you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of this function you can take
+derivatives for example derivative of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives for example derivative of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives for example derivative of H
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+T is what we call the specific heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is what we call the specific heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is what we call the specific heat
+sorry the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the heat
+capacity uh at constant pressure and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity uh at constant pressure and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity uh at constant pressure and it
+is a function of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of T and
+P so pressure and temperature we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so pressure and temperature we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so pressure and temperature we can we
+can measure heat capacity we can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure heat capacity we can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure heat capacity we can measure
+with one of these with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of these with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of these with this uh
+instrument here and so this is a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument here and so this is a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument here and so this is a fully
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a similar
+procedure we can follow to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we can follow to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we can follow to define the
+heat capacity at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity at constant
+volume so we start again from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so we start again from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so we start again from the
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation and notice that the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and notice that the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and notice that the temperature
+which is the derivative of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the derivative of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the derivative of partial
+derivative of e with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of e with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of e with respect to
+S is uh being a function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is uh being a function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is uh being a function of this
+variable I mean a derivative of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I mean a derivative of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I mean a derivative of function
+of these variables has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables has the same
+independent variables so it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables so it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables so it's also a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+sbnn and also here play the game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sbnn and also here play the game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sbnn and also here play the game of
+eliminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating
+the uh not so easy to measure property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh not so easy to measure property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh not so easy to measure property
+entropy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve this as s s function of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this as s s function of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this as s s function of T and
+substitute up there to obtain that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute up there to obtain that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute up there to obtain that the
+energy a new function in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a new function in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a new function in which the
+energy is expressed in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is expressed in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is expressed in terms of the
+independent variables temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables temperature and
+volume these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume these
+are things that are easy to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that are easy to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that are easy to measure
+because temperature you measure with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because temperature you measure with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because temperature you measure with the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermometer volume you measure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer volume you measure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer volume you measure with
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+stick okay so the first derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick okay so the first derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick okay so the first derivative of
+this function the partial of e with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the partial of e with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the partial of e with
+respect to T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T is
+called the uh heat capacity at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the uh heat capacity at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the uh heat capacity at constant
+volume and it is the thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and it is the thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and it is the thing that you
+measure with the other other the Jew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure with the other other the Jew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure with the other other the Jew
+apparatus at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus at constant
+volume soain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that but we can also do this other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we can also do this other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we can also do this other uh
+procedure to take uh okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to take uh okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to take uh okay the
+temperature like before here but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature like before here but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature like before here but now we
+make a system also with the pressure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a system also with the pressure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a system also with the pressure the
+pressure is the derivative of e with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is the derivative of e with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is the derivative of e with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+V and being a derivative of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and being a derivative of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and being a derivative of a function
+with these independent variables it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these independent variables it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these independent variables it also
+has the same independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same independent variables
+eliminate entropy also from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two that results in a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that results in a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that results in a relation between
+pressure volume and temperature which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure volume and temperature which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure volume and temperature which we
+call the equation of State pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the equation of State pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the equation of State pressure
+volume and temperature tempature are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and temperature tempature are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and temperature tempature are
+also easily measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also easily measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also easily measurable
+stuff that's the equation of state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's the equation of state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's the equation of state and
+the partial derivatives of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivatives of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivatives of this equation
+of state so the derivative of V with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state so the derivative of V with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state so the derivative of V with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+says how much the volume of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says how much the volume of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says how much the volume of your
+substance changes as as you vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance changes as as you vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance changes as as you vary the
+temperature as you heat it up so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as you heat it up so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as you heat it up so it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+a coefficient of expansion if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient of expansion if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient of expansion if you do it
+divided by V it's the the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by V it's the the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by V it's the the percentage
+increase in volume per given amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in volume per given amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in volume per given amount of
+given increase in temperature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given increase in temperature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given increase in temperature uh
+and uh and you can measure this when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and you can measure this when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and you can measure this when you
+do uh the experimented constant pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh the experimented constant pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh the experimented constant pressure
+or the second the other derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the second the other derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the second the other derivative
+derivative of V with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it says
+uh how much uh the substance get reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much uh the substance get reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much uh the substance get reduced
+in volume if I increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in volume if I increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in volume if I increase the
+pressure so the reduction is minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so the reduction is minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so the reduction is minus Delta
+V per unit of uh increasing pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V per unit of uh increasing pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V per unit of uh increasing pressure and
+again if I divide by V is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I divide by V is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I divide by V is the uh
+percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh reduction in volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reduction in volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reduction in volume
+so this when you do the experiment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this when you do the experiment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this when you do the experiment uh
+increase the pressure at at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the pressure at at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the pressure at at constant
+temperature this is the isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is the isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is the isothermal
+compressibility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressibility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressibility of the
+substance being derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance being derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance being derivatives of the
+equation of State they are function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State they are function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State they are function of
+TMP and these are easily measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TMP and these are easily measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TMP and these are easily measured
+because it's simply relates measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simply relates measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simply relates measuring
+changes in volume measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures so the differential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so the differential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so the differential of the
+equation of State done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State done
+at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+amounts uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts uh is
+has these two coefficients isobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these two coefficients isobaric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these two coefficients isobaric
+expansion and isothermal compressibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and isothermal compressibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and isothermal compressibility
+appearing uh directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here there are other things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are other things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are other things that you can
+measure in other experiments for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in other experiments for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in other experiments for example
+an interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting one
+is the speed uh of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propagation should be an off here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation should be an off here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation should be an off here
+and or the jewel Thompson coefficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or the jewel Thompson coefficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or the jewel Thompson coefficient in
+in the expansion of a of a gas in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expansion of a of a gas in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expansion of a of a gas in a
+throttle which occurs at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle which occurs at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle which occurs at constant
+enthalpy you measure the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy you measure the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy you measure the change in
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+over drop in pressure and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over drop in pressure and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over drop in pressure and it can be
+positive and negative and uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative and uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative and uh that
+allows you that is related to um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you that is related to um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you that is related to um the
+things the properties that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the properties that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the properties that we have
+already defined before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already defined before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already defined before
+so and also the the May relation shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and also the the May relation shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and also the the May relation shows
+that um CP CV Alpha p and uh Capa T are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um CP CV Alpha p and uh Capa T are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um CP CV Alpha p and uh Capa T are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+independent so you don't need to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so you don't need to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so you don't need to measure
+all four of them you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four of them you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four of them you just need to
+measure three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me skip that one for a moment no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me skip that one for a moment no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me skip that one for a moment no
+no it's not no I need it I need it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not no I need it I need it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not no I need it I need it okay
+in order to measure chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to measure chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to measure chemical
+potentials I do need first to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials I do need first to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials I do need first to show that
+chemical potentials can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials can be written as
+functions of temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so because you see uh if the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because you see uh if the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because you see uh if the chemical
+potential is defined as the partial of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is defined as the partial of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is defined as the partial of e
+with respect to n at constant s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to n at constant s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to n at constant s and
+V but that way it isn't easy to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but that way it isn't easy to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but that way it isn't easy to measure
+because of the S so UI is the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the S so UI is the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the S so UI is the partial of
+e with respect to n i at constant s v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e with respect to n i at constant s v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e with respect to n i at constant s v
+and all the other uh ands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+held well I shouldn't say that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held well I shouldn't say that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held well I shouldn't say that where
+where the where the function that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the function that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the function that I am
+taking the derivative of is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of is a function
+of SV and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends
+however this when you view it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this when you view it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this when you view it this way
+it's not easy to measure because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy to measure because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy to measure because I don't
+have an energy meter and I don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy meter and I don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy meter and I don't have an
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter so the trick is to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables and one way to do it is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and one way to do it is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and one way to do it is to uh
+Define a function which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a function which is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a function which is called the
+Gibs um free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs um free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs um free
+energy uh for the moment think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh for the moment think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh for the moment think of it as
+just an arbitrary definition so I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an arbitrary definition so I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an arbitrary definition so I say
+take defined as energy minus TS plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PV write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV write the
+differential use the differential of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential use the differential of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential use the differential of a
+fundamental relation in order to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation in order to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation in order to express
+de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de
+and here is what you're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is what you're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is what you're left
+with this expression shows that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this expression shows that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this expression shows that you can
+view this function G as a a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this function G as a a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this function G as a a function of
+the independent variables that appear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables that appear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables that appear as
+under the D of the differential so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the D of the differential so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the D of the differential so the
+temperature the pressure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the pressure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the pressure and the
+amounts so G has as say natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so G has as say natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so G has as say natural
+variables TP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables TP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables TP and
+n and from and since this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and from and since this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and from and since this is the
+differential of that function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of that function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of that function the
+chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can therefore be written now also as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can therefore be written now also as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can therefore be written now also as a
+uh the partial of G with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ni and since it is a partial of G which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni and since it is a partial of G which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni and since it is a partial of G which
+is a function of T pnn it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of T pnn it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of T pnn it's also
+function just t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just t
+pnn Okay so the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pnn Okay so the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pnn Okay so the chemical
+potential we would like to measure it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we would like to measure it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we would like to measure it it
+is very important to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important to determine the
+properties of uh multicomponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems but it cannot be measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but it cannot be measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but it cannot be measured
+directly there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly there is no
+uh chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemical potential
+meter however it can be measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter however it can be measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter however it can be measured in
+directly via the definition of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly via the definition of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly via the definition of what we
+call the partial pressure of a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the partial pressure of a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the partial pressure of a component
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+mixture here the experimental setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture here the experimental setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture here the experimental setup is
+this I have my mixture in which I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have my mixture in which I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have my mixture in which I have
+many components and they are in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many components and they are in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many components and they are in a stable
+equilibrium State they are at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State they are at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State they are at some
+pressure some temperature and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure some temperature and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure some temperature and they have
+their chemical potentials and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so what I do is to drill a hole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so what I do is to drill a hole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so what I do is to drill a hole in
+the wall somewhere of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and substitute the wall with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and substitute the wall with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and substitute the wall with a
+membrane a semi oror medium or a semi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane a semi oror medium or a semi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane a semi oror medium or a semi-
+peral membrane where only MO ules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peral membrane where only MO ules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peral membrane where only MO ules of
+type I can cross the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+okay so I put on the other side I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I put on the other side I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I put on the other side I I I
+put on the other side uh molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the other side uh molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the other side uh molecules of
+substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+I and uh with the Piston I I keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and uh with the Piston I I keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and uh with the Piston I I keep them
+there and I measure the force per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I measure the force per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I measure the force per unit
+area that is necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that is necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that is necessary
+to keep them uh uh in U in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep them uh uh in U in mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep them uh uh in U in mutual
+equilibrium when I reach Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium when I reach Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium when I reach Mutual
+equilibrium between this this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between this this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between this this little
+system I I the double script I we use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I I the double script I we use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I I the double script I we use as
+a way to to say that it is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to to say that it is a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to to say that it is a pure
+substance so in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so in this little
+box uh there is only substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box uh there is only substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box uh there is only substance
+I there is whereas in the mixture there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there is whereas in the mixture there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there is whereas in the mixture there
+is substance I mixed with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is substance I mixed with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is substance I mixed with other
+stuff okay when we are in mutal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay when we are in mutal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay when we are in mutal
+equilibrium cross this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium cross this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium cross this
+membrane we have proved um also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane we have proved um also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane we have proved um also the
+other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day
+that the conditions for mutal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conditions for mutal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conditions for mutal
+equilibrium are equality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures so the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so the temperature of
+system I I must be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I I must be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I I must be equal to the
+temperature of the mixture and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the mixture and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the mixture and the
+quality of chemical potentials for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of chemical potentials for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of chemical potentials for for
+this for the substance that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanged uh so the substance is I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged uh so the substance is I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged uh so the substance is I and
+so I need that the chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need that the chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need that the chemical potential of
+substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+I of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of the
+mixture must be equal to the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture must be equal to the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture must be equal to the chemical
+potential of the pure substance I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the pure substance I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the pure substance I just
+on the other side of a semm membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of a semm membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of a semm membrane
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here I also put the uh functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here I also put the uh functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here I also put the uh functional
+dependence because I used what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence because I used what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence because I used what we just
+proved before that the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved before that the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved before that the chemical
+potential or functions can be can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential or functions can be can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential or functions can be can be
+written as functions of T andp and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as functions of T andp and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as functions of T andp and so
+these are the functions that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the functions that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the functions that we're going
+to use for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurement okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement okay and so
+by looking at this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at this equation
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is required by the condition for Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required by the condition for Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required by the condition for Mutual
+equilibrium we see that uh inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we see that uh inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we see that uh inside the
+independent variables are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables are all
+easily measurable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily measurable things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily measurable things
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+pressure and also this pii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and also this pii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and also this pii
+it's the pressure of the system on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the pressure of the system on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the pressure of the system on the
+other side of the semi membrane we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the semi membrane we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the semi membrane we call
+that pressure the partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pressure the partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pressure the partial pressure of
+constituent I in the mixture it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent I in the mixture it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent I in the mixture it is a
+property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the
+mixture and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and it can be
+measured and by measuring it and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and by measuring it and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and by measuring it and by
+knowing how the chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how the chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how the chemical potential of
+the pure substance depends on so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure substance depends on so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure substance depends on so if I
+know this for the pure substance I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this for the pure substance I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this for the pure substance I can
+infer from that measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer from that measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer from that measurement
+the chemical potential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of the
+constituent in the mixture this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the mixture this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the mixture this is how
+we characterize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixtures so here is a little summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures so here is a little summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures so here is a little summary of
+properties that we have talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we have talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we have talked about so
+far energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy also the volumes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy also the volumes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy also the volumes and the
+parameters that enter in the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that enter in the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that enter in the uh the
+amounts of constituents entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of constituents entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of constituents entering the
+definition of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of our
+system these things are these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these things are these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these things are these properties
+are defined for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined for all
+states equilibrium and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium then we defined some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties uh based on the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh based on the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh based on the fundamental
+relation for stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for stable equilibrium
+States so clearly these are defined only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so clearly these are defined only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so clearly these are defined only
+if you have a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a fundamental
+relation uh so it's they're definally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh so it's they're definally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh so it's they're definally
+for stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stable equilibrium
+States temperature pressure chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States temperature pressure chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States temperature pressure chemical
+potentials the enthalpy that givs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials the enthalpy that givs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials the enthalpy that givs free
+energy the enthalpy because it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the enthalpy because it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the enthalpy because it it's it's
+a a e plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a e plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a e plus
+PV uh and P is the pressure pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV uh and P is the pressure pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV uh and P is the pressure pressure is
+defined only for stable equilibrium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined only for stable equilibrium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined only for stable equilibrium or
+the Gibs free energy as the p and the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibs free energy as the p and the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibs free energy as the p and the T
+also so it also is defined only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so it also is defined only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so it also is defined only for
+stable equilibriums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St and then we can also we also defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St and then we can also we also defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St and then we can also we also defined
+the these four properties today uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these four properties today uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these four properties today uh the
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+capacities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities
+the coefficient of expansion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of expansion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of expansion and the
+coefficient of com uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of com uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of com uh
+compressibility these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressibility these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressibility these
+ones also are restricted for equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones also are restricted for equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones also are restricted for equilibrium
+States but they're even more restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but they're even more restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but they're even more restricted
+because some of those uh mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of those uh mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of those uh mathematical
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+that for example if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+here when I do this eliminating one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I do this eliminating one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I do this eliminating one
+variable uh I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh I can do that
+uh only if some derivative uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh only if some derivative uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh only if some derivative uh is not
+equal to zero so for example uh if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the partial of t with respect to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the partial of t with respect to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the partial of t with respect to S
+is equal to zero I cannot invert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero I cannot invert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero I cannot invert that
+function because it's not uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because it's not uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because it's not uh it's not
+monotonic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic uh
+and and this is what happens for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is what happens for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is what happens for example
+when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I
+have two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two phase
+States like liquid and Vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States like liquid and Vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States like liquid and Vapor
+coexisting in that case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting in that case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting in that case uh
+some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+functions uh are not defined or which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh are not defined or which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh are not defined or which is
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+uh take up infinite value infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take up infinite value infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take up infinite value infinite
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+okay okay so we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+says that if we do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurements and we can for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and we can for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and we can for a given
+substance or for a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance or for a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance or for a set of
+mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures
+develop or measure experimentally these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop or measure experimentally these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop or measure experimentally these
+functions the alpha p is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the alpha p is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the alpha p is a function of
+TP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP and
+composition Capa T is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition Capa T is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition Capa T is a function of
+temperature pressure and composition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and composition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and composition the
+specific heat at constant PR I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat at constant PR I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat at constant PR I'm sorry
+the the heat capacity at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat capacity at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat capacity at constant
+pressure is a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is a function of temperature
+pressure and comp iOS and the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and comp iOS and the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and comp iOS and the chemical
+potentials as a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials as a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials as a function of temperature
+pressure and composition if I have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and composition if I have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and composition if I have all
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+functions then with these functions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions then with these functions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions then with these functions I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+reconstruct the fundamental relation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the fundamental relation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the fundamental relation so
+I know everything that I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know everything that I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know everything that I need to know
+about the stable equilibrium states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stable equilibrium states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stable equilibrium states of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+substance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and
+actually the Reconstruction is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Reconstruction is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Reconstruction is done
+through uh these relations here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh these relations here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh these relations here for
+example the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this expression for the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this expression for the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this expression for the energy
+here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can be
+related to these properties in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to these properties in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to these properties in this
+way so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if I
+integrate from one temperature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from one temperature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from one temperature to
+another from one pressure to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another from one pressure to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another from one pressure to another
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+expression I can get variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I can get variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I can get variations in
+energy the entropy also is related this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the entropy also is related this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the entropy also is related this
+way the enthalpy is related that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the enthalpy is related that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the enthalpy is related that
+way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and
+uh and these are General forms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these are General forms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these are General forms that are
+valid for any pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for any pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for any pure
+substance if you also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance if you also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance if you also need to
+consider uh mixtures then you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh mixtures then you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh mixtures then you need to
+generalize this to use the Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this to use the Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this to use the Expressions
+where also the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appears so in this way we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a way to
+measure the fundamental relation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+yeah yeah we have five minutes I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we have five minutes I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we have five minutes I can do
+this I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to
+show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+um some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of these
+function like the enthalpy and the GS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like the enthalpy and the GS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like the enthalpy and the GS
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+uh are obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are obtained
+as LeAndre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as LeAndre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as LeAndre
+transforms of the fundamental relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms of the fundamental relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms of the fundamental relation
+legan transform is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legan transform is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legan transform is a particular
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+that we can explain uh in this way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can explain uh in this way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can explain uh in this way with
+start with a function of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a function of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a function of a single
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+so suppose you give me a function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you give me a function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you give me a function of a
+single variable like U uh any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable like U uh any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable like U uh any function
+but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to
+simplify let me suppose that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify let me suppose that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify let me suppose that this
+function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a
+um either convex or concave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either convex or concave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either convex or concave and
+monotonic monotonic so that I can uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic monotonic so that I can uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic monotonic so that I can uh um
+invert and play with it okay so usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert and play with it okay so usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert and play with it okay so usually
+we Define a function I'll call it f of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define a function I'll call it f of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define a function I'll call it f of f
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y meaning
+that for each value of y I get the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each value of y I get the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each value of y I get the value
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F and as I move y the function tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and as I move y the function tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and as I move y the function tells me
+how F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how F
+moves but there is an alternative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves but there is an alternative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves but there is an alternative the
+idea of Leandra is that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Leandra is that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Leandra is that there is an
+alternative description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative description
+because that function also has a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that function also has a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that function also has a tangent
+and has a line tangent to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a line tangent to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a line tangent to every
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+okay so this tangent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this tangent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this tangent is
+characterized by two uh items one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by two uh items one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by two uh items one that
+we will call uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will call uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will call uh
+Lambda which is the angular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda which is the angular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda which is the angular the
+coefficient the slope of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the slope of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the slope of the line
+and this other value here that I we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other value here that I we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other value here that I we call
+L which is The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L which is The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L which is The
+Intercept at y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercept at y equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercept at y equal
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the idea Leandra is that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea Leandra is that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea Leandra is that uh you
+can if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you
+draw like it's a sketched here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw like it's a sketched here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw like it's a sketched here this
+slopes at every point of of the line you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes at every point of of the line you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes at every point of of the line you
+get a family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a family of
+lines the envelope of which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the envelope of which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the envelope of which is your
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+okay each line is characterized for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each line is characterized for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each line is characterized for a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+Lambda for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda for a given
+Lambda by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda by an
+L I change the point so I take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L I change the point so I take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L I change the point so I take another
+Lambda suppose I want some this l this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda suppose I want some this l this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda suppose I want some this l this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+much okay so I fix Lambda so say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay so I fix Lambda so say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay so I fix Lambda so say this is
+Lambda one now I fix Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me L of L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me L of L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me L of L of
+two so selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so selecting
+a uh a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a value of
+Lambda specifies select the point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda specifies select the point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda specifies select the point in
+which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the
+tangent as that slope of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent as that slope of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent as that slope of the original
+curve and therefore when you place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and therefore when you place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and therefore when you place the
+your line there it also selects an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your line there it also selects an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your line there it also selects an
+intercept so there is a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept so there is a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept so there is a relation between
+Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and
+L and that relation is the Lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and that relation is the Lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and that relation is the Lend
+transform of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the procedure
+is uh runs this way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh runs this way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh runs this way that you
+U you take the function you write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you take the function you write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you take the function you write the
+equation for the U partial for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the U partial for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the U partial for the
+derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and
+then you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you define
+l by the geometrical construction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l by the geometrical construction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l by the geometrical construction so
+it's the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the function
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+minus this distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this distance here
+okay and this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is equal to the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to the horizontal
+segment times the slope so the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment times the slope so the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment times the slope so the tangent
+of this angle so this Lambda so L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this angle so this Lambda so L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this angle so this Lambda so L is
+equal to F minus Lambda time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y so it corresponds to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so it corresponds to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so it corresponds to that
+description and uh I think the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and uh I think the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and uh I think the time is
+up for today so we'll yeah we'll pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for today so we'll yeah we'll pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for today so we'll yeah we'll pick it
+up from uh from here uh the next uh time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WXIOdgaLCNM.txt b/WXIOdgaLCNM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a56e3a5476ff3d397336666af993f1079c94a1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WXIOdgaLCNM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello out there. Can people hear me? Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello out there. Can people hear me? Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello out there. Can people hear me? Oh,
+nice one. People at least can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice one. People at least can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice one. People at least can uh
+intuitive what it means when I wave at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive what it means when I wave at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive what it means when I wave at
+them. Uh okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Uh okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Uh okay.
+Uh so today we are going to uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so today we are going to uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so today we are going to uh you know
+continue our discussion of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue our discussion of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue our discussion of probability
+and in particular we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we're going to talk
+about um a very naughty word uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um a very naughty word uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um a very naughty word uh what we
+call random variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call random variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call random variables.
+Um unfortunately a random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um unfortunately a random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um unfortunately a random variable is
+neither random nor a variable. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither random nor a variable. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither random nor a variable. Uh so
+like it it's just called this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it's just called this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it's just called this for
+historical reasons. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical reasons. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical reasons. Um
+it's very silly. I'm just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very silly. I'm just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very silly. I'm just going to be
+referring to them as RVs through the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to them as RVs through the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to them as RVs through the uh
+through the lecture. Um this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lecture. Um this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lecture. Um this is what it
+stands for, but uh you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for, but uh you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for, but uh you know it's it's
+it's a very silly name. It's it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very silly name. It's it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very silly name. It's it's a bit
+of a misnomer. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a misnomer. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a misnomer. Okay. So
+what is an RV?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is an RV?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is an RV?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So basically what an RV is like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically what an RV is like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically what an RV is like it's
+neither random nor a variable. It is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither random nor a variable. It is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither random nor a variable. It is a
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh from our sample space to say the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from our sample space to say the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from our sample space to say the real
+numbers. Okay, that's all it is. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Okay, that's all it is. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Okay, that's all it is. It's
+just it's just a function. Um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just a function. Um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just a function. Um you can
+have you know like the the co-omain r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know like the the co-omain r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know like the the co-omain r is
+not particularly important. You could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly important. You could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly important. You could
+have uh you know you could just easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you know you could just easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you know you could just easily
+have co- doain n. Uh you could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have co- doain n. Uh you could also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have co- doain n. Uh you could also have
+complex valued rs but like you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued rs but like you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued rs but like you know we
+won't we won't be looking at those in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't we won't be looking at those in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't we won't be looking at those in in
+this class um for now. You can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class um for now. You can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class um for now. You can just
+think of it as you know real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as you know real valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as you know real valued
+function. Okay, whose uh domain is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Okay, whose uh domain is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Okay, whose uh domain is the
+sample space. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space. Okay,
+so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+our sample space or you know suppose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample space or you know suppose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample space or you know suppose uh
+you know our our experiment is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our our experiment is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our our experiment is we're
+we're flipping three coins. Okay. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're flipping three coins. Okay. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're flipping three coins. Okay. Uh so
+we're going to assume for now that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume for now that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume for now that they
+are fair. They're you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fair. They're you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fair. They're you know they're
+they're you know normal physical coins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know normal physical coins.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know normal physical coins.
+They're independent. If you flip one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're independent. If you flip one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're independent. If you flip one,
+it's not going to affect the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to affect the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to affect the uh the
+outcome of any of the others. Uh so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of any of the others. Uh so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of any of the others. Uh so what
+is our sample space in this case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What does our sample space look like? Am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does our sample space look like? Am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does our sample space look like? Am
+I giving the right lecture? This this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I giving the right lecture? This this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I giving the right lecture? This this is
+61200, right? Okay. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we flip three coins, what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we flip three coins, what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we flip three coins, what are the
+possible outcomes?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. each of them being heads or tails.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. each of them being heads or tails.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. each of them being heads or tails.
+Okay, so if we flip three coins,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our sample space is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so each coin can take either, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each coin can take either, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each coin can take either, you know,
+it can be either heads or tails. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be either heads or tails. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be either heads or tails. There
+are three of them. So we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three of them. So we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three of them. So we're going to be
+considering, you know, ordered triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering, you know, ordered triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering, you know, ordered triples
+of, you know, either heads or tails.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, you know, either heads or tails.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, you know, either heads or tails.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And maybe we've got this function f that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And maybe we've got this function f that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And maybe we've got this function f that
+maps uh an outcome omega to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps uh an outcome omega to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps uh an outcome omega to
+the number of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads
+in omega. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's one possible uh one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one possible uh one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one possible uh one possible
+RB, right? We're taking an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB, right? We're taking an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB, right? We're taking an outcome
+and we're mapping it to some number,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're mapping it to some number,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're mapping it to some number,
+right? The the number of heads. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The the number of heads. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The the number of heads. Okay,
+another one could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh maybe instead we just look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe instead we just look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe instead we just look at you
+know is the first uh coin flip heads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the first uh coin flip heads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the first uh coin flip heads or
+tails.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, maybe I should not write it as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, maybe I should not write it as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, maybe I should not write it as uh
+that just yet. So one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just yet. So one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just yet. So one
+if and only if uh first flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is heads and it's zero otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heads and it's zero otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heads and it's zero otherwise.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so these are two examples of of RBs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are two examples of of RBs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are two examples of of RBs.
+There are functions that map outcomes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are functions that map outcomes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are functions that map outcomes to
+real numbers. Okay, does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers. Okay, does this make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers. Okay, does this make sense
+to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We could have one more that's like h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could have one more that's like h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could have one more that's like h of
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+if uh all three coins match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So these are just you know examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are just you know examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are just you know examples of
+RVs that we could have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RVs that we could have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RVs that we could have.
+Uh so G and H in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so G and H in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so G and H in particular
+have a special property right they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special property right they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special property right they are
+either one or zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is what we call an indicator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So all that an indicator is is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all that an indicator is is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all that an indicator is is just an
+RV whose co- doain is 0 and one. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RV whose co- doain is 0 and one. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RV whose co- doain is 0 and one. Okay,
+that's that's all it is. It's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all it is. It's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all it is. It's just a
+binary RV.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and uh RVs and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh RVs and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh RVs and in particular
+indicator RVs naturally give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator RVs naturally give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator RVs naturally give rise to
+events. Does anybody see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, exactly. So the answer was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, exactly. So the answer was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, exactly. So the answer was you
+know in particular if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in particular if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in particular if you have an
+indicator RB right you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator RB right you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator RB right you can look at the
+set of outcomes where it's one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of outcomes where it's one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of outcomes where it's one right
+that's an event or its complement is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an event or its complement is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an event or its complement is the
+set of outcomes where it's zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of outcomes where it's zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of outcomes where it's zero okay so
+uh more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more generally
+if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have
+an RBF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RBF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RBF
+uh and a value x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we can define the event.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a slightly weird notation here fals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a slightly weird notation here fals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a slightly weird notation here fals x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh by the set of outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega where uh f of omega equals x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega where uh f of omega equals x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega where uh f of omega equals x.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+uh or you know you may also have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you know you may also have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you know you may also have seen
+the notation uh f inverse of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation uh f inverse of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation uh f inverse of x.
+Okay. Um inverse here meaning inverse as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um inverse here meaning inverse as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um inverse here meaning inverse as
+a relation not as a birectionraction. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation not as a birectionraction. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation not as a birectionraction. Uh
+but if you haven't seen this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you haven't seen this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you haven't seen this notation
+don't worry about it. Um this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it. Um this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it. Um this is what we
+uh this is what we call it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what we call it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what we call it in terms of
+probability. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. Okay.
+Uh and uh you know vice versa. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and uh you know vice versa. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and uh you know vice versa. If you
+have uh an event, you can define the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh an event, you can define the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh an event, you can define the uh
+indicator of that event.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we have uh an event A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have uh an event A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have uh an event A
+corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here, this is the notation I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, this is the notation I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, this is the notation I was trying
+to use before. Uh blackboard bold one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use before. Uh blackboard bold one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use before. Uh blackboard bold one of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+Uh this notation here just means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this notation here just means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this notation here just means the
+indicator right that is one precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator right that is one precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator right that is one precisely
+for the outcomes in a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the outcomes in a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the outcomes in a.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if omega is in a and zero otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Does that make sense? Does this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that make sense? Does this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that make sense? Does this uh
+correspondence make sense? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence make sense? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence make sense? Yeah,
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+explain the notation again. Okay. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the notation again. Okay. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the notation again. Okay. Yeah.
+So, um basically we are taking an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um basically we are taking an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um basically we are taking an event
+and using it to define an indicator RV.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using it to define an indicator RV.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using it to define an indicator RV.
+Okay. Um this notation is just how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um this notation is just how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um this notation is just how we
+write it. Uh this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it. Uh this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it. Uh this is called the
+indicator of A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And all it means is just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And all it means is just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And all it means is just the the
+indicator RV which takes the value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator RV which takes the value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator RV which takes the value one
+on all of the events in A and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all of the events in A and it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all of the events in A and it takes
+the value zero on all of the events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value zero on all of the events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value zero on all of the events that
+or sorry all of the outcomes that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry all of the outcomes that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry all of the outcomes that aren't
+in A. Okay. Does that make sense? Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in A. Okay. Does that make sense? Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in A. Okay. Does that make sense? Cool.
+Uh any other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Or actually maybe maybe we should keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or actually maybe maybe we should keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or actually maybe maybe we should keep
+that visible for now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We can also define uh a different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can also define uh a different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can also define uh a different kind
+of event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of event
+f greater than or equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Uh so that one you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Uh so that one you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Uh so that one you know obviously
+doesn't make sense uh for for complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense uh for for complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense uh for for complex
+numbers but you know for real numbers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but you know for real numbers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but you know for real numbers or
+any any subset of the reals this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any subset of the reals this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any subset of the reals this this is
+perfectly fine. Okay as you might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine. Okay as you might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine. Okay as you might expect
+uh this is going to be the event uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is going to be the event uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is going to be the event uh that
+contains all of the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega such that f of omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega such that f of omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega such that f of omega
+is greater than or equal to x. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to x. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to x. Okay.
+So analogous to what we just defined.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So analogous to what we just defined.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So analogous to what we just defined.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and more generally we could say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more generally we could say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more generally we could say you know
+f in some set s or maybe t right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in some set s or maybe t right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in some set s or maybe t right because
+s is our sample space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is our sample space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is our sample space.
+This is going to be omega such that f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be omega such that f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be omega such that f of
+omega is in t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense to everybody?
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as you might expect, we can, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you might expect, we can, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you might expect, we can, you
+know, condition on these events uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, condition on these events uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, condition on these events uh just
+as we can, you know, condition on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can, you know, condition on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can, you know, condition on any
+other events.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other events.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other events.
+uh we can also have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can also have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can also have you know
+independence of random variables just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of random variables just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of random variables just as
+we have you know independence of events.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you know independence of events.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you know independence of events.
+Okay sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+now we could talk about the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could talk about the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could talk about the probability
+that uh uh what did we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh what did we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh what did we call them
+uh f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+= 2 conditioned on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 2 conditioned on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 2 conditioned on uh
+h = uh 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what is this probability? What is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is this probability? What is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is this probability? What is it
+saying?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Oh, is that a hand or just Okay, sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly.
+So we're looking at the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're looking at the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're looking at the probability that
+we have exactly two heads conditioned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have exactly two heads conditioned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have exactly two heads conditioned on
+all three coins being the same. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three coins being the same. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three coins being the same. Okay. So
+you know we could think of these as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could think of these as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could think of these as two
+events A and B. uh you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events A and B. uh you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events A and B. uh you know if we
+actually you know write out what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know write out what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know write out what this
+means this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this is the
+probability that uh f= 2 uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that uh f= 2 uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that uh f= 2 uh and
+h = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h = 1
+uh divided by probability that h = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh divided by probability that h = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh divided by probability that h = 1
+right uh and this probability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and this probability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and this probability in
+particular is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is zero
+okay so all three coins are the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all three coins are the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all three coins are the same.
+It's impossible for exactly two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's impossible for exactly two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's impossible for exactly two of them
+to be heads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heads.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heads.
+Okay, does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, does that make sense to everybody?
+Like we're basically doing exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like we're basically doing exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like we're basically doing exactly the
+same thing with these weirdly written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with these weirdly written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with these weirdly written
+events as we did with, you know, any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events as we did with, you know, any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events as we did with, you know, any
+other events. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and we can also extend this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and we can also extend this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and we can also extend this to
+independence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But I should point out here that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I should point out here that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I should point out here that things
+are going to diverge a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh so we're going to say that two uh RBs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If and only if
+for all possible uh x and y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all possible uh x and y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all possible uh x and y.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+probability that f = x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f = x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f = x
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+v = y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals the probability that f= x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the probability that f= x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the probability that f= x
+times the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability
+that t equals y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so it's similar to what we had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's similar to what we had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's similar to what we had for
+events,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events,
+right? How is it different?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, for events, right, we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, for events, right, we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, for events, right, we didn't have
+this quantifier, right? We just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantifier, right? We just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantifier, right? We just said
+that two events are independent if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two events are independent if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two events are independent if the
+probability of their intersection is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of their intersection is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of their intersection is the
+same as the product of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the product of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the product of their
+probabilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities.
+Right? Now we have to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now we have to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now we have to quantify
+everything. Right? It's not just enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Right? It's not just enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Right? It's not just enough
+to say you know the the event that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you know the the event that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you know the the event that each
+of them you know takes value zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you know takes value zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you know takes value zero is
+independent. We kind of need that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. We kind of need that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. We kind of need that for
+all possible pairs of values that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible pairs of values that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible pairs of values that they
+could take. Okay. Does that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take. Okay. Does that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take. Okay. Does that at least
+intuitively make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. No.
+Some nods, tentative nods at least.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some nods, tentative nods at least.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some nods, tentative nods at least.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh or you know just as with uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh or you know just as with uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh or you know just as with uh you know
+normal events we could equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal events we could equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal events we could equivalent
+equivalently say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for all xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for all xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for all xy
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability
+uh that t equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that t equals y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that t equals y
+equals zero. Whoops, not of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero. Whoops, not of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero. Whoops, not of or
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+probability that f= x conditioned on p=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f= x conditioned on p=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f= x conditioned on p=
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+is the same as the unconditional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the unconditional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the unconditional uh
+probability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so if you prefer you could think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you prefer you could think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you prefer you could think of it
+in terms of uh conditional probability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're basically saying that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're basically saying that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're basically saying that two
+random two two RBs are independent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random two two RBs are independent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random two two RBs are independent if
+and only if like all of the events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if like all of the events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if like all of the events that
+they generate you know the events f= x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate you know the events f= x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate you know the events f= x
+and gals y uh those are all independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gals y uh those are all independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gals y uh those are all independent
+events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+and you know intuitively it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know intuitively it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know intuitively it's saying
+that uh if we know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if we know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if we know something about the
+the value that that g takes for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that that g takes for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that that g takes for instance
+it doesn't tell us anything about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't tell us anything about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't tell us anything about what
+value f takes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh where were they? FG and H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where were they? FG and H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where were they? FG and H.
+Are those independent? So, are F and G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are those independent? So, are F and G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are those independent? So, are F and G
+independent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Who thinks F and G as I've defined them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks F and G as I've defined them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks F and G as I've defined them
+over there are independent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there are independent?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there are independent?
+Show hands.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show hands.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show hands.
+Yeah. Who thinks they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Who thinks they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Who thinks they're not
+independent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent?
+Few hands. Who's still fast asleep?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Few hands. Who's still fast asleep?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Few hands. Who's still fast asleep?
+Oh. Oh, that's unfortunate. Um, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh. Oh, that's unfortunate. Um, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh. Oh, that's unfortunate. Um, I'm
+sorry. Me, too. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Me, too. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Me, too. Uh,
+okay. So, does anybody want to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, does anybody want to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, does anybody want to give me
+an explanation one way or the other?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Presumably, somebody is not asleep. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Presumably, somebody is not asleep. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Presumably, somebody is not asleep. I
+don't need an explanation for why you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need an explanation for why you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need an explanation for why you're
+asleep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anybody else? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody else? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody else? No.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Exactly. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly. So
+if g is zero right that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if g is zero right that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if g is zero right that tells us
+something about the value that f can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the value that f can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the value that f can
+take right it cannot be three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take right it cannot be three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take right it cannot be three.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the events g is zero and f and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the events g is zero and f and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the events g is zero and f and three
+or f is three are not independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or f is three are not independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or f is three are not independent
+events. So the rvs are not independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh or perhaps even more obvious if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh or perhaps even more obvious if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh or perhaps even more obvious if
+f is zero right that tells us exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is zero right that tells us exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is zero right that tells us exactly
+what g is right g must also be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what g is right g must also be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what g is right g must also be zero.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh what about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f and h.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So f is the number of heads. H is one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f is the number of heads. H is one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f is the number of heads. H is one if
+and only if all three coins match.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if all three coins match.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if all three coins match.
+Who thinks those are independent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks those are independent?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks those are independent?
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+Who thinks they're not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks they're not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks they're not?
+Few hands. Okay. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Few hands. Okay. Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Few hands. Okay. Why?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. So f basically tells us everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So f basically tells us everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So f basically tells us everything
+we need to know about about h right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know about about h right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know about about h right like
+h is just a function of f and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is just a function of f and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is just a function of f and well
+neither of them is is trivial. Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of them is is trivial. Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of them is is trivial. Okay so
+if we know if we know f no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know if we know f no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know if we know f no matter what
+it is we know what what h is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is we know what what h is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is we know what what h is okay so
+these are also not independent. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also not independent. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also not independent. What
+about G&H?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Who thinks G and H are independent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks G and H are independent?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks G and H are independent?
+Hans. Who thinks they're not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans. Who thinks they're not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans. Who thinks they're not?
+Oh, nobody. Okay. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, intuitively that's what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, intuitively that's what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, intuitively that's what's going
+on. The the first flip doesn't tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. The the first flip doesn't tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. The the first flip doesn't tell us
+anything about the other two. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the other two. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the other two. And in
+particular, it doesn't tell us anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, it doesn't tell us anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, it doesn't tell us anything
+about, you know, whether the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, you know, whether the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, you know, whether the other two
+match each other and the first flip,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match each other and the first flip,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match each other and the first flip,
+right? Uh so we could, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh so we could, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh so we could, you know,
+put it all into here and, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all into here and, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all into here and, you know,
+figure it out. But uh you know I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out. But uh you know I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out. But uh you know I will
+leave that as an exercise to the reader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that as an exercise to the reader.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that as an exercise to the reader.
+Okay. Uh basically you know no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh basically you know no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh basically you know no matter
+what happens you've got uh uh one in4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens you've got uh uh one in4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens you've got uh uh one in4
+chance that the other two coins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the other two coins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the other two coins are
+going to match the the first one. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to match the the first one. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to match the the first one. Uh and
+that matches the probability that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matches the probability that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matches the probability that uh
+that they all match to begin with. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Does anybody have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does anybody have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does anybody have any questions
+about uh independence before we move on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh independence before we move on?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh independence before we move on?
+people reasonably happy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so next topic is distributions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so for those of you who have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so for those of you who have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so for those of you who have seen
+RVs before, uh this is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RVs before, uh this is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RVs before, uh this is probably the
+context or this is probably, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context or this is probably, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context or this is probably, you know,
+the context in which you've seen them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context in which you've seen them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context in which you've seen them.
+Uh historically, this is where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh historically, this is where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh historically, this is where they
+started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and
+more or less where they got their name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less where they got their name.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less where they got their name.
+Uh but basically um the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but basically um the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but basically um the distribution
+uh is is it's basically a fancy way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is it's basically a fancy way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is it's basically a fancy way of
+you know talking about the RV without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know talking about the RV without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know talking about the RV without
+the underlying sample space. Okay, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying sample space. Okay, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying sample space. Okay, it's
+talking about the probabilities that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the probabilities that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the probabilities that it
+takes each uh each individual value uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes each uh each individual value uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes each uh each individual value uh
+in its range. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its range. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its range. Okay,
+so there are kind of two equivalent ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are kind of two equivalent ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are kind of two equivalent ways
+to uh to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to talk about it
+uh at least for real valued uh RVs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least for real valued uh RVs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least for real valued uh RVs.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+for an RV uh f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an RV uh f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an RV uh f
+uh we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we define
+the probability mass function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often abbreviated as PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of omega oh sorry x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega oh sorry x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega oh sorry x
+and this is just the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just the probability
+that f equals = x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f equals = x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f equals = x.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, does that definition make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, does that definition make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, does that definition make sense to
+everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody?
+Right. the the PMF of an RV is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. the the PMF of an RV is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. the the PMF of an RV is just
+talking about the probability that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the probability that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the probability that that
+RV takes each individual value in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RV takes each individual value in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RV takes each individual value in its
+range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could think of this as uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could think of this as uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could think of this as uh you
+know a probability space uh over R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a probability space uh over R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a probability space uh over R.
+Okay, so that's that's how RBS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's that's how RBS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's that's how RBS
+originated like you know talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated like you know talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated like you know talking about
+probability spaces over R. Equivalently,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could also define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also define
+the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as CDF
+subfx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is just the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just the probability
+that uh f is less than or equal to uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh f is less than or equal to uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh f is less than or equal to uh x
+which is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum
+y less than x of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y less than x of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y less than x of the probability
+that uh f equals x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so I should warn you that um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so I should warn you that um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so I should warn you that um you know
+if you see like in many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see like in many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see like in many other
+probability classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability classes
+uh a PMF would or something analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a PMF would or something analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a PMF would or something analogous to
+a PMF would often be called a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PMF would often be called a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PMF would often be called a PDF
+uh for uh probability density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for uh probability density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for uh probability density function
+instead of probability mass function. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of probability mass function. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of probability mass function. Uh
+and I believe in particular the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe in particular the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe in particular the uh the
+text does this. Okay. So for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text does this. Okay. So for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text does this. Okay. So for the
+purposes of our class, those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our class, those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our class, those are the
+same, right? Uh if you see PDF, uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same, right? Uh if you see PDF, uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same, right? Uh if you see PDF, uh you
+know, think to yourselves PMF. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, think to yourselves PMF. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, think to yourselves PMF. Uh we
+prefer this notation because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer this notation because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer this notation because this is
+what's used for uh discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's used for uh discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's used for uh discrete
+distributions. But you know, if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions. But you know, if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions. But you know, if you have
+a continuous distribution like uh well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous distribution like uh well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous distribution like uh well,
+it's kind of hard to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hard to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hard to talk about the
+probability that a uniform random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a uniform random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a uniform random
+variable over, you know, the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable over, you know, the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable over, you know, the interval
+from 0 to one takes exactly a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to one takes exactly a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to one takes exactly a particular
+value, right? like that's, you know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, right? like that's, you know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, right? like that's, you know, if
+you throw throw a dart at a dart board,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw throw a dart at a dart board,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw throw a dart at a dart board,
+you're you're never going to hit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're never going to hit one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're never going to hit one
+particular point essentially, like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point essentially, like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point essentially, like you
+you have null events. So it it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have null events. So it it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have null events. So it it doesn't
+really make sense to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense to talk about the
+probability that you hit a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you hit a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you hit a particular
+point because that's always zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because that's always zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because that's always zero. So
+instead you look at the the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you look at the the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you look at the the density
+function instead. Okay. But for discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function instead. Okay. But for discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function instead. Okay. But for discrete
+distributions, uh you know, it does make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions, uh you know, it does make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions, uh you know, it does make
+sense to talk about the the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to talk about the the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to talk about the the probability
+that you hit exactly one particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you hit exactly one particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you hit exactly one particular one
+particular value. Okay, does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value. Okay, does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value. Okay, does that make
+sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to everybody?
+So for this class you know PMF and PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for this class you know PMF and PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for this class you know PMF and PDF
+are the same. If you see continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same. If you see continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same. If you see continuous
+probability they won't be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So often it is useful to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So often it is useful to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So often it is useful to talk about uh
+RBs in terms of their distributions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBs in terms of their distributions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBs in terms of their distributions like
+in terms of their uh PMFs or CDFs uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their uh PMFs or CDFs uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their uh PMFs or CDFs uh and
+just kind of forget about the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of forget about the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of forget about the uh the
+underlying sample space. Okay. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sample space. Okay. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sample space. Okay. So, a
+couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples
+um indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh indicators like what does the PMF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indicators like what does the PMF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indicators like what does the PMF of
+an indicator look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, it can only take two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it can only take two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it can only take two possible
+values, right? So, it's going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, right? So, it's going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, right? So, it's going to be zero
+everywhere except at zero and one. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except at zero and one. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except at zero and one. Okay.
+And you know at one of those it'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know at one of those it'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know at one of those it'll take
+the value P. At the other one it'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value P. At the other one it'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value P. At the other one it'll take
+the value 1 minus P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value 1 minus P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value 1 minus P.
+Okay. Uh and we call these uh we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh and we call these uh we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh and we call these uh we say
+that these have a Bernoli distribution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+there uh PMFs like basically look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh PMFs like basically look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh PMFs like basically look like
+this. you'll have you know two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. you'll have you know two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. you'll have you know two values
+everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's zero. Okay. And the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero. Okay. And the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero. Okay. And the uh
+CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF
+is going to look like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like this.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, wait. No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should be at one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, another useful one is a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, another useful one is a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, another useful one is a uniform
+random variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So a uniform RV right it can take uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a uniform RV right it can take uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a uniform RV right it can take uh you
+know any value uh with with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any value uh with with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any value uh with with equal
+probability. So in particular let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. So in particular let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. So in particular let's look
+at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh an RV on the set up to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an RV on the set up to n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an RV on the set up to n.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here the PDF
+of X is going to be 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is going to be 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is going to be 1 / n
+if and only if uh X is in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and zero otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise
+and CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CDF
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+what is that going to be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, you're basically going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you're basically going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you're basically going to have a
+peacewise function, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to be zero up until one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be zero up until one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be zero up until one.
+Then at one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then at one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then at one,
+it'll go up to uh 1 / n. At two, it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go up to uh 1 / n. At two, it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go up to uh 1 / n. At two, it'll
+go up to 2 overn, etc. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to 2 overn, etc. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to 2 overn, etc. Okay.
+So, you got something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you got something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you got something that looks like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh yeah, question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh oh. Explain again how I got to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh oh. Explain again how I got to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh oh. Explain again how I got to this
+graph. Okay. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. Okay. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. Okay. Um so
+uh well the CDF right is you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the CDF right is you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the CDF right is you could think
+of it as like a a sum of the PDF or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as like a a sum of the PDF or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as like a a sum of the PDF or uh
+or sorry sum of the the PMF right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry sum of the the PMF right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry sum of the the PMF right. So
+you know the CDF at uh at one right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the CDF at uh at one right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the CDF at uh at one right it's
+the probability that this uniform RV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that this uniform RV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that this uniform RV is
+no greater than one like how can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no greater than one like how can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no greater than one like how can that
+happen well only if you you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well only if you you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well only if you you take the
+value one that happens with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one that happens with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one that happens with probability
+1 overn right so at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 overn right so at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 overn right so at one
+you know we should get probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we should get probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we should get probability 1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+anything between one and two has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything between one and two has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything between one and two has that
+same probability, right? The the CDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probability, right? The the CDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probability, right? The the CDF of
+one and a half, right? The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half, right? The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half, right? The the
+probability that we're no greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we're no greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we're no greater than
+one and a half is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half is the same as the
+probability that we're we're no greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we're we're no greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we're we're no greater
+than one, right? Because we can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one, right? Because we can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one, right? Because we can't take
+any value between one and one uh one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value between one and one uh one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value between one and one uh one and
+a half. Okay, so like all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half. Okay, so like all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half. Okay, so like all the way up to
+two, it's going to be constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, it's going to be constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, it's going to be constant.
+Okay. And then at two, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then at two, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then at two, it's going to
+jump up by another one overn,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump up by another one overn,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump up by another one overn,
+right? Because at that point, right, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because at that point, right, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because at that point, right, the
+probability that we're no greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we're no greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we're no greater than
+two is the probability that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the probability that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the probability that we take
+either of these two values, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these two values, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these two values, which
+happens with probability 2 overn. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability 2 overn. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability 2 overn. Okay?
+So we kind of get this like pie-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we kind of get this like pie-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we kind of get this like pie-wise
+step function that uh you know at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step function that uh you know at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step function that uh you know at every
+integer it increases by 1 over n. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it increases by 1 over n. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it increases by 1 over n. Does
+that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is there any way that you can, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there any way that you can, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there any way that you can, you know,
+beat random chance? Is there any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat random chance? Is there any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat random chance? Is there any way
+that you can do better like win with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do better like win with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do better like win with
+probability greater than 1/2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability greater than 1/2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability greater than 1/2?
+Right? It's not really obvious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It's not really obvious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It's not really obvious.
+Okay, so let's simplify the game a bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's simplify the game a bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's simplify the game a bit.
+So suppose I guarantee that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose I guarantee that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose I guarantee that one of the
+boxes has more than five candies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes has more than five candies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes has more than five candies and the
+other one doesn't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can you then beat random chance?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm seeing some nods. Yeah. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing some nods. Yeah. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing some nods. Yeah. How
+how do you beat random chance in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you beat random chance in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you beat random chance in that
+case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, exactly. You you you pick either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, exactly. You you you pick either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, exactly. You you you pick either
+box, you open it, right? If it has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box, you open it, right? If it has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box, you open it, right? If it has more
+than five, that's that's the the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five, that's that's the the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five, that's that's the the box
+with more, right? You stick with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more, right? You stick with that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more, right? You stick with that.
+If it doesn't have more than five, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it doesn't have more than five, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it doesn't have more than five, well,
+the other one does, so the other one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one does, so the other one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one does, so the other one has
+more. Okay? So, if you know that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Okay? So, if you know that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Okay? So, if you know that one of
+the boxes is is, you know, has more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boxes is is, you know, has more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boxes is is, you know, has more than
+five and the other one doesn't, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and the other one doesn't, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and the other one doesn't, then you
+can win with certainty, right? Like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can win with certainty, right? Like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can win with certainty, right? Like,
+it's still not probabilistic. Well, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not probabilistic. Well, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not probabilistic. Well, I I
+suppose you could think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you could think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you could think of it as
+probabilistic, but like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic, but like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic, but like you can
+definitely do better than a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do better than a half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do better than a half.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Does this give you any ideas as to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does this give you any ideas as to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does this give you any ideas as to how
+you might win with probability greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might win with probability greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might win with probability greater
+than a half, even if you don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a half, even if you don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a half, even if you don't know that
+one of the boxes has more than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the boxes has more than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the boxes has more than five
+candies and the other one doesn't?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies and the other one doesn't?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies and the other one doesn't?
+Any ideas?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any ideas?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any ideas?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, uh your colleague's proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh your colleague's proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh your colleague's proposal
+was do it anyway, right? Uh if you, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was do it anyway, right? Uh if you, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was do it anyway, right? Uh if you, you
+know, open up a box with less than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, open up a box with less than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, open up a box with less than five
+candies, you switch and hope that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies, you switch and hope that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies, you switch and hope that the
+other one has has at least more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one has has at least more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one has has at least more than
+than uh what you found. If you open up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh what you found. If you open up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh what you found. If you open up a
+box that has more than five candies, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that has more than five candies, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that has more than five candies, you
+stick with it and, you know, hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with it and, you know, hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with it and, you know, hope that
+the other one has fewer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one has fewer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one has fewer.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+does anybody see a problem with this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see a problem with this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see a problem with this?
+What is the probability of winning?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So,
+let let me try and rephrase that. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me try and rephrase that. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me try and rephrase that. Um I
+haven't given you any probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given you any probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given you any probabilities of
+like you know uh what the probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know uh what the probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know uh what the probability is
+that that I've put a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I've put a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I've put a certain number of
+candies in in either box right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies in in either box right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies in in either box right so it
+kind of depends on what I've done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depends on what I've done right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depends on what I've done right
+there are kind of two cases right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are kind of two cases right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are kind of two cases right if I
+have split them like you know greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have split them like you know greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have split them like you know greater
+than five and and and less then you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five and and and less then you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five and and and less then you win
+with certainty if I haven't then you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certainty if I haven't then you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certainty if I haven't then you win
+with probability exactly 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability exactly 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability exactly 1/2
+right if they're both greater than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if they're both greater than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if they're both greater than five
+right you you win if you picked the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you you win if you picked the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you you win if you picked the uh
+the bigger one to begin with. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger one to begin with. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger one to begin with. And if
+they're both less than five, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both less than five, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both less than five, then you
+win if you picked the smaller one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win if you picked the smaller one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win if you picked the smaller one to
+begin with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with.
+Okay? So, you're still not doing worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, you're still not doing worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, you're still not doing worse
+than a half, but you're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a half, but you're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a half, but you're not doing
+better, right? Or you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, right? Or you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, right? Or you're not
+guaranteeing that you're doing better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing that you're doing better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing that you're doing better
+because, you know, I made no guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because, you know, I made no guarantees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because, you know, I made no guarantees
+as to how I was splitting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to how I was splitting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to how I was splitting up the
+candies. I may put fewer than five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies. I may put fewer than five in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies. I may put fewer than five in
+both of them. Or, as I did this time, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them. Or, as I did this time, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them. Or, as I did this time, I
+may put more than five in both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may put more than five in both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may put more than five in both.
+But can you use a similar idea to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But can you use a similar idea to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But can you use a similar idea to get
+greater than 1/2 probability no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1/2 probability no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1/2 probability no matter
+what I've done?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What if instead you know that I've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if instead you know that I've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if instead you know that I've put
+more than two candies in one box and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two candies in one box and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two candies in one box and not
+the other?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can you win in that case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anyone?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone?
+If if you know that I've put more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if you know that I've put more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if you know that I've put more than
+two candies in one box and not the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two candies in one box and not the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two candies in one box and not the other
+one, how do you win?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's It's not a trick question. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's It's not a trick question. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's It's not a trick question. I
+promise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Like just as what your colleague said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like just as what your colleague said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like just as what your colleague said
+with five, you can open up one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five, you can open up one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five, you can open up one of the
+boxes and see whether or not it has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes and see whether or not it has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes and see whether or not it has more
+than two candies, right? If you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two candies, right? If you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two candies, right? If you know
+that one of the boxes has more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the boxes has more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the boxes has more than two
+candies and the other one doesn't,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies and the other one doesn't,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies and the other one doesn't,
+right? You can identify which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You can identify which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You can identify which is which
+by, you know, looking at one of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by, you know, looking at one of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by, you know, looking at one of them.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't I start writing some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I start writing some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I start writing some of this
+down?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if one box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one box
+so exactly one box has uh you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly one box has uh you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly one box has uh you know at
+least one candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then you know we open up our box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you know we open up our box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you know we open up our box
+we see whether or not it has any candies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see whether or not it has any candies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see whether or not it has any candies
+and if it does we take it. Okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it does we take it. Okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it does we take it. Okay so we
+can win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we know
+that two boxes, sorry, if one box has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two boxes, sorry, if one box has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two boxes, sorry, if one box has
+greater than or equal to two candies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to two candies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to two candies,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+If we know this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know this,
+we can win, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can win, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can win, right?
+If we know that one of them has greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know that one of them has greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know that one of them has greater
+than or equal to three candies, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to three candies, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to three candies, we can
+still win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still win.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+the problem is, you know, we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is, you know, we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is, you know, we don't
+actually know any of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know any of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know any of these.
+So, what can we do about that lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what can we do about that lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what can we do about that lack of
+knowledge?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly.
+So, we don't know, but we can guess,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we don't know, but we can guess,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we don't know, but we can guess,
+right? like one of these uh 10 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? like one of these uh 10 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? like one of these uh 10 things
+has to be true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? I I've told you that I've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I I've told you that I've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I I've told you that I've put
+different numbers of candies in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers of candies in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers of candies in each
+box, right? So there is some divider.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box, right? So there is some divider.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box, right? So there is some divider.
+One of these at least one is true. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of these at least one is true. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of these at least one is true. Like
+maybe I've put zero and one and 10 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I've put zero and one and 10 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I've put zero and one and 10 in
+the other, in which case they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other, in which case they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other, in which case they're all
+true, right? But at least one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, right? But at least one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, right? But at least one of them
+has to be true. So if you randomly guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true. So if you randomly guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true. So if you randomly guess
+one of them and just say like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and just say like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and just say like like
+pretend that you know it, okay? and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that you know it, okay? and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that you know it, okay? and you
+know adopt the strategy we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know adopt the strategy we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know adopt the strategy we were just
+talking about, right? If you guessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about, right? If you guessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about, right? If you guessed
+correctly, then you win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly, then you win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly, then you win.
+And if you didn't guess correctly, as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you didn't guess correctly, as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you didn't guess correctly, as uh
+your colleague in the back pointed out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colleague in the back pointed out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colleague in the back pointed out,
+you still don't lose at least like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still don't lose at least like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still don't lose at least like you
+still win with probability 1/2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still win with probability 1/2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still win with probability 1/2.
+Okay, does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So our strat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is guess the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then assume it's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So what exactly is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what exactly is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what exactly is the probability of
+winning if we do this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, it's going to be we can use uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's going to be we can use uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's going to be we can use uh the
+law of total probability. It's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of total probability. It's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of total probability. It's going to
+be the probability that we win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the probability that we win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the probability that we win
+conditioned on being correct,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? times the probability that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? times the probability that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? times the probability that we are
+actually correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+the probability that we win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that we win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that we win
+conditioned on being wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the probability that we're wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so what are each of these probabilities?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's the probability that we win if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the probability that we win if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the probability that we win if we
+made the correct guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the correct guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the correct guess
+or a correct guess rather?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a correct guess rather?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a correct guess rather?
+One. Yeah, exactly. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's the probability that we made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the probability that we made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the probability that we made a
+correct guess?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct guess?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct guess?
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+one10enth. Uh, well, it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one10enth. Uh, well, it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one10enth. Uh, well, it might be
+greater, but it's at least one/10enth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater, but it's at least one/10enth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater, but it's at least one/10enth,
+right? So, it's at least 1 * 110th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it's at least 1 * 110th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it's at least 1 * 110th
+plus what's the probability that we win?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus what's the probability that we win?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus what's the probability that we win?
+Condition on being wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+12. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So if we guess wrong, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So if we guess wrong, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So if we guess wrong, you know,
+say without loss of generality, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say without loss of generality, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say without loss of generality, our
+threshold is uh is too low, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is uh is too low, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is uh is too low, we're going
+to open up a box and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open up a box and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open up a box and we're going to
+stick with it regardless of what it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with it regardless of what it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with it regardless of what it is.
+Okay? So we win if and only if we happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So we win if and only if we happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So we win if and only if we happen
+to pick the uh the bigger one. Okay? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick the uh the bigger one. Okay? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick the uh the bigger one. Okay? So
+we win with probability 1/2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we win with probability 1/2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we win with probability 1/2.
+And what's the probability that we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's the probability that we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's the probability that we made
+the wrong guess?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Nine times. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, what is this going to be? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is this going to be? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is this going to be? This is
+going to be what? 55%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, it's not that much better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's not that much better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's not that much better than a
+half, right? But it is better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, does that make sense to everybody?
+So we we Oh, yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So we we we don't actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we we we don't actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we we we don't actually know
+that, right? Um so it's it's possible,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, right? Um so it's it's possible,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, right? Um so it's it's possible,
+right, that I could have, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, that I could have, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, that I could have, you know, a
+large difference in in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large difference in in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large difference in in the number of
+candies in each box, right? Uh we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies in each box, right? Uh we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies in each box, right? Uh we do
+know that there's at least a onetenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's at least a onetenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's at least a onetenth
+probability that that uh you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that that uh you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that that uh you know, we
+picked the right threshold. Like it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the right threshold. Like it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the right threshold. Like it it
+could be more than that, right? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but like you know if there are say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like you know if there are say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like you know if there are say two
+correct thresholds then instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct thresholds then instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct thresholds then instead of this
+you have uh 1x 210 plus 1/2 by 8/10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh uh because you know these are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh uh because you know these are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh uh because you know these are the the
+thresholds that we're picking from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds that we're picking from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds that we're picking from
+right. So like we we do know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So like we we do know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So like we we do know that there
+are uh between zero and 10 candies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh between zero and 10 candies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh between zero and 10 candies in
+each box, right? So we're going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each box, right? So we're going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each box, right? So we're going to pick
+a threshold that's you know in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold that's you know in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold that's you know in that
+range. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But yeah, if if I have uh you know put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yeah, if if I have uh you know put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yeah, if if I have uh you know put
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+if I've allowed you to pick you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've allowed you to pick you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've allowed you to pick you know
+more than one correct threshold then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one correct threshold then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one correct threshold then
+that just you know increases by 5% per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just you know increases by 5% per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just you know increases by 5% per
+you know candy difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know candy difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know candy difference between the
+boxes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+are people reasonably happy with this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people reasonably happy with this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people reasonably happy with this?
+Okay. So this is an example uh of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is an example uh of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is an example uh of a
+problem where we've taken something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where we've taken something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where we've taken something that
+isn't exactly a probability problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't exactly a probability problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't exactly a probability problem to
+begin with but we've turned it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with but we've turned it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with but we've turned it into a
+probability problem and we've given what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability problem and we've given what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability problem and we've given what
+we call a probabilistic algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a probabilistic algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a probabilistic algorithm for
+solving it. Okay. So, uh yeah, if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it. Okay. So, uh yeah, if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it. Okay. So, uh yeah, if you do
+it deterministically, right, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deterministically, right, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deterministically, right, you know,
+there's not much you can do, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much you can do, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much you can do, right? You
+you pick a box and you know, if I happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a box and you know, if I happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a box and you know, if I happen
+to feed you the correct one, then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feed you the correct one, then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feed you the correct one, then uh you
+know, you you win. Uh but you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you you win. Uh but you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you you win. Uh but you can do
+much better if you introduce randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better if you introduce randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better if you introduce randomness
+into your algorithm and make random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your algorithm and make random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your algorithm and make random
+choices. Okay? So, you will see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices. Okay? So, you will see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices. Okay? So, you will see a lot
+more of this in uh in doub uh 61210 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of this in uh in doub uh 61210 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of this in uh in doub uh 61210 and
+even more of that in uh 1220. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more of that in uh 1220. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more of that in uh 1220. And uh
+Eric, do you remember 5210, 5220?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There are other randomized algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are other randomized algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are other randomized algorithms
+classes there. There are some uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes there. There are some uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes there. There are some uh you
+know higher level ones whose numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know higher level ones whose numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know higher level ones whose numbers I
+forget that are you know entirely about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that are you know entirely about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that are you know entirely about
+randomized algorithms. So it's it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized algorithms. So it's it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized algorithms. So it's it's a a
+very powerful tool that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful tool that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful tool that that is
+frequently used in computer science to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used in computer science to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used in computer science to
+uh you know make your algorithms uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know make your algorithms uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know make your algorithms uh you
+know more efficient or make them better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more efficient or make them better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more efficient or make them better
+in in various ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in various ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in various ways.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+so now that we've finished with our with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've finished with our with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've finished with our with
+our candy boxes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our candy boxes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our candy boxes,
+unless anybody has any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless anybody has any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless anybody has any questions
+questions about candy boxes before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about candy boxes before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about candy boxes before we
+move on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on?
+No. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+let's give another example of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give another example of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give another example of a very
+common distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called the binomial distribution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the binomial distribution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the binomial distribution.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh so this is a distribution that arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is a distribution that arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is a distribution that arises
+very frequently in computer science.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently in computer science.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently in computer science.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in fact we've already been kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact we've already been kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact we've already been kind of
+dealing with it implicitly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with it implicitly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with it implicitly in this
+class. We just haven't you know named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. We just haven't you know named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. We just haven't you know named
+it. Uh it's parameterized by two values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh it's parameterized by two values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh it's parameterized by two values.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+bin of n comma p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin of n comma p.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin of n comma p.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And uh basically this models uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh basically this models uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh basically this models uh the
+following experiment. So we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following experiment. So we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following experiment. So we have n
+coins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh these are all, you know, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these are all, you know, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these are all, you know, they're
+coins. They're independent. Uh you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins. They're independent. Uh you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins. They're independent. Uh you know,
+flipping one doesn't affect, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping one doesn't affect, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping one doesn't affect, you know,
+any of the others. They're all mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the others. They're all mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the others. They're all mutually
+independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And they're biased, right? They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they're biased, right? They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they're biased, right? They're not
+necessarily fair coins. Each comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily fair coins. Each comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily fair coins. Each comes up
+heads with probability P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+the RV X which is the number of coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RV X which is the number of coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RV X which is the number of coins
+that come up heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is or has the uh binomial distribution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Run out of frame. Sorry. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've already seen this uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already seen this uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already seen this uh you know
+in particular with with P equals 1/2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular with with P equals 1/2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular with with P equals 1/2,
+right? Flip several fair coins and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Flip several fair coins and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Flip several fair coins and uh
+you know count the number of heads. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know count the number of heads. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know count the number of heads. uh
+we did that at the very beginning with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that at the very beginning with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that at the very beginning with n
+equals 3. Okay. But more generally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3. Okay. But more generally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3. Okay. But more generally,
+right, you can flip n coins and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, you can flip n coins and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, you can flip n coins and they can
+be biased towards heads with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be biased towards heads with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be biased towards heads with probability
+p or away from heads as the case may be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You could also model different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also model different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also model different things
+like you know maybe you've got a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know maybe you've got a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know maybe you've got a very
+complicated device. Each component you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated device. Each component you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated device. Each component you
+know may or may not fail. They're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know may or may not fail. They're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know may or may not fail. They're all
+independent. fail fail with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. fail fail with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. fail fail with probability
+P. Uh then you could also count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. Uh then you could also count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. Uh then you could also count the
+number of failures. This would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of failures. This would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of failures. This would also
+follow the uh binomial distribution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the uh binomial distribution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the uh binomial distribution.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So can anybody tell me the uh PMF of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So can anybody tell me the uh PMF of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So can anybody tell me the uh PMF of a
+binomial distribution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, sorry. Could you repeat that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice.
+Okay. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So if if you look at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if if you look at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if if you look at you know
+sequences of uh of these coin flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of uh of these coin flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of uh of these coin flips
+right um there are n choose x sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um there are n choose x sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um there are n choose x sequences
+right that have exactly x heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that have exactly x heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that have exactly x heads
+right and if you have a sequence with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you have a sequence with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you have a sequence with
+exactly x heads right uh you know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly x heads right uh you know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly x heads right uh you know each
+index which is a heads that's heads with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index which is a heads that's heads with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index which is a heads that's heads with
+probability p and each index that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p and each index that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p and each index that's
+tails of which there are n minus x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails of which there are n minus x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails of which there are n minus x of
+them is tails with probability n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is tails with probability n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is tails with probability n minus
+uh sorry 1 minus p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry 1 minus p.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry 1 minus p.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so product rule says that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so product rule says that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so product rule says that we can
+multiply all of those together. We get p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply all of those together. We get p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply all of those together. We get p
+to the x 1 - p to the n minus x, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the x 1 - p to the n minus x, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the x 1 - p to the n minus x, right?
+And now each of those uh each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now each of those uh each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now each of those uh each of those
+sequences, you know, they're distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences, you know, they're distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences, you know, they're distinct
+outcomes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes.
+Uh each occurs with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh each occurs with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh each occurs with the same
+probability. So we just count them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. So we just count them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. So we just count them and
+then multiply by that probability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply by that probability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply by that probability.
+Okay, does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh, what about the CDF?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can anybody tell me what the CDF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can anybody tell me what the CDF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can anybody tell me what the CDF of the
+binomial distribution is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Exactly. So let's say from i = 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly. So let's say from i = 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly. So let's say from i = 0
+to floor of x of pmf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is frequently how you'll want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is frequently how you'll want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is frequently how you'll want to
+compute a CDF in practice, right? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a CDF in practice, right? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a CDF in practice, right? Like
+it it it is often, you know, easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it is often, you know, easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it is often, you know, easy to
+figure out the uh the uh PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the uh the uh PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the uh the uh PMF
+uh and then you can just, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you can just, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you can just, you know,
+compute sums to give you uh to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute sums to give you uh to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute sums to give you uh to give you
+the CDF. Um there are other cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF. Um there are other cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF. Um there are other cases where
+it's easier to go in reverse, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to go in reverse, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to go in reverse, right?
+Like maybe the CDF is easier to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like maybe the CDF is easier to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like maybe the CDF is easier to uh to
+compute and then you can compute finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and then you can compute finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and then you can compute finite
+differences to get back to the PMF.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences to get back to the PMF.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences to get back to the PMF.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+but uh you know the fact that that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know the fact that that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know the fact that that both
+of these are equivalent ways of talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are equivalent ways of talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are equivalent ways of talking
+about the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distribution
+uh means that you know you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh means that you know you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh means that you know you can use
+either one of them and the other one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of them and the other one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of them and the other one can
+be computed fairly easily from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computed fairly easily from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computed fairly easily from from the
+first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+So unfortunately right there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So unfortunately right there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So unfortunately right there are
+summations involved though. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations involved though. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations involved though. So
+that can be a little bit unwieldy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so it is often easier rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it is often easier rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it is often easier rather than
+dealing with the CDF you know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the CDF you know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the CDF you know exactly
+to approximate it and this might be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approximate it and this might be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approximate it and this might be good
+enough for you know whatever purpose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you know whatever purpose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you know whatever purpose you
+you have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see how we can do that or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we can do that or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we can do that or actually
+let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um
+For the sake of notation, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the sake of notation, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the sake of notation, let's
+abbreviate uh the the PMF. Let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate uh the the PMF. Let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate uh the the PMF. Let's just
+call it F. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and big F can be the CDF.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, how could we approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how could we approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how could we approximate
+f of say alpha * n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any ideas?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, first why don't we write out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, first why don't we write out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, first why don't we write out you
+know what exactly this says in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what exactly this says in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what exactly this says in terms of
+factorials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is going to be n factorial /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is going to be n factorial /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is going to be n factorial /
+alphan n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphan n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphan n factorial
+uh time 1 - alpha * n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time 1 - alpha * n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time 1 - alpha * n factorial
+times uh p to the alpha n 1 - p uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh p to the alpha n 1 - p uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh p to the alpha n 1 - p uh to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+1 - alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - alpha
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, who remembers sterling?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, hand. Yeah. Okay. How can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, hand. Yeah. Okay. How can we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, hand. Yeah. Okay. How can we use
+sterling to uh to simplify this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling to uh to simplify this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling to uh to simplify this?
+Oh, was that not a hand?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, we we've got a bunch of factorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we we've got a bunch of factorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we we've got a bunch of factorials
+here, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we approximate each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we approximate each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we approximate each of these
+factorials using sterling,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we're going to end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to end up with the
+following. So n factorial is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following. So n factorial is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following. So n factorial is going to be
+roo<unk> 2 pi n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roo<unk> 2 pi n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roo<unk> 2 pi n
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+actually let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's um
+let's kind of split up the terms nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk>
+2 pi alpha n uh<unk> 2 pi 1 - alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi alpha n uh<unk> 2 pi 1 - alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi alpha n uh<unk> 2 pi 1 - alpha
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+Okay. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh
+then multiply this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply this by
+okay. So for the top we have uh n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So for the top we have uh n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So for the top we have uh n minus
+uh sorry n / e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the n. Uh on the bottom we've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n. Uh on the bottom we've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n. Uh on the bottom we've got uh
+alpha n / e to the alpha n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n / e to the alpha n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n / e to the alpha n
+uh 1 - alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - alpha
+uh n / e to the 1 - alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n / e to the 1 - alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n / e to the 1 - alpha
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+Uh and then these p and 1 minus p terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then these p and 1 minus p terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then these p and 1 minus p terms
+we can just uh keep as they are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the 1 - alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a little bit unwieldy as it is, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit unwieldy as it is, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit unwieldy as it is, but
+we can simplify it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+uh how can we simplify this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, those n's and e's over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, those n's and e's over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, those n's and e's over on the
+right, those aren't really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, those aren't really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, those aren't really doing
+anything, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We've got n / e to the alpha n e 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got n / e to the alpha n e 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got n / e to the alpha n e 1 -
+alpha * n. And here we've got n / e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * n. And here we've got n / e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * n. And here we've got n / e to
+the n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n.
+Okay, so we can get rid of those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we can get rid of those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we can get rid of those.
+This is just going to end up being 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just going to end up being 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just going to end up being 1 /
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is it uh alpha to the alpha n 1 - alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it uh alpha to the alpha n 1 - alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it uh alpha to the alpha n 1 - alpha
+to the 1 - alpha * n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And over here we have 1 /<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And over here we have 1 /<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And over here we have 1 /<unk>
+2<unk> alpha * 1 - alpha * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2<unk> alpha * 1 - alpha * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2<unk> alpha * 1 - alpha * n
+And then our P terms remain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What next?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, let's try shoving these P's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's try shoving these P's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's try shoving these P's and
+one minus P's in here. Okay, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus P's in here. Okay, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus P's in here. Okay, so this
+carries down. We've got uh p / alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries down. We've got uh p / alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries down. We've got uh p / alpha
+to the alpha n time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 - p over 1 - alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - p over 1 - alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - p over 1 - alpha
+to the 1 - alpha*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1 - alpha*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1 - alpha*
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What can we do next?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, what happens if we take the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what happens if we take the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what happens if we take the log of
+this and then raise two to that power?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's going to be the same thing, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be the same thing, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be the same thing, right?
+But as it turns out, that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as it turns out, that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as it turns out, that's going to
+make our life a bit easier. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our life a bit easier. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our life a bit easier. So, this
+continues to carry down. So, two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to carry down. So, two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to carry down. So, two to the
+uh this is now going to be n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is now going to be n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is now going to be n times
+alpha log of P / alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+1 - alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - alpha
+* log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* log
+of 1 - P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - P
+/ 1 - alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 1 - alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 1 - alpha
+and parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parentheses
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are any of you here physicists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proficient in physics?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that uh exponent look familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that uh exponent look familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that uh exponent look familiar to
+anyone?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, as it turns out, this exponent,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as it turns out, this exponent,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as it turns out, this exponent,
+even though it looks kind of ugly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it looks kind of ugly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it looks kind of ugly,
+uh it's always negative except for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's always negative except for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's always negative except for when
+uh p equals alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p equals alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p equals alpha.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so what happens when p equals alpha?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, we've got a log of p over alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we've got a log of p over alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we've got a log of p over alpha
+here. That's zero. Log of 1 - p over 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. That's zero. Log of 1 - p over 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. That's zero. Log of 1 - p over 1 -
+alpha, also zero, right? So the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha, also zero, right? So the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha, also zero, right? So the exponent
+is zero there. And if p is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero there. And if p is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero there. And if p is not equal to
+alpha, uh then you know because log is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha, uh then you know because log is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha, uh then you know because log is
+concave, this is just going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave, this is just going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave, this is just going to be uh
+it's going to be negative. So we've kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be negative. So we've kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be negative. So we've kind
+of got this this bump right at P= alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got this this bump right at P= alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got this this bump right at P= alpha
+and it's going to get exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to get exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to get exponentially
+smaller everywhere else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, does does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, does does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, does does that make sense to
+everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we actually put in some concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we actually put in some concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we actually put in some concrete
+values, so for the sake of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, so for the sake of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, so for the sake of uh
+simplicity, let's say P equals.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity, let's say P equals.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity, let's say P equals.5
+uh N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh N equals
+say 100, right? Evaluating, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 100, right? Evaluating, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 100, right? Evaluating, you know,
+100 choose whatever is going to be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 choose whatever is going to be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 choose whatever is going to be a bit
+of a pain, right? But if we just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pain, right? But if we just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pain, right? But if we just use
+this approximation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation,
+then uh you know, we can get uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you know, we can get uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you know, we can get uh we can
+get actually some pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get actually some pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get actually some pretty good
+approximations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations.
+So if alpha also equals 0.5,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if alpha also equals 0.5,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if alpha also equals 0.5,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+What happens?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, as we've just established, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as we've just established, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as we've just established, this
+exponent is zero, right? So, this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is zero, right? So, this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is zero, right? So, this this
+term is is one here. We've got 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is is one here. We've got 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is is one here. We've got 2 pi
+alpha * 1 - alpha * n, right? So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * 1 - alpha * n, right? So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * 1 - alpha * n, right? So this is
+going to be 1 over<unk> pi uh sorry 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 over<unk> pi uh sorry 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 over<unk> pi uh sorry 1
+over<unk> 2<unk>i * 12 * 12 * n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk> 2<unk>i * 12 * 12 * n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk> 2<unk>i * 12 * 12 * n.
+Okay. So that's that's going to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's that's going to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's that's going to simplify
+to pi n /2. It's going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pi n /2. It's going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pi n /2. It's going to be uh
+f of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 50
+is approximately equal to uh 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately equal to uh 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately equal to uh 1 over
+square<unk> of pi * 50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of pi * 50.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of pi * 50.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And as it turns out, this is about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as it turns out, this is about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as it turns out, this is about uh
+0.08.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.08.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.08.
+So pretty small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What about alpha equals 0.25?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As it turns out when alpha is 0.25 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As it turns out when alpha is 0.25 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As it turns out when alpha is 0.25 right
+like this you know it doesn't change too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you know it doesn't change too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you know it doesn't change too
+much but this term starts decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but this term starts decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but this term starts decreasing
+exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+so we actually end up with uh f of 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually end up with uh f of 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually end up with uh f of 25
+is about uh 10us 7.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about uh 10us 7.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about uh 10us 7.
+Okay. So if you flip a 100 coins, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you flip a 100 coins, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you flip a 100 coins, right,
+the probability that you get exactly 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you get exactly 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you get exactly 25
+heads is minuscule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is minuscule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is minuscule.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh and I think the last lecture, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and I think the last lecture, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and I think the last lecture, right,
+Eric, is about tailbounds. Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric, is about tailbounds. Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric, is about tailbounds. Do you
+remember? Okay. So, uh yeah, last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember? Okay. So, uh yeah, last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember? Okay. So, uh yeah, last
+lecture we'll we'll discuss how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we'll we'll discuss how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we'll we'll discuss how to get
+bounds on the uh uh on the CDF uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on the uh uh on the CDF uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on the uh uh on the CDF uh
+instead of just the uh the PMF.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just the uh the PMF.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just the uh the PMF.
+Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and
+yeah, as it turns out, it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, as it turns out, it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, as it turns out, it's kind of
+funny, right? The probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you get at most 24 heads, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get at most 24 heads, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get at most 24 heads, right?
+How do you think this compares with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you think this compares with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you think this compares with the
+with the probability that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the probability that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the probability that you get
+exactly 25?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Turns out that this is actually smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out that this is actually smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out that this is actually smaller
+than uh f of 25.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh f of 25.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh f of 25.
+So because it's decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because it's decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because it's decreasing
+exponentially, right? The CDF is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially, right? The CDF is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially, right? The CDF is also
+decreasing exponentially. So it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing exponentially. So it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing exponentially. So it turns
+out that it's it's more likely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's it's more likely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's it's more likely to get
+exactly 25 heads than to get fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 25 heads than to get fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 25 heads than to get fewer than
+25 heads, which might be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 heads, which might be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 heads, which might be a little bit
+counterintuitive, right? like for larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive, right? like for larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive, right? like for larger
+numbers that's that's definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that's that's definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that's that's definitely not
+true, right? Like it's much more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, right? Like it's much more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, right? Like it's much more likely
+that I'll get uh fewer than 50 heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll get uh fewer than 50 heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll get uh fewer than 50 heads
+than exactly 50 heads, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than exactly 50 heads, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than exactly 50 heads, right? Because
+the uh the probability of exactly 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the probability of exactly 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the probability of exactly 50
+heads is 8%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is 8%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is 8%.
+Right? So the probability of fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So the probability of fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So the probability of fewer than
+50 heads is going to be, you know, half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 heads is going to be, you know, half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 heads is going to be, you know, half
+of the complement of that, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complement of that, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complement of that, right?
+So what's that? 47% 46% I can't I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's that? 47% 46% I can't I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's that? 47% 46% I can't I can't
+math. 46%. Right? So, it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. 46%. Right? So, it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. 46%. Right? So, it's much more
+likely that you get fewer than uh 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that you get fewer than uh 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that you get fewer than uh 50
+heads than exactly 50 heads. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads than exactly 50 heads. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads than exactly 50 heads. But then
+because it decreases exponentially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it decreases exponentially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it decreases exponentially as
+you get close to the tail, uh turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get close to the tail, uh turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get close to the tail, uh turns out
+it's it's more likely to get exactly 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's more likely to get exactly 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's more likely to get exactly 25
+than fewer. Okay. Uh so that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than fewer. Okay. Uh so that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than fewer. Okay. Uh so that's all we
+have time for today or sorry that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for today or sorry that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for today or sorry that's all
+we have planned for today. We have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have planned for today. We have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have planned for today. We have a
+little bit of time left over for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time left over for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time left over for
+questions if you want to uh come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if you want to uh come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if you want to uh come up and
+ask and otherwise we will see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask and otherwise we will see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask and otherwise we will see you next
+week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Waiy7Q96I1w.txt b/Waiy7Q96I1w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17cf4e6721eb3aeb5437c4edf63a5f9a5f861a41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Waiy7Q96I1w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right good afternoon thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good afternoon thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good afternoon thank you
+for returning with us this afternoon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for returning with us this afternoon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for returning with us this afternoon to
+the point at which we transition a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which we transition a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which we transition a bit
+from the early history of the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the early history of the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the early history of the open
+course War movement to um adopters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course War movement to um adopters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course War movement to um adopters that
+have that began the open course movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that began the open course movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that began the open course movement
+on a global scale as we heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a global scale as we heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a global scale as we heard this
+morning the um MIT group decided that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning the um MIT group decided that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning the um MIT group decided that uh
+they would start it and thought it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would start it and thought it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would start it and thought it would
+basically stay at MIT for a considerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stay at MIT for a considerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stay at MIT for a considerable
+period of time and we're quite surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and we're quite surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and we're quite surprised
+when a number of Institutions around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a number of Institutions around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a number of Institutions around the
+world joined the idea very quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world joined the idea very quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world joined the idea very quickly and
+began to incorporate it into their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to incorporate it into their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to incorporate it into their own
+institutions and this resulted in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and this resulted in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and this resulted in a
+group in 2005 coming together to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in 2005 coming together to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in 2005 coming together to decide
+to form the open course Weare Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the open course Weare Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the open course Weare Consortium
+so this afternoon we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this afternoon we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this afternoon we have
+representatives from those groups here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives from those groups here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives from those groups here
+to present a little bit about why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present a little bit about why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present a little bit about why they
+thought open course was such a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought open course was such a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought open course was such a great
+idea and what they've done with it since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and what they've done with it since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and what they've done with it since
+so first we have sucon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we have sucon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we have sucon
+kanchanok from John's Hopkins School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanchanok from John's Hopkins School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanchanok from John's Hopkins School of
+Public Health Bloomberg School of Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Public Health Bloomberg School of Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Public Health Bloomberg School of Public
+Health followed by Kevin Barry from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health followed by Kevin Barry from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health followed by Kevin Barry from the
+University of Notre Dame and Mary Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Notre Dame and Mary Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Notre Dame and Mary Lee
+from tus University uh Pedra arzadi from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tus University uh Pedra arzadi from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tus University uh Pedra arzadi from
+universia Yoshimi fukara from Japan open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universia Yoshimi fukara from Japan open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universia Yoshimi fukara from Japan open
+courseware and finally Chad rosinski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and finally Chad rosinski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and finally Chad rosinski
+from the China open uh resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the China open uh resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the China open uh resources for
+education so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sukon so thank you um and by the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sukon so thank you um and by the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sukon so thank you um and by the way the
+order here I think we just random right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here I think we just random right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here I think we just random right
+there is no order that why we are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no order that why we are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no order that why we are coming
+up here I just happen to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I just happen to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I just happen to draw this
+drawer and be the first to come up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer and be the first to come up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer and be the first to come up here
+and thank you for um having us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you for um having us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you for um having us here
+having me here to uh give you um a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having me here to uh give you um a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having me here to uh give you um a chair
+of what we are doing with our open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we are doing with our open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we are doing with our open
+course Weare so um first of all John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare so um first of all John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare so um first of all John
+Hopkins I don't know how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins I don't know how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins I don't know how many of you
+know um where we are do you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um where we are do you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um where we are do you know where
+we are yes yes a few um we in Baltimore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are yes yes a few um we in Baltimore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are yes yes a few um we in Baltimore
+Maryland near the Washington DC the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland near the Washington DC the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland near the Washington DC the
+capital of the this country um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the this country um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the this country um that's
+where we are but um we are let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are but um we are let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are but um we are let me show
+you we John's Hopkins School of Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we John's Hopkins School of Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we John's Hopkins School of Public
+Health this is not the entire University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health this is not the entire University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health this is not the entire University
+this is just the School of Public Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the School of Public Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the School of Public Health
+that adopted um open cours Weare as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adopted um open cours Weare as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adopted um open cours Weare as one
+of the five six early adopter um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the five six early adopter um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the five six early adopter um it was
+found in 1916 and so that means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in 1916 and so that means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in 1916 and so that means we're
+about 95 years old in 5 years we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 95 years old in 5 years we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 95 years old in 5 years we will be
+100 years old and uh I'm sure we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years old and uh I'm sure we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years old and uh I'm sure we'll be
+doing some celebration then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some celebration then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some celebration then
+but Public Health Johns Hopkins school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Public Health Johns Hopkins school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Public Health Johns Hopkins school
+public health is a post baloran school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health is a post baloran school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health is a post baloran school
+so that means we only offer master and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we only offer master and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we only offer master and
+doctoral degrees um we have about 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctoral degrees um we have about 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctoral degrees um we have about 500
+full times and 600 part-time faculty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full times and 600 part-time faculty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full times and 600 part-time faculty um
+and then a student body about 2,000 most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a student body about 2,000 most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a student body about 2,000 most
+of our students are Global from about 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our students are Global from about 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our students are Global from about 80
+or more countries and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more countries and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more countries and we are
+consistently rated as number one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently rated as number one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently rated as number one in the
+school Public Health by the US News and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Public Health by the US News and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Public Health by the US News and
+World Report so looking at our mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Report so looking at our mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Report so looking at our mission
+um Hopkins Johns Hopkins school public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Hopkins Johns Hopkins school public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Hopkins Johns Hopkins school public
+health is dedicated to the education of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health is dedicated to the education of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health is dedicated to the education of
+a diverse group of research scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diverse group of research scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diverse group of research scientists
+and public health professionals um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public health professionals um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public health professionals um so
+you see the key words here is education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the key words here is education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the key words here is education
+uh it's a process in separate linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a process in separate linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a process in separate linked to
+the Discovery and application of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Discovery and application of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Discovery and application of new
+knowledge and through this activity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and through this activity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and through this activity to
+the Improvement of health and prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Improvement of health and prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Improvement of health and prevention
+of disease and this ability around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease and this ability around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease and this ability around the
+world so what H what does open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so what H what does open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so what H what does open course
+where um help us with the mission of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um help us with the mission of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um help us with the mission of our
+school and let's start with how Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and let's start with how Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and let's start with how Open
+courseware start with us at um Johns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware start with us at um Johns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware start with us at um Johns
+Hopkins so it started in 2004 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins so it started in 2004 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins so it started in 2004 that's
+when an mulis who is the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an mulis who is the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an mulis who is the executive
+director of open course where at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of open course where at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of open course where at that
+time stopped by and meet and met with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stopped by and meet and met with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stopped by and meet and met with um
+our Deans and other administrators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Deans and other administrators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Deans and other administrators in
+the school and she did a very good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school and she did a very good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school and she did a very good job
+convince us and explain to us what open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince us and explain to us what open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince us and explain to us what open
+course ways all about but however it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course ways all about but however it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course ways all about but however it
+take about it took about 6 months um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about it took about 6 months um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about it took about 6 months um to
+get the faculty the faculty senat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the faculty the faculty senat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the faculty the faculty senat and
+the faculty body on board when they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty body on board when they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty body on board when they um
+give us to go ahead we go ahead and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us to go ahead we go ahead and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us to go ahead we go ahead and try
+a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pilot
+project thanks to Mike Smith and CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project thanks to Mike Smith and CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project thanks to Mike Smith and CAD
+castley from the hillet foundation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castley from the hillet foundation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castley from the hillet foundation we
+got the funding to start a pilot project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the funding to start a pilot project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the funding to start a pilot project
+for one year starting somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one year starting somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one year starting somewhere in the
+middle of 2004 and it um at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of 2004 and it um at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of 2004 and it um at the end of
+that one-year project we receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one-year project we receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one-year project we receive
+additional three years of funding from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional three years of funding from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional three years of funding from
+the hillet foundation to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hillet foundation to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hillet foundation to continue the
+process and you look at the the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you look at the the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you look at the the graph
+here we are we have been steadily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are we have been steadily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are we have been steadily
+growing the number of courses at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing the number of courses at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing the number of courses at the
+school at this point we get to about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at this point we get to about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at this point we get to about 100
+courses in the um open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in the um open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in the um open courseware
+website um of notes in this growth um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um of notes in this growth um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um of notes in this growth um is
+the development of this ocw image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of this ocw image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of this ocw image
+Library it's one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library it's one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library it's one of the things that
+we're quite proud of um during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're quite proud of um during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're quite proud of um during the
+process of putting this open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of putting this open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of putting this open course
+website together we end up creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website together we end up creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website together we end up creating a
+large number of images to when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of images to when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of images to when we
+dealing with these copyright issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with these copyright issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with these copyright issues and
+all those images now got put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those images now got put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those images now got put together
+into to this library that can be used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into to this library that can be used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into to this library that can be used by
+anybody um using the creative common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody um using the creative common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody um using the creative common
+license um at this point we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license um at this point we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license um at this point we are in the
+process of redesigning the U Johns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of redesigning the U Johns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of redesigning the U Johns
+Hopkins uh school public health open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins uh school public health open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins uh school public health open
+course our website and um hopefully that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course our website and um hopefully that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course our website and um hopefully that
+we will have something in in the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have something in in the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have something in in the near
+future so how are we doing with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so how are we doing with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so how are we doing with our
+model of um open cours whereare really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of um open cours whereare really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of um open cours whereare really
+it's we as a small school and um small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we as a small school and um small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we as a small school and um small
+number of courses we have a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of courses we have a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of courses we have a very small
+staff when we work with our open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff when we work with our open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff when we work with our open course
+whereare starting out with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare starting out with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare starting out with uh the
+commitment we have a very strong support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment we have a very strong support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment we have a very strong support
+from aine um picture here is a Senor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from aine um picture here is a Senor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from aine um picture here is a Senor
+associate de for active MC Affair Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate de for active MC Affair Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate de for active MC Affair Dr
+James jger um strong supporter strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James jger um strong supporter strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James jger um strong supporter strong
+advocate of open course whereare um make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate of open course whereare um make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate of open course whereare um make
+sure that we can sustain our operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we can sustain our operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we can sustain our operation
+and provide the support from the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and provide the support from the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and provide the support from the general
+fund for us to do the project um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund for us to do the project um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund for us to do the project um it's
+fortunate for us to have open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate for us to have open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate for us to have open course
+warehoused in our um Center for teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehoused in our um Center for teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehoused in our um Center for teaching
+and learning with technology because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning with technology because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning with technology because
+then we can utilize the resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can utilize the resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can utilize the resources that
+we have from the center both the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have from the center both the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have from the center both the web
+programmers the graphic illustrators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers the graphic illustrators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers the graphic illustrators and
+other people to allow us to um do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people to allow us to um do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people to allow us to um do things
+that necessary to make the site happen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that necessary to make the site happen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that necessary to make the site happen I
+happen to be the director for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be the director for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be the director for this
+Center for teaching and learning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center for teaching and learning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center for teaching and learning with
+technology um my job is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um my job is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um my job is a little bit
+quite easy just get a chance to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy just get a chance to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy just get a chance to come out
+here meet with people to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here meet with people to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here meet with people to find out what
+happened and then go back there but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and then go back there but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and then go back there but the
+key person that end up doing most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key person that end up doing most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key person that end up doing most of the
+work is um AA Goodings who is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is um AA Goodings who is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is um AA Goodings who is the other
+person here in the picture he is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here in the picture he is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here in the picture he is the key
+person that actually get to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that actually get to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that actually get to work with
+the faculty get to scrub the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty get to scrub the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty get to scrub the materials
+and get to publish the content onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to publish the content onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to publish the content onto the
+site so for us our model is quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site so for us our model is quite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site so for us our model is quite small
+with only very few people to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only very few people to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only very few people to make this
+kind of thing happen how did this U meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing happen how did this U meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing happen how did this U meet
+with the U Mission of the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the U Mission of the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the U Mission of the school
+um if you look at this this slide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at this this slide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at this this slide you
+see from the left um we have academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the left um we have academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the left um we have academic
+degrees well that's what most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees well that's what most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees well that's what most
+institutions end up doing is offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions end up doing is offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions end up doing is offer
+either academic degrees or certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either academic degrees or certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either academic degrees or certificates
+that's the idea is how we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea is how we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea is how we going to
+disseminate the the education throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminate the the education throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminate the the education throughout
+the world we also have continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we also have continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we also have continuing
+education now the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education now the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education now the difference in the
+model here is hey for the academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here is hey for the academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here is hey for the academic
+degrees and certificate the the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and certificate the the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and certificate the the students
+would have ability to pay the tuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have ability to pay the tuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have ability to pay the tuition
+few of them who can pay the tuition who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them who can pay the tuition who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them who can pay the tuition who
+want the information in depth do come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the information in depth do come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the information in depth do come to
+the school and take all those academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school and take all those academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school and take all those academic
+degrees continuing education on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees continuing education on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees continuing education on the
+other hands are for those people that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hands are for those people that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hands are for those people that um
+pay nominal fee or maybe it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay nominal fee or maybe it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay nominal fee or maybe it's going to
+be free for them to come and get some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free for them to come and get some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free for them to come and get some of
+the content in certain areas what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content in certain areas what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content in certain areas what
+happened to the rest in order for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the rest in order for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the rest in order for us to
+complete the mission the educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the mission the educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the mission the educational
+Mission at the school we are fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission at the school we are fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission at the school we are fortunate
+to have open course wear that complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have open course wear that complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have open course wear that complete
+the whole picture how we disseminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole picture how we disseminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole picture how we disseminate the
+educational content to the world here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational content to the world here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational content to the world here
+with open education open course whereare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with open education open course whereare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with open education open course whereare
+we can now reach all the scientists all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now reach all the scientists all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now reach all the scientists all
+the public health professional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public health professional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public health professional and
+independent Learners around the world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Learners around the world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Learners around the world um
+we are at the point that um we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at the point that um we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at the point that um we can put
+out the cont content but what's next I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the cont content but what's next I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the cont content but what's next I
+think that's where we all are at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's where we all are at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's where we all are at this
+point in time how can we make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time how can we make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time how can we make sure that
+the content get to all those independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content get to all those independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content get to all those independent
+Learners Public Health practitioners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners Public Health practitioners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners Public Health practitioners and
+they can learn as well as other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can learn as well as other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can learn as well as other people
+who actually come and get the academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually come and get the academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually come and get the academic
+credits but here this is why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits but here this is why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits but here this is why this is
+what ocw means to us to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ocw means to us to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ocw means to us to be able to
+complete that mission if you just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that mission if you just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that mission if you just left
+out the the right bar something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the the right bar something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the the right bar something is
+missing for us something is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing for us something is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing for us something is missing
+because the content is sitting there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the content is sitting there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the content is sitting there and
+you do not reach out to the entire world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not reach out to the entire world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not reach out to the entire world
+so here our picture is complete um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here our picture is complete um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here our picture is complete um I
+just want to um leave you with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to um leave you with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to um leave you with two
+slides these are just quote from some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides these are just quote from some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides these are just quote from some of
+the users that accessed our content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users that accessed our content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users that accessed our content
+how's my time so in the transition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's my time so in the transition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's my time so in the transition to
+the next person I'm just going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next person I'm just going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next person I'm just going to let
+you take a look at um through of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at um through of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at um through of the
+these quotes and the next slides and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quotes and the next slides and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quotes and the next slides and um
+it's we are grateful to have to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we are grateful to have to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we are grateful to have to be part
+of the open course and open course Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the open course and open course Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the open course and open course Weare
+Consortium um so I'd like to um thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium um so I'd like to um thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium um so I'd like to um thank
+you um the open MIT open course Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the open MIT open course Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the open MIT open course Weare
+from an mulis Steve Carson CIS um lindsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an mulis Steve Carson CIS um lindsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an mulis Steve Carson CIS um lindsy
+all of you actually help us get our John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you actually help us get our John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you actually help us get our John
+Hopkins school public health open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins school public health open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins school public health open course
+whereare started when we came here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare started when we came here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare started when we came here in
+2005 meeting with you and in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 meeting with you and in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 meeting with you and in trying to
+put our site together so thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our site together so thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our site together so thank you very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+good afternoon I'm Kevin Barry from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon I'm Kevin Barry from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon I'm Kevin Barry from the
+University of Notre Dame and uh you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Notre Dame and uh you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Notre Dame and uh you'll
+hear a similar story I think we I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a similar story I think we I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a similar story I think we I also
+can thank the same people an and John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can thank the same people an and John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can thank the same people an and John
+Paul whose last name I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul whose last name I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul whose last name I don't remember
+who came I believe John Paul was a noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who came I believe John Paul was a noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who came I believe John Paul was a noted
+amum which may have been why we were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amum which may have been why we were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amum which may have been why we were on
+the list of potential collaborators uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of potential collaborators uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of potential collaborators uh
+the hulet foundation was important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hulet foundation was important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hulet foundation was important for
+us our Focus for the years when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us our Focus for the years when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us our Focus for the years when the
+hulet foundation was important was to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hulet foundation was important was to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hulet foundation was important was to to
+focus on courses involving The Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on courses involving The Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on courses involving The Human
+Condition so we were looking at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition so we were looking at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition so we were looking at uh
+providing courses that focus on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing courses that focus on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing courses that focus on those
+areas that were important to Notre Dame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that were important to Notre Dame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that were important to Notre Dame
+and that fit with our mission and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that fit with our mission and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that fit with our mission and and
+I'll just let you read those things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just let you read those things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just let you read those things for
+a little bit um a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um a little bit of the
+history of the University so 1842
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the University so 1842
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the University so 1842
+founded uh our our next big anniversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded uh our our next big anniversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded uh our our next big anniversary
+is actually next year we'll celebrate 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually next year we'll celebrate 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually next year we'll celebrate 40
+Years of women attending the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years of women attending the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years of women attending the University
+of Notre Dame um so so that's a a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Notre Dame um so so that's a a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Notre Dame um so so that's a a big
+thing and I surprisingly as I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I surprisingly as I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I surprisingly as I've been
+looking at that history it's more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that history it's more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that history it's more common
+than I had expected that I I thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I had expected that I I thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I had expected that I I thought of
+Notre Dame being somewhat unique and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notre Dame being somewhat unique and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notre Dame being somewhat unique and uh
+allowing the entry of women in that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the entry of women in that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the entry of women in that time
+frame but many universities shifted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but many universities shifted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but many universities shifted from
+being male only to uh also admitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being male only to uh also admitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being male only to uh also admitting
+women in the 60s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in the 60s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in the 60s and
+70s um the mission is is a key piece to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s um the mission is is a key piece to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s um the mission is is a key piece to
+why we wanted to be involved in this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we wanted to be involved in this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we wanted to be involved in this so
+this idea of creating a sense of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of creating a sense of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of creating a sense of human
+solid ity concern for the common good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid ity concern for the common good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid ity concern for the common good we
+feel like that by putting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like that by putting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like that by putting this
+information in an open environment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in an open environment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in an open environment we
+are contributing in that way and helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contributing in that way and helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contributing in that way and helping
+to advance knowledge and at Notre Dame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advance knowledge and at Notre Dame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advance knowledge and at Notre Dame
+also with that knowledge put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with that knowledge put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with that knowledge put in the
+Catholic context especially for those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic context especially for those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic context especially for those uh
+courses that deal with The Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that deal with The Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that deal with The Human
+Condition so some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition so some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition so some of the things that
+have happened over those times uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened over those times uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened over those times uh
+Everyone likes to talk about father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone likes to talk about father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone likes to talk about father
+nuland at Notre Dame who was at least is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuland at Notre Dame who was at least is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuland at Notre Dame who was at least is
+one of the people who gets credit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people who gets credit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people who gets credit for
+for uh the invention of synthetic rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the invention of synthetic rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the invention of synthetic rubber
+um so so there are some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so there are some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so there are some interesting
+historical things that have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical things that have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical things that have happened
+till then uh we were completely governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till then uh we were completely governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till then uh we were completely governed
+by priests until the late 60s and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by priests until the late 60s and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by priests until the late 60s and so it
+was only in the 60s that uh they added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only in the 60s that uh they added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only in the 60s that uh they added
+lay members to the board of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay members to the board of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay members to the board of the
+university and an R ocw site launched in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and an R ocw site launched in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and an R ocw site launched in
+September of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September of
+2006 so as I mentioned we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 so as I mentioned we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 so as I mentioned we're
+contributing to the common good with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the common good with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the common good with
+this by making these materials available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by making these materials available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by making these materials available
+to the world and I wanted to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the world and I wanted to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the world and I wanted to just
+mention a few specific courses uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a few specific courses uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a few specific courses uh one of
+the things that we found that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we found that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we found that's been
+very rewarding is that in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rewarding is that in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rewarding is that in the context of
+events that are happening in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that are happening in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that are happening in the world
+we've seen great variations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen great variations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen great variations in the
+traffic associated with the courses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic associated with the courses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic associated with the courses that
+we offer in our site so these three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we offer in our site so these three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we offer in our site so these three that
+I list here in particular the cre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I list here in particular the cre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I list here in particular the cre
+language and culture course was one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and culture course was one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and culture course was one that
+after the earthquake in Haiti began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the earthquake in Haiti began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the earthquake in Haiti began to
+get thousands and thousands of hits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get thousands and thousands of hits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get thousands and thousands of hits a
+month and in fact the the instructor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and in fact the the instructor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and in fact the the instructor who
+contributed that course decided to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed that course decided to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed that course decided to make
+herself available to people that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself available to people that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself available to people that were
+trying to work with Haitians to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work with Haitians to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work with Haitians to help
+them to learn some basic Creole and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to learn some basic Creole and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to learn some basic Creole and be
+able to work more effectively with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work more effectively with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work more effectively with the
+people in Haiti uh the Islamic Societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Haiti uh the Islamic Societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Haiti uh the Islamic Societies
+in Middle East uh with the events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Middle East uh with the events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Middle East uh with the events that
+have recently been happening in Egypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have recently been happening in Egypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have recently been happening in Egypt
+and Syria has been a course that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Syria has been a course that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Syria has been a course that has
+seen a huge spike in interest because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a huge spike in interest because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a huge spike in interest because it
+talks about uh cultures in the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about uh cultures in the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about uh cultures in the Middle
+East and and people are very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East and and people are very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East and and people are very interested
+in understanding those types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding those types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding those types of things
+better and and then the last one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and and then the last one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and and then the last one on
+nuclear warfare when the uh tragic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear warfare when the uh tragic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear warfare when the uh tragic
+earthquake and tsunami happened in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake and tsunami happened in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake and tsunami happened in Japan
+and there began to be news of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there began to be news of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there began to be news of potential
+issues with the uh radiation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with the uh radiation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with the uh radiation from the
+nuclear reactors and how would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors and how would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors and how would that
+spread around the world the course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread around the world the course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread around the world the course on
+nuclear warfare has a a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear warfare has a a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear warfare has a a significant
+segment on how radiation can be spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment on how radiation can be spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment on how radiation can be spread
+through water and airborne and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through water and airborne and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through water and airborne and different
+things like that and so that section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and so that section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and so that section in
+particular it's interesting in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's interesting in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's interesting in that
+course it wasn't just the course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it wasn't just the course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it wasn't just the course in
+general but that one specific section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but that one specific section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but that one specific section of
+the course began to get a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course began to get a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course began to get a very high
+amount of traffic so that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of traffic so that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of traffic so that's been
+rewarding because our Hope was that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding because our Hope was that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding because our Hope was that we
+would put things out that people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put things out that people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put things out that people would
+find useful and and this sort of I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find useful and and this sort of I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find useful and and this sort of I think
+connects to the ideas that uh Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to the ideas that uh Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to the ideas that uh Tim
+O'Reilly spoke about this morning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Reilly spoke about this morning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Reilly spoke about this morning of the
+a finding knowledge that answers certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finding knowledge that answers certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finding knowledge that answers certain
+questions and I think I agree with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I think I agree with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I think I agree with him
+that focusing things down is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focusing things down is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focusing things down is important
+or or having things with the right kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or having things with the right kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or having things with the right kind
+of metat tagging and being searchable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metat tagging and being searchable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metat tagging and being searchable so
+that if people have a specific question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if people have a specific question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if people have a specific question
+they can find the answers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can find the answers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can find the answers and the
+information they're looking for that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they're looking for that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they're looking for that's
+related to that uh one thing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that uh one thing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that uh one thing that they
+want to have answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have answer
+um the other thing that I think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing that I think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing that I think is a
+side benefit uh or well the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side benefit uh or well the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side benefit uh or well the the one
+that's a true benefit is helping Notre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a true benefit is helping Notre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a true benefit is helping Notre
+Dame students since the hulet foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dame students since the hulet foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dame students since the hulet foundation
+funding uh We've broadened our offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding uh We've broadened our offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding uh We've broadened our offering
+of courses and one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of courses and one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of courses and one of the things we
+tried to do is offer courses as open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do is offer courses as open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do is offer courses as open
+courses that are also courses that meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that are also courses that meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that are also courses that meet
+the core requirements for Notre Dame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core requirements for Notre Dame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core requirements for Notre Dame
+students this allows them to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students this allows them to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students this allows them to use that
+material while they're in classes to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material while they're in classes to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material while they're in classes to use
+that material to investigate classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material to investigate classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material to investigate classes
+that they might want to take and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might want to take and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might want to take and so it
+has a real local benefit that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a real local benefit that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a real local benefit that that's
+been important for us to try to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been important for us to try to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been important for us to try to have
+some way to sell a local benefit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to sell a local benefit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to sell a local benefit because
+to be honest we haven't had the quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest we haven't had the quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest we haven't had the quite
+the same strength of support at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same strength of support at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same strength of support at least
+financially uh it's been a challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially uh it's been a challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially uh it's been a challenge to
+keep uh funding in place so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep uh funding in place so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep uh funding in place so that we can
+continue to add courses and so by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to add courses and so by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to add courses and so by adding
+some courses that have a local benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some courses that have a local benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some courses that have a local benefit
+is an important way to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important way to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important way to make that
+something that the university sees as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the university sees as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the university sees as
+valuable and another thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and another thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and another thing that's
+valuable to the university as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to the university as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to the university as many
+universities we are now moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities we are now moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities we are now moving in the
+direction of trying to be have a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of trying to be have a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of trying to be have a much
+more significant Global president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more significant Global president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more significant Global president
+presence we've recently hired a provos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence we've recently hired a provos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence we've recently hired a provos
+uh for internationalism which position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for internationalism which position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for internationalism which position
+did not exist before um and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not exist before um and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not exist before um and one of the
+things that the open course where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the open course where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the open course where
+participation does is allows Notre Dame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation does is allows Notre Dame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation does is allows Notre Dame
+to be known as a place other than where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be known as a place other than where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be known as a place other than where
+American football is played in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American football is played in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American football is played in places
+around the country so if people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country so if people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country so if people know
+about University of Notre Dame when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about University of Notre Dame when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about University of Notre Dame when I
+travel around around the world it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel around around the world it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel around around the world it's
+frequently for the athletic programs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently for the athletic programs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently for the athletic programs or
+if I say I I mentioned something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say I I mentioned something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say I I mentioned something about
+Notre Dame they think I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notre Dame they think I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notre Dame they think I'm talking about
+a cathedral in France and so um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cathedral in France and so um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cathedral in France and so um this is
+something that we want to change and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we want to change and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we want to change and as
+the world gets smaller and smaller it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world gets smaller and smaller it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world gets smaller and smaller it's
+important for us that Notre Dame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us that Notre Dame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us that Notre Dame is
+known as uh the high level academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as uh the high level academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as uh the high level academic
+institution that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that it
+is the history of us for the ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the history of us for the ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the history of us for the ocw
+participation as I mentioned already the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation as I mentioned already the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation as I mentioned already the
+the launch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch in
+2006 uh We've participated in many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 uh We've participated in many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 uh We've participated in many of
+the global meetings um significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global meetings um significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global meetings um significantly
+this year was possible partly because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year was possible partly because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year was possible partly because of
+being in the US so one of the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the US so one of the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the US so one of the challenges
+with funding As you move forward is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with funding As you move forward is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with funding As you move forward is uh
+sometimes traveling to the more distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes traveling to the more distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes traveling to the more distant
+locations can can be a challenge we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations can can be a challenge we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations can can be a challenge we now
+have 48 courses published so our staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 48 courses published so our staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 48 courses published so our staff
+is one person Kathy Schultz and she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one person Kathy Schultz and she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one person Kathy Schultz and she does
+a tremendous job and recruiting faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous job and recruiting faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous job and recruiting faculty
+and she does everything we use the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she does everything we use the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she does everything we use the edge
+of Commons framework that was developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Commons framework that was developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Commons framework that was developed
+at the University of Utah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Utah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Utah
+as our framework and Kathy uh with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our framework and Kathy uh with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our framework and Kathy uh with an
+occasional student worker hired on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional student worker hired on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional student worker hired on when
+things get real busy uh handles all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get real busy uh handles all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get real busy uh handles all the
+work of everything from copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of everything from copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of everything from copyright
+clearance to getting material out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance to getting material out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance to getting material out in the
+courses and conversion and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and conversion and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and conversion and all those
+sorts of things uh one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things uh one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things uh one of the things
+we're proud of we made a decision early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're proud of we made a decision early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're proud of we made a decision early
+on that we wanted our courses to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that we wanted our courses to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that we wanted our courses to be very
+complete so that we didn't end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so that we didn't end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so that we didn't end up having
+some courses that had a scarcity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some courses that had a scarcity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some courses that had a scarcity of
+material and others that had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and others that had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and others that had a lot of
+material and um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and um when
+Einstein uh open this is a Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein uh open this is a Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein uh open this is a Social
+Learning Network site that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning Network site that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning Network site that they have
+phds in the discipline evaluate open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phds in the discipline evaluate open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phds in the discipline evaluate open
+cours where offerings and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cours where offerings and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cours where offerings and then after
+their screen they decide to allow some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their screen they decide to allow some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their screen they decide to allow some
+of them to be listed on their site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to be listed on their site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to be listed on their site and
+others not when they last evaluated our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others not when they last evaluated our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others not when they last evaluated our
+courses we had 42 possible courses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses we had 42 possible courses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses we had 42 possible courses that
+could be on their site 39 of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be on their site 39 of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be on their site 39 of them were
+added to their site one was a course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to their site one was a course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to their site one was a course on
+the Notre Dame uh Honor Code which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Notre Dame uh Honor Code which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Notre Dame uh Honor Code which they
+felt wasn't appropriate for a worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt wasn't appropriate for a worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt wasn't appropriate for a worldwide
+site and two others were in Spanish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and two others were in Spanish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and two others were in Spanish and
+they had no one to to rate courses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had no one to to rate courses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had no one to to rate courses that
+were in Spanish so we were really happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in Spanish so we were really happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in Spanish so we were really happy
+that we were able to uh get all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were able to uh get all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were able to uh get all those
+courses included in their listings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses included in their listings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses included in their listings um
+we've also been one thing that Cathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also been one thing that Cathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also been one thing that Cathy
+asked me to mention is we've been happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to mention is we've been happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to mention is we've been happy
+that we've tried to use other Creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've tried to use other Creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've tried to use other Creative
+Commons licensed materials and building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commons licensed materials and building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commons licensed materials and building
+our courses and a significant example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our courses and a significant example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our courses and a significant example of
+that is our calculus for business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our calculus for business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our calculus for business
+courses that we've added where uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we've added where uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we've added where uh the
+graduate student who built those was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student who built those was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student who built those was
+able to find applets that interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find applets that interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find applets that interactive
+Java applets for a large number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java applets for a large number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java applets for a large number of the
+concept in this two semester calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in this two semester calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in this two semester calculus
+sequence that were Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that were Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that were Creative Commons
+licens that are now completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licens that are now completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licens that are now completely
+integrated and and and embedded in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and and and embedded in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and and and embedded in a
+course as opposed to just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as opposed to just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as opposed to just being
+Standalone in applet so it was a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standalone in applet so it was a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standalone in applet so it was a nice
+combination of the open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the open courseware
+movement combining with uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement combining with uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement combining with uh other
+Creative Commons licens material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creative Commons licens material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creative Commons licens material to
+create complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create complete
+courses and that is the end of my part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and that is the end of my part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and that is the end of my part
+of the introduction and I'll turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the introduction and I'll turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the introduction and I'll turn it
+over to Mary Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Mary Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Mary Lee
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you I'd like to um also add my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you I'd like to um also add my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you I'd like to um also add my
+thanks uh to the MIT team uh and also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks uh to the MIT team uh and also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks uh to the MIT team uh and also to
+the hulet foundation that also uh helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hulet foundation that also uh helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hulet foundation that also uh helped
+fund our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund our
+initiative so uh just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative so uh just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative so uh just to give you a
+little background um for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little background um for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little background um for those of you
+that do not know Tufts um we're here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not know Tufts um we're here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not know Tufts um we're here uh
+in the Boston area uh it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Boston area uh it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Boston area uh it it was
+established back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established back in
+1852 um with land donated by Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1852 um with land donated by Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1852 um with land donated by Charles
+Tufts um folks always ask you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tufts um folks always ask you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tufts um folks always ask you know
+where's the name come from um and he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the name come from um and he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the name come from um and he had
+wanted to um build this school on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to um build this school on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to um build this school on one of
+the highest hills in the Boston area um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest hills in the Boston area um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest hills in the Boston area um
+to basically build a light on the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically build a light on the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically build a light on the hill
+um and uh with the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh with the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh with the idea that the
+education from this school would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education from this school would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education from this school would
+actually diffuse as light does um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually diffuse as light does um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually diffuse as light does um and it
+was esta in a non-sectarian way and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was esta in a non-sectarian way and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was esta in a non-sectarian way and uh
+you know we've been able to carry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've been able to carry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've been able to carry that
+tradition all the way through um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition all the way through um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition all the way through um the the
+student body is about 10,000 with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student body is about 10,000 with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student body is about 10,000 with uh
+about uh 12% International students uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 12% International students uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 12% International students uh
+about 1,00 faculty 3,000 uh staff but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1,00 faculty 3,000 uh staff but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1,00 faculty 3,000 uh staff but we
+also have over 5,000 clinical faculty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have over 5,000 clinical faculty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have over 5,000 clinical faculty um
+who are employed by our Affiliated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are employed by our Affiliated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are employed by our Affiliated
+hospitals who help teach our medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals who help teach our medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals who help teach our medical
+students Dental students and Veterinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students Dental students and Veterinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students Dental students and Veterinary
+students uh it's a research one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh it's a research one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh it's a research one
+University um our mission is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University um our mission is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University um our mission is to uh
+address complex challenges through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address complex challenges through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address complex challenges through
+Innovative teaching and research and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative teaching and research and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative teaching and research and I
+and I wanted to just give you um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to just give you um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to just give you um a
+couple of bullets on what the culture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of bullets on what the culture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of bullets on what the culture is
+like so that you understand um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so that you understand um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so that you understand um where
+open course Weare and open education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare and open education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare and open education
+fits into the culture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into the culture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into the culture of the
+institution um toughs is a place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution um toughs is a place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution um toughs is a place that
+really does embrace divers diversity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does embrace divers diversity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does embrace divers diversity um
+throughout its learning environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout its learning environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout its learning environment
+diversity in all its forms and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in all its forms and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in all its forms and we we
+really look for practical Visionaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look for practical Visionaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look for practical Visionaries
+you know where where are the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where where are the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where where are the people who
+are creative thinkers uh but also who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are creative thinkers uh but also who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are creative thinkers uh but also who
+can get things done we also push trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get things done we also push trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get things done we also push trans
+institutional collaboration and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional collaboration and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional collaboration and that's
+both across the schools within T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both across the schools within T's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both across the schools within T's
+University but also with our partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University but also with our partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University but also with our partners
+around the world uh and when we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world uh and when we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world uh and when we think
+about active citizenship this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about active citizenship this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about active citizenship this is the
+Deep civil engagement that we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep civil engagement that we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep civil engagement that we have um
+with our partners as we work uh to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our partners as we work uh to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our partners as we work uh to solve
+problems with our Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with our Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with our Global
+community so when we look at the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so when we look at the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so when we look at the history
+um of ocw it it really isn't a backdrop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of ocw it it really isn't a backdrop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of ocw it it really isn't a backdrop
+you know uh when you heard Larry bow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh when you heard Larry bow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh when you heard Larry bow
+this morning talk that was an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning talk that was an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning talk that was an obvious
+connection here you had uh someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection here you had uh someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection here you had uh someone who
+is the vice Chancellor at MIT when MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vice Chancellor at MIT when MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vice Chancellor at MIT when MIT
+started its open course whereare at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started its open course whereare at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started its open course whereare at that
+time he then became president of tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he then became president of tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he then became president of tough
+University so it was a natural place um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University so it was a natural place um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University so it was a natural place um
+for MIT to start reaching out and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for MIT to start reaching out and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for MIT to start reaching out and asking
+gee you know would you like to join and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee you know would you like to join and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee you know would you like to join and
+um and at the time as as Larry mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and at the time as as Larry mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and at the time as as Larry mentioned
+we had already been doing a lot of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had already been doing a lot of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had already been doing a lot of open
+resources work so those of you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources work so those of you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources work so those of you are in
+the classics um the persus digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classics um the persus digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classics um the persus digital
+library actually started in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library actually started in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library actually started in the
+1980s um and is still going very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um and is still going very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um and is still going very strong
+lot of innovative work um around um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of innovative work um around um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of innovative work um around um how
+uh people can Network and use online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people can Network and use online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people can Network and use online
+tools for learning um they are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for learning um they are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for learning um they are working
+now on personalized learning so how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on personalized learning so how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on personalized learning so how can
+um Learners online be able to um find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Learners online be able to um find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Learners online be able to um find
+the things that they need to learn at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that they need to learn at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that they need to learn at
+the time in which they need to learn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in which they need to learn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in which they need to learn it
+and also the stage of learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the stage of learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the stage of learning that
+they're at and it's used not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at and it's used not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at and it's used not only for
+subjects but they're also investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects but they're also investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects but they're also investigating
+semantic language learning so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic language learning so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic language learning so just
+fascinating work we had also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating work we had also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating work we had also
+um started the tus University Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um started the tus University Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um started the tus University Sciences
+knowledge base back in uh starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base back in uh starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base back in uh starting in
+1994 um and this was a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 um and this was a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 um and this was a system that
+started off as a digital library project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off as a digital library project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off as a digital library project
+um became a repository with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um became a repository with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um became a repository with
+metadata um so all of the content from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata um so all of the content from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata um so all of the content from
+our health science schools medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our health science schools medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our health science schools medicine
+Dental Medicine uh veterinary medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dental Medicine uh veterinary medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dental Medicine uh veterinary medicine
+nutrition um was collected on one system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition um was collected on one system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition um was collected on one system
+all metadata tagged all in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all metadata tagged all in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all metadata tagged all in learning
+objects all that could be shared all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects all that could be shared all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects all that could be shared all
+that could be seen across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be seen across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be seen across all the
+schools um and uh and it was built with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools um and uh and it was built with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools um and uh and it was built with
+all open- Source software and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all open- Source software and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all open- Source software and if you
+think back to what was happening in 94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to what was happening in 94
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to what was happening in 94
+this was pretty early on so we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was pretty early on so we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was pretty early on so we already
+had a culture that embraced the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a culture that embraced the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a culture that embraced the use of
+open software sharing across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open software sharing across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open software sharing across the
+institution sharing outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution sharing outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution sharing outside the
+institution um and we also started our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution um and we also started our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution um and we also started our
+tough's Digital Library project which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough's Digital Library project which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough's Digital Library project which is
+built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on
+Fedora which is another open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fedora which is another open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fedora which is another open source
+collaborative um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative um uh
+infrastructure uh and so when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure uh and so when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure uh and so when we were
+asked to join the open coreware effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to join the open coreware effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to join the open coreware effort
+in 2003 it was very easy um you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2003 it was very easy um you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2003 it was very easy um you know it
+was very consistent with the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very consistent with the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very consistent with the work that
+we were already doing and so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were already doing and so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were already doing and so we were
+extremely excited to join and um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely excited to join and um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely excited to join and um and and
+so we were just very grateful for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were just very grateful for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were just very grateful for the
+generosity of the MIT team they shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity of the MIT team they shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity of the MIT team they shared
+um what they learned by working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they learned by working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they learned by working with
+their faculty their legal documents how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their faculty their legal documents how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their faculty their legal documents how
+they dealt with copyright clearance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dealt with copyright clearance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dealt with copyright clearance um
+because even though we had been delving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though we had been delving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though we had been delving
+in open work we had not been doing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in open work we had not been doing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in open work we had not been doing work
+at the scale at which MIT was proposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale at which MIT was proposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale at which MIT was proposing
+and so one you know if you're sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one you know if you're sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one you know if you're sharing
+within the institution even though we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the institution even though we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the institution even though we
+were sharing you know information across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sharing you know information across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sharing you know information across
+multiple schools within the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple schools within the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple schools within the university
+and with specific Partners outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with specific Partners outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with specific Partners outside of
+the University that's different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University that's different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University that's different than
+sharing with the with the world and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing with the with the world and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing with the with the world and so
+MIT really led the way in that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT really led the way in that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT really led the way in that way and
+um you know was just so generous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know was just so generous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know was just so generous in
+Sharing all of all of their processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharing all of all of their processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharing all of all of their processes
+with us so we joined in 2003 and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us so we joined in 2003 and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us so we joined in 2003 and we were
+able to launch as I said with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to launch as I said with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to launch as I said with the
+support of the hulet foundation we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the hulet foundation we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the hulet foundation we were
+able to launch tus ocw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to launch tus ocw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to launch tus ocw in
+2004 and over the last decade we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 and over the last decade we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 and over the last decade we have um
+launched many other open initiatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched many other open initiatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched many other open initiatives and
+um you're actually the first to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're actually the first to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're actually the first to hear
+about it and uh we were debating should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and uh we were debating should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and uh we were debating should
+we post this or not because it's purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we post this or not because it's purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we post this or not because it's purely
+a pilot website um which we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pilot website um which we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pilot website um which we're working
+on right now but you know um you can log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right now but you know um you can log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right now but you know um you can log
+in and we'd love to hear your comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and we'd love to hear your comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and we'd love to hear your comments
+um but what we found is that um uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what we found is that um uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what we found is that um uh there
+just all these different open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all these different open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all these different open
+initiatives that are happening across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives that are happening across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives that are happening across
+the university um that faculty don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university um that faculty don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university um that faculty don't
+know are happening even even within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are happening even even within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are happening even even within
+their own schools and so by collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own schools and so by collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own schools and so by collecting
+them all into this portal um you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all into this portal um you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all into this portal um you know we
+can more easily share it both with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can more easily share it both with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can more easily share it both with our
+Global audiences but also just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global audiences but also just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global audiences but also just for
+faculty within TS to see what each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty within TS to see what each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty within TS to see what each other
+are doing so um we'd love you to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing so um we'd love you to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing so um we'd love you to take a
+look and and comment on that so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and and comment on that so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and and comment on that so just a
+uh just a few lessons in terms of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a few lessons in terms of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a few lessons in terms of how we
+felt that um ocw helped further tough's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that um ocw helped further tough's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that um ocw helped further tough's
+Mission um you know as I mentioned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission um you know as I mentioned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission um you know as I mentioned it
+really reframed it it was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reframed it it was really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reframed it it was really the
+scale um that uh really changed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale um that uh really changed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale um that uh really changed by
+moving um into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving um into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving um into
+ocw uh a much larger scale um model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw uh a much larger scale um model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw uh a much larger scale um model for
+developing and sharing open material um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and sharing open material um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and sharing open material um
+it really helped push faculty awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really helped push faculty awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really helped push faculty awareness
+um on developing open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on developing open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on developing open
+resources and uh helped us share um many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and uh helped us share um many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and uh helped us share um many
+of the educational practices um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the educational practices um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the educational practices um more
+globally particularly through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally particularly through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally particularly through the
+Consortium um and certainly it helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium um and certainly it helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium um and certainly it helped
+increase the visibility of Tufts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the visibility of Tufts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the visibility of Tufts um
+we're doing a lot of work in the Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a lot of work in the Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a lot of work in the Health
+Sciences um but this was a a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences um but this was a a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences um but this was a a very
+visible venue um that helped promote uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible venue um that helped promote uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible venue um that helped promote uh
+the work that we doing in Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that we doing in Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that we doing in Health
+Sciences education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences education and
+Technology um and also pushed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology um and also pushed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology um and also pushed um
+awareness of the range of Oar at toughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness of the range of Oar at toughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness of the range of Oar at toughs
+and uh I just wanted to end with how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I just wanted to end with how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I just wanted to end with how we
+feel that we've contributed back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that we've contributed back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that we've contributed back to the
+ocw activities I think by becoming both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw activities I think by becoming both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw activities I think by becoming both
+a founding member and also Charter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a founding member and also Charter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a founding member and also Charter
+sustaining member um really adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining member um really adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining member um really adding
+another institution to join um as MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another institution to join um as MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another institution to join um as MIT
+was was starting um to move the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was starting um to move the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was starting um to move the concept
+outside of MIT um I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of MIT um I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of MIT um I think it was
+important for a number of Institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a number of Institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a number of Institutions
+to jump on board early on and as Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump on board early on and as Larry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump on board early on and as Larry
+mentioned we were able to um offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we were able to um offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we were able to um offer
+complimentary content um our Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary content um our Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary content um our Health
+Sciences particularly medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences particularly medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences particularly medicine
+veterinary medicine uh dental medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinary medicine uh dental medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinary medicine uh dental medicine
+and nutrition as well as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nutrition as well as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nutrition as well as our
+international relations were all areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international relations were all areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international relations were all areas
+that MIT did not yet offer so um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT did not yet offer so um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT did not yet offer so um that
+was something that we could contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that we could contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that we could contribute
+immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+uh and then thinking about how different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then thinking about how different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then thinking about how different
+tools could interact with the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools could interact with the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools could interact with the content
+and and maybe we can talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe we can talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe we can talk more about
+that in the question period um but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the question period um but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the question period um but uh I
+also wanted to mention view the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to mention view the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to mention view the visual
+understanding environment which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding environment which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding environment which is a
+concept mapping tool which is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept mapping tool which is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept mapping tool which is open
+access so the tools that would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so the tools that would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so the tools that would allow
+users to manipulate the content that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users to manipulate the content that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users to manipulate the content that
+they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+sharing and uh and I think by creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and uh and I think by creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and uh and I think by creating
+explicit links between ocw and other Oar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit links between ocw and other Oar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit links between ocw and other Oar
+projects it's mutually beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects it's mutually beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects it's mutually beneficial
+because we're able to people who come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're able to people who come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're able to people who come
+into our other oars we can then track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our other oars we can then track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our other oars we can then track
+them into ocw and vice versa so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into ocw and vice versa so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into ocw and vice versa so I think
+we're we're able to bring different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're able to bring different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're able to bring different
+users into the ocw family and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users into the ocw family and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users into the ocw family and then
+finally um whenever we're participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally um whenever we're participating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally um whenever we're participating
+in um Global Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um Global Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um Global Health
+activities uh we've been helping um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities uh we've been helping um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities uh we've been helping um
+other institutions develop their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other institutions develop their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other institutions develop their
+infrastructure to develop um training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to develop um training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to develop um training
+programs more broadly both at a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs more broadly both at a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs more broadly both at a a
+regional scale and national scale and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional scale and national scale and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional scale and national scale and we
+actually have been incorporating into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have been incorporating into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have been incorporating into
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+Partnerships um asking them to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnerships um asking them to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnerships um asking them to share
+some of the content they're developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the content they're developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the content they're developing
+in open courseware um so uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in open courseware um so uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in open courseware um so uh and and
+we've been gratified that faculty always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been gratified that faculty always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been gratified that faculty always
+agree um and so from some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree um and so from some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree um and so from some of these
+initiatives we've actually had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives we've actually had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives we've actually had our
+partners in India and in Africa already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners in India and in Africa already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners in India and in Africa already
+sharing content with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing content with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing content with each other so
+there's this South South sharing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this South South sharing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this South South sharing that
+does not involve us at all and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not involve us at all and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not involve us at all and I think
+it really epitomizes what I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really epitomizes what I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really epitomizes what I think we
+hope to get out of this which is each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to get out of this which is each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to get out of this which is each of
+us you know working on our own projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you know working on our own projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you know working on our own projects
+sharing what we know with others as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing what we know with others as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing what we know with others as as
+MIT shared with us we are able to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT shared with us we are able to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT shared with us we are able to pass
+that on to other institutions and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on to other institutions and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on to other institutions and they
+in turn are sharing it with others uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn are sharing it with others uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn are sharing it with others uh
+without our help so um I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without our help so um I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without our help so um I'm just
+delighted to be here and look forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted to be here and look forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted to be here and look forward to
+your questions thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you hello good afternoon everybody uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hello good afternoon everybody uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hello good afternoon everybody uh
+thank you for being here and thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for being here and thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for being here and thank you
+thanks to the Consortium for having me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the Consortium for having me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the Consortium for having me
+on this panel my name is Pedro anadi I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this panel my name is Pedro anadi I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this panel my name is Pedro anadi I'm
+managing director for University in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing director for University in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing director for University in
+Spain and I'll try to explain a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and I'll try to explain a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and I'll try to explain a little
+bit what this is about uh universia is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what this is about uh universia is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what this is about uh universia is a
+corpor operation that was founded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpor operation that was founded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpor operation that was founded in
+year 2000 by a uh Bank an instit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 2000 by a uh Bank an instit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 2000 by a uh Bank an instit a
+financial institution in Spain Bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institution in Spain Bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institution in Spain Bank of
+sant andera and some 30 universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sant andera and some 30 universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sant andera and some 30 universities
+back then uh right now um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then uh right now um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then uh right now um the
+corporation belongs to this one bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation belongs to this one bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation belongs to this one bank and
+more than 12200 uh universities uh in 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 12200 uh universities uh in 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 12200 uh universities uh in 23
+countries uh the fact that we are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh the fact that we are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh the fact that we are a
+corporation doesn't mean that the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation doesn't mean that the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation doesn't mean that the bank
+wants to make money out of out of us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to make money out of out of us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to make money out of out of us uh
+I can think of a couple better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think of a couple better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think of a couple better
+businesses than you univers but uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses than you univers but uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses than you univers but uh is
+there is there way of telling us uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there way of telling us uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there way of telling us uh to
+think about uh products and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh products and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh products and services
+that uh someone is willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh someone is willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh someone is willing to pay for
+and that'd be the best way to to to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'd be the best way to to to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'd be the best way to to to know
+if we're doing good uh as I say we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're doing good uh as I say we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're doing good uh as I say we we
+were born in the year 2000 and uh we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born in the year 2000 and uh we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born in the year 2000 and uh we've
+been working for the past uh three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working for the past uh three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working for the past uh three years
+uh uh in four strategic lines uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in four strategic lines uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in four strategic lines uh that
+have to do basically with uh employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do basically with uh employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do basically with uh employment
+of of the students first employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the students first employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the students first employment
+basically education something we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically education something we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically education something we called
+the observatory which is trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observatory which is trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observatory which is trying to find
+out uh what the higher education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh what the higher education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh what the higher education is
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to and uh and social networks and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and uh and social networks and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and uh and social networks and our
+mission is uh to act as an agent for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission is uh to act as an agent for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission is uh to act as an agent for uh
+the promotion of change and Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promotion of change and Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promotion of change and Innovation
+uh to help universities develop their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to help universities develop their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to help universities develop their uh
+joint projects and we also try to act as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint projects and we also try to act as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint projects and we also try to act as
+a link between the university community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link between the university community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link between the university community
+and business and Regulatory environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and business and Regulatory environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and business and Regulatory environment
+in order to create new opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to create new opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to create new opportunities
+with a sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sustainability
+criteria our history as I say we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria our history as I say we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria our history as I say we were
+founded in uh the year 2000 is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in uh the year 2000 is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in uh the year 2000 is we are
+now uh we have over 1,200 uh uh member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we have over 1,200 uh uh member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we have over 1,200 uh uh member
+universities and we try to boost several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and we try to boost several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and we try to boost several
+things open course where is one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things open course where is one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things open course where is one of them
+but uh we do all sorts of stuff uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we do all sorts of stuff uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we do all sorts of stuff uh from
+the publication of academic articles uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication of academic articles uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication of academic articles uh
+through our uh indexed uh academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our uh indexed uh academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our uh indexed uh academic
+journals uh as I mentioned uh we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals uh as I mentioned uh we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals uh as I mentioned uh we try to
+help the students to get their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the students to get their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the students to get their first
+employment and we just or two years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and we just or two years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and we just or two years ago
+we reached an alliance with a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reached an alliance with a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reached an alliance with a an
+employment portal called travaho which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment portal called travaho which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment portal called travaho which
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+working uh we try to encourage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh we try to encourage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh we try to encourage the
+Innovation and contact between companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and contact between companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and contact between companies
+and and researchers through a portal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and researchers through a portal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and researchers through a portal
+that we created called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we created called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we created called
+innovera uh we try to uh Foster the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovera uh we try to uh Foster the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovera uh we try to uh Foster the
+creativity and talent from uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and talent from uh the
+ 
+
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+Portuguese and we did so uh for for
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+over a 100 institutions to join the
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+created in 2005 and which we translated
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+when you search Google uh there's always
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+uh some result from us ER in the first
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+leader in the spreading of open
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+courses or so and as of April uh 2011 we
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+courses or so and as of April uh 2011 we
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+uh not we uh Our member universities
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+uh not we uh Our member universities
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+recognition so uh I think this is the
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+recognition so uh I think this is the
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+is also doing so this is it thank
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+is also doing so this is it thank
+[Applause]
+
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+[Applause]
+ 
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+[Applause]
+you uh good afternoon everyone uh my
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+you uh good afternoon everyone uh my
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+you uh good afternoon everyone uh my
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+name is Yosi M from J and first of all
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+name is Yosi M from J and first of all
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+uh I would like to express a sincere
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+uh I would like to express a sincere
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+appreciation for uh warm words and
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+encouragement words thank you very much
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+encouragement words thank you very much
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+encouragement words thank you very much
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+uh explain the uh uh our history and the
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+congratulation 10 years of
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+congratulation 10 years of
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+promotion in 20 2004 the we had a first
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh the after the workshop the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the after the workshop the S
+universities had a uh meeting discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities had a uh meeting discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities had a uh meeting discussed
+uh each other in in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each other in in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each other in in Japan
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh six universities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six universities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six universities are
+uh T University decided to rch uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh T University decided to rch uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh T University decided to rch uh
+ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+simultaneously uh this is a historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously uh this is a historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously uh this is a historic
+historical uh picture uh this Le became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical uh picture uh this Le became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical uh picture uh this Le became
+the one one page of the history because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one page of the history because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one page of the history because
+the no one remains in the the as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no one remains in the the as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no one remains in the the as a
+president the uh all of the uh president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president the uh all of the uh president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president the uh all of the uh president
+of the six universities are uh sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the six universities are uh sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the six universities are uh sit in
+line and had a a joint press conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and had a a joint press conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and had a a joint press conference
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh May uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh May uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh May uh
+13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13th
+and there is the the real date that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is the the real date that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is the the real date that the
+our six universities ocw site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our six universities ocw site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our six universities ocw site
+uh uh has has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh has has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh has has been
+runched and after that uh 2006 we uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runched and after that uh 2006 we uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runched and after that uh 2006 we uh uh
+changed our uh closed organization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed our uh closed organization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed our uh closed organization to
+open uh Consortium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh Consortium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh Consortium uh
+gow uh and had a uh first uh o maybe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gow uh and had a uh first uh o maybe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+International Conference but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Conference but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Conference but it's
+similar to the global maybe first one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the global maybe first one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the global maybe first one uh
+we had a outside us it's in we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a outside us it's in we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a outside us it's in we had a
+Kyoto maybe some some of the you came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyoto maybe some some of the you came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyoto maybe some some of the you came to
+the uh Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Japan
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+and uh after that the we uh uh our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh after that the we uh uh our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh after that the we uh uh our uh
+Consortium uh gr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium uh gr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium uh gr and
+uh first the we had a fortune and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first the we had a fortune and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first the we had a fortune and
+Misfortune at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Misfortune at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Misfortune at the
+beginning first one is why could top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning first one is why could top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning first one is why could top
+lank to University the six universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lank to University the six universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lank to University the six universities
+first uh firstly uh launch is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh firstly uh launch is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh firstly uh launch is the uh
+most the five of the six of the top rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the five of the six of the top rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the five of the six of the top rank
+Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese
+universities and why could top rank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and why could top rank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and why could top rank so
+top rank University could launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top rank University could launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top rank University could launch
+ously in 2005 in Japan because at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ously in 2005 in Japan because at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ously in 2005 in Japan because at that
+time top Executives of many universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time top Executives of many universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time top Executives of many universities
+had the same sense of Crisis that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same sense of Crisis that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same sense of Crisis that uh
+Japanese universities had been much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese universities had been much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese universities had been much
+behind regarding utilizing IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind regarding utilizing IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind regarding utilizing IC
+Technologies for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies for higher
+education and next one why JW could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and next one why JW could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and next one why JW could be
+organized at the Consortium so AR in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized at the Consortium so AR in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized at the Consortium so AR in
+2005 it is the our real story at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 it is the our real story at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 it is the our real story at first
+time uh the or of the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the or of the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the or of the Japanese
+University aimed to join the Global the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University aimed to join the Global the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University aimed to join the Global the
+this kind of do Consortium in 2005 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of do Consortium in 2005 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of do Consortium in 2005 but
+unfortunately the it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the it's a
+uh uh in some sense it's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in some sense it's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in some sense it's is
+unfortunate but unfortunately its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate but unfortunately its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate but unfortunately its
+establishment had been postponed so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment had been postponed so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment had been postponed so uh
+we need to some sort of organization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to some sort of organization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to some sort of organization to
+handle all of University in Japan so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle all of University in Japan so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle all of University in Japan so we
+decided to launch uh Consortium uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to launch uh Consortium uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to launch uh Consortium uh in
+Japan uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan uh first
+uh before the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Consortium uh this Grow Show the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium uh this Grow Show the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium uh this Grow Show the uh
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of uh Members First we start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Members First we start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Members First we start with the
+six only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six only
+universities and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and uh the
+uh currently the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh currently the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh currently the at the
+present uh the number of universities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh the number of universities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh the number of universities is
+23 and for npos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and for npos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and for npos and
+16 uh companies were joined so totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 uh companies were joined so totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 uh companies were joined so totally
+we had 43 organizations in JC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 43 organizations in JC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 43 organizations in JC
+Deli this is a list of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deli this is a list of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deli this is a list of the uh
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+uh over just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+members and the board is the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and the board is the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and the board is the board
+member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and npos and some companies the some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and npos and some companies the some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and npos and some companies the some of
+the companies are the world famous huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies are the world famous huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies are the world famous huge
+companies like entity doomo or Asahi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like entity doomo or Asahi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like entity doomo or Asahi
+shimun the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shimun the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shimun the
+aess company and some uh companies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aess company and some uh companies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aess company and some uh companies uh
+related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+to uh internet uh business or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh internet uh business or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh internet uh business or
+uh uh mobile uh career entia and the sof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and
+uh we open the door to the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we open the door to the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we open the door to the private
+sectors the reason why is the uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors the reason why is the uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors the reason why is the uh most
+important thing is there we have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is there we have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is there we have to make
+sure of our financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of our financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of our financial
+structure uh maybe J is the very few uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh maybe J is the very few uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh maybe J is the very few uh
+exceptional organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional organization
+that had have had haven't had the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had have had haven't had the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had have had haven't had the uh
+Grant found from uh Foundation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grant found from uh Foundation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grant found from uh Foundation like
+huret uh of course uh uh we we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huret uh of course uh uh we we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huret uh of course uh uh we we uh we
+don't refuse the uh uh fund or donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't refuse the uh uh fund or donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't refuse the uh uh fund or donation
+but uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh maybe
+unfortunately uh we haven't had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately uh we haven't had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately uh we haven't had uh
+opportunity to get that so far so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to get that so far so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to get that so far so uh we
+have to uh get the money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh get the money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh get the money from
+the private sectors that is a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sectors that is a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sectors that is a reason why
+that we uh open the door to the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh open the door to the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh open the door to the private
+sectors the one of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors the one of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors the one of the reason
+then the other reason is the O should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other reason is the O should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other reason is the O should be
+the content infrastructure for lifelong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content infrastructure for lifelong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content infrastructure for lifelong
+linning uh in the future so uh we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linning uh in the future so uh we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linning uh in the future so uh we uh
+should uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh uh
+we should work on uh we must work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should work on uh we must work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should work on uh we must work on the
+uh companies as they member of the O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh companies as they member of the O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh companies as they member of the O
+community and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and uh
+University expects more students from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University expects more students from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University expects more students from uh
+the over 18 years old in Japan the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the over 18 years old in Japan the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the over 18 years old in Japan the very
+few uh percentage of the uh over 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few uh percentage of the uh over 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few uh percentage of the uh over 18
+years uh uh uh person as a student of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh uh uh person as a student of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh uh uh person as a student of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+University uh maybe in the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh maybe in the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh maybe in the Western
+Country 20 30 30% of their uh students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country 20 30 30% of their uh students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country 20 30 30% of their uh students
+are um maybe uh 20 or 30 or some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um maybe uh 20 or 30 or some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um maybe uh 20 or 30 or some the
+other person but uh in Japan uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person but uh in Japan uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person but uh in Japan uh less
+than uh 20 maybe uh 10% or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh 20 maybe uh 10% or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh 20 maybe uh 10% or something so
+uh in Japan maybe we have to the all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Japan maybe we have to the all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Japan maybe we have to the all of
+the most of the University uh want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of the University uh want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of the University uh want the
+our want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our want
+uh uh businessmen to be their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh businessmen to be their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh businessmen to be their uh
+students more uh in the future that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students more uh in the future that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students more uh in the future that is a
+reason why we at the University have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we at the University have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we at the University have to
+uh make the uh advertisement for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make the uh advertisement for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make the uh advertisement for the uh
+uh to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the uh
+U uh businessmen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Housewives the the uh courses we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housewives the the uh courses we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housewives the the uh courses we uh
+distributed first we start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed first we start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed first we start with the
+about 60 right now the uh 18 1800 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 right now the uh 18 1800 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 right now the uh 18 1800 and
+more this is the uh the total uh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is the uh the total uh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is the uh the total uh number
+of BU monthly visitors to all of the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of BU monthly visitors to all of the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of BU monthly visitors to all of the J
+remembers uh about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers uh about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers uh about uh
+50 about 500,000 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming and we had a b monthly board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and we had a b monthly board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and we had a b monthly board
+meeting in Japan as a je service board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in Japan as a je service board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in Japan as a je service board
+meeting and we hold a technical seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and we hold a technical seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and we hold a technical seminar
+and providing information through Jo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and providing information through Jo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and providing information through Jo
+website uh and uh we also have the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh and uh we also have the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh and uh we also have the all
+members meeting by annually and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members meeting by annually and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members meeting by annually and and uh
+uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+had uh made opinion poll uh year anuary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh made opinion poll uh year anuary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh made opinion poll uh year anuary
+uh since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since uh
+2006 uh we made a a poll uh for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 uh we made a a poll uh for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 uh we made a a poll uh for the uh
+uh 1200 uh people using the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1200 uh people using the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1200 uh people using the internet
+research function provided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research function provided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research function provided by the
+internet provider and uh we promotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet provider and uh we promotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet provider and uh we promotion
+and recruitment of new members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recruitment of new members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recruitment of new members
+this is the one uh result of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one uh result of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one uh result of the uh
+opinion poll the question is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion poll the question is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion poll the question is how do you
+think about the this activity H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the this activity H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the this activity H the
+result is uh about more than uh 90% said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is uh about more than uh 90% said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is uh about more than uh 90% said
+good or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or very
+good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and
+uh this is the next another uh question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the next another uh question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the next another uh question
+have we ever been aware of this those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we ever been aware of this those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we ever been aware of this those
+universities is the the members uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities is the the members uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities is the the members uh
+opening up of this their lectures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up of this their lectures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up of this their lectures uh
+unfortunately uh very few numbers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately uh very few numbers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately uh very few numbers or
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+30% uh only 30% uh knows the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% uh only 30% uh knows the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% uh only 30% uh knows the our
+activity as the remaining 70% not aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity as the remaining 70% not aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity as the remaining 70% not aware
+of ocw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ocw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ocw in
+Japan it's a the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan it's a the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan it's a the one
+uh issue we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issue we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issue we had to
+overgrown how can we uh promotion how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overgrown how can we uh promotion how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overgrown how can we uh promotion how
+can we promote how can we uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we promote how can we uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we promote how can we uh uh
+uh uh make the more person uh aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh make the more person uh aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh make the more person uh aware of
+this uh activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh activity in
+Japan thank you thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan thank you thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan thank you thank you very much
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh as you can see I'm not Dr funden Wong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you can see I'm not Dr funden Wong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you can see I'm not Dr funden Wong
+unfortunately uh Dr Wong had planned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately uh Dr Wong had planned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately uh Dr Wong had planned to
+uh attend the conference but uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attend the conference but uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attend the conference but uh at the
+last minute he couldn't attend so he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last minute he couldn't attend so he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last minute he couldn't attend so he'd
+asked me to uh uh present and his on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to uh uh present and his on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to uh uh present and his on his
+behalf um core was formed in September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf um core was formed in September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf um core was formed in September
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+2003 and with the help of MIT huet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 and with the help of MIT huet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 and with the help of MIT huet
+foundation and the I Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and the I Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and the I Foundation
+uh it developed into a very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it developed into a very successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it developed into a very successful
+program now the I Foundation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program now the I Foundation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program now the I Foundation is a
+nonprofit uh Foundation founded by Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit uh Foundation founded by Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit uh Foundation founded by Dr
+Wong and his wife and it uh predated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong and his wife and it uh predated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong and his wife and it uh predated the
+formation of core for about 10 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of core for about 10 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of core for about 10 years and
+over those 10 years uh the uh the IET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those 10 years uh the uh the IET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those 10 years uh the uh the IET
+Foundation had awarded about 4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation had awarded about 4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation had awarded about 4,000
+scholarships to uh deserving students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarships to uh deserving students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarships to uh deserving students
+and young professors in China and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and young professors in China and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and young professors in China and an
+interesting note is that a couple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting note is that a couple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting note is that a couple of the
+young professors in China that received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young professors in China that received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young professors in China that received
+these scholarships are now University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scholarships are now University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scholarships are now University
+professors at universities in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors at universities in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors at universities in the core
+network uh there were some individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh there were some individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh there were some individuals
+that had made really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had made really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had made really important
+contributions to the success of core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to the success of core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to the success of core and
+we'd like to recognize them they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to recognize them they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to recognize them they were
+Mike Smith uh Kathy cerly dick U Hal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike Smith uh Kathy cerly dick U Hal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike Smith uh Kathy cerly dick U Hal
+Abelson an margalus and of course Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abelson an margalus and of course Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abelson an margalus and of course Dr
+Wong and Beijing jao Tong University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong and Beijing jao Tong University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong and Beijing jao Tong University
+which uh hosted core for a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh hosted core for a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh hosted core for a number of
+years in its early years and the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in its early years and the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in its early years and the Chinese
+Ministry of Education for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry of Education for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry of Education for all the
+support that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that they
+provided um over the years um core had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided um over the years um core had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided um over the years um core had
+recognized the the contributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the the contributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the the contributions of
+individuals and here are just some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and here are just some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and here are just some uh
+photographs uh taken in in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs uh taken in in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs uh taken in in China
+awarding uh uh certificates or plaques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarding uh uh certificates or plaques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarding uh uh certificates or plaques
+of appreciation to the people that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appreciation to the people that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appreciation to the people that uh
+that assisted uh in the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assisted uh in the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assisted uh in the development of
+core and you'll see in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and you'll see in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and you'll see in the lower
+left hand on the far left is Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wal core's mission is to promote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wal core's mission is to promote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wal core's mission is to promote the
+quality and equality of Education that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and equality of Education that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and equality of Education that
+is not just provide good quality content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just provide good quality content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just provide good quality content
+but also try to get uh uh the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also try to get uh uh the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also try to get uh uh the content
+into the hands of the the underserved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hands of the the underserved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hands of the the underserved in
+the in the Chinese market also it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the Chinese market also it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the Chinese market also it's to
+expand the use of international ocw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the use of international ocw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the use of international ocw in
+China uh to share translated Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China uh to share translated Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China uh to share translated Chinese
+quality courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality courses
+globally and to promote the sharing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and to promote the sharing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and to promote the sharing and
+educational resources among educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources among educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources among educational
+institutions in China and all this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in China and all this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in China and all this is to
+complement traditional education um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement traditional education um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement traditional education um
+there's always a concern in China that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a concern in China that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a concern in China that
+uh you know you're trying to take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you're trying to take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you're trying to take away
+power or take away the uh strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power or take away the uh strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power or take away the uh strength of
+some universities and this we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some universities and this we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some universities and this we're trying
+to uh uh impress in the Chinese market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh impress in the Chinese market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh impress in the Chinese market
+that this is all complimentary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is all complimentary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is all complimentary to
+established uh uh educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established uh uh educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established uh uh educational
+institutions uh core's accomplishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions uh core's accomplishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions uh core's accomplishment
+over the years has been to expand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years has been to expand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years has been to expand in the
+the sharing concept of ocw in China uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharing concept of ocw in China uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharing concept of ocw in China uh
+when Dr Wong first presented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Dr Wong first presented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Dr Wong first presented this
+concept in China uh people just couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in China uh people just couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in China uh people just couldn't
+believe why what's the punchline why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe why what's the punchline why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe why what's the punchline why is
+why is uh MIT offering these courses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is uh MIT offering these courses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is uh MIT offering these courses for
+free there had to be something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free there had to be something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free there had to be something else
+maybe propaganda slipped into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe propaganda slipped into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe propaganda slipped into the
+courses somewhere or something but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses somewhere or something but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses somewhere or something but but
+that's changed and now and now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's changed and now and now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's changed and now and now there are
+a number of universities in China that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of universities in China that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of universities in China that
+are actually uh offering their own ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually uh offering their own ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually uh offering their own ocw
+content we have 100 member universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content we have 100 member universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content we have 100 member universities
+uh within the uh core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within the uh core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within the uh core
+Network um we have over 10,000 ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network um we have over 10,000 ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network um we have over 10,000 ocw
+courses with 10 mirror sites throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses with 10 mirror sites throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses with 10 mirror sites throughout
+China to provide easy access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China to provide easy access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China to provide easy access and
+download capability of content all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download capability of content all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download capability of content all over
+China um and as I mentioned earlier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um and as I mentioned earlier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um and as I mentioned earlier uh
+more universities are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more universities are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more universities are actually
+publishing their own ocw content which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing their own ocw content which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing their own ocw content which
+is which is really a dramatic change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is really a dramatic change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is really a dramatic change
+because universities uh when Dr Wong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because universities uh when Dr Wong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because universities uh when Dr Wong
+first approached them um were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approached them um were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approached them um were really
+reticent uh to to even take the courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticent uh to to even take the courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticent uh to to even take the courses
+and and wondered what the wonder what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and wondered what the wonder what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and wondered what the wonder what
+the underlying reason for providing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying reason for providing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying reason for providing all
+the open courses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open courses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open courses for
+free and we're initiating core as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and we're initiating core as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and we're initiating core as a
+sustainable Oar institution that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Oar institution that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Oar institution that is that
+can sustain financially on its on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sustain financially on its on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sustain financially on its on its
+own own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations uh some current trends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh some current trends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh some current trends in
+China um there's a a dramatic increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um there's a a dramatic increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um there's a a dramatic increase
+in interest in video ocw courses because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interest in video ocw courses because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interest in video ocw courses because
+as we know that some of the content in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know that some of the content in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know that some of the content in
+in the ocw content may just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ocw content may just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ocw content may just be
+bibliographies or short descriptions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bibliographies or short descriptions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bibliographies or short descriptions or
+or narrative and and there's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or narrative and and there's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or narrative and and there's a great
+interest in video courses um as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in video courses um as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in video courses um as I
+mentioned earlier some ocw courses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier some ocw courses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier some ocw courses are
+now being done by Chinese universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now being done by Chinese universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now being done by Chinese universities
+like Ping and Fudan Fudan University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Ping and Fudan Fudan University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Ping and Fudan Fudan University
+some schools are changing into quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some schools are changing into quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some schools are changing into quote
+open universities China uh radio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open universities China uh radio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open universities China uh radio and
+television University is now referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television University is now referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television University is now referring
+to itself as China open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself as China open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself as China open
+University and now universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and now universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and now universities
+individually and jointly with uh uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and jointly with uh uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and jointly with uh uh are
+going to the Ministry of Education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the Ministry of Education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the Ministry of Education and
+other sources within China for funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources within China for funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources within China for funding
+to produce uce and offer ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce uce and offer ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce uce and offer ocw
+courses um what we see in the future um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um what we see in the future um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um what we see in the future um
+we see at core sees that uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see at core sees that uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see at core sees that uh they're
+looking at certificate courses that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at certificate courses that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at certificate courses that use
+ocw content and provide supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw content and provide supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw content and provide supplementary
+services that support the student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that support the student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that support the student and
+that recognize their achievement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recognize their achievement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recognize their achievement in the
+form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a
+certificate um the certificate uh is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate um the certificate uh is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate um the certificate uh is uh
+again complement to traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again complement to traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again complement to traditional
+education but it provides um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but it provides um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but it provides um a
+recognition uh that the student has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition uh that the student has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition uh that the student has
+achieved a certain level of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved a certain level of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved a certain level of of
+understanding of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of a
+subject and later tomorrow U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and later tomorrow U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and later tomorrow U the
+certificate program that uh core is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate program that uh core is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate program that uh core is
+developing will be uh um will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing will be uh um will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing will be uh um will be
+explained and and discussed in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained and and discussed in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained and and discussed in a a
+session tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session tomorrow
+afternoon um there's interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon um there's interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon um there's interest in
+integrating Chinese open courseware with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating Chinese open courseware with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating Chinese open courseware with
+localized translated International uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized translated International uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized translated International uh
+open courseware and core uh wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and core uh wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and core uh wants to
+continue to be a a leader and facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be a a leader and facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be a a leader and facilitate
+the expansion of sustainable open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of sustainable open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of sustainable open
+education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in
+China thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+wonderful all right we do have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful all right we do have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful all right we do have a few
+minutes for questions before we uh break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for questions before we uh break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for questions before we uh break
+and go on to our post poster sessions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go on to our post poster sessions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go on to our post poster sessions um
+we heard some really wonderful stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard some really wonderful stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard some really wonderful stories
+about how open course Weare is fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how open course Weare is fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how open course Weare is fitting
+in with a missions of very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with a missions of very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with a missions of very different
+institutions from around the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions from around the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions from around the world and
+what they've done with it so far but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done with it so far but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done with it so far but I'm
+going to um ask a question before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um ask a question before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um ask a question before
+opening it up to the audience and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening it up to the audience and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening it up to the audience and that
+is if any of of the other participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if any of of the other participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if any of of the other participants
+would like to comment on how open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to comment on how open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to comment on how open
+courseware will fit into the futures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware will fit into the futures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware will fit into the futures of
+your institutions how do you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your institutions how do you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your institutions how do you see it
+evolving in the next 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I guess I can start addressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I can start addressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I can start addressing that
+that that's the uh $10 million question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the uh $10 million question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the uh $10 million question
+uh you know I think none of us have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I think none of us have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I think none of us have a
+crystal ball um but I think that uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal ball um but I think that uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal ball um but I think that uh it's
+very clear that um the Learners of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear that um the Learners of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear that um the Learners of today
+are very different than they were even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different than they were even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different than they were even
+10 years ago um what they're demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago um what they're demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago um what they're demanding
+what they're expecting um when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're expecting um when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're expecting um when they
+learn and so I my background is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and so I my background is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and so I my background is actually
+as a physician and um and so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a physician and um and so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a physician and um and so we actually
+tracked our entering students back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked our entering students back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked our entering students back in
+the 90s when we first started doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s when we first started doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s when we first started doing um
+digital work um we actually had you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital work um we actually had you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital work um we actually had you know
+the students coming into the classes did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students coming into the classes did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students coming into the classes did
+not own their own computers and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not own their own computers and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not own their own computers and so we
+actually had to train students how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to train students how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to train students how to
+use a computer when they entered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a computer when they entered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a computer when they entered the
+class and with every ensuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and with every ensuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and with every ensuing
+matriculating class we tested them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matriculating class we tested them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matriculating class we tested them you
+know did they know how to log on did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know did they know how to log on did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know did they know how to log on did
+they know how to use word Etc and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know how to use word Etc and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know how to use word Etc and there
+suddenly came a year where we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly came a year where we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly came a year where we did not
+have to teach a single student so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to teach a single student so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to teach a single student so I said
+okay that's one Milestone and then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one Milestone and then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one Milestone and then now
+the the students come in expecting not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the students come in expecting not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the students come in expecting not
+only everything to be wired everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only everything to be wired everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only everything to be wired everything
+to be Wireless um full access to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Wireless um full access to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Wireless um full access to any
+kind of material all the lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of material all the lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of material all the lectures are
+lecture captured both video um as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture captured both video um as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture captured both video um as well
+as sound so they can get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sound so they can get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sound so they can get their
+PowerPoints they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoints they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoints they have the
+online um all of the E textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online um all of the E textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online um all of the E textbooks
+e-journals um you know discussion tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-journals um you know discussion tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-journals um you know discussion tools
+uh on and on and on this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on and on and on this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on and on and on this is the
+expectation of our students and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of our students and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of our students and so the
+challenge is um you know how do we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is um you know how do we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is um you know how do we as
+faculty think about this content and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty think about this content and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty think about this content and you
+know Tim O'Reilly I think is right on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Tim O'Reilly I think is right on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Tim O'Reilly I think is right on in
+terms of um needing to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of um needing to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of um needing to think about
+course content in smaller units and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course content in smaller units and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course content in smaller units and so
+when I think back at you know what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think back at you know what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think back at you know what were
+the challenges that we had early on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges that we had early on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges that we had early on um
+it was taking content that was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was taking content that was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was taking content that was already
+digitized but within our school um The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized but within our school um The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized but within our school um The
+Faculty acted as filters of content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faculty acted as filters of content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faculty acted as filters of content and
+so if you were teaching um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were teaching um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were teaching um you know
+let's say molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say molecular
+biology um there wasn't a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology um there wasn't a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology um there wasn't a particular
+molecular text molecular biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular text molecular biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular text molecular biology
+textbook that you would use the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that you would use the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that you would use the faculty
+would filter information from multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would filter information from multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would filter information from multiple
+sources to present it to the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources to present it to the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources to present it to the students
+then to take that content and present it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to take that content and present it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to take that content and present it
+as open courseware you'd have to strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as open courseware you'd have to strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as open courseware you'd have to strip
+all of the third-party copyrighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the third-party copyrighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the third-party copyrighted
+materials out of it before you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials out of it before you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials out of it before you could
+publish it openly and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it openly and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it openly and so you know
+looking forward part of this is training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward part of this is training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward part of this is training
+our faculty how to um develop content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our faculty how to um develop content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our faculty how to um develop content
+that can be open um so using open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be open um so using open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be open um so using open
+sources first of all in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources first of all in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources first of all in their
+development of their courses um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of their courses um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of their courses um so
+there's less to be scrubbed out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less to be scrubbed out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less to be scrubbed out you know
+can can they actually design their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can they actually design their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can they actually design their
+courses um that they deliver to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um that they deliver to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um that they deliver to be
+completely open from the start so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open from the start so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open from the start so that's
+that's one challenge another is um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one challenge another is um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one challenge another is um just
+all the tools that are out there and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tools that are out there and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tools that are out there and um
+the ones we don't even know about but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we don't even know about but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we don't even know about but um
+uh we can certainly see what students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can certainly see what students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can certainly see what students
+are using and they're they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using and they're they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using and they're they're using
+anything and everything out there um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and everything out there um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and everything out there um and
+we we've also moved into mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've also moved into mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've also moved into mobile
+applications and you can imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and you can imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and you can imagine you
+know our students off at the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our students off at the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our students off at the hospital
+sites and they're at the bedside they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites and they're at the bedside they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites and they're at the bedside they
+have to look up something quickly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look up something quickly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look up something quickly they
+have to log their patients they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to log their patients they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to log their patients they have to
+track the kinds of cases they're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the kinds of cases they're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the kinds of cases they're seeing
+um and you know I'm sure you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I'm sure you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I'm sure you've heard
+about some of the bedside Diagnostics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the bedside Diagnostics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the bedside Diagnostics
+that you can do on cell phones you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do on cell phones you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do on cell phones you the
+the I was actually talking to um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I was actually talking to um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I was actually talking to um a
+couple of the MIT faculty earlier today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the MIT faculty earlier today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the MIT faculty earlier today
+and and uh including H ablon and um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh including H ablon and um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh including H ablon and um you
+know this the Star Trek um you know Wand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this the Star Trek um you know Wand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this the Star Trek um you know Wand
+Over the person that that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over the person that that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over the person that that's actually
+actually within reality now um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually within reality now um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually within reality now um it's
+pretty amazing what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing what some of the
+technology is able to do so um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is able to do so um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is able to do so um you know
+not having the crystal ball but I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having the crystal ball but I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having the crystal ball but I you
+know I think uh I one thing's for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think uh I one thing's for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think uh I one thing's for sure
+uh you know kind of put put your seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know kind of put put your seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know kind of put put your seat
+belt on you know the ride's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt on you know the ride's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt on you know the ride's getting
+faster and faster um our students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster um our students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster um our students are
+going to demand um much more from us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faculty I I'll just throw in one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty I I'll just throw in one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty I I'll just throw in one other
+thing too I I think um 10 years may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too I I think um 10 years may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too I I think um 10 years may be
+too short at least in Notre Dame's case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too short at least in Notre Dame's case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too short at least in Notre Dame's case
+we we deliberate but as at least in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we deliberate but as at least in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we deliberate but as at least in the
+US accreditation bodies are pushing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US accreditation bodies are pushing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US accreditation bodies are pushing us
+to think more about outcomes as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think more about outcomes as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think more about outcomes as opposed
+to credit hours as a way we certify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to credit hours as a way we certify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to credit hours as a way we certify
+whether our credentialing as the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether our credentialing as the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether our credentialing as the term
+that Tim AI Le used this morning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Tim AI Le used this morning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Tim AI Le used this morning uh
+means something for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something for those
+students I think there's a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I think there's a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I think there's a potential
+then for universities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for universities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for universities that are
+traditionally uh like Notre Dame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally uh like Notre Dame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally uh like Notre Dame
+residential face tace in institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential face tace in institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential face tace in institutions
+that that face- Toof Face Time can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that face- Toof Face Time can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that face- Toof Face Time can start
+to be used in different ways and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in different ways and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in different ways and that
+students can demonstrate their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can demonstrate their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can demonstrate their uh
+achievement of outcomes as a way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement of outcomes as a way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement of outcomes as a way of of
+certifying and getting credentialed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certifying and getting credentialed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certifying and getting credentialed
+without necessarily always being related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without necessarily always being related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without necessarily always being related
+to credit bearing courses and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to credit bearing courses and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to credit bearing courses and and I
+think as that happens then open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as that happens then open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as that happens then open
+materials would become more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials would become more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials would become more and more
+important because a student would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because a student would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because a student would be
+able to sort of plot their own path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of plot their own path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of plot their own path and
+get through that as the credentialing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through that as the credentialing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through that as the credentialing
+systems get in place that would allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems get in place that would allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems get in place that would allow us
+to still have have confidence that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still have have confidence that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still have have confidence that they
+are achieving the outcomes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are achieving the outcomes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are achieving the outcomes that are
+desired so I think that that is a big uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired so I think that that is a big uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired so I think that that is a big uh
+potential change again for us I maybe 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential change again for us I maybe 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential change again for us I maybe 20
+or 30 years might be more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 30 years might be more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 30 years might be more more
+reasonable I just also wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable I just also wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable I just also wanted to mention
+real briefly because I always think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real briefly because I always think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real briefly because I always think more
+about the present than I do about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the present than I do about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the present than I do about the
+past that uh many of you here may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that uh many of you here may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that uh many of you here may know
+Terry baze who uh as an ocw Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terry baze who uh as an ocw Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terry baze who uh as an ocw Consortium
+person who you've met but she was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who you've met but she was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who you've met but she was also
+the uh founding person in noted Ames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh founding person in noted Ames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh founding person in noted Ames
+open courseware efforts and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware efforts and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware efforts and the first
+couple years when we got all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years when we got all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years when we got all those
+philosophy and theology courses out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and theology courses out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and theology courses out
+there uh Terry was the one making all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh Terry was the one making all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh Terry was the one making all
+that happen so she could as easily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen so she could as easily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen so she could as easily have
+been the Notre Dame representative up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the Notre Dame representative up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the Notre Dame representative up
+here if she was still employed at Notre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if she was still employed at Notre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if she was still employed at Notre
+Dame to be uh giving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dame to be uh giving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dame to be uh giving that
+talk one thing the it might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk one thing the it might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk one thing the it might be the
+similar to the point pointed that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the point pointed that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the point pointed that maybe
+the all all things are now changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all all things are now changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all all things are now changing the
+lifestyle and also the many uh how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle and also the many uh how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle and also the many uh how to
+say the uh uh dis native children native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the uh uh dis native children native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the uh uh dis native children native
+person coming to the the university and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person coming to the the university and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person coming to the the university and
+also the the society so we have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the society so we have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the society so we have to uh
+change to the uh fit to to uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the uh fit to to uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the uh fit to to uh those
+person our service to fit to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person our service to fit to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person our service to fit to those
+person and uh I think that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and uh I think that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and uh I think that we have to
+stick to uh uh change our oite more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to uh uh change our oite more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to uh uh change our oite more
+uh rner Centric user centered uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rner Centric user centered uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rner Centric user centered uh and
+right now this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this very
+less learner center user Center uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less learner center user Center uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less learner center user Center uh the
+no uh communication no uh uh intera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh communication no uh uh intera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh communication no uh uh intera
+interactive non communicative site so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive non communicative site so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive non communicative site so
+the first first thing uh we should do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first first thing uh we should do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first first thing uh we should do is
+we have to change our site more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to change our site more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to change our site more
+communicative more um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative more um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative more um so
+uh uh the biic communication site and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the biic communication site and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the biic communication site and uh
+including the Q&A and including the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the Q&A and including the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the Q&A and including the uh
+social uh communication soci using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social uh communication soci using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social uh communication soci using
+social media um and of course more think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media um and of course more think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media um and of course more think
+the we have to uh continue to change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we have to uh continue to change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we have to uh continue to change to
+uh F the uh users uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh F the uh users uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh F the uh users uh
+lifestyle uh we keep uh the changing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle uh we keep uh the changing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle uh we keep uh the changing uh
+we have to keep changing our site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's open it up to the floor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's open it up to the floor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's open it up to the floor for
+questions we have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes my question concerns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes my question concerns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes my question concerns the
+maintenance of the my question concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of the my question concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of the my question concerns
+the maintenance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance of
+the everybody hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everybody hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everybody hear
+me my question concerns the maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me my question concerns the maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me my question concerns the maintenance
+of the content on the web um when the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the content on the web um when the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the content on the web um when the uh
+uh instructor changes his or her course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instructor changes his or her course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instructor changes his or her course
+does the content on the web also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the content on the web also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the content on the web also get
+changed and if so how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen I'll start um for us it's simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I'll start um for us it's simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I'll start um for us it's simple
+we just get new content from the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get new content from the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get new content from the faculty
+and then just replace existing content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just replace existing content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just replace existing content
+and I think the question for us is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the question for us is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the question for us is what
+to do with existing content the old one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with existing content the old one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with existing content the old one
+the old version it may have values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old version it may have values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old version it may have values and
+including courses that got cancelled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including courses that got cancelled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including courses that got cancelled it
+has values and what to do with them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has values and what to do with them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has values and what to do with them but
+the process of changing to a new content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of changing to a new content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of changing to a new content
+is is not that difficult for us um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not that difficult for us um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not that difficult for us um if we
+just contact the faculty and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just contact the faculty and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just contact the faculty and then if
+there's enough content that got changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough content that got changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough content that got changed
+we just processes the way we process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just processes the way we process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just processes the way we process a
+new course um and and we we we trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new course um and and we we we trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new course um and and we we we trying to
+make it a threeyear cycle that we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a threeyear cycle that we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a threeyear cycle that we go
+through through everything and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through everything and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through everything and make sure
+that um thing reflects the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um thing reflects the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um thing reflects the current
+offering all the publishing content on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering all the publishing content on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering all the publishing content on
+the site would have a date that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site would have a date that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site would have a date that the
+course was originally offered and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was originally offered and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was originally offered and then
+if we notice that things getting old we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we notice that things getting old we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we notice that things getting old we
+would go back and do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go back and do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go back and do something
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next uh in case of Japan it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh in case of Japan it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh in case of Japan it depends on
+the University and depends on the ures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University and depends on the ures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University and depends on the ures
+but uh the basic policy is the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the basic policy is the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the basic policy is the uh uh the
+depends on the fa part's opinion if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the fa part's opinion if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the fa part's opinion if the
+faulty member uh want to change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faulty member uh want to change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faulty member uh want to change to the
+to new one uh we will change but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to new one uh we will change but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to new one uh we will change but uh the
+basically the uh the uh old rure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the uh the uh old rure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the uh the uh old rure is the
+that's a fact that that's May at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fact that that's May at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fact that that's May at that
+that that time so the basic policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that time so the basic policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that time so the basic policy is
+the still uh put uh uh the original as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the still uh put uh uh the original as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the still uh put uh uh the original as
+original one but the if the re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one but the if the re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one but the if the re
+want to repace we will repace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to repace we will repace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to repace we will repace
+one one one of the challenges uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one of the challenges uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one of the challenges uh we have
+I take medicine as an example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take medicine as an example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take medicine as an example um
+medicine curricula across the country in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine curricula across the country in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine curricula across the country in
+the US are changing to what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US are changing to what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US are changing to what are called
+integrated curricula they're getting rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated curricula they're getting rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated curricula they're getting rid
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+courses um and so it's more conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um and so it's more conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um and so it's more conceptual
+um and and so um we've done away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so um we've done away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so um we've done away with
+traditional courses and and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional courses and and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional courses and and so again
+it's more of a challenge to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a challenge to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a challenge to figure out
+okay how do we replace old courses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we replace old courses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we replace old courses with
+new content and so I think again it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new content and so I think again it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new content and so I think again it it
+speaks well to what Tim O'Reilly said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks well to what Tim O'Reilly said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks well to what Tim O'Reilly said in
+terms of thinking in a more modular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking in a more modular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking in a more modular way
+and so it may be topical and we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it may be topical and we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it may be topical and we have um
+started discussions with faculty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started discussions with faculty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started discussions with faculty in
+terms of offering on open cour Weare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of offering on open cour Weare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of offering on open cour Weare a
+structure so um helping faculty you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so um helping faculty you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so um helping faculty you know
+how do you put together a course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you put together a course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you put together a course and
+here here is a framework that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is a framework that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is a framework that you can
+use and then here's content here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and then here's content here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and then here's content here's
+modular content that you can use um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular content that you can use um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular content that you can use um to
+put into that course however you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into that course however you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into that course however you want to
+design it because what we find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it because what we find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it because what we find is that
+um when our own faculty create content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when our own faculty create content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when our own faculty create content
+for their courses you know they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their courses you know they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their courses you know they they
+want to be able to pick and choose they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to pick and choose they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to pick and choose they
+really don't want someone's prepackaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want someone's prepackaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want someone's prepackaged
+course you know I think that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know I think that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know I think that there's
+certainly utility for that but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly utility for that but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly utility for that but I think
+the majority of Faculty we've talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of Faculty we've talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of Faculty we've talked to
+they actually would prefer to pick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually would prefer to pick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually would prefer to pick and
+choose so the idea of having a framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose so the idea of having a framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose so the idea of having a framework
+for them to use and then to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to use and then to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to use and then to be able to
+to pull content in and and populate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull content in and and populate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull content in and and populate it
+with things from many different open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things from many different open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things from many different open
+sources I think may be the way that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources I think may be the way that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources I think may be the way that um
+we'll we'll push in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+thanks um so I'm from memory University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks um so I'm from memory University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks um so I'm from memory University
+and I really appreciated the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really appreciated the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really appreciated the morning
+panel on some of the challenges that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel on some of the challenges that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel on some of the challenges that you
+talked about how it it took a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how it it took a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how it it took a lot of
+leadership a lot of vision to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership a lot of vision to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership a lot of vision to get
+faculty to buy into this notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty to buy into this notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty to buy into this notion that
+their courses would now be openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their courses would now be openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their courses would now be openly
+visible to the entire world so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to the entire world so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to the entire world so my
+question is now about what I see as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is now about what I see as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is now about what I see as the
+next challenge for faculty which is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next challenge for faculty which is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next challenge for faculty which is now
+that you made this content available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you made this content available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you made this content available to
+the entire world and now that the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world and now that the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world and now that the entire
+world is going to want to weigh in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is going to want to weigh in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is going to want to weigh in and
+give them their opinion on what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them their opinion on what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them their opinion on what they
+think of this wonderful content that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this wonderful content that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this wonderful content that
+your faculty have put on um there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your faculty have put on um there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your faculty have put on um there is the
+next step would be to be receptive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step would be to be receptive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step would be to be receptive of
+input of also to to to agree to to admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of also to to to agree to to admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of also to to to agree to to admit
+that there is a value in not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a value in not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a value in not only
+faculty driven instruction but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty driven instruction but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty driven instruction but also
+peerto peer learner to learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peerto peer learner to learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peerto peer learner to learner
+instruction how do you and since you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction how do you and since you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction how do you and since you had
+the advantage of 10 years with open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of 10 years with open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of 10 years with open
+Consortium how do you think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium how do you think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium how do you think this is
+going to come about how is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come about how is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come about how is it going to
+play out how are we going to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out how are we going to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out how are we going to work with
+faculty to convince them that it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty to convince them that it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty to convince them that it's okay
+to get this kind of feedback to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this kind of feedback to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this kind of feedback to allow
+other people to be instructors even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people to be instructors even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people to be instructors even
+though they don't have phds on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+names you everyone's looking at me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names you everyone's looking at me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names you everyone's looking at me um
+you know I think that I just as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think that I just as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think that I just as with
+open courseware um it's finding those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware um it's finding those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware um it's finding those um
+early Champions um and and folks who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early Champions um and and folks who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early Champions um and and folks who um
+have the courage to try it first um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the courage to try it first um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the courage to try it first um and
+I believe we we have faculty who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe we we have faculty who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe we we have faculty who have
+already done that in terms of even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done that in terms of even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done that in terms of even even
+though the open courseware site is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the open courseware site is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the open courseware site is not
+interactive it's pretty easy to find our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive it's pretty easy to find our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive it's pretty easy to find our
+faculty um and uh you know they can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty um and uh you know they can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty um and uh you know they can look
+them up on their faculty um homepage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up on their faculty um homepage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up on their faculty um homepage and
+so our faculty have received feedback um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our faculty have received feedback um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our faculty have received feedback um
+and and in general they've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in general they've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in general they've really
+appreciated it um and they have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated it um and they have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated it um and they have heard
+from colleagues and in some cases um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from colleagues and in some cases um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from colleagues and in some cases um
+have uh generated collaborations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh generated collaborations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh generated collaborations with
+faculty at other institutions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at other institutions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at other institutions so you
+know I think that it takes having those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think that it takes having those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think that it takes having those
+handful of Faculty try it see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of Faculty try it see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of Faculty try it see the
+benefit and be able to share their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and be able to share their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and be able to share their
+stories with other faculty and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories with other faculty and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories with other faculty and I think
+you know I had mentioned our our um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had mentioned our our um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had mentioned our our um
+open. Tufts portal and and a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. Tufts portal and and a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. Tufts portal and and a big part of
+that is just pushing faculty education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just pushing faculty education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just pushing faculty education
+about what this really means and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this really means and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this really means and so um
+you know when MIT started open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when MIT started open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when MIT started open
+courseware they did a fabulous job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware they did a fabulous job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware they did a fabulous job of
+creating a frequently asked questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a frequently asked questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a frequently asked questions
+from the faculty Viewpoint um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the faculty Viewpoint um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the faculty Viewpoint um and you
+know they shared that with us and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they shared that with us and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they shared that with us and we
+were able to use that and build on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to use that and build on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to use that and build on that
+with our own faculty um because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our own faculty um because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our own faculty um because they
+have the same concerns you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same concerns you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same concerns you go
+institution institution they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution institution they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution institution they have the
+same worries and and once they see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same worries and and once they see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same worries and and once they see that
+those worries actually um don't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those worries actually um don't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those worries actually um don't come
+true um they're they and they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um they're they and they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um they're they and they start
+seeing the benefits you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the benefits you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the benefits you know what are
+the benefits that can come back to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits that can come back to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits that can come back to them
+um they start embracing it pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they start embracing it pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they start embracing it pretty
+quickly I'll just throw into I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I'll just throw into I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I'll just throw into I think the
+um this is one of those areas I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one of those areas I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one of those areas I often
+like to separate technology from human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to separate technology from human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to separate technology from human
+interaction and think about how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and think about how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and think about how this is
+already happening for faculty so I'm our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happening for faculty so I'm our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happening for faculty so I'm our
+ocws house and our Center for teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocws house and our Center for teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocws house and our Center for teaching
+and learning and we work with faculty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning and we work with faculty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning and we work with faculty uh
+mostly trying to get them to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly trying to get them to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly trying to get them to shift
+toward a more gaug student- centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a more gaug student- centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a more gaug student- centered
+model of Education even within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of Education even within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of Education even within their
+face-to-face courses which in and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face courses which in and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face courses which in and of
+itself opens up the possibility that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself opens up the possibility that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself opens up the possibility that a
+student comes up with an idea that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student comes up with an idea that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student comes up with an idea that's a
+great idea that you hadn't thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea that you hadn't thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea that you hadn't thought of
+when you're talking about a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about a certain
+problem or issue and what faculty find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or issue and what faculty find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or issue and what faculty find
+is they're invigorated by that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're invigorated by that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're invigorated by that and so
+when they when you can get them to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when you can get them to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when you can get them to have
+that experience this would just be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience this would just be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience this would just be an
+extension of of that kind of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of of that kind of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of of that kind of experience
+so it's a matter of being a learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a matter of being a learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a matter of being a learning
+community and allowing that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and allowing that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and allowing that kind of
+invigoration that comes with being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invigoration that comes with being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invigoration that comes with being
+challenged to think in ways that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged to think in ways that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged to think in ways that you may
+not have thought before and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have thought before and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have thought before and that could
+be a a freshman it could be a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a a freshman it could be a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a a freshman it could be a person
+who's visiting an open course we site um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's visiting an open course we site um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's visiting an open course we site um
+it's interesting now to see how once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting now to see how once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting now to see how once
+people have that experience they resent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have that experience they resent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have that experience they resent
+being put in environments where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being put in environments where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being put in environments where it's
+very difficult to create that and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to create that and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to create that and have
+that happen again because they find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen again because they find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen again because they find that
+what they had done as routine has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they had done as routine has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they had done as routine has become
+very boring to them compared to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boring to them compared to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boring to them compared to those
+kinds of things and so we what I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things and so we what I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things and so we what I try to
+do when working with faculty and in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when working with faculty and in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when working with faculty and in our
+Center we try to do is connect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center we try to do is connect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center we try to do is connect those
+experiences they've had already to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences they've had already to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences they've had already to what
+kinds of experiences that might come if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of experiences that might come if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of experiences that might come if
+they were to get feedback and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were to get feedback and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were to get feedback and how they
+could use that as a positive thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that as a positive thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that as a positive thing that
+would invigorate their thinking uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would invigorate their thinking uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would invigorate their thinking uh about
+their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work
+so okay um one more thought on that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay um one more thought on that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay um one more thought on that is
+the you your question on feedback so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you your question on feedback so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you your question on feedback so I
+think other faculties who who been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think other faculties who who been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think other faculties who who been
+teaching all these courses already get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching all these courses already get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching all these courses already get
+plenty of feedback from their Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of feedback from their Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of feedback from their Rec
+students so I think your question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so I think your question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so I think your question is
+more on how you can facilitate um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on how you can facilitate um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on how you can facilitate um the
+indep dependent Learners from have be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indep dependent Learners from have be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indep dependent Learners from have be
+able to an some have somebody answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to an some have somebody answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to an some have somebody answer the
+questions that they may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that they may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that they may have
+and and there's there can be several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's there can be several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's there can be several
+models that you can be dealing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that you can be dealing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that you can be dealing with that
+um from if we doing it within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from if we doing it within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from if we doing it within the
+institution we can may be able to use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution we can may be able to use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution we can may be able to use um
+students let's say doctoral students as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students let's say doctoral students as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students let's say doctoral students as
+teaching assistant to help with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching assistant to help with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching assistant to help with the
+course um of course there's the the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um of course there's the the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um of course there's the the open
+study that can help with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that can help with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that can help with this kind of
+facilitation for the community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation for the community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation for the community of
+Learners um but not the direct feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners um but not the direct feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners um but not the direct feedback
+that should go back to the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should go back to the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should go back to the faculty
+because you know in for for us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know in for for us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know in for for us in the
+beginning when we start the process um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we start the process um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we start the process um
+we did sort of Promise The Faculty that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did sort of Promise The Faculty that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did sort of Promise The Faculty that
+we would not just let anybody from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would not just let anybody from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would not just let anybody from the
+outside have the ability to contact them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside have the ability to contact them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside have the ability to contact them
+and get a direct contact with them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a direct contact with them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a direct contact with them but
+now having done this for a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now having done this for a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now having done this for a number of
+years we should look into the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we should look into the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we should look into the next step
+and I agree that the next step can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I agree that the next step can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I agree that the next step can be
+something about this separate community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this separate community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this separate community
+of Learners with um some some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Learners with um some some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Learners with um some some kind of
+facilitators whether that's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitators whether that's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitators whether that's coming from
+the outside or within the institutions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WmnViAaMdGM.txt b/WmnViAaMdGM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dce2508b3b2ccc335c7c51300ecad076f3760398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WmnViAaMdGM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,752 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today, we're going
+to be working on fall 2010,
+
+problem set number 2, and
+we're going to be doing
+
+problem number 4.
+
+I'm going to start off by
+reading the problem.
+
+There's a lot of information
+here, so I've written up some
+
+of the key points on the board
+for you guys already.
+
+It is exactly 24 hours before
+Lauren's physics final.
+
+She has an economics final
+directly after her physics
+
+final, and has no time
+to study in between.
+
+Lauren wants to be a physicist,
+so she places more
+
+weight on her physics
+test score.
+
+Her utility function is
+given right here.
+
+Where p is the score of her
+physics final and e is the
+
+score of her economics final.
+
+Although, she cares more
+about physics, she
+
+is better at economics.
+
+For each hour spent studying
+economics, she will increase
+
+her score by three points.
+
+But her physics score will only
+increase by two points
+
+for every hour spent
+studying physics.
+
+Studying zero hours results
+in a score of
+
+zero on both subjects.
+
+Although natural log of zero
+is not defined, assume her
+
+utility for a score of zero
+is negative infinity.
+
+Now, we're going to go ahead
+and we're going to work
+
+through parts A, B, and C, A, B,
+C, and D and then we'll do
+
+part E, which is a new
+scenario afterwards.
+
+Part A, we're going to find the
+constraints that Lauren
+
+faces in her test score
+maximization problem.
+
+And part B, we're going to
+find how many hours does
+
+Lauren optimally spend studying
+physics, how many
+
+hours does she spent
+studying economics.
+
+And hours are divisible, so
+we don't need whole number
+
+solutions for the hours spent
+studying physics and the hours
+
+spent studying economics.
+
+So for part A, all we're looking
+for is we're looking
+
+for the constraints.
+
+And it sounds like the
+constraint that Lauren is
+
+really facing in this scenario
+is the amount of
+
+time that she has.
+
+It seems like Lauren's pretty
+intense about studying, so in
+
+the 24 hours before the test,
+she's not getting any sleep.
+
+She's going to spend all
+of this time studying.
+
+So we're going to have two hours
+variables to represent
+
+the hours she spends studying
+physics and the hours she
+
+spends studying economics.
+
+And we know that the hours,
+when we add them together,
+
+they're going to have to be
+less than or equal to 24.
+
+Now, if this is our constraint,
+we really know
+
+that if she's trying to maximize
+her scores and if
+
+that's all she really cares
+about, she's not going to
+
+spend less than 24
+hours studying.
+
+So we can actually just say
+that the sum of those two
+
+hours-- her hours spent studying
+physics and her hours
+
+spent studying economics are
+going to be equal to 24.
+
+So that's the first constraint
+that Lauren is going to face.
+
+The second constraint that she's
+going to face, and it's
+
+not necessarily an
+intuitive one--
+
+or it is actually really
+intuitive, but it's also a
+
+trivial one.
+
+It's just that she can't spend
+less than zero hours studying
+
+physics or studying economics.
+
+So we're going to add those
+constraints in as well.
+
+And the final constraints
+are actually production
+
+constraints.
+
+If the hours spent studying--
+
+these aren't actually what
+she's interested in.
+
+What she's interested in
+are the p and the e.
+
+That's how she's going to
+get her utilities--
+
+through the test scores.
+
+So what we need is we need to
+find how she produces her
+
+physics score.
+
+If she gets two points for every
+hour she spent studying,
+
+her physics score is going to
+be p equals 2 times Hp--
+
+that's the production of
+her physics score.
+
+The production of her economics
+score is going to
+
+equal 3 times He, since we know
+that she's a little bit
+
+better at economics
+than physics.
+
+So these are the constraints
+that we're going to face in
+
+the problem.
+
+Let's go ahead and move on to
+part B. And for part B, what
+
+we're going to try to do is
+we're going to try to take
+
+these constraints and we're
+trying to maximize the amount
+
+of utility she's going
+to get from studying.
+
+So what we're doing for part B
+is we're going to maximize
+
+utility, and we're going to
+plug in some of these
+
+constraints.
+
+Before we can do this, we really
+need to get down to
+
+first-order conditions.
+
+We need to be able to take the
+derivative with regards to
+
+only one variable.
+
+So we have to get-- instead of
+p and e here, we're going to
+
+try to get only one variable.
+
+And the variable we're going to
+get in there is going to be
+
+the hours spent study
+economics.
+
+So we're going to get it
+all in terms of He.
+
+So we need to find a way to
+replace both e and p with He.
+
+In this case, replacing e
+with He is really easy.
+
+We can just say that e is
+going to equal 3He.
+
+Replacing p with the He or the
+hours spent studying economics
+
+is a little bit more
+difficult.
+
+We're going to go to
+this equation.
+
+And we can say that
+Hp is going to be
+
+equal to 24 minus He.
+
+And then for this Hp, we're
+going to plug this into our
+
+production function for
+the physics score.
+
+So we get that p is equal
+to 2 times 24 minus He.
+
+So we're going to take these two
+equations that we have in
+
+and we're going to substitute
+for e and p
+
+in our utility function.
+
+And so we're going to maximize,
+and the way we're
+
+going to maximize is by just
+taking the first-order
+
+conditions or the FOC.
+
+And the FOC in this case
+is just going to be the
+
+derivative with respect to He.
+
+When you take the derivative
+with respect to He, what
+
+you're going to get is 0.6 times
+negative 2 all over (48
+
+minus 2 He) plus 0.4 times
+3 all over 3He.
+
+And the reason this first-order
+condition is going
+
+to help us is because
+we know to maximize.
+
+We just set the first-order
+condition or the derivative
+
+with respect to He
+equal to zero.
+
+And from here, we can
+solve out for He.
+
+And when we solve for He, we
+find that the hour she spends
+
+studying economics is going
+to equal to 9.6.
+
+And we know that any time she
+spends not studying the
+
+economics, she's studying
+physics, since all she cares
+
+about is her test scores.
+
+She's going to spend
+the remaining 14.4
+
+hours studying physics.
+
+This is our answer for part B.
+
+Now, part C just asks us, "What
+economics and physics
+
+test scores will she achieve?"
+so we're looking for the e
+
+star and the p star.
+
+We can just take the hour she
+spent studying physics and the
+
+hours she spends studying
+economics and we can plug
+
+these back into her production
+functions for her physics
+
+score and an economics score.
+
+So, for part C, her economics
+score is going to be equal to
+
+3 times 9.6.
+
+She's going to get a 28.8
+on her economics test.
+
+And for her physics
+test, she's also
+
+going to get a 28.8.
+
+Probably the not the best test
+scores in the world.
+
+Let's go ahead and look at part
+D. Part D asks us, "What
+
+utility level will she achieve
+with these test scores that
+
+she has?" Now, to find the
+utility levels, all we have to
+
+do is we have to go back to our
+utility function that we
+
+wrote down in part A, and we're
+just going to plug in
+
+the two test scores that she
+received, and we can solve
+
+through for overall utility.
+
+And so when you grab a
+calculator, and you solve
+
+through for this equation, what
+you're going to find is
+
+you're going to find her overall
+utility level is going
+
+to be equal to 3.36.
+
+And when we're measuring
+utility, we don't have any
+
+units on this.
+
+The units, we usually think of
+as utils, but we can just keep
+
+it like this.
+
+Just know that in relativistic
+terms, her
+
+utility is that 3.36.
+
+And this is going to be useful
+for part D. Because in part E,
+
+we have the option of sending
+Lauren off to
+
+an economics tutor.
+
+And we're going to be comparing
+her utility after
+
+going to the economics tutor
+to this utility of 3.36.
+
+And by comparing her new utility
+with the old utility,
+
+we can see if her utility's
+higher after going the
+
+economics tutor.
+
+We can see if that's a good
+decision for her.
+
+So now that we finished
+calculating the utility for
+
+Lauren in the initial case where
+she had 24 hours and no
+
+help, now we're going to move
+on to part E. Part E says,
+
+"Suppose Lauren can get
+an economics tutor.
+
+If she goes to the tutor, she
+will increase her economics
+
+test score by five points for
+every hour spent studying,
+
+instead of three points.
+
+But will lose four hours
+of study time by
+
+going to the tutor.
+
+She cannot study while at the
+tutor, and going to the tutor
+
+does not directly improve
+her test score.
+
+Should Lauren go
+to the tutor?"
+
+Now, for this problem,
+we can go back
+
+to our initial scenario.
+
+Where we had our constraint
+for the amount of
+
+time Lauren can spend.
+
+If Lauren goes to the tutor, it
+sounds like she's going to
+
+spend about four hours in the
+car driving to the tutor's
+
+house and back.
+
+So instead of having 24 total
+hours of study time, her new
+
+constraint is that her total
+study time Hp plus
+
+He is equal to 20.
+
+That's the downside.
+
+The upshot of it is that her
+production function for
+
+economics test scores is no
+longer three points for every
+
+hour she spent studying, now she
+gets five point for every
+
+hour she spends studying.
+
+So we're going to go through the
+exact same process for A,
+
+B, C, and D that we did before,
+only now we're going
+
+to use our new constraints
+to solve for the
+
+maximization problem.
+
+Before we start off for our
+maximization problem and
+
+solving for the first-order
+conditions, what we have to do
+
+is we have to get it all in
+terms of one variable.
+
+And the variable we're going to
+get it in terms of is the
+
+hours of economic
+studying or He.
+
+So from the utility function, to
+solve or to plug in for e,
+
+the He, we have that e is going
+to equal five times He.
+
+For p, we know that Hp is
+equal to 20 minus He.
+
+That just says that any time
+she's not studying economics,
+
+she's going to be studying
+physics.
+
+We can plug this into our
+p equals 2 times Hp.
+
+So we know that p is going to
+equal 2 times 20 minus He.
+
+Let's go ahead and plug this
+and this into our utility
+
+maximization problem and solve
+for the first-order
+
+conditions.
+
+So we're maximizing
+utilities--
+
+so we're going to take
+the derivative with
+
+respect to He again.
+
+When we do that,
+we get our FOC.
+
+And again, for the maximization
+problem, we can
+
+just set that equal to 0.
+
+Solving out for He, we find
+that she's going to spend
+
+eight hours studying
+economics.
+
+And we also find that any time
+she's not spending studying
+
+economics, she's going to
+be studying physics.
+
+So she's going to spend 12
+hours studying physics.
+
+Now, we're not done with part
+E because really all we have
+
+to do for this problem is we
+have to solve for her new
+
+utility using these hours that
+she spends studying.
+
+And we have to compare her new
+utility to her old utility of
+
+3.36 to see if she's better
+off or worse with the
+
+economics tutor.
+
+In her production function for
+economics test score, we know
+
+that for each of those eight
+hours you spend studying, her
+
+test score's going to improve
+eight points, so her new
+
+economic score is 40.
+
+And we know that for each of
+those 12 hours she spends
+
+studying physics, her score's
+going to improve two points.
+
+So her physics score has dropped
+a little bit to 24.
+
+When we plug in for e and p into
+our utility function, we
+
+can find her utility level
+with the economics tutor.
+
+When we solve through for these
+natural logs, we're
+
+going to find that her new
+utility is equal to 3.38.
+
+And since the problem asks
+us to actually make
+
+a qualitative judgment--
+
+is she better off or worse off,
+we need to compare her
+
+utility before of 3.36 to
+her new utility of 3.38.
+
+This is the comparison that
+we're interested in.
+
+And when we make this
+comparison, we can see that in
+
+relative terms, she's a little
+bit better off going to be
+
+economics tutor because her
+utility has risen two
+
+hundredths of a point.
+
+So in this case, for part E,
+we found that her utility
+
+increases even though she's
+lost time because her
+
+production function for her
+economics to score has gone
+
+up, and that she's better off
+going to the economics tutor
+
+because of that increase
+in utility.
+
+So the point of this problem was
+to look at the different
+
+constraints that consumers face
+when deciding where to
+
+spend their time or where to
+spend their money, and to see
+
+how those different constraints
+affect their
+
+utility levels.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WtGS6lV5MDI.txt b/WtGS6lV5MDI.txt
new file mode 100644
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+
+PROFESSOR: Hey.
+
+Let's start.
+
+So a few weeks ago we started
+with writing a partition
+
+function for a
+statistical field that
+
+was going to capture behavior of
+a variety of systems undergoing
+
+critical phase transitions.
+
+And this was obtained by
+integrating over configurations
+
+of this statistical field
+a rate that we wrote
+
+on the basis of a
+form of locality.
+
+And terms that were
+consistent with that
+
+were of the form m
+squared, m to the fourth.
+
+Let's say m to the sixth.
+
+Various types of
+gradient types of terms.
+
+And in principle, allowing for
+a symmetry-breaking field that
+
+was more in the form of h dot 1.
+
+And again, we always
+emphasized that in writing
+
+these statistical fields,
+we have to do averaging.
+
+We have to get rid of a lot of
+short wavelength fluctuations.
+
+And essentially, the future
+m of x, although I write it
+
+as a continuum, has an
+implicit short scale
+
+below which it
+does not fluctuate.
+
+OK, so we tried to evaluate
+this by certain point,
+
+and we didn't succeed.
+
+So we went phenomenologically
+and tried to describe things
+
+on the basis of scaling theory.
+
+Ultimately, this
+renormalization group
+
+procedure that we would like to
+apply to something like this.
+
+Now, there is a
+part of this that
+
+is actually pretty
+easy to solve.
+
+And that's when
+we ignore anything
+
+that is higher than
+second order in m.
+
+Because once we ignore
+them, we have essentially
+
+a generalized Gaussian integral.
+
+We can do Gaussian integrals.
+
+So what we are going to
+do is, in this lecture,
+
+focusing on understanding
+a lot about the behavior
+
+of the Gaussian
+version of the theory.
+
+Which is certainly a
+diminished version,
+
+because it doesn't have
+lots of essential things.
+
+And then gradually putting
+back all of those things
+
+that we have not considered
+at the Gaussian level.
+
+In particular, we'll
+try to do with them
+
+with a version of a
+perturbation theory.
+
+We'll see that standard
+perturbation theory has
+
+some limitations that
+we will eventually
+
+resolve by using this
+renormalization procedure.
+
+OK.
+
+So what happens if I do that?
+
+Why do I say that that
+theory is now solve-able?
+
+And the key to
+that is, of course,
+
+to go into Fourier
+representation.
+
+Which, because the
+theory that I wrote down
+
+has this inherent
+translational of symmetry,
+
+Fourier representation
+decouples the various m's
+
+that are currently connected
+to their neighborhood
+
+by these gradients
+and high orders.
+
+So let's introduce
+a m of q, which
+
+is the Fourier
+transform of m of x.
+
+Let's see. m of x.
+
+And these are all vectors.
+
+And I should really use a
+different symbol, such as m
+
+[INAUDIBLE], to
+indicate the Fourier
+
+components of this field m of x.
+
+But since in the context
+of renormalization group
+
+we had defined a coarse grained
+field that was in tilde,
+
+I don't want to do that.
+
+I hope that the
+argument of the function
+
+is sufficient indicator of
+whether we are in real space
+
+or in momentum space.
+
+Initially, I'll try
+to put a tail on the m
+
+to indicate that I'm
+doing Fourier space,
+
+but I suspect that very soon
+I'll forget about the tail.
+
+So keep that in mind.
+
+So if I-- oops.
+
+OK.
+
+m of q.
+
+So if I go back and
+write what this m of x
+
+is, it is an integral over 2,
+2 pi to the, d to the minus iq
+
+dot x with m of q.
+
+Now, I also want
+to at some stage,
+
+since it would be cleaner
+to have this rate in terms
+
+of a product of q's, remind you
+that this could have obtained,
+
+if I hadn't gone to
+the continuum version--
+
+if I had a finite
+system-- to a sum over q.
+
+And the sum over q
+would be basically
+
+things that are separated
+q values by multiples of 1
+
+over the size of the system.
+
+And e to the minus iq dot x.
+
+This m with the cues
+that are now discretized.
+
+But let's remember that
+the density of state
+
+has a factor of 1 over v.
+So if I use this definition,
+
+I really should put
+the 1 over v here when
+
+I go to the discrete version.
+
+And I emphasize this
+because previously, we
+
+had done Fourier
+decomposition where
+
+I had used the square root
+of v as a normalization.
+
+It really doesn't matter
+which normalization
+
+you use at the end as long
+as you are consistent.
+
+We'll see the advantages of
+this normalization shortly.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there
+any particular reason
+
+for using the different
+sign in the exponential?
+
+PROFESSOR: Actually, no.
+
+I'm not sure even whether I
+used iqx here or minus iqx here.
+
+It's just a matter
+of which one you
+
+want to stick with consistently.
+
+At the end of the day, the phase
+will not be that important.
+
+So even if we mistake
+one form or the other,
+
+it doesn't make any difference.
+
+So if I do that, then again,
+to sort of be more precise,
+
+I have to think about
+what to do with gradients.
+
+Gradients, I can imagine, are
+the limit of something like n
+
+at x plus A minus n
+at x divided by A.
+
+If this is a gradient
+in the x direction.
+
+And I have to take the
+limit as A goes to 0.
+
+So when I'm thinking about this
+kind of functional integral,
+
+keeping in mind that I have
+a shortest landscape, maybe
+
+one way to do it is to
+imagine that I discretize
+
+my system over here
+into spacing of size A.
+
+And then I have a
+variable on each size,
+
+and then I integrate
+every place,
+
+subject this replacement
+for the gradient.
+
+Again, what you do precisely
+does not matter here.
+
+If you remember in
+the first lecture
+
+when we were thinking
+about the dl lattice system
+
+and then using these kinds
+of coupling between springs
+
+that they're connecting nearest
+neighbors, what ended up
+
+by using this was that
+when I Fourier transformed,
+
+I had things like cosine.
+
+And then when I expanded the
+cosine close to q, close to 0,
+
+I generated a series
+that had q squared,
+
+q to the fourth, et cetera.
+
+So essentially, any
+discretized version corresponds
+
+to an expansion like this with
+sufficient [INAUDIBLE] powers
+
+of q in both.
+
+So at the end of the day, when
+you go through this process,
+
+you find that you can write
+the partition function after
+
+the change of variables to m
+of x to m of q to doing a whole
+
+bunch of integrals
+over different q's.
+
+So, essentially you would
+have-- actually, maybe I
+
+will explicitly put the
+product over q outside
+
+to emphasize that essentially,
+for each q I would
+
+have to do
+independent integrals.
+
+Of course, for
+each q mode I have,
+
+since I've gone to this
+representation of a vector that
+
+is n-dimensional, I have to do
+n integrals on n tilde of q.
+
+On-- m will be the tail of q.
+
+And if I had chosen
+the square root
+
+of V type of
+normalization, the Jacobian
+
+of the transformation from
+here to here would have been 1.
+
+Because it's kind of a
+symmetric way of writing things.
+
+Because I chose this
+way of doing things,
+
+I will have a factor of V to
+the n over 2 in the denominator
+
+here.
+
+But again, it's
+just being pedantic,
+
+because at the
+end of the day, we
+
+don't care about these factors.
+
+We are interested in
+things like this singular
+
+part of the partition
+function as it
+
+depends on these coordinates.
+
+This really just gives
+you an overall constant.
+
+Of course, how many of
+these constants you have
+
+would depend basically how you
+have discretized the problem.
+
+But it is a constant independent
+of tnh, not something
+
+that we have to worry about.
+
+Now what happens to
+these Gaussian factors?
+
+Essentially, I have put
+the product over q outside.
+
+So when I transform this
+integral over xm squared
+
+goes over to an
+integral over q, m of q
+
+squared, which then I
+can write as a product
+
+over those contributions.
+
+And what you will get
+is t plus, from here,
+
+you will get a Kq
+squared, put in Lq
+
+to the fourth and all
+kinds of order terms
+
+that I have included.
+
+Multiplying this m component
+vector m of q squared.
+
+Again, reminding you
+this means m of q,
+
+m of minus q, which is the
+same thing as m star of q,
+
+if you go through these
+procedures over here.
+
+There is 2.
+
+And this factor
+of the v actually
+
+will come up over here.
+
+So previously, I had used the
+normalization square root of V,
+
+and I didn't have this
+factor of 1 over V.
+
+Now I have put if there,
+I will have that factor.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: m minus q is star q
+only if it is the real field,
+
+right?
+
+If m is real.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And we are dealing with
+the field m of q of this.
+
+AUDIENCE: And in the
+case of superfluidity?
+
+PROFESSOR: In the
+case of superfluidity?
+
+So let's see.
+
+So we would have a psi of q
+integral d dx into the i q dot
+
+x psi of x.
+
+If I Fourier
+transform this, I will
+
+get a psi star of q
+integral into the x
+
+into the minus [INAUDIBLE]
+x psi star of x.
+
+So what you are saying is that
+in the case where psi of x
+
+is a complex number-- I
+have psi1 plus ipsi2-- here
+
+I would have psi1 minus ipsi2.
+
+So here I would have
+to make it a statement
+
+that the real part
+and the imaginary part
+
+come when you Fourier transform
+with an additional minus.
+
+But let's remember
+that something
+
+like this that we
+are interested is
+
+psi1 squared plus psi2 squared.
+
+So ultimately that minus sign
+did not make any difference.
+
+But it's good to sort of
+think of all of these issues.
+
+And in particular, we are
+used to thinking of Gaussians,
+
+where I would have a scalar and
+then I would have x squared.
+
+When I have this complex
+number and I have psi of q,
+
+psi of minus q, then
+I have a real part
+
+squared plus an
+imaginary part squared.
+
+And you have to think
+about whether or not
+
+you have changed the number
+of degrees of freedom.
+
+If you basically integrate over
+all q's, you may have problems.
+
+You may have at some point to
+think about seeing psi of q
+
+and psi of minus q star
+are the same thing.
+
+Maybe you have to integrate
+over just the positive values.
+
+But then at each q you will
+have two different variables,
+
+which is the real part
+and the imaginary part.
+
+So you have to think about all
+of those doublings and halvings
+
+that are involved
+in this statement.
+
+And in the notes,
+I have the writeup
+
+about that that you
+go and precisely check
+
+where the factors of
+one half and two go.
+
+But ultimately, it
+looks as if you're
+
+dealing with a simple
+scalar quantity.
+
+So I did not give you
+that detail explicitly,
+
+but you can go and check
+it in the important issue.
+
+The other term that we have.
+
+One advantage of
+this normalization
+
+is that h multiplies
+the integral of m
+
+of x, which is clearly this m
+with a tail for q equals to 0.
+
+So that's [INAUDIBLE] mh
+dotted by this m [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: This is
+assuming a uniform field?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, that's right.
+
+So we are thinking about
+the physics problem,
+
+but we added the uniform field.
+
+So if you are for
+some physical reason
+
+interested in a
+position where you
+
+feel you can modify that,
+then this would be h of q,
+
+m of minus q.
+
+Actually, one reason ultimately
+to choose this normalization is
+
+that clearly what appears
+here is a sum of q.
+
+If I go over to my integral over
+q, then the factor of 1 over V
+
+disappears.
+
+So that's one reason-- since
+mostly after this, going
+
+through the details we'll be
+dealing with the continuum
+
+version-- I prefer
+this normalization.
+
+And we can now do the
+Gaussian integrals.
+
+Basically, there's an
+overall factor of 1
+
+over V to the n over
+2 for each q mode.
+
+Then each one of these
+Gaussian integrals
+
+will leave me a factor of
+root 2 pi times the variant.
+
+So I will get 2 pi.
+
+The variance is V
+divided by t plus k
+
+q squared plus lq to the
+fourth, and so forth.
+
+Square root, but there
+are n components,
+
+so I will get
+something like this.
+
+And then the term that
+corresponds to q equals to 0
+
+does not have any of this part.
+
+So it will give a
+contribution even
+
+for q equals to 0
+that is like this.
+
+But you have a term that shifts
+the center of integration
+
+from m equals to 0 because
+of the presence of the field.
+
+So you will get a term that is
+exponential of essentially--
+
+completing the square-- will
+give you V divided by 2t times
+
+h squared.
+
+Now, clearly the thing
+that I'm interested
+
+is log of Z as a
+function of t and h.
+
+I'm interested in
+t and h dependents.
+
+So there is a bunch
+of things that
+
+are constants that
+I don't really care.
+
+And then there is a, from
+here, minus 1/2, actually
+
+minus n 1/2 sum over q log of t
+plus k q squared and so forth.
+
+And plus here, I have
+V a squared over 2t.
+
+So I can define
+something that's like
+
+if the energy from log of
+Z divided by the volume.
+
+And you can see
+that once I replace
+
+this sum of a q
+with an integral,
+
+I will get a factor of volume
+that I can disregard then.
+
+So there's some other constant.
+
+And then I have plus n over 2
+integral over q divided by q pi
+
+to the d log of q plus k
+q squared, and so forth.
+
+Minus V k squared divided by 2t.
+
+Now, again, the
+question is what's
+
+the range of q's that
+I have to integrate,
+
+given that I'm making things
+that are coarse grained.
+
+Now, if I were to really
+discretize my system
+
+and, say, put it on
+q and you plot this,
+
+then the allowed values
+of q would leave on
+
+the [INAUDIBLE] zone.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] zone, say, in
+the different directions in q
+
+would be something
+like the q that
+
+would be centered
+around pi over a.
+
+But it would be centered
+at 0, but then you
+
+would have pi plus pi over a.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: The d would
+disappear, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: The d would disappear
+because I divided by it.
+
+So in principle, if I had
+done the discretization
+
+to a cube and plot this, I would
+have been integrating over q
+
+that this would find
+to a cube like this.
+
+But maybe I chose
+some other lattice
+
+like a diamond
+lattice, et cetera.
+
+Then the shape of this
+thing would change.
+
+But what's the meaning of doing
+the whole thing on a lattice
+
+anyway?
+
+The thing that I want
+to do is to make sure
+
+that I have done some
+averaging in order to remove
+
+short wavelength fluctuations.
+
+So a much more natural way to
+do that averaging and removing
+
+short wavelength
+operations is to say
+
+that my field has only
+Fourier components that
+
+are from 0 to some maximum
+value of lambda, which
+
+is the inverse of some radiant.
+
+And if you are worried about
+the difference in integration
+
+between doing things on
+this nice mirror that
+
+has nice symmetry and
+maybe doing it on a cube,
+
+then the difference
+is essentially
+
+the bit of integration that
+you would have to do over here.
+
+But the function that
+you are integrating
+
+his no singularities
+for large values of q.
+
+You are interested
+in the singularities
+
+of the function
+when t goes to 0.
+
+And then the log
+has singularities
+
+when its argument goes to 0.
+
+So I should be interested,
+as far as singularities
+
+are concerned, only in the
+vicinity of this point anyway.
+
+What I do out there,
+whether I replace the sphere
+
+with the cube or
+et cetera, will add
+
+some other non-singular
+term over here,
+
+which I don't really care.
+
+Actually, if I do that,
+this non-singular term
+
+here could be actually
+functions of t.
+
+But they would be very perfect
+and regular functions of t.
+
+Like constant plus
+alpha t, plus pheta q
+
+squared, et cetera, that
+have no singularities.
+
+So if I'm interested
+in singularities,
+
+I am going to be
+focused on that.
+
+Now actually, we
+encountered this integral
+
+before when we were
+looking at corrections
+
+to the saddle-point
+approximation.
+
+And if you remember what
+we did then was to take,
+
+let's say, C of d
+of h across 0 while
+
+taking two derivatives of this
+free energy with respect to t.
+
+And then we ended
+up with an integral.
+
+There's a minus
+sign here over d.
+
+n over 2 integral
+dt 2 pi squared.
+
+2 pi to the d.
+
+Taking two derivatives
+of the log.
+
+The first derivative will
+give me 1 over the argument.
+
+The second derivative will give
+me 1 over the argument squared.
+
+One side take care
+of the minus sign.
+
+Now, I think this is
+a kind of integral,
+
+after I have focused
+on the singular part,
+
+that I can replace when
+integrating over a sphere.
+
+Now, when I integrate
+over a sphere,
+
+I may be concerned about what's
+going on at small values.
+
+At q, at small values of
+q, as long as t is around,
+
+I have no problem.
+
+When t goes to 0, I
+will have to worry
+
+about the singularity
+that comes from 1 over k,
+
+2 squared, et cetera.
+
+So that's really the singularity
+that I'm interested in.
+
+Exactly what happens
+at large q, I'm
+
+not really all
+that interested in.
+
+And in particular, what I can
+do is I can rescale things.
+
+I can call q squared
+over t to the x squared.
+
+So I can essentially make
+that change over there.
+
+So that whenever I
+see a factor of q,
+
+I replace it with t
+over k to the 1/2 x.
+
+What happens here?
+
+I have, first of all, n over 2.
+
+I have 1 over 2 pi to the d.
+
+Writing this in terms
+of spherical symmetry,
+
+I will have the solid
+angle d dimensions.
+
+And then I would have
+q to d minus 1 q.
+
+Every time I put a factor of
+q, I can replace it with this.
+
+So I would have a t over
+k with a power of q/2.
+
+And then I have my integral
+that becomes the x,
+
+x to the d minus 1, 1 plus
+x squared plus potentially
+
+higher order things like this.
+
+Now, the upper cut-off
+for x is in fact
+
+square root k over
+t times lambda.
+
+And we are interested in the
+limit of when t goes to 0.
+
+So that upper limit is
+essentially going to infinity.
+
+Now, whether or
+not this integral,
+
+if I learn to ignore
+higher order terms
+
+and focus on the first
+term, exists really
+
+depends on whether d is larger,
+d minus 1 plus 1 d minus 4
+
+is positive or negative.
+
+And in particular,
+if I learn to get rid
+
+of all those higher order terms.
+
+And basically, the
+argument for that
+
+is the things that would go
+with x to the fourth, et cetera,
+
+if we carry additional
+factors of t--
+
+and hopefully getting rid
+of them as to go to 0--
+
+will give me an
+integral like this.
+
+This will exist only
+if I am in dimensions
+
+d that is less than 4.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you
+missing the factors of t
+
+over t that comes
+with the denominator?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+There is a factor
+of 1 over t here.
+
+So I have to put
+out the factor of t.
+
+Write this as 1 plus k
+over t plus the element
+
+of t, et cetera.
+
+So there is a
+factor of 1 over t.
+
+AUDIENCE: t squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: And
+that's a factor of t
+
+squared, because
+that's two powers.
+
+So if I'm in dimensions d
+less than 4, what I can write
+
+is that this c singular,
+this as t goes to 0.
+
+The leading behavior,
+this goes to the constant.
+
+So as we discussed, after all
+of the mistakes that I made,
+
+there will be some overall
+coefficient A. The power of t
+
+will be d over 2 minus 2.
+
+d over 2 came from
+the integrations.
+
+1 over t squared came
+from the denominator.
+
+And then if I were to expand
+all of these other terms
+
+that we've ignored,
+higher powers of-- here
+
+I will get various series
+that will correct this.
+
+But the leading key dependents
+in dimensions less than 4
+
+is this thing that we
+had seen previously.
+
+Now I can take this, and
+you see that in dimensions
+
+d less than 4,
+this is a singular
+
+term that is diversion.
+
+If I were to say
+what kind of thing
+
+was of the energy that
+gave result to this?
+
+Then it would say that
+if the energy must
+
+have had some other constant
+that was proportionate of the t
+
+to the d over 2, that when
+I put two derivatives,
+
+I got something like this.
+
+Of course, if the
+energy could also
+
+have had a term that was linear
+in t, I wouldn't have seen it.
+
+So there is a singular part.
+
+Essentially, if I were to do
+that integral in dimensions
+
+less than fourth, I will
+get a leading singularity
+
+that is applied.
+
+I will get a singularity
+that is like this.
+
+I will get additional terms
+per constant-- t, t squared,
+
+et cetera-- and
+singular terms that
+
+are subbing in to this one.
+
+And then, of course,
+I have a term
+
+that is minus h squared over t
+if I were to include this here.
+
+So why don't I write the answer
+as B minus h divided by t
+
+to the 1/2 plus d/4,
+the whole thing squared.
+
+So what I did was essentially
+I divided and multiplied
+
+by inputting d and put the whole
+thing in the form of h divided
+
+by t to something squared?
+
+Why did I do that?
+
+It's because we had first
+related a singular form
+
+for the energies in the scaling
+picture that had the E to the 2
+
+minus alpha in front of
+them and the function of h t
+
+to the delta.
+
+And all I wanted to emphasize
+is that this picture, 2 minus
+
+alpha is d over 2.
+
+And the thing that we
+call the gap exponent
+
+is 1/2 plus d over 4.
+
+Of course, I can't
+use this theory
+
+as a description of the case.
+
+And the reason for that is
+that the Gaussian theory
+
+exists and is well-defined
+only as long as t is positive.
+
+Because once t becomes
+negative, then the rate
+
+essentially becomes ill-defined.
+
+Because if I look at the
+various rates that I have here,
+
+we certainly-- the
+rate for q equals to 0.
+
+It is proportional
+to minus t over 2v.
+
+If the t changes sign, rather
+than having a Gaussian,
+
+I have essentially a rate that
+is maximized as [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So clearly, again, by
+issue of stability,
+
+the theory for t negative does
+not describe a stable theory.
+
+And that's why n to the
+fourth and all of those terms
+
+will be necessary to describe
+that side of the phase
+
+transition.
+
+So if you like, this is
+a kind of a description
+
+of a singularity that exists
+only in this half of the space.
+
+Kind of reminiscent of coming
+from the disordered side,
+
+but I don't want to give
+it more reality than that.
+
+It's a mathematical construct.
+
+If we want to venture
+to make the connection
+
+to the actual phase
+transition, we
+
+have to prove the
+n to the fourth.
+
+Now, the only reason to go
+and recap this Gaussian theory
+
+is because since
+it is solve-able,
+
+we can try to use
+it as a toy model
+
+to apply the various steps
+of renormalization group
+
+that we had outlined
+last lecture.
+
+And once we understand the
+steps of renormalization group
+
+for this theory, then it
+gives us an anchoring point
+
+when we describe
+the full theory that
+
+has n to the fourth,
+et cetera-- how
+
+to sort of start with the
+renormalization approach
+
+to the theory as we understand
+and do the more complicated.
+
+So essentially, as I said, it's
+not really a phase transition
+
+that can be described
+by this theory.
+
+It's a singularity.
+
+But its value is that it is
+this fully-modelled anchoring
+
+point for the full theory
+that we are describing.
+
+So what we want to do is to do
+an RG for the Gaussian model.
+
+So what is the procedure.
+
+We have a theory best
+described in the space
+
+of variables q, the
+Fourier variables.
+
+Where I have modes that
+exist between 0-- very long
+
+wavelength-- to lambda, which
+is the inverse of some shortest
+
+wavelength that I'm allowing.
+
+And so basically, I have
+a bunch of modes m of q
+
+that are defined in
+this range of qx.
+
+The first step of RG
+was to coarse grain.
+
+The idea of coarse graining was
+to change the scale over which
+
+you were doing the
+averaging from some a to ba.
+
+So average from a to
+ba of fluctuations.
+
+So once I do that,
+at the end of the day
+
+I have fluctuations whose
+minimum wavelength has
+
+gone from a to ba.
+
+So that means that q max, after
+I go and do this procedure,
+
+is the previous q max that I
+had divided by a factor of b.
+
+So basically, at the end
+of the day I want to have,
+
+after coarse graining,
+variables that only exist up
+
+to lambda over b.
+
+Whereas previously,
+they existed after that.
+
+So this is very
+easy at this level.
+
+All I can do is to
+replace this m tilde of q
+
+in terms of two sets.
+
+I will call it to
+be sigma if q is
+
+greater than this lambda over b.
+
+That is, everybody that
+is out here, their q--
+
+I will call it q larger.
+
+Everybody that is here,
+their q I will call q lesser.
+
+And all the modes
+that were here,
+
+I will give them
+a different name.
+
+The ones here I will call sigma.
+
+The ones here, if q
+less than lambda over b,
+
+will get called m tilde.
+
+So I just renamed my variables.
+
+So essentially, right
+here I had integration
+
+over all of the modes.
+
+I just renamed some of
+the modes that were inside
+
+q lesser and sigma--
+and tilde, the ones that
+
+are outside q greater.
+
+So what I have to do
+for my Gaussian theory.
+
+Let's write it rather
+than in this form
+
+that was discrete in
+terms of the continuum.
+
+I have to iterate over all
+configurations of these Fourier
+
+modes.
+
+So I have these m tilde of q's.
+
+And the wave that I have
+to assign to them when
+
+I look at the continuum is
+exponential, integral in dq
+
+q to pi to the d.
+
+T plus kq squared, and so forth.
+
+And tilde of q squared.
+
+And then I had the one
+term that was hm of 0.
+
+What I have done is
+to simply rewrite
+
+this as two sets of
+integrations over the-- whoops.
+
+This was m.
+
+m, let's call is sigma
+first-- sigma of q
+
+larger integrate over
+m tilde of q lesser.
+
+And actually, you can
+see that the modes here
+
+and the modes here don't
+talk to each other.
+
+And that's really the advantage
+of doing the Gaussian theory.
+
+And the thing that allowed
+me to solve the problem here
+
+and also to do the
+coarse graining there.
+
+Once we do things
+like n to the fourth,
+
+then I will have
+couplings between modes
+
+that go across between
+the three sets.
+
+And then the problem
+becomes difficult.
+
+But now that I
+don't have that, I
+
+can actually separately write
+the integral as two parts.
+
+And this is for q lesser.
+
+And for each one of them, I
+essentially have the same rate.
+
+The integral over q
+greater goes between lambda
+
+over d and lambda.
+
+The integral over
+m tilde of q lesser
+
+is essentially the same thing.
+
+Exponential minus integral
+0 to lambda over d. dv
+
+q lesser to five to the d,
+t plus kq lesser squared,
+
+and so forth.
+
+And q lesser squared.
+
+And then I have the additional
+term which sits at 0.
+
+It is part of the modes that
+are assigned with q lesser.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+Nothing particularly
+profound here.
+
+In fact, it's very simple.
+
+It's just renaming
+two sets of modes.
+
+And the averaging
+that I have to do,
+
+and getting rid of
+the fluctuations
+
+at short wavelength,
+here is very trickier.
+
+Because this is just a
+bunch of integrations
+
+that I had to do over here,
+but it is only over things
+
+that are sitting close to
+the edge of this [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So essentially, the
+integrations over these modes
+
+is doing this
+integral over here,
+
+from lambda over d to lambda,
+and none of the singularities
+
+has anything to do with
+the range of integration
+
+from lambda over d to lambda.
+
+So the result of
+doing all of that
+
+is simply just a constant--
+but not a constant.
+
+It's a function of t that
+is completely non-singular
+
+and have a nice state of
+expansion powers of t.
+
+A kind of [INAUDIBLE] I
+call non-singular functions
+
+sometimes.
+
+Constant thing is
+that eventually
+
+if you take sufficiently
+high derivatives,
+
+I guess, of this value, the
+t dependents [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So all of the interesting thing
+is really in this m tilde of k
+
+lesser.
+
+And really, the eventual
+process of renormalization
+
+in this picture is
+something like this.
+
+That all of the
+singularities are
+
+sitting at the center of this
+kind of orange-shaped entity.
+
+And rather than biting
+the whole thing,
+
+you kind of cut it slowly
+and slowly from the edge,
+
+approaching to where all
+of the exciting things
+
+are at the center.
+
+For this problem
+of the Gaussian,
+
+it turns out to be
+trivial to do so.
+
+But for the more
+general problem,
+
+it can be interesting because
+procedure is the same.
+
+We are interested in
+what's happening here,
+
+but we gradually peel
+of things that we
+
+know don't cause anything
+difficult for the problems.
+
+So then I have to
+multiply with this,
+
+and I have found in some sense
+a probability for configurations
+
+of the coarse grain system,
+which is simply given by this.
+
+But then renormalization
+group has two other steps.
+
+The second step was to
+say, well, in real space,
+
+as we said, the picture
+that is represented
+
+by these coarse grain
+variables is grainy.
+
+If my pixels were previously
+one by one by one,
+
+now my pixels are d by d by d.
+
+So I can make my picture look
+to have the same resolution
+
+as my initial
+picture if I rescale
+
+all of the events
+for a factor of t.
+
+In momentum representation,
+or intuitive presentation,
+
+it corresponds to rescaling all
+of the q's by a factor of B.
+
+And clearly, what
+that serves to achieve
+
+is that if I replace q
+lesser with B times q prime,
+
+then the maximum value will
+go back to 0 to lambda.
+
+So by doing this
+one in formation,
+
+I can ensure that the upper
+cut-off is, in fact, lambda
+
+again.
+
+Now, there was another
+thing, which in real space
+
+we said that we defined m
+prime to be m tilde rescaled
+
+by some factor zeta.
+
+I had to do a change
+of the contrast.
+
+I did have to do the
+same change of contrast
+
+here, except that the variables
+that I am dealing with here,
+
+it was in x coordinates.
+
+What I want to do it
+is in the q coordinate.
+
+So I will call m with
+a tail prime of q prime
+
+to be m tilde of q
+prime by a factor of z.
+
+The difference between
+the z and the zeta, which
+
+is real space and Fourier
+space is just the fact
+
+that in going from
+one to the other,
+
+you have to do
+integrations over space.
+
+So dimensionally,
+there is a factor of b
+
+to the d difference between
+the rescaling of this quantity
+
+and that quantity,
+and if you want to use
+
+or the other zeta against
+b to the minus d and z.
+
+But since we would be doing
+everything in Fourier space,
+
+we would just use this
+factor traditionally.
+
+So if I do that, what do I find?
+
+I find that Z of t of h is
+exponential of some singular,
+
+non-singular dependents.
+
+And then I have to integrate
+over these new variables,
+
+m prime of q prime.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: In your real
+space renormalization
+
+your m tilde is a
+function of an x.
+
+But in your Fourier
+space representation
+
+your m tilde is a
+function of q prime?
+
+PROFESSOR: I guess I could have
+written here x prime, also.
+
+It doesn't really matter.
+
+So do you have here?
+
+You have exponential
+minus the integral.
+
+The integration for q prime now
+is going back to 0 to lambda.
+
+I have db of q prime
+divided by 2 pi to the d.
+
+Now, you see that every time
+I have a q-- V or q, q lesser,
+
+in fact-- I have
+to go to q prime
+
+by introducing a
+factor of the inverse.
+
+So there will be a total
+factor of V to the minus V
+
+that comes from
+this integration.
+
+And that will multiply t.
+
+That will multiply
+kb to the minus d.
+
+But then here I have to q's
+because of the q squared there.
+
+Again, doing the same thing, I
+will get V to the d minus two.
+
+I had q plus 2, if you like.
+
+And then the next l would
+be lb to the d minus 4.
+
+And you can see that as I have
+higher and higher derivatives
+
+of q, I get higher and
+higher powers with negative
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+But then I have m tilde that I
+want to replace with m prime.
+
+And that process will give
+me a factor of z squared.
+
+And then I have m prime
+of q prime squared.
+
+There is no integration
+for this terms.
+
+It's just one mode.
+
+But each mode I have
+rescaled by a factor of z.
+
+So I will have a term that
+is z h dot m prime of 0.
+
+So what we see is that
+what we have managed to do
+
+is to make the Gaussian
+integration over
+
+here precisely the same thing
+as the Gaussian integration
+
+that I started with.
+
+So I can conclude
+that this function tnh
+
+that I am interested in has
+a path that is non-singular.
+
+But its singular
+part is the same
+
+as the same z calculated for
+a bunch of new parameters.
+
+And in particular, the
+new t is v to the minus
+
+d z squared the old t.
+
+The new k is b to the minus
+d minus 2 z squared q.
+
+The new L would be to the
+minus d minus 4 z squared L,
+
+and so forth.
+
+And the new h is zh.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: There should be q
+prime squared and q prime 4?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+This is my day to do a
+lot of algebraic errors.
+
+OK.
+
+So what is the
+change in parameters?
+
+So I wrote it over there.
+
+So this kind of captures
+the very simplest type
+
+of renormalization.
+
+Actually, all I did
+was a scaling analysis.
+
+If I were to change
+positions by a factor of b
+
+and change the magnitude of my
+field m by a factor z or zeta,
+
+this is the kind of
+results that I will get.
+
+Now, how can we make this
+capture the kind of picture
+
+that we have over here in the
+language of renormalization?
+
+Want to be able to
+change two parameters
+
+and reach a fixed point.
+
+So we know that kind of
+[INAUDIBLE] that t and h
+
+have to go to 0.
+
+They are the variables
+that determine essentially
+
+whether you are at this
+said similar point.
+
+So if t and h I forget, the
+next most important term that
+
+comes into play is k prime,
+which is some function of k.
+
+And if I want to be
+at the fixed point,
+
+I may want to choose
+the factor z such
+
+that k prime is the same as k.
+
+So choose z such
+that k prime is k.
+
+And that tells me
+immediately that z
+
+would be b to the power
+of 1 plus d over 2.
+
+If I choose that particular
+form of z, then what do I get?
+
+I get t prime is z
+squared b to the minus b.
+
+So when I do that, I
+will get b squared t.
+
+I get that h prime
+is just z times h.
+
+So it is b to the 1
+plus b over 2 times h.
+
+These are both directions that
+as b becomes larger than 1,
+
+b prime becomes larger than th
+prime, becomes larger than h.
+
+These are relevant directions.
+
+I would associate with them
+eigenvalues y dt minus 2.
+
+Divide h.
+
+That is 1 plus d over 2.
+
+So if I go according to the
+scaling construction that we
+
+had before, f singular
+of tnh is t to the power
+
+d over y dt, some
+scaling function of h,
+
+g to the power of
+divide h over y dt.
+
+This is what we have
+established before.
+
+With these values I will
+get t to the d over 2,
+
+some scaling function of h, t to
+the power of 1/2 plus d over 4.
+
+We can immediately compare this
+expression and this expression
+
+that we have over here.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait.
+
+What's the reason
+to choose scale
+
+as the parameter that maps
+onto itself and not L?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I'll come to that.
+
+So having gone this far,
+let's see what l is doing.
+
+So if I put here-- you
+can see that clearly L
+
+has v to the minus
+2 compared to k.
+
+So currently, the way
+that we established,
+
+L prime is b to the minus 2m.
+
+If I had a higher
+derivative, it would
+
+be b to a minus larger
+number, et cetera.
+
+So L, out of these other things,
+are irrelevant variables.
+
+So they are essentially
+under rescaling,
+
+under looking at the system
+in larger and larger scale,
+
+they will go to 0.
+
+And I did get a system that has
+the same topological structure
+
+as what I had established here.
+
+Because I have to
+tune two parameters
+
+in order to reach
+the critical point.
+
+Let's say I had
+chosen something else.
+
+If I had chosen z such
+that L prime equals to L.
+
+I could do that.
+
+Then all of the derivatives that
+are higher factors of q in this
+
+[INAUDIBLE], they would
+be all irrelevant.
+
+But then I would
+have k, t, and h
+
+all with irrelevant variables.
+
+So yeah, it could be that
+there is some physics.
+
+I mean, certainly
+mathematically I
+
+can ask the system what
+happens if k goes to 0.
+
+I kind of ignore
+the k dependencies
+
+that I have in all
+of these expressions,
+
+but there are going to be
+singular dependencies on k.
+
+So if there is indeed
+some experimental system
+
+in which you have to tune,
+in addition temperature,
+
+something that has
+to do with the way
+
+that the spins or
+degrees of freedom
+
+are coupled to each other,
+and that coupling changes sign
+
+from being positive
+to being negative,
+
+you go from one type of behavior
+to another type of behavior,
+
+maybe this would be
+a good thing for it.
+
+But you can see the
+kind of structure
+
+you would get if k has to go
+to 0, you go from a structure
+
+where things want to be
+in the same direction
+
+to things that want
+to be anti-parallel.
+
+And then clearly you need higher
+order terms to stabilize things
+
+so that your
+singularity does not
+
+go all the way to 0
+wavelength, et cetera.
+
+So one can actually come
+up with physical systems
+
+that kind of resemble
+that, were there
+
+is some landscape
+that is also chosen.
+
+But for this very simplest
+thing that we are doing,
+
+this is what is going on.
+
+But you could have also
+asked the other question.
+
+So clearly we
+understand what happens
+
+if you choose z so
+that some term is fixed
+
+and everything above it is
+relevant, everything below it
+
+is irrelevant.
+
+But why not choose z
+such that t is fixed?
+
+So that's going to
+be b to the d over 2,
+
+then t prime equals to t.
+
+If I choose that, then
+clearly the coupling k
+
+will already be irrelevant.
+
+So this is actually a
+reasonable fixed point.
+
+It's a fixed one that
+corresponds to a system
+
+where k has gone
+to 0, which means
+
+that the different points
+don't talk to each other.
+
+Remember, when we
+were discussing
+
+the behavior of correlation
+lens at fixed points,
+
+there was two possibilities--
+either the correlation
+
+lens was infinite or it was 0.
+
+So if I choose this, then k
+prime will go eventually to 0.
+
+I go towards a system in
+which the degrees of freedom
+
+are completely decoupled
+from each other.
+
+Perfectly well-behaved.
+
+Fixed behavior that corresponds
+to 0 correlation lens.
+
+And you can see that if
+I go through this formula
+
+that I told you over
+here, zeta in real space
+
+would be b to the
+minus d over 2.
+
+And what that means
+is that if you average
+
+independent variables
+over a size b,
+
+the scale of fluctuation is
+because of the central limit
+
+theeorem is the square
+root of the volume.
+
+So that's how it scales.
+
+So essentially, what's
+at the end of the story?
+
+That's a behavior in which there
+is only one coefficient event--
+
+forget about h.
+
+The eventual rate is just t over
+2m squared at different points.
+
+That's the central limit here.
+
+So through a different route, we
+have rediscovered, if you like,
+
+the central limit theorem.
+
+Because if you average lots
+of uncorrelated variables,
+
+you will generate
+Gaussian rates.
+
+So what we are really
+after in this language
+
+is how to generalize the
+central limit theorem, how to--
+
+as we find the analog of
+a Gaussian, the degrees
+
+of freedom that
+are not correlated
+
+but talk to their neighborhood.
+
+So the kind of field
+theory that we are after
+
+are these generalizations
+of central limit theorem
+
+to the types of
+field theories that
+
+have some locality enablement.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So wherever you can
+define the renormalization
+
+you're finding different z's?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: We can tune
+how many parameters we
+
+want to be able to--
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+Yes.
+
+And that's where the
+physics comes into play.
+
+Mathematically, there's a whole
+set of different fixed points
+
+that you can construct for
+choosing different z's.
+
+You have to decide
+which one of them
+
+corresponds to the
+physical problem
+
+that you are working on.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+So if the fixed point
+stops being just defined
+
+by the nature of the
+system, but it's also
+
+depends on how we
+define renormalization?
+
+On mathematical
+descriptions and--
+
+PROFESSOR: If by how we
+define renormalization looking
+
+to choose z, yes,
+I agree with you.
+
+Yes.
+
+But again, you have
+this possibility
+
+of looking at the system
+at different scales.
+
+But we have been very agnostic
+about what that system is.
+
+And so you how many
+ways of doing things.
+
+Ultimately, you need some
+reality to come and choose
+
+among these different ways.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you
+do want to keep k
+
+a relevant variable in
+group problems, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+I make k to be a fixed variable.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, exactly.
+
+Why don't you add a small
+amount, like an absolute
+
+to the power of bf and
+[INAUDIBLE] point z.
+
+Plus or minus, doesn't matter.
+
+Why the equality
+assumption exactly?
+
+And the smaller one
+doesn't change anything?
+
+All the other variables
+like L become irrelevant?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the point is that it
+is b raised to some power.
+
+So here I had, I don't
+know, Katie k prime was k.
+
+And you say, why not
+kb to the absolute?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, exactly.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now,
+the thing that I'm
+
+interested in what happens
+at larger and larger scale.
+
+So in principle, I
+should be able to make v
+
+as large as I want.
+
+So I don't have the
+freedom that you mentioned.
+
+And you are right in
+the sense that, OK,
+
+what does it mean
+whether this ratio is
+
+larger than or
+smaller than what?
+
+But the point is that
+once you have selected
+
+some parameter in your system--
+L or whatever you have,
+
+some value-- you can, by
+playing around with this,
+
+choose a value of V
+for any epsilon such
+
+that you reach that limit.
+
+So by doing this, you in a
+sense have defined a lens scale.
+
+The lens scale would
+depend on epsilon,
+
+and you would have
+different behaviors,
+
+whether you have shorter
+than that lens scale
+
+or larger than that lens scale.
+
+So this has to be done precisely
+because of this freedom
+
+of making b larger, and so on.
+
+Now, if you are dealing
+with a finite system
+
+and you can't make your b
+much larger than something
+
+or whatever, then
+you're perfectly right.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Physically,
+z or zeta should
+
+be whatever type quantity
+is needed to actually make
+
+it look exactly the same--
+where it keeps coming out.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly, yes.
+
+That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then we
+know, because we already
+
+know that we have two
+relevant variables,
+
+that z has to look this
+way for a system that
+
+has two relevant variables.
+
+PROFESSOR: For the
+Gaussian one, right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+But then if we had a
+different kind of system,
+
+then actually, just going
+from the physical perspective,
+
+we would need a different z
+to make things look the same.
+
+And that would give
+us a different number
+
+of variables here.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+That's right.
+
+Now, in terms of that
+practically in all cases
+
+we either are dealing
+with a phase that
+
+has 0 correlation
+on that, and then
+
+this Gaussian behavior
+and central limit theorem
+
+is what we are dealing-- and the
+averaging is by 1 over volume.
+
+Or we have something
+that is very pretty
+
+close to this big [INAUDIBLE]
+that we have now discovered,
+
+which is just the
+gradient squared.
+
+And that has its own
+scaling according
+
+to these powers that
+I have found here,
+
+and I will explain
+that more deeply.
+
+It turns out that at
+the end of the day,
+
+that when we look at
+real phase transitions,
+
+all of these exponents will
+change, but not too much.
+
+So this Gaussian fixed point
+is actually in some sense
+
+rather close to where
+we want to end up.
+
+So that's why it's also an
+important anchoring point,
+
+as I just mentioned.
+
+Again, I said that
+essentially what we did
+
+was take the rate that
+we had originally,
+
+and we did a rescaling.
+
+So basically, we
+replace x by-- let
+
+me get the directions there.
+
+So we replace x by bx prime.
+
+If I had started
+being in real space,
+
+I would have replaced
+m with zeta m prime.
+
+m after getting rid of
+some degrees of freedom.
+
+Again, zeta m prime.
+
+Before I just do that to the
+rate that I had written before,
+
+there was a beta h.
+
+Which was we could derive
+d d x t over 2m squared, um
+
+to the fourth and
+higher order terms,
+
+k over 2 gradient m squared, L
+over 2 Laplacian of m squared
+
+and so forth.
+
+Just do this
+replacement of things.
+
+What do I get?
+
+I get that t prime
+is b to the d.
+
+Whenever I see x, I
+replace it with dx prime.
+
+Whenever I see m, I replace
+it with zeta m prime.
+
+So I get here the zeta squared.
+
+u prime would be b to
+the d zeta to the fourth.
+
+k prime would be b to the
+b minus 2 zeta squared.
+
+L prime would be
+b to the d minus 4
+
+zeta squared, and so forth.
+
+Essentially.
+
+All I did was replace x with b
+times x prime and m with zeta m
+
+prime.
+
+If I do that
+throughout, you can see
+
+how the various
+factors will change.
+
+So I didn't do all of
+these integrations,
+
+et cetera that I did over here.
+
+I just did the dimensional
+analysis, if you like.
+
+And within that dimensional
+analysis now in real space,
+
+if I set k prime to be k, you
+can see that zeta is d to the 2
+
+minus d over 2.
+
+And again, you can see
+that once I have fixed k,
+
+all of the things that have the
+same power of m but two higher
+
+derivatives would get a
+factor of b to the minus 2,
+
+just as we had over here.
+
+Again, with this
+choice, you can check
+
+that if I put it back here,
+I would get b squared.
+
+But let's imagine that I have
+a generalization of m to the n.
+
+If I have a term that
+multiplies m to some power p--
+
+with the coefficient up-- then
+under this kind of rescaling
+
+I will get up prime is b to the
+d zeta to the power of p, up.
+
+And with this choice
+of zeta, what do I get?
+
+I will get b to the d.
+
+And then I will get plus p
+1 minus d over 2 times up.
+
+Which I can define to be b
+to some power yp times up.
+
+Look here to make sure.
+
+So my yp, the
+dimension of something
+
+that multiplies
+m to some power p
+
+is simply p plus
+d 1 minus p or 2.
+
+And let's check some things.
+
+I have y1.
+
+y1 would correspond to a
+magnetic field, something
+
+that is proportional
+to the m itself.
+
+And if I push p close to 1,
+I will get 1 plus d over 2.
+
+And that is, indeed, the
+yh that we had over here.
+
+1 plus d over 2.
+
+So this is yh.
+
+If I ask what is
+multiplying m squared,
+
+I put p equals to 2 here.
+
+I will get 2, and then here
+I would get 1 minus 2 over 2.
+
+So that's the same thing.
+
+This is the thing that we
+were calling before yt.
+
+We didn't include any
+nq term in the theory,
+
+didn't make sense to us.
+
+But we certainly
+included the u that
+
+was multiplied in
+m to the fourth.
+
+AUDIENCE: So is the p
+[INAUDIBLE] in the yp?
+
+PROFESSOR: There is p times
+1 plus d 1 minus p over 2.
+
+p over 2.
+
+Just rewrote it.
+
+If I look at 4, here would be 4.
+
+And then I would put 1 minus
+4 over 2, which is 1 minus 2,
+
+which is minus 1.
+
+So I would get 4 minus z.
+
+If I look at y6, I
+would get 6 minus 2d.
+
+And so forth.
+
+So if I just do
+dimensional analysis
+
+and I say that I start with a
+fixed point that corresponds
+
+to gradient of m squared,
+and everybody else 0,
+
+and I ask, if in the
+vicinity of the fixed point
+
+where k is fixed
+and everybody else
+
+is 0 I put on a little bit
+up any of these other terms,
+
+what happens?
+
+And I find that what happens
+is that certainly the h
+
+term, the term that is
+linear, will be relevant.
+
+The term that is m
+squared is relevant.
+
+Whether or not all the
+other terms in the series--
+
+like m to the fourth, m
+to the sixth, et cetera--
+
+will be relevant
+depends on dimension.
+
+So once more we've hit
+this dimensional fork.
+
+So the term m to
+the fourth that we
+
+said is crucial to getting this
+theory to have some meaning--
+
+and there's no reason for it
+to be absent-- is, in fact,
+
+relevant.
+
+In fact, close to
+three dimensions
+
+you would say that that's
+really the only other term that
+
+is relevant.
+
+And you'd say, well,
+it's almost good enough.
+
+But almost good enough
+is not sufficient.
+
+If we want to describe a
+physical theory that has only
+
+two relevant directions, we
+cannot use this fixed point,
+
+because this fixed point has
+three relevant directions
+
+in three dimensions.
+
+We have to deal
+with this somehow.
+
+So what will we do?
+
+Next is to explicitly
+include this m to the fourth.
+
+In fact, we will include
+all the other terms, also.
+
+But we will see that all the
+other terms, all the higher
+
+powers, are irrelevant
+in the same sense
+
+that all of these
+higher derivative terms
+
+are irrelevant.
+
+But that m to the
+fourth term is something
+
+that we really have
+to take care of.
+
+And we will do that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XDpCdELStJs.txt b/XDpCdELStJs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3442a58337141c7fd2fa58549dab739ff9895024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XDpCdELStJs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2975 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's start.
+
+So, we've moved onto the
+two-dimensional xy model.
+
+This is a system
+where, let's say
+
+on each side of a square lattice
+you put a unit vector that
+
+has two components
+and hence, can
+
+be described by an angle theta.
+
+So basically, at each side,
+you have an angle theta
+
+for that side.
+
+And there is a tendency for a
+neighboring spins to be aligned
+
+and the partition
+function can be
+
+written as a sum over
+all configurations, which
+
+is equivalent to integrating
+over all of these angles.
+
+And the weight that wants
+to make the two neighboring
+
+spins to be parallel
+to each other.
+
+So we have a sum over
+nearest neighbors.
+
+And the dot product of
+the two spins amounts
+
+to looking at the cosine
+of theta i minus theta j.
+
+And so, we have this
+factor over here.
+
+Now, if we go to the
+limit where k is large,
+
+then the cosine will tend
+to keep the angles close
+
+to each other.
+
+And we are tempted to expand
+this around the configurations
+
+where everybody's parallel.
+
+Let's call that nk
+by the factor of 2.
+
+And then, expanding with the
+cosine to the next order,
+
+you may want to replace
+this-- let's call this k0--
+
+and have a factor of k,
+which is proportional
+
+to k0 after some
+lattice spacing.
+
+And integral of gradient
+of theta squared.
+
+So basically, the difference
+between the angles
+
+in the continuum version,
+I want to replace
+
+with the term that tries to
+make the gradient to be fixed.
+
+OK.
+
+Now the reason I put these
+quotes around the gradient
+
+is something that we
+noticed last time, which
+
+is that in principal,
+theta is defined up
+
+to a multiple of 2 pi.
+
+So that if I were to take
+a circuit along the lattice
+
+that comes back to itself.
+
+And all along, this circuit
+integrate this gradient
+
+of theta, so basically, gradient
+of theta would be a vector.
+
+I integrated along a circuit.
+
+And by the time I have come back
+and close the circuit to where
+
+I started, the answer
+may not come back to 0.
+
+It may be any integer
+multiple of 2 pi.
+
+All right.
+
+So how do we account for this?
+
+The way we account
+for this is that we
+
+note that this gradient of data
+I can decompose into two parts.
+
+One, where I just
+write it as a gradient
+
+of some regular function.
+
+And the characteristic
+of gradient
+
+is that once you go over a
+closed loop and you integrate,
+
+you essentially are
+evaluating this field
+
+phi at the beginning
+and the end.
+
+And for any regular
+single valued phi,
+
+this would come back to zero.
+
+And to take care of
+this fact the result
+
+does not have to come
+to zero if I integrate
+
+this gradient of theta, I
+introduce another field, u,
+
+that takes care of these
+topological defects.
+
+OK?
+
+So that, really, I have to
+include both configurations
+
+in order to correctly capture
+the original model that
+
+had these angles.
+
+OK, so what can this u be?
+
+We already looked at what
+u is for the case of one
+
+topological defect.
+
+And the idea here
+was that maybe I
+
+had a configuration where
+around a particular center,
+
+let's say all of the
+spins were flowing out,
+
+or some other such
+configuration such
+
+that when I go over a large
+distance r from this center,
+
+and integrate this field u,
+just like I did over there,
+
+the answer is going to
+be, let's say, 2 pi n.
+
+So there's this u.
+
+And I integrated
+along this circle.
+
+And the answer is
+going to be 2 pi n.
+
+Well, clearly, the
+magnitude of u times
+
+2 pi r, which is the
+radius of the circle
+
+is going to be 2 pi times
+some integer-- could
+
+be plus, minus 1, plus minus 2.
+
+And so, the magnitude
+of u is n over r.
+
+The direction of u is orthogonal
+to the direction of r.
+
+And how can I show that?
+
+Well, one way I
+can show that is I
+
+can say that it is z
+hat crossed with r hat,
+
+there z hat is the vector
+that comes out of the plane.
+
+And r hat is the unit
+vector in this direction.
+
+u is clearly orthogonal to r.
+
+The direction of the gradient of
+this angle is orthogonal to r.
+
+It is in the plane so
+it's orthogonal to this.
+
+And this I can also
+write as z hat 3
+
+crossed with the gradient of
+log of r, with some cut-off.
+
+Because the gradient of
+log of r will give me,
+
+essentially, 1 over R in
+the direction of r hat.
+
+And this is like
+the potential that I
+
+would have for a charge
+in two dimensions,
+
+except that I have
+rotated it by somewhat.
+
+And this I can also write
+as minus the curl of z hat
+
+log r over a with a factor of n.
+
+And essentially,
+what you can see
+
+is that the gradient of
+data for a field that
+
+has this topological
+defect has a part
+
+can be written as a
+potential gradient of some y,
+
+and a part that can be
+written as curl to keep track
+
+of these vortices, if you like.
+
+If you were to think of
+this gradient of data
+
+like the flow field that you
+would have in two dimensions.
+
+It has a potential part.
+
+And it has a part that is due to
+curvatures and vortices, which
+
+is what we have over here.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is, however, only
+for one topological defect.
+
+What happens if I have
+many such defects?
+
+What I can do is, rather
+than having just one of them,
+
+I could have another topological
+defect here, another one here,
+
+another one there.
+
+There should be a
+combination of these things.
+
+And what I can do in order
+to get the corresponding u
+
+is to superimpose solutions
+that correspond to single ones.
+
+As you can see that
+this is very much
+
+like the potential
+that I would have
+
+for a charge at the
+origin, and then
+
+taking the derivative
+to create the field.
+
+And you know that as long
+as things are linear,
+
+and there aren't
+too many of them,
+
+you can superimpose solutions
+for different charges.
+
+You could just add up
+the electric fields.
+
+So what I'm claiming
+is that I can write u
+
+as minus n curl of z hat, times
+some potential u of r, where
+
+psi of r is essentially the
+generalization of this log.
+
+I can write it as a sum over
+all topological defects.
+
+And I will have the n of that
+topological defect times log
+
+of r minus ri
+divided by a, where
+
+ri are the locations of these.
+
+So there could be a vortex
+here at r1 with charge n1,
+
+and other topological defect
+here at r2 with charge n2,
+
+and so forth.
+
+And I can construct a
+potential that basically looks
+
+at the log of r minus ri
+for each individual one,
+
+and then do this.
+
+OK?
+
+I will sometimes write this in
+a slightly different fashion.
+
+Recall that we had the
+Coulomb potential, which
+
+was related to log by just
+a factor of 1 over 2 pi.
+
+So the correct version of
+defining the Coulomb potential
+
+is this.
+
+So this I can write as
+the Coulomb potential,
+
+provided that I
+multiply the 2 pi ni.
+
+And I sometimes
+will call that qi.
+
+So essentially, qi
+is 2 pi and i is
+
+the charge of the
+topological defect.
+
+It can be plus or minus 2 pi.
+
+And then, the potential
+is constructed
+
+by constructing superposition
+of those charges divided
+
+or multiplied with
+appropriate Coulomb potential.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So I can construct a cost for
+creating a configuration now.
+
+Previously, I had
+this integral gradient
+
+of theta squared
+in the continuum.
+
+And my gradient of
+theta squared has now
+
+a part that is the gradient
+of a regular, well-behaved
+
+potential, and a part
+that is this field
+
+u, which is minus-- oops.
+
+Then I don't need
+the ni's because I
+
+put the ni as part of the psi.
+
+Curl of z hat psi of r.
+
+So phi is a regular function.
+
+Psi with curl will give
+me the contribution
+
+of the topological
+defect involves
+
+both the charges
+and the positions
+
+of these topological defects.
+
+OK?
+
+And this whole thing has
+to be squared, of course.
+
+This is my gradient squared.
+
+And if I expand this, I
+will have three terms.
+
+I have a gradient
+of this 5 squared.
+
+I have a term, which is minus
+2 gradient of phi dot producted
+
+with curl of z hat psi.
+
+And I have a term that is
+curl of z hat psi squared.
+
+OK?
+
+Again, if you think
+of this as vector,
+
+this is a vector
+whose components
+
+are the xy and the
+y phi, whereas this
+
+is a vector whose
+components are, let's say,
+
+dy psi minus dx psi.
+
+Because of the curl operation--
+the x and y components-- one
+
+of them gets a minus sign.
+
+Maybe I got the minus
+wrong, but it's essentially
+
+that structure.
+
+Now you can see that if I were
+to do the integration here,
+
+there is a dx psi, dy psi.
+
+I can do that integration
+by parts and have,
+
+let's say phi dx dy psi.
+
+And then, I can do the same
+integration by parts here.
+
+And I will have phi
+minus dx dy psi.
+
+So if I do integration by
+part, this will disappear.
+
+Another way of seeing
+that is that the gradient
+
+will act on the curl.
+
+And the gradient of the
+curl of a vector is 0,
+
+or otherwise, the curl
+will act on the gradient
+
+with [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So basically, this term
+does not contribute.
+
+And the contribution of
+this part and the part
+
+from topological defects are
+decoupled from each other.
+
+So there's essentially
+the Gaussian type of stuff
+
+that we calculated
+before is here.
+
+On top of that,
+there is this part
+
+that is due to these
+topological defects.
+
+Again, this vector
+is this squared.
+
+You can see that
+if I square it, I
+
+will get dy psi squared
+plus dx psi squared.
+
+So to all intents and
+purposes, this thing
+
+is the same thing as a
+gradient of psi squared.
+
+Essentially, gradient
+of psi and curl of psi
+
+are the same vector, just
+rotated by 90 degrees.
+
+Integrating the square of
+one over the whole space
+
+is the same as integrating
+the square of the other.
+
+OK?
+
+So now, let's calculate this
+contribution and what it is.
+
+Integral d2 x gradient of
+psi squared with K over 2
+
+out front-- actually
+you already know that.
+
+Because psi we see
+is the potential
+
+due to a bunch of charges.
+
+So this is essentially
+the electric field
+
+due to this
+combination of charges
+
+integrated over
+the entire space.
+
+It's the electrostatic image.
+
+But let's go through
+that step by step.
+
+Let's do the
+integration by parts.
+
+So this becomes minus k over 2.
+
+Integral d2 x psi the
+gradient acting on this
+
+will give me Laplacian of psi.
+
+Of course, whenever I
+do integration by parts,
+
+I have to worry
+about boundary terms.
+
+And essentially, if
+you think of what
+
+you will be seeing
+at the boundary, far,
+
+far away from there all of
+these charges are, let's say.
+
+Essentially, you will
+see the electric field
+
+due to the combination
+of all of those charges.
+
+So for a single one, I will
+have a large electric field
+
+that will go as 1 over r.
+
+And we saw that integrating
+that will give me the log.
+
+So that was not
+particularly nice.
+
+So similarly, what
+these boundary terms
+
+would amount to would
+give you some kind
+
+of a logarithmic energy that
+depends on the next charge
+
+that you have enclosed.
+
+And you can get rid of it
+by setting the next charge
+
+to be zero.
+
+So essentially,
+any configuration
+
+in which the sum total of our
+topological charges is non-zero
+
+will get a huge energy cost
+as we go to large distances
+
+from the self-energy,
+if you like,
+
+of creating this huge monopole.
+
+So we are going to
+use this condition
+
+and focus only on
+configurations that
+
+are charged topological
+charge neutral.
+
+OK.
+
+Now our psi is what
+I have over here.
+
+It is sum over i qi.
+
+This Coulomb
+interaction-- r minus ri.
+
+And therefore, Laplacian
+of psi is essentially
+
+taking the Laplacian
+of this expression
+
+is the sum over j qu.
+
+Laplacian of this is
+the delta function.
+
+So basically, that
+was the condition
+
+for the Coulomb potential.
+
+Or alternatively, you take
+2 derivative of the log,
+
+and you will generate
+the delta function.
+
+OK?
+
+So, what you see is that
+you generate the following.
+
+You will get a minus k over 2
+sum over pairs i and j, qi, qj.
+
+And then I have the
+integral over x or r--
+
+they're basically
+the same thing.
+
+Maybe I should have
+written this as x.
+
+And the delta function
+insures that x
+
+is set to be the other i.
+
+So I will get the
+Coulomb interaction
+
+between ri minus rj.
+
+So basically, what you have is
+that these topological defects
+
+that are characterized by these
+integers n, or by the charges
+
+2 pi n, have exactly
+this logarithmic Coulomb
+
+interaction.
+
+in two dimensions.
+
+And as I said, this
+thing is none other
+
+than the electrostatic energy.
+
+The electrostatic energy
+you can write either
+
+as an integral of the
+electric field squared.
+
+Or you can write
+as the interaction
+
+among the charges that give
+rise to that electric field.
+
+OK?
+
+So, what I can do is I
+can write this as follows.
+
+First of all, I can maybe
+re-cast it in terms of the n's.
+
+So I will have 2 pi ni, 2 pi nj.
+
+So I will get minus
+4pi squared k.
+
+There's a factor of one-half.
+
+But this is a sum over i
+and j-- so every pair is now
+
+counted twice.
+
+So I get rid of that
+factor of one-half
+
+by essentially counting
+each pair only once.
+
+So I have the
+Coulomb interaction
+
+between ri and rj, which
+is this 1 over 2 pi
+
+log of ri minus rj
+with some cut-off.
+
+And then, there's the term that
+corresponds to i equals 2j.
+
+So I will have a minus, let's
+say, 4pi squared k sum over i.
+
+And I forgot here
+to put n, i, and j.
+
+I will have ni squared.
+
+The Coulomb interaction at zero.
+
+ri equals [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Now clearly, this expression
+does not make sense.
+
+What it is trying to
+tell me is that there
+
+is a cost to creating one of
+these topological charges.
+
+And all of this theory--
+again, in order to make sense,
+
+we should remember to put
+some kind of a short distance
+
+cut-off a.
+
+All right?
+
+And basically, replacing this
+original discrete lattice
+
+with a continuum will
+only work as long as
+
+I keep in mind that I cannot
+regard things at the level
+
+of lattice spacing, and replace
+it by that formula, as we saw,
+
+for example, here.
+
+If I want to draw a
+topological defect,
+
+I would need right at the
+center to do something
+
+like this-- where replacing
+the cosines with the gradient
+
+squared kind of
+doesn't make sense.
+
+So basically, what
+this theory is
+
+telling me is that once you
+get to a very small distance,
+
+you have to keep
+track of the existence
+
+of some underlying lattice
+and the corresponding things.
+
+And what's really
+this is describing
+
+for you is the core
+energy of creating
+
+a defect that has object ni.
+
+OK.
+
+What do I mean by that
+is that over here, I
+
+can calculate what the partition
+function is for one defect.
+
+This we already did
+last time around.
+
+And for that, I can
+integrate out this energy
+
+that I have for the distortions.
+
+It's an integral of
+n over r squared.
+
+And this integration
+gave me this factor of e
+
+to the minus pi k log of r over
+a-- actually, that was 2 pi k.
+
+Actually, let's do
+this correctly once.
+
+I should have done it
+earlier, and I forgot.
+
+So you have one defect.
+
+And we saw that for one defect,
+the field at the distance r
+
+has n over r in magnitude.
+
+And then, the net energy cost
+for one of these defects--
+
+if I say that I believe
+this formula starting
+
+from a distance a is the
+k over 2 integral from a.
+
+Let's say all the way up
+to the size of my system.
+
+I have 2 pi r dr from
+a shell at radius r
+
+magnitude of this u squared.
+
+So I have n squared
+over r squared.
+
+But then, I have to worry
+about all of the actual things
+
+that I have off the distance a.
+
+So on top of this,
+there is a core energy
+
+for creating this object that
+certainly explicitly depends on
+
+where I sit this parameter a.
+
+OK?
+
+This part is easy.
+
+It simply gives
+me pi km squared.
+
+And then I have
+the integral of 1
+
+over r, which gives
+me log of L over a.
+
+So if I want to imagine what
+the partition function of this
+
+is-- one defect in
+a system of size L--
+
+I would say that z of one defect
+is Boltzmann weight responding
+
+to creating this entity.
+
+So I have e to the minus pi
+k m squared log of L over a.
+
+And then I have the core energy
+that corresponds to this.
+
+And then, as we discussed,
+I can place this anywhere
+
+in the system if I'm calculating
+the partition function.
+
+So there's an integration
+over the position
+
+of this that is implicit.
+
+And so, that's going
+to give me the square
+
+of the size of my system,
+except that I am unsure as
+
+to where I have placed
+things up to this cut-off a.
+
+So really, the
+number of distinct
+
+positions that I have scales
+like L over a squared.
+
+So the whole thing we
+can see scales like L
+
+over a 2 minus pi km squared.
+
+And then, there is this
+factor of e to the minus
+
+this core energy
+evaluated at the distance
+
+a that I will call y.
+
+Because again, in
+some sense, there's
+
+some arbitrariness
+in where I choose a.
+
+So this y would be a function of
+a, if we depend on that choice.
+
+But the most important
+thing is that if I
+
+have a huge system, whether or
+not this partition function,
+
+as a function of the size of
+the system, goes to infinity
+
+or goes to 0 is controlled by
+this exponent 2 minus pi k.
+
+Let's say we focus on the
+simplest of topological defects
+
+corresponding to n
+equal 2 minus plus 1.
+
+You expect that there is some
+potentially critical value
+
+of k, which is 2 over pi,
+that distinguishes the two
+
+types of behavior.
+
+OK?
+
+But this picture is nice,
+but certainly incomplete.
+
+Because who said that there's
+any legitimacy in calculating
+
+the partition function
+that corresponds
+
+to just a single
+topological defect.
+
+If I integrate over all the
+configurations of my angle
+
+field, I should really
+be doing something
+
+that is analogous to this
+and calculating a partition
+
+function that corresponds
+to many defects.
+
+And actually what I calculated
+over here was in some sense
+
+the configuration of
+spins given that there
+
+is a topological defects
+that has the lowest energy.
+
+Once I start with this
+configuration-- let's
+
+say, with everybody
+radiating out--
+
+I can start to distort
+them a little bit which
+
+amounts to adding this
+gradient of phi to that.
+
+So really, the
+partition function
+
+that I want to calculate and
+wrote down at the beginning--
+
+if I want to
+calculate correctly,
+
+I have to include both
+these fluctuations
+
+and these fluctuations
+corresponding
+
+to an arbitrary set of
+these topological defects.
+
+And what we see is that
+actually, the partition
+
+functions and the energy
+costs of the two components
+
+really separate out.
+
+And what we are
+trying to calculate
+
+is the contribution that is
+due to the topological defects.
+
+And what we see is
+that once I tell you
+
+where the topological
+defects are located,
+
+the partition function for them
+has an energy component that
+
+is this Coulomb interaction
+among the defect.
+
+But there is a
+part that really is
+
+a remnant of this
+core energy that we
+
+were calculating before.
+
+So when I was sort of
+following my nose here,
+
+I had forgotten a little
+bit about the short distance
+
+cut-off.
+
+And then, when I
+encountered this C of zero,
+
+it told me that I have
+to think about the limit
+
+when two things come
+close to each other.
+
+And I know that that
+limit is constrained
+
+by my original lattice,
+and more importantly,
+
+by the place where
+I am willing to do
+
+self-averaging and replace
+this sum with a gradient.
+
+OK, so basically, this is
+the explanation of this term.
+
+So the only thing that we
+have established so far
+
+is that this partition
+function that I wrote down
+
+at the beginning gets
+decomposed into a part
+
+that we have calculated before,
+which was the Gaussian term,
+
+and is caused, really, the
+contribution due to spin waves.
+
+So this is when we just consider
+these [INAUDIBLE] modes,
+
+we said that essentially
+you can have an energy
+
+cost that is the
+gradient squared.
+
+So this is the part that
+corresponds to integral d phi
+
+into the minus k over 2 integral
+d2 x gradient of phi squared,
+
+where phi is a well-behaved,
+ordinary function.
+
+And what we find is that the
+actual partition function also
+
+has the contribution from
+the topological defects.
+
+And that I will indicate by ZQ.
+
+And Q stands for Coulomb gas.
+
+Because this partition
+function Z sub Q
+
+is like I'm trying to calculate
+this system of degrees
+
+of freedom that are
+characterized by charges n that
+
+can be anywhere in this
+two-dimensional space.
+
+And the interaction between
+them is governed by the Coulomb
+
+interaction in two dimensions.
+
+So to calculate this,
+I have to sum over
+
+all configuration of charges.
+
+The number of these charges
+could be zero, could be two,
+
+could be four, could be
+six, could be any number.
+
+But I say even
+numbers because I want
+
+to maintain the
+constraint of neutrality.
+
+Sum over ni should be zero.
+
+So I want to do that
+constrained sum.
+
+So I only want to look at
+neutral configurations.
+
+Once I have
+specified-- let's say
+
+that I have eight charges--
+four plus and four minus-- well,
+
+there is a term that is
+going to come from here
+
+and I kind of said that the
+exponential of this term I'm
+
+going to call y.
+
+So I have essentially
+y raised to the power
+
+of the number of charges.
+
+Let's call this sum
+over i ni squared.
+
+And I'm actually just
+going to constrain ni
+
+to be minus plus 1.
+
+I'm going to only look
+at these primary charges.
+
+So the sum over i
+and i squared is just
+
+the total number of
+charges irrespective
+
+of whether they
+are plus or minus.
+
+It basically is replacing this.
+
+And then, I have
+to integrate over
+
+the positions of these charges.
+
+Let's call this total number n.
+
+So I have to
+integrate i1 2n d2 xi
+
+the position of
+where this charge is
+
+and then interaction which
+is exponential of minus
+
+4phi squared k sum
+over i less than j.
+
+And i and j the Coulomb
+interaction between location
+
+let's say xi and xj.
+
+Actually, I want to also
+emphasize that throughout,
+
+I have this cut-off.
+
+So when I was
+integrating over one,
+
+I said that the number
+of positions that I had
+
+was not L squared, but L
+over a squared to make it
+
+dimensionless.
+
+I will similarly make these
+interactions dimensioned
+
+as I divide by a squared.
+
+And so basically, this is
+the more interesting thing
+
+that we want to calculate.
+
+Also, again, remember I wrote
+this a squared down here,
+
+also to emphasize that
+within this expression,
+
+the minimal separation
+that I'm going
+
+to allow between any pair of
+charges is off the order of a.
+
+I have integrated out or moved
+into some continuum description
+
+any configuration in which
+the topological charges are
+
+less than distance a.
+
+OK?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Essentially,
+when we were
+
+during [INAUDIBLE] it
+was canonical potential,
+
+[INAUDIBLE], canonical ensemble.
+
+And this is more like
+grand canonical ensemble?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So, as far as the original
+two-dimensional xy model
+
+is concerned, I'm calculating
+a canonical partition function
+
+for this spin or angle
+degrees of freedom.
+
+And I find that that
+integration over spin angle
+
+degrees of freedom
+can be decomposed
+
+into a Gaussian part and a part
+that as you correctly point out
+
+corresponds to a grand
+canonical system of charges.
+
+So the number of
+charges that are
+
+going to appear in
+the system I have not
+
+specified whether it is
+determined implicitly
+
+by how strong these
+parameter was.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+of canonical potential?
+
+PROFESSOR: y plays the
+role of E to the beta mu.
+
+The quantity that
+in 8333 we were
+
+writing as z-- E to
+the beta mu small z.
+
+OK?
+
+So, we thought we were
+solving the xy model.
+
+We ended up, indeed, with
+this grand canonical system,
+
+which is currently
+parametrized by two things.
+
+One is this k, which is this
+strength of the potential.
+
+The other is this y.
+
+Of course, since this
+system originally
+
+came from an xy model that
+went only one parameter,
+
+I expect this y to
+also be related to k.
+
+But just as an expression,
+we can certainly
+
+regard it as a system
+that is parametrized
+
+by two things-- the k and the y.
+
+For the case of
+the xy model, there
+
+will be some additional
+constraint between the two.
+
+But more generally, we can look
+at this system with its two
+
+parameters.
+
+And essentially, we will try
+to make an expansion in y.
+
+You'll say that,
+OK, presumable, I
+
+know what is going to happen
+when y is very, very small.
+
+Because then, in the system I
+will create only a few charges.
+
+If I create many
+charges, I'm going
+
+to penalize by more
+and more factors of y.
+
+So maybe through leading
+order, the system
+
+would be free of charge.
+
+And then, there
+would be a few pairs
+
+that would appear
+here and there.
+
+In fact, there should be
+a small density of them,
+
+even no matter how
+small I make y.
+
+There will be a
+very small density
+
+of these things
+that will appear.
+
+And presumably, these
+things will always
+
+appear close to each other.
+
+So I will have lots and
+lots of these pairs-- well,
+
+not lots and lots
+of these pairs--
+
+a density of them that is
+controlled by how big y is.
+
+And as I make y larger-- so
+this is y becoming larger-- then
+
+presumably, I will generate
+more and more of these pairs.
+
+And once I have more
+and more of these pairs,
+
+they could, in principle,
+get into each other's way.
+
+And when they get
+into each other's way,
+
+then it's not clear who
+is paired with whom.
+
+And at some point, I
+should trade my picture
+
+of having a gas of
+pairs of these objects
+
+to a plasma of charges,
+plus and minus,
+
+that are moving
+all over the place.
+
+So as I tune this parameter
+y, I expect my system
+
+to go from a low density phase
+of atoms of plus-minus bound
+
+to each other to a high
+density phase where
+
+I have a plasma of
+plus and minuses
+
+moving all over the place.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So, y is related
+to the core energy.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: And core energy is
+defined through [INAUDIBLE]
+
+direction at zero separation--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, no.
+
+Because the Coulomb
+description is only
+
+valid large separations.
+
+When I get to short distances,
+who knows what's going on?
+
+So there is some underlying
+microscopic picture
+
+that determines what
+the core energy is.
+
+Very roughly, yes,
+you would expect
+
+it to have a form that
+is of e to the minus k
+
+with some coefficient
+that comes from adding
+
+all of those interactions here.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just based
+on the sign convention,
+
+you're saying if you
+increase or decrease y,
+
+that it will go
+from a low density--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so y is the
+exponential of something.
+
+y equals to zero means I will
+not create any of these things.
+
+y approaching 1-- I will
+create a lot of them.
+
+There's no cost at
+y equals to one.
+
+There's no core energy.
+
+I can create them as I want.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this would be
+like y equals minus epsilon c.
+
+Is that right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Didn't I have that?
+
+You see in the exponential
+it is with the minus.
+
+OK.
+
+But in any case, that
+is the expectation.
+
+Right?
+
+So I expect that
+when I calculate,
+
+I create one of these defects.
+
+There is an energy cost
+which is mostly from outside.
+
+And then, there's an
+additional piece on the inside.
+
+So the exponential of
+that additional piece
+
+would be a number
+that is less than 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I mean, the original model
+has some particular form.
+
+And actually, the interactions
+of the original model, I
+
+can make more complicated.
+
+I can add the full spin
+interaction, for example.
+
+It doesn't affect the
+overall form much,
+
+just modifies what
+an effective k is,
+
+and what the core
+energy is independent.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+But the key point is that
+this system potentially
+
+has a phase transition as you
+change the parameter of y.
+
+And another way of
+looking at this transition
+
+is that what is happening
+here in different languages,
+
+you can either call it
+insulator or a dielectric.
+
+But what is happening here
+in different languages,
+
+you can either call, say,
+a metal or, as I said,
+
+maybe a plasma.
+
+The point is that here
+you have free charges.
+
+Here you have bound
+pairs of charges.
+
+And they respond
+differently to, let's say,
+
+an external
+electromagnetic field.
+
+So once we have this picture,
+let's kind of expand our view.
+
+Forget about the xy model.
+
+Think of a system of charges.
+
+And notice that in
+this low-density phase,
+
+it behaves like a
+dielectric in the sense
+
+that there are no free charges.
+
+And here, there will be
+lots of mobile charges.
+
+And it behaves like a metal.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+Well, here, if I,
+let's say, bring
+
+in an external electric field.
+
+Or maybe if I put a huge
+charge, what is going to happen
+
+is that opposite
+charges will accumulate.
+
+Or there will be, essentially,
+opposite charges for the field.
+
+So that once you
+go inside, the fact
+
+that you have an external
+electric field or a charge
+
+is completely screen.
+
+You won't see it.
+
+Whereas here, what
+is going to happen
+
+is that if you put
+in an electric field,
+
+it will penetrate
+into the system
+
+although it will be
+weakened a little bit
+
+by the re-orientation
+of these charges.
+
+Now, if you put a plus charge,
+the effect of that plus charge
+
+would be felt throughout,
+although weakened a little bit.
+
+Because again, some of these
+dipoles will re-orient in that.
+
+OK?
+
+So, this low-density
+phase we can actually
+
+try to parametrize in terms of
+a weakening of the interactions
+
+through a dielectric
+constant epsilon.
+
+And so, what I'm going
+to try to calculate
+
+for you is to imagine that I'm
+in the limit of low density
+
+or small y and calculate
+what the weakening is, what
+
+the dielectric function
+is, perturbatively in y.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you were talking
+about the real electric charges
+
+and the way to act
+on that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+real electric field or charge.
+
+But if we are talking about
+topological charges, what
+
+would be kind of
+conjugate force to that?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+It's not going to be easy.
+
+I have to do
+something about say,
+
+re-orienting all of the spins
+on the boundaries, et cetera.
+
+So let's forget about that.
+
+The point is that
+mathematically, the problem
+
+is reduced to this system.
+
+And I can much more
+easily do the mathematics
+
+if I change my perspective
+and think about this picture.
+
+OK?
+
+And that's the thing you have
+to do in theoretical physics.
+
+You basically take
+advantage of mappings
+
+of one model to
+another model in order
+
+to refine your intuition
+using some other picture.
+
+So that's what we
+are going to do.
+
+So completely different picture
+from the original spin models--
+
+imagine that you have indeed
+a box of this material.
+
+And this box of material
+has, because you're wise,
+
+more some combination of these
+plus and minus charges in it.
+
+And then, what I do is
+that I bring externally
+
+a uniform electric
+field in this direction.
+
+And I expect that once
+inside the material,
+
+the electric field will be
+reduced to a smaller value
+
+that I will call E prime because
+of the dielectric function.
+
+Now, if you ever calculated
+dielectric functions,
+
+that's exactly what
+I'm going to do now.
+
+It's a simple process.
+
+What you do, for
+example, is you do
+
+the analog of Gauss' theorem.
+
+Let's imagine that we draw
+a circuit such as this
+
+that is partly on the inside,
+and partly on the outside.
+
+So I can calculate what the
+flux of the electric field
+
+is through this circuit, the
+analog of the Gaussian pillbox.
+
+And so, what I have is
+that what is going on
+
+is E. If I call this
+distance to be L,
+
+the flux integrated
+through the entire thing
+
+is E minus E prime times f.
+
+So this is the integral of
+the divergence of the electric
+
+field .
+
+And by Gauss' theorem, this has
+to be charge enclosed inside.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, why should there
+be any charge enclosed
+
+inside when you have a
+bunch of plus and minuses.
+
+I mean, there will
+be some pluses
+
+and minuses out here
+as I have indicated.
+
+There will be some pluses
+and minuses that are inside.
+
+But the net of
+these would be zero.
+
+So the only place that
+you get a net charge
+
+is those dipoles that
+happen to be sitting right
+
+at the boundary.
+
+And then, I have to count
+how many of them are inside.
+
+And some of them will
+have the plus inside.
+
+And some of them will
+have the minus inside.
+
+And then, I have to
+calculate the net.
+
+The thing is that my dipoles
+do not have a fixed size.
+
+The size of these
+plus/minus molecules r
+
+can be variable itself.
+
+OK?
+
+So there will be some that are
+tightly bound to each other.
+
+There may be some that are
+further apart, et cetera.
+
+So let's look at pairs
+that are at the distance r
+
+and ask how many of them hit
+this boundary so that one
+
+of them would be inside,
+one of them will be outside.
+
+OK?
+
+So, that number has
+to be proportional
+
+to essentially this area.
+
+What is that area?
+
+On one side, it is L. On
+the other side, it is R.
+
+But if the dipole is
+oriented at an angle theta,
+
+it is, in fact r cosine theta.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's the number.
+
+Now, what I will have here
+would be the charge 2 pi.
+
+So this is qi.
+
+Actually, it could
+be plus or minus.
+
+The reason that there's
+going to be more
+
+plus as opposed to minus
+is because the dipole
+
+gets oriented by
+the electric field.
+
+So I will have a term here that
+is E to the E prime times q
+
+ir-- so that's 2 pi r.
+
+So this is qr again,
+times cosine of theta.
+
+So we can see that,
+depending on cosine of theta
+
+being larger than
+pi or less than pi,
+
+this number will be
+positive or negative.
+
+And that's going to be
+modified by this number also.
+
+And of course, the strength
+of this whole thing
+
+is set by this parameter k.
+
+And also how likely it
+is for me to have created
+
+a dipole of size r is controlled
+by precisely this factor.
+
+A dipole is something
+that has two cores.
+
+So it is something that will
+appear at order of y squared.
+
+And there is the
+energy, according
+
+to this formula, of
+separating two things.
+
+And so you can see that
+essentially, n of r--
+
+maybe I will write it
+separately over here--
+
+is y squared times E to
+the minus 4pi squared k.
+
+And from here, I have
+log of r divided by a.
+
+And then there's
+a factor of 2 pi
+
+because the Coulomb
+potential is this.
+
+So, this is going
+to be y squared
+
+a over r to the power of 2 pi k.
+
+The further you try to
+separate these things, the more
+
+cost you have to pay.
+
+OK.
+
+So if you were
+trying to calculate
+
+the contribution of,
+say, polarizable atoms
+
+or dipoles to the dielectric
+function of a solid,
+
+you would be doing exactly
+this same calculation.
+
+The only difference is that
+the size of your dipole
+
+would be set by the
+size of your molecule
+
+and ultimately, related
+to its polarizability.
+
+And rather than having
+this Coulomb interaction,
+
+you would have some
+dissociation energy or something
+
+else, or the density itself
+would come over here.
+
+So, the only final
+step is that I
+
+have to regard my system
+having a composition
+
+of these things of
+different sizes.
+
+So I have to do an integral
+over r, as well as orientation.
+
+So I have to do an
+integral over E theta.
+
+Of course, the
+integration will go
+
+from a through essentially, the
+size of the system or infinity.
+
+I forgot one other
+thing, which is
+
+that when I'm calculating how
+many places I can put this,
+
+again, I have been
+calculating things
+
+per unit area of a squared.
+
+So I would have to divide
+all of these places
+
+where r and L appear by
+corresponding factors of a.
+
+OK?
+
+So, the last step
+of the calculation
+
+is you expand this quantity.
+
+It is 1.
+
+For small values of
+the electric field,
+
+it is 2 pi r E prime cosine
+of theta k plus higher order
+
+terms.
+
+And then, you can do the
+various integrations.
+
+First of all, 1 the
+integration against 1
+
+will disappear because
+you are integrating
+
+over all values of
+cosine of theta.
+
+Integral of cosine of
+theta gives you zero.
+
+Essentially, it says that if
+there was no electric field,
+
+there was no reason for there
+to be an additional net charge
+
+on one side or the other.
+
+So the first term
+that will be non-zero
+
+is the average of cosine
+theta squared, which
+
+will give you a
+factor of one-half.
+
+And so, what you will get is
+that E minus E prime times
+
+L is-- well, there's
+going to be a factor of L.
+
+The integral of the
+theta cosine of theta
+
+squared-- the integral of
+cosine of theta squared
+
+is going to give you 2 pi,
+which is the integration times
+
+one-half.
+
+So this is the integral
+the theta cosine
+
+square theta will give you this.
+
+So we did this.
+
+We have two factors of y.
+
+y is our expansion parameter.
+
+We are at a low density limit.
+
+We've calculated things
+assuming that essentially, I
+
+have to look at one
+value of these diplodes.
+
+In principal, I can imagine that
+there will be multiple dipoles.
+
+And you can see that ultimately,
+therefore, potentially, I
+
+have order of y to the fourth
+that I haven't calculated.
+
+OK, so we got rid
+of the y squared.
+
+We have a factor of E prime
+on the expansion here.
+
+This factor is bothering me
+a little bit-- let me check.
+
+No, that's correct.
+
+OK, so I have the factor of k.
+
+I have a factor of 2 pi here
+that came from the charge.
+
+I have another 2 pi here--
+so I have 4pi squared.
+
+I think I got everything
+except the integration
+
+over a to infinity dr.
+There is this r dr, which
+
+is from the two
+dimensional integration.
+
+There was another r
+here, and another r here.
+
+So this becomes r to the three.
+
+From here, I have minus 2 pi k.
+
+And then, I have the
+corresponding factors
+
+of a to the power
+of 2 pi k minus 4.
+
+OK.
+
+So you can see that
+the L's cancel.
+
+And what I get is
+that E-- once I
+
+take the E prime
+to the other side--
+
+becomes E prime 1 plus I have
+4pi cubed k y squared-- again,
+
+y squared is my small
+expansion parameter.
+
+And then, I have the integral
+from a to infinity, the r, r
+
+to the power of
+3 minus 2 pi k, a
+
+to the power of 2 pi k minus
+4, and then order of y squared,
+
+y to the fourth.
+
+OK.
+
+So basically, you see that
+the internal electric field
+
+is smaller than the
+external electric field
+
+by this factor, which takes
+into account the re-orientation
+
+of the dipoles in order to
+screen the electric field.
+
+And it is proportional
+in some sense
+
+to the density of these dipoles.
+
+And the twist is that
+the dipoles that we have
+
+can have a range
+of sizes that we
+
+have to integrate [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So typically, you would write
+E prime to the E over epsilon.
+
+And so this is the
+inverse of your epsilon.
+
+And essentially, this is
+a reduction in everything
+
+that has to do with electric
+interactions because
+
+of the screening
+of other things.
+
+I can write it in the
+following fashion.
+
+I can say that there is
+an effective k-- that's
+
+called k effective-- which is
+different from the original k
+
+that I have.
+
+It is reduced by a
+factor of epsilon.
+
+So we were worried when we
+were doing the nonlinear sigma
+
+model that for any
+[INAUDIBLE], we
+
+saw that the parameter k was
+not getting modified because
+
+of the interactions among the
+spin modes, and that's correct.
+
+But really, at
+high temperatures,
+
+it should disappear.
+
+We saw that the
+correlations had to go away
+
+from power law form
+to exponential form.
+
+And so, we needed some
+mechanism for reducing
+
+the coupling constant.
+
+And what we find here is
+that this topological defects
+
+and their screening provide
+the right mechanism.
+
+So the effective
+k that I have is
+
+going to be reduced
+from the original k
+
+by the inverse of this.
+
+Since I'm doing
+an expansion in y,
+
+it is simply minus
+4pi cubed ky squared,
+
+integral a to infinity dr,
+r to the 3 minus 2 pi k,
+
+a to the 2 pi k minus 4, plus
+order or y to the fourteenth.
+
+OK.
+
+Now actually, in the lecture
+notes that I have given you,
+
+I calculate this formula in
+an entirely different way.
+
+What I do is I assume that I
+have two topological defects--
+
+so there I sort of maintain the
+picture of topological defect.
+
+And their interaction
+between them
+
+is this logarithmic interaction
+that has coefficient k.
+
+But then, we say that this
+[INAUDIBLE] interaction
+
+is modified because I can create
+pairs of topological defect,
+
+such as this, that
+will partially
+
+screen the interaction.
+
+And in the notes,
+we calculate what
+
+the effect of those
+pairs at lowest order
+
+is on their interaction
+that you have between them.
+
+And you find that the
+effect is to modify
+
+the coefficient of
+the logarithm, which
+
+is k, to a reduced k.
+
+And that reduced k is
+given exactly by this form.
+
+So the same thing you
+can get different ways.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What if
+k is too small--
+
+PROFESSOR: A-ha.
+
+Good.
+
+Because I framed the
+entire thing as if I'm
+
+doing a preservation
+theory for you
+
+in y being a small parameter.
+
+OK?
+
+But now, we see
+that no matter how
+
+small y is, if k is in
+fact less than 2 over pi--
+
+so this has dimensions of
+r to the 4 minus 2 pi k.
+
+So if k is less than 2 over pi--
+which incidentally is something
+
+that we saw earlier--
+if k is less than that,
+
+this integral diverges.
+
+So I thought I was
+controlling my expansion
+
+by making y arbitrarily
+small, but what
+
+we see is that no matter
+how small I make y,
+
+if k becomes too small,
+the perturbation acuity
+
+blows up on me.
+
+So this is yet another example
+of a singular perturbation
+
+theory, which is what we
+had encountered when we were
+
+doing the Landau-Ginzburg model.
+
+We thought that our co-efficient
+of phi to the fourth u
+
+was a small parameter.
+
+You are making an expansion
+naively in powers of u.
+
+And then we found an
+expression in which
+
+the coeffecient-- the thing
+that was multiplying u
+
+at the critical point
+was blowing up on us.
+
+And so the perturbation
+theory inherently
+
+became singular,
+despite your thinking
+
+that you had a small parameter.
+
+So we are going to
+use the same trick
+
+that we used for the case of
+the Landau-Ginzburg model--
+
+this is deal with
+singular perturbations
+
+by renormalization group.
+
+So what we see is that
+the origin of the problem
+
+is the divergence that
+we get over here when
+
+we try to integrate
+all the way to infinity
+
+or the size of the system.
+
+So what we do instead is
+we said, OK, let's not
+
+integrate all the way.
+
+Let's replace the
+short distance cut-off
+
+that we had with something
+that is larger-- ba--
+
+and rather than integrating all
+of a to infinity, we integrate
+
+only over short distance
+fluctuations between a and ba.
+
+This is our usual [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So what we therefore get
+is that the k effective is
+
+k 1 minus 4pi q ky
+squared integral
+
+from a to ba br r to the 3 minus
+2 pi k a to the 2 pi k minus 4.
+
+And then, I have to still
+deal with 4pi cubed ky
+
+squared, integral
+from ba infinity dr
+
+r to the 3 minus 2 pi k,
+a to the 2 pi k minus 4,
+
+plus order of y to the fourth.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So, you can see that the
+effect of integrating this much
+
+is to modify the decoupling
+to a new value which
+
+depends on b, which is just
+k minus 4pi cubed k squared
+
+y squared, a to ba br r
+to the 3 minus 2 pi k.
+
+a to the 2 pi k minus 4.
+
+OK?
+
+And then, I can rewrite
+the expression for k
+
+effective to be this k tilde.
+
+And then, whatever is
+left, which is 4pi cubed k
+
+squared y squared
+integral ba to infinity dr
+
+r to the 3 minus 2 pi k, a to
+the 2 pi k minus 4, order of y
+
+to the fourth.
+
+You see that k has been shifted
+through this transformation
+
+by an amount that is
+order of y squared.
+
+So at order of y squared
+in this new expression,
+
+I can replace all the k's
+that are carrying with k tilde
+
+and it would still be
+correct for this order.
+
+Now I compare this expression
+and the original expression
+
+that I had.
+
+And I see that they are pretty
+much the same expression,
+
+except that in this
+one, the cut-off is ba.
+
+So I do step two of origin.
+
+I define my R prime to be dr
+so that my new cut-off will
+
+be back to a.
+
+So then, this
+whole thing becomes
+
+k effective is k tilde
+minus 4pi cubed k
+
+tilde squared y squared.
+
+Because of the transformation
+that I did over here,
+
+I will get a factor of b to
+the 4 minus 2 pi k tilde,
+
+integral from a' to infinity--
+the r prime-- r prime to the 3
+
+minus 2 pi k tilde, a to
+the 2 pi k tilde, minus 4
+
+plus order of y
+to the fourteenth.
+
+So we see that the same
+effective interaction
+
+can be obtained from
+two theories that
+
+have exactly the same cut-off,
+a, except that in one case,
+
+I had k and y.
+
+In the new case, I have this
+tilde or k prime at scale b.
+
+And I have to
+replace where I had
+
+y with y with this
+additional factor.
+
+So the two theories
+are equivalent provided
+
+that I say that the new
+interaction at scale b
+
+is the old interaction minus
+4pi cubed k squared y squared.
+
+This integral is
+easy to perform.
+
+It is just the power law.
+
+It is b to the fourth
+minus 2 pi k minus 1.
+
+And then, I have 4 minus 2 pi
+k order of y to the fourth.
+
+And my y prime is
+y-- from here I
+
+see b to the power
+of 2 minus pi k.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: This k squared?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I see.
+
+Sorry.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So, our theory is described
+in terms of two parameters--
+
+this y and this k.
+
+or let's say, it's
+inverse-- k inverse,
+
+which is more like temperature.
+
+And what we will
+show next time is
+
+that these recursion
+relations, when I draw it here,
+
+will give me two
+types of behavior.
+
+One set of behavior
+that parameterizes
+
+the low temperature dilute
+limit that corresponds
+
+to flows in which y
+goes through zero.
+
+So that when you look at the
+system at larger and larger
+
+lens scales, essentially it
+becomes less and less depleted
+
+of these excitations.
+
+So, once you have integrated
+the very essentially,
+
+you don't see any excitations.
+
+And then there's
+another phase, which
+
+as you do this removal of
+short distance fluctuations.
+
+You tend to flow to
+high temperatures
+
+and large densities.
+
+And so, that corresponds
+to this kind of face.
+
+Now the beauty of
+this whole thing
+
+is that these recursion
+relations are exact and allow
+
+us to exactly determine
+the behavior of these space
+
+transition in two dimensions.
+
+And that's actually one
+of the other triumphs
+
+of renormalization
+group is to elucidate
+
+exactly the critical
+behavior of this transition,
+
+as we will discuss next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Xcsp0486olY.txt b/Xcsp0486olY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ff2a0456b58f6a809fd0799f2a4b8decbe61541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Xcsp0486olY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi my name is billette and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is billette and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is billette and I'm going to
+talk about disciplined entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about disciplined entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about disciplined entrepreneurship
+24 steps to successfully launching a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 steps to successfully launching a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 steps to successfully launching a new
+Venture what uh I'm going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture what uh I'm going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture what uh I'm going to start with
+is what is entrepreneurship because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is entrepreneurship because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is entrepreneurship because this
+term is used all the time it's bandied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is used all the time it's bandied
+ 
+
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+term is used all the time it's bandied
+about everyone's for
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+ align:start position:0%
+about everyone's for
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+about everyone's for
+entrepreneurship however there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship however there's two
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship however there's two
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+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different types of
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+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different types of
+Entrepreneurship that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Entrepreneurship that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Entrepreneurship that I want to talk
+about um first of all we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entrepreneurship we have what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship we have what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship we have what we call
+entrepreneurship smme stands for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship smme stands for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship smme stands for small
+medium Enterprise entrepreneurship these
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+medium Enterprise entrepreneurship these
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+medium Enterprise entrepreneurship these
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+ 
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+that's looking to go Global they know
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+cleaner this could be a nail salon this
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+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner this could be a nail salon this
+could be a restaurant or or or pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a restaurant or or or pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a restaurant or or or pizza
+parlor as we referen in the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlor as we referen in the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlor as we referen in the paper that
+Fiona Murray and I wrote um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiona Murray and I wrote um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiona Murray and I wrote um these are
+fundamentally important companies to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally important companies to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally important companies to an
+economy in a region because they serve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in a region because they serve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in a region because they serve a
+need but relative to the the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but relative to the the the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but relative to the the the way
+they're made up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made up is
+the system that they create is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that they create is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that they create is one that
+shows kind of linear growth and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows kind of linear growth and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows kind of linear growth and then at
+some point it it it usually Taps out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it it it usually Taps out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it it it usually Taps out of
+the market now this is an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market now this is an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market now this is an an
+approximation of what goes on but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of what goes on but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of what goes on but that's
+what it look usually looked like linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it look usually looked like linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it look usually looked like linear
+growth R but you notice that that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth R but you notice that that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth R but you notice that that if
+this is cash flow here from the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cash flow here from the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cash flow here from the business
+that there's not a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's not a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's not a tremendous amount of
+cash flow out again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow out again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow out again a
+simplification however when we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification however when we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification however when we go to
+ibes over here which I will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibes over here which I will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibes over here which I will call
+Innovation driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation driven
+entrepreneurship um or innovation driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship um or innovation driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship um or innovation driven
+Enterprise entrepreneurship we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise entrepreneurship we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise entrepreneurship we have a
+fundamentally different business um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different business um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different business um this
+one is looking for Global markets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is looking for Global markets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is looking for Global markets or
+Super Regional markets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+serve and the while while this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve and the while while this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve and the while while this one is
+usually owner the the owner is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually owner the the owner is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually owner the the owner is usually
+you know maintaining control of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maintaining control of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maintaining control of it this
+one is going to require more cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to require more cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to require more cash
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+because the Dynamics of this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Dynamics of this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Dynamics of this business
+look it loses money and then it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it loses money and then it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it loses money and then it's going
+to start showing exponential growth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start showing exponential growth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start showing exponential growth so
+there's this negative cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this negative cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this negative cash flow
+here if this is cash flow on the Y AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if this is cash flow on the Y AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if this is cash flow on the Y AIS
+and this is time along the x-axis it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is time along the x-axis it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is time along the x-axis it'll
+initially have to require some Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially have to require some Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially have to require some Capital
+be put into it but then if it works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put into it but then if it works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put into it but then if it works it
+will take off because it's got basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take off because it's got basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take off because it's got basically
+unlimited markets underlying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited markets underlying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited markets underlying what
+they're doing here is an innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing here is an innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing here is an innovation
+That's Unique that allow allows them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's Unique that allow allows them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's Unique that allow allows them to
+address much broader markets so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address much broader markets so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address much broader markets so they're
+not just focused on the local market but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just focused on the local market but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just focused on the local market but
+much broader markets this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broader markets this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broader markets this is very
+important because this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because this is going to
+require more cash as I mentioned while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require more cash as I mentioned while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require more cash as I mentioned while
+this is owned by the you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is owned by the you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is owned by the you know this is
+controlled by the family or the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the family or the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the family or the owner
+this over here is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over here is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over here is going to have
+shareholders and a bunch of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and a bunch of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and a bunch of other people
+this is very important difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important difference here
+because while this business is is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while this business is is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while this business is is a very
+important business the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important business the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important business the underlying
+demographics for the underlying system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics for the underlying system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics for the underlying system
+and training for this does not look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and training for this does not look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and training for this does not look the
+same as this it's almost like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this it's almost like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this it's almost like you have
+two Sports basketball and baseball you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Sports basketball and baseball you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Sports basketball and baseball you
+know here you run in both you jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here you run in both you jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here you run in both you jump in
+both but what and that's true of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both but what and that's true of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both but what and that's true of these
+but Michael Jordan was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Michael Jordan was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Michael Jordan was a great
+basketball player he turned out not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball player he turned out not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball player he turned out not to
+be a great baseball player all his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a great baseball player all his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a great baseball player all his
+training was for that so likewise there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training was for that so likewise there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training was for that so likewise there
+could be some crossover here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some crossover here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some crossover here but
+generally there's more risk in these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there's more risk in these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there's more risk in these the
+people that are trained for these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are trained for these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are trained for these are
+doing you know how to manage multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you know how to manage multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you know how to manage multiple
+stakeholders how to do an underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders how to do an underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders how to do an underlying
+innovation in the next section we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in the next section we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in the next section we're
+going to look at what is innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at what is innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at what is innovation and
+Define that more precisely but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that more precisely but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that more precisely but the point
+of this is two types of Entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is two types of Entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is two types of Entrepreneurship
+small medium ENT Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium ENT Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium ENT Enterprise
+entrepreneurship small companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship small companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship small companies
+distributed geographically and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed geographically and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed geographically and then
+Innovation driven Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation driven Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation driven Enterprise
+entrepreneurship companies that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship companies that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship companies that might
+not make it but then if they make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make it but then if they make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make it but then if they make it
+they get to grow and be very very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get to grow and be very very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get to grow and be very very big
+these end up um you don't need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these end up um you don't need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these end up um you don't need a lot of
+these to generate a lot of jobs these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to generate a lot of jobs these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to generate a lot of jobs these
+you need a lot these tend to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a lot these tend to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a lot these tend to be more
+clustered these tend to not be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered these tend to not be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered these tend to not be so
+clustered
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YFR7UjIy1k8.txt b/YFR7UjIy1k8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d816631c1fe9f44130cee5326ea4eea4079c85cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YFR7UjIy1k8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+debriefing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefing on
+dr whitnall's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr whitnall's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr whitnall's
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can repeat what you said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can repeat what you said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can repeat what you said earlier
+but let's go into a little bit deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's go into a little bit deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's go into a little bit deeper
+and and let's do it with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let's do it with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let's do it with the um
+possibility in mind that we may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility in mind that we may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility in mind that we may want to
+get back in touch with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what did you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you think
+i really enjoyed it i mean one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really enjoyed it i mean one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really enjoyed it i mean one of the
+best things is she started out by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best things is she started out by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best things is she started out by saying
+don't be cynical which is really great i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be cynical which is really great i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be cynical which is really great i
+mean it's always busy people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's always busy people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's always busy people have been
+in organizations for years 20 34 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in organizations for years 20 34 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in organizations for years 20 34 years
+and they still have such a positive view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they still have such a positive view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they still have such a positive view
+of the organization because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the organization because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the organization because there's a
+tendency i know any place i work for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency i know any place i work for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency i know any place i work for for
+more than a couple of years to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a couple of years to just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a couple of years to just be
+like oh this place is a mess but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh this place is a mess but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh this place is a mess but it's
+really good to see that she just has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good to see that she just has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good to see that she just has the
+best attitude he's not cynical she still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best attitude he's not cynical she still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best attitude he's not cynical she still
+believes in mit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes in mit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes in mit and
+in the air force just yeah it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air force just yeah it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air force just yeah it was
+wonderful so that was the first point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful so that was the first point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful so that was the first point
+she made which was great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she made which was great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she made which was great
+and then i think she broke it down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i think she broke it down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i think she broke it down into
+three sections individual values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sections individual values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sections individual values
+professional values and institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional values and institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional values and institutional
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i also appreciated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i also appreciated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i also appreciated that
+she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+viewed ethics as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed ethics as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed ethics as a
+practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical
+tool for life and for running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for life and for running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for life and for running
+organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations
+but not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not because
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+society is corrupt and organizations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is corrupt and organizations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is corrupt and organizations are
+corrupt and that's why she started i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt and that's why she started i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt and that's why she started i
+think by saying don't be cynical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as well so i appreciated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so i appreciated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so i appreciated that
+i found it interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found it interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found it interesting
+that she could not think of any times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she could not think of any times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she could not think of any times
+when her individual values had not come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when her individual values had not come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when her individual values had not come
+into conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into conflict with
+the values of a profession or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of a profession or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of a profession or an
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+we asked her you know what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked her you know what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked her you know what do you do
+when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your
+individual efforts conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual efforts conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual efforts conflict with
+organizational ethics and she said i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational ethics and she said i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational ethics and she said i
+really can't think of a problem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't think of a problem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't think of a problem that's
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+for me interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me interesting
+but i think it really speaks so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it really speaks so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it really speaks so she
+comes across as one of those people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes across as one of those people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes across as one of those people that
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+changes things you know like she enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes things you know like she enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes things you know like she enters
+the moment she takes charge and she just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment she takes charge and she just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment she takes charge and she just
+kind me one of those people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind me one of those people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind me one of those people that
+you know any position we put her in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any position we put her in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any position we put her in
+she's not gonna let it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not gonna let it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not gonna let it get
+to this point and i mean she said now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this point and i mean she said now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this point and i mean she said now
+she's older so she has more weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's older so she has more weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's older so she has more weight and
+she can kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can kind of like
+change the direction that organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction that organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction that organizations
+go but i just think for someone like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but i just think for someone like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but i just think for someone like you
+know we're just going to start an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're just going to start an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're just going to start an
+organization it's probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization it's probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization it's probably going to be
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+say that again i think for someone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that again i think for someone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that again i think for someone just
+new to an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to an organization
+i thought you said you were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought you said you were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought you said you were going to
+start an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start an organization
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i think it's probably a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think it's probably a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think it's probably a little more
+difficult to like reconcile your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to like reconcile your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to like reconcile your own
+individual personal values with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual personal values with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual personal values with the
+organization if you're not in some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization if you're not in some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization if you're not in some kind
+of leadership position i mean she put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leadership position i mean she put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leadership position i mean she put a
+lot of emphasis on leadership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of emphasis on leadership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of emphasis on leadership and
+guiding the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding the ethical
+dementia of the morals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dementia of the morals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dementia of the morals
+she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+i mean she put a lot of weight on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean she put a lot of weight on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean she put a lot of weight on the
+leadership and if you're not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership and if you're not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership and if you're not in that
+leadership position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership position
+i think it's still pretty difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you all still have the floor but i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all still have the floor but i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all still have the floor but i'd
+like to comment on some things let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to comment on some things let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to comment on some things let's
+start on this this one on the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on this this one on the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on this this one on the way back
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a power it is i mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a power it is i mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a power it is i mean it's
+reasonable and i've seen it happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and i've seen it happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and i've seen it happen but
+what do you think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think that um
+you really have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+catch 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch 22
+when it comes to leadership a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to leadership a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to leadership a person
+would make it to a leadership position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it to a leadership position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it to a leadership position
+if they had a whole lot of conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had a whole lot of conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had a whole lot of conflict
+wait they wouldn't make it if they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait they wouldn't make it if they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait they wouldn't make it if they did
+yeah if you have a lot of conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you have a lot of conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you have a lot of conflicts
+with an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an organization
+conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts
+we have a lot of conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of conflicts
+myself an accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know somebody told me at a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody told me at a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody told me at a meeting
+that uh asked me to repeat something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh asked me to repeat something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh asked me to repeat something
+this was just about two weeks ago this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just about two weeks ago this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just about two weeks ago this
+was when i was in texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i said
+i didn't say like i usually say part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say like i usually say part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say like i usually say part
+i said pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said pot
+and they didn't know what that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't know what that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't know what that meant
+i said they said you're getting to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said they said you're getting to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said they said you're getting to sound
+like you're from boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're from boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're from boston
+i said i didn't realize it was taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said i didn't realize it was taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said i didn't realize it was taking
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a whole lot of conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a whole lot of conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a whole lot of conflicts
+with an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that over time you will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over time you will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over time you will not be able to
+hide them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that no matter how much you try to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter how much you try to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter how much you try to fit
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and that that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that will
+on some level hinder your progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so you might not make it to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you might not make it to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you might not make it to the top
+unless you fit in pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you fit in pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you fit in pretty well
+naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally
+not force fit in but fit in naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not force fit in but fit in naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not force fit in but fit in naturally
+and people can tell these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can tell these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can tell these things
+human beings are very good at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are very good at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are very good at this
+and they are good at it uh when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are good at it uh when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are good at it uh when there's
+a lot at stake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people's careers the company all that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's careers the company all that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's careers the company all that so
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+they they're good at it i told the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're good at it i told the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're good at it i told the story
+about the old blues at yale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the old blues at yale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the old blues at yale
+that's the ultimate story of fitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ultimate story of fitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ultimate story of fitting in
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i talk about whistleblowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talk about whistleblowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talk about whistleblowing
+i've talked about whistleblowing uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've talked about whistleblowing uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've talked about whistleblowing uh to
+students over the past years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students over the past years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students over the past years
+and one question that i always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one question that i always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one question that i always get
+is uh what did you do when somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what did you do when somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what did you do when somebody
+told you to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you to do something
+that you thought was immoral did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you thought was immoral did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you thought was immoral did you
+blow the whistle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tell them
+pretty much what uh sheila said and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what uh sheila said and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what uh sheila said and that
+is that nobody ever asked me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that nobody ever asked me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that nobody ever asked me to
+do anything corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is basically what she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically what she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically what she said
+and then people say well why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people say well why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people say well why is it that
+nobody ever asked you to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody ever asked you to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody ever asked you to do anything
+corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt
+and i said well it depends on whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said well it depends on whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said well it depends on whether or
+not the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the person
+i have an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an answer
+depending on whether or not the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether or not the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether or not the person
+who asked who would ask me to do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who asked who would ask me to do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who asked who would ask me to do it is
+corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the person who has who would ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person who has who would ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person who has who would ask me
+to do something is corrupt and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something is corrupt and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something is corrupt and that's
+what happens in a lot of whistle-blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in a lot of whistle-blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in a lot of whistle-blowing
+situations somebody is corrupt and wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations somebody is corrupt and wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations somebody is corrupt and wants
+to co-opt you in being corrupt with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co-opt you in being corrupt with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co-opt you in being corrupt with them
+when it comes out in the end they'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes out in the end they'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes out in the end they'll say
+they never did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never did it
+they never told you to do these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never told you to do these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never told you to do these things
+but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevertheless
+many of times it starts out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of times it starts out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of times it starts out with
+somebody who really wants to be corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who really wants to be corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who really wants to be corrupt
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+a corrupt person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corrupt person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corrupt person
+now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just
+this answer is not going to be abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer is not going to be abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer is not going to be abstract
+just imagine if sheila will not written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine if sheila will not written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine if sheila will not written
+all this sitting in this chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this sitting in this chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this sitting in this chair
+and imagine that you want to be corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine that you want to be corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine that you want to be corrupt
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+look at her in the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you wouldn't even ask i said this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't even ask i said this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't even ask i said this is not
+the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person
+you look at so what happens is i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at so what happens is i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at so what happens is i think
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know who they ask and who not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+the worst of all possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst of all possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst of all possibilities
+is not so much a person who won't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so much a person who won't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so much a person who won't do it
+the worst of all possibilities for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst of all possibilities for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst of all possibilities for a
+corrupt person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt person
+is a person who does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a person who does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a person who does it
+and then their conscience bother them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their conscience bother them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their conscience bother them
+later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then they say i'm stepping forward i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they say i'm stepping forward i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they say i'm stepping forward i
+i just can't i just cannot live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just can't i just cannot live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just can't i just cannot live with
+this any longer now that's something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this any longer now that's something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this any longer now that's something a
+corrupt person cannot live with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt person cannot live with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt person cannot live with okay
+because the deed is done first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the deed is done first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the deed is done first of all
+and this person is and and for no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this person is and and for no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this person is and and for no reason
+i mean it just worked out nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it just worked out nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it just worked out nobody's
+asking any questions the ship flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking any questions the ship flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking any questions the ship flew
+landed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed
+this person gets up and started blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person gets up and started blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person gets up and started blowing
+the whistle on everybody even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whistle on everybody even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whistle on everybody even if they
+have to go to jail you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to jail you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to jail you know that's the
+nightmare of the whole situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare of the whole situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare of the whole situation
+now what i said i think i gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i said i think i gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i said i think i gave you a
+little blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blue
+uh reprint of something i wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reprint of something i wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reprint of something i wrote
+what i said was that at root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i said was that at root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i said was that at root
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+of all moralities i'm taking a platonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all moralities i'm taking a platonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all moralities i'm taking a platonic
+point of view that morality is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that morality is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that morality is basically
+a character issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a character issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a character issue
+and the character issues not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the character issues not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the character issues not so much
+evil and good the character issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil and good the character issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil and good the character issue is
+more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like
+uh immature mature an immature person i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh immature mature an immature person i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh immature mature an immature person i
+don't care if they're 40 years old just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if they're 40 years old just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if they're 40 years old just
+cannot extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot extend
+the moral universe very widely they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral universe very widely they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral universe very widely they
+don't care about a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what i want to say then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i want to say then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i want to say then is that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and this is documented too that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is documented too that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is documented too that
+you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell
+an immature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immature
+personality in a mature person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality in a mature person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality in a mature person
+and you don't have to wait long and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to wait long and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to wait long and one
+of the things you can do is and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things you can do is and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things you can do is and here's
+now i'm going to speak to you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to speak to you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to speak to you from
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+look at the person's eye if you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the person's eye if you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the person's eye if you see that
+little child like twinkle in their eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little child like twinkle in their eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little child like twinkle in their eyes
+kind of cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cute
+that's the one to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one to avoid
+because that person when the chips come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that person when the chips come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that person when the chips come
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+you got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to go
+you're you are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you are no longer
+in their uh ethical universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their uh ethical universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their uh ethical universe
+when it comes down to now before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes down to now before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes down to now before that
+you want to go out and have a beer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go out and have a beer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go out and have a beer with
+these people you can have a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people you can have a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people you can have a lot of fun
+in other words what i'm trying to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what i'm trying to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what i'm trying to say is
+i have already written about this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have already written about this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have already written about this person
+i call that person tubby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we're talking about and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're talking about and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're talking about and when
+they get in big positions of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get in big positions of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get in big positions of power
+they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still
+14 year olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they will act that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will act that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will act that way
+when the time comes they know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time comes they know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time comes they know how to
+imitate very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate very well
+i mean they can imitate charles de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they can imitate charles de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they can imitate charles de
+gaulle for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaulle for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaulle for a while
+all right you don't know but after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you don't know but after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you don't know but after a
+while and when the situation comes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and when the situation comes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and when the situation comes that
+little glint in their eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little glint in their eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little glint in their eye
+and even uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even uh
+uh paleontologists are taking this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paleontologists are taking this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paleontologists are taking this whole
+issue seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue seriously
+guess how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're talking about how dinosaurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about how dinosaurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about how dinosaurs
+raised their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised their
+the little ones and how the little ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little ones and how the little ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little ones and how the little ones
+had these big eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these big eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these big eyes
+and they're beginning to speculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're beginning to speculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're beginning to speculate that
+these big eyes and there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big eyes and there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big eyes and there's a certain
+childlike feature that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childlike feature that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childlike feature that in
+that the brain is wired to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the brain is wired to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the brain is wired to respond to
+in a caring kind of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a caring kind of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a caring kind of way
+they're talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about that
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+and they're painting these pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're painting these pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're painting these pictures and
+they think that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that there's something
+universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal
+among sentient animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among sentient animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among sentient animals
+i'm not talking about komodo dragons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not talking about komodo dragons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not talking about komodo dragons
+but in sentient animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in sentient animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in sentient animals
+that have to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to raise
+their offspring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their offspring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their offspring
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that
+maternal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal
+instinct uh in males and females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct uh in males and females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct uh in males and females
+gets aroused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets aroused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets aroused by the
+eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+your eyes don't really change in size as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes don't really change in size as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes don't really change in size as
+you get older but your head does so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get older but your head does so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get older but your head does so when
+you're little your eyes look really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're little your eyes look really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're little your eyes look really good
+that's the way that i understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way that i understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way that i understand it
+that's really interesting to hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really interesting to hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really interesting to hear that
+they think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+yes now i'm talking about here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now i'm talking about here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now i'm talking about here's the
+level of my credibility i'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of my credibility i'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of my credibility i'm talking
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+uh the discovery channel type uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the discovery channel type uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the discovery channel type uh
+stuff where they bring on these super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff where they bring on these super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff where they bring on these super
+experts and the experts will say that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts and the experts will say that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts and the experts will say that i
+mean they've said it right on television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they've said it right on television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they've said it right on television
+i've not seen it in a research paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've not seen it in a research paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've not seen it in a research paper
+but this is a graduate class i can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a graduate class i can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a graduate class i can say
+these things because if you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things because if you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things because if you really want
+to know the truth you're supposed to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the truth you're supposed to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the truth you're supposed to go
+to the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the library
+in an undergraduate class i wouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an undergraduate class i wouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an undergraduate class i wouldn't say
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay unless i had a reference for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unless i had a reference for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unless i had a reference for them
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+but uh that's where they go with that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that's where they go with that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that's where they go with that so
+uh yeah getting back to when all again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah getting back to when all again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah getting back to when all again
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+there are a lot of people who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of people who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of people who really
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+seem to have these problems and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have these problems and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have these problems and it's not
+a matter of luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of luck
+it's a matter that if a corrupt person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter that if a corrupt person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter that if a corrupt person
+wants to do something corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do something corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do something corrupt
+that they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they um
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+look at you in the eye and just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you in the eye and just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you in the eye and just say
+you're not the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not the one
+that i want to intimidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to intimidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to intimidate
+okay because like i said i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because like i said i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because like i said i can
+intimidate you you do it you're scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidate you you do it you're scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidate you you do it you're scared
+of me it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me it's done
+a year later the whole thing falls apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year later the whole thing falls apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year later the whole thing falls apart
+i can't take it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't take it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't take it anymore
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so uh that's good that's good platonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's good that's good platonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's good that's good platonic
+ethics plato would say that a really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics plato would say that a really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics plato would say that a really uh
+ethical person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical person
+does not necessarily solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily solve the problem
+but when they don't solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they don't solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they don't solve the problem
+they wrestle with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrestle with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrestle with it
+and they suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+y'all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all
+cut back in here if you whenever i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut back in here if you whenever i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut back in here if you whenever i'm
+just getting off on sheila's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting off on sheila's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting off on sheila's
+another thing she said that's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing she said that's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing she said that's good for
+my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my work
+that i brought to the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i brought to the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i brought to the class
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for my part the research is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my part the research is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my part the research is done
+and that is this whole question again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is this whole question again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is this whole question again
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+corporations or large organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations or large organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations or large organizations
+having moral agency can a corporation be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having moral agency can a corporation be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having moral agency can a corporation be
+evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil
+can a corporation be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a corporation be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a corporation be
+unethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical
+and that the best literature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the best literature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the best literature in
+philosophy right now says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy right now says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy right now says
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+a corporation can be have personhood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corporation can be have personhood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corporation can be have personhood in
+law and commit a crime and be punished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and commit a crime and be punished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and commit a crime and be punished
+for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+but a corporation cannot be a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a corporation cannot be a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a corporation cannot be a moral
+agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+and what i see is that there's just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i see is that there's just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i see is that there's just too
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+opposition opposition to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition opposition to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition opposition to that
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+on a passionate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a passionate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a passionate level
+too many people who are saying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many people who are saying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many people who are saying in
+important places and writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important places and writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important places and writing down
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+important uh evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh evaluations
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+culture corporate and government culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture corporate and government culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture corporate and government culture
+and assigning moral terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assigning moral terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assigning moral terms
+to cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cultures
+and the nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nasa
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia
+evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation
+was officially written down that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was officially written down that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was officially written down that the
+culprit was nasa's culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culprit was nasa's culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culprit was nasa's culture
+and i've seen the same thing with enron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've seen the same thing with enron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've seen the same thing with enron
+so that was important to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was important to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was important to me
+okay for my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for my work
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she made it very clear to me that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she made it very clear to me that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she made it very clear to me that she
+thinks that there's such a thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that there's such a thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that there's such a thing as a
+there's nothing wrong that she will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing wrong that she will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing wrong that she will
+assign moral terms to a to a culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign moral terms to a to a culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign moral terms to a to a culture
+she she said yes and she said mit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she said yes and she said mit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she said yes and she said mit is a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+right yeah she said that so now i feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah she said that so now i feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah she said that so now i feel
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like she would agree with all that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like she would agree with all that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like she would agree with all that i
+don't know if she would argue it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if she would argue it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if she would argue it uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but i noticed she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i noticed she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i noticed she was
+she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said
+and a lot of people say it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean usually in leadership positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+corporations are called bad now so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations are called bad now so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations are called bad now so i
+don't know it was kind of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it was kind of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it was kind of an interesting
+spin i agree i think she was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin i agree i think she was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin i agree i think she was saying that
+you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now she definitely did she started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she definitely did she started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she definitely did she started out
+that way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um
+and i have a way of of of of dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have a way of of of of dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have a way of of of of dealing
+with that when i start talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that when i start talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that when i start talking about the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+my own way of dealing with that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own way of dealing with that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own way of dealing with that is to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+that in a very stressful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a very stressful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a very stressful
+situation that's potentially harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's potentially harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's potentially harmful
+that has ethical dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has ethical dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has ethical dimensions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+involving many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving many people
+you'll find a few on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find a few on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find a few on one side
+a few on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few on the other
+and 95 of the rest somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 95 of the rest somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 95 of the rest somewhere in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what gives the character to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives the character to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives the character to the whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm talking about
+if somebody's being abused out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you think of the the good person is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the the good person is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the the good person is the
+one who intervenes and the bad person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who intervenes and the bad person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who intervenes and the bad person is
+the one who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who's
+the abuser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abuser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abuser
+but what gives the character to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what gives the character to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what gives the character to the
+society is whether the others sit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is whether the others sit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is whether the others sit back
+and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's the onlookers the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the onlookers the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the onlookers the audience
+so it that plays itself out when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it that plays itself out when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it that plays itself out when it
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+to police brutality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to police brutality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to police brutality
+because one person is abusing a citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one person is abusing a citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one person is abusing a citizen
+one policeman is abusing the citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one policeman is abusing the citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one policeman is abusing the citizen
+what makes the whole police force get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes the whole police force get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes the whole police force get a
+bad name is when the others who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad name is when the others who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad name is when the others who are
+standing there watching it just let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing there watching it just let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing there watching it just let it
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they don't tell on the guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of the odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that you will have to ask the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you will have to ask the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you will have to ask the open
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually the confirmation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i'm gonna respond first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm gonna respond first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm gonna respond first
+but just first okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just first okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just first okay
+the conversation did not go in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation did not go in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation did not go in an
+analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical
+direction we were just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we were just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we were just talking
+and what we're doing is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're doing is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're doing is simply
+sensitizing out sensitizing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitizing out sensitizing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitizing out sensitizing out
+some of these points but she never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these points but she never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these points but she never
+addressed i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed i don't
+think didn't intend to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think didn't intend to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think didn't intend to talk about it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+or to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to assign
+the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think that's what professor burke was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's what professor burke was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's what professor burke was
+trying to say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+i'm sorry i'm sorry go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they look at the
+culture of organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+we didn't talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about that
+she didn't come in here with a prepa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't come in here with a prepa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't come in here with a prepa
+with preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with preparation
+to talk about that we asked is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that we asked is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that we asked is that
+right tony i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tony i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tony i think
+she responded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she responded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she responded
+now to answer your first question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to answer your first question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to answer your first question uh
+about the uh tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh tape
+uh yes this open so courseware will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes this open so courseware will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes this open so courseware will be
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+but it won't be available tomorrow i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it won't be available tomorrow i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it won't be available tomorrow i
+mean it available in the spring so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it available in the spring so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it available in the spring so you
+will be able to get it now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to get it now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to get it now there's
+another thing you can probably um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dr whitney has given a lot of talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr whitney has given a lot of talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr whitney has given a lot of talks
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+and there's no doubt in my mind that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no doubt in my mind that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no doubt in my mind that she
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a powerpoint presentation on this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerpoint presentation on this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerpoint presentation on this topic
+and that uh if you ask her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh if you ask her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh if you ask her
+she might be able to just send you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she might be able to just send you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she might be able to just send you one
+over the email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she probably doesn't have a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she probably doesn't have a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she probably doesn't have a whole lot of
+time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do
+another it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another it
+for organizational culture studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organizational culture studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organizational culture studies
+related to dr windall is the nasa report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to dr windall is the nasa report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to dr windall is the nasa report
+on the columbia accent i don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the columbia accent i don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the columbia accent i don't know if
+you've seen read that yet but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen read that yet but sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen read that yet but sort of
+half of it is devoted to max as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it is devoted to max as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it is devoted to max as
+organizational culture and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational culture and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational culture and they don't
+look at they don't decide on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at they don't decide on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at they don't decide on their
+organization by adding up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization by adding up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization by adding up the
+individuals they really do look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals they really do look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals they really do look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things that she didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that she didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that she didn't
+mention because it had to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention because it had to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention because it had to do with the
+challenger accident and not the colombia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger accident and not the colombia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger accident and not the colombia
+that is documented uh and discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is documented uh and discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is documented uh and discussed
+uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when roger beaujolais said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when roger beaujolais said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when roger beaujolais said
+that the weather forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weather forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weather forecast
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+was prohibitive of of the flight because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was prohibitive of of the flight because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was prohibitive of of the flight because
+the o-rings would not behave properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o-rings would not behave properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o-rings would not behave properly
+in that temperature when he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that temperature when he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that temperature when he said that
+he said it before the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said it before the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said it before the launch
+and it went up through channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it went up through channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it went up through channels
+and there was this meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the president with his executive vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the president with his executive vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the president with his executive vice
+president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president
+and that meeting uh is documented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that meeting uh is documented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that meeting uh is documented
+uh and i'll give you a reference on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i'll give you a reference on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i'll give you a reference on that
+uh uh in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in just a second
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and there was a this and a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a this and a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a this and a discussion
+took place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took place
+in that meeting between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that meeting between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that meeting between
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the vice president for engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and another vice president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another vice president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another vice president
+and the vice president for engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vice president for engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vice president for engineering
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+it's too dangerous to fly we cannot fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this other vice president said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other vice president said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other vice president said okay
+that's a good that's a good that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good that's a good that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good that's a good that's good
+advice coming from an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice coming from an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice coming from an engineer
+but now quote take off your engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now quote take off your engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now quote take off your engineering
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+and put on your management hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put on your management hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put on your management hat
+and tell us what your advice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell us what your advice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell us what your advice is
+and he changed he said we should fly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he changed he said we should fly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he changed he said we should fly and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that discussion turned the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion turned the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion turned the whole
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+of flying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flying around
+now i'll give you the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll give you the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll give you the reference
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the i better do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i better do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i better do it
+the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um
+author's name is michael davis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the book is entitled thinking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the book is entitled thinking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the book is entitled thinking like
+an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can find this quote in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find this quote in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find this quote in the in
+the index just say challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's talk about that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's talk about that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's talk about that's a that's a
+commentary on social or on the culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary on social or on the culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary on social or on the culture
+that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about
+how does a person see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a person see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a person see
+the mission of the organization in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission of the organization in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission of the organization in terms
+of their position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their position
+as an engineer as a manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engineer as a manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engineer as a manager
+and it can be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be very different
+better state it can be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me see
+there was something else that i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something else that i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something else that i thought
+was very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very important
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that she said and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she said and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she said and that was
+when you're talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking to
+when you when you have your engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you have your engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you have your engineering
+hat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat on
+and you're talking to up upper level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're talking to up upper level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're talking to up upper level
+management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+your feelings in your woes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feelings in your woes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feelings in your woes
+tell them what you want them to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them what you want them to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them what you want them to do is
+that you want to elaborate on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was good that was a very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was good that was a very good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was good that was a very good point
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah in other words i don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in other words i don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in other words i don't know where
+this gets taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets taught
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+how to hand how to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to hand how to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to hand how to talk
+to different people i'll tell you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different people i'll tell you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different people i'll tell you one
+that's very subtle if you're if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very subtle if you're if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very subtle if you're if you're a
+college professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college professor
+it's how to talk to a trustee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+never give a trustee more than two pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never give a trustee more than two pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never give a trustee more than two pages
+to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best give them a third of a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best give them a third of a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best give them a third of a page
+with with with it with what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with it with what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with it with what you want
+them to do at the top pretty much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do at the top pretty much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do at the top pretty much like
+what she said and the reasons in two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she said and the reasons in two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she said and the reasons in two or
+three bullets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bullets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bullets
+and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it
+never going to trust the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to trust the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to trust the room
+with a thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thesis
+and an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the opposite is true when you stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite is true when you stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite is true when you stand
+before the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the faculty
+never go into with the final result in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go into with the final result in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go into with the final result in a
+few bullets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bullets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bullets
+they'll tell you they'll tear your part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell you they'll tear your part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell you they'll tear your part
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+but if you go before a board of trustees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go before a board of trustees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go before a board of trustees
+make it short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it short
+straight to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the point
+and like uh what dr whitnow said tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like uh what dr whitnow said tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like uh what dr whitnow said tell
+them what you want them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you want them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you want them to do
+they'll decide whether they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll decide whether they want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll decide whether they want to do
+it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not
+but if you can't put it in like i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can't put it in like i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can't put it in like i like
+her terms actionable form i would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her terms actionable form i would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her terms actionable form i would not
+have said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said it
+use that term before she did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that term before she did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that term before she did
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she talked um in terms of core values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she talked um in terms of core values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she talked um in terms of core values
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+i liked it because she presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you know
+these core values um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she introduced a set of core values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she introduced a set of core values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she introduced a set of core values to
+the air force like a written down set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air force like a written down set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air force like a written down set
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+she said you can't give them a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said you can't give them a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said you can't give them a lot of
+money enlisted men but we can give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money enlisted men but we can give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money enlisted men but we can give them
+psychic reward of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's a good intro into codes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a good intro into codes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a good intro into codes of
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+do you have your textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh well in
+let's let's begin a discussion on codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's begin a discussion on codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's begin a discussion on codes
+of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying to figure out how to fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no i want to do it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's called texas tech university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called texas tech university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called texas tech university
+in lubbock texas in west texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lubbock texas in west texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lubbock texas in west texas
+in the panhandle they call it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the panhandle they call it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the panhandle they call it very
+interesting experience i tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experience i tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experience i tell you what
+i'll do that after i make these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do that after i make these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do that after i make these points
+okay rather than go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rather than go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rather than go
+my assignment now is for you all to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my assignment now is for you all to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my assignment now is for you all to read
+in the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook
+everything they have to say about codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they have to say about codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they have to say about codes
+of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'll give an introduction to codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give an introduction to codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give an introduction to codes
+of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethics
+and i'll start with your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll start with your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll start with your question
+uh your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your question
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+core values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core values
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+when you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read
+the code of ethics for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code of ethics for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code of ethics for your
+professional organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional organization
+and i think it's fair to say that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's fair to say that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's fair to say that all
+engineering professional organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering professional organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering professional organizations
+have a code of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+90 of those codes of ethics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 of those codes of ethics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 of those codes of ethics are
+younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+um 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 15 years
+maybe 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you read the codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read the codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read the codes of ethics
+you'll discover something particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll discover something particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll discover something particularly
+after having this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having this class
+that they are not codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are better stated as codes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are better stated as codes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are better stated as codes of
+conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct
+and they can be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be called
+core values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core values
+they say what an engineer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what an engineer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what an engineer is
+an engineer does not do a an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer does not do a an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer does not do a an engineer
+does b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and they don't give reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't give reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't give reasons
+but they list them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're really core values they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really core values they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really core values they're
+really trying to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to describe
+what i've already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've already said
+uh was a gestalt of a of an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was a gestalt of a of an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was a gestalt of a of an organization
+the best parts of that gets thought now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best parts of that gets thought now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best parts of that gets thought now
+not all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of it
+uh and they are really sort of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they are really sort of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they are really sort of like what
+i've already alluded to called the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already alluded to called the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already alluded to called the old
+blues they're really trying to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues they're really trying to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues they're really trying to tell you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're really trying to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really trying to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really trying to tell you that
+there's only one way to be an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way to be an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way to be an engineer
+it has to be a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be a good one
+that a bad there's no such thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a bad there's no such thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a bad there's no such thing as a
+bad engineer there's an engineer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad engineer there's an engineer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad engineer there's an engineer and
+then there are other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we can argue about all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we can argue about all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we can argue about all of that
+but let's look at the factual situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's look at the factual situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's look at the factual situation
+there are things called codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things called codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things called codes of ethics
+they have institutional force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have institutional force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have institutional force
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and they are highly publicized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right institutional force means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right institutional force means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right institutional force means that
+the board of governors or board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board of governors or board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board of governors or board of
+trustees has adopted them for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustees has adopted them for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustees has adopted them for the
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there is a lot of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of discussion
+as to whether or not they can enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to whether or not they can enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to whether or not they can enforce
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because people have been found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because people have been found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because people have been found
+in violation of the code of ethics been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in violation of the code of ethics been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in violation of the code of ethics been
+fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired
+or better stated not been fired ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better stated not been fired ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better stated not been fired ben
+discharged from the from membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharged from the from membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharged from the from membership
+and have gone to the courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have gone to the courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have gone to the courts
+and have won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have won
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+that part of it gets the enforceability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of it gets the enforceability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of it gets the enforceability
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gets to be pretty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be pretty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be pretty um
+complex and beyond the scope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and beyond the scope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and beyond the scope of this
+class because of this law that's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because of this law that's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because of this law that's law
+however there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there is a
+i've seen some documentation i can't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've seen some documentation i can't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've seen some documentation i can't put
+my hands on it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hands on it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hands on it right now
+that says that in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that in many cases
+where a person is an engineer is charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a person is an engineer is charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a person is an engineer is charged
+with unethical conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unethical conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unethical conduct
+uh that they will agree to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they will agree to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they will agree to go through
+the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process
+and they will agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will agree
+to submit themselves to sanctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to submit themselves to sanctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to submit themselves to sanctions
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+the i can give you i can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i can give you i can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i can give you i can give you a
+general source for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general source for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general source for that
+the national society of professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national society of professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national society of professional
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undertakes cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they lock they have a public log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they lock they have a public log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they lock they have a public log of
+those cases you can get these off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases you can get these off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases you can get these off the
+web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web
+so uh i would invite you to look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i would invite you to look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i would invite you to look up the
+it's called the nspe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the nspe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the nspe
+that's probably the website nspe but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably the website nspe but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably the website nspe but it
+stands for national society of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for national society of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for national society of
+professional engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional engineers
+and even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though
+the engineers many engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers many engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers many engineers
+by law do not have to submit themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by law do not have to submit themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by law do not have to submit themselves
+to the nspe they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nspe they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nspe they will
+even if they think even if they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they think even if they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they think even if they found
+guilt think they might be found guilty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt think they might be found guilty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt think they might be found guilty
+the idea is that you take the penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you take the penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you take the penalty
+you do whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do whatever they
+said you're supposed to do usually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're supposed to do usually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're supposed to do usually what
+that means is that you have to go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that you have to go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that you have to go around
+to high schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high schools and
+tell kids not to do what i did that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell kids not to do what i did that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell kids not to do what i did that kind
+of thing and you are sentenced to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing and you are sentenced to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing and you are sentenced to do it
+and then when you've done it then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you've done it then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you've done it then you're
+forgiven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiven
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+but nspe has uh a very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh detailed log of ethical cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the um
+principal issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal issue
+in the development of codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of codes of ethics
+this is his i'm now making historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is his i'm now making historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is his i'm now making historical
+remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the principal issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is over whistleblowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better stated has been over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better stated has been over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better stated has been over
+whistleblowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's talk about why that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's cons there has been and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's cons there has been and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's cons there has been and
+continues to be considerable discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as to whether or not and if so if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to whether or not and if so if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to whether or not and if so if it is
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+that the professional our societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the professional our societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the professional our societies
+are controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are controlled
+by the managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the managers
+not by what they call the line engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can bring that same argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can bring that same argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can bring that same argument
+into the university the words will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the university the words will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the university the words will
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+but also the culture will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the culture will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the culture will change
+who controls the institution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who controls the institution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who controls the institution the
+university the the administrators or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university the the administrators or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university the the administrators or the
+faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+i mean we've left out the students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we've left out the students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we've left out the students and
+we've left out the trustees okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've left out the trustees okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've left out the trustees okay but
+that's where most of the arguments go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where most of the arguments go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where most of the arguments go
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+most administrators will tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most administrators will tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most administrators will tell you the
+faculty control the university not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty control the university not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty control the university not all
+the faculty will say that but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty will say that but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty will say that but most
+administrators that i that i know will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators that i that i know will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators that i that i know will
+come right in here and say the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right in here and say the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right in here and say the faculty
+controls the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the university
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and a corporation the managers control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a corporation the managers control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a corporation the managers control
+not the line engineers very few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the line engineers very few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the line engineers very few people
+will say that the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say that the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say that the engineers
+control the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the organization
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+professional organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when i say control i'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i say control i'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i say control i'm saying that
+the arguments have been and i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arguments have been and i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arguments have been and i haven't
+looked at i haven't seen any recent data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at i haven't seen any recent data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at i haven't seen any recent data
+but the data used to come out when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data used to come out when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data used to come out when we
+were talking about building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about building
+codes of ethics for engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes of ethics for engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes of ethics for engineering
+professional societies that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional societies that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional societies that was in the
+80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s
+and i was chair of one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was chair of one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was chair of one of those
+committees i'll tell you about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees i'll tell you about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees i'll tell you about my
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+this was back in the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was back in the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was back in the 80s
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the issue was who are the chairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the issue was who are the chairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the issue was who are the chairs of
+the major committees who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major committees who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major committees who are the
+presidents who are the major officers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents who are the major officers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents who are the major officers in
+the professional engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professional engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professional engineering
+organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations
+many of them most of them are corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them most of them are corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them most of them are corporate
+people and 90 and many and most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and 90 and many and most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and 90 and many and most of them
+are managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is that
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there wasn't any difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't any difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't any difference between the
+professional societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional societies
+almost all that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all that way
+uh now here are some of the issues um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the papers i wrote back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the papers i wrote back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the papers i wrote back in the
+80s cited data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s cited data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s cited data
+that were collected that i did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were collected that i did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were collected that i did not
+collected and analyzed i just cited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected and analyzed i just cited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected and analyzed i just cited the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and i remember the data because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remember the data because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remember the data because it's
+easy to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to remember
+67 of engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 of engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 of engineers
+by age 40 uh managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by age 40 uh managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by age 40 uh managers
+i don't know if that's changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that was the issue at the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was the issue at the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was the issue at the time that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+that the professional societies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the professional societies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the professional societies in the
+80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s
+were developing their codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developing their codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developing their codes of ethics
+which meant that if you want an older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant that if you want an older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant that if you want an older
+person a senior person to rep to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a senior person to rep to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a senior person to rep to be an
+officer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer
+the chances are that person was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances are that person was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances are that person was a
+manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second one that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one that is
+was talked about a little bit but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about a little bit but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about a little bit but not
+talked about a lot but was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a lot but was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a lot but was very
+important and i called it uh part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and i called it uh part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and i called it uh part of the
+collective unconscious of the profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective unconscious of the profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective unconscious of the profession
+was that management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that management
+was symbolic of success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was symbolic of success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was symbolic of success
+among engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among engineers
+and that the engineers who wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the engineers who wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the engineers who wanted to
+remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+project managers i mean you know i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project managers i mean you know i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project managers i mean you know i mean
+they call themselves managers but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call themselves managers but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call themselves managers but the
+engineer who's out in the field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer who's out in the field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer who's out in the field the
+field engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field engineers
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+didn't think that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but did say that their power in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but did say that their power in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but did say that their power in the
+organization was low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization was low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization was low
+and that their salaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there was this aura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was this aura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was this aura
+there remains this aura and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there remains this aura and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there remains this aura and um
+corporate america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate america
+of success in engineering being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success in engineering being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success in engineering being
+management success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not so in a university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most people will tell you the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people will tell you the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people will tell you the highest
+that you can ever achieve in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can ever achieve in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can ever achieve in a
+university a full professor not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university a full professor not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university a full professor not
+president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president
+not one of distinguished professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of distinguished professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of distinguished professor
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+uh mainly because in many universities i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mainly because in many universities i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mainly because in many universities i
+don't know about mit but i know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about mit but i know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about mit but i know about
+many universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many universities
+that the distinguished professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distinguished professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distinguished professor
+positions are not people who are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions are not people who are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions are not people who are on
+appointments and promotions committees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments and promotions committees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments and promotions committees
+of departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of departments
+i don't know if it's that is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if it's that is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if it's that is due
+professors on apt committees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors on apt committees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors on apt committees
+probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not
+so i mean the power and all of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean the power and all of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean the power and all of that the
+prestige resides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestige resides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestige resides in
+in those tenure track positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those tenure track positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those tenure track positions
+among faculty don't carry that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among faculty don't carry that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among faculty don't carry that model
+outside the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the university
+with a lot of confidence that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of confidence that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of confidence that you're
+going to be successful you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be successful you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be successful you're not going
+to find it successful in business or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it successful in business or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it successful in business or in
+government i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government i don't think
+uh in the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the main
+if you want to look for particular cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look for particular cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look for particular cases
+then i'll leave that for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll leave that for you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll leave that for you to do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the whistleblowing issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whistleblowing issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whistleblowing issue
+was over the word loyalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it was mainly argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mainly argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mainly argued
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i mean argued by managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wanted their subordinates to be loyal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted their subordinates to be loyal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted their subordinates to be loyal
+and it was hotly debated people lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was hotly debated people lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was hotly debated people lost
+friendships it was really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships it was really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships it was really bad
+but what happened was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happened was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happened was the first
+organization to come out and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to come out and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to come out and say
+uh in its code of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in its code of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in its code of ethics
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public
+interest is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is higher
+than the employer's employer or client's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the employer's employer or client's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the employer's employer or client's
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+was the nspe and they did it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the nspe and they did it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the nspe and they did it in the
+early 40s not in the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you really want to
+enjoy a history of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy a history of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy a history of engineering
+there's a book by a man named edwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book by a man named edwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book by a man named edwin
+layton l-a-y-t-o-n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layton l-a-y-t-o-n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layton l-a-y-t-o-n
+you have to go to the library again not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go to the library again not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go to the library again not
+gonna get this one off amazon you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get this one off amazon you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get this one off amazon you might
+get it off ebay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it off ebay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it off ebay
+somebody might have it they're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody might have it they're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody might have it they're willing
+to sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell it
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's called it's called revolt of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called it's called revolt of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called it's called revolt of the
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what he says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he says is
+that the nspe was founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a group of young rebels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a group of young rebels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a group of young rebels
+in engineering who said they're tired of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering who said they're tired of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering who said they're tired of
+all of this environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this environmental
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+spoilage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoilage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoilage
+and we tend to think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tend to think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tend to think that the
+environmental issues came up in the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental issues came up in the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental issues came up in the 70s
+well actually they came up before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually they came up before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually they came up before the
+40s with president hoover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40s with president hoover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40s with president hoover
+who was an engineer and who ran on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was an engineer and who ran on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was an engineer and who ran on the
+an environmental issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an environmental issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an environmental issue
+said i'm an engineer i can straighten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i'm an engineer i can straighten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i'm an engineer i can straighten
+out these environmental problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the nspe was founded by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the nspe was founded by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the nspe was founded by a
+group of young engineers
+
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+group of young engineers
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals and they say they're going to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they're going to make an engineering
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they're going to make an engineering
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+that the others should emulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the others should emulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the others should emulate
+and they were practicing engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were practicing engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were practicing engineers and
+the key issue is that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key issue is that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key issue is that they were
+engineers who were very young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you get out the uh this book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you get out the uh this book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you get out the uh this book on
+a revolt of the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a revolt of the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a revolt of the engineers
+i invite you to look in the index for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i invite you to look in the index for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i invite you to look in the index for
+the word technocracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+and read the pages he's got in there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read the pages he's got in there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read the pages he's got in there on
+the technocracy movement of the 20s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technocracy movement of the 20s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technocracy movement of the 20s the
+1920s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this was a movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a movement
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a movement
+in the 1920s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1920s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1920s
+whose theme was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a technological society like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a technological society like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a technological society like
+america should be controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america should be controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america should be controlled by
+engineers in other words they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers in other words they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers in other words they were
+advocating that the president in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating that the president in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating that the president in the
+united states a qualification to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states a qualification to be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states a qualification to be
+president united states was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president united states was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president united states was that you
+have to be an engineer i mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it moved for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it moved for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it moved for a little while
+and was all in the press and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was all in the press and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was all in the press and then they
+found out that um the leader of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that um the leader of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that um the leader of it
+uh was a fraud uh wasn't an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was a fraud uh wasn't an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was a fraud uh wasn't an engineer
+and the word that uh the words that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the word that uh the words that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the word that uh the words that uh
+leighton news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leighton news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leighton news
+uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+to describe what he was comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe what he was comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe what he was comes out of
+some of the newspapers at the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the newspapers at the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the newspapers at the time they
+called him a denizen of greenwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called him a denizen of greenwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called him a denizen of greenwich
+village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i don't know what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't know what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't know what the what the
+metaphor for of being a dentist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor for of being a dentist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor for of being a dentist in the
+greater greenwich village is today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater greenwich village is today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater greenwich village is today
+but in my time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in my time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in my time it was
+uh hayden ashbury it was a two street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hayden ashbury it was a two street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hayden ashbury it was a two street
+corners in san francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners in san francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners in san francisco
+where all the hippies hung out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the hippies hung out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the hippies hung out and
+druggie everybody you know and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+druggie everybody you know and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+druggie everybody you know and everybody
+you could walk to any corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could walk to any corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could walk to any corner and
+somebody was up on some platform giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was up on some platform giving
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was up on some platform giving
+a speech about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech about you know
+better society and all of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better society and all of this and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+better society and all of this and
+people were high off of this and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were high off of this and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+off of that and everybody was discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of that and everybody was discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of that and everybody was discussing
+all night literally all night long all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all night literally all night long all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all night literally all night long all
+kinds of political issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of political issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of political issues
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is there any such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any such
+metaphor like that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in england you've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england you've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england you've got uh
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+there's a hyde park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well greenwich village was it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well greenwich village was it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well greenwich village was it in
+the 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s
+all right so that was the thing i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was the thing i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was the thing i mean
+and a lot of engineers lost their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of engineers lost their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of engineers lost their
+reputations and all of that but but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputations and all of that but but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputations and all of that but but uh
+layton has a lot of good things to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layton has a lot of good things to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layton has a lot of good things to say
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the movement that that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement that that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement that that was the first
+time that they really ever got together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that they really ever got together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that they really ever got together
+and really tried to do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really tried to do something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really tried to do something about
+the uh a big social issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh a big social issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh a big social issue
+okay uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so
+another uh driving force for codes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh driving force for codes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh driving force for codes of
+ethics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics was
+and some will say i think layton would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some will say i think layton would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some will say i think layton would
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+was the most important driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the most important driving
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the most important driving
+impetus for codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impetus for codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impetus for codes of ethics
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+that the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were jealous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were jealous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were jealous
+of the doctors and the lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because doctors and lawyers were called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because doctors and lawyers were called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because doctors and lawyers were called
+professionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals
+and a lot of people did not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people did not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people did not want to
+attach the word professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach the word professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach the word professional
+to engineering to engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it was a status issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+social status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social status
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the engineers thought that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers thought that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers thought that by
+having a code of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a code of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a code of ethics
+uh they would then achieve professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they would then achieve professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they would then achieve professional
+status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a lot of the managers were interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the managers were interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the managers were interested
+in the code of ethics for that reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code of ethics for that reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code of ethics for that reason it
+wasn't so much portraying engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so much portraying engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so much portraying engineers
+as good people or trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good people or trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good people or trying to make
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+a good a good a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a good a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a good a good
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i don't want to say profession right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to say profession right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to say profession right now
+a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling
+but they wanted to make sure that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they wanted to make sure that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they wanted to make sure that it was
+a profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profession
+and that we were as professional about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we were as professional about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we were as professional about
+what we do as doctors and lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's documented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's documented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's documented
+okay that doesn't run just under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that doesn't run just under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that doesn't run just under the
+conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious
+subconscious area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconscious area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconscious area
+engineers were very jealous about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers were very jealous about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers were very jealous about that
+how do how do you how do engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how do you how do engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how do you how do engineers
+how do you perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you perceive
+uh what do engineers think about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do engineers think about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do engineers think about their
+status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+in the united states now i'm i'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states now i'm i'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states now i'm i'm saying
+i think you know why the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know why the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know why the united states
+because when you get out of the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you get out of the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you get out of the united
+states you can go to other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you can go to other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you can go to other places
+for example you can go to russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can go to russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can go to russia
+in germany okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in germany okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in germany okay
+engineering all you have to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering all you have to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering all you have to say is
+engineer you're way up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually i'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm asking
+asking an open-ended question i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking an open-ended question i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking an open-ended question i'm just
+trying to get a feel for how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a feel for how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a feel for how this
+discussion runs today and i do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion runs today and i do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion runs today and i do not have
+uh and i want a generational perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i want a generational perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i want a generational perspective
+if you can give that to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my experience has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+college students respect engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students respect engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students respect engineering
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+as the ones who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ones who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ones who are
+doing really hard work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really hard work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really hard work
+require a lot of intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as a result a lot of engineers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result a lot of engineers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result a lot of engineers are
+proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like the
+students who are studying the humanities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are studying the humanities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are studying the humanities
+who are majoring in the humanities will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are majoring in the humanities will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are majoring in the humanities will
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+i i admire that you do engineering i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i admire that you do engineering i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i admire that you do engineering i
+don't concentrate that hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that complex differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complex differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complex differential equations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public
+doesn't all have the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't all have the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't all have the experience of
+attending college with engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending college with engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending college with engineering
+students or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or
+so i think there's just a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think there's just a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think there's just a lack of
+awareness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness of
+the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of
+what engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i've heard that it's engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i've heard that it's engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i've heard that it's engineering is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+viewed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as a
+as high status or as much of a helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high status or as much of a helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high status or as much of a helping
+profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession
+in the united states as it is in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states as it is in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states as it is in india
+or germany or china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or germany or china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or germany or china
+where in those countries parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in those countries parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in those countries parents
+all parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i gave a talk at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave a talk at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave a talk at a
+triple aes meeting american association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple aes meeting american association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple aes meeting american association
+and uh in the audience this guy got up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in the audience this guy got up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in the audience this guy got up
+said he was from poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said he was an engineer he must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he was an engineer he must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he was an engineer he must have
+been about age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been about age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been about age
+45 or 50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 or 50.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 or 50.
+city had really just first come come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city had really just first come come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city had really just first come come to
+united states within the last five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states within the last five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states within the last five years
+or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so
+and he founded a shock that the doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he founded a shock that the doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he founded a shock that the doctors
+had so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so much
+prestige here and the engineers had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestige here and the engineers had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestige here and the engineers had so
+little and he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in poland and these are his words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poland and these are his words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poland and these are his words
+he said in poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said in poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said in poland
+medical students are the ones who flunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical students are the ones who flunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical students are the ones who flunk
+the engineering exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for entry into an engineering school you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entry into an engineering school you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entry into an engineering school you
+if you think you can get into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think you can get into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think you can get into an
+engineering school and you take the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering school and you take the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering school and you take the exam
+and you fail then you go to medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you fail then you go to medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you fail then you go to medical
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh now i'll tell you uh let's exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now i'll tell you uh let's exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now i'll tell you uh let's exchange
+some more uh impressions uh i'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more uh impressions uh i'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more uh impressions uh i'll take
+responsibility for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for my
+uh impressions in so far as i've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impressions in so far as i've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impressions in so far as i've written
+some of this stuff down somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff down somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff down somewhere
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+what you just said about what students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just said about what students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just said about what students
+think about each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about each other
+uh those same words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those same words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those same words
+would have been used by me and anybody i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been used by me and anybody i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been used by me and anybody i
+knew when i was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew when i was a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew when i was a student
+an undergraduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergraduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergraduate student
+and this is in the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in the first half of the
+1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s
+so that has not changed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that has not changed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that has not changed that's
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+when i became a faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i became a faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i became a faculty member
+the whole thing flipped 180 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because faculty don't believe that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because faculty don't believe that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because faculty don't believe that about
+one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another
+faculty believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty believe
+and this is this is a legacy of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is a legacy of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is a legacy of uh the
+greek heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek heritage
+see aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see aristotle
+you start with aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with aristotle
+aristotle had a gradation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle had a gradation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle had a gradation of
+what we what we call today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we call today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we call today uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+higher order thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order thinking
+and the kind of engine thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of engine thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of engine thinking that
+engineers did was about third way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+the average scholar believes today by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average scholar believes today by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average scholar believes today by me
+today believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today believes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um the intellectual disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the intellectual disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the intellectual disciplines
+consist of the sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the humanities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you press them they'll put up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you press them they'll put up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you press them they'll put up in the
+same category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same category
+the high arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh they believe that somebody who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they believe that somebody who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they believe that somebody who can
+appreciate a good painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is more intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more intellectual
+than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh
+an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed
+but in the academy i don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the academy i don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the academy i don't think that
+you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you undergraduate at princeton right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you undergraduate at princeton right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you undergraduate at princeton right
+yeah well if you get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there are places where you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are places where you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are places where you'll find
+i think mit is a place where you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think mit is a place where you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think mit is a place where you get a
+lot of respect for engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of respect for engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of respect for engineering
+among faculties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh at rpi you'll get a lot of respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at rpi you'll get a lot of respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at rpi you'll get a lot of respect
+because these are engineering schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are engineering schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are engineering schools
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but when you start dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you start dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you start dealing with
+faculties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they really don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that engineering requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering requires
+higher order functions of the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order functions of the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order functions of the mind
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you get a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a collection of
+of a district of a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a district of a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a district of a distribution of
+faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+from all the different law faculty over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the different law faculty over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the different law faculty over
+here humanities arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here humanities arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here humanities arts
+engineering medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering medicine
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the house will divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house will divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house will divide
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the physicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+will fit on one cat side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fit on one cat side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fit on one cat side
+the sociologists will fit on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sociologists will fit on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sociologists will fit on the other
+side but the social workers will fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but the social workers will fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but the social workers will fit
+over with the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over with the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over with the engineers
+the economists will fit on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economists will fit on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economists will fit on the other
+side but the business people will fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but the business people will fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but the business people will fit
+over there with the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there with the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there with the engineers
+in other words they'll divide the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they'll divide the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they'll divide the house
+there's an intellectual and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an intellectual and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an intellectual and there's a
+practical way of thinking and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical way of thinking and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical way of thinking and that the
+intellectuals do not believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectuals do not believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectuals do not believe that the
+rest of them are intellectuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of them are intellectuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of them are intellectuals
+now there's a good book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a good book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a good book
+it's a little book it's about 20 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little book it's about 20 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little book it's about 20 pages
+long you still buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you still buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you still buy it
+uh by a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by a man
+named cp snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named cp snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named cp snow
+oh you've read this i haven't read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you've read this i haven't read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you've read this i haven't read it
+yet but it's been recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cultures
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the there are a lot of books there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are a lot of books there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are a lot of books there are a
+lot of books that are better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of books that are better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of books that are better than that
+but the good news about that book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the good news about that book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the good news about that book is
+number one is short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is short
+and number two is that it had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number two is that it had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number two is that it had a lot of
+impact on america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on america
+in the early 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 50s
+a lot of impact on america everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of impact on america everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of impact on america everybody was
+reading it everybody was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it everybody was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it everybody was talking about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and i think that some of that is laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that some of that is laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that some of that is laid
+out there another one is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there another one is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there another one is just to
+not to worry too much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to worry too much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to worry too much about the
+theory of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of of
+of the disciplines but just get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disciplines but just get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disciplines but just get what
+aristotle had to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind
+and think what he had to say and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think what he had to say and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think what he had to say and a lot
+of that filter is over today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that filter is over today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that filter is over today
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um now i don't buy into all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there's a lot of that out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of that out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of that out here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so therefore the engineers who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore the engineers who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore the engineers who were
+professionals and i according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals and i according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals and i according to this
+clock i got one more minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock i got one more minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock i got one more minute
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+since that they don't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that they don't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that they don't like it
+and the code of ethics was a means one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the code of ethics was a means one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the code of ethics was a means one
+of was part of the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of was part of the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of was part of the means
+of getting more status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting more status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting more status
+in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh we are out next week we're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we are out next week we're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we are out next week we're out
+we don't have class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have class
+on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tuesday
+but we have class on thursday and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have class on thursday and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have class on thursday and your
+reading assignment is to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment is to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment is to read
+everything in this textbook on codes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this textbook on codes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this textbook on codes of
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+now when i say everything read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when i say everything read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when i say everything read
+everything 90 of that is one code after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything 90 of that is one code after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything 90 of that is one code after
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+and you read that like you read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you read that like you read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you read that like you read a
+dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary
+you don't read all of it but you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't read all of it but you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't read all of it but you try to
+read some of it in depth and see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some of it in depth and see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some of it in depth and see where
+the rest of it fits into a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it fits into a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it fits into a pattern
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and what i want you to look for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want you to look for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want you to look for is
+a statement that all of them will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement that all of them will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement that all of them will have
+in there that addresses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that addresses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that addresses the
+whistleblowing issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistleblowing issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistleblowing issue
+and it's called the paramouncy clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called the paramouncy clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called the paramouncy clause
+it's usually the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually the first one
+but it has something to do it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has something to do it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has something to do it has to do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+relative importance of serving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative importance of serving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative importance of serving the
+public as opposed to clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public as opposed to clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public as opposed to clients
+and employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then anything else you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then anything else you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then anything else you might think
+is interesting in those codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+my time is up but yours is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you would like me to bring sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would like me to bring sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would like me to bring sort of a
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+give us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us uh
+how about five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh anybody else that wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anybody else that wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anybody else that wants to
+now my attitude is anybody in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my attitude is anybody in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my attitude is anybody in this class
+can give a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give a paper
+so you just have to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you have a minute tony i'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a minute tony i'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a minute tony i'd like to
+take i don't know i never got to texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take i don't know i never got to texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take i don't know i never got to texas
+okay class is over but i'm gonna tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay class is over but i'm gonna tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay class is over but i'm gonna tell
+you what the big issue about texas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the big issue about texas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the big issue about texas is
+and really what i wanted i thought would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really what i wanted i thought would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really what i wanted i thought would
+and it turned out it would really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out it would really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out it would really have
+been good if you could have gone tony uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been good if you could have gone tony uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been good if you could have gone tony uh
+it was an experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an experience
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+starting from the grassroots faculty up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the grassroots faculty up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the grassroots faculty up
+and then into the board of trustees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then into the board of trustees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then into the board of trustees and
+the president and back down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president and back down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president and back down and the
+provost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provost
+ethics is what they call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics is what they call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics is what they call a
+center of comp of excellence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of comp of excellence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of comp of excellence
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+for a whole university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole university
+it's good to see what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know at johns hopkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at johns hopkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at johns hopkins
+their center is medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their center is medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their center is medicine
+in other places you have your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other places you have your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other places you have your other
+centers of where you are the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers of where you are the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers of where you are the best
+but they want to be the best in ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they want to be the best in ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they want to be the best in ethics
+texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it comes down from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes down from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes down from um
+accreditation uh visits because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation uh visits because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation uh visits because
+accrediting bodies now uh will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accrediting bodies now uh will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accrediting bodies now uh will always
+say well what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what do you do
+that's better than what everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better than what everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better than what everybody else
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+they have different names but the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different names but the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different names but the word
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+will be in it some way or another now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in it some way or another now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in it some way or another now i
+don't think they they have that at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they they have that at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they they have that at mit
+because a place like mit you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a place like mit you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a place like mit you think
+well we're going to be the best in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to be the best in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to be the best in
+everything all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all right
+but when you get outside of mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get outside of mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get outside of mit
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and go to most of your big state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to most of your big state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to most of your big state
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+then that center of excellence issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that center of excellence issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that center of excellence issue
+is going to be a mandate from the boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a mandate from the boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a mandate from the boards
+and the accredited people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YROT1JTNLWs.txt b/YROT1JTNLWs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c59a3acbb4a4b56fcf48c0f771d654f2a3dcc46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YROT1JTNLWs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10576 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+happy monday everyone how you all doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy monday everyone how you all doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy monday everyone how you all doing
+you know it's good because it's a goody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's good because it's a goody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's good because it's a goody
+bag day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag day
+um and so i'll get to what you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so i'll get to what you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so i'll get to what you have in
+your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands
+um in this lecture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this lecture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this lecture um
+today so we've been we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so we've been we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so we've been we've been talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+these things for a while now right we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for a while now right we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for a while now right we've
+built up an understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up an understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up an understanding
+of the stamp and the basis and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stamp and the basis and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stamp and the basis and and then
+we understood how to talk about it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understood how to talk about it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understood how to talk about it like
+in terms of the planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the planes
+and the symmetries and then we shined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the symmetries and then we shined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the symmetries and then we shined
+x-rays on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays on it
+and now we're going to start taking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to start taking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to start taking them
+all apart and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all apart and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all apart and so
+so no don't be sad don't be sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no don't be sad don't be sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no don't be sad don't be sad
+because because actually that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because actually that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because actually that's more
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+that's more real and that's what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more real and that's what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more real and that's what we'll
+talk about today so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today so what
+what our plan is is you know so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our plan is is you know so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our plan is is you know so today
+we're going to start creating defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start creating defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start creating defects
+in the perfect order that we've had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the perfect order that we've had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the perfect order that we've had so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+um and and in your goody bag you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in your goody bag you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in your goody bag you have a
+defect generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect generation
+machine which we'll talk about um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which we'll talk about um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which we'll talk about um and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+on and and so today we're gonna we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and and so today we're gonna we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and and so today we're gonna we're
+gonna talk about one kind of defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about one kind of defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about one kind of defect
+that's a point defect and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a point defect and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a point defect and then on
+on wednesday we'll talk about line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday we'll talk about line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday we'll talk about line
+defects and then we'll just mess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and then we'll just mess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and then we'll just mess the
+whole thing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing up
+and we're going to make it amorphous so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make it amorphous so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make it amorphous so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that's where we're going and beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going and beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going and beyond that
+if you want to know more about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know more about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know more about where
+we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+there's the concept map up there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the concept map up there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the concept map up there for
+exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam
+3 which again you know we don't pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which again you know we don't pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which again you know we don't pick
+these dates so this date came later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dates so this date came later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dates so this date came later
+um uh in the semester that we wanted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in the semester that we wanted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in the semester that we wanted but
+uh it's that's what it is i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's that's what it is i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's that's what it is i think it's
+all the way up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up in
+early december um uh but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early december um uh but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early december um uh but i'm
+because of of the fact that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of of the fact that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of of the fact that there's a
+thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving
+holiday in between and there's one topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday in between and there's one topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday in between and there's one topic
+here we have to start before the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to start before the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to start before the exam
+it's not here because it won't be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not here because it won't be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not here because it won't be on the
+exam but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but
+we're going to start polymers but won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start polymers but won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start polymers but won't
+be on the exam i'm going to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the exam i'm going to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the exam i'm going to spend the
+whole lecture before exam three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture before exam three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture before exam three
+just reviewing for exam three because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reviewing for exam three because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reviewing for exam three because
+we're gonna have that thanksgiving break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have that thanksgiving break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have that thanksgiving break
+and all that so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that so that's what
+that's what's not listed here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's not listed here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's not listed here these are
+just the topics that are covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the topics that are covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the topics that are covered
+on exam three okay good if anyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exam three okay good if anyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exam three okay good if anyone has
+any questions please do let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions please do let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions please do let me know
+the concept map now the thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept map now the thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept map now the thesis
+of 3091 you have seen in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3091 you have seen in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3091 you have seen in multiple
+different ways i have tried to convey to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways i have tried to convey to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways i have tried to convey to
+you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+the electronic structure of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic structure of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic structure of atoms
+is is the key to life it's the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the key to life it's the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the key to life it's the key to
+chemistry it's the key to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry it's the key to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry it's the key to understanding
+um and and within that you get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and within that you get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and within that you get things
+like this which is what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which is what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which is what we've been
+talking about recently like composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about recently like composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about recently like composition
+and arrangement right that's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrangement right that's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrangement right that's these
+crystals that's these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals that's these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals that's these different
+bcc fcc okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcc fcc okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcc fcc okay um
+and then the chemistry you put inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the chemistry you put inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the chemistry you put inside
+but you see the other thing about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see the other thing about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see the other thing about it is
+defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects
+yeah because the thing is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the thing is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the thing is that that
+defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects
+which is the topic of today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the topic of today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the topic of today and
+wednesday they are absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday they are absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday they are absolutely
+crucial for understanding the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial for understanding the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial for understanding the properties
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+if they're there and i just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're there and i just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're there and i just told you
+they're always there the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always there the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always there the question is how
+much are they there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much are they there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much are they there
+right um and and so so if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so so if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so so if you don't know
+about defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about defects
+if you don't know about defects then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know about defects then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know about defects then you
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+cannot fully understand properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a very strong correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very strong correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very strong correlation
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+and that's why we have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we have to talk about
+them we have to understand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we have to understand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we have to understand them
+now i love this quote from colin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i love this quote from colin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i love this quote from colin
+humphries he said crystals are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humphries he said crystals are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humphries he said crystals are like
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+it is the defects in them which tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the defects in them which tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the defects in them which tend to
+make them interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them interesting
+yeah and and that's actually really true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and that's actually really true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and that's actually really true
+because defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because defects
+right defects sound you know i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right defects sound you know i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right defects sound you know i don't
+want to defect no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to defect no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to defect no
+actually oftentimes you do want defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oftentimes you do want defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oftentimes you do want defects
+sometimes you don't yeah so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't yeah so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't yeah so there are
+some kinds that are kind of like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kinds that are kind of like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kinds that are kind of like maybe
+not things you want in your crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not things you want in your crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not things you want in your crystal and
+then there are other kinds that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are other kinds that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are other kinds that actually
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+engineering purposefully to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering purposefully to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering purposefully to be there
+either way you got to understand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way you got to understand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way you got to understand them
+right and that's what we're doing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what we're doing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what we're doing today
+because i'm tight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm tight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm tight so
+you know if you take this three layer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take this three layer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take this three layer we
+talk about graphene it's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about graphene it's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about graphene it's a one
+atom thick material pretty cool every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom thick material pretty cool every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom thick material pretty cool every
+atom's on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom's on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom's on the surface
+all right here's another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here's another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here's another example of
+what's called a 2d material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a 2d material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a 2d material
+why it's not 2d but it's called a 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not 2d but it's called a 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not 2d but it's called a 2d
+material because it gets you like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because it gets you like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because it gets you like you
+know more publicity on your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more publicity on your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more publicity on your work
+this is molybdenum but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is molybdenum but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is molybdenum but this is
+molybdenum disulpha it's really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molybdenum disulpha it's really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molybdenum disulpha it's really cool
+material it's three atoms thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's three atoms thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's three atoms thick
+so it's kind of like 2d ish right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of like 2d ish right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of like 2d ish right yeah
+but see that's the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see that's the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see that's the model
+that's the model this is reality this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model this is reality this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model this is reality this is
+react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+how do you see how do we see atoms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you see how do we see atoms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you see how do we see atoms like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+that's a real picture do we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real picture do we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real picture do we use
+x-rays no what do we use to see atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays no what do we use to see atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays no what do we use to see atoms
+that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well
+electrons electrons are our light right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons electrons are our light right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons electrons are our light right
+that's what we're using this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're using this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're using this is an
+electron picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron picture
+electron and if you do that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and if you do that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and if you do that you can see
+individual atoms and look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual atoms and look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual atoms and look at that
+there's there's places where atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's places where atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's places where atoms are
+missing all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing all over the place
+that's reality that's reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reality that's reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reality that's reality
+and those where you have one atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those where you have one atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those where you have one atom
+missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing
+or where you have one thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where you have one thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where you have one thing that is
+localized and disruptive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and disruptive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and disruptive to the
+regularity of the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity of the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity of the lattice
+that's called a point defect so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a point defect so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a point defect so let's
+write that down that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down that's the one
+that we're talking about today so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about today so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about today so the
+point defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defect
+point defect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defect is
+where you have a localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+localized disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the regularity regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the regularity regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the regularity regularity
+the periodicity the repeating of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodicity the repeating of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodicity the repeating of the
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and it could be on or between we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it could be on or between we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it could be on or between we'll
+we'll see this on or between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this on or between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this on or between
+sites right it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites right it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites right it could be
+a defect that is like you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defect that is like you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defect that is like you see here
+there's an actual atom missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual atom missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual atom missing
+what could be something that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be something that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be something that maybe
+you've got in there in between sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got in there in between sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got in there in between sites
+but either way it's a it's a disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but either way it's a it's a disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but either way it's a it's a disruption
+that's localized to a point or almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's localized to a point or almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's localized to a point or almost a
+point and so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so it is
+because in tight that you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight that you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight that you can see that
+if we just make these disruptions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just make these disruptions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just make these disruptions in
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+illumina we talk about alumina all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumina we talk about alumina all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumina we talk about alumina all right
+mirror is aluminum has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is aluminum has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is aluminum has
+really strong lattice energies so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong lattice energies so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong lattice energies so it's
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+it's like sandpaper oh it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like sandpaper oh it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like sandpaper oh it's also
+toothpaste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothpaste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothpaste
+it's in a lot of stuff aluminum is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a lot of stuff aluminum is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a lot of stuff aluminum is a
+great but look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but look at this
+that's alumina with almost no defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's alumina with almost no defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's alumina with almost no defects
+it's got still got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got still got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got still got some
+you can never get rid of them all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never get rid of them all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never get rid of them all but
+here it is when i purposely engineer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is when i purposely engineer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is when i purposely engineer the
+defects in aluminum and i put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in aluminum and i put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in aluminum and i put a little
+titanium or iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium or iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium or iron
+or here's it when i put chromium so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's it when i put chromium so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's it when i put chromium so you
+can there's one property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can there's one property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can there's one property
+where the localized disruption and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the localized disruption and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the localized disruption and it's
+not a lot as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot as we'll see
+the localized disruption changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the localized disruption changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the localized disruption changes the
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+that is key that's just color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is key that's just color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is key that's just color
+right this applies to most properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this applies to most properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this applies to most properties of
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+and so you know so this this first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know so this this first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know so this this first one
+the point defects that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point defects that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point defects that we're talking
+about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today
+you can kind of think of those as zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of think of those as zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of think of those as zero
+dimensional um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional um because
+they're they're localized you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're localized you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're localized you know they
+don't really go off in a line they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really go off in a line they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really go off in a line they don't
+go off in a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off in a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off in a plane
+or a volume and you can have defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a volume and you can have defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a volume and you can have defects
+that are that cover all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that cover all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that cover all of those
+possibilities but these are points all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but these are points all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but these are points all
+right this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is
+what the word localized means here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the word localized means here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the word localized means here okay
+okay now in this class we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in this class we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in this class we're not going
+to cover all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover all of them
+but we will cover these two today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will cover these two today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will cover these two today this
+one on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on wednesday
+that one and and that'll give you enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and and that'll give you enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and and that'll give you enough
+of a sense of the role of defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sense of the role of defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sense of the role of defects and
+how to think about defects and crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about defects and crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about defects and crystals
+right so this is how we think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is how we think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is how we think and
+classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify
+defects okay now the four so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects okay now the four so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects okay now the four so now we're
+going to point defects now the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to point defects now the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to point defects now the four
+there are different types of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different types of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different types of point
+defects that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that can happen
+the one that you saw here is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you saw here is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you saw here is is a
+certain one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain one
+that's called a vacancy it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a vacancy it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a vacancy it's because
+there's an atom that's vacant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an atom that's vacant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an atom that's vacant
+so you literally just lost an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you literally just lost an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you literally just lost an atom
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+in there okay now that that's a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there okay now that that's a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there okay now that that's a vacancy
+and that's that can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that can that
+always exists um but you could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exists um but you could also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exists um but you could also have
+taken something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken something
+like one of the atoms that's already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the atoms that's already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the atoms that's already in
+there maybe an aluminum or an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe an aluminum or an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe an aluminum or an oxygen
+that's in the lattice and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the lattice and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the lattice and you could
+substitute something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute something
+in place of that that's another why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place of that that's another why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place of that that's another why is
+that a point defect because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a point defect because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a point defect because
+i didn't like i didn't like tear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't like i didn't like tear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't like i didn't like tear
+something out no but you changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out no but you changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out no but you changed
+the regularity localized disruption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity localized disruption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity localized disruption and
+regularity so if i put something else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity so if i put something else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity so if i put something else in
+for aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aluminum
+that's a point defect right and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a point defect right and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a point defect right and again
+now go back to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go back to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go back to here
+you can see it here so we classify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it here so we classify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it here so we classify these
+right there's a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a vacancy
+which is an atom missing um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an atom missing um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an atom missing um there's
+there's what's called an interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what's called an interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what's called an interstitial
+which is an atom that goes in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an atom that goes in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an atom that goes in between
+the other atoms here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other atoms here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other atoms here it's a
+self-interstitial so it's the same type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interstitial so it's the same type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interstitial so it's the same type
+of atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atom
+and these are this is where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are this is where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are this is where you have a
+different type of atom in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of atom in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of atom in between
+and this is where you have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where you have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where you have a different
+type of atom as well those are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of atom as well those are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of atom as well those are both
+called impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called impurities
+and i will talk about those uh all today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will talk about those uh all today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will talk about those uh all today
+we're gonna start and focus a lot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start and focus a lot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start and focus a lot of our
+attention on the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on the vacancy
+and that's what i want you to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what i want you to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what i want you to use this
+goodie bag to understand is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodie bag to understand is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodie bag to understand is the
+vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+okay vacancies why do vacancies happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay vacancies why do vacancies happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay vacancies why do vacancies happen
+what are vacancies to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are vacancies to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are vacancies to understand
+vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+in crystals we have to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crystals we have to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crystals we have to talk about this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+and uh this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this guy
+was brilliant this i'm sure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brilliant this i'm sure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brilliant this i'm sure you know
+his name is fonte yeah it's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is fonte yeah it's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is fonte yeah it's written
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+svante arrhenius arena studied in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svante arrhenius arena studied in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svante arrhenius arena studied in the
+late 1800s so many different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1800s so many different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1800s so many different things
+and made so many contributions that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made so many contributions that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made so many contributions that it's
+almost hard to catalog he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost hard to catalog he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost hard to catalog he was
+brilliant and and you know he won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant and and you know he won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant and and you know he won the
+nobel prize in chemistry for his work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize in chemistry for his work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize in chemistry for his work on
+electrolytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes
+but he also worked on immunology he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also worked on immunology he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also worked on immunology he was
+the very first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first person
+in the late 1800s to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 1800s to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 1800s to come up with a
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+for global warming and the role of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for global warming and the role of co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for global warming and the role of co2
+in the temperature change of the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the temperature change of the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the temperature change of the planet
+and his predictions were actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his predictions were actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his predictions were actually pretty
+darn good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn good
+he was brilliant and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was brilliant and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was brilliant and one of the things
+that he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he did
+is he observed what it were called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he observed what it were called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he observed what it were called
+activated processes and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated processes and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated processes and how they
+depended on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on temperature
+and so we have this equation that i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have this equation that i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have this equation that i need
+to talk about today and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about today and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about today and it's going to
+come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+so we're going to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about this
+equation which is the arrhenius equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is the arrhenius equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is the arrhenius equation
+that relates the rate of some process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates the rate of some process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates the rate of some process to
+the temperature and the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature and the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature and the activation
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+for that process so we got to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that process so we got to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that process so we got to talk about
+what all that means all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all that means all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all that means all right
+um now uh we will we will be using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh we will we will be using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh we will we will be using this
+we're to today we're going to use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're to today we're going to use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're to today we're going to use it to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+concentrations of vacancies in a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of vacancies in a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of vacancies in a crystal
+which follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follow
+arrhenius-like behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius-like behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius-like behavior
+right um and but then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and but then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and but then we're going to
+come back to it when we go into reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it when we go into reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it when we go into reaction
+kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics
+in a couple weeks where we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple weeks where we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple weeks where we talk about
+reaction rates so we'll be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates so we'll be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates so we'll be using
+arrhenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius
+multiple times throughout the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times throughout the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times throughout the rest of
+the semester so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so what is it
+so the arrhenius so the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the arrhenius so the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the arrhenius so the general
+arrhenius equation can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius equation can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius equation can be written
+like this arrhenius he was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this arrhenius he was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this arrhenius he was not
+in the army but this is just the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the army but this is just the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the army but this is just the general
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay so let's put equation there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's put equation there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's put equation there and and
+so we have k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have k
+which is some rate so equals a i'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some rate so equals a i'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some rate so equals a i'll talk
+about each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these
+times e the exponential of e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e the exponential of e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e the exponential of e to the
+minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e
+a over rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over rt
+what are these things so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these things so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these things so this is the
+general equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general equation
+for the rate of some process as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rate of some process as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rate of some process as we're
+going to see this applies to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this applies to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this applies to many
+many processes including vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many processes including vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many processes including vacancies
+okay um but this is sort of the rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but this is sort of the rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but this is sort of the rate so
+you can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as
+okay let's just that's the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just that's the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just that's the rate
+of a process rate of some process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a process rate of some process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a process rate of some process
+okay i mean you could think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean you could think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean you could think about it as
+the number of times something happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of times something happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of times something happens
+per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second
+that's a rate right it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rate right it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rate right it doesn't have to
+be those units but that's like a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be those units but that's like a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be those units but that's like a rate
+right how often does this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how often does this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how often does this happen
+the rate of the price but now so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of the price but now so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of the price but now so that's
+dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on
+some thing called the pre-exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thing called the pre-exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thing called the pre-exponential
+that i will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i will talk about
+pre-exponential exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential exponential
+that is a factor that is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here we have this exponent and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have this exponent and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have this exponent and this
+is such a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a beautiful
+expression so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so this is
+the average thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average thermal energy
+average kinetic energy average thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kinetic energy average thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kinetic energy average thermal
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+right it's taking temperature and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's taking temperature and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's taking temperature and it's
+making an energy out of it now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an energy out of it now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an energy out of it now remember
+we've already talked about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about this before
+that you know you don't get what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you don't get what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you don't get what you get
+are distributions so you know this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distributions so you know this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distributions so you know this would
+be t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be t
+high remember i've drawn this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high remember i've drawn this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high remember i've drawn this exact
+thing and this might be t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this might be t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this might be t
+low and this might be you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and this might be you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and this might be you know uh
+this this might be uh the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this might be uh the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this might be uh the you know the
+probability of something happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of something happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of something happening
+probability of occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of occurring
+and then in this case we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in this case we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in this case we talked about
+this as the kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the kinetic energy of the
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+that's a graph we showed already but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a graph we showed already but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a graph we showed already but so
+the but this rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but this rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but this rt
+is an average but so i just want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an average but so i just want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an average but so i just want to make
+sure you don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you don't forget
+this is a number this is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a number this is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a number this is a number
+you've got at 300 degrees at a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got at 300 degrees at a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got at 300 degrees at a thousand
+degrees you calculate a number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees you calculate a number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees you calculate a number here
+but whenever you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever you're talking about
+temperature you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you're talking about
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+there's some average of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some average of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some average of the distribution
+but you're always talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're always talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're always talking about
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+that's important for understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important for understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important for understanding
+arrhenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius
+okay now this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this thing here
+is called the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+is the energy that you have to get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy that you have to get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy that you have to get over
+for something to happen for the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something to happen for the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something to happen for the thing to
+happen let's take i love this analogy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let's take i love this analogy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let's take i love this analogy of
+the bookcase i'm going to draw that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookcase i'm going to draw that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookcase i'm going to draw that now
+so let's suppose that you have energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that you have energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that you have energy
+like that okay so maybe this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay so maybe this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay so maybe this is like
+potential energy yeah let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy yeah let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy yeah let's go ahead and
+say potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say potential
+energy then if i've got a bookcase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then if i've got a bookcase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then if i've got a bookcase
+and it's very very heavy and i try and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very heavy and i try and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very heavy and i try and i
+want to push it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to push it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to push it over
+on this hinge so i want to rotate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this hinge so i want to rotate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this hinge so i want to rotate it and
+and push over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and push over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and push over
+then you could imagine that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could imagine that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could imagine that at some
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+it's going to look like this and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look like this and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look like this and then at
+another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point
+it's going to look like this right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look like this right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look like this right so
+this is like step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like step one
+and that's step two and that's step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's step two and that's step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's step two and that's step
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+and now i'm pushing this thing over well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm pushing this thing over well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm pushing this thing over well
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+this is the activated state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the activated state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the activated state
+why because it's where i've i've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it's where i've i've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it's where i've i've gotten
+to the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the highest
+energy and that's where this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that's where this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that's where this energy
+graph is important this energy axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is important this energy axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is important this energy axis
+this is the activated state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the activated state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the activated state of the
+bookcase right so if i plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookcase right so if i plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookcase right so if i plot
+the the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you can say one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can say one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can say one two
+three you can think about it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you can think about it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you can think about it like that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i've literally so because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've literally so because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've literally so because it's a
+potential energy right so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy right so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy right so it's like
+here's the gravitational put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the gravitational put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the gravitational put
+here it went up a little bit right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it went up a little bit right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it went up a little bit right so
+you can think about it just like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about it just like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about it just like that
+and here it came back down that's why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it came back down that's why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it came back down that's why i
+like this analogy because it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this analogy because it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this analogy because it really
+gives you intuitive feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you intuitive feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you intuitive feeling
+for what's happening here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's happening here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's happening here there's a
+process the process is pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the process is pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the process is pushing the
+bookcase over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookcase over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookcase over
+that bookcase has some energy associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bookcase has some energy associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bookcase has some energy associated
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+here and here potential energy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here potential energy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here potential energy and it's
+got some energy i gotta put into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some energy i gotta put into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some energy i gotta put into it
+to activate it to go from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to activate it to go from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to activate it to go from here to here
+all right that's why that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's why that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's why that's called the
+activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy
+that's what this e a means for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this e a means for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this e a means for the
+general arrhenius equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general arrhenius equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general arrhenius equation
+you're pushing the bookcase over yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pushing the bookcase over yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pushing the bookcase over yeah
+but how are you going to push it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how are you going to push it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how are you going to push it over
+well clearly you're going to run around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well clearly you're going to run around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well clearly you're going to run around
+the room and accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and accidentally
+knock into it because that's temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock into it because that's temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock into it because that's temperature
+maybe that's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's not a good
+but if you had a lot of people running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had a lot of people running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had a lot of people running
+around a bookcase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bookcase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bookcase
+maybe once in a while they'd kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe once in a while they'd kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe once in a while they'd kind of
+bang into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang into it
+thermal energy right and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy right and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy right and then maybe
+another time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time
+you increase how fast everyone's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase how fast everyone's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase how fast everyone's running
+and and you give them more energy so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you give them more energy so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you give them more energy so now
+not only are they hitting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are they hitting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are they hitting it
+more frequently but they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently but they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently but they're they're
+actually hitting it with more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hitting it with more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hitting it with more energy
+they're able to give it more energy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to give it more energy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to give it more energy now
+you make everyone run really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make everyone run really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make everyone run really fast
+and the chances that this thing goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chances that this thing goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chances that this thing goes
+through that process are higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that process are higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that process are higher
+that's what that is that's a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that is that's a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that is that's a probability
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+just you this is what this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you this is what this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you this is what this exponential
+is that was the brilliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that was the brilliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that was the brilliance
+of what he did right so so this thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what he did right so so this thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what he did right so so this thermal
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+is like you know it's it's how much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know it's it's how much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know it's it's how much it's
+it's like a probability but that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a probability but that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a probability but that's why
+it goes into an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into an exponential
+because when you increase temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you increase temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you increase temperature
+again it's not just that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not just that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not just that you're
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+how much energy over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy over here
+right how this is like kinetic energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how this is like kinetic energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how this is like kinetic energy of
+some molecules maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some molecules maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some molecules maybe
+how much energy those molecules have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy those molecules have but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy those molecules have but
+you're increasing how many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're increasing how many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're increasing how many of them
+are above some threshold so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are above some threshold so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are above some threshold so you
+so you your chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you your chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you your chances
+go exponentially higher well you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go exponentially higher well you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go exponentially higher well you think
+if it was harder and harder to push but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was harder and harder to push but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was harder and harder to push but
+it's going to go the other way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go the other way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go the other way too
+you could have sometimes somebody might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have sometimes somebody might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have sometimes somebody might
+knock it the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock it the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock it the other way
+it looks kind of hard from this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of hard from this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of hard from this picture
+but there's a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a chance
+it's just that the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the activation energy
+going this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way
+right going this way the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right going this way the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right going this way the activation
+energy is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is here
+e a and going this way the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e a and going this way the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e a and going this way the activation
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+would be here so this would be ea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here so this would be ea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here so this would be ea
+for let's see three to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's see three to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's see three to one
+and this would be ea ea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be ea ea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be ea ea
+for one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one two three
+now again i am giving you the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again i am giving you the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again i am giving you the general
+arrhenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius
+we will be coming back to this when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be coming back to this when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be coming back to this when we
+do reaction rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reaction rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reaction rates
+we will be coming back to this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be coming back to this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be coming back to this picture
+and we will be talking about reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be talking about reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be talking about reactions
+and then we'll be using that and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll be using that and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll be using that and going
+to equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrium
+today i want to give you a sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to give you a sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to give you a sense for
+what arrhenius is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what arrhenius is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what arrhenius is because
+this is where the the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the the equation
+comes from and because if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and because if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and because if you think
+about now defect formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now defect formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now defect formation
+defect formation is an activated it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect formation is an activated it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect formation is an activated it's a
+thermally activated process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally activated process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally activated process
+but that's exactly the point so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly the point so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly the point so that's
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+if we write this down i've said this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we write this down i've said this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we write this down i've said this now
+multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times
+the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacaney no vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacaney no vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacaney no vacancy
+is always present always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always present always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always present always
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because it's thermally activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it's thermally activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it's thermally activated
+so unless i can get to t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unless i can get to t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unless i can get to t equals zero
+thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally
+activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's always a chance that i push a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a chance that i push a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a chance that i push a
+vacancy into the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy into the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy into the material
+there's also always a chance that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also always a chance that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also always a chance that the
+vacancy gets pushed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy gets pushed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy gets pushed out
+so those are happening because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are happening because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are happening because of
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+you can think about that it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about that it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about that it kind of
+makes sense right atoms are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right atoms are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right atoms are moving
+those are the people right there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the people right there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the people right there's the
+people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room
+and and now all of a sudden something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now all of a sudden something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now all of a sudden something
+happens somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens somewhere
+that allows an atom to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows an atom to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows an atom to come out
+we'll talk about that in a second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that in a second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that in a second and
+create a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a vacancy
+now there's a chance that it can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a chance that it can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a chance that it can go back
+too right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too right and so
+there's at some point there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at some point there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at some point there's an
+equilibrium concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium concentration
+both of those are activate thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are activate thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are activate thermally
+activated processes that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated processes that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated processes that have an
+arrhenius like behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius like behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius like behavior
+and so you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very nice
+expression for um concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for um concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for um concentration
+so you can get can get yeah why not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get can get yeah why not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get can get yeah why not get
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+so the concentration at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since vacancy formation is thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since vacancy formation is thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since vacancy formation is thermally
+activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated
+and it's thermally deactivated there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's thermally deactivated there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's thermally deactivated there's
+some you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know you can
+you can say well when it's activated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well when it's activated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well when it's activated and
+deactivated in the same rates you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivated in the same rates you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivated in the same rates you're in
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+that's how you get a concentration and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you get a concentration and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you get a concentration and i
+don't need you to know the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need you to know the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need you to know the math
+but i need i this is where it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i need i this is where it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i need i this is where it comes from
+the number of vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vacancies
+divided by the total number of sites is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the total number of sites is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the total number of sites is
+equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e
+to the minus e vacancy i will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus e vacancy i will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus e vacancy i will talk about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+vacancy divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy divided by
+uh uh let's use rt still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let's use rt still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let's use rt still
+our t now here's the thing about rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our t now here's the thing about rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our t now here's the thing about rt
+let's write this down because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this down because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this down because this is
+really important right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important right
+if we we talked about this before if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we we talked about this before if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we we talked about this before if if
+i'm using rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using rt
+then if it's per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per mole use rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole use rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole use rt
+this is the ideal gas constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ideal gas constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ideal gas constant right
+that's not just used for ideal gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not just used for ideal gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not just used for ideal gases
+this is used for a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used for a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used for a lot of things
+that's the gas constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas constant that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas constant that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas constant that's equal to
+let's see if i have down here 8.314
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if i have down here 8.314
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if i have down here 8.314
+joules per mole kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules per mole kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules per mole kelvin
+so you see if i'm working in per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see if i'm working in per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see if i'm working in per mole
+then i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i use
+r this is in the energy unit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r this is in the energy unit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r this is in the energy unit the
+those energy units have to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energy units have to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energy units have to be the same
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+they got to cancel so if my activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to cancel so if my activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to cancel so if my activation
+energy is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is in
+per mole fine use the gas constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole fine use the gas constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole fine use the gas constant
+if the activation energy is in per atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the activation energy is in per atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the activation energy is in per atom
+then we just use the boltzmann constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just use the boltzmann constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just use the boltzmann constant
+k bt where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k bt where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k bt where
+the boltzmann constant is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boltzmann constant is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boltzmann constant is something we
+have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen
+it is equal to the ideal gas constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to the ideal gas constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to the ideal gas constant
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+avogadro's number remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's number remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's number remember that
+avogadro's number goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's number goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's number goes in
+and out atomic macroscopic worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out atomic macroscopic worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out atomic macroscopic worlds
+so r and kb same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r and kb same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r and kb same thing
+okay one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one thing
+you know notice that's per kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know notice that's per kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know notice that's per kelvin
+whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have
+equations like this that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like this that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like this that come from
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+which is where these things come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where these things come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where these things come from
+there is only one temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only one temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only one temperature
+unit there is no other and it is kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit there is no other and it is kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit there is no other and it is kelvin
+you have to be aware of that if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be aware of that if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be aware of that if you see
+something in celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in celsius
+it's not going to work it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to work it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to work it's got to be
+kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin
+all of these equations have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these equations have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these equations have to use
+covering okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering okay
+so that now you can see at any time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that now you can see at any time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that now you can see at any time you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+anytime you see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an equation with an exponential what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation with an exponential what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation with an exponential what's
+the first thing you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you want to do
+i mean it's like an it's almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's like an it's almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's like an it's almost like a
+an instinctual reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instinctual reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instinctual reaction
+you see an exponential take a log don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see an exponential take a log don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see an exponential take a log don't
+say anything until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything until you
+take a log right so that's an so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a log right so that's an so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a log right so that's an so that so
+we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+energy of the vacancy in a minute but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the vacancy in a minute but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the vacancy in a minute but if
+you take a log of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a log of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a log of this
+then you get that the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get that the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get that the log
+of what bar n b and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what bar n b and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what bar n b and n
+well i'll talk about that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll talk about that equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll talk about that equals
+log of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n
+let's do it this way minus log of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it this way minus log of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it this way minus log of n
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+e uh vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh divided by rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh divided by rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh divided by rt
+that's just taking an exponential a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just taking an exponential a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just taking an exponential a
+logarithm of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of this equation
+and now i can talk about these n v and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can talk about these n v and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can talk about these n v and n
+so nv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nv
+is this is literally a concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is literally a concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is literally a concentration
+this is the concentration of vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the concentration of vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the concentration of vacancies
+that are forming in my crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are forming in my crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are forming in my crystal
+why did i get this expression and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did i get this expression and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did i get this expression and the
+and notice the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice the constant
+cancelled this pre-exponential factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled this pre-exponential factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled this pre-exponential factor
+cancelled it canceled because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled it canceled because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled it canceled because
+i'm taking a concentration i'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking a concentration i'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking a concentration i'm looking
+at the rate going one way and the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate going one way and the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate going one way and the rate
+going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the other
+and i get to take a ratio of those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get to take a ratio of those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get to take a ratio of those that
+leads me to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads me to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads me to this
+this expression that's how you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression that's how you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression that's how you get from
+arrhenius rates to some concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius rates to some concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius rates to some concentration
+okay but you still but notice it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you still but notice it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you still but notice it's still
+we call this arrhenius-like because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this arrhenius-like because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this arrhenius-like because it's
+still an exponential dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an exponential dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an exponential dependence
+it's not a rate it's a concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a rate it's a concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a rate it's a concentration
+it's okay it's a concentration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay it's a concentration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay it's a concentration in
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+so this would be like the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be like the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be like the number of
+vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+number of vacancies and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vacancies and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vacancies and this one
+here n would be like the number of sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n would be like the number of sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n would be like the number of sites
+number of lattice sites so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lattice sites so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lattice sites so it's like
+you know uh concentration laticites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh concentration laticites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh concentration laticites
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what is this this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is this this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is this this is exactly
+here here we go i have my crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here we go i have my crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here we go i have my crystal
+okay here's my crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's my crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's my crystal and
+here it is i think i'll stop here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is i think i'll stop here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is i think i'll stop here and
+now i did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i did this
+we're going to go graphical and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go graphical and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go graphical and this
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that energy is literally the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy is literally the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy is literally the energy
+difference it's literally the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's literally the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's literally the energy
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+having a vacancy and not having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a vacancy and not having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a vacancy and not having a
+vacancy how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy how much energy
+question is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sir oh yes there is yes there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir oh yes there is yes there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir oh yes there is yes there is
+thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much
+yes so that's okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's okay so now
+the energy difference between having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy difference between having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy difference between having a
+vacancy and not is the vacancy formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy and not is the vacancy formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy and not is the vacancy formation
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+e vacancy now sometimes and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e vacancy now sometimes and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e vacancy now sometimes and this is
+unfortunate but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate but sometimes
+you will see the the vacancy formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see the the vacancy formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see the the vacancy formation
+energy written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy written
+as the activation energy that's fine i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the activation energy that's fine i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the activation energy that's fine i
+mean it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it just
+it's written that way uh to get across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written that way uh to get across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written that way uh to get across
+the point that it's an arrhenius-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that it's an arrhenius-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that it's an arrhenius-like
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+but actually the act but if you're clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually the act but if you're clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually the act but if you're clear
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+and that's why i want to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i want to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i want to go through the
+bookcase example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookcase example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookcase example right
+the formation energy which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation energy which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation energy which is this
+energy of the vacancy forming is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the vacancy forming is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the vacancy forming is the
+difference between here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between here
+and here the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the activation energy
+is this hill that you got to get over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this hill that you got to get over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this hill that you got to get over to
+go back and forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth okay
+so so the formation energy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the formation energy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the formation energy between
+having a vacancy and not is what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a vacancy and not is what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a vacancy and not is what goes
+into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our
+our equation all right now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation all right now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation all right now we're going
+to use this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this so
+so we will see how this works in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see how this works in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see how this works in just a
+few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes
+um but again there are so many processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again there are so many processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again there are so many processes
+that are thermally activated there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are thermally activated there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are thermally activated there are
+so many processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many processes
+that have arrhenius like behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have arrhenius like behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have arrhenius like behavior
+that are iranian-like and if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are iranian-like and if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are iranian-like and if you go to
+dartmouth then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dartmouth then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dartmouth then
+they'll give you goodie bags with live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll give you goodie bags with live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll give you goodie bags with live
+crickets and actually i really hope not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crickets and actually i really hope not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crickets and actually i really hope not
+but this is one of the labs that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is one of the labs that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is one of the labs that they
+have where they take crickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have where they take crickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have where they take crickets
+and they measure the number of times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they measure the number of times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they measure the number of times a
+cricket chirps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cricket chirps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cricket chirps
+and and they're like well okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're like well okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're like well okay let's
+measure the cricket chirp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the cricket chirp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the cricket chirp
+over 13 seconds we're going to cool them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 13 seconds we're going to cool them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 13 seconds we're going to cool them
+down hopefully not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down hopefully not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down hopefully not
+too cold and then we're going to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cold and then we're going to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cold and then we're going to heat
+them up hopefully not too hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up hopefully not too hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up hopefully not too hot
+because crickets are nice right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because crickets are nice right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because crickets are nice right
+and and so then and they ca but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so then and they ca but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so then and they ca but look at
+that and they count it and then what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they count it and then what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they count it and then what do
+they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+well they didn't know about iranius yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they didn't know about iranius yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they didn't know about iranius yet
+until somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until somebody
+from mit went and visited so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit went and visited so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit went and visited so the first
+thing they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they did
+is they plotted the data look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they plotted the data look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they plotted the data look at that
+chirps per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirps per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirps per
+13 seconds plotted and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 seconds plotted and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 seconds plotted and they're all
+sitting there trying to fit a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there trying to fit a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there trying to fit a straight
+line to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to it
+and and then someone from this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then someone from this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then someone from this class is
+up there busy they're like you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there busy they're like you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there busy they're like you know what
+i think this looks like a thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this looks like a thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this looks like a thermally
+activated process so i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process so i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process so i think it's
+probably exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably exponential
+and then they fit this nice exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they fit this nice exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they fit this nice exponential
+and it fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fits the
+the cricket tripping beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cricket tripping beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cricket tripping beautifully
+and you can go even further because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go even further because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go even further because you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+if you got this far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got this far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got this far
+well now you see this is a line this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you see this is a line this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you see this is a line this is
+a line and we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line and we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line and we're going to do that
+a lot when we go into reaction kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot when we go into reaction kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot when we go into reaction kinetics
+if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+exponential and you take a log that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and you take a log that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and you take a log that's a
+line versus 1 over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line versus 1 over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line versus 1 over t
+right that's a line versus 1 over t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a line versus 1 over t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a line versus 1 over t and
+so that's another way you could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another way you could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another way you could look at
+data they didn't do it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data they didn't do it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data they didn't do it there
+but you know you could plot for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you could plot for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you could plot for example
+you could plot 1 over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could plot 1 over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could plot 1 over t
+versus the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the log of
+the number of vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vacancies
+but the lattice the number of vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lattice the number of vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lattice the number of vacancies
+is what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we want
+that ratio is the concentration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio is the concentration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio is the concentration that
+concentration is in equilibrium at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is in equilibrium at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is in equilibrium at some
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+okay the lattice the number of lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lattice the number of lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lattice the number of lattice
+sites is simply how many laticites you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites is simply how many laticites you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites is simply how many laticites you
+have in whatever volume you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in whatever volume you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in whatever volume you have
+for whatever crystal structure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever crystal structure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever crystal structure you have
+for whatever element you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever element you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever element you have
+we'll see that in a few examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in a few examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in a few examples so
+that's just a concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a concert
+it's the number of sites you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of sites you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of sites you have in the
+chunk of material and then instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of material and then instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of material and then instead of
+the question this equation tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question this equation tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question this equation tells you the
+answer to is how many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to is how many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to is how many of those
+have a vacancy because it's a thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacancy because it's a thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacancy because it's a thermally
+activated process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process
+and if you plot that log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot that log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot that log in
+the versus temperature you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the versus temperature you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the versus temperature you get this
+really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice
+linear line and the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear line and the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear line and the slope
+of that line is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line is equal to
+minus e vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divided by uh r or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by uh r or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by uh r or
+or it could be kb r let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be kb r let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be kb r let's
+write this again per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or or it could be kb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or it could be kb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or it could be kb
+if it's per atom you will see both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's per atom you will see both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's per atom you will see both
+you will see both and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see both and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see both and this this
+intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept
+intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the
+let's see the intercept is equal what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the intercept is equal what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the intercept is equal what do
+i have here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have here the
+the log of n did i write it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of n did i write it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of n did i write it right
+log of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um okay oh yeah what else can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um okay oh yeah what else can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um okay oh yeah what else can you do
+well before we go on to the defects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before we go on to the defects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before we go on to the defects this
+explains the doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the doping
+but i kept calling the doping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i kept calling the doping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i kept calling the doping in
+semiconductors a thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors a thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors a thermally
+activated process but look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process but look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process but look at what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+this is the carrier concentration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the carrier concentration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the carrier concentration in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+conduction band the thing you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band the thing you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band the thing you've been
+you've been learning about right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about right and
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+but look at it now versus temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at it now versus temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at it now versus temperature
+it's a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight line
+it's a straight line this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight line this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight line this is this is
+experimentally what you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally what you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally what you observe
+and the reason is because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because it's a
+thermally activated process and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally activated process and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally activated process and in fact
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+what is the activation energy right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the activation energy right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the activation energy right the
+activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy
+for getting an electron into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting an electron into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting an electron into the
+conduction band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band
+is the gap right and so then now you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap right and so then now you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap right and so then now you say
+germanium has a smaller gap than silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium has a smaller gap than silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium has a smaller gap than silicon
+which has a smaller gap than gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a smaller gap than gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a smaller gap than gallium
+arsenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide
+the slopes are different the slopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes are different the slopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes are different the slopes are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+because the energy that it takes in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy that it takes in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy that it takes in that
+activated process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process
+is the gap that's why the slopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap that's why the slopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap that's why the slopes are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+right okay all right now on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay all right now on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay all right now on to
+oh no i didn't i didn't want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no i didn't i didn't want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no i didn't i didn't want to mention
+this because it's so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's so cool
+so what somebody said where are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what somebody said where are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what somebody said where are these
+vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+going did you actually just take an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going did you actually just take an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going did you actually just take an atom
+from the middle of a crystal and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the middle of a crystal and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the middle of a crystal and remove
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+no because that would cost way too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because that would cost way too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because that would cost way too much
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+right and so instead they have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so instead they have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so instead they have to you
+call out to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call out to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call out to the surface
+it's a call out to the surface or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a call out to the surface or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a call out to the surface or you
+know maybe the surface calls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe the surface calls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe the surface calls in
+it all has to happen on the surface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all has to happen on the surface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all has to happen on the surface so
+what ends up happening is a surface atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is a surface atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is a surface atom
+may go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may go away
+and then another one may take its place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another one may take its place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another one may take its place
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and and then the next one and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then the next one and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then the next one and then the
+next one and that's literally how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one and that's literally how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one and that's literally how you
+can rip an atom out from somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rip an atom out from somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rip an atom out from somewhere
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+but by the same that's that's literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the same that's that's literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the same that's that's literally
+pushing the bookcase over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the bookcase over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the bookcase over
+right and now you can push it the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now you can push it the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now you can push it the other
+way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and
+and the same a surface atom could go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same a surface atom could go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same a surface atom could go in
+to the crystal so that some atom inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the crystal so that some atom inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the crystal so that some atom inside
+is able to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to fill
+a vacancy it all comes to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacancy it all comes to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacancy it all comes to the surface
+this is a beautiful paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a beautiful paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a beautiful paper
+where they're showing how you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're showing how you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're showing how you get these
+rings this was published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings this was published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings this was published
+almost 20 years ago now but how you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 20 years ago now but how you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 20 years ago now but how you know
+they're studying how do vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studying how do vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studying how do vacancies
+actually pull atoms from the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pull atoms from the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pull atoms from the surface
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+and what they did is they change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did is they change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did is they change the
+temperature and they see islands growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and they see islands growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and they see islands growing
+and shrinking where are those islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shrinking where are those islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shrinking where are those islands
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+and where are they coming from vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are they coming from vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are they coming from vacancies
+it's all about the vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the vacancies
+right and one of the things i loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of the things i loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of the things i loved
+about this is this is the abstract of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is this is the abstract of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is this is the abstract of
+this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper
+look at this here we show the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this here we show the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this here we show the vacancy
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+and annihilation right both ways on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and annihilation right both ways on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and annihilation right both ways on the
+1-1-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-1-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-1-0
+surface of an ordered nickel aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of an ordered nickel aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of an ordered nickel aluminum
+inter-metallic alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-metallic alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-metallic alloy
+oh i love reading that because you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i love reading that because you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i love reading that because you guys
+all are experts in this now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are experts in this now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are experts in this now you know
+what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means
+you know what that means where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that means where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that means where do
+vacancies come from okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies come from okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies come from okay
+and now we got to make vacancies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we got to make vacancies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we got to make vacancies right
+and so this is the kind of problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the kind of problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the kind of problem you
+might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get
+how many vacancies are in a centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vacancies are in a centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vacancies are in a centimeter
+cubed of copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed of copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed of copper
+how many how many vacancies are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many vacancies are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many vacancies are in a
+centimeter cubed of copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed of copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed of copper
+well now you know how to do it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you know how to do it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you know how to do it you're
+just going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to apply
+this arrhenius-like behavior you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrhenius-like behavior you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrhenius-like behavior you're
+going to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply this
+equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to
+figure that out and i won't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out and i won't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out and i won't go through
+all the math but i do want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math but i do want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math but i do want to just
+give you a sense of the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of the types of
+questions that you can now answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you can now answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you can now answer
+that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how to think about vacancy formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about vacancy formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about vacancy formation
+so for example in this one you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in this one you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in this one you've got
+step one step one you would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one step one you would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one step one you would find
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step one you'd find n how many sites do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one you'd find n how many sites do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one you'd find n how many sites do
+i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have
+because remember this equation is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember this equation is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember this equation is about
+a concentration between the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentration between the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentration between the number of
+vacancies and the number of available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies and the number of available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies and the number of available
+sites for vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites for vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites for vacancies
+and so step one well so step one you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so step one well so step one you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so step one well so step one you'd
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+n equals avogadro's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals avogadro's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals avogadro's number
+times 8.4 grams per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 8.4 grams per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 8.4 grams per mole
+right divided by all this is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right divided by all this is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right divided by all this is such
+old-school stuff right now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-school stuff right now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-school stuff right now right
+grams per mole then you look that up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams per mole then you look that up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams per mole then you look that up in
+the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table
+and it's 8 times 10 to the 22nd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 8 times 10 to the 22nd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 8 times 10 to the 22nd
+uh sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sites
+per centimeter cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why am i using centimeter cube well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i using centimeter cube well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i using centimeter cube well
+because that's what i was given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i was given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i was given the
+density in so i'm just leaving it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in so i'm just leaving it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in so i'm just leaving it in
+those units for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those units for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those units for now
+right and then step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then step two
+you can find nv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find nv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find nv
+so now we can apply our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can apply our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can apply our
+our equation and v equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation and v equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation and v equals
+uh n i won't repeat it times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n i won't repeat it times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n i won't repeat it times
+e now i've got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e now i've got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e now i've got my
+kb instead of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kb instead of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kb instead of r
+so it's 9.9 electron volts divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 9.9 electron volts divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 9.9 electron volts divided by
+and then this is k b t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is k b t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is k b t
+now i get so i'm given that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i get so i'm given that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i get so i'm given that it's
+uh a thousand wait a second what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a thousand wait a second what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a thousand wait a second what's the
+term oh a thousand degrees so do i put t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term oh a thousand degrees so do i put t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term oh a thousand degrees so do i put t
+equals a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a thousand
+no no you never use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no you never use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no you never use
+you only use kelvin 1273
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only use kelvin 1273
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only use kelvin 1273
+right t is always in kelvin for any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right t is always in kelvin for any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right t is always in kelvin for any of
+these thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thermodynamic
+uh equations and i won't go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equations and i won't go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equations and i won't go through the
+math but it goes something like 2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math but it goes something like 2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math but it goes something like 2.2
+times 10 to the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacancies i'll write the units here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies i'll write the units here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies i'll write the units here just
+for completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for completeness
+vacancies per centimeter cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies per centimeter cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies per centimeter cubed
+now that seems like a lot but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that seems like a lot but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that seems like a lot but it's
+actually now you say it's like one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now you say it's like one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now you say it's like one in a
+thousand or one in ten thousand atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or one in ten thousand atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or one in ten thousand atoms
+are missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are missing
+and i'm at a really high temperature if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm at a really high temperature if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm at a really high temperature if
+i were at then this is the power of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i were at then this is the power of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i were at then this is the power of what
+irenaeus gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irenaeus gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irenaeus gave us
+if because it's exponential it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if because it's exponential it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if because it's exponential it's all
+about probabilities and sampling and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probabilities and sampling and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probabilities and sampling and how
+many times did i bump into that bookcase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times did i bump into that bookcase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times did i bump into that bookcase
+if i'm down at room temperature i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm down at room temperature i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm down at room temperature i've got
+so much less energy and so many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much less energy and so many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much less energy and so many more
+chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances
+so many fewer chances to deliver that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many fewer chances to deliver that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many fewer chances to deliver that
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+right where the surface is taking atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where the surface is taking atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where the surface is taking atoms
+in and out to create vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out to create vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out to create vacancies
+that at room temperature the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at room temperature the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at room temperature the number of
+vacancies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies is
+10 to the seventh instead of 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the seventh instead of 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the seventh instead of 10 to the
+19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+right so that's the power of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the power of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the power of that
+exponential that's the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that's the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that's the power of the
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+you might also be asked questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also be asked questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also be asked questions like
+this one right so oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right so oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right so oh no
+like let me do this one then i'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me do this one then i'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me do this one then i'll talk
+about your goodie bag where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your goodie bag where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your goodie bag where
+instead of now okay what example two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of now okay what example two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of now okay what example two
+what is the vacancy formation energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the vacancy formation energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the vacancy formation energy in
+aluminum and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and now
+notice instead of giving you the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice instead of giving you the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice instead of giving you the vacancy
+formation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy
+per atom i'm giving you other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per atom i'm giving you other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per atom i'm giving you other stuff
+i'm actually giving you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually giving you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually giving you how many
+vacancies you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies you got
+at some temperature well that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some temperature well that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some temperature well that's this
+just going in a different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going in a different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going in a different direction
+to say but it's using the same math so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but it's using the same math so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but it's using the same math so
+you can go in different ways arrive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in different ways arrive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in different ways arrive at
+the same kinds of equations and get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kinds of equations and get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kinds of equations and get all
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+things and i won't go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and i won't go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and i won't go through the
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+but ins in this case uh you get that e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ins in this case uh you get that e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ins in this case uh you get that e
+a equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals minus
+k b t i'm using kb because look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k b t i'm using kb because look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k b t i'm using kb because look at that
+the formation energy asked is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation energy asked is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation energy asked is what is
+the vacancy formation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy formation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy formation energy
+okay well actually look at that no i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well actually look at that no i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well actually look at that no i
+just want to do it per atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do it per atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do it per atom
+it didn't say per atom but if i wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't say per atom but if i wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't say per atom but if i wanted
+to do a paradigm i'd use kbt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a paradigm i'd use kbt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a paradigm i'd use kbt
+times log nb over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log nb over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log nb over n
+and so you see 0.75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see 0.75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see 0.75
+ev per atom now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev per atom now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev per atom now
+what's injury like copper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's injury like copper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's injury like copper was
+copper was 0.9 aluminum .75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper was 0.9 aluminum .75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper was 0.9 aluminum .75
+you're going to have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a lot more
+vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies
+because it's exponential this seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's exponential this seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's exponential this seems like
+0.9.75 is kind of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9.75 is kind of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9.75 is kind of the same
+no it's going into an exponential so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's going into an exponential so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's going into an exponential so it
+has a really big difference on how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a really big difference on how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a really big difference on how many
+vacancies you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies you have
+at any given temperature aluminum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given temperature aluminum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given temperature aluminum is
+going to have a lot more because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lot more because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lot more because it's
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+to get them in there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them in there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them in there right
+notice i did the thing that i said other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice i did the thing that i said other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice i did the thing that i said other
+people do and i don't really like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do and i don't really like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do and i don't really like that's
+the energy of the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the vacancy
+they can see formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people call it activation energy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it activation energy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it activation energy all
+over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place
+okay now this this is your goody bag now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this this is your goody bag now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this this is your goody bag now
+why am i giving because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i giving because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i giving because
+first of all this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this is the most
+sophisticated vacancy generation machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated vacancy generation machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated vacancy generation machine
+you'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ever
+find there are exactly 500 beads in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find there are exactly 500 beads in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find there are exactly 500 beads in this
+exactly there are not 501 there are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there are not 501 there are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there are not 501 there are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know why because laura has spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know why because laura has spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know why because laura has spent
+7 000 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 000 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 000 hours
+counting beads in every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting beads in every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting beads in every single one of
+these so you have exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so you have exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so you have exactly the right
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+then there's precision tape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's precision tape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's precision tape and
+polycarbonate films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polycarbonate films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polycarbonate films
+maybe and um and what you guys can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and um and what you guys can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and um and what you guys can do is
+build your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own
+crystal it's a 2d crystal here's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal it's a 2d crystal here's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal it's a 2d crystal here's what's
+so cool about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool about this
+try to get those vacancies out so i look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get those vacancies out so i look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get those vacancies out so i look
+look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+dude none of you can see what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude none of you can see what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude none of you can see what i'm
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+there's a big vacancy there i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big vacancy there i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big vacancy there i've
+literally made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally made this
+right in front of me this is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of me this is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of me this is here
+and and now i'm gonna say okay i'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now i'm gonna say okay i'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now i'm gonna say okay i'll use
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's so many more there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many more there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many more there's so many
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+because i use temperature this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i use temperature this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i use temperature this is
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+you are temperature and you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are temperature and you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are temperature and you can run
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+and you can shake it and all you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can shake it and all you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can shake it and all you bring
+it to the dance floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the dance floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the dance floor
+and and then you're like how can i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you're like how can i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you're like how can i get
+whoa wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa wait a second
+i'll just quietly go down in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just quietly go down in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just quietly go down in temperature
+and i'll get rid of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll get rid of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll get rid of them
+yeah tell that to your friends down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah tell that to your friends down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah tell that to your friends down the
+street see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street see
+how long they go until they stop trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long they go until they stop trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long they go until they stop trying
+because you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys know
+not to try because you'll never get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to try because you'll never get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to try because you'll never get rid
+of them you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you'll
+never get rid of them you'll always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get rid of them you'll always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get rid of them you'll always have
+vacancies and this is proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies and this is proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies and this is proof
+that you will always have vacancies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will always have vacancies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will always have vacancies you
+can try to tap it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to tap it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to tap it like that
+see if you can get rid of the defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can get rid of the defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can get rid of the defects
+you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't
+luckily that's a good thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily that's a good thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily that's a good thing because
+defects are what make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects are what make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects are what make everything
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+everything this is your goody bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this is your goody bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this is your goody bag
+so you can touch and feel but we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can touch and feel but we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can touch and feel but we got to
+cover the other case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the other case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the other case
+because see i could have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because see i could have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because see i could have had
+not just a metal where every atom is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a metal where every atom is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a metal where every atom is the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+but i could have had an ionic solid you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i could have had an ionic solid you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i could have had an ionic solid you
+can make point defects in ionic solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make point defects in ionic solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make point defects in ionic solids
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+right so yeah so if i had a defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah so if i had a defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah so if i had a defect
+in an ionic solid well now you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ionic solid well now you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ionic solid well now you got to
+consider the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the charge
+i can't just keep pulling it is sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't just keep pulling it is sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't just keep pulling it is sodium
+chloride i can't just keep pulling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride i can't just keep pulling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride i can't just keep pulling out
+like one type of atom if i take a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one type of atom if i take a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one type of atom if i take a sodium
+atom out like imagine that it's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom out like imagine that it's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom out like imagine that it's a plus
+minus plus minus right the size is if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus minus right the size is if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus minus right the size is if i
+take a sodium atom out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sodium atom out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sodium atom out
+then it becomes charged because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes charged because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes charged because remember
+the ionic bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionic bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionic bond is
+one of them grabbed it and it has it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them grabbed it and it has it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them grabbed it and it has it and
+so if i take one out i've charged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take one out i've charged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take one out i've charged the
+crystal you can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal you can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal you can't do that
+it won't let you so if i take a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't let you so if i take a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't let you so if i take a sodium
+atom out a chlorine is going to come too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom out a chlorine is going to come too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom out a chlorine is going to come too
+it's got to come too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to come too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to come too
+you got to keep it charged neutral if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to keep it charged neutral if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to keep it charged neutral if it
+starts charging neutral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts charging neutral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts charging neutral so
+these have special names because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have special names because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have special names because of that
+and there are two types of defects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two types of defects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two types of defects in
+ionic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic so
+point defects we're still with point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defects we're still with point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defects we're still with point
+defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects
+local disruption in the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local disruption in the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local disruption in the regularity
+one is called the shocky defect right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called the shocky defect right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called the shocky defect right
+so in the shocky defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you got both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got both
+an anion and a cation are removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anion and a cation are removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anion and a cation are removed
+cation now here's the thing i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation now here's the thing i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation now here's the thing i should
+have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put
+s because you may need to take more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s because you may need to take more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s because you may need to take more than
+one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out
+all right removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right removed
+and because you got to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ensure charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure charge
+neutrality charge neutrality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality charge neutrality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality charge neutrality
+so like you know if i had so inquiry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know if i had so inquiry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know if i had so inquiry
+that's fine but what if i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but what if i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but what if i had
+um you know something else what if i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know something else what if i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know something else what if i had
+instead of sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sodium chloride
+what if i had like calcium chloride so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i had like calcium chloride so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i had like calcium chloride so
+now what if i had calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if i had calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if i had calcium
+chloride well that looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride well that looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride well that looks like that
+because calcium goes to two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because calcium goes to two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because calcium goes to two plus
+we know this right but chlorine is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this right but chlorine is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this right but chlorine is only
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one so that ionic crystal is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that ionic crystal is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that ionic crystal is different
+and what it means is that if i remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it means is that if i remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it means is that if i remove
+if i remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a calcium it's going to come out as ca2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calcium it's going to come out as ca2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calcium it's going to come out as ca2
+plus but that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus but that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus but that means
+i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to remove two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove two
+cl minus atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the thing about shocking defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing about shocking defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing about shocking defects
+you got to keep the charge balance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to keep the charge balance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to keep the charge balance so
+so now it's not just a one for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's not just a one for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's not just a one for one
+this could actually be a way to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could actually be a way to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could actually be a way to take
+atoms out or if i want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms out or if i want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms out or if i want to take
+chlorine out of this it'll take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine out of this it'll take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine out of this it'll take some
+calcium out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium out
+chlorine will come out too right could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine will come out too right could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine will come out too right could
+be a way to engineer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a that's a shockity but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that's a shockity but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that's a shockity but the
+simpler thing that could have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler thing that could have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler thing that could have happened
+is just that one of these atoms kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that one of these atoms kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that one of these atoms kind of
+moved over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved over so
+so now i didn't remove it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i didn't remove it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i didn't remove it from the
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+but it just kind of wandered over into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it just kind of wandered over into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it just kind of wandered over into
+some site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some site
+so like you know here's bcc you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know here's bcc you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know here's bcc you know i
+can't have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have like
+an an atom so this i mean this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an atom so this i mean this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an atom so this i mean this doesn't
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+like a an ionic solid but suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an ionic solid but suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an ionic solid but suppose it
+doesn't matter i could have an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter i could have an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter i could have an atom
+leave a site and go notice that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a site and go notice that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a site and go notice that there
+are these voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these voids
+right they're these spaces in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're these spaces in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're these spaces in between
+other atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atoms
+well those spaces are places where atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those spaces are places where atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those spaces are places where atoms
+can can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can go
+they're not it's not part of the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not it's not part of the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not it's not part of the regular
+lattice but it's it's just it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice but it's it's just it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice but it's it's just it's like a
+hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole
+right remember the the packing fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember the the packing fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember the the packing fractions
+we never got above about three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never got above about three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never got above about three quarters
+we never got about three good that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never got about three good that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never got about three good that means
+there's still a bunch of volume in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a bunch of volume in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a bunch of volume in there
+that's free volume right where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free volume right where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free volume right where is it
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+this kind of defect will find it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of defect will find it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of defect will find it right
+so you could have the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have the smaller
+ion migrate over create a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion migrate over create a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion migrate over create a vacancy
+and it's going to find a place where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to find a place where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to find a place where it
+likes to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to go
+ah okay yeah we'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay yeah we'll do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay yeah we'll do this
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's called a frankel defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so frankel defect is the other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so frankel defect is the other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so frankel defect is the other kind of
+special name we give to a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name we give to a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name we give to a vacancy
+in an ionic solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ionic solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ionic solid and
+it's where one ion right an ion ion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where one ion right an ion ion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where one ion right an ion ion or
+cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation
+anion or cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion or cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion or cation
+moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to some open space open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some open space open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some open space open
+space in the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the lattice
+and you can already kind of feel where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can already kind of feel where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can already kind of feel where
+this might be kind of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be kind of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be kind of common
+it might be common in situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be common in situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be common in situations where
+you've got a big size difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a big size difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a big size difference
+right so like the silver halides are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like the silver halides are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like the silver halides are a
+good example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example like
+silver chloride silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver chloride silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver chloride silver
+bromide silver iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide silver iodide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide silver iodide
+those are all good examples because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all good examples because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all good examples because
+what happens there is this ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens there is this ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens there is this ionic
+structure has a very big mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure has a very big mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure has a very big mismatch
+between the atom sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the atom sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the atom sizes
+and and so you can see let's blow up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you can see let's blow up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you can see let's blow up a
+picture of this is silver iodide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this is silver iodide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this is silver iodide a
+cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+look at that so those are the silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so those are the silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so those are the silver
+atoms and what you see is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and what you see is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and what you see is because
+there's such a big difference in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's such a big difference in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's such a big difference in size
+you're gonna have these pretty big voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have these pretty big voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have these pretty big voids
+and one of the atoms is small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the atoms is small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the atoms is small enough
+that it actually doesn't mind it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually doesn't mind it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually doesn't mind it's
+actually pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy
+to move it ah now if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it ah now if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it ah now if you think about it
+well if you have enough vacancies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you have enough vacancies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you have enough vacancies in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+then maybe those ions can actually move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe those ions can actually move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe those ions can actually move
+really freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really freely
+because they're so small and the voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're so small and the voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're so small and the voids
+are all kind of nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kind of nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kind of nearby
+and and you actually can get a conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you actually can get a conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you actually can get a conductor
+a good conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good conductor
+this way you're creating vacancies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you're creating vacancies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you're creating vacancies on
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+so that one of the ions can move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one of the ions can move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one of the ions can move around
+the smaller one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller one
+right that's what we do we make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what we do we make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what we do we make these
+solid-state ionic conductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid-state ionic conductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid-state ionic conductors
+you need the vacancies you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the vacancies you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the vacancies you need the
+vacancies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies okay
+now i told you that uh we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i told you that uh we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i told you that uh we got this
+this map here we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map here we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map here we've talked about
+literally just one luckily i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just one luckily i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just one luckily i don't have
+nearly the same amount of material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly the same amount of material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly the same amount of material to
+talk about these others the vacancy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these others the vacancy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these others the vacancy is
+clearly the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the one
+that i'm very interested in the subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm very interested in the subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm very interested in the subs
+the self-interstitial is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-interstitial is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-interstitial is actually pretty
+easy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand
+the self-interstitial is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-interstitial is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-interstitial is actually pretty
+easy to understand because it simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand because it simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand because it simply
+doesn't really happen much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really happen much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really happen much
+and and and the reason is if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the reason is if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the reason is if you look at
+this here's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's a picture
+of is basically what i drew on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is basically what i drew on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is basically what i drew on the board
+right but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now
+i've put so these are this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've put so these are this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've put so these are this is this is
+not a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a vacancy
+right this is a kind of point defect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a kind of point defect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a kind of point defect but
+it's not a vacancy i've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a vacancy i've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a vacancy i've actually
+added an atom into the lattice and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added an atom into the lattice and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added an atom into the lattice and i've
+squeezed it in between all the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed it in between all the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed it in between all the others
+you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just
+feel how much energy how much strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel how much energy how much strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel how much energy how much strain
+those other atoms are gonna have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other atoms are gonna have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other atoms are gonna have to make
+and how much energy that's going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much energy that's going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much energy that's going to cost
+those are high energy defects so so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are high energy defects so so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are high energy defects so so a
+self-interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interstitial
+a self-interstitial self just means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self-interstitial self just means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self-interstitial self just means it's
+the same atom as the rest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same atom as the rest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same atom as the rest of them
+is very infrequent is very infrequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very infrequent is very infrequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very infrequent is very infrequent
+the self-interstitial let's see i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-interstitial let's see i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-interstitial let's see i'll
+just use this one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this one again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this one again
+the self-interstitial has an energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-interstitial has an energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-interstitial has an energy of
+formation of something like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of something like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of something like you know
+five electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five electron volts
+anything but you know five electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but you know five electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but you know five electron
+volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-interstitial self-interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it went in between so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went in between so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went in between so it's not
+substitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional
+it's interstitial and itself because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interstitial and itself because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interstitial and itself because
+it's the same atom type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same atom type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same atom type
+the energy energy of formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is 5ev i think 5ev doesn't even sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5ev i think 5ev doesn't even sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5ev i think 5ev doesn't even sound
+that much higher than like the one ev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much higher than like the one ev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much higher than like the one ev
+you had for copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had for copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had for copper
+right 0.9 ev but it goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 0.9 ev but it goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 0.9 ev but it goes into the
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+right so it's like one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's like one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's like one per
+centimeter cubed literally you get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed literally you get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed literally you get like
+one of these happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these happening
+per centimeter cubed instead of 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter cubed instead of 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter cubed instead of 10 to
+the 20th or 10 to the 10th or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th or 10 to the 10th or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th or 10 to the 10th or
+you know many many orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many many orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many many orders of magnitude
+higher so the self-interstitial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so the self-interstitial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so the self-interstitial is
+actually not very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not very interesting
+it's actually not very interesting now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not very interesting now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not very interesting now
+because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have
+uh like half a minute left i'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like half a minute left i'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like half a minute left i'm not gonna
+talk about these we'll have a very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these we'll have a very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these we'll have a very brief
+discussion about these last two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about these last two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about these last two types of
+point defects and then we're gonna make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defects and then we're gonna make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defects and then we're gonna make
+line defects on wednesday and my why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line defects on wednesday and my why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line defects on wednesday and my why
+this matters i'll give you on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matters i'll give you on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matters i'll give you on wednesday
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZcPNcoTbkIU.txt b/ZcPNcoTbkIU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00b329a8ac5b3e07e1121f17c988c29088ebf7e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZcPNcoTbkIU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay good
+evening everybody nice and warm from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening everybody nice and warm from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening everybody nice and warm from the
+uh snow thank you for coming to nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh snow thank you for coming to nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh snow thank you for coming to nuts and
+bolts of new Ventures business plans on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts of new Ventures business plans on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts of new Ventures business plans on
+a snowy night in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snowy night in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snowy night in
+Cambridge uh my name is Joe hadzima and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge uh my name is Joe hadzima and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge uh my name is Joe hadzima and
+uh this is the first of six evenings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the first of six evenings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the first of six evenings
+we're going to have for the course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have for the course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have for the course uh
+the course name is nuts and bolts of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course name is nuts and bolts of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course name is nuts and bolts of new
+Ventures uh and business plans first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ventures uh and business plans first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ventures uh and business plans first of
+all it's uh not really about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's uh not really about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's uh not really about the
+business plan itself uh think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan itself uh think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan itself uh think of it as
+we're going to talk about how to plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how to plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how to plan
+and execute a new venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execute a new venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execute a new venture
+um and don't think of a business plan as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and don't think of a business plan as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and don't think of a business plan as
+a as a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a fixed
+document um in this course where really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document um in this course where really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document um in this course where really
+it's a dynamic uh process we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dynamic uh process we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dynamic uh process we're going
+through it it may be a document it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it it may be a document it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it it may be a document it may
+be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a few
+slides uh but at the end of the day what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh but at the end of the day what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh but at the end of the day what
+it ends up being is a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up being is a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up being is a shared
+Vision uh between you and your team as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision uh between you and your team as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision uh between you and your team as
+to where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where we
+are where we're going and how we plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where we're going and how we plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where we're going and how we plan to
+get there U so that's the goal of of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there U so that's the goal of of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there U so that's the goal of of all
+of this um and I should also say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um and I should also say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um and I should also say uh
+because I I know some people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I know some people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I know some people in the
+audience are not doing traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience are not doing traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience are not doing traditional
+business ventures we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business ventures we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business ventures we're going to use the
+term the business terms a lot uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the business terms a lot uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the business terms a lot uh but
+this could equally apply to social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could equally apply to social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could equally apply to social
+developmental entrepreneurship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental entrepreneurship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental entrepreneurship to
+nonprofits uh even to governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofits uh even to governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofits uh even to governmental
+Ventures it's a way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ventures it's a way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ventures it's a way of thinking about
+how to organize new ideas and get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to organize new ideas and get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to organize new ideas and get them
+going now a little bit about the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going now a little bit about the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going now a little bit about the course
+this is the 25th year it's hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the 25th year it's hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the 25th year it's hard for me
+to believe it's been 25 years for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe it's been 25 years for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe it's been 25 years for the
+course and the founding of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and the founding of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and the founding of the course
+has an entrepreneurial lesson in it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an entrepreneurial lesson in it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an entrepreneurial lesson in it so
+here's the backstory I was teaching some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the backstory I was teaching some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the backstory I was teaching some
+things here on sort of legal stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here on sort of legal stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here on sort of legal stuff and
+some students came up and said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students came up and said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students came up and said you know
+we've I think we had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've I think we had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've I think we had one
+entrepreneurship course at Sloan at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship course at Sloan at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship course at Sloan at the
+time and they had taken that and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they had taken that and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they had taken that and they
+said it's a great course but it's not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's a great course but it's not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's a great course but it's not um
+it's not telling us anything practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not telling us anything practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not telling us anything practical
+so could you do a course during IAP to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could you do a course during IAP to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could you do a course during IAP to
+tell us how to do something practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how to do something practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how to do something practical
+how to start a company so this was back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to start a company so this was back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to start a company so this was back
+25 years ago before the internet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 years ago before the internet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 years ago before the internet and the
+IAP courses were in a fix printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAP courses were in a fix printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAP courses were in a fix printed
+catalog that you would get shows you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog that you would get shows you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog that you would get shows you how
+far we've come so I said well you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've come so I said well you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've come so I said well you know I
+I'll think about doing a course and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think about doing a course and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think about doing a course and uh
+let me get back to you well I got tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get back to you well I got tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get back to you well I got tied
+up with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some other
+things um and then they came to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um and then they came to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um and then they came to me and
+said we we put it in the catalog and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we we put it in the catalog and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we we put it in the catalog and we
+dare you not to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare you not to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare you not to show
+up interesting so I thought about it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up interesting so I thought about it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up interesting so I thought about it uh
+for a while and I thought well I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while and I thought well I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while and I thought well I should
+be angry but you know I think I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be angry but you know I think I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be angry but you know I think I have a
+customer I think these people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer I think these people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer I think these people want
+something so the first attribute was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so the first attribute was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so the first attribute was I
+had a customer all right I'll play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a customer all right I'll play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a customer all right I'll play this
+game for a bit problem is I only had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for a bit problem is I only had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for a bit problem is I only had two
+weeks to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks to organize
+it so that wasn't enough time to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that wasn't enough time to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that wasn't enough time to really
+do anything formal so I said I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything formal so I said I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything formal so I said I think it
+was four nights and I said all right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was four nights and I said all right let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was four nights and I said all right let
+me pick uh we'll do let's see two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pick uh we'll do let's see two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pick uh we'll do let's see two hours
+three hours we'll do eight topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours we'll do eight topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours we'll do eight topics and
+and I'll go and find some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll go and find some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll go and find some people who
+know about those and how am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about those and how am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about those and how am I going to
+make it easy at the last minute to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy at the last minute to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy at the last minute to get
+these people I said just come into class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people I said just come into class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people I said just come into class
+and whatever the field is that you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever the field is that you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever the field is that you're in
+uh speak maybe 10 minutes on the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speak maybe 10 minutes on the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speak maybe 10 minutes on the five
+things I wish somebody had told me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wish somebody had told me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wish somebody had told me about
+whatever you're talking about uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're talking about uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're talking about uh before
+I got started then we'll do questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got started then we'll do questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got started then we'll do questions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+answers and I said I got to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and I said I got to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and I said I got to make it
+entertaining so I called up people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining so I called up people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining so I called up people and
+said you know if you do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know if you do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know if you do you know
+somebody who can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who can do this
+talk uh and if you do you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk uh and if you do you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk uh and if you do you you have to
+have seen the person you know talk they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the person you know talk they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the person you know talk they
+have to be entertaining you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be entertaining you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be entertaining you have to
+vouch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vouch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vouch for
+them and so we did this in a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so we did this in a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so we did this in a period of
+two weeks and probably half the speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks and probably half the speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks and probably half the speakers
+that showed up for that first session I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed up for that first session I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed up for that first session I
+had never met before so I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never met before so I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never met before so I'm thinking
+this is going to be this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be this is going to be
+a disaster right it turned out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disaster right it turned out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disaster right it turned out to be a
+great success and uh I think the lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great success and uh I think the lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great success and uh I think the lessons
+for this about in an entrepreneurial way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this about in an entrepreneurial way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this about in an entrepreneurial way
+were um I had a customer for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um I had a customer for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um I had a customer for a
+product uh they wanted something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh they wanted something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh they wanted something
+I was able to clearly Define the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was able to clearly Define the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was able to clearly Define the task
+because I didn't have time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't have time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't have time to do
+anything more if I done it myself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more if I done it myself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more if I done it myself it
+probably would have taken longer and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would have taken longer and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would have taken longer and not
+been as good good I got great people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been as good good I got great people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been as good good I got great people and
+I I was able to communicate to them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was able to communicate to them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was able to communicate to them what
+the task was and then I got out of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task was and then I got out of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task was and then I got out of their
+way and they did a great job so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and they did a great job so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and they did a great job so there's
+an entrepreneurial lesson in how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrepreneurial lesson in how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrepreneurial lesson in how to
+start a company make sure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a company make sure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a company make sure you have
+customers get great people the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers get great people the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers get great people the whole
+business planning new V Venture type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning new V Venture type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning new V Venture type
+thing is really trying to find what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is really trying to find what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is really trying to find what the
+task is and then to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is and then to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is and then to be able to
+communicate and execute on it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate and execute on it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate and execute on it so the
+course really is an entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course really is an entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course really is an entrepreneurial
+venture um that's how we started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture um that's how we started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture um that's how we started and
+later um uh yast uh basically figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um uh yast uh basically figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um uh yast uh basically figured
+out how we could get credit for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how we could get credit for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how we could get credit for it and
+it's just blossomed ever ever since so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just blossomed ever ever since so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just blossomed ever ever since so
+that's the that's the background um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the background um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the background um in
+the 25 years we've seen all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 25 years we've seen all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 25 years we've seen all sorts of
+things we've seen bubbles the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've seen bubbles the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've seen bubbles the internet
+bubble I I I stood here thinking I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble I I I stood here thinking I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble I I I stood here thinking I just
+read in the paper that hot mail back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in the paper that hot mail back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in the paper that hot mail back in
+1997 or so um had started up and been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 or so um had started up and been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 or so um had started up and been
+sold in 18 months for $450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold in 18 months for $450
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold in 18 months for $450
+million uh selling or basically giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh selling or basically giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh selling or basically giving
+away email and I'm thinking how am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away email and I'm thinking how am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away email and I'm thinking how am I
+going to explain to people this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain to people this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain to people this isn't
+the way it usually works in in periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it usually works in in periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it usually works in in periods
+of time uh more recently Instagram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time uh more recently Instagram so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time uh more recently Instagram so
+there are some things that happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some things that happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some things that happen at
+points in time uh that defy direct Logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time uh that defy direct Logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time uh that defy direct Logic
+on uh on it if you can catch those waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on it if you can catch those waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on it if you can catch those waves
+uh that becomes um a good thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that becomes um a good thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that becomes um a good thing to do
+we've also seen busts after the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also seen busts after the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also seen busts after the internet
+collapsed after the financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed after the financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed after the financial markets
+collapsed uh actually that is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed uh actually that is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed uh actually that is one of the
+best times to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best times to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best times to start a
+company um and many of the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um and many of the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um and many of the really
+enduring companies have been started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring companies have been started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring companies have been started
+during downtimes and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during downtimes and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during downtimes and the reason is
+resources aren't available there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources aren't available there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources aren't available there
+financing dries up you got to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing dries up you got to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing dries up you got to be really
+focused you have to actually deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused you have to actually deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused you have to actually deliver
+something of value and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of value and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of value and there's a lot of
+history about companies that get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history about companies that get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history about companies that get started
+during down times but through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during down times but through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during down times but through all of
+that ups and downs uh it all boils down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ups and downs uh it all boils down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ups and downs uh it all boils down
+to really two basic thoughts and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really two basic thoughts and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really two basic thoughts and we're
+going to touch on it over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to touch on it over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to touch on it over and over again
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+course and that is whether it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and that is whether it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and that is whether it's a a
+business whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business whether it's a
+nonprofit whether it's a governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit whether it's a governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit whether it's a governmental
+project it's the first thing you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's the first thing you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's the first thing you got to
+do is create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is create
+value so if you're not creating value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so if you're not creating value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so if you're not creating value
+you can't really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really do
+anything and then having created value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then having created value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then having created value
+the question is how do you capture some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you capture some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you capture some
+or all of that value to make what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all of that value to make what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all of that value to make what you're
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+sustainable and sustainable um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable and sustainable um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable and sustainable um in the
+concept of U traditional uh companies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of U traditional uh companies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of U traditional uh companies is
+profit and in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and in the context of
+Developmental stuff it can be we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Developmental stuff it can be we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Developmental stuff it can be we can do
+it again rinse and repeat so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again rinse and repeat so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again rinse and repeat so when we
+look at uh creating value we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh creating value we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh creating value we're going to
+be asking questions about who do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking questions about who do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking questions about who do we
+create value for uh how much uh do we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create value for uh how much uh do we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create value for uh how much uh do we uh
+create how much value do we create and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create how much value do we create and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create how much value do we create and
+how do we create it and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we create it and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we create it and then when we
+talk about capturing value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about capturing value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about capturing value the
+traditional way has been in uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way has been in uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way has been in uh for
+customers somebody who will pay you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers somebody who will pay you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers somebody who will pay you uh
+for your goods the product you do or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your goods the product you do or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your goods the product you do or
+your services and the trick as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your services and the trick as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your services and the trick as we'll see
+in financial projections and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in financial projections and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in financial projections and the
+business model Parts that'll come in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model Parts that'll come in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model Parts that'll come in the
+next few days is is that whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few days is is that whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few days is is that whole process
+something where you can make enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you can make enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you can make enough
+money that you can continue it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that you can continue it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that you can continue it so
+traditional capture of value vales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional capture of value vales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional capture of value vales
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+customers um there are other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers um there are other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers um there are other ways to
+capture values value in the in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture values value in the in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture values value in the in the area
+of advertising or uh monetization uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advertising or uh monetization uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advertising or uh monetization uh
+that we'll talk about also and you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about also and you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about also and you think
+about uh things like where third parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh things like where third parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh things like where third parties
+provide that uh payment so think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide that uh payment so think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide that uh payment so think of the
+US healthc care system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US healthc care system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US healthc care system where
+historically uh the patient the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically uh the patient the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically uh the patient the person
+who the values delivered to as in you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the values delivered to as in you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the values delivered to as in you're
+going to get treated isn't really paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get treated isn't really paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get treated isn't really paying
+directly the cost of of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the cost of of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the cost of of that so
+sometimes figuring out how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes figuring out how that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes figuring out how that works
+can be the challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+um okay so at the end of the day we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so at the end of the day we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so at the end of the day we're
+going to need uh to make all this happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need uh to make all this happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need uh to make all this happy
+we're going to need people that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need people that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need people that's the
+number one uh thing you're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one uh thing you're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one uh thing you're going to need
+for a venture resources of some sort uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a venture resources of some sort uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a venture resources of some sort uh
+either cash or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either cash or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either cash or
+Partnerships um skills some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnerships um skills some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnerships um skills some of them
+you'll learn in this class some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn in this class some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn in this class some of them
+you'll learn on the on the job and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn on the on the job and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn on the on the job and then
+that that one that's the hardest one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that one that's the hardest one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that one that's the hardest one to
+figure out but if you can get it uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out but if you can get it uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out but if you can get it uh it's
+the best and that's called luck uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best and that's called luck uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best and that's called luck uh I'll
+always I'll always go with some luck so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I'll always go with some luck so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I'll always go with some luck so
+our goal for the course is basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal for the course is basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal for the course is basically to
+make sure you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you get
+infected with the entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with the entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with the entrepreneurial
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+virus and it it really is a virus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and it it really is a virus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and it it really is a virus uh
+that is can be infectious the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is can be infectious the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is can be infectious the good news
+is it's not known to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not known to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not known to be
+fatal it's highly contagious it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatal it's highly contagious it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatal it's highly contagious it is a
+lifelong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong
+um Affliction so you'll have to get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Affliction so you'll have to get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Affliction so you'll have to get used
+to it uh but at the end of the day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it uh but at the end of the day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it uh but at the end of the day I
+think you'll really uh if you catch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll really uh if you catch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll really uh if you catch it
+you'll be in best best shape uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be in best best shape uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be in best best shape uh let me
+this is what we're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to be doing
+tonight uh we're going to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight uh we're going to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight uh we're going to tell you a
+little bit about who you are we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about who you are we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about who you are we're going
+to introduce the teaching team we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the teaching team we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the teaching team we'll
+introduce the case study and Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the case study and Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the case study and Business
+Plan Basics tonight and then we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan Basics tonight and then we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan Basics tonight and then we'll take
+a small break uh and then we'll get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small break uh and then we'll get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small break uh and then we'll get on
+with Steve Pierce who's come all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Steve Pierce who's come all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Steve Pierce who's come all the way
+from Florida today to to talk to us he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Florida today to to talk to us he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Florida today to to talk to us he's
+thinking maybe that wasn't such a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking maybe that wasn't such a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking maybe that wasn't such a good
+idea okay so who who's in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh I want you some of you signed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I want you some of you signed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I want you some of you signed up
+many of you signed up at the website uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you signed up at the website uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you signed up at the website uh
+we had 160 signed up and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 160 signed up and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 160 signed up and the
+organizations that you're from are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that you're from are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that you're from are and
+I'll just read them alphabetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just read them alphabetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just read them alphabetically
+Boston University broad Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston University broad Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston University broad Institute
+Columbia University the Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia University the Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia University the Department of
+Defense Harvard College Harvard Kennedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense Harvard College Harvard Kennedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense Harvard College Harvard Kennedy
+School and Harvard business school Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School and Harvard business school Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School and Harvard business school Mass
+General Hospital University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Hospital University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Hospital University of
+Massachusetts University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts University of
+Macedonia University of Michigan Toronto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macedonia University of Michigan Toronto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macedonia University of Michigan Toronto
+Welsley College several private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welsley College several private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welsley College several private
+companies that I won't say your names to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that I won't say your names to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that I won't say your names to
+protect you and of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect you and of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect you and of course uh
+M now the areas that you said you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M now the areas that you said you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M now the areas that you said you were
+interested in are all over the place we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are all over the place we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are all over the place we
+have consumer devices foreign language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have consumer devices foreign language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have consumer devices foreign language
+learning Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning Financial
+technology social Enterprise related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology social Enterprise related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology social Enterprise related to
+health care educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care educational
+technology medical devices one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology medical devices one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology medical devices one of the
+reasons I'm going through this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I'm going through this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I'm going through this is that
+we hope that in Period of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that in Period of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that in Period of this course
+you'll actually form some teams so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually form some teams so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually form some teams so if
+you find some of these topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find some of these topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find some of these topics
+interesting uh or if you're some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh or if you're some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh or if you're some of
+these people then you'll at least I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people then you'll at least I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people then you'll at least I'm
+shouting you out a bit we have nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouting you out a bit we have nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouting you out a bit we have nuclear
+energy for those of you into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for those of you into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for those of you into that
+specialty biotech chemicals a sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialty biotech chemicals a sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialty biotech chemicals a sleep
+product oncology drug delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product oncology drug delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product oncology drug delivery
+biotechnology 3D printing ey glasses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology 3D printing ey glasses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology 3D printing ey glasses in
+West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West
+Africa independent film industry lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa independent film industry lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa independent film industry lab
+testing process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing process and
+Equipment Big Data data privacy B2B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment Big Data data privacy B2B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment Big Data data privacy B2B
+Information Technology Energy technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Technology Energy technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Technology Energy technology
+Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace
+crowdfunding and e-commerce so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding and e-commerce so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding and e-commerce so hopefully
+you'll find a kindred spirit in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find a kindred spirit in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find a kindred spirit in those
+now what what about the background of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what about the background of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what about the background of
+the people we have some um people this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people we have some um people this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people we have some um people this
+is the first course they've ever taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first course they've ever taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first course they've ever taken
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+entrepreneurship uh we've had people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship uh we've had people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship uh we've had people
+have taken a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken a bunch of other
+entrepreneurial courses at MIT or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial courses at MIT or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial courses at MIT or at
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+universities uh in fact we have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities uh in fact we have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities uh in fact we have a couple
+people have taken nuts and bolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have taken nuts and bolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have taken nuts and bolts
+before uh they did pass before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh they did pass before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh they did pass before but
+they're back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're back for
+more uh several startups somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh several startups somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh several startups somebody who's
+always been in government and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been in government and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been in government and somebody
+who's been a couple people in 15 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been a couple people in 15 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been a couple people in 15 plus
+years uh in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh in large
+organizations and some members of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and some members of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and some members of The
+Venture mentoring service are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture mentoring service are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture mentoring service are actually
+in the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience
+we have undergraduates grad students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have undergraduates grad students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have undergraduates grad students
+postdocs visiting faculty and staff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdocs visiting faculty and staff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdocs visiting faculty and staff so
+question is it's pretty diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is it's pretty diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is it's pretty diverse
+audience and we've got a lot to cover so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and we've got a lot to cover so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and we've got a lot to cover so
+little advice to the people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little advice to the people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little advice to the people that are
+first timers I would say soak it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first timers I would say soak it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first timers I would say soak it all
+in um and as you go forward try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um and as you go forward try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um and as you go forward try to think
+about the kind of things we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of things we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of things we talk about
+when you approach entrepreneurial things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you approach entrepreneurial things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you approach entrepreneurial things
+for the first time uh more experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time uh more experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time uh more experienced
+people um use this to refine your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um use this to refine your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um use this to refine your
+thinking I've been in this course for as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I've been in this course for as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I've been in this course for as
+I said 25 years and every single year I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said 25 years and every single year I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said 25 years and every single year I
+come up with some refinement in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some refinement in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some refinement in my
+thinking listening not only to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking listening not only to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking listening not only to the
+speakers but to the questions that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers but to the questions that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers but to the questions that come
+so um I hope you enjoy the course um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I hope you enjoy the course um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I hope you enjoy the course um we
+do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to
+calibrate uh before we get going though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate uh before we get going though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate uh before we get going though
+it is MIT so we have a our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is MIT so we have a our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is MIT so we have a our first
+Formula and it is H equals r divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formula and it is H equals r divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formula and it is H equals r divided by
+E so I've got an audience with a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E so I've got an audience with a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E so I've got an audience with a whole
+bunch of different people and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different people and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different people and we're
+trying to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve this
+equation and we're trying to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we're trying to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we're trying to maximize
+H so for those of you who can't see H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so for those of you who can't see H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so for those of you who can't see H
+equals R /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R /
+e anybody want to take a guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e anybody want to take a guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e anybody want to take a guess what
+these symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are yeah the snow has got you all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah the snow has got you all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah the snow has got you all right
+I'll give you a hint H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a hint H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a hint H is
+happiness okay this is where okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness okay this is where okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness okay this is where okay let's
+see yeah reality expect oh he jumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah reality expect oh he jumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah reality expect oh he jumped
+right to it reality over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to it reality over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to it reality over
+expectations right last year somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations right last year somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations right last year somebody
+said Revenue divided by expenses which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Revenue divided by expenses which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Revenue divided by expenses which
+is equally good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equally good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equally good I
+guess so this is a generalizable formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so this is a generalizable formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so this is a generalizable formula
+and for those of you who have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who have even
+slight um idea of math if I lower your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight um idea of math if I lower your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight um idea of math if I lower your
+expectations to zero I can make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations to zero I can make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations to zero I can make you
+infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely
+happy but I think I'm never going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but I think I'm never going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but I think I'm never going to be
+able to do that but the point is um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that but the point is um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that but the point is um this
+works both for teaching here and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works both for teaching here and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works both for teaching here and for
+everything you do it includes uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you do it includes uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you do it includes uh if you
+if you uh over uh deliver on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh over uh deliver on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh over uh deliver on what you
+promise you'll have people happy your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise you'll have people happy your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise you'll have people happy your
+investors will be happy your customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors will be happy your customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors will be happy your customers
+so happiness is reality divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happiness is reality divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happiness is reality divided by
+expectation uh with the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh with the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh with the fact that you
+can never quite get expectations to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never quite get expectations to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never quite get expectations to zero
+okay so lower your expectations I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lower your expectations I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lower your expectations I want
+you to all be happy as we move through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to all be happy as we move through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to all be happy as we move through
+the course so who are we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we have Joe Yost Gino Yan old Cher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have Joe Yost Gino Yan old Cher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have Joe Yost Gino Yan old Cher
+and some highly paid volunteer speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some highly paid volunteer speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some highly paid volunteer speakers
+that I'll introduce uh a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll introduce uh a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll introduce uh a little bit of
+my my background senior lecturer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my background senior lecturer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my background senior lecturer at
+Sloan was a partner in a law firm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloan was a partner in a law firm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloan was a partner in a law firm in
+Boston for many years was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston for many years was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston for many years was one of the
+founding judges of what's now the 100K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding judges of what's now the 100K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding judges of what's now the 100K
+competition uh former Global chairman of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh former Global chairman of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh former Global chairman of
+the MIT Enterprise Forum uh managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Enterprise Forum uh managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Enterprise Forum uh managing
+director at Main Street Partners where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director at Main Street Partners where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director at Main Street Partners where
+we do technology commercialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do technology commercialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do technology commercialization
+and co-founder and president of Ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-founder and president of Ip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-founder and president of Ip
+Vision that does intellectual property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision that does intellectual property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision that does intellectual property
+analysis I should say this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I should say this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I should say this is the first
+course at MIT that we're aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at MIT that we're aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at MIT that we're aware of that
+brought both sides of Campus together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought both sides of Campus together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought both sides of Campus together
+the engineering science architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering science architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering science architecture
+side of Campus uh to the Sloan side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of Campus uh to the Sloan side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of Campus uh to the Sloan side you
+would think they're miles away and until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think they're miles away and until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think they're miles away and until
+this class they really weren't together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class they really weren't together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class they really weren't together
+there have been a lot of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a lot of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a lot of companies
+launched out of this class some have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched out of this class some have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched out of this class some have
+gone public uh and it's um you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone public uh and it's um you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone public uh and it's um you know it's
+been quite a history over time um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been quite a history over time um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been quite a history over time um then
+I'd like to intr uce our our case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to intr uce our our case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to intr uce our our case study
+next um this is virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um this is virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um this is virtual
+ink um that if you can't read that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ink um that if you can't read that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ink um that if you can't read that uh
+that logo up there this is a case will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logo up there this is a case will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logo up there this is a case will
+uh you have in the materials it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have in the materials it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have in the materials it is a
+computer peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer peripheral
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+and let me see if I can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+I'll give you a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a little bit of an
+introduction here is that appearing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there for the times when you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the times when you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the times when you don't need
+a projector and writing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projector and writing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projector and writing on the
+Whiteboard is the best teaching tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whiteboard is the best teaching tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whiteboard is the best teaching tool
+there's the Moc capture ink recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Moc capture ink recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Moc capture ink recording
+system enabled by mimo Studio software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system enabled by mimo Studio software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system enabled by mimo Studio software
+the mimo capture system actually sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mimo capture system actually sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mimo capture system actually sees
+and records everything you write on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and records everything you write on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and records everything you write on the
+board in real time and multiple colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board in real time and multiple colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board in real time and multiple colors
+it can even convert handwriting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can even convert handwriting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can even convert handwriting into
+editable text the system creates digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editable text the system creates digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editable text the system creates digital
+files that you can send to your students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files that you can send to your students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files that you can send to your students
+so now they can focus on the lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they can focus on the lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they can focus on the lesson
+rather than on taking notes and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than on taking notes and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than on taking notes and you'll
+save time by using the digital files in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save time by using the digital files in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save time by using the digital files in
+other classes the mimo capture system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes the mimo capture system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes the mimo capture system
+works with your mimo teach interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with your mimo teach interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with your mimo teach interactive
+system and comes complete with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and comes complete with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and comes complete with a
+magnetic charging tray four rechargeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic charging tray four rechargeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic charging tray four rechargeable
+marker holders and a digital eraser the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker holders and a digital eraser the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker holders and a digital eraser the
+miio capture system bringing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miio capture system bringing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miio capture system bringing your
+whiteboard notes into the 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard notes into the 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard notes into the 21st
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that that is an overview of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that is an overview of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that is an overview of of
+what virtual Inc eventually became and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what virtual Inc eventually became and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what virtual Inc eventually became and
+in fact today they have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact today they have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact today they have a whole bunch of
+other products yanal our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products yanal our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products yanal our
+entrepreneur uh who's going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur uh who's going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur uh who's going to come in
+at the end is uh was the founder of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end is uh was the founder of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end is uh was the founder of it
+he's got a very interesting story The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a very interesting story The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a very interesting story The
+reason we use Virtual Inc even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we use Virtual Inc even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we use Virtual Inc even though
+it's a little bit dated it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit dated it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit dated it was in the
+late 1990s is that it's an easy concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1990s is that it's an easy concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1990s is that it's an easy concept
+to understand so we're not getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand so we're not getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand so we're not getting into
+all sorts of although there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of although there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of although there's some
+technology behind it to be sure uh was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology behind it to be sure uh was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology behind it to be sure uh was a
+entr in entr in what was then the 50k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entr in entr in what was then the 50k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entr in entr in what was then the 50k
+competition uh it's an interesting story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh it's an interesting story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh it's an interesting story
+of the times uh and the company and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times uh and the company and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times uh and the company and most
+importantly it's that yanal himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly it's that yanal himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly it's that yanal himself
+comes in and he tells you stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and he tells you stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and he tells you stuff that
+you're not going to uh find there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to uh find there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to uh find there it's
+so easy to get people into a class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy to get people into a class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy to get people into a class like
+this who are successful oh I came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this who are successful oh I came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this who are successful oh I came up
+with this idea of my dorm room and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea of my dorm room and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea of my dorm room and I did
+this we raised some money went public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we raised some money went public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we raised some money went public
+now wealthy well you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now wealthy well you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now wealthy well you don't you don't
+really learn anything from that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learn anything from that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learn anything from that um you
+learn if it's lucky and everything works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn if it's lucky and everything works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn if it's lucky and everything works
+out but yanal comes in and he'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but yanal comes in and he'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but yanal comes in and he'll tell
+you a very interesting story of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very interesting story of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very interesting story of of what
+he went through during the uh the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went through during the uh the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went through during the uh the whole
+period now the uh we'll mention it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period now the uh we'll mention it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period now the uh we'll mention it from
+time to time during the course you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time during the course you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time during the course you'll
+see reference to it in the in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see reference to it in the in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see reference to it in the in some of
+the M materials as you prepare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M materials as you prepare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M materials as you prepare the
+entire plan is in the course reader uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire plan is in the course reader uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire plan is in the course reader uh
+do not assume however that it's a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not assume however that it's a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not assume however that it's a model
+uh plan every year we get um uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plan every year we get um uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plan every year we get um uh people
+handing in a uh the executive summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing in a uh the executive summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing in a uh the executive summary
+and they follow exactly the virtual link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they follow exactly the virtual link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they follow exactly the virtual link
+thing and uh I don't want you to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and uh I don't want you to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and uh I don't want you to do that
+I want you to think on your own about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to think on your own about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to think on your own about it
+but it's it's an interesting one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's an interesting one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's an interesting one you
+don't I tried to find another plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I tried to find another plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I tried to find another plan to
+work on and and a lot of people won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on and and a lot of people won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on and and a lot of people won't
+give up their original plan uh or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up their original plan uh or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up their original plan uh or they
+never actually had W so it's a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually had W so it's a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually had W so it's a unique
+situation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we
+have um now we're going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um now we're going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um now we're going to go into
+business plan uh Basics this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan uh Basics this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan uh Basics this is a
+introduction I'm going to give about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction I'm going to give about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction I'm going to give about
+what's in a business plan the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in a business plan the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in a business plan the kind of
+things you need to think about and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to think about and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to think about and then
+over the course of the next five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the next five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the next five six
+nights we'll be filling in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights we'll be filling in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights we'll be filling in each of the
+components of it so think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of it so think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of it so think of this as a
+high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level
+overview and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and
+um it's going to be a little bit um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's going to be a little bit um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's going to be a little bit um like
+the MIT fire hose approach for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT fire hose approach for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT fire hose approach for those of
+you who aren't MIT students they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who aren't MIT students they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who aren't MIT students they say
+that MIT going to MIT is like taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT going to MIT is like taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT going to MIT is like taking a
+try to drink a water from a fire hose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to drink a water from a fire hose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to drink a water from a fire hose
+it's just so much coming at you and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so much coming at you and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so much coming at you and uh
+we're going to throw a lot at you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to throw a lot at you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to throw a lot at you over
+this period of time some of it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of time some of it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of time some of it's going
+to stick right away and some of it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick right away and some of it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick right away and some of it you
+won't get for a while and the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get for a while and the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get for a while and the reason I
+know that is we get emails back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is we get emails back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is we get emails back
+constantly saying oh I just encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly saying oh I just encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly saying oh I just encountered
+this situation and I finally figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation and I finally figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation and I finally figured out
+what you were trying to explain to us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were trying to explain to us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were trying to explain to us so
+we always want feedback and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always want feedback and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always want feedback and as long as
+people find what we're doing useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find what we're doing useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find what we're doing useful
+we're going to continue to to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course okay so topics in my my overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay so topics in my my overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay so topics in my my overview
+is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+why write a plan what should be in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why write a plan what should be in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why write a plan what should be in it
+and then talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then talk a little bit about the
+plan as a financing document so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan as a financing document so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan as a financing document so does
+anyone know who this uh character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know who this uh character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know who this uh character
+is this is uh Dwight Eisenhower Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is uh Dwight Eisenhower Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is uh Dwight Eisenhower Supreme
+Commander Allied Forces Europe uh D-Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commander Allied Forces Europe uh D-Day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commander Allied Forces Europe uh D-Day
+uh became president of the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh became president of the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh became president of the United States
+Life Magazine he's on the cover and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life Magazine he's on the cover and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life Magazine he's on the cover and he
+says plans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says plans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says plans are
+worthless so so I guess we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless so so I guess we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless so so I guess we're sort of
+done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the
+course this is a guy who planned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is a guy who planned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is a guy who planned and
+executed this massive Invasion and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed this massive Invasion and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed this massive Invasion and if
+you've read any of the history of of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read any of the history of of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read any of the history of of it
+it's just an amazing operation so plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an amazing operation so plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an amazing operation so plans
+are worthless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worthless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worthless
+but planning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but planning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but planning is
+everything so again today these days um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so again today these days um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so again today these days um
+some well we'll talk about business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well we'll talk about business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well we'll talk about business
+plans and whether the right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and whether the right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and whether the right one
+specifically so for example The Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically so for example The Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically so for example The Wall
+Street Journal had a a big article about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal had a a big article about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal had a a big article about
+does a startup really need a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a startup really need a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a startup really need a business
+plan and what they're talking about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and what they're talking about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and what they're talking about are
+written uh business plans and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uh business plans and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uh business plans and their
+academic studies showing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic studies showing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic studies showing that people
+would be better off just to go off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better off just to go off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better off just to go off and
+launch a company and I I I pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch a company and I I I pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch a company and I I I pretty much
+agree with that at one level I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that at one level I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that at one level I've been
+around the country judging various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country judging various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country judging various
+business plan competitions or classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan competitions or classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan competitions or classes
+that have business plans it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have business plans it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have business plans it's pretty
+clear that the people doing it have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the people doing it have no
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+ align:start position:0%
+intention of actually starting a company
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an academic exercise
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an academic exercise
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+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT that's not what we're doing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT that's not what we're doing we're
+trying to figure out and and what Yos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out and and what Yos
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+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out and and what Yos
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+ align:start position:0%
+and the people at the 100K did was say
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people at the 100K did was say
+you know we're trying to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're trying to build
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're trying to build
+tomorrow's leading companies this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's leading companies this is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to actually get things
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to actually get things
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+going so uh a business plan or at least
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+thinking about a business plan is really
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so why actually write a real
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+ align:start position:0%
+plan well uh you have to you think
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+ align:start position:0%
+plan well uh you have to you think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no body's going to finance you
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+
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+because no body's going to finance you
+without something written uh you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without something written uh you may
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+without something written uh you may
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it to talk to strategic Partners to
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+ align:start position:0%
+need it to talk to strategic Partners to
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+it is you need to understand your
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the the what is the scarcest
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+resource that that you as an
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+plenty of money in the
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+plenty of money in the
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+ align:start position:0%
+world time it's your time the reason to
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+
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+world time it's your time the reason to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it through is you want to spend
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+think it through is you want to spend
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+ align:start position:0%
+the next three to five years or whatever
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you have um you know for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+entrepreneur it's always well I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur it's always well I need
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur it's always well I need
+money well the the point is money tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well the the point is money tends
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well the the point is money tends
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow to where opportunity is so if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow to where opportunity is so if
+you can create value and opportunity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get money it's harder in some
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the country than others but the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the country than others but the
+real scarce thing is your time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real scarce thing is your time so you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+real scarce thing is your time so you
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+ align:start position:0%
+really need to understand
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um and and think about the process of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+planning famous expression people don't
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+plan um and in the course of this course
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+plan um and in the course of this course
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+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be asking you to think
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+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be asking you to think
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+ align:start position:0%
+about who are your customers or users
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+ align:start position:0%
+about who are your customers or users
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who cares about what I do um will
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who cares about what I do um will
+they buy or use what you're
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+ align:start position:0%
+they buy or use what you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+doing what will they pay or how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what will they pay or how can you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what will they pay or how can you
+otherwise uh make money or get resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh make money or get resources
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh make money or get resources
+capture value how are you going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture value how are you going to make
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture value how are you going to make
+and deliver Del it uh think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deliver Del it uh think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deliver Del it uh think about uh
+something as simple as Netflix as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as Netflix as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as Netflix as a
+concept right back when it when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right back when it when it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+wasn't streaming it was DV D in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't streaming it was DV D in a in a
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+
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+wasn't streaming it was DV D in a in a
+packet shipped to you it's not a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet shipped to you it's not a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet shipped to you it's not a it's
+not a amazing concept it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a amazing concept it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+straightforward but the the planning
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+
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+straightforward but the the planning
+their key was they could actually
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+their key was they could actually
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+
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+their key was they could actually
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+deliver on it effectively and
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+
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+deliver on it effectively and
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+efficiently or Amazon selling books
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently or Amazon selling books
+online that's how they got started I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online that's how they got started I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online that's how they got started I
+mean what's so hard well there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's so hard well there's a lot
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's so hard well there's a lot
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+that goes on in the background and what
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+
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+
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+you'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so whether it's um a Web 2.0 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whether it's um a Web 2.0 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whether it's um a Web 2.0 or a
+biotech or a uh social developmental I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech or a uh social developmental I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech or a uh social developmental I
+want to just reiterate the the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just reiterate the the really
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just reiterate the the really
+two basic things it's create
+
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+two basic things it's create
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic things it's create
+value and then figure out how to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then figure out how to capture
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then figure out how to capture
+or harvest the value that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or harvest the value that's the key
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or harvest the value that's the key
+thing we're trying to do so uh how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're trying to do so uh how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're trying to do so uh how many
+of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have
+seen the uh movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the uh movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the uh movie
+uh uh The Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh The Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh The Social
+Network okay you may remember this scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network okay you may remember this scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network okay you may remember this scene
+let's see if this works if I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if this works if I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if this works if I can do that
+so adoro says it's time to monetize the
+
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+so adoro says it's time to monetize the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adoro says it's time to monetize the
+site and Mark says what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and Mark says what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and Mark says what does that mean
+and Eduardo says it means it's time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Eduardo says it means it's time for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Eduardo says it means it's time for
+the website to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Revenue no I I I know what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue no I I I know what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue no I I I know what that means
+but I'm asking you how you want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm asking you how you want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm asking you how you want to do it
+and he says advertising remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says advertising remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says advertising remember that
+famous advertising and Mark's reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous advertising and Mark's reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous advertising and Mark's reaction
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
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+is
+no and he says Ardo says uh well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and he says Ardo says uh well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and he says Ardo says uh well we've
+got 4,000 members this is Facebook Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 4,000 members this is Facebook Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 4,000 members this is Facebook Okay
+4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000
+members and Mark says because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and Mark says because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and Mark says because the
+Facebook is cool if we start installing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook is cool if we start installing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook is cool if we start installing
+pop-ups for Mountain Dew it's not g to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop-ups for Mountain Dew it's not g to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop-ups for Mountain Dew it's not g to
+and aoro says well I wasn't really
+
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+and aoro says well I wasn't really
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aoro says well I wasn't really
+thinking about Mountain Dew it's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Mountain Dew it's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Mountain Dew it's but
+maybe at some point I'm talking about
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+maybe at some point I'm talking about
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+
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+maybe at some point I'm talking about
+the business and the company the site
+
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+the business and the company the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business and the company the site
+and Mark says we don't even know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mark says we don't even know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mark says we don't even know what it
+is yet we don't know what it is we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yet we don't know what it is we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yet we don't know what it is we don't
+know what it can be we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it can be we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it can be we don't know what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be we know that it's cool it's a
+ 
+
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+it will be we know that it's cool it's a
+Priceless asset I'm not giving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priceless asset I'm not giving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priceless asset I'm not giving it
+up Eduardo says when will it be finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Eduardo says when will it be finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Eduardo says when will it be finished
+and the famous answer is it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the famous answer is it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the famous answer is it won't be
+finished that's the point the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that's the point the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that's the point the way
+Fashions never finished so here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fashions never finished so here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fashions never finished so here they are
+these guys that have created something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys that have created something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys that have created something
+that they think of have value and
+
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+that they think of have value and
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+
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+that they think of have value and
+they're trying to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to figure out how to
+harvest the value value so I went and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest the value value so I went and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest the value value so I went and I
+looked at the U 10K for Facebook 10K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the U 10K for Facebook 10K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the U 10K for Facebook 10K is
+the annual report you file with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual report you file with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual report you file with the
+Securities and Exchange Commission uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission uh
+when you're a public company and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're a public company and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're a public company and in the
+first part of it they say you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of it they say you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of it they say you know you
+have to say what your business is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say what your business is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say what your business is and
+they say our mission is to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say our mission is to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say our mission is to make the
+world more open and connected and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world more open and connected and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world more open and connected and so I'm
+looking to try to figure out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to try to figure out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to try to figure out what they
+say their business is after that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say their business is after that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say their business is after that and it
+was very curious uh they had three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very curious uh they had three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very curious uh they had three major
+headings in the 10K the first one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headings in the 10K the first one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headings in the 10K the first one was
+how we create value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we create value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we create value for
+users the second one was how we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users the second one was how we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users the second one was how we create
+values for developers through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for developers through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for developers through the
+Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook
+platform and the third one was how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and the third one was how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and the third one was how do we
+create value for marketers so here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create value for marketers so here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create value for marketers so here they
+are a public company with what billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a public company with what billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a public company with what billions
+of users now and they're focused on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of users now and they're focused on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of users now and they're focused on how
+do they create value and they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they create value and they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they create value and they're still
+struggling a bit with what their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling a bit with what their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling a bit with what their uh
+Revenue model is on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue model is on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue model is on the other side
+so the two basic qu my point is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two basic qu my point is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two basic qu my point is the same
+things that you're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're going to think about
+starting a company how do you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a company how do you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a company how do you create
+value and how do you harvest value never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and how do you harvest value never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and how do you harvest value never
+goes away it's constant through this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away it's constant through this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away it's constant through this and
+I thought it was I was thought I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was I was thought I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was I was thought I could
+go to the 10K and find some really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the 10K and find some really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the 10K and find some really nice
+story about how they harvest value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about how they harvest value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about how they harvest value and
+they're still thinking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still thinking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still thinking about how to
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value now one way to to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now one way to to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now one way to to think about what
+we're going to do here is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do here is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do here is to have a
+visualization and um I think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and um I think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and um I think of it as a
+a pyramid so at the top of the pyramid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pyramid so at the top of the pyramid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pyramid so at the top of the pyramid
+you can think of is your mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of is your mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of is your mission
+statement similar to what Facebook said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement similar to what Facebook said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement similar to what Facebook said
+and underneath that supporting that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and underneath that supporting that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and underneath that supporting that is
+uh your elevator pitch people know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your elevator pitch people know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your elevator pitch people know what
+elevator pitches are I think we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator pitches are I think we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator pitches are I think we did that
+in the 100K it used to be all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 100K it used to be all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 100K it used to be all of the uh
+Venture capitalists lived in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture capitalists lived in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture capitalists lived in you know
+offices were high- Tech high buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices were high- Tech high buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices were high- Tech high buildings
+so you'd have maybe you know 20 floors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have maybe you know 20 floors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have maybe you know 20 floors
+the theory as you get into the elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory as you get into the elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory as you get into the elevator
+you turn the person turns you and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn the person turns you and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn the person turns you and say
+what do you do and you have 20 floors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do and you have 20 floors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do and you have 20 floors to
+explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it
+it maybe 30 seconds um a lot of the VCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe 30 seconds um a lot of the VCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe 30 seconds um a lot of the VCS
+have moved to two-story buildings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moved to two-story buildings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moved to two-story buildings the
+elevators if they take so you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevators if they take so you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevators if they take so you have to do
+this as you run up the stairs with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you run up the stairs with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you run up the stairs with them
+so you got to be even crisper today than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to be even crisper today than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to be even crisper today than
+before underneath that might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before underneath that might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before underneath that might be the
+executive summary we'll go into that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary we'll go into that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary we'll go into that a
+little bit under that might be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit under that might be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit under that might be the the
+PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint
+presentation under that could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation under that could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation under that could be the
+full plan if you get to the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full plan if you get to the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full plan if you get to the point of
+writing one but underneath all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing one but underneath all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing one but underneath all of that
+our set of Foundations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set of Foundations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set of Foundations
+of individual topics we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual topics we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual topics we'll go through
+some of these through the course and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these through the course and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these through the course and the
+point is it it takes a lot of effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it it takes a lot of effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it it takes a lot of effort to
+distill everything down up to the tip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distill everything down up to the tip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distill everything down up to the tip of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pyramid and what what you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid and what what you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid and what what you're looking for
+is you can describe that top very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can describe that top very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can describe that top very
+clearly and have it supported all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly and have it supported all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly and have it supported all the
+way down through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down through
+it the mission statement might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the mission statement might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the mission statement might be a
+sentence or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence or a
+paragraph the elevator pitch could be 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph the elevator pitch could be 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph the elevator pitch could be 30
+seconds the executive summary 2 to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds the executive summary 2 to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds the executive summary 2 to five
+pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Powerpoint uh 10203 do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerpoint uh 10203 do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerpoint uh 10203 do you know the
+10203 ru rule I put a link in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10203 ru rule I put a link in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10203 ru rule I put a link in on the
+website to the guy kwasaki clip about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to the guy kwasaki clip about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to the guy kwasaki clip about
+that so PowerPoint I I totally don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so PowerPoint I I totally don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so PowerPoint I I totally don't do
+this in this presentation but he says 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this presentation but he says 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this presentation but he says 10
+slides uh 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh 20
+minutes 30 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes 30 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes 30 point
+font that's what you're aiming for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font that's what you're aiming for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font that's what you're aiming for
+um and then the full business plan could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the full business plan could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the full business plan could
+be anywhere from you know 25 to 30 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere from you know 25 to 30 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere from you know 25 to 30 pages
+if you you end up doing that the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you end up doing that the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you end up doing that the slides
+by the way uh for most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way uh for most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way uh for most of the
+presentations will be posted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations will be posted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations will be posted on the
+website afterwards so um that'll help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website afterwards so um that'll help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website afterwards so um that'll help
+you out so now the question is all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out so now the question is all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out so now the question is all right
+I sort of get it it's this image that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of get it it's this image that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of get it it's this image that I
+have to do and U figure out question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do and U figure out question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do and U figure out question is
+who actually writes this uh is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually writes this uh is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually writes this uh is it the
+founder alone the team or even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder alone the team or even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder alone the team or even a
+professional um hired right consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional um hired right consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional um hired right consultant
+Charlie tillet who will be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie tillet who will be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie tillet who will be here
+on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+Thursday uh and I stood outside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh and I stood outside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh and I stood outside this
+room at an MIT Enterprise Forum event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room at an MIT Enterprise Forum event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room at an MIT Enterprise Forum event
+during the break and I asked Charlie who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the break and I asked Charlie who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the break and I asked Charlie who
+had entered the 10K competition back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had entered the 10K competition back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had entered the 10K competition back in
+the day what are you doing this summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day what are you doing this summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day what are you doing this summer
+Charlie he says well I'm graduating I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie he says well I'm graduating I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie he says well I'm graduating I'm
+thinking from Sloan I'm trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking from Sloan I'm trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking from Sloan I'm trying to think
+what to do I said well you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do I said well you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do I said well you know I'm
+working with some entrepreneurs I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with some entrepreneurs I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with some entrepreneurs I've
+been working with them for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with them for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with them for a couple
+years and they really could use someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and they really could use someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and they really could use someone
+to help write a plan they need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help write a plan they need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help write a plan they need to get
+some funding and Charlie was game he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some funding and Charlie was game he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some funding and Charlie was game he
+hopped we hopped in his truck drove up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopped we hopped in his truck drove up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopped we hopped in his truck drove up
+to a strip mall up in tuxbury I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a strip mall up in tuxbury I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a strip mall up in tuxbury I think it
+was um a room with 10 engineers and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um a room with 10 engineers and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um a room with 10 engineers and he
+ended up joining the company to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up joining the company to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up joining the company to write
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+plan uh and stayed with them um through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan uh and stayed with them um through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan uh and stayed with them um through
+when they went public but in the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they went public but in the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they went public but in the end of
+the day it was the entrepreneurs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day it was the entrepreneurs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day it was the entrepreneurs that
+needed to own the P plan these guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to own the P plan these guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to own the P plan these guys were
+great Engineers but they couldn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Engineers but they couldn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Engineers but they couldn't write
+a plan if you you know paid them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan if you you know paid them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan if you you know paid them a
+million dollars they just couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars they just couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars they just couldn't
+articulate it well so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate it well so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate it well so that's one of the
+reasons we try to put teams together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we try to put teams together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we try to put teams together
+because if you have a great idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a great idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a great idea but
+you're missing some skills you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're missing some skills you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're missing some skills you got to
+figure out a way of getting people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way of getting people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way of getting people with
+skills together and those entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills together and those entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills together and those entrepreneurs
+would never have gotten anywhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never have gotten anywhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never have gotten anywhere near
+where they are today if Charlie hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are today if Charlie hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are today if Charlie hadn't
+joined him and Charlie wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined him and Charlie wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined him and Charlie wouldn't have
+been able to take a company public if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to take a company public if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to take a company public if he
+hadn't hooked up with the idea so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't hooked up with the idea so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't hooked up with the idea so the
+point is whoever writes it the team has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is whoever writes it the team has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is whoever writes it the team has
+to own the plan but by which I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to own the plan but by which I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to own the plan but by which I mean they
+really have to be able to defend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to be able to defend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to be able to defend it
+um sometimes the issue is well what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes the issue is well what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes the issue is well what do
+they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like
+um uh you know don't put in a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know don't put in a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know don't put in a big
+binder um it doesn't really matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder um it doesn't really matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder um it doesn't really matter how
+you put it together uh it should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it together uh it should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it together uh it should just
+look somewhat professional but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look somewhat professional but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look somewhat professional but not
+overly slick you know you're you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly slick you know you're you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly slick you know you're you're an
+unknown character if if Bill Gates came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown character if if Bill Gates came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown character if if Bill Gates came
+up to me and threw a napkin on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to me and threw a napkin on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to me and threw a napkin on the table
+with some ideas on it i' he'd have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some ideas on it i' he'd have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some ideas on it i' he'd have my
+attention but if you do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention but if you do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention but if you do the same thing
+you know you're not quite there yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're not quite there yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're not quite there yet so
+it's the first step towards it you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first step towards it you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first step towards it you've
+got to have something that says this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have something that says this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have something that says this is
+a serious team or person that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serious team or person that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serious team or person that are going
+to do some serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some serious
+things now the thing to remember is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now the thing to remember is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now the thing to remember is the
+plan is really a selling document at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is really a selling document at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is really a selling document at the
+end of the day um entrepreneurs if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day um entrepreneurs if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day um entrepreneurs if
+you're going to be an entrepreneur you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be an entrepreneur you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be an entrepreneur you
+better get comfortable with selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get comfortable with selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get comfortable with selling
+because you're always selling you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're always selling you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're always selling you're
+selling uh customers you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh customers you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh customers you're selling
+financing people you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing people you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing people you're trying to
+convince them but by selling I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince them but by selling I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince them but by selling I mean
+you're trying to convince somebody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to convince somebody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to convince somebody that
+what you want them to do is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want them to do is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want them to do is something
+they should do you know convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should do you know convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should do you know convincing
+people to do something is is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do something is is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do something is is quite a
+skill and you you should get good at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill and you you should get good at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill and you you should get good at it
+uh you really should work at it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you really should work at it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you really should work at it you know
+it's it's selling customers financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's selling customers financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's selling customers financing
+sources Partners recruiting people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources Partners recruiting people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources Partners recruiting people so
+you're always selling um as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always selling um as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always selling um as an
+entrepreneur at some level you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur at some level you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur at some level you may not
+be the best but you should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best but you should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best but you should really
+practice that uh so this plan is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that uh so this plan is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that uh so this plan is the
+first part it's a sell selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part it's a sell selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part it's a sell selling
+document and uh whatever it is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and uh whatever it is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and uh whatever it is it's not
+a hyp document at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hyp document at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hyp document at the end of the day
+it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be
+defensible uh the elements of a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensible uh the elements of a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensible uh the elements of a full
+plan these are the topic areas whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan these are the topic areas whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan these are the topic areas whether
+whether or not you put them in a written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you put them in a written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you put them in a written
+document or not you need to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document or not you need to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document or not you need to start to
+think about uh and during the course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh and during the course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh and during the course uh
+we'll touch on a number of these there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll touch on a number of these there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll touch on a number of these there's
+executive summary and a traditional plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary and a traditional plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary and a traditional plan
+uh something that says what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that says what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that says what's the
+opportunity you're looking at um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you're looking at um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you're looking at um what's
+the market uh you're going after what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market uh you're going after what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market uh you're going after what
+are the economics of the business all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the economics of the business all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the economics of the business all of
+these things things we'll go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things things we'll go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things things we'll go into a
+little more detail for the technologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail for the technologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail for the technologists
+in the audience note that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience note that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience note that there's no
+particular section here that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular section here that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular section here that says
+technology and the reason is um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the reason is um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the reason is um people
+by and large don't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large don't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large don't buy
+technology you know technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you know technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you know technology is
+something we use to accomplish things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we use to accomplish things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we use to accomplish things
+and so the plan really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the plan really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the plan really isn't
+fundamentally about the technology it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally about the technology it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally about the technology it's
+what's the technology enables and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the technology enables and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the technology enables and when
+Bob Jones comes in tomorrow he'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Jones comes in tomorrow he'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Jones comes in tomorrow he'll talk a
+little bit more about that from from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about that from from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about that from from a
+what people actually buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people actually buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people actually buy
+Viewpoint um now a little bit more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint um now a little bit more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint um now a little bit more into
+the nuts and bolts here a cover page you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts and bolts here a cover page you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts and bolts here a cover page you
+should have one in a plan it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have one in a plan it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have one in a plan it should have
+some information that you could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information that you could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information that you could uh
+figure out who who who this plan is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who who who this plan is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who who who this plan is um
+how to reach people confidenti uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to reach people confidenti uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to reach people confidenti uh
+confidentiality Legend and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality Legend and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality Legend and the
+Securities Law Legend we're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities Law Legend we're going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities Law Legend we're going to um
+cover that in detail on the night we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that in detail on the night we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that in detail on the night we do
+the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legal
+stuff here is the virtual Inc cover page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here is the virtual Inc cover page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here is the virtual Inc cover page
+as an example they got some some contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example they got some some contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example they got some some contact
+info there it always frustrated me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info there it always frustrated me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info there it always frustrated me when
+I actually got a written plan if I liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually got a written plan if I liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually got a written plan if I liked
+it I you know often I wouldn't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I you know often I wouldn't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I you know often I wouldn't be able
+to figure out how to contact the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to contact the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to contact the people
+so put the address on it and they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so put the address on it and they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so put the address on it and they uh
+they put a little um confidentiality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put a little um confidentiality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put a little um confidentiality
+Legend on it it looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend on it it looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend on it it looks something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+initially uh and as we'll see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially uh and as we'll see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially uh and as we'll see on the
+night when when the we do the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night when when the we do the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night when when the we do the legal
+stuff when the lawyers get a hold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff when the lawyers get a hold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff when the lawyers get a hold of
+this the legend changes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the legend changes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the legend changes a little
+bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so
+I'm not saying don't get the lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying don't get the lawyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying don't get the lawyers
+early on But realize that uh you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on But realize that uh you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on But realize that uh you got to
+manage them a little bit but we we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage them a little bit but we we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage them a little bit but we we'll go
+into that in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that in more
+detail um now if you actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um now if you actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um now if you actually have a
+written document it should have a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written document it should have a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written document it should have a table
+of contents so people can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contents so people can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contents so people can figure out
+what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in
+it and uh it should have page numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh it should have page numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh it should have page numbers
+and all of that sort of thing so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that sort of thing so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that sort of thing so my
+question to you is who what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to you is who what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to you is who what do you think
+people read first in a in a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people read first in a in a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people read first in a in a business
+plan what's the first thing you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan what's the first thing you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan what's the first thing you would
+read If someone gave you a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read If someone gave you a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read If someone gave you a plan
+yeah executive summary because that's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah executive summary because that's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah executive summary because that's as
+you'll see here that's sort of explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see here that's sort of explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see here that's sort of explained
+what's going on what's the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on what's the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on what's the second thing
+people look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at probably most important Beyond when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at probably most important Beyond when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at probably most important Beyond when
+they figure out what the heck this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figure out what the heck this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figure out what the heck this is
+about it's the people who are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's the people who are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's the people who are these
+people so if you got an actual document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so if you got an actual document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so if you got an actual document
+they're trying to figure it out they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to figure it out they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to figure it out they're
+going to get a little frustrated if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a little frustrated if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a little frustrated if they
+can't figure out where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't figure out where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't figure out where where the
+information is so not to overdo it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is so not to overdo it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is so not to overdo it but
+have a table of contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if the first thing they read is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the first thing they read is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the first thing they read is an
+executive summary what is it really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary what is it really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary what is it really well
+it's the first thing investors read as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first thing investors read as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first thing investors read as I
+said think of it as a resume for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said think of it as a resume for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said think of it as a resume for your
+full plan right so the goal is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full plan right so the goal is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full plan right so the goal is to get
+the interview when you have a resume it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview when you have a resume it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview when you have a resume it
+goes out there you want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out there you want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out there you want to get the
+interview so you can explain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview so you can explain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview so you can explain and
+yourself and and hopefully get the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and and hopefully get the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and and hopefully get the job
+in the case of a business plan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of a business plan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of a business plan the
+executive summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary
+uh or the the uh elevator pitch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the the uh elevator pitch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the the uh elevator pitch is
+really to get a chance to explain more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to get a chance to explain more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to get a chance to explain more
+fully what it is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully what it is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully what it is you're
+doing um and then when they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um and then when they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um and then when they look at the
+executive summary I like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary I like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive summary I like to think about
+what investors are looking for um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what investors are looking for um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what investors are looking for um and
+there are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the three
+W's the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's the first one
+is why this why is what these people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this why is what these people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this why is what these people are
+proposing to do why is it something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing to do why is it something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing to do why is it something I
+should be interested in why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be interested in why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be interested in why are they
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+it um is it something is it a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um is it something is it a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um is it something is it a big
+problem I mean it could be a big Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean it could be a big Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean it could be a big Market
+opportunity or big problem in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity or big problem in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity or big problem in the world
+Amy Smith who um was a MacArthur fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amy Smith who um was a MacArthur fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amy Smith who um was a MacArthur fellow
+teaches over at the ederon C was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches over at the ederon C was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches over at the ederon C was in the
+100K and I remember quite distinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100K and I remember quite distinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100K and I remember quite distinctly
+when she got up to give her pitch at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she got up to give her pitch at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she got up to give her pitch at the
+judging competition she said something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judging competition she said something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judging competition she said something
+it went like this she said uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went like this she said uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went like this she said uh uh
+1.9 billion people in the world don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.9 billion people in the world don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.9 billion people in the world don't
+have access to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to clean
+water whoa I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water whoa I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water whoa I didn't know
+that in order to test whether water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to test whether water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to test whether water is
+clean uh the traditional way of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean uh the traditional way of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean uh the traditional way of doing it
+is to incubate the water to see what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to incubate the water to see what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to incubate the water to see what if
+anything bad is growing in it she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad is growing in it she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad is growing in it she said
+it a little more articulately than I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little more articulately than I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little more articulately than I did
+and she said all the existing incubators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said all the existing incubators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said all the existing incubators
+are powered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are powered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are powered by
+electricity if you look where the 1.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity if you look where the 1.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity if you look where the 1.9
+billion people without clean water live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people without clean water live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people without clean water live
+and you look where the electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look where the electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look where the electricity is
+they're not in the same place our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in the same place our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in the same place our
+invention is a way to test water without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention is a way to test water without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention is a way to test water without
+using electricity let me explain how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using electricity let me explain how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using electricity let me explain how you
+did it so from a initial Viewpoint wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it so from a initial Viewpoint wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it so from a initial Viewpoint wow
+this is a big problem so why this a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big problem so why this a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big problem so why this a big
+problem so that's the first thing why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that's the first thing why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that's the first thing why
+why is what you're proposing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is what you're proposing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is what you're proposing something
+important why are you spending your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important why are you spending your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important why are you spending your time
+on it the second is why now why is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it the second is why now why is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it the second is why now why is now
+the right time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right time to do
+it um I've been on the sort of Leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I've been on the sort of Leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I've been on the sort of Leading
+Edge of technology for many years I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge of technology for many years I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge of technology for many years I I
+had somebody come up to me at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had somebody come up to me at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had somebody come up to me at an
+investment conference last year said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment conference last year said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment conference last year said he
+said you're at MIT yeah I said uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're at MIT yeah I said uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're at MIT yeah I said uh well
+tell me about this new 3D printing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about this new 3D printing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about this new 3D printing thing
+it's really hot I said that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hot I said that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hot I said that's been
+around for 20 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for 20 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for 20 plus
+years right I mean it's just now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right I mean it's just now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right I mean it's just now it's
+getting interesting for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting interesting for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting interesting for a variety of
+reasons but I can show you you know 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but I can show you you know 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but I can show you you know 20
+years ago um so sometimes it's right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago um so sometimes it's right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago um so sometimes it's right now
+is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right
+time and I'll give you some examples uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'll give you some examples uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'll give you some examples uh
+uh down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down the
+road um the third is why this team all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road um the third is why this team all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road um the third is why this team all
+right big problem something important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right big problem something important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right big problem something important
+there's a good reason why it's now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good reason why it's now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good reason why it's now why
+are these people the right people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these people the right people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these people the right people to do
+it those are the things people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it those are the things people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it those are the things people are
+really trying to glean when they read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to glean when they read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to glean when they read
+your plan or hear your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plan or hear your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plan or hear your
+pitch to which I asked if if they if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch to which I asked if if they if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch to which I asked if if they if
+they get the first three there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the first three there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the first three there's a
+fourth one they get which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one they get which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one they get which
+is you want to guess what the fourth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to guess what the fourth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to guess what the fourth one
+is why won't this work so if that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why won't this work so if that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why won't this work so if that you
+know in a selling process when the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a selling process when the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a selling process when the the
+the potential customer pushes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential customer pushes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential customer pushes back and
+is starting to ask questions about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is starting to ask questions about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is starting to ask questions about why
+you know well will it work for this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well will it work for this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well will it work for this or
+work for that you you've sort of got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for that you you've sort of got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for that you you've sort of got
+them hooked and Steve will probably talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hooked and Steve will probably talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hooked and Steve will probably talk
+you how to set the hook a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to set the hook a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to set the hook a little bit
+later tonight so the three wise why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later tonight so the three wise why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later tonight so the three wise why this
+why now why this team that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now why this team that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now why this team that's that's what
+should come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come
+out and the uh why won't this work is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the uh why won't this work is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the uh why won't this work is is
+part of the task is to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the task is to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the task is to figure out how to
+lead people to the right conclusion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead people to the right conclusion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead people to the right conclusion on
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+I'll talk about it in a little moment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about it in a little moment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about it in a little moment on
+that so the executive summary two to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the executive summary two to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the executive summary two to two
+to five pages Max it's got to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five pages Max it's got to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five pages Max it's got to be clear
+it's like a resume and the object is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a resume and the object is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a resume and the object is at
+the end of the day someone can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day someone can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day someone can really
+articulate what what you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate what what you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate what what you're going to do
+the elevator speech is to the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevator speech is to the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevator speech is to the executive
+summary the elevator speech might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary the elevator speech might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary the elevator speech might get
+you an invite to submit an executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an invite to submit an executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an invite to submit an executive
+summary which might give you an invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary which might give you an invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary which might give you an invite
+to do the whole plan or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the whole plan or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the whole plan or a
+pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch
+uh it's going to try in a two to three p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to try in a two to three p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to try in a two to three p
+five pages to say who you are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five pages to say who you are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five pages to say who you are what are
+you doing um what do you uh what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing um what do you uh what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing um what do you uh what is the
+market how many dollars you need what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market how many dollars you need what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market how many dollars you need what
+resources uh what is your sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources uh what is your sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources uh what is your sustainable
+Advantage if you do this why are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage if you do this why are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage if you do this why are you're
+going to succeed you got to pull all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to succeed you got to pull all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to succeed you got to pull all of
+that together in a very short period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together in a very short period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together in a very short period of
+time it's a difficult document to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a difficult document to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a difficult document to write
+and you may end up writing it over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may end up writing it over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may end up writing it over and
+over again because you got to distill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again because you got to distill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again because you got to distill
+that whole thing down uh to it let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole thing down uh to it let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole thing down uh to it let me
+give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of
+two uh executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh executive
+summaries and since the fwn is so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries and since the fwn is so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries and since the fwn is so small
+I'll read it from here the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll read it from here the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll read it from here the first one is
+called electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called electronic
+components and uh let me read it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and uh let me read it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and uh let me read it to you
+if you can't see it on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't see it on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't see it on the screen
+electronic components Inc is a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic components Inc is a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic components Inc is a startup
+company that will make a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that will make a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that will make a variety of
+electronic components beginning with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic components beginning with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic components beginning with a
+new type of aluminum based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new type of aluminum based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new type of aluminum based
+capacitor the unique product coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor the unique product coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor the unique product coupled
+with an excessive demand for capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an excessive demand for capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an excessive demand for capacitor
+devices will provide us with an ample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices will provide us with an ample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices will provide us with an ample
+share of the capacitor market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of the capacitor market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of the capacitor market and
+numerous opportunities for expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous opportunities for expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous opportunities for expansion
+into related electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into related electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into related electronic
+components everybody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components everybody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components everybody on
+board okay this is a real one okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay this is a real one okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay this is a real one okay the
+founders are dedicated and determined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders are dedicated and determined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders are dedicated and determined to
+make the Venture a successful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the Venture a successful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the Venture a successful and
+profitable entity that's good to know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable entity that's good to know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable entity that's good to know I
+thought they were just doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were just doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were just doing this for
+fun technical expertise is provided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun technical expertise is provided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun technical expertise is provided by
+James F Lynch who has been involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James F Lynch who has been involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James F Lynch who has been involved in
+designing capacitors for 11 years he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing capacitors for 11 years he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing capacitors for 11 years he
+obtained a Bachelor of Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained a Bachelor of Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained a Bachelor of Science and
+electronic engineering from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic engineering from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic engineering from
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+that alone is probably going to get him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alone is probably going to get him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alone is probably going to get him
+the experience of the fact he's MIT will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of the fact he's MIT will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of the fact he's MIT will
+overcome all of the other deficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome all of the other deficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome all of the other deficiencies
+here which is I don't think most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is I don't think most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is I don't think most people
+would understand what it is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would understand what it is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would understand what it is he's
+proposing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing to
+do um you know do you know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um you know do you know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um you know do you know what they
+propose to do I mean how what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose to do I mean how what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose to do I mean how what is
+excessive demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive demand for
+capacitors why why is there excessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors why why is there excessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors why why is there excessive
+demand how big is the market so and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand how big is the market so and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand how big is the market so and if
+you read the rest of it um which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the rest of it um which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the rest of it um which I
+suggest you do when you get the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest you do when you get the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest you do when you get the slides
+it reads a bit like a a gr proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reads a bit like a a gr proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reads a bit like a a gr proposal
+there is a good thing in here that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a good thing in here that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a good thing in here that says
+that they've actually put their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've actually put their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've actually put their own
+money in so the guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in so the guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in so the guy's
+committed now this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed now this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed now this is an example of
+something where there's probably given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where there's probably given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where there's probably given
+the nature of the person involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the person involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the person involved
+there's probably a lot of substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably a lot of substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably a lot of substance
+underneath but it's not doing a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath but it's not doing a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath but it's not doing a very
+good service in trying to convey it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good service in trying to convey it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good service in trying to convey it so
+that's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a
+shame U because there's so many plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame U because there's so many plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame U because there's so many plans
+you read which don't have any substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read which don't have any substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read which don't have any substance
+behind them and yet they read a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them and yet they read a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them and yet they read a lot
+better so we got to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so we got to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so we got to figure out how to
+make things better now the other one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things better now the other one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things better now the other one by
+way of contrast is People's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of contrast is People's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of contrast is People's
+Express this was sort of well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express this was sort of well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express this was sort of well let me
+read it the Eastern Seaboard of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it the Eastern Seaboard of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it the Eastern Seaboard of the
+United States is ripe for the entry of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is ripe for the entry of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is ripe for the entry of a
+new super efficient lowcost air carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new super efficient lowcost air carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new super efficient lowcost air carrier
+to provide quick reliable inner city air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide quick reliable inner city air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide quick reliable inner city air
+transportation such an entity would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation such an entity would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation such an entity would
+bring to the Northeast the same benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to the Northeast the same benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to the Northeast the same benefits
+that have recruited to other areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have recruited to other areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have recruited to other areas of
+the United States Chief among these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States Chief among these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States Chief among these are
+frequent jet commuter service between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent jet commuter service between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent jet commuter service between
+major cities prices competitive with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major cities prices competitive with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major cities prices competitive with
+private automobiles fulfillment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private automobiles fulfillment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private automobiles fulfillment of the
+Congressional goals in enacting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congressional goals in enacting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congressional goals in enacting the
+airline deregulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline deregulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline deregulation
+act the new company will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the new company will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the new company will be able to
+achieve these goals for the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve these goals for the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve these goals for the following
+reasons aggressive Innovative management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons aggressive Innovative management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons aggressive Innovative management
+that's been tested in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been tested in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been tested in the field
+equipment and Facilities designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and Facilities designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and Facilities designed
+specifically for lowcost production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for lowcost production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for lowcost production of
+air transportation Manpower selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air transportation Manpower selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air transportation Manpower selected
+trained and motivated to be efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained and motivated to be efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained and motivated to be efficient
+and profit oriented read between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and profit oriented read between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and profit oriented read between the
+lines non-un probably and new systems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines non-un probably and new systems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines non-un probably and new systems to
+be applied to the entire business now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be applied to the entire business now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be applied to the entire business now if
+you look at those two executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at those two executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at those two executive
+summaries I think most people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries I think most people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries I think most people would
+think that the People's Express which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the People's Express which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the People's Express which
+was sort of the early version of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of the early version of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of the early version of what we
+now call Jet Blue is a lot clearer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now call Jet Blue is a lot clearer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now call Jet Blue is a lot clearer to
+understand what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it
+is I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean it's
+got it it you can pretty much see see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it it you can pretty much see see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it it you can pretty much see see
+what they're doing it's they experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing it's they experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing it's they experienced
+guys they've thought about how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys they've thought about how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys they've thought about how to how to
+design it and you could start having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it and you could start having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it and you could start having a
+discussion around this in a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion around this in a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion around this in a lot more
+detail than you would with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail than you would with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail than you would with the
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+components so the trick is to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so the trick is to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so the trick is to end up
+having an executive summary that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an executive summary that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an executive summary that looks
+more like the People Express than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the People Express than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the People Express than one
+that just wastes a lot of words and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just wastes a lot of words and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just wastes a lot of words and not
+doesn't get to what you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get to what you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get to what you're supposed to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+doing uh this is a virtual Inc executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh this is a virtual Inc executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh this is a virtual Inc executive
+summary which you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary which you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary which you'll see
+um and U again it's not exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and U again it's not exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and U again it's not exactly the
+model but look at it it it was put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but look at it it it was put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but look at it it it was put this
+way into the 50k at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into the 50k at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into the 50k at the time
+and you decide yourself whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you decide yourself whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you decide yourself whether you
+think it's a good executive summary as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good executive summary as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good executive summary as
+as part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your
+assignment okay so let's move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay so let's move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay so let's move into the
+body of the uh the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the uh the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the uh the plan
+um and and when I say the plan I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and when I say the plan I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and when I say the plan I mean
+when you're in your planning process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in your planning process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in your planning process
+also so the question is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so the question is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so the question is what is the
+opportunity you're going after or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you're going after or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you're going after or what
+is the problem you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem you're trying to
+solve um how big is it you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve um how big is it you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve um how big is it you know what's
+the opportunity now what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity now what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity now what's going to
+what's going to happen at over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen at over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen at over time and
+why is the right this the right time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the right this the right time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the right this the right time for
+the the uh product or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh product or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh product or
+service um this reminds me in the 100K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service um this reminds me in the 100K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service um this reminds me in the 100K
+was the 50k back in there one year we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the 50k back in there one year we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the 50k back in there one year we
+had a uh semi-final Awards thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh semi-final Awards thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh semi-final Awards thing you
+know here are the semi-final teams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here are the semi-final teams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here are the semi-final teams and
+one team came up and said I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one team came up and said I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one team came up and said I guess you
+guys didn't like our plan now back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys didn't like our plan now back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys didn't like our plan now back in
+those days we didn't actually know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days we didn't actually know who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days we didn't actually know who
+the people were that was part of it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people were that was part of it they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people were that was part of it they
+were all no names we just looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all no names we just looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all no names we just looked at the
+ideas and I said well I don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and I said well I don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and I said well I don't actually
+know what yours was and he said well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what yours was and he said well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what yours was and he said well we
+were the guys with the air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the guys with the air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the guys with the air traffic
+control system improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system improved
+and it was a fascinating plan it was U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a fascinating plan it was U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a fascinating plan it was U
+you know they had figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they had figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they had figured out how to
+make it more efficient and I learned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more efficient and I learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more efficient and I learned a
+lot of things about Air Traffic Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things about Air Traffic Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things about Air Traffic Control
+Systems and I said the problem is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems and I said the problem is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems and I said the problem is you
+know none of us could see how that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know none of us could see how that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know none of us could see how that could
+be a business I mean you have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a business I mean you have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a business I mean you have to change
+the entire air traffic control system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire air traffic control system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire air traffic control system
+that appeared in the United States I
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+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared in the United States I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared in the United States I
+mean it looked like a great solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it looked like a great solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it looked like a great solution but
+you know is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is it a
+business and um they said well didn't
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+ align:start position:0%
+business and um they said well didn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and um they said well didn't
+you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the
+federal Aeronautics Administration FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal Aeronautics Administration FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal Aeronautics Administration FAA
+has put out a request for proposal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has put out a request for proposal for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+changing the air traffic control system
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+changing the air traffic control system
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+
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+changing the air traffic control system
+in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United
+States no why would I know that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States no why would I know that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States no why would I know that you know
+they had assumed everyone knew that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had assumed everyone knew that that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had assumed everyone knew that that
+would have changed the whole complexion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have changed the whole complexion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have changed the whole complexion
+that meant at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant at that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant at that
+time the convergence of a of of a driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the convergence of a of of a driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the convergence of a of of a driver
+for uh the business was there and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the business was there and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the business was there and they
+didn't tell us that so they didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell us that so they didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell us that so they didn't get
+another opportunity uh in the healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another opportunity uh in the healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another opportunity uh in the healthcare
+area for many years we'd see really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area for many years we'd see really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area for many years we'd see really in
+technologies that could improve U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that could improve U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that could improve U
+outcomes for patients and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for patients and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for patients and the question
+was well who was going to pay for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well who was going to pay for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well who was going to pay for it and
+a couple years ago Medicare put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago Medicare put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago Medicare put in some
+rules that said that hospitals get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that said that hospitals get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that said that hospitals get
+penalized if patients get readmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalized if patients get readmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalized if patients get readmitted
+that's opened up a huge opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's opened up a huge opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's opened up a huge opportunity for
+things like home monitoring or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like home monitoring or other
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like home monitoring or other
+kinds of things that before it be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that before it be very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that before it be very
+hard to see how that was going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see how that was going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see how that was going to work
+so there are a lot of new companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of new companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of new companies
+trying to figure out how they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how they can do
+things to finally help patients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to finally help patients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to finally help patients for
+better outcomes would there wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better outcomes would there wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better outcomes would there wouldn't be
+a market for that 5 years ago be a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market for that 5 years ago be a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market for that 5 years ago be a long
+hard uphill climb so why is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uphill climb so why is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uphill climb so why is this the
+right time as I said uh I've been on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time as I said uh I've been on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time as I said uh I've been on the
+bleeding edge of some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding edge of some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding edge of some of this
+stuff um the body of the plan it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um the body of the plan it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um the body of the plan it should
+talk about the market who's there we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the market who's there we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the market who's there we'll
+go into more detail with Bob about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into more detail with Bob about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into more detail with Bob about
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+customers investors have these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers investors have these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers investors have these different
+ways sort of of thinking of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways sort of of thinking of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways sort of of thinking of things and
+one of the questions that surprised me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions that surprised me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions that surprised me
+early on in my career was a VC that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in my career was a VC that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in my career was a VC that said
+okay I get it you got a great idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I get it you got a great idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I get it you got a great idea but
+let's say you do everything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you do everything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you do everything that you
+said and you win who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and you win who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and you win who
+loses and what are they going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses and what are they going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses and what are they going to do
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it and we hadn't thought about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we hadn't thought about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we hadn't thought about that so
+you got to think about you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to think about you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to think about you know your
+disrupting a market for example what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting a market for example what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting a market for example what's
+the response be the incumbents are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response be the incumbents are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response be the incumbents are just
+going to sit there so what's your plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sit there so what's your plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sit there so what's your plan
+for thinking it through uh that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking it through uh that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking it through uh that's an
+example of of planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of planning
+process um these are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um these are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um these are the kind of
+questions again with Bob uh Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions again with Bob uh Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions again with Bob uh Jones
+tomorrow night we'll go into pricing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow night we'll go into pricing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow night we'll go into pricing and
+distribution and and sales tactics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and and sales tactics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and and sales tactics and
+another VC uh expression is will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another VC uh expression is will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another VC uh expression is will the
+dogs eat the dog food so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs eat the dog food so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs eat the dog food so all right
+sounds like a great thing you convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a great thing you convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a great thing you convince
+me it's a great thing but what evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's a great thing but what evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's a great thing but what evidence
+do you have that anyone wants it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have that anyone wants it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have that anyone wants it that's
+uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+customers will the dogs eat the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers will the dogs eat the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers will the dogs eat the dog
+food um now the development plan is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food um now the development plan is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food um now the development plan is how
+do you piece the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you piece the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you piece the
+the different components together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different components together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different components together in
+order to make U something that can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make U something that can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make U something that can work
+within the time constraint you has have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the time constraint you has have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the time constraint you has have
+a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a
+startup uh you don't want nuclear fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup uh you don't want nuclear fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup uh you don't want nuclear fusion
+right nuclear fusion we've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nuclear fusion we've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nuclear fusion we've been working
+on for 50 70 years now and the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for 50 70 years now and the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for 50 70 years now and the problem
+is if you've got a nuclear fusion kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you've got a nuclear fusion kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you've got a nuclear fusion kind
+of project is until it completely Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of project is until it completely Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of project is until it completely Works
+nothing works so there's really not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing works so there's really not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing works so there's really not a
+business is there a way you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is there a way you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is there a way you can take a
+portion of it and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of it and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of it and make it
+work um I looked at Zipcar early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um I looked at Zipcar early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um I looked at Zipcar early
+on uh everyone's familiar with Zipcar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh everyone's familiar with Zipcar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh everyone's familiar with Zipcar uh
+fascinating concept it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating concept it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating concept it's sort of
+revolutionized a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized a whole bunch of
+transportation thing but there were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation thing but there were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation thing but there were so
+many moving parts that you had to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many moving parts that you had to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many moving parts that you had to put
+together in order to make that work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order to make that work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order to make that work you
+know at a place like MIT where the joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at a place like MIT where the joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at a place like MIT where the joke
+is um if you're recruiting a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um if you're recruiting a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um if you're recruiting a faculty
+member you can you offer you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member you can you offer you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member you can you offer you can have
+three things one of three things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things one of three things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things one of three things you can
+have uh tenure the Nobel Prize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh tenure the Nobel Prize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh tenure the Nobel Prize or
+parking right so parking is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking right so parking is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking right so parking is what
+everyone picks right so here's a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone picks right so here's a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone picks right so here's a company
+ZIP card that's got to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZIP card that's got to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZIP card that's got to figure out how to
+get parking places on you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get parking places on you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get parking places on you know there are
+a lot of things that were out of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that were out of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that were out of their
+control and at the end of the day it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and at the end of the day it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and at the end of the day it may
+not have been a good investment I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been a good investment I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been a good investment I mean
+it may have changed things but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may have changed things but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may have changed things but I don't
+think a lot of people made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of people made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of people made a lot of
+money in zip card so you want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in zip card so you want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in zip card so you want to try to
+think through do you have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through do you have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through do you have to change the
+world totally in order to make a a dent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world totally in order to make a a dent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world totally in order to make a a dent
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+world uh because again limited time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh because again limited time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh because again limited time um
+the action plan this is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action plan this is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action plan this is part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um what I like to think of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I like to think of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I like to think of is the
+identification of credibility testers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of credibility testers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of credibility testers
+you know as Engineers if you said I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as Engineers if you said I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as Engineers if you said I got
+to build a bridge across the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a bridge across the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a bridge across the uh uh the
+Golden Gate uh there's a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golden Gate uh there's a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golden Gate uh there's a lot of things
+you have to do to make that work uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do to make that work uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do to make that work uh and
+you know engineering is very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know engineering is very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know engineering is very much a
+think everything through kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think everything through kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think everything through kind of thing
+and often is very sequential in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often is very sequential in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often is very sequential in its
+process um the credibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um the credibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um the credibility
+testers that a different way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers that a different way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers that a different way of thinking
+of it is are there some things that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is are there some things that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is are there some things that will
+make this project extremely difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this project extremely difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this project extremely difficult
+that if I can show I can solve I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I can show I can solve I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I can show I can solve I can
+drisk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drisk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drisk the
+situation so thinking about a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so thinking about a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so thinking about a project
+from a you know how do I convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a you know how do I convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a you know how do I convince
+something somebody this is doable is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something somebody this is doable is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something somebody this is doable is an
+important part of it maybe in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of it maybe in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of it maybe in the case
+of the Golden Gate Bridge it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Golden Gate Bridge it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Golden Gate Bridge it would be
+securing access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securing access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securing access
+rights to a uh an on-ramp uh or um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to a uh an on-ramp uh or um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to a uh an on-ramp uh or um you
+know doing if you think the issue is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know doing if you think the issue is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know doing if you think the issue is a
+technical issue you know doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issue you know doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issue you know doing a
+sounding to figure out how deep the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding to figure out how deep the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding to figure out how deep the uh
+the Bedrock was I was sitting out on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bedrock was I was sitting out on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bedrock was I was sitting out on a
+Cape Cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cape Cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cape Cod
+beach one weekend with some house guests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach one weekend with some house guests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach one weekend with some house guests
+and one guy told me he's working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one guy told me he's working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one guy told me he's working on this
+project um it was very windy out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um it was very windy out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um it was very windy out there
+and he said it's you know it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said it's you know it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said it's you know it's really
+windy here I said yeah it's always windy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windy here I said yeah it's always windy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windy here I said yeah it's always windy
+here he said well we're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he said well we're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he said well we're working on
+something involving that and it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something involving that and it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something involving that and it turned
+out he was one of the guys from Cape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out he was one of the guys from Cape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out he was one of the guys from Cape
+wind and what they were doing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and what they were doing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and what they were doing was
+securing access rights to land um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securing access rights to land um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securing access rights to land um the
+cables on on it because if they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables on on it because if they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables on on it because if they didn't
+do that they couldn't get to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that they couldn't get to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that they couldn't get to the next
+level so that first thing is can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so that first thing is can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so that first thing is can you
+identify credibility testers to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify credibility testers to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify credibility testers to reduce
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+risk and if you reduce the risk both for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and if you reduce the risk both for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and if you reduce the risk both for
+you and for investors you have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and for investors you have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and for investors you have a higher
+probability of success the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of success the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of success the other thing
+is to think about whatever you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think about whatever you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think about whatever you're doing
+about how to sequence that relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to sequence that relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to sequence that relative to
+your resources so the ideal uh scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your resources so the ideal uh scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your resources so the ideal uh scenario
+again remembering H equal r ided e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remembering H equal r ided e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remembering H equal r ided e is
+you want to be able to ideally say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to ideally say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to ideally say I'm
+going to do X and actually achieve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do X and actually achieve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do X and actually achieve it
+and then you can ask for additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can ask for additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can ask for additional
+resources to do the next step if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to do the next step if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to do the next step if you
+don't plan that out well and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't plan that out well and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't plan that out well and you get
+stuck between tasks then if you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck between tasks then if you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck between tasks then if you might be
+able to get away with that once but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get away with that once but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get away with that once but if
+you do it the second time people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it the second time people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it the second time people are
+going to say well I'm not sure these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well I'm not sure these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well I'm not sure these
+guys can actually execute so thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can actually execute so thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can actually execute so thinking
+about you know what are the steps I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know what are the steps I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know what are the steps I can
+do versus the resources in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do versus the resources in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do versus the resources in order to
+achieve something that I can say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve something that I can say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve something that I can say look
+I've added value so you should give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added value so you should give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added value so you should give me
+an opportunity to add even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to add even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to add even more
+value um and I always like to try to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um and I always like to try to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um and I always like to try to um
+avoid dependencies on others if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid dependencies on others if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid dependencies on others if I can
+you know that's the big thing when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the big thing when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the big thing when you
+deal with a large company as a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a large company as a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a large company as a startup
+you know you're moving fast and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're moving fast and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're moving fast and what
+they think is fast is like an eternity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think is fast is like an eternity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think is fast is like an eternity
+for a startup because they just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a startup because they just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a startup because they just have
+cumbersome processes so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome processes so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome processes so if you can
+figure out how to avoid dependency on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to avoid dependency on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to avoid dependency on
+them um we won't cover the Lean Startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um we won't cover the Lean Startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um we won't cover the Lean Startup
+Concept in the class here but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in the class here but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in the class here but I do
+recommend the book for you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend the book for you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend the book for you to think
+about you know how do you uh test Out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know how do you uh test Out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know how do you uh test Out
+Concepts with a minimum viable product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts with a minimum viable product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts with a minimum viable product
+it's it's a a valuable read and I and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a a valuable read and I and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a a valuable read and I and it
+applies Beyond sort of the Web 2.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies Beyond sort of the Web 2.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies Beyond sort of the Web 2.0
+area Okay and then often there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay and then often there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay and then often there's some
+things you need to in a plan but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to in a plan but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to in a plan but you
+know this doesn't go in the plan it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this doesn't go in the plan it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this doesn't go in the plan it goes
+in the appendices all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the appendices all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the appendices all of these things
+about U resumés you know getting a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U resumés you know getting a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U resumés you know getting a um a
+business plan that has um the founder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan that has um the founder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan that has um the founder
+with f 15 pages of of Publications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with f 15 pages of of Publications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with f 15 pages of of Publications and
+stuff is just Overkill right put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is just Overkill right put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is just Overkill right put it in
+the appendices um if you have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appendices um if you have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appendices um if you have any of
+these other things don't put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things don't put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things don't put it in the
+main plan have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main plan have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main plan have it
+available okay so now we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available okay so now we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available okay so now we'll talk about
+um the business plan as a financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the business plan as a financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the business plan as a financing
+document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document
+and think of this about three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think of this about three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think of this about three different
+levels of reading the first reading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of reading the first reading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of reading the first reading is
+is like a resume uh if you make the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a resume uh if you make the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a resume uh if you make the cut
+you get the second second reading which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the second second reading which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the second second reading which
+is to figure out if this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out if this going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out if this going to
+justify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the
+investment and the third reading is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and the third reading is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and the third reading is to
+say okay is this a plan that I as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay is this a plan that I as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay is this a plan that I as an
+investor and you as a entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and you as a entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and you as a entrepreneurial
+team can commit to and the point is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team can commit to and the point is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team can commit to and the point is if
+you don't make the first cut you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make the first cut you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make the first cut you don't
+get the second two cuts so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the second two cuts so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the second two cuts so the question
+is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what
+makes what helps people make the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes what helps people make the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes what helps people make the first
+cut and these are some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and these are some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and these are some of the things
+that occur to people here's an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur to people here's an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur to people here's an idea
+that's just too good to ignore right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just too good to ignore right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just too good to ignore right
+just God what a brilliant idea or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just God what a brilliant idea or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just God what a brilliant idea or a
+Financial promise that's uh too good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial promise that's uh too good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial promise that's uh too good to
+turn down if you have that a team that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn down if you have that a team that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn down if you have that a team that's
+good enough to believe it you know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to believe it you know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to believe it you know most
+investors will tell you they'd rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors will tell you they'd rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors will tell you they'd rather
+invest in a a top team an a team with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in a a top team an a team with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in a a top team an a team with a
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+idea that an a idea and with a B team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that an a idea and with a B team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that an a idea and with a B team
+because things are going to change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things are going to change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things are going to change you
+want to make sure you've got a team that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you've got a team that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you've got a team that
+can uh deliver on it when things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh deliver on it when things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh deliver on it when things
+happen an action plan that's uh credible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen an action plan that's uh credible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen an action plan that's uh credible
+and focused details to give Assurance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focused details to give Assurance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focused details to give Assurance of
+insight commitment and follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight commitment and follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight commitment and follow
+through and actually a format in style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and actually a format in style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and actually a format in style
+it says these guys are serious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says these guys are serious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says these guys are serious about
+achieving what they want to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving what they want to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving what they want to want to
+do um some reasons plans fail to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um some reasons plans fail to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um some reasons plans fail to make
+that first cup one is just an ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first cup one is just an ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first cup one is just an ins
+insignificant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant
+Market I've seen plans that say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market I've seen plans that say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market I've seen plans that say you know
+our Market's going to be 100 million and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Market's going to be 100 million and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Market's going to be 100 million and
+you look at the financing requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the financing requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the financing requirements
+and they say we're GNA need $20 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say we're GNA need $20 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say we're GNA need $20 million
+well that's just too much money for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just too much money for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just too much money for that
+size Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size Market
+U so that's an example of either they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so that's an example of either they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so that's an example of either they
+have to redefine the market or figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to redefine the market or figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to redefine the market or figure
+out how to do it cheaper uh non-credible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do it cheaper uh non-credible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do it cheaper uh non-credible
+technology this is usually not an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology this is usually not an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology this is usually not an MIT
+problem although the issue can be an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem although the issue can be an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem although the issue can be an MIT
+that you're much too early um along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're much too early um along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're much too early um along that
+is if it's working on the lab bench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it's working on the lab bench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it's working on the lab bench
+there's a lot of steps until it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of steps until it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of steps until it actually
+gets into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the
+market um and then a failure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um and then a failure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um and then a failure to
+understand the market uh can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the market uh can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the market uh can be an
+example for example I was reading a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for example I was reading a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for example I was reading a um a
+plan that clearly required the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan that clearly required the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan that clearly required the device
+was just it clearly required an FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just it clearly required an FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just it clearly required an FDA
+approval I mean I just couldn't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval I mean I just couldn't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval I mean I just couldn't believe
+that it didn't and yet they never said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't and yet they never said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't and yet they never said
+anything about it and the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it and the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it and the question was
+well they should have addressed that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they should have addressed that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they should have addressed that and
+if I have to pull it out of them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have to pull it out of them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have to pull it out of them then
+you know these you know it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these you know it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these you know it gives you a
+negative feeling about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feeling about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feeling about the
+team um and then other reasons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team um and then other reasons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team um and then other reasons the
+plan's too optimistic uh or naive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan's too optimistic uh or naive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan's too optimistic uh or naive or
+maybe some sometimes not ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some sometimes not ambitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some sometimes not ambitious
+enough uh you know I have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh you know I have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh you know I have a a
+semiconductor device that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor device that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor device that's going to be
+I'm going to double the speed in 5 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to double the speed in 5 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to double the speed in 5 years
+well that's probably not a big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's probably not a big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's probably not a big enough
+Improvement so these are all reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so these are all reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so these are all reasons why
+uh things may not get the second uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things may not get the second uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things may not get the second uh
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+read um there are cosmetic reasons and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um there are cosmetic reasons and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um there are cosmetic reasons and I
+hate to say it but it's so aggravating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate to say it but it's so aggravating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate to say it but it's so aggravating
+to see a team with really good ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a team with really good ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a team with really good ideas
+screw up on the basics like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up on the basics like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up on the basics like you know
+misspellings uh you know slopp stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspellings uh you know slopp stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspellings uh you know slopp stuff
+you're looking again it's like a resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking again it's like a resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking again it's like a resume
+you know if you can't get the resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can't get the resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can't get the resume
+looking professional why would I even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking professional why would I even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking professional why would I even
+want to talk to you or hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to you or hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to you or hire
+you um so that's the the overview of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um so that's the the overview of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um so that's the the overview of of
+uh things tonight for the business plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things tonight for the business plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things tonight for the business plan
+why write a plan or have a planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why write a plan or have a planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why write a plan or have a planning
+process what should be in the plan again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what should be in the plan again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what should be in the plan again
+at a high level we're going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level we're going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level we're going to go into
+each of the sections over the next six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the sections over the next six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the sections over the next six
+days and then a little bit of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and then a little bit of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and then a little bit of thinking
+about the plan as a financing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the plan as a financing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the plan as a financing uh
+document and I'd like to leave you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and I'd like to leave you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and I'd like to leave you at
+this point with this triangle that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point with this triangle that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point with this triangle that we're
+going to come back to probably each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to probably each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to probably each
+night just to drill it in of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night just to drill it in of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night just to drill it in of what you're
+trying to do at the end you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do at the end you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do at the end you're trying to
+come to a very clear idea of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a very clear idea of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a very clear idea of what you
+want to do what it takes to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do what it takes to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do what it takes to do it and
+have all the support underneath and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the support underneath and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the support underneath and it's
+an iterative process some people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterative process some people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterative process some people think
+this is all linear I think about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all linear I think about this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all linear I think about this I
+test that it moves on it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that it moves on it's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that it moves on it's very much
+like science can be we try something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like science can be we try something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like science can be we try something it
+fails we figure out why it fails we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails we figure out why it fails we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails we figure out why it fails we go
+back and try it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and try it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and try it again
+um but the goal is to find that sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the goal is to find that sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the goal is to find that sweet
+spot uh where you can actually make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot uh where you can actually make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot uh where you can actually make a
+difference so with that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so with that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so with that we're going to
+take a I I'll ask if there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a I I'll ask if there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a I I'll ask if there are any
+questions again this is a high level but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions again this is a high level but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions again this is a high level but
+if there's some things that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some things that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some things that need
+clarification I'll do the questions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification I'll do the questions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification I'll do the questions now
+otherwise we'll take a a break we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we'll take a a break we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we'll take a a break we
+usually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually say
+um uh you know take 10 or 15 minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know take 10 or 15 minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know take 10 or 15 minutes and
+meet the people next to you because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the people next to you because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the people next to you because what
+are the requirements for the course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the requirements for the course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the requirements for the course if
+you're doing it for credit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it for credit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it for credit is
+you got to put together a written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to put together a written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to put together a written
+requirement the executive summary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the executive summary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the executive summary or
+pitch deck we want to try to get teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch deck we want to try to get teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch deck we want to try to get teams
+formed uh to help you if you're somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed uh to help you if you're somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed uh to help you if you're somebody
+with an idea and you need some people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an idea and you need some people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an idea and you need some people to
+help vice versa um given that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help vice versa um given that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help vice versa um given that it's
+probably a blizzard out there tonight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a blizzard out there tonight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a blizzard out there tonight uh
+I think we'll defer that initial meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we'll defer that initial meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we'll defer that initial meeting
+until tomorrow night take like a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until tomorrow night take like a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until tomorrow night take like a five
+minute uh break or so and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute uh break or so and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute uh break or so and we'll get
+Steve to get set up who's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve to get set up who's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve to get set up who's going to tell
+you how to make a pitch so at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to make a pitch so at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to make a pitch so at the end of
+the day after everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after everything
+you've done youve got to come and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done youve got to come and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done youve got to come and make
+that pitch and Steve's going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pitch and Steve's going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pitch and Steve's going to give you
+the the precursors of that so we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the precursors of that so we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the precursors of that so we'll come
+back at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at about
+7 uh what 715 give you eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZmKaHSXDbn0.txt b/ZmKaHSXDbn0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61903a218e47bf363d54ae575f5184edc6212d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZmKaHSXDbn0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20. in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20. in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20. in this
+section you want to look at light what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you want to look at light what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you want to look at light what
+is it and how does it propagate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it and how does it propagate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it and how does it propagate in this
+video specifically i give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video specifically i give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video specifically i give you a little
+bit of a preview of 802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a preview of 802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a preview of 802
+and i don't do this in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't do this in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't do this in a very
+pedagogical way i just give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical way i just give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical way i just give you some
+information okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay
+so if we in the study 802 we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we in the study 802 we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we in the study 802 we'll see
+maxwell equations are being developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell equations are being developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell equations are being developed in
+there if we look at maxwell equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if we look at maxwell equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if we look at maxwell equations
+for electric in the magnetic field e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electric in the magnetic field e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electric in the magnetic field e and
+b in vacuum we can rewrite the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in vacuum we can rewrite the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in vacuum we can rewrite the maximum
+equations and we find wave equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and we find wave equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and we find wave equations
+the solutions of the wave equations as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions of the wave equations as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions of the wave equations as a
+name tells you are waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name tells you are waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name tells you are waves
+so what we are looking at here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are looking at here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are looking at here is you
+want to describe the propagation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the propagation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the propagation of
+electric and magnetic fields in vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields in vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields in vacuum
+in this situation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation this is
+maybe at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe at some
+time t equals zero we have an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t equals zero we have an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t equals zero we have an electric
+field in this point p here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in this point p here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in this point p here and a
+magnetic field electric field points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field electric field points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field electric field points
+into the y direction the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the y direction the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the y direction the magnetic field
+into the v direction and what's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the v direction and what's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the v direction and what's what
+those equations now describe is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations now describe is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations now describe is how the
+wave propagates in space and in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagates in space and in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagates in space and in time
+and it you know you can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it you know you can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it you know you can already
+you know tell from the name wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know tell from the name wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know tell from the name wave
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+solutions of this equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of this equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of this equation this
+differential equations are sines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations are sines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations are sines and
+cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines
+so one solution here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one solution here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one solution here is
+e y equal to e naught times cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e y equal to e naught times cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e y equal to e naught times cosine
+kx minus omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx minus omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx minus omega t
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you find then that the speed in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find then that the speed in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find then that the speed in which
+the wave propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave propagates
+you pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+peak of a wave and you see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of a wave and you see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of a wave and you see how it
+propagates one point of the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates one point of the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates one point of the variance
+here propagate the speed in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here propagate the speed in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here propagate the speed in which it
+propagates is the speed of light c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates is the speed of light c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates is the speed of light c
+and you can find c here through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find c here through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find c here through those
+constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those
+in the next equation in the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next equation in the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next equation in the wave
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+y and c is one over square root epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and c is one over square root epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and c is one over square root epsilon
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+the permittivity and the permeability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permittivity and the permeability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permittivity and the permeability
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the product of the two gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the two gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the two gives you the
+speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so if you look at this some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so if you look at this some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so if you look at this some more
+um and connect to the vapor maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and connect to the vapor maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and connect to the vapor maxwell
+equation the lawrence force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the lawrence force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the lawrence force
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again as a reminder for those who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a reminder for those who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a reminder for those who had
+had 802 already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 802 already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 802 already
+the force on the charged particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force on the charged particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force on the charged particle and
+electric magnetic field is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric magnetic field is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric magnetic field is given by
+q times e plus q times v cross b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q times e plus q times v cross b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q times e plus q times v cross b
+if you have two charges the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two charges the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two charges the force
+between those two charges is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two charges is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two charges is the product
+of the two divided by r square um times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two divided by r square um times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two divided by r square um times
+one over four pi epsilon naught again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over four pi epsilon naught again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over four pi epsilon naught again
+this very same constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very same constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very same constant
+and the force between two wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the force between two wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the force between two wires
+with currents um current i1 and current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with currents um current i1 and current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with currents um current i1 and current
+i2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i2
+is equal the product of the two currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal the product of the two currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal the product of the two currents
+divided by r times l the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by r times l the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by r times l the length of the
+of the wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wires
+um times mu naught over two pi so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times mu naught over two pi so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times mu naught over two pi so this
+is fantastic because now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fantastic because now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fantastic because now you can
+calculate the speed of light by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the speed of light by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the speed of light by just
+measuring the forces between charges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the forces between charges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the forces between charges and
+currents and wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and wires
+centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+the value of c is also very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of c is also very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of c is also very interesting
+it's large very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's large very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's large very large
+three times ten to the eighth meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times ten to the eighth meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times ten to the eighth meters per
+second to just let this sink in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to just let this sink in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to just let this sink in you know
+we as humans we move with a few meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as humans we move with a few meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as humans we move with a few meters
+per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second
+light travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you know a few minutes a few nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few minutes a few nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few minutes a few nanoseconds
+it is needed for light to travel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is needed for light to travel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is needed for light to travel about
+one meter it takes us one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter it takes us one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter it takes us one second
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+let's stop the video here the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stop the video here the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stop the video here the next thing
+i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to do
+is an exercise i want to have you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exercise i want to have you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exercise i want to have you play
+with this differential equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this differential equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this differential equations and
+there's a solution of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution of the differential
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+but the challenge or the exercise is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the challenge or the exercise is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the challenge or the exercise is to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+that if you have a function which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a function which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a function which you
+can write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write as
+f naught which is an arbitrary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f naught which is an arbitrary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f naught which is an arbitrary function
+which is a function of x minus c t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of x minus c t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of x minus c t
+those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions
+regardless in how they look like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless in how they look like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless in how they look like are
+solutions of this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of this differential equation
+note that i replaced our constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that i replaced our constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that i replaced our constant
+epsilon naught and u naught now with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon naught and u naught now with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon naught and u naught now with one
+over z squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over z squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over z squared
+so f naught can really be an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f naught can really be an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f naught can really be an arbitrary
+function uh you need to be able to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh you need to be able to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh you need to be able to build
+the derivative so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative so okay
+so i do this function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a function of x for some time equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of x for some time equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of x for some time equal
+to zero okay and then i drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero okay and then i drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero okay and then i drew
+the same function uh for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function uh for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function uh for time
+t equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equal one
+and so you can from this picture see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can from this picture see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can from this picture see
+that the delta x over delta t is minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the delta x over delta t is minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the delta x over delta t is minus c
+in this case so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so my
+function my wave is moving with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function my wave is moving with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function my wave is moving with the
+speed of light in minus direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light in minus direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light in minus direction
+all right so i want you to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i want you to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i want you to show that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+kind of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+obviously the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the wave equation
+okay so i would like you to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i would like you to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i would like you to do this and
+stop the video i'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the video i'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the video i'll show you the
+solution next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution next
+so the way to approach it is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to approach it is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to approach it is simply
+applying the chain rule and that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the chain rule and that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the chain rule and that might
+be something you want to remind yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something you want to remind yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something you want to remind yourself
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+so if i do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i do this
+i define this little helper function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i define this little helper function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i define this little helper function
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+u is equal x minus c t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is equal x minus c t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is equal x minus c t
+um this makes our function a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this makes our function a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this makes our function a function of
+u which is itself a function of x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u which is itself a function of x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u which is itself a function of x and t
+so if i build the derivative with x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i build the derivative with x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i build the derivative with x i
+have this df of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this df of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this df of u
+u times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u times
+the u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+okay so the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the second derivative
+there's a product here i have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a product here i have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a product here i have to take
+care of so i find that these d is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of so i find that these d is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of so i find that these d is the
+second derivative of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of f
+of f of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of u
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+times the u dx squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the u dx squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the u dx squared
+and then i have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have to add
+the fdu times second derivative of u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fdu times second derivative of u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fdu times second derivative of u1
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this follows very similar for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this follows very similar for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this follows very similar for the
+derivative of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of t
+and then i can investigate what we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can investigate what we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can investigate what we find
+so my du x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my du x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my du x
+is equal to one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one right
+d u d x will be the derivative of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u d x will be the derivative of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u d x will be the derivative of x
+minus d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d t
+this x i find one i do the same with t i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x i find one i do the same with t i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x i find one i do the same with t i
+find minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find minus c
+okay i will use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i will use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i will use this
+second derivatives of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives of u
+on x and t are all zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x and t are all zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x and t are all zero
+okay if i put this in now in my equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i put this in now in my equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i put this in now in my equation
+i find second derivative of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find second derivative of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find second derivative of f
+with u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u
+is uh of 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+sorry 1 minus 1 over c square times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 1 minus 1 over c square times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 1 minus 1 over c square times c
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0
+and since this is always 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this is always 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this is always 0
+we have just proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just proven
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+any sort of function which i can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of function which i can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of function which i can build
+the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of
+which is of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry which is of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry which is of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry which is of the form
+x minus ct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solves the vape equation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_i0yWRrEesM.txt b/_i0yWRrEesM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..961dd437bb4cea696e1977c9e84d35a2c02cb7e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_i0yWRrEesM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10952 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh first uh looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh first uh looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh first uh looks like
+a lot of people is outside today lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people is outside today lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people is outside today lights
+weather uh um midterm number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather uh um midterm number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather uh um midterm number
+one uh we will have the the week after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh we will have the the week after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh we will have the the week after
+Wednesday after you come back and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday after you come back and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday after you come back and uh
+that uh on uh April four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh on uh April four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh on uh April four
+4 and uh uh as the email Jonathan sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and uh uh as the email Jonathan sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and uh uh as the email Jonathan sent
+out before you will be close book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before you will be close book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before you will be close book but
+you will allow one sheet uh as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will allow one sheet uh as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will allow one sheet uh as much as
+you can cramp into it right okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cramp into it right okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cramp into it right okay so one
+sheet notes and uh I'm asking hon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet notes and uh I'm asking hon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet notes and uh I'm asking hon
+understand to put uh uh the uh prev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to put uh uh the uh prev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to put uh uh the uh prev
+example of the midterm um online so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the midterm um online so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the midterm um online so you
+can use that as a example and expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use that as a example and expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use that as a example and expect the
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+level and uh I will cover the first five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and uh I will cover the first five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and uh I will cover the first five
+chapters so uh uh actually essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters so uh uh actually essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters so uh uh actually essentially
+by Monday I'll finish chapter five so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Monday I'll finish chapter five so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Monday I'll finish chapter five so we
+do have a homework uh number six also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a homework uh number six also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a homework uh number six also
+due on that that same day because say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due on that that same day because say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due on that that same day because say
+you need to do homework uh to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do homework uh to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do homework uh to get
+familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+the content of chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of chapter
+five any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay per don't worry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay per don't worry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay per don't worry the
+purpose is not to test you it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is not to test you it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is not to test you it's just a
+uh a chance to the the second midterm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a chance to the the second midterm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a chance to the the second midterm is
+the open book is take home so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open book is take home so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open book is take home so this is a
+uh the first chapters in in in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first chapters in in in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first chapters in in in a sense
+is some of you came to me and say can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some of you came to me and say can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some of you came to me and say can
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+course uh I I can't guarantee you pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh I I can't guarantee you pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh I I can't guarantee you pass
+course but say uh I think if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but say uh I think if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but say uh I think if you really
+know the content of first five chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the content of first five chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the content of first five chapters
+uh you should be able to answer a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should be able to answer a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should be able to answer a lot of
+questions on the micronano core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the micronano core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the micronano core
+qualifying exams um the uh micronano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifying exams um the uh micronano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifying exams um the uh micronano
+core is in the form of giving you uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is in the form of giving you uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is in the form of giving you uh uh
+paper uh to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh to read
+and they come back answer questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come back answer questions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come back answer questions from
+uh uh different angles so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh different angles so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh different angles so um that's
+that's my my feel is you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my my feel is you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my my feel is you should be able
+okay so uh coming back uh to uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh coming back uh to uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh coming back uh to uh the last
+lecture uh we discussed uh uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh we discussed uh uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh we discussed uh uh what's the
+energy carried by electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy carried by electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy carried by electromagnetic wave
+that's pointing vector and then uh we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pointing vector and then uh we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pointing vector and then uh we uh
+took the plan wve solution of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the plan wve solution of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the plan wve solution of of
+electromagnetic wave in a medium and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave in a medium and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave in a medium and we
+calculate the pointing vector and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the pointing vector and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the pointing vector and from
+that we learned that the energy uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned that the energy uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned that the energy uh the
+pointing Vector U decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector U decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector U decays
+exponentially uh say say as Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially uh say say as Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially uh say say as Del
+determined by the absorption coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the absorption coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the absorption coefficient
+which is 4 Pi Capa over Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 4 Pi Capa over Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 4 Pi Capa over Lambda and
+recall for optical waves Lambda is 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall for optical waves Lambda is 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall for optical waves Lambda is 10 to
+the minus fifth right so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus fifth right so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus fifth right so essentially
+Kappa could be very small number 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa could be very small number 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa could be very small number 10 to
+Theus 7 and it's very still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 7 and it's very still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 7 and it's very still very
+important because you do four pi and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you do four pi and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you do four pi and say
+10- 7/ by 10- 6 you get one and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10- 7/ by 10- 6 you get one and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10- 7/ by 10- 6 you get one and uh uh
+that means it's a still uh uh um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's a still uh uh um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's a still uh uh um uh uh
+one okay depends on the length of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay depends on the length of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay depends on the length of course
+is exponential alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exponential alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exponential alpha
+x right so uh this x is a when Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right so uh this x is a when Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right so uh this x is a when Delta is
+inverse O say equal x equals Delta uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse O say equal x equals Delta uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse O say equal x equals Delta uh
+that equals inverse of the alpha this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals inverse of the alpha this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals inverse of the alpha this
+exponential is really one so that Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is really one so that Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is really one so that Delta
+is the penetration depth let's say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the penetration depth let's say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the penetration depth let's say when
+the uh light intensity decase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh light intensity decase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh light intensity decase
+exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+one so that's the uh M way propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's the uh M way propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's the uh M way propagation
+in inside the medium that's Bal we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inside the medium that's Bal we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inside the medium that's Bal we said
+and then uh we started looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we started looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we started looking at the
+reflection and refraction of for EM wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and refraction of for EM wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and refraction of for EM wave
+at the interface and for that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface and for that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface and for that we have to
+be careful of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of the
+polarization right say uh for electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization right say uh for electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization right say uh for electric
+field if it's pointing in any direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field if it's pointing in any direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field if it's pointing in any direction
+we can decompose it into a TM wave and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can decompose it into a TM wave and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can decompose it into a TM wave and a
+te way and the plan of incident depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te way and the plan of incident depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te way and the plan of incident depend
+on defined based on the wave Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on defined based on the wave Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on defined based on the wave Vector of
+the incident at the norm right so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident at the norm right so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident at the norm right so if the
+TM is transverse magnetic that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM is transverse magnetic that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM is transverse magnetic that's a
+electric field is in the plan that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is in the plan that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is in the plan that's why
+is parallel is this p means parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parallel is this p means parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parallel is this p means parallel and
+symbol parallel and te is a transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol parallel and te is a transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol parallel and te is a transverse
+electric Wave It's the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Wave It's the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Wave It's the electric field is
+perpendicular to the plan of incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plan of incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plan of incident
+perpendicular and s s is probably German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular and s s is probably German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular and s s is probably German
+for the perpendicular if anybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the perpendicular if anybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the perpendicular if anybody knows
+German um uh then we have uh based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German um uh then we have uh based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German um uh then we have uh based on
+the boundary condition uh derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition uh derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition uh derived from
+maxw equation uh we can eventually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxw equation uh we can eventually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxw equation uh we can eventually write
+down what's the uh reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what's the uh reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what's the uh reflection
+coefficient with that's not reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient with that's not reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient with that's not reflectance
+because it's a ratio of the reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a ratio of the reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a ratio of the reflect the
+electrical field is the field ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical field is the field ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical field is the field ratio
+reflection for coefficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection for coefficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection for coefficient and
+transmission coefficient so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission coefficient so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission coefficient so I'm not
+going to repeat this uh formula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat this uh formula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat this uh formula but
+essentially you can calculate the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can calculate the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can calculate the uh uh
+reflectance based on reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance based on reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance based on reflection
+coefficient and transmission coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and transmission coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and transmission coefficient
+you can calculate reflectance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate reflectance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate reflectance and
+transmittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance
+for any angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any angle of
+incident and uh uh as long as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and uh uh as long as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and uh uh as long as you know
+the refractive index of both siid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index of both siid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index of both siid of the
+medium and this is of course assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and this is of course assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and this is of course assuming
+perfect interface remember we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect interface remember we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect interface remember we have not
+uh added I made a comments of this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh added I made a comments of this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh added I made a comments of this V
+Vector conservation right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector conservation right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector conservation right so this is a
+specular reflection and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular reflection and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular reflection and that's what the
+snail law tells us the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snail law tells us the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snail law tells us the angle of
+incidence equals angle of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence equals angle of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence equals angle of uh
+reflection and and uh uh but see I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and and uh uh but see I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and and uh uh but see I like
+to always uh if you want to show your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always uh if you want to show your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always uh if you want to show your
+knowledge right and very useful this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge right and very useful this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge right and very useful this is
+always I say uh for my student I say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I say uh for my student I say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I say uh for my student I say a
+skill that you should develop Over The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill that you should develop Over The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill that you should develop Over The
+Graduate years if you haven't developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate years if you haven't developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate years if you haven't developed
+were undergraduate is you walk out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were undergraduate is you walk out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were undergraduate is you walk out you
+solve over 90% of the problem in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve over 90% of the problem in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve over 90% of the problem in five
+minutes that's they my say it's back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes that's they my say it's back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes that's they my say it's back of
+envelope skill because so somebody give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope skill because so somebody give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope skill because so somebody give
+me uh material I say okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh material I say okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh material I say okay that's a
+refractor index range and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractor index range and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractor index range and that's what I
+know roughly what's the reflection right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know roughly what's the reflection right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know roughly what's the reflection right
+so this is a perpendicular incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a perpendicular incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a perpendicular incidence
+right formula and that's you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right formula and that's you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right formula and that's you don't need
+to remember the angular dependent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the angular dependent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the angular dependent but
+this is the one that I keep in my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that I keep in my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that I keep in my mind
+when I do my back of envelope give any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do my back of envelope give any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do my back of envelope give any
+surface right and so we use a glass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and so we use a glass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and so we use a glass and
+silicon uh as a uh example uh see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh as a uh example uh see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh as a uh example uh see you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+see the typical reflectance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the typical reflectance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the typical reflectance of this
+materials and uh uh we uh I stop there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and uh uh we uh I stop there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and uh uh we uh I stop there I
+want to do more discussion uh one uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do more discussion uh one uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do more discussion uh one uh we
+say um um if we look at the Shel law uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um um if we look at the Shel law uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um um if we look at the Shel law uh
+the at uh incident the we vector vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at uh incident the we vector vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at uh incident the we vector vector
+conservation right so we got M1 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation right so we got M1 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation right so we got M1 sin
+Theta 1 uh Theta I that's angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 uh Theta I that's angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 uh Theta I that's angle of
+incidence equals N2 sin Theta T this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence equals N2 sin Theta T this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence equals N2 sin Theta T this is
+the transmitter right so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitter right so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitter right so uh we
+have this is the uh light comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is the uh light comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is the uh light comes in and
+uh uh typically air which is a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh typically air which is a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh typically air which is a vacuum
+yeah for for pretty much a vacuum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for for pretty much a vacuum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for for pretty much a vacuum uh
+depends on the wav length and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the wav length and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the wav length and uh uh the
+refractive index is one and then inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index is one and then inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index is one and then inside
+the material typical refractive index uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material typical refractive index uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material typical refractive index uh
+is larger than one and and uh so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than one and and uh so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than one and and uh so your
+angle is bending uh the ref refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is bending uh the ref refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is bending uh the ref refractive
+angle Theta t uh becomes smaller right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Theta t uh becomes smaller right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Theta t uh becomes smaller right
+so this is snail law uh but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is snail law uh but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is snail law uh but you could
+have opposite case where the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opposite case where the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opposite case where the light is
+traveling inside the medium and go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling inside the medium and go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling inside the medium and go out
+right and after it goes the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and after it goes the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and after it goes the first
+surface it may go say inside the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it may go say inside the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it may go say inside the medium
+and uh so in that case if N1 so if N1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so in that case if N1 so if N1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so in that case if N1 so if N1 is
+larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than
+N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2
+right and you can say my uh uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can say my uh uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can say my uh uh say
+refracted angle Theta T is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted angle Theta T is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted angle Theta T is larger than
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+I right so this is my Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right so this is my Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right so this is my Theta
+T is larger than Theta I and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is larger than Theta I and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is larger than Theta I and eventually
+you you come to the situation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you come to the situation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you come to the situation where the
+Theta T goes 90° so you have you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta T goes 90° so you have you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta T goes 90° so you have you ask
+what happens after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens after
+that right so uh uh if Theta T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so uh uh if Theta T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so uh uh if Theta T equals
+90° you get a sin Theta I and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° you get a sin Theta I and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° you get a sin Theta I and we say
+this is a critical angle equals N2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a critical angle equals N2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a critical angle equals N2 over
+N1 and you can say this ratio is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 and you can say this ratio is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 and you can say this ratio is less
+than one so at this angle Above This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so at this angle Above This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so at this angle Above This
+angle where Theta I is larger than Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle where Theta I is larger than Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle where Theta I is larger than Theta
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+critical and you go to check the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and you go to check the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and you go to check the uh uh
+see reflectance and transmittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see reflectance and transmittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see reflectance and transmittance
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+and you find that R equals 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that R equals 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that R equals 1 so the
+light is totally reflected reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is totally reflected reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is totally reflected reflectance
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+100% so r equal 1 and that's a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so r equal 1 and that's a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so r equal 1 and that's a total
+reflection or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection or
+total uh sometimes total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflection right so this is rep say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right so this is rep say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right so this is rep say
+internal means for example if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal means for example if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal means for example if you go
+from inside the glass into air right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inside the glass into air right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inside the glass into air right the
+KN is confine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN is confine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN is confine in the
+glass and uh uh so it's interesting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and uh uh so it's interesting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and uh uh so it's interesting you
+can put in the typical Lum uh if uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in the typical Lum uh if uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in the typical Lum uh if uh this
+is a air it's going from glass to air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a air it's going from glass to air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a air it's going from glass to air
+right air is one glass 1.5 so 1 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right air is one glass 1.5 so 1 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right air is one glass 1.5 so 1 1.5
+oxy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy uh
+oxine uh I think in that case I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxine uh I think in that case I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxine uh I think in that case I got a
+42° so that's actually a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42° so that's actually a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42° so that's actually a very large
+angle right if you have glass and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle right if you have glass and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle right if you have glass and uh
+what it means if this is 42 so any light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means if this is 42 so any light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means if this is 42 so any light
+with the incident angle larger than 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the incident angle larger than 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the incident angle larger than 42
+degree will not Escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree will not Escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree will not Escape
+glass okay so this is the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass okay so this is the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass okay so this is the principle of
+op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op
+fibers right so op fiber has a inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers right so op fiber has a inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers right so op fiber has a inner
+core and uh uh and then say it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and uh uh and then say it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and uh uh and then say it has a
+outer core and this outer core has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer core and this outer core has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer core and this outer core has a
+smaller refractive index so during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller refractive index so during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller refractive index so during the
+glass deposition pulling they change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass deposition pulling they change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass deposition pulling they change the
+composition of the outer layer to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the outer layer to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the outer layer to make
+the outer layer smaller refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer layer smaller refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer layer smaller refractive index
+so that when your light comes in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when your light comes in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when your light comes in you
+will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep
+bending and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and the
+inside Okay so so when you use optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside Okay so so when you use optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside Okay so so when you use optic
+fiber you don't want the bend really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber you don't want the bend really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber you don't want the bend really
+sharp because that angle of incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp because that angle of incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp because that angle of incidence
+will be above the critical angle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be above the critical angle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be above the critical angle the
+light will Leck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will Leck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will Leck
+up right and in fact yesterday I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and in fact yesterday I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and in fact yesterday I was in
+Baltimore have a lunch with somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore have a lunch with somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore have a lunch with somebody who
+was he he said he talked to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he he said he talked to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he he said he talked to you know
+this op fiber uh was awarded L price a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this op fiber uh was awarded L price a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this op fiber uh was awarded L price a
+few years back right this is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years back right this is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years back right this is very simple
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+and uh uh he said he because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh he said he because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh he said he because I was
+having lunch with somebody from Corning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lunch with somebody from Corning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lunch with somebody from Corning
+so we're talking glass and this guy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking glass and this guy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking glass and this guy was
+saying that he uh the he asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that he uh the he asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that he uh the he asked the
+calling inventor about the idea at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling inventor about the idea at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling inventor about the idea at the
+time it was a propos he was proposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it was a propos he was proposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it was a propos he was proposing
+using this for the uh communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this for the uh communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this for the uh communication
+application right and how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application right and how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application right and how people
+reacted and people were just say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted and people were just say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted and people were just say that's
+crazy right you're thinking about glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy right you're thinking about glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy right you're thinking about glass
+because before that everybody use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because before that everybody use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because before that everybody use the
+communication is electrical wires right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is electrical wires right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is electrical wires right
+going from wire electrical wire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from wire electrical wire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from wire electrical wire to
+Glass you can say uh uh the uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glass you can say uh uh the uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glass you can say uh uh the uh some of
+the even very simple idea uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even very simple idea uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even very simple idea uh actually
+gets very hard to uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very hard to uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very hard to uh be
+accepted this internal reflection is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted this internal reflection is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted this internal reflection is a
+really simple physics advice right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple physics advice right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple physics advice right and
+uh but there are lot of lead ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there are lot of lead ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there are lot of lead ideas and
+uh lot of application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lot of application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lot of application
+if you're engineer the simpler is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're engineer the simpler is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're engineer the simpler is better
+and U uh I can share F right say If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U uh I can share F right say If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U uh I can share F right say If you
+think about I said that glass is 1.5 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about I said that glass is 1.5 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about I said that glass is 1.5 if
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+silicon what it silicon is 3.5 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon what it silicon is 3.5 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon what it silicon is 3.5 1 over
+3.5 o sign give you 16 16 I here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 o sign give you 16 16 I here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 o sign give you 16 16 I here I have
+16.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16.6
+de so which means right uh silicon all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de so which means right uh silicon all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de so which means right uh silicon all
+the light about 16° come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light about 16° come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light about 16° come into the
+surface doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface doesn't go
+out right so this is where people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so this is where people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so this is where people use
+this idea to do light trapping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea to do light trapping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea to do light trapping in
+Silicon right we said silicon is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon right we said silicon is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon right we said silicon is a
+indirect Gap semiconductor is not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect Gap semiconductor is not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect Gap semiconductor is not good
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+absorption and so if somehow if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and so if somehow if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and so if somehow if you
+think about this okay I have surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this okay I have surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this okay I have surface
+here I got a roughness coming in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I got a roughness coming in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I got a roughness coming in the
+light comes in here but the reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in here but the reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in here but the reflect the
+our angle into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our angle into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our angle into
+here and I the other surfaces if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I the other surfaces if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I the other surfaces if it's
+totally internal reflected it will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally internal reflected it will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally internal reflected it will come
+back right so you have travs the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right so you have travs the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right so you have travs the longer
+distance and bounce more times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and bounce more times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and bounce more times and
+that's how you can reduce the sickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you can reduce the sickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you can reduce the sickness
+and yet still achieve uh higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet still achieve uh higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet still achieve uh higher
+absorption right NRI and this is a still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption right NRI and this is a still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption right NRI and this is a still
+a very active field of research this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very active field of research this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very active field of research this is
+a geometric objects we're just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric objects we're just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric objects we're just talking
+about trajectory of light didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trajectory of light didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trajectory of light didn't
+consider the face but how to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the face but how to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the face but how to actually
+achieve maximum light tring with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve maximum light tring with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve maximum light tring with the
+smallest material is we have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest material is we have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest material is we have for example
+a doe project trying to make thinness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doe project trying to make thinness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doe project trying to make thinness
+solar cell but they still have se compas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell but they still have se compas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell but they still have se compas
+but still achieve high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still achieve high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still achieve high
+efficiency and uh uh let me give another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and uh uh let me give another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and uh uh let me give another
+uh there are many many example using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are many many example using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are many many example using
+this I remember at the uh pixel for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I remember at the uh pixel for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I remember at the uh pixel for um
+uh the uh see Optics say the photonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh see Optics say the photonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh see Optics say the photonics
+if your say few probably around 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your say few probably around 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your say few probably around 10 years
+ago there was a big bubble like a hous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago there was a big bubble like a hous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago there was a big bubble like a hous
+bubble not not as large but say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble not not as large but say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble not not as large but say the
+stock with the very roof a lot of Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock with the very roof a lot of Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock with the very roof a lot of Optics
+Communication Company got very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication Company got very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication Company got very rich
+right and uh uh one because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh one because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh one because that's the
+uh internet and after that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh internet and after that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh internet and after that is the
+internet so one of the challenges how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so one of the challenges how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so one of the challenges how
+you switch light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you switch light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you switch light
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+right and there was this lead idea doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there was this lead idea doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there was this lead idea doing
+M switching uh micro switching right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M switching uh micro switching right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M switching uh micro switching right so
+uh this idea was just say basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this idea was just say basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this idea was just say basically you
+have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a
+channel right and you have light comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel right and you have light comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel right and you have light comes
+in it's typically uh totally internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's typically uh totally internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's typically uh totally internally
+reflected so it doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected so it doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected so it doesn't go
+through and then next time you push a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and then next time you push a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and then next time you push a a
+liquid that has the same refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that has the same refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that has the same refractive
+index as a glass or very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index as a glass or very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index as a glass or very close
+right in that case you have a say index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that case you have a say index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that case you have a say index
+matched and doesn't have a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched and doesn't have a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched and doesn't have a total
+internal reflection anymore so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection anymore so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection anymore so it just
+go through right it's a very simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through right it's a very simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through right it's a very simple idea
+I think that was from HP I I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that was from HP I I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that was from HP I I don't think
+they were successful commercializing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were successful commercializing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were successful commercializing it
+but uh uh um those are the and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh um those are the and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh um those are the and in fact
+uh every uh all the lasers um use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every uh all the lasers um use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every uh all the lasers um use this
+effect so not all but the most of lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so not all but the most of lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so not all but the most of lasers
+so the solid state Las what it has is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solid state Las what it has is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solid state Las what it has is a
+Quantum well vering G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum well vering G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum well vering G
+Mite right and uh uh this is a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mite right and uh uh this is a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mite right and uh uh this is a Quantum
+well is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is where
+electrons and holes recombine and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes recombine and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes recombine and give
+off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a
+photon right and that thickness of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon right and that thickness of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon right and that thickness of that
+well is about 100 arst strong or thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is about 100 arst strong or thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is about 100 arst strong or thinner
+but the light wence is much larger right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the light wence is much larger right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the light wence is much larger right
+so what it has is another there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it has is another there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it has is another there is
+another clading Optical layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another clading Optical layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another clading Optical layer
+so this is this is the the charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is the the charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is the the charge and
+the electromagnetic wave goes this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave goes this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave goes this way
+and the refractive index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the refractive index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the refractive index of the
+surrounding layer is smaller so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding layer is smaller so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding layer is smaller so the
+light is forced to bounce along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is forced to bounce along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is forced to bounce along the
+layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+Direction so this effects videly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this effects videly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this effects videly used in
+many many uh devices very simple and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many uh devices very simple and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many uh devices very simple and uh
+it's a total internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a total internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a total internal
+reflection okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection okay uh
+but what's there is even something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's there is even something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's there is even something more
+interesting and that is you can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and that is you can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and that is you can say that
+when Theta I is larger than Theta say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Theta I is larger than Theta say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Theta I is larger than Theta say
+say about critical angle the reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about critical angle the reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about critical angle the reflectance
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but the
+T right the transmission coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right the transmission coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right the transmission coefficient is
+not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one
+zero and in fact you can go uh to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and in fact you can go uh to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and in fact you can go uh to check
+the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission
+coefficient uh for we derived is 2 N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient uh for we derived is 2 N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient uh for we derived is 2 N1
+and cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine Theta
+I and N2 cosine Theta I plus N1 s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and N2 cosine Theta I plus N1 s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and N2 cosine Theta I plus N1 s uh
+cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t Okay cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay cosine Theta
+T I didn't say mathematically I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I didn't say mathematically I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I didn't say mathematically I didn't
+say it's one zero right because uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's one zero right because uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's one zero right because uh uh uh
+we have uh with Theta I is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh with Theta I is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh with Theta I is larger than
+critical angle of incidence that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical angle of incidence that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical angle of incidence that means I
+can still use St law sin Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still use St law sin Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still use St law sin Theta I
+mathematically that's a solution of Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that's a solution of Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that's a solution of Max
+equation didn't say Max equation didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation didn't say Max equation didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation didn't say Max equation didn't
+exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude
+it right so Theta I if you go to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so Theta I if you go to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so Theta I if you go to do this
+you'll say is larger than one sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say is larger than one sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say is larger than one sin Theta
+right right and uh uh no sin Theta T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and uh uh no sin Theta T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and uh uh no sin Theta T the
+angle of transmitted right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of transmitted right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of transmitted right it's
+imaginary you go sign that's a imagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary you go sign that's a imagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary you go sign that's a imagin
+number and cosine Theta T equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and cosine Theta T equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and cosine Theta T equals 1
+s Theta t² and this is larger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Theta t² and this is larger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Theta t² and this is larger than one
+so this is imagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is imagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is imagin
+number right so let's say the I *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right so let's say the I *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right so let's say the I *
+B so I substitute this one into the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I substitute this one into the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I substitute this one into the back
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+transmission coefficient is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and uh I look at the field on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh I look at the field on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh I look at the field on
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side so if you look at the transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so if you look at the transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so if you look at the transmitted
+field of course is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of course is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of course is proportional to
+transmission coefficient and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission coefficient and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission coefficient and the uh
+incident field I have maybe the angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident field I have maybe the angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident field I have maybe the angle is
+not quite right so let me write just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right so let me write just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right so let me write just
+into proportional and then I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into proportional and then I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into proportional and then I have my
+exponential Factor the face Factor Min I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Factor the face Factor Min I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Factor the face Factor Min I
+Omega t T minus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega t T minus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega t T minus uh
+n2x uh sin Theta t plus n to Z cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2x uh sin Theta t plus n to Z cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2x uh sin Theta t plus n to Z cosine
+Theta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta T
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c0 so that's my this is not zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 so that's my this is not zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 so that's my this is not zero this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+incident right my electric field on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident right my electric field on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident right my electric field on
+other side is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side is not
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay and what happens is cosine Theta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what happens is cosine Theta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what happens is cosine Theta T
+is imaginary when cosine Theta T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is imaginary when cosine Theta T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is imaginary when cosine Theta T is
+imaginary I have imagin L here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary I have imagin L here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary I have imagin L here I have
+another imagin L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another imagin L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another imagin L
+here it gives me a real L right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it gives me a real L right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it gives me a real L right and that
+Real L is exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real L is exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real L is exponential
+decay so my electric field on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so my electric field on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so my electric field on the other
+side is exponential decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is exponential decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is exponential decay
+function and this is the Eva wave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is the Eva wave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is the Eva wave so
+when my angle N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when my angle N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when my angle N1
+is n to an angle of incident is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n to an angle of incident is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n to an angle of incident is larger
+than critical angle right the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than critical angle right the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than critical angle right the electric
+field on the other side exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the other side exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the other side exponential
+decay from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay from the
+surface and the uh real part the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the uh real part the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the uh real part the the the
+X component if you look at N2 sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X component if you look at N2 sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X component if you look at N2 sin Theta
+tal N1 sin Theta I so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tal N1 sin Theta I so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tal N1 sin Theta I so that's actually
+real right so this wave what I what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real right so this wave what I what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real right so this wave what I what you
+have is a wave propagating in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a wave propagating in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a wave propagating in the X
+Direction and The surface and decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and The surface and decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and The surface and decays
+exponentially on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially on the other
+side right and this is the evalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+okay and uh but you see how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh but you see how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh but you see how is that
+possible you have a field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you have a field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you have a field the
+transmission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is
+not is zero right so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is zero right so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is zero right so what I
+happens is you go to calculate although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you go to calculate although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you go to calculate although
+the t uh uh is uh uh itself is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t uh uh is uh uh itself is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t uh uh is uh uh itself is not zero
+but the to the transmitted Energy Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the to the transmitted Energy Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the to the transmitted Energy Zero
+the average pointing Vector is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average pointing Vector is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average pointing Vector is zero so
+the field comes in goes out back so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field comes in goes out back so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field comes in goes out back so the
+average speaking there's no let energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average speaking there's no let energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average speaking there's no let energy
+go from one side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one side to the
+other that's what the evolent wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's what the evolent wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's what the evolent wave and
+recall in the case of discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in the case of discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in the case of discussing
+electrons that's our Pro say our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's our Pro say our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's our Pro say our
+situation right we say okay your energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right we say okay your energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right we say okay your energy
+of the electron comes in goes say if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron comes in goes say if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron comes in goes say if the
+energy is less than the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is less than the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is less than the barrier
+height your we function on this side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height your we function on this side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height your we function on this side is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+zero right but you got calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right but you got calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right but you got calculate the
+material flux the particle flux is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material flux the particle flux is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material flux the particle flux is zero
+on the other side that's a evolent field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side that's a evolent field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side that's a evolent field
+for wave so all waves have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wave so all waves have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wave so all waves have this
+characteristics okay and how how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics okay and how how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics okay and how how fast
+Decay you go to check here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay you go to check here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay you go to check here is
+essentially if you say Omega over T c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you say Omega over T c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you say Omega over T c0
+and the Theta divide is of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Theta divide is of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Theta divide is of the order of
+wavelength so that decay is of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so that decay is of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so that decay is of the order
+of wav length and we said that okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wav length and we said that okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wav length and we said that okay for
+material wave the wavelength maybe is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave the wavelength maybe is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave the wavelength maybe is a
+few unstr strongs right last time we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few unstr strongs right last time we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few unstr strongs right last time we say
+people people use that to do the IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people use that to do the IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people use that to do the IBM
+interview example I told you finish got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview example I told you finish got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview example I told you finish got
+the scanning T and microscope as use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scanning T and microscope as use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scanning T and microscope as use the
+evales wave for material wave electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evales wave for material wave electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evales wave for material wave electrons
+here you got the evolent wave on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you got the evolent wave on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you got the evolent wave on the
+other side and there are lot of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and there are lot of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and there are lot of see
+different application I'll discuss more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different application I'll discuss more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different application I'll discuss more
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+on okay so this is the uh uh uh SL law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so this is the uh uh uh SL law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so this is the uh uh uh SL law
+and eveson wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eveson wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eveson wave
+and let me also make one more comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me also make one more comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me also make one more comment
+because here all our derivation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here all our derivation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here all our derivation is
+assume N1 N2 uh see are real and if N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume N1 N2 uh see are real and if N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume N1 N2 uh see are real and if N2
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex okay and then go you go to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex okay and then go you go to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex okay and then go you go to check
+your equation derivation process no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equation derivation process no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equation derivation process no
+problem everything still is applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem everything still is applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem everything still is applicable
+it's mathematically solution of the Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mathematically solution of the Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mathematically solution of the Max
+equation so what it means is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so what it means is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so what it means is when you
+look at your s law N1 sin Theta 1 I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your s law N1 sin Theta 1 I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your s law N1 sin Theta 1 I let
+me assume N1 is real first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me assume N1 is real first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me assume N1 is real first
+okay and you go you get get say N2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you go you get get say N2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you go you get get say N2 is
+complex so sin Theta T is complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so sin Theta T is complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so sin Theta T is complex
+now right so sin Theta T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex is A+ b i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is A+ b i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is A+ b i
+and cosine Theta T you do your operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine Theta T you do your operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine Theta T you do your operation
+C plus d i so both are complex and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus d i so both are complex and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus d i so both are complex and it's
+the same formula you do your complex L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formula you do your complex L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formula you do your complex L
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+okay but when both are complex you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when both are complex you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when both are complex you go to
+look at your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your uh
+wave here right sin Theta T is complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here right sin Theta T is complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here right sin Theta T is complex
+cosine Theta t Okay in fact here will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta t Okay in fact here will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta t Okay in fact here will be
+real but see what you'll find out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real but see what you'll find out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real but see what you'll find out is
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+wave inside in the when you propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave inside in the when you propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave inside in the when you propagate
+into a medium the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a medium the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a medium the constant
+amplitude is actually in the Z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is actually in the Z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is actually in the Z direction
+is the constant amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the constant amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the constant amplitude
+surface right the amplitude that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right the amplitude that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right the amplitude that's when
+Z each Z equal constant that field is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z each Z equal constant that field is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z each Z equal constant that field is is
+a constant amplitude but constant phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant amplitude but constant phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant amplitude but constant phase
+is going in the other direction so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going in the other direction so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going in the other direction so the
+Conant face Conant amplitude actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant face Conant amplitude actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant face Conant amplitude actually do
+not coincide and this is a incong genous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not coincide and this is a incong genous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not coincide and this is a incong genous
+way but say all the formula we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but say all the formula we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but say all the formula we gave
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+applicable so there's no problem as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable so there's no problem as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable so there's no problem as long
+as you do your uh complex Lumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do your uh complex Lumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do your uh complex Lumber
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+consistently and I remember say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently and I remember say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently and I remember say they
+know this I only know forun so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this I only know forun so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this I only know forun so you have
+to very be very careful declare your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very be very careful declare your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very be very careful declare your
+complex lbers otherwise you run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex lbers otherwise you run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex lbers otherwise you run into
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh one more what about N1 is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one more what about N1 is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one more what about N1 is also
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+right N1 is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex and this is a point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and this is a point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and this is a point that
+probably most people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most people don't
+know everything still applicable so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything still applicable so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything still applicable so most
+people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay but if you do your operation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you do your operation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you do your operation you
+find that R plus tall do not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay and uh at the surface there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorption so I actually I remember I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption so I actually I remember I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption so I actually I remember I I
+I found this other when I was gradu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found this other when I was gradu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found this other when I was gradu
+student doing all the math and so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student doing all the math and so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student doing all the math and so what's
+happening there I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening there I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening there I would
+go say I went to ask my professor said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go say I went to ask my professor said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go say I went to ask my professor said
+that's strange okay so I went to check a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's strange okay so I went to check a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's strange okay so I went to check a
+lot of books I thought that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of books I thought that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of books I thought that I could
+write a paper it turns out I was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a paper it turns out I was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a paper it turns out I was only
+100 years late okay right was it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years late okay right was it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years late okay right was it was in
+Marx bne in fact that they discussed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marx bne in fact that they discussed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marx bne in fact that they discussed all
+those issues Max borne is a is a say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues Max borne is a is a say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues Max borne is a is a say
+they uh they borne get the I say uh he I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they borne get the I say uh he I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they borne get the I say uh he I
+forgot whether he got lower price or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot whether he got lower price or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot whether he got lower price or not
+but say it's it's all in there say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say it's it's all in there say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say it's it's all in there say
+discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before
+okay so uh uh this is all the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh this is all the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh this is all the discussion
+that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't
+finish and so we now know uh at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish and so we now know uh at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish and so we now know uh at least
+say how to calculate the reflection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how to calculate the reflection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how to calculate the reflection of
+uh electron at the interface we gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electron at the interface we gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electron at the interface we gave a
+Lal incidence I said you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lal incidence I said you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lal incidence I said you should be able
+to do any angle we did say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any angle we did say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any angle we did say
+electromagnetic wave at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave at the
+interface and the next one is acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and the next one is acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and the next one is acoustic
+wave right so all those waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so all those waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so all those waves are
+similar but the equations are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but the equations are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but the equations are different
+one is the short equation here is Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the short equation here is Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the short equation here is Max
+equation so let me uh briefly talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let me uh briefly talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let me uh briefly talk about
+acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave this is my last because I go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave this is my last because I go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave this is my last because I go from
+simpler to more complicated material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler to more complicated material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler to more complicated material
+wave in in fact theordinary equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in in fact theordinary equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in in fact theordinary equation
+there is a scalar right Max wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a scalar right Max wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a scalar right Max wave
+equation is a transverse wave two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a transverse wave two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a transverse wave two
+component and you learn fance acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and you learn fance acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and you learn fance acoustic
+wave a three components longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave a three components longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave a three components longitudinal
+wave two transverse waves so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave two transverse waves so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave two transverse waves so your
+equation will be a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will be a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will be a lot more
+complex and uh uh in the Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit right uh in Continuum limit uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right uh in Continuum limit uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right uh in Continuum limit uh you
+can write a set of differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write a set of differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write a set of differential equation
+for Co we propagation in the medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Co we propagation in the medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Co we propagation in the medium and
+the way to derive that equation is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to derive that equation is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to derive that equation is say
+starting from FAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from FAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from FAL
+ma right there are not many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma right there are not many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma right there are not many
+equations and uh uh so the F equal Ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and uh uh so the F equal Ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and uh uh so the F equal Ma
+and uh then we need to say inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then we need to say inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then we need to say inside the
+material how I can convert this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material how I can convert this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material how I can convert this into the
+atomic displacement because acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic displacement because acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic displacement because acoustic
+essentially the atoms the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the atoms the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the atoms the material
+displacement from equilibrium position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from equilibrium position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from equilibrium position
+right so if you say Okay displacement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you say Okay displacement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you say Okay displacement is
+the uh R minus r0 that's the equinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh R minus r0 that's the equinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh R minus r0 that's the equinum
+position then a is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position then a is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position then a is just the
+derivative right second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative so now you can try to say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so now you can try to say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so now you can try to say how
+you can relate both sides so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can relate both sides so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can relate both sides so that you
+get a one equation right one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one equation right one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one equation right one equation
+for displacement or velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for displacement or velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for displacement or velocity of the
+material wave and uh uh the way you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave and uh uh the way you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave and uh uh the way you do
+it is think about the force is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is think about the force is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is think about the force is related
+to stress in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stress in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stress in the
+material right and uh uh stress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material right and uh uh stress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material right and uh uh stress is
+related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+strength strength is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength strength is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength strength is related to
+displacement so if you write the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so if you write the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so if you write the all
+those relation you get a wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those relation you get a wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those relation you get a wave equation
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+displacement and that's the acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and that's the acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and that's the acoustic
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+equation okay uh just a few more on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay uh just a few more on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay uh just a few more on that
+and uh uh what you have here is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh what you have here is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh what you have here is the uh
+string typical way of writing string I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string typical way of writing string I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string typical way of writing string I'm
+not going to write the all the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to write the all the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to write the all the equation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+stren is say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stren is say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stren is say a
+tensor and is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and is defined
+as DUI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as DUI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as DUI
+dxj plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxj plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxj plus d
+UJ DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I okay that's the uh strength and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay that's the uh strength and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay that's the uh strength and uh uh
+uh stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stress
+tensor okay so we have uh uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor okay so we have uh uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor okay so we have uh uh what's the
+the hooks law in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hooks law in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hooks law in the
+material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in
+the complecated form the the most say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complecated form the the most say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complecated form the the most say
+general form is really a tensor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form is really a tensor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form is really a tensor right
+say the force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the force the
+stress is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is related to the
+strength right is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength right is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength right is related to the
+strength s so this two hat means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength s so this two hat means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength s so this two hat means a
+second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+tensor okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient right is the uh stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right is the uh stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right is the uh stiffness
+materal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materal
+stiffness elastic stiffness constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness elastic stiffness constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness elastic stiffness constant and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one something times tensor I say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one something times tensor I say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one something times tensor I say is
+actually to get a second order tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to get a second order tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to get a second order tensor
+from a second order tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a second order tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a second order tensor
+multiplication this should be a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication this should be a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication this should be a fourth
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+tensor okay so this is really fource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor okay so this is really fource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor okay so this is really fource
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+tensor and uh each order is a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and uh each order is a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and uh each order is a three
+component Vector is three component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Vector is three component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Vector is three component
+second order tensor line component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order tensor line component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order tensor line component
+fourth order tensor is 81 comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth order tensor is 81 comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth order tensor is 81 comp
+ENT okay so anybody do me solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT okay so anybody do me solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT okay so anybody do me solid
+mechanics that's you must be very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that's you must be very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that's you must be very good
+in the math okay that's a lot of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the math okay that's a lot of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the math okay that's a lot of say
+it's tensor operation and uh uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tensor operation and uh uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tensor operation and uh uh in the
+case of uh in fact you can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of uh in fact you can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of uh in fact you can do to
+symmetry you can simplify 81 to 36 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry you can simplify 81 to 36 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry you can simplify 81 to 36 and
+if you get the isotopic material you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the isotopic material you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the isotopic material you get
+only two so that's the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two so that's the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two so that's the different
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+made but essentially so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but essentially so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but essentially so you have
+displacement you have your stress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement you have your stress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement you have your stress and
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+Force right generally if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force right generally if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force right generally if you have a
+surface you have a norm you have stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you have a norm you have stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you have a norm you have stress
+tensor here Sigma right you have n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor here Sigma right you have n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor here Sigma right you have n is
+Norm then they say is the stress tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm then they say is the stress tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm then they say is the stress tensor
+uh say the norm times a stress tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say the norm times a stress tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say the norm times a stress tensor
+that gives you the force acting on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the force acting on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the force acting on that
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+right so essentially here those relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so essentially here those relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so essentially here those relation
+give me if I substitute everything back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me if I substitute everything back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me if I substitute everything back
+into the fal Ma I should get acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fal Ma I should get acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fal Ma I should get acoustic
+wave equation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation in the
+material but say uh except here if you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but say uh except here if you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but say uh except here if you I
+was look at this I should I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was look at this I should I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was look at this I should I know this
+one I get the time or second order time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get the time or second order time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get the time or second order time
+derivative right on the left hand side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative right on the left hand side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative right on the left hand side I
+should get the space second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get the space second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get the space second order
+derivative to get the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to get the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to get the wave equation
+right so so the way I just wrote The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the way I just wrote The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the way I just wrote The
+fals N Sigma will give Sigma equals say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals N Sigma will give Sigma equals say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals N Sigma will give Sigma equals say
+proportional to S that's only first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to S that's only first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to S that's only first
+order in space it's not second order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in space it's not second order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in space it's not second order in
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+yet and the reason is you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and the reason is you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and the reason is you have to do
+your final element analysis so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final element analysis so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final element analysis so you take
+a differential volume right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential volume right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential volume right you have
+Force difference right that's the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force difference right that's the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force difference right that's the left
+force that difference will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that difference will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that difference will give you the
+space second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space second order
+derivative and so you you got say second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so you you got say second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so you you got say second
+order derivative on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order derivative on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order derivative on the left hand side
+second order time derivative in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order time derivative in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order time derivative in the
+right hand side you get the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you get the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you get the wave
+equation that's acoustic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's acoustic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's acoustic wave
+equation you can say if I write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can say if I write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can say if I write it down
+it will be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be very very
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh so this is a in general you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is a in general you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is a in general you can have
+the equation for quis wave and uh if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for quis wave and uh if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for quis wave and uh if uh
+you can also calculate there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also calculate there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also calculate there is also
+acoustic pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic pointing vector
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay the time a average theistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay the time a average theistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay the time a average theistic
+pointing Vector this is not the stren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector this is not the stren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector this is not the stren
+pointing Vector is 1 half real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector is 1 half real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector is 1 half real part of
+velocity which is the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is the first order
+derivative and times the stress tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and times the stress tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and times the stress tensor
+so uh this is a uh like the force times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a uh like the force times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a uh like the force times
+the velocity gives you the work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity gives you the work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity gives you the work that's
+the uh uh the energy flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh the energy flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh the energy flux
+there okay and uh now what happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and uh now what happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and uh now what happens for
+acoustic wave coming towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface okay and when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface okay and when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface okay and when we have
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+wave we have of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave we have of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave we have of course
+reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and
+refraction and that's the same we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and that's the same we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and that's the same we have
+but it depends on whether the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it depends on whether the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it depends on whether the incoming
+wave is a longitudinal wave is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a longitudinal wave is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a longitudinal wave is a
+transverse wave and if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse wave and if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse wave and if it's the
+transverse wave which direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse wave which direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse wave which direction I
+project right the plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project right the plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project right the plan of
+incident and uh so if the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and uh so if the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and uh so if the displacement
+is in the plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the plan of
+instance that's a SV wave and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that's a SV wave and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that's a SV wave and here
+longitudinal wave this is L wave right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal wave this is L wave right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal wave this is L wave right
+and in most General case what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in most General case what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in most General case what happens is
+you do your again your at the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your again your at the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your again your at the interface
+you have boundary condition and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have boundary condition and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have boundary condition and you can
+derive and turns out in general case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive and turns out in general case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive and turns out in general case a
+swa wave or longitudinal wave can inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swa wave or longitudinal wave can inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swa wave or longitudinal wave can inside
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+waves you can have also longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves you can have also longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves you can have also longitudinal
+wave you can have S Wave and Sh sh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you can have S Wave and Sh sh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you can have S Wave and Sh sh is
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+polarization perpendicular to the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization perpendicular to the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization perpendicular to the plan
+incident so that's the complication for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident so that's the complication for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident so that's the complication for
+acoustic waves and you have mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves and you have mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves and you have mode
+conversion okay from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion okay from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion okay from one
+mode one polarization to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode one polarization to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode one polarization to other
+polarization and if because of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and if because of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and if because of this you
+can also have transmitted also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have transmitted also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have transmitted also have
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+polarizations okay and if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations okay and if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations okay and if it's a
+isotopic medium you only have two Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic medium you only have two Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic medium you only have two Branch
+right so this will be degenerate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this will be degenerate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this will be degenerate and you
+can have L waves and say uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have L waves and say uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have L waves and say uh the uh
+transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse
+wave so this is a uh uh the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so this is a uh uh the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so this is a uh uh the uh uh
+General case and the formula in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General case and the formula in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General case and the formula in fact uh
+uh there was a really good book when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a really good book when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a really good book when uh
+that's a book by old I would suggest if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a book by old I would suggest if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a book by old I would suggest if
+anybody interested in this because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody interested in this because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody interested in this because it
+actually trade Max equation and costal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trade Max equation and costal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trade Max equation and costal
+wave equations side by side and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equations side by side and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equations side by side and and that
+gives say very good learning and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives say very good learning and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives say very good learning and then
+when I I read Aquis waves so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I I read Aquis waves so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I I read Aquis waves so that's the
+I know Max equation that's how I learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know Max equation that's how I learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know Max equation that's how I learn
+AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+okay and um uh now if you go to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um uh now if you go to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um uh now if you go to do uh
+I'm not going to give you any angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to give you any angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to give you any angular
+relation but the reflectance of quistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but the reflectance of quistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but the reflectance of quistic
+wave right uh at the L incidence it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right uh at the L incidence it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right uh at the L incidence it's
+very similar to the reflectance of opal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the reflectance of opal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the reflectance of opal
+wave at low more incidence and same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave at low more incidence and same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave at low more incidence and same as
+the electron waves at low more incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron waves at low more incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron waves at low more incidence
+so reflectance is Z1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reflectance is Z1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reflectance is Z1 minus
+Z2 and Z1 + Z2 squar well this is z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 and Z1 + Z2 squar well this is z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 and Z1 + Z2 squar well this is z is
+density times velocity square root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times velocity square root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times velocity square root and
+this is acoustic impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh it's density times velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh it's density times velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh it's density times velocity
+speed of sound you can roughly think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound you can roughly think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound you can roughly think
+that and uh again it's the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh again it's the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh again it's the difference in
+acoustical impedance that gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustical impedance that gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustical impedance that gives the
+reflection of acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of acoustic
+waves right and uh you can write the sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right and uh you can write the sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right and uh you can write the sh
+law and for example you the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and for example you the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and for example you the the the
+problem is for Schell law this is a uh v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is for Schell law this is a uh v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is for Schell law this is a uh v
+i angle say velocity of the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i angle say velocity of the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i angle say velocity of the incident
+wave but say even on the same side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but say even on the same side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but say even on the same side you
+can have reflection to other angle due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have reflection to other angle due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have reflection to other angle due
+to Mo conversion right the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mo conversion right the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mo conversion right the lateral
+momentum so KX has to conserve that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so KX has to conserve that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so KX has to conserve that's a
+sell law and uh uh so what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell law and uh uh so what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell law and uh uh so what you have is
+even for the same side right let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for the same side right let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for the same side right let's say
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+reflected also for longitudinal let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected also for longitudinal let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected also for longitudinal let's
+say you then you have to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you then you have to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you then you have to say the
+longitudinal wave there's the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal wave there's the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal wave there's the angle
+there angular relation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there angular relation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there angular relation that's
+essentially tells you the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tells you the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tells you the lateral
+momentum conservation and for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation and for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation and for the other
+side you have similar right if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmitted way t uh transmitted uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted way t uh transmitted uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted way t uh transmitted uh yeah
+uh say on the say let's reflected side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say on the say let's reflected side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say on the say let's reflected side
+transmitted side so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted side so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted side so those are the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+for acoustic waves so again uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acoustic waves so again uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acoustic waves so again uh you can
+have uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the
+um if you look at those relations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at those relations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at those relations you
+can still have total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still have total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still have total internal reflection
+right acoustic wave can also be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right acoustic wave can also be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right acoustic wave can also be totally
+internal reflected so if you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflected so if you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflected so if you go from
+medium like uh say uh I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium like uh say uh I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium like uh say uh I think it's
+German for example to Silicon if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German for example to Silicon if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German for example to Silicon if you
+launch uh see latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh see latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh see latest
+waves and and you look at the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and and you look at the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and and you look at the relation
+there is a to critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a to critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a to critical
+angle and above the critical angle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and above the critical angle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and above the critical angle there
+reflect total internal reflection and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect total internal reflection and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect total internal reflection and on
+the other side then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side then you have
+correspondingly aescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly aescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly aescent
+weight doesn't carry energy to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight doesn't carry energy to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight doesn't carry energy to the other
+side but Atomic there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but Atomic there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but Atomic there is
+vibration exponential decay from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration exponential decay from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration exponential decay from the
+surface okay so all those wave have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so all those wave have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so all those wave have
+similar phenomena you see the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar phenomena you see the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar phenomena you see the equations
+you start with could be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with could be very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with could be very different
+but General wave Behavior share a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarities okay so uh that's waves at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities okay so uh that's waves at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities okay so uh that's waves at
+a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+interface right and what we moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right and what we moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right and what we moving on
+that is what about multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what about multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what about multiple
+interfaces and single interface is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and single interface is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and single interface is only
+reflection refraction uh I want to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection refraction uh I want to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection refraction uh I want to I
+don't want to before I read this I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to before I read this I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to before I read this I do
+want to make another comment we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make another comment we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make another comment we said
+that okay because this s LW right if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay because this s LW right if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay because this s LW right if n
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+negative you you draw your light how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you you draw your light how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you you draw your light how the
+reflection refraction should happen then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection refraction should happen then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection refraction should happen then
+if if n is netive it goes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if n is netive it goes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if n is netive it goes this
+way your your Theta goes the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way your your Theta goes the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way your your Theta goes the other way
+so the that's why at the beginning there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the that's why at the beginning there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the that's why at the beginning there
+are a lot of loose articles of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of loose articles of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of loose articles of light
+Bend wrong way or stuff electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend wrong way or stuff electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend wrong way or stuff electromagnetic
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+materials okay um so what we approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials okay um so what we approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials okay um so what we approaching
+next is uh uh uh multi-layers s films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+films so uh uh when I I say that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films so uh uh when I I say that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films so uh uh when I I say that before
+we have one interface now let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one interface now let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one interface now let's go to
+two interface right that's a go from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two interface right that's a go from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two interface right that's a go from two
+interface for to any interface that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface for to any interface that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface for to any interface that
+actually call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually call
+straightforward and uh so the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and uh so the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and uh so the physics
+what happens is I have the wave comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is I have the wave comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is I have the wave comes in
+the first interface let's say N1 one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first interface let's say N1 one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first interface let's say N1 one and
+two and three my formula is written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three my formula is written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three my formula is written in
+terms of small n but you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of small n but you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of small n but you can write the
+keep capital and everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep capital and everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep capital and everything is
+identical okay and uh so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical okay and uh so what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical okay and uh so what happens is
+at the first interface you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first interface you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first interface you have
+refraction you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction you have
+reflection you can use your frel formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection you can use your frel formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection you can use your frel formula
+to calculate that reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate that reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate that reflection and
+refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction
+transmitter and when it comes to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter and when it comes to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter and when it comes to the the
+second propagate right we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second propagate right we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second propagate right we know how to
+write the wave propagation the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the wave propagation the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the wave propagation the face
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+here we have the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor right that's my face Factor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor right that's my face Factor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor right that's my face Factor so
+when the Z change I know how to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Z change I know how to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Z change I know how to write it
+down for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for different
+media and then at the second interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and then at the second interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and then at the second interface
+you have reflection you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have reflection you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have reflection you have
+transmission and once it transmitting N3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and once it transmitting N3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and once it transmitting N3
+I don't have anything coming back so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have anything coming back so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have anything coming back so I
+can say that part is going forward this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that part is going forward this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that part is going forward this
+one coming back is troublesome because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coming back is troublesome because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coming back is troublesome because
+it come back H the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come back H the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come back H the interface
+again and then I get again transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then I get again transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then I get again transmission
+from two to one and reflection every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two to one and reflection every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two to one and reflection every
+time I can use my fril
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can use my fril
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can use my fril
+formula plus the propagating F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula plus the propagating F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula plus the propagating F
+factor to try twist right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor to try twist right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor to try twist right so
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+reflection and that's one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and that's one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and that's one way to do it
+you add up the field you use the FR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up the field you use the FR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up the field you use the FR
+formula but it's pretty tedious I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but it's pretty tedious I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but it's pretty tedious I can
+say you can say it's a infinite series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can say it's a infinite series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can say it's a infinite series
+because there are Infinite L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are Infinite L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are Infinite L of
+reflection Transmission in theory right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection Transmission in theory right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection Transmission in theory right
+so uh that's uh uh uh you twist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's uh uh uh you twist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's uh uh uh you twist the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+and uh uh if you don't consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh if you don't consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh if you don't consider the
+face of the light right M wave then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of the light right M wave then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of the light right M wave then
+that's people do this is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's people do this is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's people do this is pretty much
+like a monal people do retracing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a monal people do retracing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a monal people do retracing they
+trace the trajectory of like bundles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the trajectory of like bundles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the trajectory of like bundles and
+they're commercial code to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're commercial code to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're commercial code to do that in
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+geometry but when you have those face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but when you have those face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but when you have those face
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+changing it becomes a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it becomes a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it becomes a lot more
+complicated to actually Trace and Carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to actually Trace and Carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to actually Trace and Carry
+Your Face of the field and uh uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Face of the field and uh uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Face of the field and uh uh not
+very computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very computationally
+efficient so at least for th films flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so at least for th films flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so at least for th films flat
+structure there are different way other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there are different way other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there are different way other
+other ways to do it and uh uh the Le way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to do it and uh uh the Le way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to do it and uh uh the Le way
+is here at each interface I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here at each interface I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here at each interface I can use the
+frel right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frel right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frel right
+formula but say the next one is I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but say the next one is I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but say the next one is I don't
+care about the say the I add all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the say the I add all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the say the I add all
+together because the face factor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because the face factor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because the face factor is the
+same for each one right so okay I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for each one right so okay I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for each one right so okay I say
+this is my incident this is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my incident this is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my incident this is the total
+resulted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted
+reflection right and this is my total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right and this is my total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right and this is my total
+forward propagating and my reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward propagating and my reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward propagating and my reflected
+propagator inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator inside the
+film and this is my total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and this is my total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and this is my total
+transmitted right and in that case I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted right and in that case I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted right and in that case I I
+do not know the relation between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know the relation between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know the relation between this
+point and this point because this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this point because this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this point because this one is
+summing up many of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up many of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up many of this
+forward same this is summing up many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward same this is summing up many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward same this is summing up many
+backward right so I have to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward right so I have to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward right so I have to use my
+boundary condition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition to
+refund the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refund the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refund the
+relations among the incident reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations among the incident reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations among the incident reflected
+here is forward backward transmitted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is forward backward transmitted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is forward backward transmitted so
+this is another way to do it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another way to do it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another way to do it using
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+right and this is a resultant wave let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a resultant wave let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a resultant wave let's
+say positive this is a backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say positive this is a backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say positive this is a backward
+propagated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated uh
+reflected and incident and you of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and incident and you of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and incident and you of course
+there are different polarization if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different polarization if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different polarization if I
+consider TM wave then that's what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider TM wave then that's what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider TM wave then that's what I have
+to do as we do single in plan and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do as we do single in plan and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do as we do single in plan and here
+is transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transmitted
+right so that's a that's a way that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a that's a way that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a that's a way that I'm
+going to follow through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+math and uh even this way this way is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and uh even this way this way is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and uh even this way this way is a
+pretty intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty intuitive
+mathematically but even this way is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically but even this way is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically but even this way is not
+very convenient if you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient if you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient if you have many
+layers and the if you have many mirers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and the if you have many mirers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and the if you have many mirers
+the best is using a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best is using a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best is using a matrix
+format okay and the Matrix format is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format okay and the Matrix format is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format okay and the Matrix format is not
+say I I consider total electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I consider total electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I consider total electric field
+this is incident reflected right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is incident reflected right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is incident reflected right but I
+don't distinguish incident reflected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't distinguish incident reflected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't distinguish incident reflected the
+total local electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total local electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total local electric field
+field and the total magnetic field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the total magnetic field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the total magnetic field so
+here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I
+have and the the the the point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the the the the point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the the the the point I want to
+use is the continuity right if I if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is the continuity right if I if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is the continuity right if I if you
+record the boundary condition foran wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the boundary condition foran wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the boundary condition foran wave
+is at the interface I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the interface I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the interface I have the
+tangential component of electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential component of electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential component of electric field
+the magnetic field as long as there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field as long as there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field as long as there's no
+sheet current there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet current there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet current there is
+equal on both sides so so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal on both sides so so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal on both sides so so what I'm going
+to do is say I use say uh I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is say I use say uh I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is say I use say uh I know the
+face factor from this point to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face factor from this point to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face factor from this point to this
+point and from this point to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and from this point to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and from this point to this point
+so I know actually the relation the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know actually the relation the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know actually the relation the face
+the relation between the electrical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between the electrical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between the electrical and
+magnetic field between these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field between these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field between these two points
+and these two points will be reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two points will be reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two points will be reflected
+the asce let's say I have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asce let's say I have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asce let's say I have e
+x0 h y0 that's the at this point relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 h y0 that's the at this point relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 h y0 that's the at this point relate
+to this point through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix and that Matrix you can get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and that Matrix you can get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and that Matrix you can get from
+the solution of Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of Max
+equation and uh then to this point is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh then to this point is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh then to this point is e
+ex uh let's say here I have D this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thickness and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and uh
+Hy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hy
+D so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so
+so uh this Matrix will make me my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this Matrix will make me my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this Matrix will make me my life
+much e easier because if I know the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much e easier because if I know the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much e easier because if I know the so
+you relate the electric field total it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relate the electric field total it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relate the electric field total it's
+not forward backward is add up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not forward backward is add up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not forward backward is add up or
+forward and backward total electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backward total electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backward total electric
+field total magnetic field at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field total magnetic field at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field total magnetic field at this
+point through the total electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point through the total electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point through the total electric field
+total magnetic field through a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total magnetic field through a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total magnetic field through a matrix
+element and then know my continuity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then know my continuity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then know my continuity you
+say propagating to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say propagating to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say propagating to the other
+side this electric field magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this electric field magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this electric field magnetic field
+is the same on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same on both
+sides so this point is the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so this point is the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so this point is the same as this
+point so I can connect many many layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I can connect many many layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I can connect many many layers
+together just by matrix sum say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together just by matrix sum say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together just by matrix sum say
+multiplications continue this to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications continue this to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications continue this to build
+up any layer so this one is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up any layer so this one is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up any layer so this one is most
+convenient to use and that's transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to use and that's transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to use and that's transfer
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact the transfer Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the transfer Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the transfer Matrix is
+used widely for many different problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used widely for many different problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used widely for many different problems
+there are people dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people dealing with
+multi-layer heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer heat
+conduction right and in that case your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction right and in that case your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction right and in that case your
+continuity is temperature and heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is temperature and heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is temperature and heat flux
+at the interface are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface are
+continuous so using that if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous so using that if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous so using that if you can
+relate the temperature and heat flux at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate the temperature and heat flux at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate the temperature and heat flux at
+this point to this point and AC cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to this point and AC cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to this point and AC cross
+interface continuous so you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface continuous so you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface continuous so you just say
+write a similar Matrix and you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a similar Matrix and you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a similar Matrix and you do your
+matrix multiplication for many layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication for many layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication for many layers
+right so it's a very useful mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a very useful mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a very useful mathematical
+approach for many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for many different
+problems but say what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but say what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but say what I'm going to do is
+spend a little time here and let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little time here and let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little time here and let's use
+this to get the basic idea how I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to get the basic idea how I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to get the basic idea how I'm going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multi-layers and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you what we need to write down is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we need to write down is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we need to write down is
+essentially like a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like a two
+interface condition before last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface condition before last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface condition before last lecture
+we wrote One interface we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote One interface we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote One interface we had two
+equations and now I have two interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and now I have two interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and now I have two interface
+and I need to write the propagating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need to write the propagating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need to write the propagating the
+face I need to carry because from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face I need to carry because from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face I need to carry because from this
+point this point there's a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this point there's a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this point there's a distance
+traveled and if I look at this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled and if I look at this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled and if I look at this right
+plan wave when go Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan wave when go Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan wave when go Z is
+moving right Omega doesn't is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right Omega doesn't is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right Omega doesn't is the
+same and the X component that's they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and the X component that's they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and the X component that's they say
+is the LA take care so this one I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the LA take care so this one I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the LA take care so this one I don't
+X I don't need to vary all St law is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I don't need to vary all St law is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I don't need to vary all St law is all
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+valid and Omega T I don't need to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and Omega T I don't need to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and Omega T I don't need to vary
+what I need to vary is carrying this pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to vary is carrying this pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to vary is carrying this pH
+term the Z term because I go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the Z term because I go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the Z term because I go from this
+is my Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Z
+direction right when I go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right when I go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right when I go from this
+point to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this
+point I have if this is origin Z to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I have if this is origin Z to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I have if this is origin Z to D
+that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my
+Z okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you can write your EI the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can write your EI the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can write your EI the incident
+and expon poti sure uh Mass I the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expon poti sure uh Mass I the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expon poti sure uh Mass I the face
+factor I write z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor I write z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor I write z Direction
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+uh now say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now say
+N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta
+I and Lambda Z so this is my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and Lambda Z so this is my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and Lambda Z so this is my uh
+incident and uh similarly reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to
+be uh comfortable in carrying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh comfortable in carrying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh comfortable in carrying this
+positive N1 cosine Theta I because law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive N1 cosine Theta I because law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive N1 cosine Theta I because law
+so Theta the angle is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Theta the angle is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Theta the angle is the
+same Z right so this is the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Z right so this is the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Z right so this is the incident
+reflected in medium one and same you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in medium one and same you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in medium one and same you can
+write the uh transmitted right the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the uh transmitted right the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the uh transmitted right the four
+prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob
+e+ like I said I do not this is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e+ like I said I do not this is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e+ like I said I do not this is not just
+this the origin is not just from EI it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the origin is not just from EI it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the origin is not just from EI it's
+from the modle reflection so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the modle reflection so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the modle reflection so I don't
+know the relation so I want to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the relation so I want to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the relation so I want to say this
+is the E uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the E uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the E uh let's say
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+exponential face Factor inside is I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential face Factor inside is I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential face Factor inside is I and
+to cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cosine
+Theta uh let's see here using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta uh let's see here using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta uh let's see here using
+two and Lambda Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and Lambda Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and Lambda Z
+and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+exponential that is opposite direction n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that is opposite direction n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that is opposite direction n
+to cosine Theta 2 Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cosine Theta 2 Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cosine Theta 2 Lambda
+Z right you can also write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right you can also write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right you can also write the
+transmission there now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission there now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission there now I
+apply the continuity the same boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the continuity the same boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the continuity the same boundary
+condition as I did before for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition as I did before for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition as I did before for the first
+interface and for the second interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and for the second interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and for the second interface
+the tangential component of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangential component of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangential component of the electric
+and the magnetic field are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field are
+continuous right so for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right so for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right so for the first
+interface when I take my origin of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface when I take my origin of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface when I take my origin of Z
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z cleverly choosing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z cleverly choosing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z cleverly choosing your
+coordinate okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay so that
+is the tangential component so e i times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tangential component so e i times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tangential component so e i times
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+cine Theta I plus e r cosine sin Theta r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine Theta I plus e r cosine sin Theta r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine Theta I plus e r cosine sin Theta r
+equal e + cosine Theta 2+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal e + cosine Theta 2+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal e + cosine Theta 2+
+eus cine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus cine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus cine Theta
+2 right so that's the tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right so that's the tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right so that's the tangential
+component on the two sides this side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component on the two sides this side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component on the two sides this side and
+this side remember I always add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side remember I always add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side remember I always add up
+total I didn't say is the incident or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total I didn't say is the incident or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total I didn't say is the incident or
+it's the total electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes H yeah I'm sorry so this one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes H yeah I'm sorry so this one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes H yeah I'm sorry so this one is the
+same Theta I Theta R is the same Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Theta I Theta R is the same Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Theta I Theta R is the same Theta I
+so the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the law
+right and uh uh and then say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh and then say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh and then say the
+magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is
+n remember say uh is M1 mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n remember say uh is M1 mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n remember say uh is M1 mu
+c0 and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and uh
+EI minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI minus e
+r right that's the relation we say h y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r right that's the relation we say h y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r right that's the relation we say h y
+we deriv last time the relation if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deriv last time the relation if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deriv last time the relation if I
+know electric field I know the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electric field I know the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electric field I know the magnetic
+field is n muc times electric field for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is n muc times electric field for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is n muc times electric field for
+opposite propagating because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite propagating because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite propagating because of the
+direction change my right hand rule I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction change my right hand rule I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction change my right hand rule I
+have a negative sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative sign in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative sign in the
+front right and the same is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front right and the same is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front right and the same is uh
+N2 mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 mu
+c0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and
+e+ and m e minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e+ and m e minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e+ and m e minus
+so this is the amplitude e plus e minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the amplitude e plus e minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the amplitude e plus e minus
+of the forward propagating and backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward propagating and backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward propagating and backward
+propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating
+waves and of course I need a two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and of course I need a two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and of course I need a two other
+equation because I have e+ e minus UNL e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because I have e+ e minus UNL e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because I have e+ e minus UNL e
+UNL and also transmitted UNL I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNL and also transmitted UNL I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNL and also transmitted UNL I need a
+four more two more equation to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four more two more equation to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four more two more equation to close
+this that's either the other interface I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's either the other interface I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's either the other interface I
+have two interface each interface give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two interface each interface give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two interface each interface give
+me two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me two equations
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so the other interface now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other interface now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other interface now you have to
+carry your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry your face
+Factor because when the way propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor because when the way propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor because when the way propagating
+from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D so you have to write zal D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so you have to write zal D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so you have to write zal D
+now again your electric field is the e+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again your electric field is the e+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again your electric field is the e+
+here right project into the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right project into the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right project into the X Direction
+This Is My X direction is cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Is My X direction is cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Is My X direction is cosine
+Theta so is a cosine Theta 2 exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so is a cosine Theta 2 exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so is a cosine Theta 2 exponential
+I5 uh minus II 2 5 2 is my f Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I5 uh minus II 2 5 2 is my f Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I5 uh minus II 2 5 2 is my f Factor
+let's say you can look at that is N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you can look at that is N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you can look at that is N2
+cosine Theta 2 so let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta 2 so let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta 2 so let me write it
+down so 5 2 = N2 cosine Theta 2 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so 5 2 = N2 cosine Theta 2 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so 5 2 = N2 cosine Theta 2 2 over
+Lambda * D so e I5 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda * D so e I5 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda * D so e I5 2 plus
+eus and cosine Theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus and cosine Theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus and cosine Theta 2
+e II 2 this is a backward going back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e II 2 this is a backward going back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e II 2 this is a backward going back so
+the Z V Vector is going backward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z V Vector is going backward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z V Vector is going backward so
+that's my plus wave plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my plus wave plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my plus wave plus
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+right and then say my e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then say my e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then say my e
+transmitted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted so
+e cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cosine Theta
+T exponential Mass I 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T exponential Mass I 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T exponential Mass I 5
+3 okay and this 53
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay and this 53
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay and this 53
+is uh you do N3 cosine theta 3 Lambda or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you do N3 cosine theta 3 Lambda or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you do N3 cosine theta 3 Lambda or
+* D it doesn't matter in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* D it doesn't matter in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* D it doesn't matter in fact you can
+restart your coordinate this pH Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart your coordinate this pH Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart your coordinate this pH Factor
+at the end because when you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end because when you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end because when you calculate
+the trans M it is you you this cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans M it is you you this cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans M it is you you this cancel
+all drops out this fifth V when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all drops out this fifth V when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all drops out this fifth V when you do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ratio and uh so I have the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and uh so I have the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and uh so I have the magnetic
+field is N2 mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is N2 mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is N2 mu
+c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0
+e+ Mass E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e+ Mass E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e+ Mass E
+minus and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this is the
+N3 mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 mu
+c0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and
+E exponential Mass i5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three now I have four equations I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now I have four equations I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now I have four equations I can
+solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for
+the what I want is really the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what I want is really the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what I want is really the reflected
+to Incident That's reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Incident That's reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Incident That's reflectance
+reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+coefficient transmitt it to Incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient transmitt it to Incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient transmitt it to Incident
+That's the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the transmission
+coefficient right so I have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right so I have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right so I have enough
+equation to solve that problem and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to solve that problem and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to solve that problem and what
+you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find
+is your r equal e r over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your r equal e r over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your r equal e r over
+EI equals R12 that's the frel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI equals R12 that's the frel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI equals R12 that's the frel
+coefficient between one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient between one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient between one and two
+interface plus R23 that's frel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface plus R23 that's frel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface plus R23 that's frel
+coefficient exponential 2 I5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient exponential 2 I5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient exponential 2 I5
+2 and divided by 1 plus R12 R2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and divided by 1 plus R12 R2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and divided by 1 plus R12 R2 3
+exponential 2 I by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential 2 I by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential 2 I by
+2 so this is the reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is the reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is the reflection
+coefficient and similarly you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and similarly you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and similarly you can do
+your transmission coefficient the e v i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your transmission coefficient the e v i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your transmission coefficient the e v i
+equals uh T12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh T12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh T12
+t23 exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i52 and 1 + R1 2 R2 3 exponential 2 I 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i52 and 1 + R1 2 R2 3 exponential 2 I 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i52 and 1 + R1 2 R2 3 exponential 2 I 52
+so some comments here so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some comments here so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some comments here so you can see the
+transmission you have EI 52 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission you have EI 52 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission you have EI 52 that's the
+first pass so doesn't have double there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pass so doesn't have double there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pass so doesn't have double there
+right and the denominator reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the denominator reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the denominator reflecting
+that it's always double so you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's always double so you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's always double so you have two
+ii2 double the back and forth right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ii2 double the back and forth right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ii2 double the back and forth right if
+you look at this the Le transmission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this the Le transmission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this the Le transmission is
+reflection come back and go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection come back and go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection come back and go out
+reflection is the first one and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is the first one and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is the first one and then the
+next one is have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is have to
+go forward reflect go back go out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward reflect go back go out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward reflect go back go out right
+so that's where this effect of two comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this effect of two comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this effect of two comes
+from and second you will say that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and second you will say that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and second you will say that if you
+square this you get a s cosine so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square this you get a s cosine so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square this you get a s cosine so you
+get the interference periodical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the interference periodical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the interference periodical
+variations of reflectance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of reflectance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of reflectance and
+transmittance as function of this face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance as function of this face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance as function of this face
+Factor so that's the interference effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh uh I do want to uh uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh I do want to uh uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh I do want to uh uh get
+the MTH done so let me uh uh first give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MTH done so let me uh uh first give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MTH done so let me uh uh first give
+you the MTH and then do the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the MTH and then do the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the MTH and then do the discussion
+in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next
+lecture so I have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I have gone
+through the resultant wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the resultant wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the resultant wave
+method and really say split the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and really say split the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and really say split the electric
+field into forward and backward but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field into forward and backward but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field into forward and backward but I
+said if I if I do this is still not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if I if I do this is still not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if I if I do this is still not very
+convenient and the best is do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and the best is do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and the best is do this
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+Matrix and using the fact that the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and using the fact that the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and using the fact that the both
+electric and magnetic field are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic field are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic field are
+continuous at the interface so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at the interface so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at the interface so what I
+need is to write the here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is to write the here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is to write the here I'm going to
+ask you to read more detail in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book and uh if I do I want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and uh if I do I want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and uh if I do I want to get the
+trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans
+Matrix but eventually I have also come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but eventually I have also come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but eventually I have also come
+back to what I care is the ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what I care is the ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what I care is the ratio so
+right say I care about reflecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say I care about reflecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say I care about reflecting the
+electric field divide by incident so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field divide by incident so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field divide by incident so I
+have I said what I do in mass is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I said what I do in mass is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I said what I do in mass is the
+total total electric field is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total total electric field is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total total electric field is continuous
+total magnetic is continuous but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total magnetic is continuous but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total magnetic is continuous but at the
+end I really want to still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I really want to still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I really want to still have to
+separate them for incident and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them for incident and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them for incident and
+reflection so I need a matrix to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection so I need a matrix to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection so I need a matrix to relate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and uh so if you do your uh uh balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so if you do your uh uh balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so if you do your uh uh balance
+say your electric field so this is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your electric field so this is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your electric field so this is e
+zero right this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right this is my
+Z and this is my X and uh uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and this is my X and uh uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and this is my X and uh uh let's say
+this is a one this is a two and so One X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one this is a two and so One X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one this is a two and so One X
+component zero is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component zero is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component zero is e
+iix plus e uh RX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix plus e uh RX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix plus e uh RX
+X and uh H1 Y at zero so I'm considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh H1 Y at zero so I'm considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh H1 Y at zero so I'm considering
+a TM wave so H1 Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TM wave so H1 Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TM wave so H1 Y
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+N1 mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 mu
+c0 and EI minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and EI minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and EI minus e
+r you can see now I have relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r you can see now I have relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r you can see now I have relation
+between incident reflected electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between incident reflected electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between incident reflected electric
+field to total incident electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to total incident electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to total incident electric field
+total incident magnetic field right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total incident magnetic field right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total incident magnetic field right I
+can inverse this and so all I write into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inverse this and so all I write into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inverse this and so all I write into
+Matrix so this one essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this one essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this one essentially what
+because I want to write everything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to write everything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to write everything into
+Matrix H zero uh H uh one one and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix H zero uh H uh one one and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix H zero uh H uh one one and here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero and this is a one one one over P1 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is a one one one over P1 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is a one one one over P1 M
+one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/
+P1 and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and uh
+eix e RX so I have a uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eix e RX so I have a uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eix e RX so I have a uh this
+P1 is the surface impedence so the e x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 is the surface impedence so the e x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 is the surface impedence so the e x
+Hy and for the TM wave uh we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hy and for the TM wave uh we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hy and for the TM wave uh we have this
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+Theta and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and uh
+n mu c0 so this is for t M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n mu c0 so this is for t M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n mu c0 so this is for t M
+wave and T wave you can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and T wave you can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and T wave you can write a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+expression right so what I wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right so what I wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right so what I wrote down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the total electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total electric
+field total magnetic field relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field total magnetic field relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field total magnetic field relate to
+incident reflected electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident reflected electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident reflected electric
+field through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field through
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+right so there that's either the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there that's either the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there that's either the first
+side because eventually I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because eventually I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because eventually I want to find
+the e i e r relation not just h e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e i e r relation not just h e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e i e r relation not just h e
+relation but say what I'm using is e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but say what I'm using is e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but say what I'm using is e and
+H is continues so uh e and H so E1 x0 E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is continues so uh e and H so E1 x0 E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is continues so uh e and H so E1 x0 E1
+y0 should equal uh e uh 2x0 H H2 y0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 should equal uh e uh 2x0 H H2 y0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 should equal uh e uh 2x0 H H2 y0 so
+that's the continuity of tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the continuity of tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the continuity of tangential
+component right so the second is my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right so the second is my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right so the second is my uh
+if you do your if you go to back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do your if you go to back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do your if you go to back to what
+we just written down on the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just written down on the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just written down on the electric
+field and relate to magnetic field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and relate to magnetic field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and relate to magnetic field and
+you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find
+out is uh H to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+e2x uh Z and H2 y0 so I want to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2x uh Z and H2 y0 so I want to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2x uh Z and H2 y0 so I want to relate
+this point to this point that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to this point that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to this point that's in the
+same media that's just a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same media that's just a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same media that's just a face
+Factor right so if I do that relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor right so if I do that relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor right so if I do that relation
+that gave me Matrix so this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave me Matrix so this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave me Matrix so this point is
+relate to the uh other point what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the uh other point what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the uh other point what I want
+is uh e 2x at the d h 2 Y at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh e 2x at the d h 2 Y at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh e 2x at the d h 2 Y at the
+D so this is this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so this is this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so this is this point
+here here this two points right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here this two points right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here this two points right and in
+between is this Matrix I want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is this Matrix I want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is this Matrix I want and
+that's uh cosine 5 2 and minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh cosine 5 2 and minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh cosine 5 2 and minus I
+P2 S 5 2 and uh Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+P2 sin 5 2 and cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 sin 5 2 and cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 sin 5 2 and cosine
+52 so this is my M transfer Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 so this is my M transfer Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 so this is my M transfer Matrix
+that's what I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I was saying
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+uh the beauty of this is I relate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the beauty of this is I relate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the beauty of this is I relate this
+point to this point now if I add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this point now if I add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this point now if I add another
+layer layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer layer
+three between here and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three between here and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three between here and here is
+continuous right so this point is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right so this point is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right so this point is also
+this point now to find this point I time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point now to find this point I time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point now to find this point I time
+M The Other M here if this is M1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M The Other M here if this is M1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M The Other M here if this is M1 this is
+M2 I time another m i will relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 I time another m i will relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 I time another m i will relate to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point okay so with a transfer Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so with a transfer Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so with a transfer Matrix
+this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my
+M I say if I have n layers just M1 * M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M I say if I have n layers just M1 * M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M I say if I have n layers just M1 * M2
+* m n so I can do any layers easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh finally is my transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh finally is my transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh finally is my transmitted
+the last one right Co when it goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one right Co when it goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one right Co when it goes out
+does not have anything coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have anything coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have anything coming
+back so I still need to relate to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so I still need to relate to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so I still need to relate to that
+so my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation is let's say if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is let's say if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is let's say if this is
+transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted
+exd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exd
+hyd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyd
+so and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and uh it
+equals 1 1 / p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 1 / p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 1 / p
+3 e TX because in this case this is my 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 e TX because in this case this is my 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 e TX because in this case this is my 1
+2 three and the transmitted field only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 three and the transmitted field only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 three and the transmitted field only
+has one forward proper not backward so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one forward proper not backward so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one forward proper not backward so I
+have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple
+with this if you can say I can use all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this if you can say I can use all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this if you can say I can use all
+this relation the first one because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation the first one because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation the first one because this
+one is continuous equal this one so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is continuous equal this one so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is continuous equal this one so I
+have you can say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can say this
+Matrix one one uh let let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix one one uh let let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix one one uh let let me let me
+don't do this I will use this one as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do this I will use this one as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do this I will use this one as my
+um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is
+my here is my a let's say this is the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my here is my a let's say this is the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my here is my a let's say this is the a
+this is a matrix right so if I use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matrix right so if I use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matrix right so if I use my
+continuity is a times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is a times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is a times e
+IX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX
+hrx that's here that equals here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hrx that's here that equals here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hrx that's here that equals here this
+equals this that's equals this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this that's equals this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this that's equals this so
+equals m times this one that's that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m times this one that's that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m times this one that's that the
+other interface that equals this so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interface that equals this so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interface that equals this so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 and E
+TX so with this I can relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX so with this I can relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX so with this I can relate the
+transmit it to incident reflect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit it to incident reflect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit it to incident reflect it to
+incident so this is the uh no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident so this is the uh no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident so this is the uh no matter how
+many layers I just add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many layers I just add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many layers I just add the
+multiplication of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+okay and uh uh the when you do if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh the when you do if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh the when you do if you do
+this kind of calculation this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of calculation this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of calculation this is a
+people design any codings the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people design any codings the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people design any codings the design
+coding they'll do for as long as a SYM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding they'll do for as long as a SYM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding they'll do for as long as a SYM
+coding you do a transfer Matrix and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding you do a transfer Matrix and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding you do a transfer Matrix and it
+has various kind of interference effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has various kind of interference effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has various kind of interference effects
+and come into uh design the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come into uh design the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come into uh design the the
+desirable uh value and when you do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable uh value and when you do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable uh value and when you do those
+kind of operation the key is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of operation the key is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of operation the key is you have to
+be careful because sometimes this blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful because sometimes this blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful because sometimes this blow
+up okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay and uh
+uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the
+um depends on whether you for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depends on whether you for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depends on whether you for example if
+your file itself is complex that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your file itself is complex that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your file itself is complex that's
+actually exponential function so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exponential function so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exponential function so this
+could uh create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh create
+troubles uh I think I say for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles uh I think I say for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles uh I think I say for this one
+what I want to uh I just want to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to uh I just want to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to uh I just want to stop
+here um I let me not showing the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I let me not showing the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I let me not showing the uh the
+the uh I saw I was going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh I saw I was going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh I saw I was going to have some
+time to browse but say what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to browse but say what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to browse but say what I want to
+say is if you I have not lost you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is if you I have not lost you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is if you I have not lost you first
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+chapters you can now open any Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters you can now open any Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters you can now open any Journal
+you can make a say probably half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a say probably half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a say probably half of the
+paper collection to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper collection to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper collection to what you
+learn and I challenge you to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and I challenge you to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and I challenge you to look at the
+when I see any Journal like I say don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I see any Journal like I say don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I see any Journal like I say don't
+consider the bio science okay I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the bio science okay I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the bio science okay I haven't
+talk about that right you will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that right you will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that right you will probably
+learn I was looking at the see Nan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn I was looking at the see Nan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn I was looking at the see Nan
+letters energy environmental science ler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters energy environmental science ler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters energy environmental science ler
+photonics ler materials this morning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonics ler materials this morning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonics ler materials this morning I
+think say I I just don't have time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think say I I just don't have time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think say I I just don't have time to go
+through all this uh with you but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this uh with you but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this uh with you but uh you
+should be able to say there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to say there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to say there's something
+that you can relate to okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions oh today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions oh today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions oh today is
+beautiful so I'll finish earlier
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_r7pI2_FjSg.txt b/_r7pI2_FjSg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae6ddafba5e392356fe918f1dc6ed7fc95247d21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_r7pI2_FjSg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's do an example of using Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do an example of using Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do an example of using Newton's
+second law in problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law in problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law in problem
+solving in this example we'll figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving in this example we'll figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving in this example we'll figure out
+why riding in an elevator can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why riding in an elevator can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why riding in an elevator can give you a
+weird sensation of weightlessness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird sensation of weightlessness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird sensation of weightlessness or
+extra weight depending on which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra weight depending on which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra weight depending on which way
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+accelerating so let's say there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating so let's say there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating so let's say there's a
+person standing on a scale in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person standing on a scale in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person standing on a scale in the
+elevator that's accelerating upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator that's accelerating upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator that's accelerating upwards
+with some acceleration a so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some acceleration a so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some acceleration a so we want to
+know what the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the scale
+reads first we need to really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads first we need to really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads first we need to really understand
+what the scale measures the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the scale measures the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the scale measures the number that
+it gives you is related to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you is related to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you is related to the normal
+force that you are exerting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that you are exerting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that you are exerting on the
+scale so this is a Newton's third law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so this is a Newton's third law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so this is a Newton's third law
+pair Force to the normal force that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Force to the normal force that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Force to the normal force that the
+scale exerts on you so if we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale exerts on you so if we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale exerts on you so if we can figure
+out the normal force on the person from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the normal force on the person from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the normal force on the person from
+the scale we'll know what the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale we'll know what the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale we'll know what the scale
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+read now let's set up our coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read now let's set up our coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read now let's set up our coordinate
+system I'm going to assign the upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I'm going to assign the upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I'm going to assign the upward
+direction to be positive Y and since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to be positive Y and since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to be positive Y and since the
+only forces in this problem are acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only forces in this problem are acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only forces in this problem are acting
+vertically I don't need to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically I don't need to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically I don't need to Define
+another Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Direction
+I'll pick the system to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person now I'll think about what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person now I'll think about what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person now I'll think about what we know
+and what we don't since that person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we don't since that person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we don't since that person is
+standing in the elevator and not jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in the elevator and not jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in the elevator and not jumping
+not moving otherwise they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving otherwise they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving otherwise they must be
+accelerating upwards with acceleration a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating upwards with acceleration a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating upwards with acceleration a
+the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of the
+elevator I also know the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator I also know the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator I also know the mass of the
+person so now I have one side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so now I have one side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so now I have one side of
+Newton's Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's Second
+Law now I need to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law now I need to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law now I need to think about what
+vertical forces are acting on the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical forces are acting on the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical forces are acting on the person
+first there's the gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there's the gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there's the gravitational force
+pulling the person down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the person down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the person down this
+gravitational force does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force does not depend on
+the acceleration of the elevator because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of the elevator because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of the elevator because
+the gravitational interaction is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational interaction is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational interaction is just
+between the person and the Earth so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the person and the Earth so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the person and the Earth so the
+force is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is minus
+mg finally I have the normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg finally I have the normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg finally I have the normal force
+that's holding the person up this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's holding the person up this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's holding the person up this is the
+normal force from the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force from the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force from the interaction
+between the person and the scale and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the person and the scale and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the person and the scale and so
+this is the unknown quantity that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the unknown quantity that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the unknown quantity that I'd
+like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+let's look at Newton's second law on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at Newton's second law on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at Newton's second law on the
+left I have FN the normal force that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I have FN the normal force that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I have FN the normal force that I'm
+interested in minus mg the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in minus mg the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in minus mg the gravitational
+pull from the earth and on the right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull from the earth and on the right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull from the earth and on the right I
+have M the person's mass time a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M the person's mass time a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M the person's mass time a the
+acceleration of the elevator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the elevator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the elevator and
+therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the
+person notice that when the elevator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person notice that when the elevator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person notice that when the elevator is
+accelerating the normal force and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating the normal force and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating the normal force and the
+gravitational force do not have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force do not have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force do not have the same
+magnitude that is they don't cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude that is they don't cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude that is they don't cancel
+out so now I can solve for f n and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so now I can solve for f n and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so now I can solve for f n and I can
+find that it's just m * the quantity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it's just m * the quantity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it's just m * the quantity a
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+G have you ever noticed that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G have you ever noticed that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G have you ever noticed that at the
+bottom of an elevator ride when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of an elevator ride when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of an elevator ride when you're
+accelerating upward you feel heavier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating upward you feel heavier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating upward you feel heavier and
+at the top when you're decelerating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top when you're decelerating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top when you're decelerating you
+often feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often feel
+lighter you can see that if I change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter you can see that if I change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter you can see that if I change a
+to minus a in this example that I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus a in this example that I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus a in this example that I'll get
+the normal force is equal to M * G minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force is equal to M * G minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force is equal to M * G minus
+a and this explains that feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this explains that feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this explains that feeling of
+lightness it's always good to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness it's always good to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness it's always good to check that
+answers match physical intuition and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers match physical intuition and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers match physical intuition and I
+encourage you to go and play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go and play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go and play with
+elevators and other physical phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevators and other physical phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevators and other physical phenomena
+around you while you're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you while you're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you while you're going through
+this course to see if your answers make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course to see if your answers make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course to see if your answers make
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a4hLUCX893M.txt b/a4hLUCX893M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9ac754274e80e532c449c6e1150d7acf3ff014b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a4hLUCX893M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is used to determine the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to determine the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to determine the concentration
+of various Solutions in this video we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various Solutions in this video we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various Solutions in this video we'll
+take you through the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you through the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you through the proper
+procedure the number one rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+titration a quick review of buet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration a quick review of buet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration a quick review of buet
+preparation please see the volumetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation please see the volumetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation please see the volumetric
+techniques video for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques video for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques video for more
+information here is the titrant you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here is the titrant you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here is the titrant you'll
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+using take your buet and fill it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using take your buet and fill it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using take your buet and fill it with a
+few milliliters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+titrant then tilt and rotate the buet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant then tilt and rotate the buet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant then tilt and rotate the buet to
+coat the interior surface with titrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat the interior surface with titrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat the interior surface with titrant
+finally allow the buet to drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+completely then fill to above the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely then fill to above the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely then fill to above the zero
+Mark firmly and securely clamp the buet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark firmly and securely clamp the buet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark firmly and securely clamp the buet
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+stand hold on a minute there are air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand hold on a minute there are air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand hold on a minute there are air
+bubbles in the tip we can't have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles in the tip we can't have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles in the tip we can't have those
+in order to get rid of them quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get rid of them quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get rid of them quickly
+rotate the valve back and forth letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the valve back and forth letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the valve back and forth letting
+small amounts of liquid pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amounts of liquid pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amounts of liquid pass through the
+tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip
+intermittently then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittently then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittently then
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+slowly drain your buet to zero or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly drain your buet to zero or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly drain your buet to zero or at
+least close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it is not vital that you drain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is not vital that you drain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is not vital that you drain to
+exactly zero so don't spend all your lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly zero so don't spend all your lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly zero so don't spend all your lab
+time doing this drain to relatively near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing this drain to relatively near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing this drain to relatively near
+it and just be sure to record your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and just be sure to record your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and just be sure to record your
+starting level of titr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let the buett stand for 1 minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the buett stand for 1 minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the buett stand for 1 minute to
+allow drainage from the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow drainage from the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow drainage from the interior
+walls but wait an idea before you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls but wait an idea before you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls but wait an idea before you start
+your titration why not try an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your titration why not try an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your titration why not try an initial
+rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough
+titration it really will help with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration it really will help with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration it really will help with this
+we want to get an idea of where the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get an idea of where the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get an idea of where the end
+point is so here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but wait it's overshot what how' that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait it's overshot what how' that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait it's overshot what how' that
+happened no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened no
+worries it was a rough titration to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries it was a rough titration to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries it was a rough titration to get
+an idea of the end point be sure to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of the end point be sure to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of the end point be sure to take
+note of how much titrant you used so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of how much titrant you used so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of how much titrant you used so you
+have a rough idea of when you're near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rough idea of when you're near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rough idea of when you're near
+the end point during the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point during the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point during the actual
+titration so let's discuss the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration so let's discuss the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration so let's discuss the end point
+you really should know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should know what you're
+shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting
+for here are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for here are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for here are three
+titrations which one has a barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations which one has a barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations which one has a barely
+detectable Shade of Pale pink hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectable Shade of Pale pink hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectable Shade of Pale pink hint
+that's what we're looking for taada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're looking for taada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're looking for taada
+there are your answers the middle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are your answers the middle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are your answers the middle one
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+perfect here's the undershot one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect here's the undershot one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect here's the undershot one
+obviously it needs more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it needs more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it needs more
+base and here's the overshot one too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and here's the overshot one too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and here's the overshot one too
+much base this time going above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much base this time going above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much base this time going above and
+beyond is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond is not
+commendable but here it's perfect it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commendable but here it's perfect it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commendable but here it's perfect it's a
+clear solution with a barely detectable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear solution with a barely detectable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear solution with a barely detectable
+Shade of Pale pink just what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shade of Pale pink just what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shade of Pale pink just what we're
+looking for so now we know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so now we know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so now we know what we're
+aiming for we can move on to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+titration hang on to your lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coats first record initial buett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coats first record initial buett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coats first record initial buett
+value remember you don't have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value remember you don't have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value remember you don't have to start
+at zero you could start here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero you could start here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero you could start here
+or here or even here it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here or even here it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here or even here it doesn't matter
+just be sure to record the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value here is our indicator this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here is our indicator this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here is our indicator this allows
+color changes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color changes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color changes to be
+seen you want to add one or two drops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen you want to add one or two drops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen you want to add one or two drops to
+the solution depending on what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution depending on what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution depending on what kind of
+acid it is the titration can be carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid it is the titration can be carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid it is the titration can be carried
+out rapidly at first since you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rapidly at first since you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rapidly at first since you have a
+general idea of where the end point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of where the end point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of where the end point is
+due to your rough titration earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always remember to swirl after each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember to swirl after each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember to swirl after each
+addition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of
+titrant notice have a color disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant notice have a color disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant notice have a color disappears
+upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon
+swirling but when you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling but when you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling but when you know you're
+nearing the end point what should you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearing the end point what should you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearing the end point what should you do
+well when near the end point slowly add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when near the end point slowly add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when near the end point slowly add
+titrant in small increments closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant in small increments closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant in small increments closely
+monitor any color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor any color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor any color
+changes small increments can mean one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes small increments can mean one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes small increments can mean one
+drop at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember to swirl after each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to swirl after each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to swirl after each
+addition since we want to reach the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition since we want to reach the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition since we want to reach the end
+point within a fraction of the drop we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point within a fraction of the drop we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point within a fraction of the drop we
+need to slowly approach the endpoint how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to slowly approach the endpoint how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to slowly approach the endpoint how
+do we do it well we could use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do it well we could use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do it well we could use the
+plastic tip as seen here this allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tip as seen here this allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tip as seen here this allows for
+smaller drops to come through the tip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller drops to come through the tip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller drops to come through the tip of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+buet and this is the paril that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet and this is the paril that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet and this is the paril that will
+secure the plastic tip to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure the plastic tip to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure the plastic tip to the
+buet first you want to take the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet first you want to take the plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet first you want to take the plastic
+tip and fit it onto to the buet then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and fit it onto to the buet then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and fit it onto to the buet then
+take the paril and wrap it around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the paril and wrap it around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the paril and wrap it around the
+tip and the tip of the buet you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and the tip of the buet you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and the tip of the buet you must
+stretch the paril in order for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch the paril in order for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch the paril in order for it to
+adhere to the glass buet and the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to the glass buet and the plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to the glass buet and the plastic
+tip stretch and wrap stretch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip stretch and wrap stretch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip stretch and wrap stretch and
+wrap then tear off the end when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap then tear off the end when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap then tear off the end when you're
+done make sure it's firm and secure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done make sure it's firm and secure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done make sure it's firm and secure and
+then readjust the buet but before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then readjust the buet but before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then readjust the buet but before you
+start to slowly approach the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to slowly approach the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to slowly approach the end point
+remember to empty air bubbles from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to empty air bubbles from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to empty air bubbles from the
+plastic tip but you may be wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tip but you may be wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tip but you may be wondering
+what is the difference in drop size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference in drop size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference in drop size
+anyway take a look here these are drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway take a look here these are drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway take a look here these are drops
+from a regular buet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a regular buet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a regular buet
+tip and here are small drops from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and here are small drops from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and here are small drops from the
+plastic tip notice their size compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tip notice their size compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tip notice their size compared
+to the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the regular
+buett so you think you've reached the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buett so you think you've reached the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buett so you think you've reached the
+end point you must take care of one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point you must take care of one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point you must take care of one last
+thing there is that last drop in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there is that last drop in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there is that last drop in order
+to make sure you the buet properly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you the buet properly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you the buet properly you
+must pick up this drop use the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must pick up this drop use the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must pick up this drop use the inside
+wall of your flask and touch the tip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of your flask and touch the tip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of your flask and touch the tip of
+the buet this picks up the drop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buet this picks up the drop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buet this picks up the drop and
+allows it to run down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows it to run down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows it to run down the
+side make sure you tilt rotate and swirl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side make sure you tilt rotate and swirl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side make sure you tilt rotate and swirl
+the flask in order to pick up any stray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask in order to pick up any stray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask in order to pick up any stray
+drops that are on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops that are on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops that are on the inside
+walls you can't let those Renegade drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls you can't let those Renegade drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls you can't let those Renegade drops
+get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now but have you really reached the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but have you really reached the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but have you really reached the end
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+make sure it's a clear solution with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's a clear solution with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's a clear solution with a
+barely detectable Shade of Pale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely detectable Shade of Pale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely detectable Shade of Pale
+pink also the color should be persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink also the color should be persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink also the color should be persistent
+that's when you know you've reached the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you know you've reached the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you know you've reached the
+end point but be careful end point color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point but be careful end point color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point but be careful end point color
+is not permanent it will disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not permanent it will disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not permanent it will disappear
+within a few minutes due to carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a few minutes due to carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a few minutes due to carbon
+dioxide absorption from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide absorption from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide absorption from the
+air so now it's time for wrapping things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so now it's time for wrapping things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so now it's time for wrapping things
+up Let the buet stand for 1 minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Let the buet stand for 1 minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Let the buet stand for 1 minute to
+allow drainage from the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow drainage from the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow drainage from the interior
+walls then record the final buet value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls then record the final buet value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls then record the final buet value
+subtract the final volume from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the final volume from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the final volume from the
+starting volume and you'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting volume and you'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting volume and you'll have the
+amount of tight trit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of tight trit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of tight trit
+used taada now you're capable of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used taada now you're capable of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used taada now you're capable of making
+your ta's dream titration come true good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+luck remember this video is intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck remember this video is intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck remember this video is intended to
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+technique it is not intended as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+or the supplementary material in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+important that you understand both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a7JUH-EtHtI.txt b/a7JUH-EtHtI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75e4d1a813b9e426a8175310fa034e72246feca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a7JUH-EtHtI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the technique of derive variables comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique of derive variables comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique of derive variables comes
+up in analyzing state machines so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in analyzing state machines so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in analyzing state machines so let's
+just take a quick look at it together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a quick look at it together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a quick look at it together so
+a derived variable is simply a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derived variable is simply a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derived variable is simply a function
+on the states of a state machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the states of a state machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the states of a state machine that
+assigns some value to the states so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns some value to the states so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns some value to the states so it's
+just a that kind of function mapping if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a that kind of function mapping if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a that kind of function mapping if
+the values happen to be say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values happen to be say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values happen to be say that
+non-negative integers it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative integers it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative integers it's called
+non-negative integer valued but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative integer valued but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative integer valued but it could
+be real valued complex valued and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real valued complex valued and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real valued complex valued and even
+take on other kinds of odd kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on other kinds of odd kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on other kinds of odd kinds of
+values not necessarily numerical no pun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values not necessarily numerical no pun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values not necessarily numerical no pun
+they're not odd numbers but unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not odd numbers but unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not odd numbers but unusual
+values so let's look at the example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so let's look at the example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so let's look at the example at
+the robot on the grid the states were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot on the grid the states were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot on the grid the states were
+pairs of non-negative integers giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of non-negative integers giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of non-negative integers giving
+the coordinates of where the robot was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of where the robot was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of where the robot was
+and one of the derive variables that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the derive variables that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the derive variables that we
+found was really useful was the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was really useful was the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was really useful was the sum
+value Sigma of a state which is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Sigma of a state which is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Sigma of a state which is defined
+to be x plus y and this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be x plus y and this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be x plus y and this would be a
+non-negative integer valued derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative integer valued derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative integer valued derived
+variable so the word derived comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so the word derived comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so the word derived comes
+because we're making it up it's not part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're making it up it's not part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're making it up it's not part
+of the specification of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the specification of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the specification of the state
+machine or part of the program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or part of the program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or part of the program that
+defines this better the the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines this better the the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines this better the the state
+machine so in the robot example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so in the robot example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so in the robot example the
+actual states were composed of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual states were composed of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual states were composed of the two
+coordinates x and y but the derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates x and y but the derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates x and y but the derive
+variable that we made up was there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we made up was there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we made up was there some
+a sigma another useful derived variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sigma another useful derived variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sigma another useful derived variable
+for that robot example was the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that robot example was the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that robot example was the the
+parity of sigma whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity of sigma whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity of sigma whether or not the
+number was even or odd so so sigma is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number was even or odd so so sigma is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number was even or odd so so sigma is a
+zero one valued variable which takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one valued variable which takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one valued variable which takes the
+value 0 if the sum is even and 1 if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 0 if the sum is even and 1 if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 0 if the sum is even and 1 if the
+sum is odd so in the case of fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is odd so in the case of fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is odd so in the case of fast
+exponentiation we looked at the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation we looked at the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation we looked at the actual
+variable Z which was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z which was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z which was part of the
+invariant in a crucial part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant in a crucial part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant in a crucial part in the
+program and what we noticed about Z was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and what we noticed about Z was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and what we noticed about Z was
+that Z was a strictly decreasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z was a strictly decreasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z was a strictly decreasing and
+natural number valued variables matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number valued variables matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number valued variables matter
+of fact we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact we know
+that it have that each step but its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it have that each step but its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it have that each step but its
+values were non-negative integers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values were non-negative integers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values were non-negative integers and
+it's strictly decreasing at every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strictly decreasing at every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strictly decreasing at every step
+so that implies by the well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies by the well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies by the well ordering
+principle that it will take a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that it will take a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that it will take a minimum
+value and what we know about the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what we know about the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what we know about the minimum
+value of a strictly decreasing variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a strictly decreasing variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a strictly decreasing variable
+is that the algorithm is stuck because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the algorithm is stuck because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the algorithm is stuck because
+it once he has reached its minimum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once he has reached its minimum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once he has reached its minimum value
+if the machine took another step then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the machine took another step then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the machine took another step then it
+would get smaller so it can't it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get smaller so it can't it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get smaller so it can't it means
+that the algorithm has to terminate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the algorithm has to terminate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the algorithm has to terminate so
+this gives you a general methodology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you a general methodology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you a general methodology for
+proving termination find a non negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving termination find a non negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving termination find a non negative
+integer valued strictly decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer valued strictly decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer valued strictly decreasing
+variable guarantees the program stops as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable guarantees the program stops as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable guarantees the program stops as
+a matter of fact you can say sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of fact you can say sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of fact you can say sometimes
+how long it will take for the program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it will take for the program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it will take for the program to
+stop as we saw with fast exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop as we saw with fast exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop as we saw with fast exponentiation
+it took not Z which was the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took not Z which was the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took not Z which was the obvious
+bound but in fact log of Z because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound but in fact log of Z because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound but in fact log of Z because he
+only went down at every step it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only went down at every step it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only went down at every step it got
+halved at every step so in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halved at every step so in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halved at every step so in general the
+concept of a strictly decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a strictly decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a strictly decreasing
+variable is 1 as shown here that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is 1 as shown here that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is 1 as shown here that at
+every step of the state machine in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step of the state machine in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step of the state machine in each
+transition it gets strictly smaller a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition it gets strictly smaller a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition it gets strictly smaller a
+related idea is a weakly decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related idea is a weakly decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related idea is a weakly decreasing
+variable these are not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable these are not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable these are not necessarily
+useful for proving termination but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for proving termination but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for proving termination but they
+are often useful as you'll see as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often useful as you'll see as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often useful as you'll see as we
+progress through the term examples where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through the term examples where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through the term examples where
+it helps you analyze the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps you analyze the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps you analyze the behavior of the
+algorithm so a weakly decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so a weakly decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so a weakly decreasing
+variable is one which goes down or stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is one which goes down or stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is one which goes down or stays
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+it never gets larger so if we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never gets larger so if we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never gets larger so if we looked at
+the example of Sigma the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of Sigma the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of Sigma the sum of the
+coordinates that's up and down all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that's up and down all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that's up and down all over
+the place it's neither increasing nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place it's neither increasing nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place it's neither increasing nor
+decreasing the other extreme is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the other extreme is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the other extreme is the
+parity variable pi which was the 0 or 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity variable pi which was the 0 or 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity variable pi which was the 0 or 1
+according to whether or not the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to whether or not the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to whether or not the sum of
+the coordinates was even or odd and pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates was even or odd and pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates was even or odd and pi
+is a constant and that means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant and that means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant and that means that it's
+both weakly increasing and weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both weakly increasing and weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both weakly increasing and weakly
+decreasing in the degenerate sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing in the degenerate sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing in the degenerate sense that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+increasing is allowed to say the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing is allowed to say the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing is allowed to say the same in
+fact something is weakly increasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact something is weakly increasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact something is weakly increasing and
+weakly decreasing if and only if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly decreasing if and only if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly decreasing if and only if it's a
+constant by the way of we used to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant by the way of we used to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant by the way of we used to call
+weakly decreasing variables non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly decreasing variables non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly decreasing variables non
+increasing which is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing which is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing which is the standard
+terminology in the field and calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology in the field and calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology in the field and calculus
+talk about non increasing functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about non increasing functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about non increasing functions and
+we just found that it caused a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just found that it caused a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just found that it caused a lot of
+confusion because you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion because you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion because you have to remember
+that non increasing is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non increasing is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non increasing is not the same as
+not increasing so there's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not increasing so there's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not increasing so there's an example of
+a function that is not increasing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that is not increasing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that is not increasing but
+it's certainly not non increasing and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly not non increasing and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly not non increasing and if
+that didn't register I'll let you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't register I'll let you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't register I'll let you think
+about it by the way this method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it by the way this method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it by the way this method of
+proving termination by finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving termination by finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving termination by finding a
+strictly decreasing a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decreasing a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decreasing a natural number
+valued variable generalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued variable generalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued variable generalizes
+straightforwardly to a variable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly to a variable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly to a variable which
+takes on values from a well-ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on values from a well-ordered set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on values from a well-ordered set
+of real numbers remember a well ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers remember a well ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers remember a well ordered
+set of real numbers one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of real numbers one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of real numbers one of the
+definitions of it is that it's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of it is that it's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of it is that it's a set of
+numbers where it's impossible to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where it's impossible to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where it's impossible to find an
+infinite decreasing sequence of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite decreasing sequence of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite decreasing sequence of values
+w0 less than W one depth less than W two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w0 less than W one depth less than W two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w0 less than W one depth less than W two
+less than W one going on forever if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than W one going on forever if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than W one going on forever if that
+can't happen and then the set is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen and then the set is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen and then the set is called
+well-ordered of course the non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-ordered of course the non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-ordered of course the non-negative
+integers are the most obvious basic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are the most obvious basic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are the most obvious basic case
+but there are a bunch of others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a bunch of others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a bunch of others
+described in the notes and an in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in the notes and an in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in the notes and an in general
+the termination principle is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the termination principle is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the termination principle is that if you
+can find a strictly decreasing variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a strictly decreasing variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a strictly decreasing variable
+derived variable whose values always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived variable whose values always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived variable whose values always
+come from a well ordered set that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a well ordered set that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a well ordered set that also
+is a way to prove termination that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to prove termination that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to prove termination that's
+going to guarantee termination for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to guarantee termination for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to guarantee termination for the
+same reason that the variable will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reason that the variable will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reason that the variable will have
+to take a minimum value that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a minimum value that's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a minimum value that's the other
+definition of well-ordered and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of well-ordered and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of well-ordered and when it
+does that machine can't move anymore
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aDdkt8rRWGs.txt b/aDdkt8rRWGs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f4d6e93ef91c75290f5e448361ebe7037a0db01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aDdkt8rRWGs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+often in linear optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in linear optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in linear optimization problems
+we've estimated the data we're using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've estimated the data we're using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've estimated the data we're using in
+the problem but it's subject to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem but it's subject to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem but it's subject to change
+understanding how the solution changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the solution changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the solution changes
+when the data changes is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the data changes is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the data changes is called
+sensitivity analysis one way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity analysis one way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity analysis one way that the
+data could change is through marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data could change is through marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data could change is through marketing
+decisions suppose that American Airlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions suppose that American Airlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions suppose that American Airlines
+management is trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is trying to figure out
+whether or not it would be beneficial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it would be beneficial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it would be beneficial to
+invest in marketing its fares they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in marketing its fares they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in marketing its fares they
+forecast that the marketing effort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that the marketing effort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that the marketing effort is
+likely to attract one more unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to attract one more unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to attract one more unit of
+demand of each type for every 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand of each type for every 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand of each type for every 200
+dollars spent so for the discount fare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars spent so for the discount fare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars spent so for the discount fare
+the marketing cost per unit is $200 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketing cost per unit is $200 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketing cost per unit is $200 and
+for the regular fare the marketing cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the regular fare the marketing cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the regular fare the marketing cost
+per unit is also $200 we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit is also $200 we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit is also $200 we want to know
+how much it's will increase our marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it's will increase our marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it's will increase our marginal
+revenue for each type of fare this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for each type of fare this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for each type of fare this graph
+shows our current feasible space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows our current feasible space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows our current feasible space and
+optimal solution what would happen if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution what would happen if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution what would happen if we
+increased the marketing for discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the marketing for discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the marketing for discount
+fares the demand for discount fares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fares the demand for discount fares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fares the demand for discount fares
+would increase but since we're not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase but since we're not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase but since we're not even
+meeting the current demand for discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the current demand for discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the current demand for discount
+fares with the optimal solution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fares with the optimal solution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fares with the optimal solution this
+doesn't give us any extra revenue so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give us any extra revenue so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give us any extra revenue so we
+shouldn't add any marketing for discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't add any marketing for discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't add any marketing for discount
+fares actually American Airlines could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fares actually American Airlines could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fares actually American Airlines could
+decrease their budget to market discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease their budget to market discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease their budget to market discount
+fares and even if the demand decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fares and even if the demand decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fares and even if the demand decreases
+it wouldn't change our revenue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't change our revenue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't change our revenue the
+demand could go all the way down to 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand could go all the way down to 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand could go all the way down to 66
+without affecting our decisions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting our decisions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting our decisions in
+sensitivity analysis like this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity analysis like this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity analysis like this were
+often concerned with the shadow price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often concerned with the shadow price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often concerned with the shadow price of
+a constraint for a discount demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint for a discount demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint for a discount demand
+constraint this is the marginal revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint this is the marginal revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint this is the marginal revenue
+gained by increasing the demand by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained by increasing the demand by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained by increasing the demand by one
+unit in this case the shadow price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit in this case the shadow price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit in this case the shadow price is
+zero for demand greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for demand greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for demand greater than or equal to
+66 now let's look at what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 now let's look at what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 now let's look at what happens when
+we market regular fares if we increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we market regular fares if we increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we market regular fares if we increase
+the demand for regular fares our revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for regular fares our revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for regular fares our revenue
+increases if we increase by 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases if we increase by 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases if we increase by 20
+units of demand our revenue increases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of demand our revenue increases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of demand our revenue increases to
+eighty six thousand eight hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty six thousand eight hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty six thousand eight hundred and
+eighty three dollars if we increase by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty three dollars if we increase by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty three dollars if we increase by
+another twenty five units of demand our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another twenty five units of demand our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another twenty five units of demand our
+revenue increases to ninety six thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue increases to ninety six thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue increases to ninety six thousand
+three hundred and fifty eight dollars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred and fifty eight dollars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred and fifty eight dollars so
+what's the shadow price in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shadow price in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shadow price in this case
+remember that the shadow price is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the shadow price is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the shadow price is the
+marginal revenue for a unit increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue for a unit increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue for a unit increase in
+demand in this case of regular seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in this case of regular seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in this case of regular seats
+from 100 to 125 the revenue increased by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 100 to 125 the revenue increased by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 100 to 125 the revenue increased by
+eighty six thousand eight hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty six thousand eight hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty six thousand eight hundred and
+eighty three dollars minus 77489
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thousand four hundred and seventy five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand four hundred and seventy five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand four hundred and seventy five
+dollars since this was an increase of 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars since this was an increase of 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars since this was an increase of 25
+units of demand the shadow price is nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of demand the shadow price is nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of demand the shadow price is nine
+thousand four hundred and seventy five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand four hundred and seventy five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand four hundred and seventy five
+divided by 25 which equals three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 25 which equals three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 25 which equals three hundred
+and seventy nine we can calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seventy nine we can calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seventy nine we can calculate that
+this is the same shadow price from 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same shadow price from 125
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same shadow price from 125
+to 150 so the marginal revenue for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 150 so the marginal revenue for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 150 so the marginal revenue for every
+extra unit of regular demand from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra unit of regular demand from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra unit of regular demand from one
+hundred to one hundred and sixty six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred to one hundred and sixty six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred to one hundred and sixty six is
+three hundred and seventy nine dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred and seventy nine dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred and seventy nine dollars
+so given this analysis how can we help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given this analysis how can we help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given this analysis how can we help
+the marketing department make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketing department make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketing department make their
+decisions the forecast was an extra unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions the forecast was an extra unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions the forecast was an extra unit
+of demand for every two hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand for every two hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand for every two hundred dollars
+spent for discount fares this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent for discount fares this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent for discount fares this isn't
+worth it since the shadow price or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it since the shadow price or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it since the shadow price or
+marginal revenue is zero but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue is zero but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue is zero but for the
+regular fares this is worth it since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular fares this is worth it since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular fares this is worth it since the
+shadow price is three hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow price is three hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow price is three hundred and
+seventy nine dollars so the marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy nine dollars so the marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy nine dollars so the marketing
+department should invest in marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department should invest in marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department should invest in marketing
+regular fares to increase the demand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular fares to increase the demand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular fares to increase the demand by
+sixty six units another sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty six units another sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty six units another sensitivity
+analysis question in our problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis question in our problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis question in our problem is
+whether or not it would be beneficial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it would be beneficial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it would be beneficial to
+allocate a bigger aircraft for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a bigger aircraft for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a bigger aircraft for this
+flight this would change the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight this would change the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight this would change the capacity
+constraint which currently limits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which currently limits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which currently limits the
+capacity to 166 with our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to 166 with our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to 166 with our current
+aircraft the management knows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft the management knows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft the management knows that the
+cost per hour is twelve thousand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost per hour is twelve thousand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost per hour is twelve thousand and
+sixty-seven dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-seven dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-seven dollars
+so the total cost of the 6-hour flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total cost of the 6-hour flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total cost of the 6-hour flight
+is seventy-two thousand four hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seventy-two thousand four hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seventy-two thousand four hundred and
+two dollars with the 166 seats filled we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars with the 166 seats filled we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars with the 166 seats filled we
+get a revenue of 77489 Crees 276
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a revenue of 77489 Crees 276
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a revenue of 77489 Crees 276
+thousand five hundred and ninety dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five hundred and ninety dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five hundred and ninety dollars
+but how much would this increase our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how much would this increase our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how much would this increase our
+revenue and if we increase the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue and if we increase the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue and if we increase the capacity
+of the aircraft to two hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aircraft to two hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aircraft to two hundred and
+eighteen dollars the total cost would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen dollars the total cost would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen dollars the total cost would
+increase to eighty seven thousand three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase to eighty seven thousand three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase to eighty seven thousand three
+hundred and forty two dollars but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and forty two dollars but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and forty two dollars but how
+much would this increase our revenue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much would this increase our revenue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much would this increase our revenue for
+our analysis let's assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis let's assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis let's assume that the
+demand does not change if we increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand does not change if we increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand does not change if we increase
+our capacity to one hundred and seventy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our capacity to one hundred and seventy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our capacity to one hundred and seventy
+six the capacity constraint will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six the capacity constraint will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six the capacity constraint will move
+right and our optimal solution will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and our optimal solution will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and our optimal solution will move
+right - we now get a revenue of seventy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right - we now get a revenue of seventy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right - we now get a revenue of seventy
+nine thousand seven hundred and eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine thousand seven hundred and eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine thousand seven hundred and eighty
+eight dollars if we then increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight dollars if we then increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight dollars if we then increase the
+capacity to two hundred and eighteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to two hundred and eighteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to two hundred and eighteen
+seats the capacity constraint will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats the capacity constraint will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats the capacity constraint will move
+right again and our revenue will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again and our revenue will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again and our revenue will
+increase to eighty nine thousand seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase to eighty nine thousand seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase to eighty nine thousand seven
+hundred and eighty four dollars so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and eighty four dollars so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and eighty four dollars so let's
+look at our extra profit from increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our extra profit from increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our extra profit from increasing
+the capacity to see if it's worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to see if it's worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to see if it's worth it
+with our current costs in revenue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our current costs in revenue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our current costs in revenue the
+profit is five thousand and six dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit is five thousand and six dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit is five thousand and six dollars
+if we increase the capacity to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we increase the capacity to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we increase the capacity to one
+hundred and seventy-six seats our profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and seventy-six seats our profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and seventy-six seats our profit
+actually decreases to three thousand one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decreases to three thousand one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decreases to three thousand one
+hundred and ninety eight dollars and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and ninety eight dollars and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and ninety eight dollars and if
+we increase the capacity to two hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase the capacity to two hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase the capacity to two hundred
+and eighteen seats our profit decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eighteen seats our profit decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eighteen seats our profit decreases
+even more to two thousand four hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more to two thousand four hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more to two thousand four hundred
+and forty two dollars so even though our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forty two dollars so even though our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forty two dollars so even though our
+revenue is increasing the cost increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue is increasing the cost increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue is increasing the cost increases
+- so it's not profitable for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so it's not profitable for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so it's not profitable for us to
+increase the capacity of our aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the capacity of our aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the capacity of our aircraft
+you can also see this by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also see this by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also see this by using
+LibreOffice which will ask you to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LibreOffice which will ask you to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LibreOffice which will ask you to do in
+the next quick question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aRZax7Y2t7g.txt b/aRZax7Y2t7g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1a67c011f90fe25e1261a828d59fa6619cc318e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aRZax7Y2t7g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so yes so this course is um the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yes so this course is um the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yes so this course is um the core
+of it is uh discussions and and in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is uh discussions and and in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is uh discussions and and in order
+for the course to be successful we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the course to be successful we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the course to be successful we have
+to be able to discuss very delicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to discuss very delicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to discuss very delicate
+personal issues in a very safe way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal issues in a very safe way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal issues in a very safe way and
+to be honest um it cannot be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest um it cannot be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest um it cannot be that
+students are afraid to reveal the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are afraid to reveal the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are afraid to reveal the the
+the positions on various topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions on various topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions on various topics
+including race language identity uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including race language identity uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including race language identity uh and
+and and one way to do it is to given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and one way to do it is to given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and one way to do it is to given
+that I had at the very the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had at the very the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had at the very the very
+beginning of the course I had the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course I had the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course I had the uh the
+questionnaires about where they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires about where they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires about where they came
+from what languages they spoke where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what languages they spoke where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what languages they spoke where
+they grew up um I was able to to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grew up um I was able to to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grew up um I was able to to use
+that uh to trigger uh discussions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh to trigger uh discussions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh to trigger uh discussions you
+know so if we read the text about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if we read the text about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if we read the text about uh
+authenticity for example uh if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity for example uh if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity for example uh if you're an
+African can you be an authentic writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African can you be an authentic writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African can you be an authentic writer
+if you write in English for example then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write in English for example then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write in English for example then
+I knew that some of the students had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew that some of the students had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew that some of the students had
+dealt with this issue isue for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with this issue isue for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with this issue isue for example
+we had a student who uh although she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a student who uh although she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a student who uh although she was
+black in Hispanic but uh she wasn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black in Hispanic but uh she wasn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black in Hispanic but uh she wasn't very
+fluent in Spanish and and she wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent in Spanish and and she wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent in Spanish and and she wasn't
+clear whether her not being fluent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear whether her not being fluent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear whether her not being fluent in
+Spanish made her any less Hispanic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish made her any less Hispanic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish made her any less Hispanic you
+see so I could I was able to use that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I could I was able to use that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I could I was able to use that in
+order to trigger a discussion around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to trigger a discussion around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to trigger a discussion around
+this notion that we had read in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that we had read in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that we had read in this
+famous debate between uh chinoa aibe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous debate between uh chinoa aibe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous debate between uh chinoa aibe
+Andi wongu about African writers can an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andi wongu about African writers can an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andi wongu about African writers can an
+African can weite writer be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African can weite writer be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African can weite writer be
+authentically African if they write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentically African if they write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentically African if they write in
+English or French for that matter uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English or French for that matter uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English or French for that matter uh so
+that that was one way to trigger Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was one way to trigger Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was one way to trigger Rich
+discussion uh by taking uh a text that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh by taking uh a text that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh by taking uh a text that
+uh connected to this to these issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connected to this to these issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connected to this to these issues and
+making it personal so the motto there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it personal so the motto there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it personal so the motto there
+was uh Rich discussions are best arve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh Rich discussions are best arve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh Rich discussions are best arve
+that if they stem from a personal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they stem from a personal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they stem from a personal basis
+where students are invested in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students are invested in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students are invested in trying to
+find an answer that can work for them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an answer that can work for them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an answer that can work for them in
+the in the personal lives or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the personal lives or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the personal lives or in the
+lives of the families the communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of the families the communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of the families the communities
+the countries Etc so that was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries Etc so that was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries Etc so that was the one
+key technique um and then uh there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key technique um and then uh there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key technique um and then uh there was
+another condition for to have these deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another condition for to have these deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another condition for to have these deep
+discussions is to have um mutual respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions is to have um mutual respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions is to have um mutual respect
+and and and Trust because in in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and Trust because in in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and Trust because in in these
+questions there cannot be a right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there cannot be a right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there cannot be a right and
+wrong and wrong answer so it it is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and wrong answer so it it is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and wrong answer so it it is based
+on your own level of of comfort what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own level of of comfort what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own level of of comfort what you
+know choices you've made for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know choices you've made for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know choices you've made for your
+personal life for your identity uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal life for your identity uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal life for your identity uh and
+and we have to be able to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to be able to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to be able to accept
+different opinions but sometimes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opinions but sometimes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opinions but sometimes that
+that was not easy because there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not easy because there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not easy because there were
+like in the class there were another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the class there were another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the class there were another
+student who who spoke Spanish fluently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who who spoke Spanish fluently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who who spoke Spanish fluently
+and who view himself as Hispanic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who view himself as Hispanic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who view himself as Hispanic and
+there was another student who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another student who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another student who didn't
+speak Spanish so fluently who also view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Spanish so fluently who also view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Spanish so fluently who also view
+himself as Hispanic so right there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as Hispanic so right there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as Hispanic so right there there
+was a potential for for who's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a potential for for who's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a potential for for who's more
+Hispanic you see um but yet they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hispanic you see um but yet they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hispanic you see um but yet they are
+both Hispanic in their own ways you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Hispanic in their own ways you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Hispanic in their own ways you see
+uh and this is where the debate get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is where the debate get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is where the debate get very
+interesting you know how how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know how how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know how how do you
+define being Hispanic and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define being Hispanic and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define being Hispanic and and and and
+then we're back to that very core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're back to that very core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're back to that very core
+question uh who belong who doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh who belong who doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh who belong who doesn't
+belong and this is where again language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong and this is where again language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong and this is where again language
+and identity become tools for either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identity become tools for either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identity become tools for either
+inclusion exclusion and since the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion and since the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion and since the course
+is eventually about inclusion then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eventually about inclusion then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eventually about inclusion then how
+can we use these different identities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use these different identities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use these different identities to
+create a space where uh one can uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a space where uh one can uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a space where uh one can uh have
+a sum that's much larger in dep Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum that's much larger in dep Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum that's much larger in dep Parts
+you see
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aWV4khIBvCM.txt b/aWV4khIBvCM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f4904ca8d68df89de09e1a23058e1821ec5e0a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aWV4khIBvCM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation today what
+we're going to do is use what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is use what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is use what we know
+about first and second derivatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about first and second derivatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about first and second derivatives and
+what we know about functions from way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about functions from way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about functions from way
+back in algebra and pre-calculus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in algebra and pre-calculus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in algebra and pre-calculus to
+sketch a curve so I want you to sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch a curve so I want you to sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch a curve so I want you to sketch
+the curve yal X over 1+ x^2 doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve yal X over 1+ x^2 doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve yal X over 1+ x^2 doesn't have
+to be perfect but try and use what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perfect but try and use what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perfect but try and use what you
+know about these derivatives the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these derivatives the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these derivatives the first
+and second derivatives of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second derivatives of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second derivatives of this function
+and what you've talked about in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you've talked about in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you've talked about in in the
+lecture to get a get a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to get a get a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to get a get a pretty good
+sketch of this I'll give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of this I'll give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of this I'll give you a little
+time to work on it and then I'll be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work on it and then I'll be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work on it and then I'll be back
+and I'll work on it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you welcome back so hopefully you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you welcome back so hopefully you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you welcome back so hopefully you feel
+good about the sketch that you've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about the sketch that you've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about the sketch that you've drawn
+but just to check everything we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to check everything we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to check everything we can go
+through it together and what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it together and what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it together and what I'm going
+to do just to keep track of things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do just to keep track of things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do just to keep track of things is
+I'm going to put an axis in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put an axis in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put an axis in this region
+and then I'm going to do all my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to do all my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to do all my work
+sort of off to the side and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of off to the side and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of off to the side and come back
+slowly so we'll try and keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly so we'll try and keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly so we'll try and keep track of
+everything that way so before I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that way so before I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that way so before I do
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+else I'm just going to draw myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'm just going to draw myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'm just going to draw myself a
+nice axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice axis
+here and I'll I'll give myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll I'll give myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll I'll give myself
+even a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of oops that's maybe a little off but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oops that's maybe a little off but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oops that's maybe a little off but so
+we'll assume every hash mark is one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume every hash mark is one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume every hash mark is one unit
+I'll just put a one a one there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just put a one a one there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just put a one a one there so we
+know every hash mark here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every hash mark here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every hash mark here is going to
+represent one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent one unit
+um and I won't write the rest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I won't write the rest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I won't write the rest of them
+now one of the things you always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the things you always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the things you always do
+first is you want to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is you want to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is you want to make sure that you
+understand where the function is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where the function is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where the function is defined
+so we have to check right away are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to check right away are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to check right away are there
+any values of X for which this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any values of X for which this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any values of X for which this function
+is not defined well how can that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not defined well how can that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not defined well how can that happen
+uh if it were a logarithm or if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it were a logarithm or if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it were a logarithm or if it were
+a square root function we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square root function we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square root function we would have
+problems in the domain where we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the domain where we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the domain where we'd have
+to check and make sure that the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check and make sure that the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check and make sure that the input
+was positive in this case because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was positive in this case because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was positive in this case because we
+have a rational function we have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rational function we have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rational function we have to make
+sure that the that the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the that the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the that the denominator is
+never equal to Z but if you notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never equal to Z but if you notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never equal to Z but if you notice the
+denominator is 1 plus x^2 well X2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is 1 plus x^2 well X2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is 1 plus x^2 well X2 is
+always bigger than or equal to Z once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bigger than or equal to Z once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bigger than or equal to Z once I
+add one I'm in the clear I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one I'm in the clear I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one I'm in the clear I'm always
+positive in the denominator so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in the denominator so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in the denominator so the
+denominator is always positive so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is always positive so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is always positive so I
+don't have to put any vertical ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to put any vertical ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to put any vertical ASM
+tootes some other things we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tootes some other things we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tootes some other things we think about
+before we even start taking derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we even start taking derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we even start taking derivatives
+are anything I can find out about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are anything I can find out about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are anything I can find out about this
+function like end behavior when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like end behavior when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like end behavior when we say
+end behavior we mean what happens as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end behavior we mean what happens as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end behavior we mean what happens as X
+goes to positive infinity and as X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to positive infinity and as X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to positive infinity and as X goes
+to negative infinity and from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative infinity and from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative infinity and from what
+you've seen before as X goes to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before as X goes to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before as X goes to positive
+Infinity because this is a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity because this is a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity because this is a rational
+function the higher power is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the higher power is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the higher power is going to
+win out the higher power always wins out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win out the higher power always wins out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win out the higher power always wins out
+so the higher power here is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the higher power here is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the higher power here is in the
+denominator so as X goes to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so as X goes to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so as X goes to positive
+Infinity this whole expression is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this whole expression is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this whole expression is going
+to head to zero for large values of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to head to zero for large values of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to head to zero for large values of X
+the x squ is significantly bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x squ is significantly bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x squ is significantly bigger than
+the X and so the the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and so the the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and so the the denominator is
+significantly bigger than the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly bigger than the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly bigger than the numerator
+that's that's how we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how we can think about
+this so when X goes to plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so when X goes to plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so when X goes to plus or minus
+infinity we know that our function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity we know that our function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity we know that our function is
+going to be headed to zero so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be headed to zero so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be headed to zero so it has a
+horizontal ASM toote okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal ASM toote okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal ASM toote okay and then
+another thing we would we should notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we would we should notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we would we should notice
+is the sign of the graph notice where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sign of the graph notice where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sign of the graph notice where
+the sign will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign will
+change this denominator is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this denominator is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this denominator is always
+positive so the sign of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the sign of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the sign of the function
+depends completely on the numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends completely on the numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends completely on the numerator and
+so when the numerator is positive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the numerator is positive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the numerator is positive this
+function will be positive when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will be positive when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will be positive when the
+numerator is negative this function will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is negative this function will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is negative this function will
+be negative so that's a little bit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative so that's a little bit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative so that's a little bit that
+we should uh that we should keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should uh that we should keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should uh that we should keep in mind
+and now let's go to using our using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's go to using our using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's go to using our using our
+derivatives to figure out a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to figure out a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to figure out a little bit
+more so obviously first I should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so obviously first I should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so obviously first I should take
+some derivatives and then we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some derivatives and then we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some derivatives and then we'll we'll
+look at what we what we can get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we what we can get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we what we can get out of
+them so let's let f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's let f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's let f
+ofx = x over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx = x over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx = x over 1 +
+x^2 so then frime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so then frime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so then frime of
+X what do we get we get 1 + x^2 minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what do we get we get 1 + x^2 minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what do we get we get 1 + x^2 minus x
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+2x over 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x over 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x over 1 + x^2
+squared so I'm just going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so I'm just going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so I'm just going to continue
+that straight below let's see I can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that straight below let's see I can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that straight below let's see I can keep
+this x^2 minus 2x^2 gives me a 1 - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x^2 minus 2x^2 gives me a 1 - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x^2 minus 2x^2 gives me a 1 - x^2
+in the numerator over 1 + x^2 quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator over 1 + x^2 quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator over 1 + x^2 quantity
+squar okay I'm going to keep that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar okay I'm going to keep that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar okay I'm going to keep that right
+here we're going to do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to do a little bit of
+calculation Below in a moment but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation Below in a moment but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation Below in a moment but I'm
+going to record the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to record the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to record the second derivative
+just to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the
+right so the second derivative remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the second derivative remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the second derivative remember
+is the derivative of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of the first
+derivative so now I'm going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so now I'm going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so now I'm going to take this
+derivative again using the quotient rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative again using the quotient rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative again using the quotient rule
+which I used here so the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I used here so the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I used here so the derivative of
+the to is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to is -
+2x and then times 1 + x^ 2^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and then I subtract the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then I subtract the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then I subtract the derivative of
+the bottom times the top so I'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom times the top so I'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom times the top so I'll keep
+the top here 1 - x^2 and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top here 1 - x^2 and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top here 1 - x^2 and then the
+derivative of the bottom has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the bottom has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the bottom has a little
+chain rule on it so I'm going to get a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule on it so I'm going to get a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule on it so I'm going to get a *
+2 * 1 + x^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1 + x^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1 + x^
+2 * 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 2X
+and then this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this whole
+thing is over 1+ whoa x + one we right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is over 1+ whoa x + one we right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is over 1+ whoa x + one we right
+x^2 + one to the 4th sorry to switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + one to the 4th sorry to switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + one to the 4th sorry to switch the
+direction or the order of those okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the order of those okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the order of those okay now
+I'm going to pull out a 1 plus x s from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pull out a 1 plus x s from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pull out a 1 plus x s from
+the numerator to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and then I'm going to see what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I'm going to see what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I'm going to see what I have
+left here I have a 1 + x^2 * a -2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here I have a 1 + x^2 * a -2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here I have a 1 + x^2 * a -2X
+that's going to be -2X - 2x cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be -2X - 2x cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be -2X - 2x cub
+here I'm going to have 2 * 2 is 4X *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to have 2 * 2 is 4X *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to have 2 * 2 is 4X *
+this 1 - x^2 so I have a minus uh 4x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 - x^2 so I have a minus uh 4x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 - x^2 so I have a minus uh 4x +
+4x^ 2ar cubed sorry let's make sure so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x^ 2ar cubed sorry let's make sure so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x^ 2ar cubed sorry let's make sure so I
+should have a 4X here and then an X2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a 4X here and then an X2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a 4X here and then an X2 *
+4X which is 4X cubed and that sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X which is 4X cubed and that sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X which is 4X cubed and that sign
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+positive and then I still have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then I still have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then I still have to divide
+by 1 + x^2 to 4th to make this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 + x^2 to 4th to make this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 + x^2 to 4th to make this much
+simpler I'm just going to divide out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler I'm just going to divide out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler I'm just going to divide out one
+of the 1 plus x^2 simplify what's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1 plus x^2 simplify what's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1 plus x^2 simplify what's inside
+and we'll leave it that way actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll leave it that way actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll leave it that way actually let
+me move this down so there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me move this down so there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me move this down so there's a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+room so the numerator will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so the numerator will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so the numerator will now
+be 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2x
+cubed minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed minus
+6X over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6X over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6X over 1 +
+x^2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 to the
+third so these were some tools that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so these were some tools that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so these were some tools that we
+needed now we're going to try and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed now we're going to try and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed now we're going to try and use
+them so let's recall what we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's recall what we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's recall what we know we
+know that when the derivative is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that when the derivative is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that when the derivative is equal
+to zero we have a maximum and or minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero we have a maximum and or minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero we have a maximum and or minimum
+for the function and we know that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function and we know that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function and we know that when
+the second derivative is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative is equal to zero
+we have changes in concavity so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have changes in concavity so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have changes in concavity so let's
+find those places let's find where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those places let's find where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those places let's find where the
+first derivative is zero and let's find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative is zero and let's find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative is zero and let's find
+where the second derivative is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the second derivative is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the second derivative is zero so
+I'm going to work under each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to work under each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to work under each individual
+function to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to do
+that so where is fime to 0 well frime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so where is fime to 0 well frime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so where is fime to 0 well frime is
+only equal to Z when the numerator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only equal to Z when the numerator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only equal to Z when the numerator is
+equal to Z so let's solve 1 - x^2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Z so let's solve 1 - x^2 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Z so let's solve 1 - x^2 =
+0 well that's there's a couple ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 well that's there's a couple ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 well that's there's a couple ways you
+can think about that you could Factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about that you could Factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about that you could Factor it
+and then solve or you could see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solve or you could see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solve or you could see right
+away this is going to be X is plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this is going to be X is plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this is going to be X is plus or
+minus one you get the same thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one you get the same thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one you get the same thing if you
+factor but we see X is equal to plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but we see X is equal to plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but we see X is equal to plus or
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one so those are maximum values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so those are maximum values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so those are maximum values or
+minimum values for the function okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum values for the function okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum values for the function okay so
+we know that this is an important spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is an important spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is an important spot
+for the x value and that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the x value and that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the x value and that's an important
+spot for the x value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot for the x value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot for the x value
+now let's just come over here and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just come over here and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just come over here and look
+at when is the second derivative equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at when is the second derivative equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at when is the second derivative equal
+to zero so the second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so the second derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so the second derivative is
+equal to zero again when the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero again when the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero again when the numerator
+is equal to zero so let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero so let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero so let's look at what
+we get well if we we factor that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get well if we we factor that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get well if we we factor that we get
+2x * x^2 - 3al 0 so this has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x * x^2 - 3al 0 so this has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x * x^2 - 3al 0 so this has three
+places it's going to be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it's going to be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it's going to be equal to zero
+it's going to be equal to Z at 0 x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be equal to Z at 0 x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be equal to Z at 0 x equal
+0 and it's going to be equal to0 at plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and it's going to be equal to0 at plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and it's going to be equal to0 at plus
+or minus < tk3 which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus < tk3 which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus < tk3 which is sort of
+unfortunate that we don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate that we don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate that we don't know exactly
+where that is but we know it's between 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is but we know it's between 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is but we know it's between 1
+and two I think it's about 1.7 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two I think it's about 1.7 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two I think it's about 1.7 or
+something like this so we know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so we know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so we know we're
+interested in the point x equals 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the point x equals 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the point x equals 0 and
+the points x equal plus or minus Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points x equal plus or minus Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points x equal plus or minus Square
+< TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of
+3 so these are our places of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so these are our places of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so these are our places of interest
+and so let's evaluate at least a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's evaluate at least a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's evaluate at least a couple
+of these places and see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these places and see what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these places and see what's going on
+let's go back to the graph to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the graph to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the graph to do this
+now I want to point out uh something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to point out uh something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to point out uh something I
+didn't say earlier which is if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say earlier which is if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say earlier which is if you know
+the functions defined everywhere what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions defined everywhere what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions defined everywhere what
+you might want to do is evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do is evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do is evaluate the
+function at x equals 0 right away it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at x equals 0 right away it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at x equals 0 right away it's
+an easy place to evaluate it it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy place to evaluate it it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy place to evaluate it it gives
+you sort of a launching point so if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of a launching point so if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of a launching point so if I if
+I evaluate this at x equals z i get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I evaluate this at x equals z i get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I evaluate this at x equals z i get zero
+so I know the point0 0 is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know the point0 0 is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know the point0 0 is on the
+graph so I know that's one point and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so I know that's one point and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so I know that's one point and now
+what I'm interested in if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in if you think
+about we know where Maxes and mins occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we know where Maxes and mins occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we know where Maxes and mins occur
+we know a Max or Min occurs at x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know a Max or Min occurs at x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know a Max or Min occurs at x equal
+plus or minus one or we have a hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus one or we have a hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus one or we have a hope for
+a Max or in there it's a critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Max or in there it's a critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Max or in there it's a critical point
+at least so I can evaluate the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least so I can evaluate the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least so I can evaluate the function
+sorry I can evaluate the function at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I can evaluate the function at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I can evaluate the function at one
+and at negative 1 and I can then plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at negative 1 and I can then plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at negative 1 and I can then plot
+those points so when X is one I get 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points so when X is one I get 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points so when X is one I get 1
+over 1+ one squar so I get 1/2 so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ one squar so I get 1/2 so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ one squar so I get 1/2 so with
+input one I get output one2 I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one I get output one2 I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one I get output one2 I'm going to
+erase that one now so we don't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase that one now so we don't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase that one now so we don't lose
+track of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what's
+Happening that looks potentially like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening that looks potentially like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening that looks potentially like it
+could be a maximum given sort of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a maximum given sort of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a maximum given sort of what's
+Happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening
+Here uh to the to the left so let's plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here uh to the to the left so let's plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here uh to the to the left so let's plug
+in negative 1 for X I get a NE 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in negative 1 for X I get a NE 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in negative 1 for X I get a NE 1 over 1
+plus quantity 1^ 2 so I get 1 over 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus quantity 1^ 2 so I get 1 over 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus quantity 1^ 2 so I get 1 over 2 so
+I get2 so at xal 1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get2 so at xal 1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get2 so at xal 1 I
+get2 and let's recall what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get2 and let's recall what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get2 and let's recall what we know about
+the end behavior which we said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end behavior which we said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end behavior which we said at the
+beginning the end behavior of this is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the end behavior of this is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the end behavior of this is as
+X goes to positive Infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes to positive Infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes to positive Infinity the
+functions outputs go to zero which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions outputs go to zero which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions outputs go to zero which tells
+you that in fact this has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in fact this has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in fact this has to be a
+maximum these are the only two places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum these are the only two places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum these are the only two places
+where the function can change direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the function can change direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the function can change direction
+from going up up to going down or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going up up to going down or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going up up to going down or from
+going down to going up so it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down to going up so it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down to going up so it has to be
+that the is a maximum it has to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the is a maximum it has to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the is a maximum it has to be that
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+minimum so and also notice zero based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so and also notice zero based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so and also notice zero based on
+what we know about the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about the second derivative
+is one of the inflection points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the inflection points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the inflection points so
+that's also representing a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also representing a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also representing a place where
+the uh the derivative is is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the derivative is is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the derivative is is changing
+sign so maybe the derivative was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so maybe the derivative was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so maybe the derivative was
+increasing and then it's going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and then it's going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and then it's going to start
+decreasing so let's look at I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing so let's look at I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing so let's look at I think I
+might have said something a little off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have said something a little off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have said something a little off
+there so I'm going to maybe come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'm going to maybe come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'm going to maybe come back
+and see if I have to fix anything in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if I have to fix anything in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if I have to fix anything in a
+moment but let me draw a rough sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but let me draw a rough sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but let me draw a rough sketch of
+what's Happening very rough very roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Happening very rough very roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Happening very rough very roughly
+we know we're going up and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we're going up and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we're going up and then we're
+going down we're going down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down we're going down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down we're going down here and
+then we have to go back up because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to go back up because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to go back up because the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+behavior so we have three inflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so we have three inflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so we have three inflection
+points this is what I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this is what I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this is what I want to point out
+we have three inflection points we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three inflection points we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three inflection points we have
+an inflection point at zero and at plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inflection point at zero and at plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inflection point at zero and at plus
+or minus root3 so we said root3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus root3 so we said root3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus root3 so we said root3 is
+bigger than one it's less than two so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one it's less than two so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one it's less than two so I
+know somewhere in here I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somewhere in here I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somewhere in here I have an
+inflection point which represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point which represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point which represents a
+change in the concavity right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the concavity right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the concavity right which
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+how the derivative is going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the derivative is going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the derivative is going to change
+the the uh Direction and whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh Direction and whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh Direction and whether it's
+continuing to get more negative and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to get more negative and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to get more negative and then
+getting more positive than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more positive than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more positive than it was
+previously so yeah that's where we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously so yeah that's where we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously so yeah that's where we we're
+looking at where the derivative changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at where the derivative changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at where the derivative changes
+sign as I said before so let me point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign as I said before so let me point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign as I said before so let me point
+out this is a change in concavity maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is a change in concavity maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is a change in concavity maybe
+right about in this in this x region we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about in this in this x region we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about in this in this x region we
+want to change concavity and then this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change concavity and then this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change concavity and then this x
+region we want to change concavity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we want to change concavity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we want to change concavity so
+the graph will look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph will look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph will look something
+like going up going down going down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like going up going down going down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like going up going down going down and
+then I've tried to represent the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've tried to represent the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've tried to represent the change
+in concavity changing that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and I'm doing something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'm doing something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'm doing something that I
+didn't tell you yet but if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you yet but if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you yet but if you notice
+this looks highly symmetric doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks highly symmetric doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks highly symmetric doesn't it
+and in fact one thing I didn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact one thing I didn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact one thing I didn't tell you
+about this function that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this function that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this function that maybe you
+picked up on already is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up on already is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up on already is that when you
+when I take the right hand side and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the right hand side and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the right hand side and I
+rotate it about the origin I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it about the origin I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it about the origin I get the
+left hand side why is that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side why is that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side why is that that's
+because this is an odd function why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an odd function why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an odd function why is
+it an odd function because the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an odd function because the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an odd function because the numerator
+is an odd function and the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an odd function and the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an odd function and the denominator
+is an even function and so the quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an even function and so the quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an even function and so the quotient
+is an odd function so this is I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an odd function so this is I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an odd function so this is I would
+say a fairly good sketch of the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a fairly good sketch of the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a fairly good sketch of the curve
+yal X over 1+ x^2 so hopefully yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal X over 1+ x^2 so hopefully yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal X over 1+ x^2 so hopefully yours
+looked something like this and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked something like this and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked something like this and that's
+where we'll stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/boVi_FBYD_c.txt b/boVi_FBYD_c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc74a34d9ebb1b479664d33ce361b19146a1f419
--- /dev/null
+++ b/boVi_FBYD_c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody uh go ahead and open up to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uh go ahead and open up to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uh go ahead and open up to uh
+chapter six um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter six um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter six um of
+Baker um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker um
+nouns uh so the good news about nouns is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns uh so the good news about nouns is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns uh so the good news about nouns is
+that the strong noun endings um should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the strong noun endings um should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the strong noun endings um should
+have looked familiar at least um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked familiar at least um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked familiar at least um some
+ele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ele
+uh from the pronoun uh paradigms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the pronoun uh paradigms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the pronoun uh paradigms that
+you memorized um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you memorized um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you memorized um for
+Monday um if we take a look at uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday um if we take a look at uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday um if we take a look at uh the
+top of page 51 um these this boxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of page 51 um these this boxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of page 51 um these this boxed
+section um is uh is helpful so patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um is uh is helpful so patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um is uh is helpful so patterns
+within the paradigms um the neuter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the paradigms um the neuter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the paradigms um the neuter and
+uh masculine genitive singular forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh masculine genitive singular forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh masculine genitive singular forms are
+are always going to be the same all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always going to be the same all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always going to be the same all
+dative singular forms are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative singular forms are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative singular forms are the same
+within each major declension um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each major declension um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each major declension um and then
+these next two are very helpful all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next two are very helpful all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next two are very helpful all
+generative plural forms end in a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative plural forms end in a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative plural forms end in a we
+started to see that just last time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to see that just last time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to see that just last time when
+we were doing um we're doing our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing um we're doing our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing um we're doing our our
+first mini text and Al dative plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mini text and Al dative plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mini text and Al dative plural
+forms end in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms end in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms end in
+u um and then as it says there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u um and then as it says there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u um and then as it says there are
+resemblances between the noun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemblances between the noun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemblances between the noun and
+pronoun um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun um
+paradigms now Old English is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms now Old English is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms now Old English is
+uh different from Modern uh English and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different from Modern uh English and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different from Modern uh English and
+that it has two different kinds of nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has two different kinds of nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has two different kinds of nouns
+strong nouns and weak nouns as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong nouns and weak nouns as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong nouns and weak nouns as you
+discovered um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered um for
+today the strong noun endings on table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the strong noun endings on table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the strong noun endings on table
+6.1 that is right up there with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.1 that is right up there with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.1 that is right up there with um
+tables 5.3 and 5.4 um 6.1 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables 5.3 and 5.4 um 6.1 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables 5.3 and 5.4 um 6.1 is going to be
+on every single exam just like 5.3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single exam just like 5.3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single exam just like 5.3 and
+5.4 so these are three of the four uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.4 so these are three of the four uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.4 so these are three of the four uh
+these are three of the four paradigms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three of the four paradigms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three of the four paradigms
+that are just it's just easy easy money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just it's just easy easy money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just it's just easy easy money
+easy points however you want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy points however you want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy points however you want to think of
+it um memorize this now um and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um memorize this now um and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um memorize this now um and you will
+never have to uh think of it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have to uh think of it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have to uh think of it um
+again um you do not need to uh you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um you do not need to uh you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um you do not need to uh you do
+not need to memorize the weak verb uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to memorize the weak verb uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to memorize the weak verb uh
+sorry the weak noun endings but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the weak noun endings but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the weak noun endings but you will
+need need to be able to recognize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need need to be able to recognize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need need to be able to recognize them
+I'll get back to or deal with them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back to or deal with them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back to or deal with them I
+suppose I should say um we'll get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I should say um we'll get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I should say um we'll get back
+to that um in a moment um but for strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that um in a moment um but for strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that um in a moment um but for strong
+nouns um this these are the endings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns um this these are the endings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns um this these are the endings that
+you need to that you need to know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to that you need to know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to that you need to know and
+6.2 um and 6.3 put those nouns um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 um and 6.3 put those nouns um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 um and 6.3 put those nouns um or
+rather put those endings um onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather put those endings um onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather put those endings um onto
+specific nouns so that you can see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific nouns so that you can see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific nouns so that you can see them
+um sort of In the Flesh as it were as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of In the Flesh as it were as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of In the Flesh as it were as
+opposed to just disembodied um case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to just disembodied um case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to just disembodied um case
+endings um now one thing to note is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings um now one thing to note is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings um now one thing to note is that
+um neuter plural nouns very often look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neuter plural nouns very often look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neuter plural nouns very often look
+the same as neuter singular nouns um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as neuter singular nouns um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as neuter singular nouns um and
+as Baker points out um at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Baker points out um at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Baker points out um at the bottom of
+52 and an ending plural may seem like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 and an ending plural may seem like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 and an ending plural may seem like a
+great inconvenience at first how will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great inconvenience at first how will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great inconvenience at first how will
+you be able to tell a plural if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be able to tell a plural if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be able to tell a plural if you see
+it um in practice you'll find that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um in practice you'll find that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um in practice you'll find that one
+of these one of the three one of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these one of the three one of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these one of the three one of three
+things will be true when you come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will be true when you come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will be true when you come across
+an ending lless neuter either a nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending lless neuter either a nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending lless neuter either a nearby
+pronoun will tell you what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun will tell you what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun will tell you what you need to
+know so that thing is singular that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that thing is singular that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that thing is singular that
+thing um th thing is plural and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um th thing is plural and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um th thing is plural and you know
+that because of the thaw again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of the thaw again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of the thaw again this is
+why the pronouns are so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pronouns are so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pronouns are so important
+because pronouns generally give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pronouns generally give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pronouns generally give you more
+information than nouns so you're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than nouns so you're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than nouns so you're often
+going to have to be using the pronoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be using the pronoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be using the pronoun
+pronouns as your guide all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns as your guide all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns as your guide all right
+um or Baker goes on the context will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or Baker goes on the context will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or Baker goes on the context will
+make it clear whether the noun is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear whether the noun is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear whether the noun is
+singular or plural or three it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular or plural or three it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular or plural or three it won't
+matter I not quite sure what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I not quite sure what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I not quite sure what that means
+one might suppose that it would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might suppose that it would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might suppose that it would always
+matter but you know whatever it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but you know whatever it's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but you know whatever it's fine
+um if you stay alert to the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you stay alert to the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you stay alert to the likelihood
+that some plural nouns will lack endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some plural nouns will lack endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some plural nouns will lack endings
+you won't get into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't get into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't get into trouble
+um also because the masculine strong n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also because the masculine strong n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also because the masculine strong n
+and indeed the neuter strong noun um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed the neuter strong noun um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed the neuter strong noun um
+have look the same in the nominative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have look the same in the nominative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have look the same in the nominative and
+the accusative you'll need to you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accusative you'll need to you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accusative you'll need to you'll
+need to be flexible you'll need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be flexible you'll need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be flexible you'll need to keep
+your mind flexible in terms of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind flexible in terms of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind flexible in terms of um
+whether a given noun is accusative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a given noun is accusative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a given noun is accusative or
+nominative and again the pronoun is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative and again the pronoun is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative and again the pronoun is
+often going to help you so Sean versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often going to help you so Sean versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often going to help you so Sean versus
+th and we're going to come back to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th and we're going to come back to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th and we're going to come back to some
+Stones um later on when we get to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stones um later on when we get to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stones um later on when we get to the um
+when we get to the mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the mini
+text um all right so that's strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text um all right so that's strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text um all right so that's strong
+that's strong nouns take a look at weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's strong nouns take a look at weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's strong nouns take a look at weak
+nouns on table uh on page 54 table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns on table uh on page 54 table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns on table uh on page 54 table
+6.4 um so what do you notice just off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.4 um so what do you notice just off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.4 um so what do you notice just off
+the top of your uh what do you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of your uh what do you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of your uh what do you notice
+immediately about um the weak noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately about um the weak noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately about um the weak noun
+endings yeah Alyssa um they do follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings yeah Alyssa um they do follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings yeah Alyssa um they do follow
+our rules about like oh General alwayss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rules about like oh General alwayss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rules about like oh General alwayss
+an a data always ends in um things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a data always ends in um things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a data always ends in um things like
+that but um other than that there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but um other than that there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but um other than that there's like
+very few unique endings very few unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few unique endings very few unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few unique endings very few unique
+endings well put um so a an all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings well put um so a an all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings well put um so a an all over the
+place um and a an is going to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um and a an is going to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um and a an is going to be one of
+your um for that reason a an is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um for that reason a an is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um for that reason a an is going to
+be one of your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of your uh
+most challenging frankly endings when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most challenging frankly endings when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most challenging frankly endings when
+you see an Old English word um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see an Old English word um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see an Old English word um because
+in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition
+to um it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be a an is the um as I think we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a an is the um as I think we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a an is the um as I think we we
+discussed last time a an is the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time a an is the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time a an is the typical
+ending for an infinitive that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending for an infinitive that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending for an infinitive that is to say
+a verb your your base verb form but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb your your base verb form but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb your your base verb form but it
+is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+um accusative singular masculine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um accusative singular masculine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um accusative singular masculine
+accusative singular feminine genitive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusative singular feminine genitive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusative singular feminine genitive of
+any of them dative singular of any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them dative singular of any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them dative singular of any of
+them nominative or accusative plural of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them nominative or accusative plural of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them nominative or accusative plural of
+any of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them
+um tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tons
+of things um so yeah a an is often going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things um so yeah a an is often going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things um so yeah a an is often going
+to be the puzzle a an words are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the puzzle a an words are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the puzzle a an words are often
+going to be the puzzle that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the puzzle that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the puzzle that you have to
+figure out that you have to use other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that you have to use other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that you have to use other
+parts of the sentence in order to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the sentence in order to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the sentence in order to um
+solve for as it were um the confusing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for as it were um the confusing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for as it were um the confusing a
+word in a sentence all right um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in a sentence all right um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in a sentence all right um and
+Baker goes into this a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker goes into this a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker goes into this a little bit on
+pages uh 54 and 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um don't lose heart he says at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't lose heart he says at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't lose heart he says at the top
+of 55 writers of Old English when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 55 writers of Old English when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 55 writers of Old English when they
+wanted to be understood I like how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be understood I like how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be understood I like how he
+you know leaves open the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know leaves open the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know leaves open the possibility
+that they also perhaps did not sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they also perhaps did not sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they also perhaps did not sometimes
+want to be understood um did not write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be understood um did not write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be understood um did not write
+Clauses containing unresolvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses containing unresolvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses containing unresolvable
+ambiguities after you've puzzled out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities after you've puzzled out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities after you've puzzled out a
+few difficult instances of weak nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few difficult instances of weak nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few difficult instances of weak nouns
+you should start to get the hang of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should start to get the hang of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should start to get the hang of them
+um I realized that sounds like perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I realized that sounds like perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I realized that sounds like perhaps
+unhelpful reassurance at the moment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhelpful reassurance at the moment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhelpful reassurance at the moment um
+but my experience teaching Old English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my experience teaching Old English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my experience teaching Old English
+over the years suggests that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years suggests that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years suggests that this is
+indeed the case and that as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case and that as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case and that as long as you
+know as long as you're aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as long as you're aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as long as you're aware of the
+challenge going in um you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge going in um you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge going in um you should be able
+to figure it out um as you get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out um as you get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out um as you get more
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+okay um all of these next um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all of these next um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all of these next um the the
+athematic nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athematic nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athematic nouns
+6.1.3 you do not have to memorize any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.1.3 you do not have to memorize any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.1.3 you do not have to memorize any of
+these you don't have to memorize any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you don't have to memorize any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you don't have to memorize any of
+this but you do need to sort of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you do need to sort of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you do need to sort of be
+cognizant of the fact um that some nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant of the fact um that some nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant of the fact um that some nouns
+are going to change their internal vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to change their internal vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to change their internal vowel
+um as we as they get declined in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as we as they get declined in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as we as they get declined in various
+cases um so this means that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases um so this means that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases um so this means that if you're
+looking up uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up uh the
+word um the genitive of the genitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um the genitive of the genitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um the genitive of the genitive
+singular of nut I just think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular of nut I just think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular of nut I just think that's a
+super adorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super adorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super adorable
+word um then you may need to you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um then you may need to you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um then you may need to you may
+need to look you may need to um be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look you may need to um be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look you may need to um be
+flexible in how you in how you look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible in how you in how you look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible in how you in how you look it
+up um this is something that um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um this is something that um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um this is something that um if
+you've studied an ancient language will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've studied an ancient language will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've studied an ancient language will
+not be uh unfamiliar to you but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be uh unfamiliar to you but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be uh unfamiliar to you but if you
+haven't it it may be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't it it may be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't it it may be that
+using the using the glossery using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the using the glossery using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the using the glossery using the
+dictionary involves a little bit of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary involves a little bit of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary involves a little bit of um
+uh trial and error shall we say in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trial and error shall we say in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trial and error shall we say in a way
+that is not true if you just look up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not true if you just look up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not true if you just look up a
+word in Modern English um and you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in Modern English um and you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in Modern English um and you can be
+confident of um of its spelling um so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident of um of its spelling um so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident of um of its spelling um so as
+we get into um reading you will um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into um reading you will um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into um reading you will um you
+will definitely get more experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will definitely get more experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will definitely get more experience with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um any questions about these these first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any questions about these these first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any questions about these these first
+few pages of of chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 yeah faos how can we be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 yeah faos how can we be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 yeah faos how can we be sure that
+these are like IM mutations what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like IM mutations what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like IM mutations what we see
+and not of alternative spellings Ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not of alternative spellings Ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not of alternative spellings Ah
+that's a that's a very good question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a very good question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a very good question um
+the short answer is that alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer is that alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer is that alternate
+spellings are most common with pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spellings are most common with pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spellings are most common with pronouns
+um and you don't have it so it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you don't have it so it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you don't have it so it's less
+likely to be the case um you're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be the case um you're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be the case um you're less
+likely to have that for just a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have that for just a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have that for just a random
+noun um so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun um so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun um so in general
+um I mean the slightly longer answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the slightly longer answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the slightly longer answer is
+that you know Mis or not misspellings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Mis or not misspellings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Mis or not misspellings um
+alternate spellings aren't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate spellings aren't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate spellings aren't going to
+follow any particular aren't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow any particular aren't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow any particular aren't necessarily
+going to follow a particular rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow a particular rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow a particular rule
+whereas IM mutation is a is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas IM mutation is a is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas IM mutation is a is a particular
+uh set of sound changes that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of sound changes that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of sound changes that sort of
+always happen and you can go back to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always happen and you can go back to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always happen and you can go back to um
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+2.2.2 which was back um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2.2 which was back um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2.2 which was back um on
+page back on page 17 table 2.1 um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page back on page 17 table 2.1 um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page back on page 17 table 2.1 um that
+gives you the that gives you the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the that gives you the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the that gives you the rules
+for how IM mutation Works um and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how IM mutation Works um and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how IM mutation Works um and if you
+say um if you say if you say aloud those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um if you say if you say aloud those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um if you say if you say aloud those
+shifts from unmutated to mutated you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts from unmutated to mutated you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts from unmutated to mutated you'll
+start to hear them in your in your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to hear them in your in your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to hear them in your in your um
+well you'll start to hear them um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'll start to hear them um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'll start to hear them um and
+that'll get um that'll start to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll get um that'll start to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll get um that'll start to give you
+a sense of the difference between IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the difference between IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the difference between IM
+mutation and other forms of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and other forms of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and other forms of um
+irregularity um but for the most part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity um but for the most part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity um but for the most part I
+wouldn't worry about it too much is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't worry about it too much is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't worry about it too much is uh
+yeah Alyssa just to be clear the despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Alyssa just to be clear the despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Alyssa just to be clear the despite
+the fact that eye mutation from a to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that eye mutation from a to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that eye mutation from a to a
+is also like the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also like the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also like the connection between
+those the stem changes of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the stem changes of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the stem changes of things like
+dog are distinct from that right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog are distinct from that right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog are distinct from that right that's
+correct yes it was a separate linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yes it was a separate linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yes it was a separate linguistic
+process yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+that's why like it's not the same places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why like it's not the same places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why like it's not the same places
+in the Paradigm that you're that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Paradigm that you're that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Paradigm that you're that you're
+looking now you're looking now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking now you're looking now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking now you're looking now you're
+looking further along like yeah 6.8 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking further along like yeah 6.8 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking further along like yeah 6.8 yeah
+exactly there was also like slly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there was also like slly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there was also like slly
+different treatment of like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatment of like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatment of like these
+different uh stem changes in like Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh stem changes in like Baker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh stem changes in like Baker
+versus just um Mitchell and Robinson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus just um Mitchell and Robinson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus just um Mitchell and Robinson and
+Robinson like how they like group them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson like how they like group them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson like how they like group them
+or like like a little bit different yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like like a little bit different yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like like a little bit different yeah
+yeah and since I'm not um I'm not deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and since I'm not um I'm not deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and since I'm not um I'm not deeply
+invested in all of the in all of the ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in all of the in all of the ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in all of the in all of the ins
+and outs of of these of these um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outs of of these of these um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outs of of these of these um of
+these sort of subsets of um of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of subsets of um of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of subsets of um of of of of
+of of nouns um but but yeah I mean to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of nouns um but but yeah I mean to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of nouns um but but yeah I mean to to
+the the short answer is don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the short answer is don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the short answer is don't worry
+about it too much frankly um just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it too much frankly um just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it too much frankly um just just
+let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the
+just get take the measure well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get take the measure well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get take the measure well I'm
+actually just going to I'm actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just going to I'm actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just going to I'm actually just
+going to go in order we'll get to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in order we'll get to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in order we'll get to more
+strong nouns in in due course um so page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong nouns in in due course um so page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong nouns in in due course um so page
+56 and 57 6.1.4 the noun phrase um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 and 57 6.1.4 the noun phrase um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 and 57 6.1.4 the noun phrase um so
+really all this is trying to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all this is trying to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all this is trying to do here is
+encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to
+um look at the noun in a in an Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look at the noun in a in an Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look at the noun in a in an Old
+English sentence in in its Fuller in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English sentence in in its Fuller in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English sentence in in its Fuller in its
+in its in its bigger picture the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its in its bigger picture the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its in its bigger picture the bigger
+context um so that means looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context um so that means looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context um so that means looking for the
+adjectives and the pronouns that go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives and the pronouns that go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives and the pronouns that go with
+the noun because often the noun itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun because often the noun itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun because often the noun itself
+is not going to tell you as much is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to tell you as much is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to tell you as much is not
+going to give you as much information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you as much information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you as much information as
+the pronoun or the adjective we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pronoun or the adjective we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pronoun or the adjective we haven't
+gotten to adjectives yet but trust me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to adjectives yet but trust me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to adjectives yet but trust me
+it's true um so for example um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true um so for example um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true um so for example um the
+demonstrative pronoun SE re uh resolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrative pronoun SE re uh resolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrative pronoun SE re uh resolves
+the ambiguity of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity of who
+the subject of that sentences toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of that sentences toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of that sentences toward the
+bottom of page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+56 um etc etc we always know that se is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 um etc etc we always know that se is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 um etc etc we always know that se is
+what Nom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Nom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Nom
+nominative singular masculine nominative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative singular masculine nominative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative singular masculine nominative
+singular masculine exactly very good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular masculine exactly very good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular masculine exactly very good um
+whereas thaa is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas thaa is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas thaa is always going to be
+accusative singular masculine um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusative singular masculine um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusative singular masculine um so the
+those um unambiguous pronoun forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um unambiguous pronoun forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um unambiguous pronoun forms are
+some of your best friends in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your best friends in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your best friends in the
+language because they are going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because they are going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because they are going to help
+you um parse uh the the the sentence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um parse uh the the the sentence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um parse uh the the the sentence um
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um th let's take a look at page uh 57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um th let's take a look at page uh 57
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um th let's take a look at page uh 57
+the bottom of the um the the the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the um the the the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the um the the the bottom
+of that section careful attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that section careful attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that section careful attention to the
+noun phrase can help you resolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrase can help you resolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrase can help you resolve the
+ambiguities of the Endless sorry ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities of the Endless sorry ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities of the Endless sorry ending
+neuter discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+above um so then he looked at the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above um so then he looked at the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above um so then he looked at the women
+and their children so we because the Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their children so we because the Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their children so we because the Old
+English word for woman is grammatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word for woman is grammatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word for woman is grammatically
+neuter um we has no ending in the plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuter um we has no ending in the plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuter um we has no ending in the plural
+so you have so you know that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have so you know that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have so you know that but you
+know that it's plural because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's plural because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's plural because of the
+thaw since thaw is plural so if it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaw since thaw is plural so if it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaw since thaw is plural so if it so if
+it were then he looked at the woman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were then he looked at the woman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were then he looked at the woman in
+the singular what would that thaw be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular what would that thaw be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular what would that thaw be
+instead that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly um that would be um that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um that would be um that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um that would be um that would
+be singular very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be singular very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be singular very
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all
+right so more about strong nouns on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so more about strong nouns on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so more about strong nouns on um
+on the following Pages uh 58 through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the following Pages uh 58 through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the following Pages uh 58 through um
+through UH 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through UH 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through UH 60
+um these are again these are not um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are again these are not um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are again these are not um I'm
+not going to I'm not actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to I'm not actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to I'm not actually going to
+really go into this because they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go into this because they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go into this because they all
+still you'll see that they all still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you'll see that they all still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you'll see that they all still
+have um the strong noun endings um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um the strong noun endings um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um the strong noun endings um and
+that's the most important thing um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most important thing um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most important thing um the
+the the sh the other slight shifts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sh the other slight shifts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sh the other slight shifts um
+I'm not going to I'm not going to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to I'm not going to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to I'm not going to test
+you on all right um a few minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on all right um a few minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on all right um a few minor
+declensions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declensions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declensions um
+the for whatever reason the um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for whatever reason the um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for whatever reason the um the the
+the words for family relationships in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words for family relationships in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words for family relationships in
+Old English tend to be uh like brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English tend to be uh like brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English tend to be uh like brother
+and daughter um as you see on 612 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and daughter um as you see on 612 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and daughter um as you see on 612 they
+seem to be they're they're unusual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be they're they're unusual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be they're they're unusual in
+various ways um but other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways um but other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways um but other than
+that not much to see not much to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not much to see not much to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not much to see not much to see
+there um this is really just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um this is really just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um this is really just this is
+really just in the EMP in the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just in the EMP in the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just in the EMP in the interest
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+fullness of of this is the completionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fullness of of this is the completionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fullness of of this is the completionist
+part of the uh part of the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the uh part of the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the uh part of the part of the
+chapter all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter all
+right so the the long story short of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the long story short of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the long story short of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is you must know you must memorize table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you must know you must memorize table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you must know you must memorize table
+6.1 with the strong noun endings um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.1 with the strong noun endings um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.1 with the strong noun endings um and
+you must be comfortable enough with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must be comfortable enough with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must be comfortable enough with the
+weak noun endings of table 6.4 that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak noun endings of table 6.4 that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak noun endings of table 6.4 that you
+are able to to um disambiguate them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to to um disambiguate them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to to um disambiguate them and
+work with them um when it comes to site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them um when it comes to site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them um when it comes to site
+translation on the um on the exam all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation on the um on the exam all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation on the um on the exam all
+right so that's those are your main um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's those are your main um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's those are your main um
+those are your main challenges and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your main challenges and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your main challenges and we're
+going to put those uh put those skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put those uh put those skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put those uh put those skills
+to the test um in uh in the next part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the test um in uh in the next part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the test um in uh in the next part of
+class at the bottom of page 62 um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at the bottom of page 62 um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at the bottom of page 62 um we're
+going to read uh a miracle of St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read uh a miracle of St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read uh a miracle of St
+Benedict from Bishop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benedict from Bishop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benedict from Bishop
+wer of worcesters Old English trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wer of worcesters Old English trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wer of worcesters Old English trans
+of the dialogues of Pope Gregory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dialogues of Pope Gregory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dialogues of Pope Gregory the
+Great um and what I love about Baker the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great um and what I love about Baker the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great um and what I love about Baker the
+reason I Ed this text instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I Ed this text instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I Ed this text instead of
+Mitchell and Robinson which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell and Robinson which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell and Robinson which is what I
+learned with what I love about Baker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned with what I love about Baker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned with what I love about Baker is
+that it starts us like really working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it starts us like really working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it starts us like really working
+with old English almost from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with old English almost from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with old English almost from the very
+beginning of our encounter with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of our encounter with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of our encounter with the
+language um because that's really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um because that's really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um because that's really I
+mean when I think back to How I Learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when I think back to How I Learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when I think back to How I Learned
+Old English and how I learned Latin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English and how I learned Latin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English and how I learned Latin and
+how I learned Greek and how I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I learned Greek and how I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I learned Greek and how I learned
+all of the Dead languages that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the Dead languages that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the Dead languages that I've
+learned um the reason that I'm not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned um the reason that I'm not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned um the reason that I'm not as
+good at knowing them um as I am at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at knowing them um as I am at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at knowing them um as I am at the
+Modern languages that I've learned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern languages that I've learned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern languages that I've learned is
+that I never had to use them actively I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I never had to use them actively I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I never had to use them actively I
+it was always passive it was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was always passive it was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was always passive it was always
+passive recognition of the forms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive recognition of the forms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive recognition of the forms for
+passive reading of the language um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive reading of the language um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive reading of the language um and
+it wasn't until I did this like living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't until I did this like living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't until I did this like living
+Latin course in Rome where we all had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin course in Rome where we all had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin course in Rome where we all had to
+speak Latin and the the class was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Latin and the the class was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Latin and the the class was in
+Latin and it was super fun um that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin and it was super fun um that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin and it was super fun um that I was
+like oh yeah like Latin is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh yeah like Latin is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh yeah like Latin is not an
+unspeakable language I mean the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspeakable language I mean the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspeakable language I mean the the the
+the professor was so great he was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor was so great he was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor was so great he was like
+people think Latin was Latin is hard he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think Latin was Latin is hard he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think Latin was Latin is hard he
+like stupid stupid stupid Romans spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stupid stupid stupid Romans spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stupid stupid stupid Romans spoke
+Latin totally fluently it is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin totally fluently it is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin totally fluently it is not an
+impossible language to learn to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible language to learn to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible language to learn to speak
+people did um it's just that we don't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did um it's just that we don't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did um it's just that we don't um
+and so and similarly with Old English um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and similarly with Old English um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and similarly with Old English um
+so although we're not learning to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although we're not learning to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although we're not learning to speak
+Old English um that's that's not yet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English um that's that's not yet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English um that's that's not yet a
+bridge I've I've tried to cross um uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge I've I've tried to cross um uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge I've I've tried to cross um uh we
+are going to be trying to learn it as ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be trying to learn it as ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be trying to learn it as ly
+as possible all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cIc8ZBMcqAc.txt b/cIc8ZBMcqAc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1541ac147adbea8c00f3fb3a43c45732aa7cd432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cIc8ZBMcqAc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's up till now I suppose we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's up till now I suppose we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's up till now I suppose we've
+been learning about a lot of techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been learning about a lot of techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been learning about a lot of techniques
+for organizing big programs symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organizing big programs symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organizing big programs symbolic
+manipulation a bit some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation a bit some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation a bit some of the
+technology for what use it that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for what use it that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for what use it that you use
+for establishing languages one in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for establishing languages one in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for establishing languages one in terms
+of another which is used for organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another which is used for organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another which is used for organizing
+very large programs in fact the nicest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large programs in fact the nicest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large programs in fact the nicest
+programs I know look more like a pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I know look more like a pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I know look more like a pile of
+languages then like a decomposition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages then like a decomposition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages then like a decomposition of a
+problem into parts well what I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into parts well what I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into parts well what I suppose
+at this point there's still however a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point there's still however a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point there's still however a
+few mysteries about how this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few mysteries about how this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few mysteries about how this sort of
+stuff works and so what we'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff works and so what we'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff works and so what we'd like to do
+now is diverge from the plan of telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is diverge from the plan of telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is diverge from the plan of telling
+you how to organize big programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to organize big programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to organize big programs and
+rather tell you something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather tell you something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather tell you something about the
+mechanisms by which these things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms by which these things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms by which these things can be
+made to work the main reason for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made to work the main reason for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made to work the main reason for this is
+demystification if you will then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demystification if you will then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demystification if you will then we have
+a lot of mysteries left like exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of mysteries left like exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of mysteries left like exactly how
+it is the case that program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the case that program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the case that program is
+controlled how of a computer sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled how of a computer sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled how of a computer sort of
+knows what the next thing to do is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what the next thing to do is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what the next thing to do is or
+something like that and what I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and what I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and what I'd like to
+do now is make that clear to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is make that clear to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is make that clear to you that
+even if you've never played with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you've never played with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you've never played with a
+physical computer before the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical computer before the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical computer before the the
+mechanism is really very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is really very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is really very simple
+and that you can understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you can understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you can understand it
+completely with no trouble so like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely with no trouble so like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely with no trouble so like to
+start by imagining that we what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by imagining that we what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by imagining that we what we're
+gonna do this by the way is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do this by the way is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do this by the way is we're going
+to take some very simple list programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some very simple list programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some very simple list programs
+very simplest programs and transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simplest programs and transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simplest programs and transform
+them into hardware I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into hardware I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into hardware I'm not going to
+worry about some intermediate step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about some intermediate step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about some intermediate step of
+going through some existing computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through some existing computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through some existing computer
+machine language and then showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine language and then showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine language and then showing you
+how that computer works because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that computer works because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that computer works because that's
+not as illuminating so what I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as illuminating so what I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as illuminating so what I'm really
+going to show you is how how a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you is how how a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you is how how a piece of
+machinery can be built to do a job which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery can be built to do a job which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery can be built to do a job which
+we've written down as a program the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down as a program the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down as a program the
+program is in fact a description of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is in fact a description of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is in fact a description of a
+machine we're going to start with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine we're going to start with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine we're going to start with a very
+simple program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple program
+proceeded to show you some some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeded to show you some some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeded to show you some some simple
+mechanisms proceed to a little few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms proceed to a little few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms proceed to a little few more
+complicated programs and then later show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated programs and then later show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated programs and then later show
+you a not very complicated program how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a not very complicated program how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a not very complicated program how
+the evaluator transforms into a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluator transforms into a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluator transforms into a piece of
+hardware and of course at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and of course at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and of course at that point
+you've made the universal transition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made the universal transition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made the universal transition and
+can execute any program imaginable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can execute any program imaginable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can execute any program imaginable with
+a piece of well-defined Hardware well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of well-defined Hardware well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of well-defined Hardware well
+let's start up now give you a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start up now give you a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start up now give you a real
+concrete feeling for this sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete feeling for this sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete feeling for this sort of thing
+let's start with a very simple program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with a very simple program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with a very simple program
+hmm here's Euclid's algorithm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm here's Euclid's algorithm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm here's Euclid's algorithm it's
+actually a little bit a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little bit a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little bit a little bit more
+modern than Euclid Avenue clicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern than Euclid Avenue clicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern than Euclid Avenue clicked
+algorithm for computing the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for computing the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for computing the greatest
+common divisor of two numbers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor of two numbers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor of two numbers with
+invented sort of three 350 BC I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented sort of three 350 BC I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented sort of three 350 BC I think
+it's the oldest known algorithm and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the oldest known algorithm and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the oldest known algorithm and but
+here we're going to talk about the GCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to talk about the GCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to talk about the GCD
+of a and B the greatest common divisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and B the greatest common divisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and B the greatest common divisor
+of two numbers a and B and the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two numbers a and B and the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two numbers a and B and the algorithm
+is extremely simple yes B is zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely simple yes B is zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely simple yes B is zero then
+the result is going to be a otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is going to be a otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is going to be a otherwise
+the result is the GCD B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is the GCD B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is the GCD B and the
+remainder when a is divided by B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this we have here is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this we have here is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this we have here is a very simple
+iterative process is a simple recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process is a simple recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process is a simple recursive
+procedure recursively defined procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure recursively defined procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure recursively defined procedure
+or cursive definition which yields an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cursive definition which yields an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cursive definition which yields an
+iterative process and the way it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process and the way it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process and the way it works
+is that at every step it determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at every step it determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at every step it determines
+whether B was zero and if B is zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether B was zero and if B is zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether B was zero and if B is zero we
+got the answer in a otherwise we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the answer in a otherwise we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the answer in a otherwise we make
+another step where a is the old B and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another step where a is the old B and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another step where a is the old B and B
+is the remainder of the old a divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the remainder of the old a divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the remainder of the old a divided by
+the old bay very simple now this I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old bay very simple now this I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old bay very simple now this I've
+already told you some of the mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told you some of the mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told you some of the mechanisms
+by just saying it that way I said it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just saying it that way I said it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just saying it that way I said it in
+time I said there are certain steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I said there are certain steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I said there are certain steps and
+that in fact one of the things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact one of the things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact one of the things you can
+see here is that one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is that one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is that one of the reasons why
+this is iterative is nothing is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is iterative is nothing is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is iterative is nothing is needed
+of the last step to get the answer all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last step to get the answer all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last step to get the answer all
+the information that's needed to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that's needed to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that's needed to run
+this algorithm is in a and B it has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is in a and B it has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is in a and B it has two
+well-defined state variables so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined state variables so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined state variables so I'm
+going to define a machine for you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a machine for you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a machine for you that
+can compute G CDs now let's see every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute G CDs now let's see every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute G CDs now let's see every
+computer that's ever been made that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's ever been made that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's ever been made that's a
+single process computer supposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single process computer supposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single process computer supposed to a
+multiprocessor of some sort is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiprocessor of some sort is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiprocessor of some sort is made
+according to the same plan the plan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the same plan the plan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the same plan the plan is
+the computer has two parts a part called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer has two parts a part called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer has two parts a part called
+the data pans and a part called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data pans and a part called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data pans and a part called the
+controller the data paths correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller the data paths correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller the data paths correspond to
+a calculator that you might have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculator that you might have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculator that you might have it
+contains certain registers that remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains certain registers that remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains certain registers that remember
+things and you've all use calculators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you've all use calculators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you've all use calculators
+and has some buttons on it and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has some buttons on it and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has some buttons on it and some
+lights and so by pushing the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and so by pushing the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and so by pushing the various
+buttons you can cause operations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons you can cause operations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons you can cause operations to
+happen inside there among the registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen inside there among the registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen inside there among the registers
+and some of the results to be displayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the results to be displayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the results to be displayed
+that's completely mechanical you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely mechanical you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely mechanical you could
+imagine that that box has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that box has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that box has no
+intelligence in it now it might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence in it now it might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence in it now it might be very
+impressive that it can produce a sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive that it can produce a sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive that it can produce a sign of
+a number but that's a but that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number but that's a but that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number but that's a but that at least
+is apparently possibly mechanical at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apparently possibly mechanical at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apparently possibly mechanical at
+least I could open that up in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I could open that up in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I could open that up in the same
+way I'm about to open GCD so this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm about to open GCD so this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm about to open GCD so this may
+have a whole computer inside of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole computer inside of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole computer inside of it but
+that's not interesting addition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not interesting addition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not interesting addition is
+certainly simple I can be done without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly simple I can be done without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly simple I can be done without
+any further mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further mechanism
+now also also if we were to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now also also if we were to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now also also if we were to look at the
+other half the controller that's a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half the controller that's a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half the controller that's a part
+that's dumb do it pushes the buttons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dumb do it pushes the buttons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dumb do it pushes the buttons and
+push it through according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it through according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it through according to the
+sequence which is written down on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which is written down on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which is written down on a
+piece of paper and observes the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper and observes the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper and observes the lights
+and every so often it comes to a comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every so often it comes to a comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every so often it comes to a comes
+to a place in the sequence that says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a place in the sequence that says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a place in the sequence that says if
+light a is on do this sequence of the do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light a is on do this sequence of the do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light a is on do this sequence of the do
+the otherwise do that sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the otherwise do that sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the otherwise do that sequence and
+thereby there's no there's no complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby there's no there's no complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby there's no there's no complexity
+there either but let's just draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there either but let's just draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there either but let's just draw that
+and see what we feel about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we feel about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we feel about that
+so for computing g cds and i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for computing g cds and i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for computing g cds and i want you to
+think about is that there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is that there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is that there are these
+registers a register is a place where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers a register is a place where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers a register is a place where i
+store a number in this case and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a number in this case and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a number in this case and this
+one's called a and then there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's called a and then there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's called a and then there's another
+one for storing B now we have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for storing B now we have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for storing B now we have to see
+what things we can do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things we can do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things we can do with these
+registers and they're not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and they're not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and they're not entirely
+obvious what you can do with them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what you can do with them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what you can do with them what
+we have to see what things we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to see what things we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to see what things we need to do
+with them we're looking at the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we're looking at the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we're looking at the problem
+we're trying to solve one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve one of the
+important things for designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things for designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things for designing a
+computer which I think most designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer which I think most designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer which I think most designers
+don't don't do if you study the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't do if you study the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't do if you study the problem
+you want to solve then use what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to solve then use what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to solve then use what you
+learn from studying the problem you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from studying the problem you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from studying the problem you want
+to solve to put it in the mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve to put it in the mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve to put it in the mechanisms
+need you to solve it in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to solve it in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to solve it in the computer
+you're building no more and no less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building no more and no less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building no more and no less
+now it may be that the problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it may be that the problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it may be that the problem you're
+trying to solve is everybody's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve is everybody's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve is everybody's problem
+in which case you have to build in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you have to build in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you have to build in a
+universal interpreter of some language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal interpreter of some language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal interpreter of some language
+but you shouldn't put any more in than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you shouldn't put any more in than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you shouldn't put any more in than
+require to build the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require to build the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require to build the universal
+interpreter of some language we'll worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter of some language we'll worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter of some language we'll worry
+about that in a second okay going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a second okay going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a second okay going back
+to here let's see what do we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here let's see what do we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here let's see what do we have to be
+able to do well somehow we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do well somehow we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do well somehow we have to be
+able to get B into a we have to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get B into a we have to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get B into a we have to be able
+to get the value of a low value of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the value of a low value of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the value of a low value of B
+into the value of a so we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the value of a so we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the value of a so we have to have
+some test by which stuff can flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some test by which stuff can flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some test by which stuff can flow
+whatever this information is going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this information is going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this information is going from
+B to a I'm going to draw that with an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to a I'm going to draw that with an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to a I'm going to draw that with an A
+by an arrow saying that it is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an arrow saying that it is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an arrow saying that it is possible
+to move the contents of B into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the contents of B into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the contents of B into a
+replacing the value of a and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the value of a and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the value of a and there's a
+little button here which you push which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little button here which you push which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little button here which you push which
+allows that to happen it's a little X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows that to happen it's a little X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows that to happen it's a little X is
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+now it's also the case that I have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's also the case that I have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's also the case that I have to be
+able to compute the remainder of a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compute the remainder of a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compute the remainder of a and B
+now that may be a complicated mess on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that may be a complicated mess on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that may be a complicated mess on
+the other hand I'm going to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand I'm going to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand I'm going to make it a
+small box if we have to we may open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small box if we have to we may open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small box if we have to we may open up
+that box and look inside and see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that box and look inside and see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that box and look inside and see what it
+is so here I'm gonna have a little box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so here I'm gonna have a little box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so here I'm gonna have a little box
+which I'm going to draw this way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to draw this way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to draw this way which
+we'll call the remainder and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the remainder and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the remainder and it's going
+to take in a that's gonna take in B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take in a that's gonna take in B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take in a that's gonna take in B and
+it's going to put out something the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to put out something the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to put out something the
+remainder of a divided by B another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of a divided by B another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of a divided by B another
+thing we have to see here is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have to see here is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have to see here is that we
+have to be able to test whether B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to test whether B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to test whether B is
+equal to zero well that means somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero well that means somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero well that means somebody's
+got to be looking at a thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be looking at a thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be looking at a thing that's
+looking at the value of B I'm a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the value of B I'm a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the value of B I'm a light
+bulb here which lights up if B equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb here which lights up if B equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb here which lights up if B equals
+zero that's its job and finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's its job and finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's its job and finally I
+suppose because of the fact that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose because of the fact that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose because of the fact that we want
+the new value of a to be the old value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new value of a to be the old value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new value of a to be the old value
+of B and simultaneously the new value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and simultaneously the new value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and simultaneously the new value of
+B to be something I've done with a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to be something I've done with a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to be something I've done with a and
+if I plan to make my machine such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plan to make my machine such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plan to make my machine such that
+everything happens one at a time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything happens one at a time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything happens one at a time one
+motion at a time and I can't put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion at a time and I can't put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion at a time and I can't put two
+numbers in a register then I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in a register then I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in a register then I have to
+have another place to put one while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another place to put one while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another place to put one while I'm
+at you changing okay I can't exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you changing okay I can't exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you changing okay I can't exchange
+the two things in my hands unless I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things in my hands unless I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things in my hands unless I
+either put two in one hand and then pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either put two in one hand and then pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either put two in one hand and then pull
+it back the other way or unless I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back the other way or unless I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back the other way or unless I put
+one down pick it up and put the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one down pick it up and put the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one down pick it up and put the other
+one like that unless I'm a juggler which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one like that unless I'm a juggler which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one like that unless I'm a juggler which
+I'm not as you could say in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not as you could say in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not as you could say in which case
+it was case I have a possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was case I have a possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was case I have a possibility of
+timing errors and in fact much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing errors and in fact much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing errors and in fact much of the
+type of computer design people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of computer design people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of computer design people do
+involve timing errors of some potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve timing errors of some potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve timing errors of some potential
+potential timing errors which I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential timing errors which I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential timing errors which I don't
+much like but so for that reason I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like but so for that reason I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like but so for that reason I have
+to have a place to put the the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a place to put the the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a place to put the the third
+thing down the second one of them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing down the second one of them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing down the second one of them down
+so I'll have a place called T which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have a place called T which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have a place called T which is a
+register just for temporary titty ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register just for temporary titty ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register just for temporary titty ok
+with a button on it and then I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a button on it and then I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a button on it and then I'll take
+the result of that since I have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of that since I have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of that since I have to take
+that and put it into B over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and put it into B over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and put it into B over here
+be able to take the result of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to take the result of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to take the result of that and
+go like this and a button here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this and a button here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this and a button here so that's
+the data paths of a GCD machine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data paths of a GCD machine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data paths of a GCD machine now
+what's a controller controller is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a controller controller is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a controller controller is a very
+simple thing to machine has a state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing to machine has a state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing to machine has a state the
+way I like to visualize that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I like to visualize that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I like to visualize that is that
+I've got a maze and the maze has a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a maze and the maze has a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a maze and the maze has a bunch
+of places connected by directed arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places connected by directed arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places connected by directed arrows
+and what I have is a marble which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I have is a marble which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I have is a marble which
+represents the state of the controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the state of the controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the state of the controller
+the marble rolls around in the maze of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marble rolls around in the maze of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marble rolls around in the maze of
+course if I this that analogy breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if I this that analogy breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if I this that analogy breaks
+down for energy reasons I sometimes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for energy reasons I sometimes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for energy reasons I sometimes have
+to pump that marble up to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pump that marble up to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pump that marble up to the top
+because it's gonna otherwise be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gonna otherwise be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gonna otherwise be in a
+perpetual motion machine but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetual motion machine but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetual motion machine but not
+worrying about that and this is not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about that and this is not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about that and this is not it's
+not a physical analogy this marble rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a physical analogy this marble rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a physical analogy this marble rolls
+around and every time it rolls around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and every time it rolls around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and every time it rolls around
+certain bumpers like in a pinball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain bumpers like in a pinball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain bumpers like in a pinball
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+it pushes one of these buttons and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes one of these buttons and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes one of these buttons and every
+so often it comes to a place which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often it comes to a place which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often it comes to a place which is a
+division where it has to make a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division where it has to make a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division where it has to make a choice
+and there's a flap which is controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a flap which is controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a flap which is controlled
+by this so that's a really mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this so that's a really mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this so that's a really mechanical
+way of thinking about it of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about it of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about it of course
+controller is not these days or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is not these days or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is not these days or not
+built that way in real computers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built that way in real computers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built that way in real computers they're
+built with a little bit of ROM in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built with a little bit of ROM in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built with a little bit of ROM in a in a
+state register but there was a time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state register but there was a time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state register but there was a time like
+the deck PDP 6 where that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck PDP 6 where that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck PDP 6 where that's how you
+built the controller of a machine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the controller of a machine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the controller of a machine there
+was a bit that ran around in the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit that ran around in the delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit that ran around in the delay
+line that avenge and triggered things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that avenge and triggered things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that avenge and triggered things as
+it went by and that would come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went by and that would come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went by and that would come back to
+the beginning and get that around again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and get that around again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and get that around again
+and of course there were all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there were all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there were all sorts of
+great bugs that you could have like 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great bugs that you could have like 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great bugs that you could have like 2 2
+bits going around to marbles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits going around to marbles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits going around to marbles in the
+machine has lost its marbles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine has lost its marbles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine has lost its marbles that
+happens too oh well so anyway for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens too oh well so anyway for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens too oh well so anyway for this
+machine what I have to do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine what I have to do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine what I have to do is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+I'm gonna start leta start my maze here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna start leta start my maze here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna start leta start my maze here
+and the first thing I got to do is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing I got to do is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing I got to do is in a
+notation which many of you are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation which many of you are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation which many of you are familiar
+with is B equal to 0 a test and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is B equal to 0 a test and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is B equal to 0 a test and there's
+a possibility either yes in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possibility either yes in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possibility either yes in which case
+I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise if no and I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if no and I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if no and I'm gonna have to
+roll over some bumpers I'm gonna do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll over some bumpers I'm gonna do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll over some bumpers I'm gonna do it
+in the following order I want to I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following order I want to I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following order I want to I want
+to interject do this interchange game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interject do this interchange game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interject do this interchange game
+now the first things I need both a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first things I need both a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first things I need both a and B
+but then the first a tenon this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the first a tenon this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the first a tenon this is not
+necessary I want to collect this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary I want to collect this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary I want to collect this this is
+the thing that's going to go into B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's going to go into B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's going to go into B so
+I'm going to say take this which depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say take this which depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say take this which depends
+upon both a and B and put and put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon both a and B and put and put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon both a and B and put and put the
+remainder into here so I'm gonna push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder into here so I'm gonna push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder into here so I'm gonna push
+this button first okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button first okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button first okay
+then I'm going to transfer B to a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to transfer B to a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to transfer B to a push
+that button and that I transferred the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that button and that I transferred the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that button and that I transferred the
+temporary into B push that button so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary into B push that button so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary into B push that button so a
+very sequential machine very inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sequential machine very inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sequential machine very inefficient
+but that's fine right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine right now
+we're gonna name the buttons T gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna name the buttons T gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna name the buttons T gets
+remainder a gets B and C gets T and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder a gets B and C gets T and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder a gets B and C gets T and then
+I'm gonna go around here and just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go around here and just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go around here and just go
+back to start and if you look what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to start and if you look what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to start and if you look what are
+we seeing here we're seeing the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we seeing here we're seeing the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we seeing here we're seeing the various
+what I really have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really have some sort of
+mechanical connection where T gets our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical connection where T gets our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical connection where T gets our
+controls this thing okay and I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls this thing okay and I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls this thing okay and I have here
+that a gets B controls this fella over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a gets B controls this fella over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a gets B controls this fella over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this fella over here boy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fella over here boy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fella over here boy that's
+absolutely uh reverse its pessimal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely uh reverse its pessimal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely uh reverse its pessimal the
+inverse of optical every line had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of optical every line had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of optical every line had to
+cross every other line the way I drew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross every other line the way I drew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross every other line the way I drew it
+I suppose this goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose this goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose this goes here
+it gets T now listen I'd like to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets T now listen I'd like to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets T now listen I'd like to run
+this machine but before I run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine but before I run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine but before I run the
+machine I want to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine I want to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine I want to write down a
+description of this controller just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of this controller just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of this controller just so
+you can see these things of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these things of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these things of course as
+usual can be written down in some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual can be written down in some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual can be written down in some nice
+language so that we don't have to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so that we don't have to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so that we don't have to always
+draw these diagrams one of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these diagrams one of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these diagrams one of the problems
+with diagrams they think of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diagrams they think of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diagrams they think of a lot of
+space and for a machine this small it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and for a machine this small it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and for a machine this small it
+takes two blackboards for a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes two blackboards for a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes two blackboards for a machine
+that's the evaluator machine I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the evaluator machine I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the evaluator machine I have
+trouble putting it in this room even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble putting it in this room even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble putting it in this room even
+though it isn't very big so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it isn't very big so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it isn't very big so I'm gonna
+make a little language for this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little language for this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little language for this it's
+just a description of that say define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine will call GCD of course once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine will call GCD of course once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine will call GCD of course once we
+have something like this we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like this we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like this we have a
+simulator for it and the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator for it and the reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator for it and the reason why we
+want to build a language of this form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build a language of this form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build a language of this form is
+because all of a sudden we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of a sudden we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of a sudden we can
+manipulate expressions that I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate expressions that I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate expressions that I'm writing
+down and then of course I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then of course I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then of course I can write
+things that can algebraically manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can algebraically manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can algebraically manipulate
+these things simulate them all that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things simulate them all that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things simulate them all that sort
+of things I might want to do perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things I might want to do perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things I might want to do perhaps
+transform them into layout who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform them into layout who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform them into layout who knows
+once I have a nice representation our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I have a nice representation our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I have a nice representation our
+registers it has certain registers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers it has certain registers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers it has certain registers which
+we can call a V and T and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call a V and T and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call a V and T and there's a
+controller actually a better language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller actually a better language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller actually a better language
+which would be more explicit which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be more explicit which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be more explicit which would
+would be one which named every button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one which named every button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one which named every button
+also and said what it did like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and said what it did like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and said what it did like this
+button causes the contents of T to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button causes the contents of T to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button causes the contents of T to move
+to the contents of B well I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the contents of B well I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the contents of B well I don't want
+to do that because it's actually harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because it's actually harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because it's actually harder
+to read to do that and takes up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read to do that and takes up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read to do that and takes up more
+space so I'm gonna have that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I'm gonna have that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I'm gonna have that in the
+instructions written in the controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions written in the controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions written in the controller
+okay it's going to be implicit what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's going to be implicit what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's going to be implicit what the
+operations are and they can be deduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are and they can be deduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are and they can be deduced
+by reading these and collecting together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reading these and collecting together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reading these and collecting together
+all the different things that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different things that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different things that can be
+done like we look at say say well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done like we look at say say well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done like we look at say say well let's
+look at these things are there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these things are there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these things are there's a
+little loop that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little loop that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little loop that we
+which says branch this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says branch this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says branch this is the
+representation of the little flap that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the little flap that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the little flap that
+decides which way you go here is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay such a big the contents of be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay such a big the contents of be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay such a big the contents of be its
+content to be a zero then go to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content to be a zero then go to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content to be a zero then go to a place
+called done now one thing you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called done now one thing you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called done now one thing you're seeing
+here this looks very much like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this looks very much like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this looks very much like a
+traditional computer language and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional computer language and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional computer language and what
+you're seeing here is things like labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is things like labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is things like labels
+that represent places in a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent places in a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent places in a sequence
+written down as a sequence the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down as a sequence the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down as a sequence the reason
+why they're needed is because over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're needed is because over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're needed is because over here
+I've written something with loops but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written something with loops but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written something with loops but if
+I'm writing English text or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing English text or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing English text or something
+like that it's hard to refer to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's hard to refer to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's hard to refer to a place
+I don't have arrows arrows or arrows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have arrows arrows or arrows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have arrows arrows or arrows are
+represented by giving names to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by giving names to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by giving names to the
+places where the arrows terminate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the arrows terminate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the arrows terminate and
+then referring to them by those names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then referring to them by those names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then referring to them by those names
+now there's just an encoding there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's just an encoding there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's just an encoding there's
+nothing magical about things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing magical about things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing magical about things like that
+next thing we're gonna do is we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing we're gonna do is we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing we're gonna do is we're gonna
+say how we how do we do T gets are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how we how do we do T gets are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how we how do we do T gets are well
+that's easy enough they assign we assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy enough they assign we assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy enough they assign we assign
+to T the remainder a sign is a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T the remainder a sign is a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T the remainder a sign is a is the
+name of the button I asked the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the button I asked the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the button I asked the button
+pusher assigned to T the remainder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pusher assigned to T the remainder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pusher assigned to T the remainder and
+here's the representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the representation of the
+operation when we divide the fetch of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the fetch of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're also going to assign to a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to assign to a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to assign to a the
+fetch of be assigned to be to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetch of be assigned to be to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetch of be assigned to be to be the
+result of getting the contents of T of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of T and now I have to refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and now I have to refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and now I have to refer to the
+beginning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning here
+I see why don't I call that loop like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see why don't I call that loop like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see why don't I call that loop like I
+have here okay so that's that reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here okay so that's that reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here okay so that's that reference
+to that arrow and when we're done we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that arrow and when we're done we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that arrow and when we're done we're
+done we go to here which is the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we go to here which is the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we go to here which is the end of
+the thing so here's just a written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing so here's just a written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing so here's just a written
+representation of this fragment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this fragment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this fragment of
+machinery that we've drawn here now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that we've drawn here now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that we've drawn here now the
+next thing I'd like to do is run this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I'd like to do is run this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I'd like to do is run this I
+wants to feel it running never done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to feel it running never done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to feel it running never done this
+before you got to do it once so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you got to do it once so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you got to do it once so let's
+say I take a particular problem so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I take a particular problem so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I take a particular problem so I
+think I want to compute the GCD of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want to compute the GCD of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want to compute the GCD of a
+equals 30 okay and B equals 42 I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 30 okay and B equals 42 I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 30 okay and B equals 42 I have no
+idea what's what that is right now but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what's what that is right now but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what's what that is right now but a
+is 30 and B is 42 that's how I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 30 and B is 42 that's how I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 30 and B is 42 that's how I start
+this thing up what's the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing up what's the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing up what's the first thing I
+do I say is B equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I say is B equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I say is B equal to zero
+no then assigned to T the remainder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no then assigned to T the remainder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no then assigned to T the remainder of
+the fetch of a in the fetch of B well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fetch of a in the fetch of B well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fetch of a in the fetch of B well
+the remainder of 30 when divided by 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of 30 when divided by 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of 30 when divided by 42
+is itself 30 push that button now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself 30 push that button now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself 30 push that button now I'm
+going to the marble is rolled to here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the marble is rolled to here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the marble is rolled to here a
+gets B that's which is this button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets B that's which is this button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets B that's which is this button
+before T two moves into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begets see push that button the 30 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begets see push that button the 30 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begets see push that button the 30 goes
+here or just interchange them now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or just interchange them now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or just interchange them now let's
+see go back to the beginning b0 no t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see go back to the beginning b0 no t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see go back to the beginning b0 no t
+gets the remainder I suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the remainder I suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the remainder I suppose the
+remainder when dividing points you by 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder when dividing points you by 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder when dividing points you by 30
+is 12 I push that one next thing I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12 I push that one next thing I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12 I push that one next thing I do is
+allow the 30 to go to here push this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the 30 to go to here push this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the 30 to go to here push this one
+allow the 12 to go to here okay go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the 12 to go to here okay go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the 12 to go to here okay go
+around this thing is that done no how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this thing is that done no how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this thing is that done no how
+about about so now I have to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about so now I have to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about so now I have to find out
+the remainder of 30 divided by 12 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of 30 divided by 12 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of 30 divided by 12 and I
+believe that 6 so 6 goes here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that 6 so 6 goes here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that 6 so 6 goes here on this
+button push then the next thing I push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button push then the next thing I push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button push then the next thing I push
+is this one which the 12 goes into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then I push this button to 6 gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I push this button to 6 gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I push this button to 6 gets
+into here is 6 equal to 0 no ok so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here is 6 equal to 0 no ok so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here is 6 equal to 0 no ok so then
+at that point the next thing to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point the next thing to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point the next thing to do is
+devise it this has got a remainder of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devise it this has got a remainder of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devise it this has got a remainder of 0
+looks like we're almost done move the 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we're almost done move the 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we're almost done move the 6
+over to here next 0 over here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here next 0 over here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here next 0 over here is the
+answer or 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer or 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer or 0
+yes be a 0 therefore the answer is an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes be a 0 therefore the answer is an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes be a 0 therefore the answer is an a
+ok the answer is 6 and indeed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok the answer is 6 and indeed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok the answer is 6 and indeed that's
+right because we look at the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we look at the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we look at the original
+problem what we have is 30 is 2 times 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what we have is 30 is 2 times 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what we have is 30 is 2 times 3
+times 5 and 42 is 2 times 3 times 7 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 5 and 42 is 2 times 3 times 7 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 5 and 42 is 2 times 3 times 7 so
+the greatest common divisor is 2 times 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest common divisor is 2 times 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest common divisor is 2 times 3
+which is 6 now normally we write one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 6 now normally we write one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 6 now normally we write one
+other little line here just to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other little line here just to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other little line here just to make it a
+little bit clearer which is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit clearer which is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit clearer which is that we
+leave in a connection saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave in a connection saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave in a connection saying that this
+light is the guy is the guy that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is the guy is the guy that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is the guy is the guy that that
+flap looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course any real machine has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course any real machine has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course any real machine has a lot
+more complicated things in it than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated things in it than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated things in it than what
+I've just shown you let's look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just shown you let's look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just shown you let's look for a
+second at first still store Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second at first still store Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second at first still store Wow
+well you see for example one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see for example one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see for example one thing we
+might want to do is worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do is worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do is worry about
+operations that are of the i/o forum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that are of the i/o forum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that are of the i/o forum and
+we may have to collect collect something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have to collect collect something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have to collect collect something
+from the outside so the state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside so the state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside so the state machine
+that we might have the controller may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might have the controller may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might have the controller may
+have to may have to for example get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to may have to for example get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to may have to for example get an
+eval you and put it into register a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval you and put it into register a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval you and put it into register a to
+load it up I have to master load up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load it up I have to master load up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load it up I have to master load up
+register be with another value and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register be with another value and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register be with another value and then
+later when I'm done I might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when I'm done I might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when I'm done I might want to
+print the answer out and of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the answer out and of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the answer out and of course that
+might be may be either simple or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be may be either simple or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be may be either simple or
+complicated I'm writing assuming print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated I'm writing assuming print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated I'm writing assuming print
+is very simple and read is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple and read is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple and read is very simple
+but in fact in the real world those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact in the real world those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact in the real world those are
+very complicated operations fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated operations fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated operations fairly
+usually much much larger and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually much much larger and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually much much larger and more
+complicated than the thing you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the thing you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the thing you're doing
+as your problem you're trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the other hand I can remember a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand I can remember a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand I can remember a time
+when I remember using IBM 7090 computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I remember using IBM 7090 computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I remember using IBM 7090 computer
+of sorts where things like read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorts where things like read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorts where things like read and
+write of a single a single object a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write of a single a single object a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write of a single a single object a
+single number a number is a primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single number a number is a primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single number a number is a primitive
+operation of the of the i/o controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the of the i/o controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the of the i/o controller
+okay and so we have that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we have that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we have that kind of thing
+in there and in such a in such a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and in such a in such a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and in such a in such a machine
+well what are we really doing we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are we really doing we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are we really doing we were
+just saying that there's a source over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that there's a source over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that there's a source over
+here called read which is an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here called read which is an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here called read which is an operation
+which always has a value we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which always has a value we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which always has a value we have to
+think about this as always having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as always having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as always having a
+value which can be gated into either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which can be gated into either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which can be gated into either
+register a or B and print is some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register a or B and print is some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register a or B and print is some sort
+of thing which when you gate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing which when you gate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing which when you gate it
+appropriately when you push the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately when you push the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately when you push the button
+on it will cause a print of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it will cause a print of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it will cause a print of the value
+that's currently in register a nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's currently in register a nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's currently in register a nothing
+very exciting that's one sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting that's one sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting that's one sort of thing
+you might want to have but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to have but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to have but these are
+also other things that are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also other things that are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also other things that are a little bit
+worrisome like I've used here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome like I've used here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome like I've used here some
+complicated mechanisms what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mechanisms what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mechanisms what you see here
+is remainder what is that I mean I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remainder what is that I mean I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remainder what is that I mean I may
+not be so obvious how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be so obvious how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be so obvious how
+it may be something which when you open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be something which when you open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be something which when you open
+it up you get a whole machine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you get a whole machine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you get a whole machine okay
+in fact that's true for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's true for example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's true for example if I
+write down the program for remainder the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the program for remainder the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the program for remainder the
+simplest program for it is by repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest program for it is by repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest program for it is by repeated
+subtraction because of course division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction because of course division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction because of course division
+can be done by repeated subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done by repeated subtraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done by repeated subtraction
+numbers of integers so the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remainder of n divided by d is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of n divided by d is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of n divided by d is nothing
+more than if and is less than G then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than if and is less than G then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than if and is less than G then the
+result is n otherwise the remainder when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is n otherwise the remainder when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is n otherwise the remainder when
+we subtract D from n with respect to day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we subtract D from n with respect to day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we subtract D from n with respect to day
+when divided by day Jesus looks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when divided by day Jesus looks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when divided by day Jesus looks just
+like just like the GCD program of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just like the GCD program of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just like the GCD program of course
+it's not a very nice way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a very nice way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a very nice way to do
+remainders you'd really want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainders you'd really want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainders you'd really want to use
+something like binary notation and shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like binary notation and shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like binary notation and shift
+and things like that in a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that in a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that in a practical
+computer but the point of that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer but the point of that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer but the point of that is that
+if I open this thing up I might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I open this thing up I might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I open this thing up I might find
+inside of it a computer so we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of it a computer so we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of it a computer so we know how
+to do that we've just made one and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that we've just made one and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that we've just made one and it
+could be another thing just like this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another thing just like this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another thing just like this on
+the other hand we might want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand we might want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand we might want to make a
+more efficient or a better structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient or a better structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient or a better structured
+machine or maybe make use of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or maybe make use of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or maybe make use of some of the
+registers more than once or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers more than once or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers more than once or some
+horrible mess like that that hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible mess like that that hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible mess like that that hardware
+designers like to do and for very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers like to do and for very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers like to do and for very good
+reasons so for example here's a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so for example here's a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so for example here's a machine
+that you say which you're not supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you say which you're not supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you say which you're not supposed
+to be able to read it's nuts a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to read it's nuts a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to read it's nuts a little
+bit complicated okay but what it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit complicated okay but what it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit complicated okay but what it is is
+the integration of the remainder into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration of the remainder into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration of the remainder into
+the GCD machine and it takes in fact no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GCD machine and it takes in fact no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GCD machine and it takes in fact no
+more registers there are three registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more registers there are three registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more registers there are three registers
+in the data paths okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data paths okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data paths okay
+but now there's a subtractor there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now there's a subtractor there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now there's a subtractor there are
+two things that are tested is B is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that are tested is B is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that are tested is B is B
+equal to 0 or as T less than B and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 or as T less than B and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 or as T less than B and then
+the controller would you see over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controller would you see over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controller would you see over here
+is not much more complicated but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not much more complicated but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not much more complicated but it has
+two two loops in it one of which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two loops in it one of which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two loops in it one of which is the
+the main one for doing the GCD and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main one for doing the GCD and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main one for doing the GCD and one
+of which is the subtraction loop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is the subtraction loop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is the subtraction loop for
+doing the remainder sub sub operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the remainder sub sub operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the remainder sub sub operation
+and there are ways of course of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ways of course of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ways of course of if you
+think about it taking the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it taking the remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it taking the remainder
+program if I take remainder as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program if I take remainder as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program if I take remainder as you see
+over there as a lambda expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there as a lambda expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there as a lambda expression
+substitute it in for a remainder over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it in for a remainder over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it in for a remainder over
+here in the GCD program okay then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the GCD program okay then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the GCD program okay then do
+some simplification by substituting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simplification by substituting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simplification by substituting a
+and B for remainder in there then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B for remainder in there then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B for remainder in there then I can
+unwind this loop and I can get I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwind this loop and I can get I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwind this loop and I can get I can get
+this this piece of machinery by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this piece of machinery by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this piece of machinery by a
+basically a little bit of simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a little bit of simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a little bit of simplification
+algebraic simplification on the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic simplification on the lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic simplification on the lambda
+expressions so I suppose you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions so I suppose you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions so I suppose you've seen
+your first very simple machines now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first very simple machines now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first very simple machines now and
+what are there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good this looks easy doesn't it thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this looks easy doesn't it thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this looks easy doesn't it thank
+you I supposed to take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I supposed to take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I supposed to take a break
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's see now you know how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see now you know how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see now you know how to make
+a an iterative procedure or a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an iterative procedure or a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an iterative procedure or a procedure
+that yields an iterative process turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yields an iterative process turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yields an iterative process turn
+into a machine I suppose the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a machine I suppose the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a machine I suppose the next thing
+we want to do is worry about things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is worry about things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is worry about things that
+really old recursive processes so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really old recursive processes so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really old recursive processes so let's
+play with a simple factorial procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and define factorial n to be n is 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and define factorial n to be n is 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and define factorial n to be n is 1 the
+result is 1 using 1 right now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is 1 using 1 right now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is 1 using 1 right now to
+decrease the amount of work I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the amount of work I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the amount of work I have to do
+to simulate it well 6 times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate it well 6 times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate it well 6 times and
+factorial and minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's different about this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's different about this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's different about this with
+this program as you know is that after i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program as you know is that after i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program as you know is that after i
+computed factorial of n minus 1 here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed factorial of n minus 1 here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed factorial of n minus 1 here i
+have to do something to the result i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something to the result i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something to the result i
+have to multiply it by n so the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to multiply it by n so the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to multiply it by n so the only way
+I can sort of visualize what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of visualize what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of visualize what this
+machine is doing because of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is doing because of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is doing because of the fact
+think of it this way that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it this way that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it this way that I have a
+machine out here which somehow needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine out here which somehow needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine out here which somehow needs a
+factorial machine in order to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial machine in order to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial machine in order to compute
+its answer what this machine the outter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its answer what this machine the outter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its answer what this machine the outter
+machine has to exist built before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine has to exist built before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine has to exist built before and
+after the factorial machine which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the factorial machine which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the factorial machine which is
+inside whereas an iterative case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside whereas an iterative case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside whereas an iterative case the
+outer machine doesn't need to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer machine doesn't need to exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer machine doesn't need to exist
+after the inner machine is is running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the inner machine is is running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the inner machine is is running
+because you never need to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you never need to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you never need to go back to the
+outer machine to do anything so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer machine to do anything so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer machine to do anything so here we
+have a problem where we have a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem where we have a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem where we have a machine
+which has the same machine inside of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the same machine inside of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the same machine inside of it
+an infinitely large machine and it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitely large machine and it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitely large machine and it's got
+other things inside of it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things inside of it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things inside of it like a
+multiplier which takes some inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier which takes some inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier which takes some inputs and
+here's a minus 1 box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a minus 1 box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a minus 1 box
+and things like that you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that you know you can
+imagine that's what it looks like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's what it looks like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's what it looks like but
+the important thing is that here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is that here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is that here I have
+something that happens before and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens before and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens before and after
+in the outer machine the execution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outer machine the execution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outer machine the execution of
+the inner machine so this machine has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner machine so this machine has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner machine so this machine has to
+have a life can have to know that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a life can have to know that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a life can have to know that had
+this app to exist on both sides times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app to exist on both sides times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app to exist on both sides times
+sides of this machine so somehow I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this machine so somehow I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this machine so somehow I have
+to have a place to store the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a place to store the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a place to store the things that
+this thing needs to run infinite objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing needs to run infinite objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing needs to run infinite objects
+don't exist in the real world and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist in the real world and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist in the real world and we
+have to do is arrange an illusion and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is arrange an illusion and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is arrange an illusion and we
+have an infinite object we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite object we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite object we have an
+infinite amount of hardware somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of hardware somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of hardware somewhere
+now of course of course the illusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course of course the illusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course of course the illusions
+all that really matters if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that really matters if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that really matters if we can
+arrange that every time you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange that every time you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange that every time you look at
+something's been an object the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's been an object the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's been an object the part of
+it that you look at is there then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you look at is there then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you look at is there then it's
+as infinite as you need it to be and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as infinite as you need it to be and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as infinite as you need it to be and of
+course one of these we might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one of these we might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one of these we might want to do
+just look at this this thing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this this thing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this this thing over here
+is the organization we've had so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the organization we've had so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the organization we've had so far
+organization that we've had so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that we've had so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that we've had so far
+involves having a part of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves having a part of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves having a part of the machine
+which is a controller which sits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a controller which sits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a controller which sits right
+over here which is perfectly fine ight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here which is perfectly fine ight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here which is perfectly fine ight
+and very simple we have some data pads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very simple we have some data pads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very simple we have some data pads
+which consists of registers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of registers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of registers and
+operators and what I propose to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and what I propose to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and what I propose to do here
+is decompose the machine into two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decompose the machine into two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decompose the machine into two parts
+such as there's a part which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as there's a part which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as there's a part which is
+fundamentally finite and some part where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally finite and some part where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally finite and some part where
+a certain amount of internet stuff can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of internet stuff can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of internet stuff can
+be kept on the other hand this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kept on the other hand this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kept on the other hand this is very
+simple and really isn't infinite but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and really isn't infinite but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and really isn't infinite but
+just very large but it's so simple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very large but it's so simple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very large but it's so simple that
+it could be cheaply reproduced in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be cheaply reproduced in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be cheaply reproduced in such
+large amounts we call it memory okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts we call it memory okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts we call it memory okay
+that we can make a structure called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can make a structure called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can make a structure called a
+stack out of it which will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack out of it which will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack out of it which will allow us to
+in fact how to simulate the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact how to simulate the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact how to simulate the existence of
+an infinite machine which is made of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite machine which is made of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite machine which is made of a
+recursive nest of many of many machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive nest of many of many machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive nest of many of many machines
+and the way it's going to work is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it's going to work is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it's going to work is that
+we're going to store in this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to store in this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to store in this place
+called the stack the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the stack the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the stack the information
+required after the inner machine runs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required after the inner machine runs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required after the inner machine runs to
+resume the operation of the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume the operation of the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume the operation of the outer
+machine so will remain it will remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so will remain it will remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so will remain it will remember
+the important things about the life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things about the life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things about the life of
+the outer machine that will be needed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer machine that will be needed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer machine that will be needed by
+its con for this computation since of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its con for this computation since of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its con for this computation since of
+course these machines are nested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these machines are nested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these machines are nested in a
+recursive manner then in fact the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive manner then in fact the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive manner then in fact the stock
+will only be accessed in a in a manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only be accessed in a in a manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only be accessed in a in a manner
+which is the last thing that goes in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the last thing that goes in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the last thing that goes in is
+the first thing that comes out so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that comes out so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that comes out so we'll
+only need to access some little part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to access some little part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to access some little part of
+the stack memory ok well let's do it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack memory ok well let's do it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack memory ok well let's do it I'm
+going to build you a data path now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build you a data path now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build you a data path now and
+I'm gonna write the controller okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna write the controller okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna write the controller okay and
+then we're going to execute this to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to execute this to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to execute this to see
+how you do it so the factorial machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do it so the factorial machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do it so the factorial machine
+isn't so bad it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so bad it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so bad it's going to have a
+register called the value where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register called the value where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register called the value where the
+answer is going to be stored and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is going to be stored and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is going to be stored and a
+register called n which is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register called n which is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register called n which is where the
+number on taking factorial will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on taking factorial will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on taking factorial will be
+stored a factorial of and it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored a factorial of and it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored a factorial of and it will be
+necessary in some instances to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in some instances to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in some instances to connect
+Val 2n in fact one nice case of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val 2n in fact one nice case of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val 2n in fact one nice case of this is
+if I just said over here and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just said over here and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just said over here and because
+that would be right for n equal 1 N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be right for n equal 1 N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be right for n equal 1 N and
+I could just move the answer over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just move the answer over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just move the answer over there
+if that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's important
+I'm not worried about that right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not worried about that right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not worried about that right now and
+then there are things I have to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are things I have to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are things I have to be able
+to do like I have to be able to as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like I have to be able to as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like I have to be able to as we
+see here multiply n by something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here multiply n by something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here multiply n by something where
+that something in Val because val is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something in Val because val is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something in Val because val is the
+result of computing factorial and i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of computing factorial and i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of computing factorial and i have
+to put the result back into Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the result back into Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the result back into Val
+so here we're seeing that the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're seeing that the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're seeing that the result of
+computing a factorial is n times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing a factorial is n times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing a factorial is n times the
+result of a computing a factorial Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a computing a factorial Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a computing a factorial Val
+will be the representation of the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the representation of the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the representation of the answer
+of the inner factorial and so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inner factorial and so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inner factorial and so I'm going
+to have to have a multiplier here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to have a multiplier here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to have a multiplier here which
+is going to sample the value of N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to sample the value of N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to sample the value of N and
+the value of Val ok I put the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of Val ok I put the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of Val ok I put the result
+back into Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that I'm also going to have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I'm also going to have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I'm also going to have to be
+LC if n is 1 on your light bulb and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC if n is 1 on your light bulb and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC if n is 1 on your light bulb and I
+suppose the other thing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the other thing I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the other thing I'm going to
+need to have is a way of decrementing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have is a way of decrementing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have is a way of decrementing n
+so I'm gonna have a decrement ur which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna have a decrement ur which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna have a decrement ur which
+takes N and going to put back the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes N and going to put back the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes N and going to put back the result
+into n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's pretty much what I need in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much what I need in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much what I need in my
+machine now there's a little bit else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine now there's a little bit else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine now there's a little bit else I
+need it's a little bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it's a little bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it's a little bit more complicated
+because I'm also going to need a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm also going to need a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm also going to need a way to
+store to save away the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store to save away the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store to save away the things that are
+going to be needed for resuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be needed for resuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be needed for resuming the
+computation of the factorial after I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of the factorial after I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of the factorial after I've
+done a sub factorial what's that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a sub factorial what's that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a sub factorial what's that one
+thing I need is in so I'm going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I need is in so I'm going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I need is in so I'm going to build
+here a thing called a stack the stack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a thing called a stack the stack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a thing called a stack the stack is
+a bunch of stuff I'm going to write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stuff I'm going to write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stuff I'm going to write in
+sequentially I don't know how long it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially I don't know how long it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially I don't know how long it is
+the longer it is the better my illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer it is the better my illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer it is the better my illusion
+of infinity and I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infinity and I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infinity and I'm going to have to
+have a way of getting stuff out of N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of getting stuff out of N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of getting stuff out of N and
+into the stack and vice versa so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the stack and vice versa so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the stack and vice versa so I'm
+going to need a connection like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is two-way whereby I can say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two-way whereby I can say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two-way whereby I can say the
+value of N and then restore it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of N and then restore it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of N and then restore it some
+other time through that connection this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time through that connection this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time through that connection this
+is the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stack
+I also need a way of remembering where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also need a way of remembering where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also need a way of remembering where I
+was in the computation of factorial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the computation of factorial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the computation of factorial in
+the in the outer program now in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the outer program now in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the outer program now in the case
+of this machine it isn't very problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this machine it isn't very problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this machine it isn't very problem I
+probably isn't very much a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably isn't very much a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably isn't very much a problem
+factorial or reach always returns has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial or reach always returns has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial or reach always returns has to
+go back to the place where we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the place where we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the place where we multiply
+by n except for the last time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n except for the last time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n except for the last time when
+that's the return whoever needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the return whoever needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the return whoever needs the
+factorial or go to done or stop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial or go to done or stop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial or go to done or stop okay
+however in general I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in general I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in general I'm gonna have to
+remember where I have been because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where I have been because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where I have been because I
+might have computed factorial from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have computed factorial from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have computed factorial from
+somewhere else have to go back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else have to go back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else have to go back to that
+place and continue there so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and continue there so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and continue there so I'm gonna
+have to have some way of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some way of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some way of taking the
+place where the marble is in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the marble is in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the marble is in the in the
+finite state controller the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite state controller the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite state controller the state of the
+controller and storing that in the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and storing that in the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and storing that in the stack
+as well I'm gonna have to have ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I'm gonna have to have ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I'm gonna have to have ways of
+restoring that back to the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring that back to the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring that back to the state of the
+code of the marble so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of the marble so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of the marble so that that
+something that moves the marble to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that moves the marble to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that moves the marble to the
+right place well we're gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place well we're gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place well we're gonna have a
+place which is the marble now it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which is the marble now it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which is the marble now it was
+called the continue register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll continue which is the place to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll continue which is the place to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll continue which is the place to put
+the marble next time I go to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marble next time I go to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marble next time I go to continue
+that's what that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's for
+and so there's got to be some passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's got to be some passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's got to be some passive
+mattad to the controller I also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattad to the controller I also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattad to the controller I also have to
+have some way of saving that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way of saving that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way of saving that on the
+stack and I have to have some way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and I have to have some way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and I have to have some way of
+setting that up to have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting that up to have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting that up to have various
+constants a certain uh fixed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants a certain uh fixed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants a certain uh fixed number of
+constants and that's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and that's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and that's very easy to
+arrange so let's have some constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange so let's have some constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange so let's have some constants
+here we'll call this one after fact okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll call this one after fact okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll call this one after fact okay
+and that's a constant which will be fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a constant which will be fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a constant which will be fed
+into the continue register and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the continue register and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the continue register and also
+another one called fact done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the this is the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the this is the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the this is the machine
+I want to build that's it's data paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to build that's it's data paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to build that's it's data paths
+at least and it mixes a little with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least and it mixes a little with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least and it mixes a little with the
+controller here because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller here because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller here because of the fact that
+I have to remember where I was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to remember where I was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to remember where I was and
+restore myself to that place but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore myself to that place but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore myself to that place but let's
+write the program now which represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the program now which represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the program now which represents
+the controller I'm not going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controller I'm not going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controller I'm not going to write
+the define machine thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the define machine thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the define machine thing and the
+register list because that's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register list because that's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register list because that's not very
+interesting just going to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting just going to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting just going to write down the
+the sequence of instructions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of instructions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of instructions that
+constitute the controller okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute the controller okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute the controller okay so we
+have a sign you can set up continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sign you can set up continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sign you can set up continue the
+done level loop which says branch yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done level loop which says branch yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done level loop which says branch yeah
+is equal one stretch n if n is 1 then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal one stretch n if n is 1 then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal one stretch n if n is 1 then go
+to the base step of the induction a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the base step of the induction a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the base step of the induction a
+simple case otherwise I have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case otherwise I have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case otherwise I have to remember
+the things that are necessary to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that are necessary to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that are necessary to perform
+a sub a sub factorial I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub a sub factorial I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub a sub factorial I'm going to go
+over here and I have to perform a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and I have to perform a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and I have to perform a sub
+factorial so I have to remember what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so I have to remember what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so I have to remember what's
+needed to do that do I remember what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do that do I remember what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do that do I remember what's
+needed after I will be done with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed after I will be done with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed after I will be done with that
+see I'm about to do something terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm about to do something terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm about to do something terrible
+I'm about to change the value of n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to change the value of n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to change the value of n but
+this guy has to know the old value of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has to know the old value of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has to know the old value of n
+but in order to make the sub factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to make the sub factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to make the sub factorial
+work I have to change the value of n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I have to change the value of n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I have to change the value of n so
+as I said remember the old value and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said remember the old value and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said remember the old value and I
+also have to remember where I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to remember where I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to remember where I've been
+so I say love continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what this is an instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is an instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is an instruction that
+says put something in the stack say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says put something in the stack say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says put something in the stack say okay
+save the contents of the continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the contents of the continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the contents of the continuation
+register which in this case is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register which in this case is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register which in this case is done
+because later I'm going to change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because later I'm going to change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because later I'm going to change that
+to because I need to go back to after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because I need to go back to after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because I need to go back to after
+fact as well we'll see that we say then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to need that for later assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need that for later assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need that for later assign
+to n the decrement of fetch and assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue now look at this now - after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue now look at this now - after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue now look at this now - after
+we'll call it that's a good name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it that's a good name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it that's a good name for
+this a little bit easier and shorter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit easier and shorter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit easier and shorter and
+fits in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now look what I'm doing here I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look what I'm doing here I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look what I'm doing here I'm saying
+if the answer is one okay I'm done I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the answer is one okay I'm done I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the answer is one okay I'm done I'm
+gonna have to just get the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to just get the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to just get the answer
+otherwise I'm gonna save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm gonna save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm gonna save the
+continuation save n make in 1 less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation save n make in 1 less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation save n make in 1 less than
+n remember I'm going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n remember I'm going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n remember I'm going to come back to
+someplace else and go back and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace else and go back and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace else and go back and start
+doing another factorial okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another factorial okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another factorial okay
+however I've got a different machine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I've got a different machine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I've got a different machine in
+me now and it's one and continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now and it's one and continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now and it's one and continue with
+something else and is n minus 1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and is n minus 1 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and is n minus 1 now
+after I'm done with that I can go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I'm done with that I can go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I'm done with that I can go there
+I will restore the old value of n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will restore the old value of n which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will restore the old value of n which
+is the opposite of this save over here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite of this save over here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite of this save over here I
+will restore the continuation I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will restore the continuation I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will restore the continuation I will
+then go to here I will assign to the Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to here I will assign to the Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to here I will assign to the Val
+register the product n and fetch Val Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the product n and fetch Val Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the product n and fetch Val Val
+fetch product assign and then I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetch product assign and then I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetch product assign and then I will be
+done I will have my answer to the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I will have my answer to the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I will have my answer to the sub
+factorial in Val at that point I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial in Val at that point I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial in Val at that point I'm going
+to return by going to the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return by going to the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return by going to the place where
+the continuation is pointing that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuation is pointing that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuation is pointing that says
+go to fetch continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay and now I've had finally a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I've had finally a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I've had finally a base
+step which the immediate answer assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Val fetch in and go to fetch continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I'm done now let's see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm done now let's see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm done now let's see how this
+executes on a very simple case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes on a very simple case because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes on a very simple case because
+then we'll see the use of this stack to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see the use of this stack to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see the use of this stack to
+do the job we need this is statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the job we need this is statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the job we need this is statically
+what it's doing but we have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing but we have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing but we have to look
+dynamically at this so let's see first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically at this so let's see first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically at this so let's see first
+thing we do is continue gets done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do is continue gets done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do is continue gets done the
+way that happens I push this let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that happens I push this let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that happens I push this let's call
+that done the way I have it I pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that done the way I have it I pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that done the way I have it I pushed
+that button done goes into there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that button done goes into there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that button done goes into there okay
+now I also have to set this thing up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I also have to set this thing up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I also have to set this thing up to
+have an initial value let's consider hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an initial value let's consider hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an initial value let's consider hit
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+consider factorial of 3 a simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider factorial of 3 a simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider factorial of 3 a simple case
+and we're going to start out with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to start out with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to start out with our
+stack growing over here stacks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack growing over here stacks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack growing over here stacks have
+their own little internal state saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own little internal state saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own little internal state saying
+where they are where the next place I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are where the next place I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are where the next place I'm
+going to write is so now we say is N 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write is so now we say is N 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write is so now we say is N 1
+the answer is no so now I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no so now I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no so now I'm going to say
+if continue bang that done goes in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if continue bang that done goes in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if continue bang that done goes in here
+and this moves to here the next place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this moves to here the next place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this moves to here the next place
+I'm going to write save n 3 ok assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write save n 3 ok assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write save n 3 ok assigned
+to end my the decrement of n that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end my the decrement of n that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end my the decrement of n that means
+I pushed this button this becomes 2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pushed this button this becomes 2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pushed this button this becomes 2 okay
+assigned to continue at so I pushed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to continue at so I pushed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to continue at so I pushed that
+button F goes in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now go to loop banging some up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now go to loop banging some up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now go to loop banging some up to
+here is n1 no so I have to save continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is n1 no so I have to save continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is n1 no so I have to save continue
+let's continue continue is asked push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue continue is asked push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue continue is asked push
+this button so this moves to here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button so this moves to here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button so this moves to here I have
+to save n and is over here at 2:00 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save n and is over here at 2:00 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save n and is over here at 2:00 to
+4:00 stop button so the 2 gets written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4:00 stop button so the 2 gets written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4:00 stop button so the 2 gets written
+there and then this thing moves down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then this thing moves down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then this thing moves down
+here ok save and a sigh end to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ok save and a sigh end to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ok save and a sigh end to the
+decrement of n becomes a 1 a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement of n becomes a 1 a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement of n becomes a 1 a sign
+continued EFT a yeah see it's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued EFT a yeah see it's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued EFT a yeah see it's written
+there again go to loop is n equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again go to loop is n equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again go to loop is n equal to 1
+oh yes the answer is 1 ok go to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes the answer is 1 ok go to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes the answer is 1 ok go to go to
+base 10 assigned to valve that you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 10 assigned to valve that you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 10 assigned to valve that you then
+bang 1 gets put in there okay go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang 1 gets put in there okay go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang 1 gets put in there okay go to
+fetch continue so we look and continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetch continue so we look and continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetch continue so we look and continue
+basically I'm pushing a button over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm pushing a button over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm pushing a button over here
+that goes to the controller ok they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to the controller ok they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to the controller ok they
+continue becomes aft and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue becomes aft and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue becomes aft and all of a sudden
+programs running here I now have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs running here I now have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs running here I now have to
+restore the outer version of factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore the outer version of factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore the outer version of factorial
+so we go here we say what do we restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go here we say what do we restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go here we say what do we restore
+n so restore n means take the contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so restore n means take the contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so restore n means take the contents
+that's here push this button and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here push this button and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here push this button and it goes
+into here too and the pointer moves up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here too and the pointer moves up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here too and the pointer moves up
+ok restore continue pretty easy go push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok restore continue pretty easy go push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok restore continue pretty easy go push
+this button and that after ittan in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button and that after ittan in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button and that after ittan in here
+again that means this thing moves up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that means this thing moves up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that means this thing moves up
+I've done got rid of something else on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done got rid of something else on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done got rid of something else on
+my stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then I go to here which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I go to here which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I go to here which says
+assigned to Dow the product and in Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to Dow the product and in Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to Dow the product and in Val
+so I push this button over here bang two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I push this button over here bang two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I push this button over here bang two
+times one gives me a to get written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one gives me a to get written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one gives me a to get written
+there okay go to fetch continue continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay go to fetch continue continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay go to fetch continue continue
+is after I go to act okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after I go to act okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after I go to act okay
+F says restore end doing a restore n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F says restore end doing a restore n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F says restore end doing a restore n
+means I take the value over here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I take the value over here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I take the value over here which
+is three push this up to here and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three push this up to here and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three push this up to here and move
+it into here and now pushing that button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into here and now pushing that button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into here and now pushing that button
+the next thing I do is restore continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing I do is restore continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing I do is restore continue
+continue is now going to become done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue is now going to become done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue is now going to become done so
+the but this just moves up here when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but this just moves up here when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but this just moves up here when I
+push this button done may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this button done may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this button done may or may not be
+there anymore I'm not interested but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anymore I'm not interested but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anymore I'm not interested but it
+certainly is here next thing I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is here next thing I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is here next thing I do is
+assign to Val the product of the fetch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to Val the product of the fetch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to Val the product of the fetch
+of N and the fetch of Val that's pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and the fetch of Val that's pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and the fetch of Val that's pushing
+this button over here bang two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button over here bang two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button over here bang two times
+three and six so I get a six over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and go to fetch continue whoops I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and go to fetch continue whoops I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and go to fetch continue whoops I
+go to done and I'm done and my answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to done and I'm done and my answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to done and I'm done and my answer is
+six as you can see in the Val register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six as you can see in the Val register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six as you can see in the Val register
+and in fact the stack is in the state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the stack is in the state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the stack is in the state it
+originally was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's a bit of discipline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bit of discipline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bit of discipline and
+using these things like stacks though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these things like stacks though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these things like stacks though
+you have to be careful of okay and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful of okay and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful of okay and we'll
+see that in the next segment but first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in the next segment but first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in the next segment but first I
+want to ask if there any questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask if there any questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask if there any questions for
+this are there any questions yes Ron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are there any questions yes Ron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are there any questions yes Ron you
+roll off the end of the stack with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll off the end of the stack with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll off the end of the stack with
+wouldn't you roll off up with a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you roll off up with a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you roll off up with a larger
+number larger starting point of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number larger starting point of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number larger starting point of n
+requires more memory correct oh yes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires more memory correct oh yes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires more memory correct oh yes well
+I need to have a long and long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to have a long and long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to have a long and long enough
+stack you say what if I violate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack you say what if I violate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack you say what if I violate my
+illusion yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion yes
+well the magic doesn't work the truth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the magic doesn't work the truth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the magic doesn't work the truth of
+the matter is that every machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter is that every machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter is that every machine is
+finite and for a procedure like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and for a procedure like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and for a procedure like this
+there is a limit to the amount you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a limit to the amount you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a limit to the amount you could
+be a number a number of sub factorials I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a number a number of sub factorials I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a number a number of sub factorials I
+could have remember when we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have remember when we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have remember when we were doing
+the Y operator a while ago we pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y operator a while ago we pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y operator a while ago we pointed
+out that there was a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there was a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there was a sequence of
+exponentiation procedures each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation procedures each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation procedures each of which
+was a little better than the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little better than the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little better than the previous
+one well we're now seeing how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well we're now seeing how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well we're now seeing how we
+implement that mathematical idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that mathematical idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that mathematical idea the
+limiting process is only so good as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process is only so good as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process is only so good as as
+far as you take the limit if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as you take the limit if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as you take the limit if you think
+about it what am I using here I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it what am I using here I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it what am I using here I'm using
+about two chunks of pieces pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two chunks of pieces pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two chunks of pieces pieces of
+memory for a reiteration of this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory for a reiteration of this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory for a reiteration of this for
+every recursion of this process if I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every recursion of this process if I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every recursion of this process if I we
+try to compute factorial of 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to compute factorial of 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to compute factorial of 10,000
+that's not a lot of memory on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a lot of memory on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a lot of memory on the other
+hand it's an awful big number and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's an awful big number and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's an awful big number and so the
+question is is that a valuable thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that a valuable thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that a valuable thing in
+this case but it really isn't it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case but it really isn't it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case but it really isn't it really
+turns out not to be a terrible limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out not to be a terrible limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out not to be a terrible limit
+because memory is el cheapo and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because memory is el cheapo and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because memory is el cheapo and people
+are pretty expensive okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty expensive okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty expensive okay thank you
+let's take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a break
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see well I've shown you now is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see well I've shown you now is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see well I've shown you now is how
+to do a simple a simple iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a simple a simple iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a simple a simple iterative
+process and a simple recursive process I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and a simple recursive process I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and a simple recursive process I
+just want to summarize the design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to summarize the design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to summarize the design and
+simple machines for specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple machines for specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple machines for specific
+applications I show you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications I show you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications I show you a little bit
+more complicated design that of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated design that of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated design that of a thing
+that does doubly recursive Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does doubly recursive Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does doubly recursive Fibonacci
+because it will indicate to us we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will indicate to us we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will indicate to us we'll
+understand a bit about about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a bit about about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a bit about about the
+conventions required for making stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions required for making stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions required for making stacks
+operate correctly so let's say I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate correctly so let's say I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate correctly so let's say I must
+write down the first of all the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the first of all the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the first of all the program
+I'm going to translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to translate
+I need a Fibonacci procedure it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a Fibonacci procedure it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a Fibonacci procedure it's very
+simple machetes ya n is less than 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple machetes ya n is less than 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple machetes ya n is less than 2 the
+result of n otherwise it's the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of n otherwise it's the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of n otherwise it's the sum of
+fib of n minus 1 and fib of n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the the plan I have here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the plan I have here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the plan I have here and
+we're just going to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to write down the
+controller for such a machine we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for such a machine we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for such a machine we're
+going to assume that there are registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that there are registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that there are registers
+and which holds the number we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which holds the number we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which holds the number we're taking
+Fibonacci of Val which is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of Val which is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of Val which is where the
+answer is going to get put and continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is going to get put and continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is going to get put and continue
+which is the thing that's linked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing that's linked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing that's linked to the
+controller like before but I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller like before but I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller like before but I'm not going
+to draw another physical data path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw another physical data path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw another physical data path
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+because it's pretty much the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pretty much the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pretty much the same as the
+last one you've seen and of course one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one you've seen and of course one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one you've seen and of course one
+of the most amazing things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most amazing things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most amazing things about
+computation is that after a while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is that after a while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is that after a while you
+build up a little more features and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a little more features and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a little more features and a
+few more features and also you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more features and also you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more features and also you've got
+everything you need okay so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need okay so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need okay so it's it's
+sort of remarkable that just gets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of remarkable that just gets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of remarkable that just gets there
+so fast I don't need much more to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast I don't need much more to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast I don't need much more to make a
+universal computer but in any case just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal computer but in any case just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal computer but in any case just
+look at the controller for the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the controller for the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the controller for the Fibonacci
+thing first thing I want to do is start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing first thing I want to do is start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing first thing I want to do is start
+the thing up by a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing up by a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing up by a sign
+to continue a place called done close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue a place called done close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue a place called done close
+fit done here that means that somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit done here that means that somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit done here that means that somewhere
+over here I'm going to have a label fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'm going to have a label fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'm going to have a label fit
+done okay which is the place where I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay which is the place where I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay which is the place where I go
+when I want to me she'd stop that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I want to me she'd stop that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I want to me she'd stop that's what
+that is and I'm gonna make up a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a place I'm going to go to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a place I'm going to go to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a place I'm going to go to in
+order to start up computing a pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to start up computing a pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to start up computing a pin
+whatever is in N at this point Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is in N at this point Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is in N at this point Fibonacci
+will be computed of and we will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be computed of and we will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be computed of and we will return
+to the place specified by continue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place specified by continue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place specified by continue so
+the the so what you're going to see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the so what you're going to see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the so what you're going to see here
+at this place what I want here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this place what I want here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this place what I want here is the
+contract that says I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that says I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that says I'm going to write
+this with a comment syntax the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a comment syntax the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a comment syntax the contract
+is n contains Arg the argument continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is recipient that's where it is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recipient that's where it is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recipient that's where it is that's
+why that's lowers at this point if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's lowers at this point if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's lowers at this point if I
+ever go to this place I'm expecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever go to this place I'm expecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever go to this place I'm expecting that
+this to be true the argument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be true the argument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be true the argument for
+computing the Fibonacci now the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the Fibonacci now the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the Fibonacci now the next
+thing I wanted to do is the branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted to do is the branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted to do is the branch and
+if n is less than 2 by the way I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is less than 2 by the way I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is less than 2 by the way I'm using
+what looks like list syntax this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks like list syntax this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks like list syntax this is not
+Lisp this does not run when I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisp this does not run when I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisp this does not run when I'm writing
+here does not run as a simple list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does not run as a simple list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does not run as a simple list
+program this is a representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this is a representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this is a representation of
+another language the reason I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another language the reason I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another language the reason I'm using
+the syntax of parentheses and so on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax of parentheses and so on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax of parentheses and so on is
+because I tend to use a lisp system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I tend to use a lisp system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I tend to use a lisp system to
+write an interpreter for this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an interpreter for this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an interpreter for this which
+allows me to simulate the machine I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to simulate the machine I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to simulate the machine I'm
+trying to build I don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build I don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build I don't want you to
+confuse this to think that this is Lisp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse this to think that this is Lisp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse this to think that this is Lisp
+code it's just I'm using a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's just I'm using a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's just I'm using a lot of the
+pieces of Lisp I'm embedding a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of Lisp I'm embedding a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of Lisp I'm embedding a language
+in Lisp using Lisp as pieces to make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lisp using Lisp as pieces to make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lisp using Lisp as pieces to make my
+process of making my simular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of making my simular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of making my simular
+easy right so I'm inheriting from list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy right so I'm inheriting from list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy right so I'm inheriting from list
+all of its properties fetch of n2 I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its properties fetch of n2 I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its properties fetch of n2 I want
+to go to a place called immediate answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a place called immediate answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a place called immediate answer
+it's a base step and that's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a base step and that's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a base step and that's somewhere
+over here just above done and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here just above done and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here just above done and we'll see
+it later now in the general case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later now in the general case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later now in the general case which
+is the part I'm going to write down now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part I'm going to write down now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part I'm going to write down now
+let's just do it well first of all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do it well first of all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do it well first of all I'm
+gonna have to call Fibonacci twice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to call Fibonacci twice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to call Fibonacci twice in
+each case I'm going to have to well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each case I'm going to have to well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each case I'm going to have to well in
+one case at least I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case at least I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case at least I'm going to have to
+know what to do to come back and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do to come back and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do to come back and do the
+next one I have to remand there have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one I have to remand there have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one I have to remand there have to
+remember I have to remember have I done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I have to remember have I done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I have to remember have I done
+the first tip or have it done the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first tip or have it done the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first tip or have it done the second
+one do I have to come back to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do I have to come back to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do I have to come back to the place
+where I do the second fib or do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I do the second fib or do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I do the second fib or do I have
+to come back to the place where I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to the place where I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to the place where I do the
+add in both cases I'm going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in both cases I'm going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in both cases I'm going to need
+Davout I don't in the first case over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davout I don't in the first case over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davout I don't in the first case over
+the first Fibonacci I'm going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Fibonacci I'm going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Fibonacci I'm going to need
+the value of n for computing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of n for computing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of n for computing for the
+second one okay so I have to store some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one okay so I have to store some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one okay so I have to store some
+of these things up first thing I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things up first thing I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things up first thing I'm gonna
+do save continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do save continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do save continue
+that's who needs the answer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's who needs the answer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's who needs the answer and the
+reason I'm doing that is because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm doing that is because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm doing that is because I'm
+about to assign continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the result to the place which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the result to the place which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the result to the place which is
+there a place I want to go to after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go on fib and - one big long name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on fib and - one big long name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on fib and - one big long name
+classic list name because that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic list name because that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic list name because that's because
+I'm going to compute the first and fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute the first and fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute the first and fib
+of n minus one and then after that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus one and then after that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus one and then after that I
+want to come back and do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come back and do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come back and do something else
+that's the place I want to go to after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the place I want to go to after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the place I want to go to after
+I've done the first Fibonacci a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done the first Fibonacci a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done the first Fibonacci a
+calculation and I want to do way say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and I want to do way say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and I want to do way say
+then because I'm going to need it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because I'm going to need it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because I'm going to need it later
+after that now I'm going to at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that now I'm going to at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that now I'm going to at this
+point get ready to the Fibonacci of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point get ready to the Fibonacci of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point get ready to the Fibonacci of n
+minus one to assign to n the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one to assign to n the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one to assign to n the difference
+of the fetch of N and one now I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fetch of N and one now I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fetch of N and one now I'm ready
+to go back to doing the fib loop do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to doing the fib loop do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to doing the fib loop do I
+have a Vai satisfied my contract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Vai satisfied my contract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Vai satisfied my contract the
+answer is yes n contains n minus 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes n contains n minus 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes n contains n minus 1 which
+is what I need okay I continue contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I need okay I continue contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I need okay I continue contains
+a place I want to go to what I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place I want to go to what I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place I want to go to what I'm done
+with calculate fib of n minus 1 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with calculate fib of n minus 1 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with calculate fib of n minus 1 so I
+satisfied the contract in therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the contract in therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the contract in therefore I
+can write down here at egg after label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down here at egg after label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down here at egg after label
+after fib and minus 1 now what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after fib and minus 1 now what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after fib and minus 1 now what am I
+going to do here here's a place where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here here's a place where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here here's a place where I
+now have to get ready to do fib n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have to get ready to do fib n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have to get ready to do fib n minus
+2 okay but in order to do a fib that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay but in order to do a fib that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay but in order to do a fib that
+might suit look I don't know I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might suit look I don't know I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might suit look I don't know I've
+clobbered my n over here and presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clobbered my n over here and presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clobbered my n over here and presumably
+my n is counted down all the way to 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my n is counted down all the way to 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my n is counted down all the way to 1 or
+0 or something at this point so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or something at this point so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or something at this point so I have
+to I don't know what the value of N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't know what the value of N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't know what the value of N and
+the N register is I want the value of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N register is I want the value of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N register is I want the value of n
+that was on the stack that I saved over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on the stack that I saved over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on the stack that I saved over
+here so that I could restore it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that I could restore it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that I could restore it over
+here I saved up the value of n which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I saved up the value of n which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I saved up the value of n which is
+this value then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value then
+at this point so that I could restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point so that I could restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point so that I could restore
+after computing to have n minus one so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after computing to have n minus one so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after computing to have n minus one so I
+could count that down to n minus two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could count that down to n minus two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could count that down to n minus two and
+then compute fib of n minus two so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute fib of n minus two so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute fib of n minus two so let's
+restore that restore of n now I'm about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore that restore of n now I'm about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore that restore of n now I'm about
+to do something which is superstitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something which is superstitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something which is superstitious
+and we will remove it shortly I am about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will remove it shortly I am about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will remove it shortly I am about
+to finish the sequence of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish the sequence of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish the sequence of doing the
+subroutine call ful I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine call ful I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine call ful I'm going to say
+well I also saved up the continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I also saved up the continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I also saved up the continuation
+since I I'm gonna restore it now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I I'm gonna restore it now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I I'm gonna restore it now but
+actually I don't have to because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't have to because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't have to because I'm not
+going to need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need it
+we'll fix that in a second so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll fix that in a second so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll fix that in a second so we're
+going to restore continue which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to restore continue which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to restore continue which is what
+I would in general need to do and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would in general need to do and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would in general need to do and we're
+just going to see what was called what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to see what was called what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to see what was called what
+you would call in the compiler world a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would call in the compiler world a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would call in the compiler world a
+peephole optimization which says whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peephole optimization which says whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peephole optimization which says whoops
+you didn't have to do that ok so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have to do that ok so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have to do that ok so the
+next thing I see here is that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I see here is that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I see here is that I have to
+get ready now to do Fibonacci of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready now to do Fibonacci of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready now to do Fibonacci of n minus
+2 but I don't have to save n anymore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but I don't have to save n anymore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but I don't have to save n anymore the
+reason why I don't have to say then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I don't have to say then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I don't have to say then
+anymore is because I don't need n after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore is because I don't need n after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore is because I don't need n after
+I've done 2 of n minus 2 because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done 2 of n minus 2 because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done 2 of n minus 2 because the
+next thing I do is add so I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I do is add so I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I do is add so I'm just going
+to set up my and that way assign and -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up my and that way assign and -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up my and that way assign and -
+difference of fetch and and - hmm now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of fetch and and - hmm now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of fetch and and - hmm now I
+have to finish the setup for calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to finish the setup for calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to finish the setup for calling
+Fibonacci on n minus 2 well I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci on n minus 2 well I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci on n minus 2 well I have to
+say that I've continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and sign continued continued to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign continued continued to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign continued continued to the
+place which is after gym and to I place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which is after gym and to I place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which is after gym and to I place
+over here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here somewhere
+however I got to be very careful the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I got to be very careful the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I got to be very careful the old
+value the value of fib of n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the value of fib of n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the value of fib of n minus one
+I'm going to need later the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need later the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need later the value of
+Fibonacci of n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of n minus one
+I'm going to need and I can't clobber it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need and I can't clobber it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need and I can't clobber it
+because I'm gonna have to add it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm gonna have to add it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm gonna have to add it to the
+value of F of n minus two that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of F of n minus two that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of F of n minus two that's in the
+value register so I'm going to save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value register so I'm going to save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value register so I'm going to save it
+okay so I have to save this right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have to save this right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have to save this right now
+study about Val and now I can go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study about Val and now I can go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study about Val and now I can go up to
+my subroutine go to fiddler now before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subroutine go to fiddler now before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subroutine go to fiddler now before I
+I go any further and continue and finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go any further and continue and finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go any further and continue and finish
+this program I always want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program I always want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program I always want to look at
+this segment so far and see oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment so far and see oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment so far and see oh yes
+there's a sequence of instructions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sequence of instructions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sequence of instructions here
+if you will like to do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I have a restore of continue a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have a restore of continue a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have a restore of continue a
+saved continue and then in this sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved continue and then in this sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved continue and then in this sign of
+continue with no other references to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with no other references to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with no other references to
+continue in between the restore followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in between the restore followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in between the restore followed
+by the state leaves a stack unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the state leaves a stack unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the state leaves a stack unchanged
+the only difference is that I've set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is that I've set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is that I've set the
+continue register to a value which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue register to a value which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue register to a value which is
+the value that was on the stack since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that was on the stack since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that was on the stack since I
+now clobber that value as it was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now clobber that value as it was never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now clobber that value as it was never
+referenced these instructions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced these instructions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced these instructions are
+unnecessary so we will remove these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I couldn't have seen that unless I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I couldn't have seen that unless I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I couldn't have seen that unless I'd
+written them down where's that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written them down where's that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written them down where's that really
+true well I don't know okay so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well I don't know okay so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well I don't know okay so now we've
+got about to it we've now gone off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about to it we've now gone off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about to it we've now gone off to
+compute Fibonacci of n minus 2 so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Fibonacci of n minus 2 so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Fibonacci of n minus 2 so after
+that what are we going to do well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what are we going to do well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what are we going to do well I
+suppose the first thing we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the first thing we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the first thing we have to do
+we've got two things we've got a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two things we've got a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two things we've got a thing
+in the value register which is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value register which is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value register which is now
+valuable we also have thing on the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable we also have thing on the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable we also have thing on the stack
+that can be restored into the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be restored into the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be restored into the value
+register and what I have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and what I have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and what I have to be careful
+is now is I want to shuffle this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now is I want to shuffle this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now is I want to shuffle this right
+so I can do the multiply now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can do the multiply now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can do the multiply now they're
+various conventions I might use but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various conventions I might use but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various conventions I might use but I'm
+gonna be very very picky and say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be very very picky and say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be very very picky and say I'm
+only going to restore into a register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to restore into a register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to restore into a register
+I've sort of saved from okay if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sort of saved from okay if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sort of saved from okay if that's
+the case I have to do a shuffle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case I have to do a shuffle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case I have to do a shuffle here
+okay so cuz I it's the same problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so cuz I it's the same problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so cuz I it's the same problem with
+how many hands I have so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many hands I have so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many hands I have so I'm going to
+assign to n because I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to n because I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to n because I'm not going to
+need any anymore and it's useless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need any anymore and it's useless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need any anymore and it's useless the
+card value of Val which was the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card value of Val which was the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card value of Val which was the value of
+fib of n minus 2 okay and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of n minus 2 okay and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of n minus 2 okay and I'm going to
+restore the value register now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore the value register now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore the value register now this
+restore matches this save and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore matches this save and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore matches this save and if you're
+very careful it'll examine it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful it'll examine it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful it'll examine it very
+carefully what goes on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully what goes on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully what goes on okay
+restores and saves are always matched ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restores and saves are always matched ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restores and saves are always matched ok
+now there's an outstanding save of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's an outstanding save of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's an outstanding save of
+course that we have to get rid of soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that we have to get rid of soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that we have to get rid of soon
+mm-hmm and so I restored the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm and so I restored the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm and so I restored the value
+register now I restore the continue one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which matches this one doctor thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which matches this one doctor thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which matches this one doctor thought
+that I have done down to here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have done down to here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have done down to here I'm
+restoring that continuation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring that continuation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring that continuation that
+continuation is the continuation of fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation is the continuation of fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation is the continuation of fib
+of n which is the problem I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n which is the problem I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n which is the problem I was trying
+to solve but major problem I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve but major problem I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve but major problem I'm trying
+self so that's the guy I have to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self so that's the guy I have to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self so that's the guy I have to go back
+to who wants to be then I saved him all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who wants to be then I saved him all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who wants to be then I saved him all
+the way up here when I realized and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up here when I realized and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up here when I realized and was
+not less than two and so I had to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not less than two and so I had to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not less than two and so I had to do a
+complicated operation now I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated operation now I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated operation now I've got
+everything I need to do it so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I need to do it so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I need to do it so I'm going
+to restore that assign to Val and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restore that assign to Val and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restore that assign to Val and the
+sum of touch val and fetch 15 of n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of touch val and fetch 15 of n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of touch val and fetch 15 of n and
+then go to continue so now I've returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to continue so now I've returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to continue so now I've returned
+I returned from the return from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I returned from the return from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I returned from the return from
+computing Fibonacci of n then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing Fibonacci of n then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing Fibonacci of n then the
+general case now what's left is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case now what's left is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case now what's left is let's
+come to fix up a few a few details like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to fix up a few a few details like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to fix up a few a few details like
+there's the base case of this induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the base case of this induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the base case of this induction
+immediate answer and which is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate answer and which is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate answer and which is nothing
+more than assign to Val that you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than assign to Val that you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than assign to Val that you then
+because n was less than 2 and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because n was less than 2 and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because n was less than 2 and therefore
+the answer is n in our original program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is n in our original program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is n in our original program
+and return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue ma boite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue ma boite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue ma boite
+almost and although I finally have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a fairly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a fairly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a fairly complicated
+program and I reason I wanted you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and I reason I wanted you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and I reason I wanted you to see
+that because I want you to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I want you to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I want you to see the
+particular flavors of stack discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular flavors of stack discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular flavors of stack discipline
+that I was obeying was first of all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was obeying was first of all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was obeying was first of all I
+don't want to say anything that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say anything that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say anything that I'm not
+going to need later it's being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need later it's being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need later it's being very
+careful and it's very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and it's very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and it's very important and
+there are all sorts of other disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of other disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of other disciplines
+people make with frames and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make with frames and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make with frames and things like
+that of some sort where you save all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of some sort where you save all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of some sort where you save all
+sorts of junk you're not going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of junk you're not going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of junk you're not going to need
+later and restore it because some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and restore it because some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and restore it because some sense
+it's easier to do that that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to do that that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to do that that's going to
+lead to various disasters okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to various disasters okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to various disasters okay which
+we'll see to see a little later the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see to see a little later the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see to see a little later the it's
+crucial to say exactly what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial to say exactly what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial to say exactly what you're going
+to need later it's an important idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need later it's an important idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need later it's an important idea and
+the responsibility of that is whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsibility of that is whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsibility of that is whoever
+saves something is the guy who restores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves something is the guy who restores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves something is the guy who restores
+because he needs it and in such a such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he needs it and in such a such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he needs it and in such a such
+discipline you can see what things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline you can see what things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline you can see what things are
+unnecessary operations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary operations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary operations that are
+unimportant now one other thing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant now one other thing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant now one other thing I want
+to tell you about it's very simple is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about it's very simple is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about it's very simple is
+that of course the picture you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course the picture you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course the picture you've
+sitting is not the whole picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting is not the whole picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting is not the whole picture
+supposing I had systems that had things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I had systems that had things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I had systems that had things
+like other operations car could or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other operations car could or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other operations car could or
+kant's building a vector and referencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kant's building a vector and referencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kant's building a vector and referencing
+the nth element of it or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth element of it or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth element of it or things like
+that well we get this level of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we get this level of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we get this level of detail
+whatever it is we can conceptualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is we can conceptualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is we can conceptualize
+those as primitive operations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as primitive operations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as primitive operations in the
+data path in other words we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data path in other words we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data path in other words we could say
+that some machine that for example has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some machine that for example has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some machine that for example has
+has the append machine which has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the append machine which has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the append machine which has to do
+cons of the car of X with the append of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons of the car of X with the append of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons of the car of X with the append of
+the cooter of x and y oh gee that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cooter of x and y oh gee that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cooter of x and y oh gee that's the
+exactly the same is the factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same is the factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same is the factorial
+structure well it's got about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure well it's got about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure well it's got about the same
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+how would we have we have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we have we have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we have we have some sort of
+things in it which maybe registers X&Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in it which maybe registers X&Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in it which maybe registers X&Y
+and they were ex math sometimes move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were ex math sometimes move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were ex math sometimes move to
+why sometimes Rex has to get the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why sometimes Rex has to get the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why sometimes Rex has to get the value
+of y and then we may have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y and then we may have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y and then we may have to be able to
+do something which is a cons I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something which is a cons I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something which is a cons I don't
+remember if I need to like this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if I need to like this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if I need to like this in this
+in this in this system but cons is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this system but cons is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this system but cons is what
+sort of like subtract or add or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like subtract or add or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like subtract or add or
+something it combines two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it combines two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it combines two things
+producing a thing which is the cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a thing which is the cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a thing which is the cons
+which we may then think goes into there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we may then think goes into there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we may then think goes into there
+okay and there may be a thing called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there may be a thing called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there may be a thing called the
+car which will produce I can get the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car which will produce I can get the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car which will produce I can get the car
+of something and maybe I can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and maybe I can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and maybe I can get the
+cooter of something and so on well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooter of something and so on well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooter of something and so on well we
+shouldn't be too afraid of saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be too afraid of saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be too afraid of saying things
+this way because the worst that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because the worst that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because the worst that could
+happen is if we open up cons what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is if we open up cons what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is if we open up cons what we're
+gonna find is some machine okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find is some machine okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find is some machine okay and
+constantly in fact over life a car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in fact over life a car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in fact over life a car and
+could it always does in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it always does in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it always does in the same way
+that plus minus overlap and are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus minus overlap and are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus minus overlap and are really
+the same business car and cooter are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same business car and cooter are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same business car and cooter are
+going to overlap it we're gonna find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to overlap it we're gonna find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to overlap it we're gonna find a
+little controller a little data path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little controller a little data path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little controller a little data path
+okay which may have some registers in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which may have some registers in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which may have some registers in it
+some stuff like that and maybe inside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff like that and maybe inside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff like that and maybe inside it
+and they may also be an infinite part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may also be an infinite part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may also be an infinite part a
+part that's sent me infinite or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's sent me infinite or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's sent me infinite or
+something which is a lot of very uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is a lot of very uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is a lot of very uniform
+stuff which we'll call memory and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which we'll call memory and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which we'll call memory and I
+wouldn't be so horrified if that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be so horrified if that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be so horrified if that were
+the way it works in fact it does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it works in fact it does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it works in fact it does and
+we'll talk about that later so are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that later so are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that later so are there
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you what an unquestioning audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose that I told you a horrible pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I told you a horrible pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I told you a horrible pile
+of lies okay well thank you let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lies okay well thank you let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lies okay well thank you let's take
+our break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our break
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cTU43KgGLFw.txt b/cTU43KgGLFw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbcab0f2cc0f4ca4669412f4d211ee1fd1fe2387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cTU43KgGLFw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this problem presents Huffman encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem presents Huffman encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem presents Huffman encoding
+which produces variable length encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produces variable length encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produces variable length encoding
+x' based on the probabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x' based on the probabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x' based on the probabilities of the
+occurrence of each different choice more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of each different choice more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of each different choice more
+likely choices will end up with shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely choices will end up with shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely choices will end up with shorter
+encodings than less likely choices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodings than less likely choices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodings than less likely choices the
+goal of this problem is to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this problem is to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this problem is to produce a
+Huffman code to encode student choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman code to encode student choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman code to encode student choices
+of majors there are a total of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of majors there are a total of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of majors there are a total of four
+majors and each has a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors and each has a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors and each has a probability
+associated with it to produce a Huffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it to produce a Huffman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it to produce a Huffman
+encoding one begins with the two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding one begins with the two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding one begins with the two choices
+with lowest probability in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lowest probability in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lowest probability in this example
+major 6/7 has a probability of 0.06 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 6/7 has a probability of 0.06 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 6/7 has a probability of 0.06 and
+major six one has a probability of 0.09
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major six one has a probability of 0.09
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major six one has a probability of 0.09
+since these are the two lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these are the two lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these are the two lowest
+probabilities these two choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities these two choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities these two choices are
+selected as a starting point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected as a starting point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected as a starting point for
+building are encoding tree the root node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building are encoding tree the root node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building are encoding tree the root node
+that combines the two choices has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that combines the two choices has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that combines the two choices has a
+probability equal to the sum of the leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to the sum of the leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to the sum of the leaf
+nodes or 0.15 in this example we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes or 0.15 in this example we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes or 0.15 in this example we then
+label one side of this tree with a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label one side of this tree with a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label one side of this tree with a zero
+and the other with a 1 the next step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other with a 1 the next step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other with a 1 the next step is
+to find the next two smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the next two smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the next two smallest
+probabilities out of the remaining set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities out of the remaining set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities out of the remaining set
+of probabilities where majors 6 1 & 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probabilities where majors 6 1 & 6 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probabilities where majors 6 1 & 6 7
+have been replaced by node a which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been replaced by node a which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been replaced by node a which has
+probability 0.15 in this case our lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 0.15 in this case our lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 0.15 in this case our lowest
+probabilities are 0.15 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are 0.15 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are 0.15 which is the
+probability of node a and 0.4 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of node a and 0.4 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of node a and 0.4 1 which is
+the probability of major 6 3 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of major 6 3 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of major 6 3 so we
+create a new node B that merges nodes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new node B that merges nodes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new node B that merges nodes a
+and 6 3 this new node has probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6 3 this new node has probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6 3 this new node has probability
+zero point 5 6 again we label the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point 5 6 again we label the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point 5 6 again we label the two
+branches one with a 0 and the other with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches one with a 0 and the other with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches one with a 0 and the other with
+a 1 we now repeat this process one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 we now repeat this process one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 we now repeat this process one last
+time with the only two remaining choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the only two remaining choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the only two remaining choices
+which are now note B and major 6 2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are now note B and major 6 2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are now note B and major 6 2 this
+means that we should make a new node C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we should make a new node C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we should make a new node C
+that merges node B and major 6 to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that merges node B and major 6 to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that merges node B and major 6 to note
+that the probability of this node is 1.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of this node is 1.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of this node is 1.0
+because we have reached the top of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have reached the top of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have reached the top of our
+tree our final step is to label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree our final step is to label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree our final step is to label these
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+two branches now that all the branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two branches now that all the branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two branches now that all the branches
+are labeled we can traverse the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled we can traverse the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled we can traverse the tree
+from the root node to each leaf node in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the root node to each leaf node in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the root node to each leaf node in
+order to identify the encoding that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to identify the encoding that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to identify the encoding that has
+been assigned to the major associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assigned to the major associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assigned to the major associated
+with that leaf node we find that four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that leaf node we find that four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that leaf node we find that four
+major six one the encoding is one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major six one the encoding is one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major six one the encoding is one zero
+one four major six two we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one four major six two we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one four major six two we end up with a
+one bit encoding of zero next we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit encoding of zero next we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit encoding of zero next we
+traverse the tree to identify the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse the tree to identify the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse the tree to identify the last
+two encoding x' and find that four major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two encoding x' and find that four major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two encoding x' and find that four major
+six three the encoding one one has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six three the encoding one one has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six three the encoding one one has been
+assigned and four major six seven the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned and four major six seven the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned and four major six seven the
+encoding one zero zero has been assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding one zero zero has been assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding one zero zero has been assigned
+these encoding x' make sense because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these encoding x' make sense because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these encoding x' make sense because we
+expect the major with the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the major with the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the major with the highest
+probability in this case major six to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in this case major six to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in this case major six to
+two end up with a shortest encoding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two end up with a shortest encoding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two end up with a shortest encoding the
+next highest probability major is six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next highest probability major is six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next highest probability major is six
+three so it ends up with a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so it ends up with a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so it ends up with a second
+shortest encoding and so on we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest encoding and so on we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest encoding and so on we just saw
+that the encoding is resulting from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the encoding is resulting from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the encoding is resulting from this
+Huffman encoding tree our one zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman encoding tree our one zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman encoding tree our one zero one
+four major six one zero four major six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four major six one zero four major six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four major six one zero four major six
+two one one four major six three and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one one four major six three and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one one four major six three and one
+zero zero four major six seven note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero four major six seven note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero four major six seven note that
+the Huffman encoding tree for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Huffman encoding tree for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Huffman encoding tree for this
+problem could have also been drawn like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem could have also been drawn like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem could have also been drawn like
+this these two trees are identical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two trees are identical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two trees are identical in
+structure and result in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and result in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and result in the same
+encoding for the four majors furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding for the four majors furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding for the four majors furthermore
+a Huffman tree can result in more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Huffman tree can result in more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Huffman tree can result in more than
+one valid encoding the only constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one valid encoding the only constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one valid encoding the only constraint
+and labeling the edges is that from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labeling the edges is that from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labeling the edges is that from each
+node there is both a zero branch and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node there is both a zero branch and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node there is both a zero branch and a
+one branch but there's no constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one branch but there's no constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one branch but there's no constraint
+about which side has to be labeled zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which side has to be labeled zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which side has to be labeled zero
+in which side one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which side one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which side one
+so for example we could have chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we could have chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we could have chosen to
+label the left side of the B node with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the left side of the B node with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the left side of the B node with a
+1 and the right side with a zero instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the right side with a zero instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the right side with a zero instead
+of the way we originally labeled them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way we originally labeled them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way we originally labeled them
+note however that this would result in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note however that this would result in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note however that this would result in a
+different but also valid Huffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but also valid Huffman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but also valid Huffman
+encoding in this case the encoding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding in this case the encoding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding in this case the encoding for
+major 6 1 is 1 1 1 major 6 2 remains 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 6 1 is 1 1 1 major 6 2 remains 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 6 1 is 1 1 1 major 6 2 remains 0
+major 6 3 becomes ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 6 3 becomes ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 6 3 becomes ones
+and major six 7 becomes 1 1 0 as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and major six 7 becomes 1 1 0 as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and major six 7 becomes 1 1 0 as long as
+one maintains consistency across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maintains consistency across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maintains consistency across a
+selected tree a valid Huffman encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected tree a valid Huffman encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected tree a valid Huffman encoding
+is produced we now add one more column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced we now add one more column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced we now add one more column
+to our table which gives P times log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our table which gives P times log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our table which gives P times log
+base 2 of 1 over P for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of 1 over P for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of 1 over P for each of the
+majors using this information we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors using this information we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors using this information we can
+calculate the entropy which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the entropy which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the entropy which is the
+average amount of information contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of information contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of information contained
+in each message this is calculated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each message this is calculated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each message this is calculated by
+taking the sum of P times log base 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the sum of P times log base 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the sum of P times log base 2 of
+1 over P for all choices of majors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over P for all choices of majors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over P for all choices of majors for
+this problem the entropy is 1.6 we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem the entropy is 1.6 we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem the entropy is 1.6 we can
+now also calculate the average bits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now also calculate the average bits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now also calculate the average bits per
+major of the encoding z' that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major of the encoding z' that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major of the encoding z' that we have
+identified this is calculated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified this is calculated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified this is calculated by
+multiplying the number of bits and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the number of bits and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the number of bits and each
+encoding times the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding times the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding times the probability of that
+major recall that our encoding for major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major recall that our encoding for major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major recall that our encoding for major
+6 1 was 1 1 1 for majors 6 2 it was 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 1 was 1 1 1 for majors 6 2 it was 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 1 was 1 1 1 for majors 6 2 it was 0
+from major 6 3 it was 1 0 and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from major 6 3 it was 1 0 and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from major 6 3 it was 1 0 and finally
+for major six 7 it was 1 1 0 this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for major six 7 it was 1 1 0 this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for major six 7 it was 1 1 0 this means
+that the average bits per major is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the average bits per major is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the average bits per major is 3
+times zero point zero nine plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero point zero nine plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero point zero nine plus one
+times zero point four four plus 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero point four four plus 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero point four four plus 2 times
+zero point four 1 plus three times zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point four 1 plus three times zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point four 1 plus three times zero
+point zero 6 which equals point two 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero 6 which equals point two 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero 6 which equals point two 7
+plus point four 4 plus point eight 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus point four 4 plus point eight 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus point four 4 plus point eight 2
+plus point one 8 which equals one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus point one 8 which equals one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus point one 8 which equals one point
+seven one note that this is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven one note that this is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven one note that this is slightly
+larger than the entropy which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the entropy which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the entropy which is one
+point six this occurs because while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point six this occurs because while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point six this occurs because while
+Huffman encoding is an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman encoding is an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman encoding is an efficient
+encoding which gets us most of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding which gets us most of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding which gets us most of the way
+there there are still some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are still some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are still some
+inefficiencies present in Huffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies present in Huffman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies present in Huffman
+encoding because only encoding one major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding because only encoding one major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding because only encoding one major
+at a time rather than also considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time rather than also considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time rather than also considering
+the probabilities associated with seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities associated with seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities associated with seeing
+a particular sequence of majors in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular sequence of majors in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular sequence of majors in a
+message that conveys the major selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that conveys the major selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that conveys the major selected
+for a large number of students
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cxTmmasBiC8.txt b/cxTmmasBiC8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b32900b8f3f1c0f12f075eb3dbd52188f8c40c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cxTmmasBiC8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now clustering for graphs so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now clustering for graphs so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now clustering for graphs so this
+is a topic this is one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a topic this is one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a topic this is one of the important
+things you can try to do with a graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can try to do with a graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can try to do with a graph so
+you have a large graph let me kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a large graph let me kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a large graph let me kind of
+divide it into two clusters okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into two clusters okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into two clusters okay so you
+get a giant graph and then the job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a giant graph and then the job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a giant graph and then the job is to
+make some sense out of it and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sense out of it and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sense out of it and one
+possible step is to be able to subdivide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible step is to be able to subdivide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible step is to be able to subdivide
+it if as I see here there's a cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if as I see here there's a cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if as I see here there's a cut
+between two reasonably equal parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two reasonably equal parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two reasonably equal parts of
+the graph reasonably reasonably same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph reasonably reasonably same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph reasonably reasonably same
+size and therefore that graph could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and therefore that graph could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and therefore that graph could be
+studied in two pieces so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in two pieces so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in two pieces so the question is
+how do you find such a cut by a by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find such a cut by a by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find such a cut by a by a
+algorithm what's an algorithm that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm what's an algorithm that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm what's an algorithm that would
+find that cut so the so that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that cut so the so that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that cut so the so that's a problem
+let's say we're looking for two four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're looking for two four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're looking for two four
+four two clusters we could look for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four two clusters we could look for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four two clusters we could look for more
+clusters but let's say we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters but let's say we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters but let's say we want to look
+for two clusters so what are we trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two clusters so what are we trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two clusters so what are we trying
+to do we're trying to minimize so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're trying to minimize so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're trying to minimize so this
+is the problem then so we look for find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem then so we look for find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem then so we look for find
+positions x and y let's say two which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions x and y let's say two which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions x and y let's say two which
+will be the center's so to speak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the center's so to speak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the center's so to speak of the
+and really it's just these points yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really it's just these points yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really it's just these points yeah
+that so that the data is the points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that the data is the points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that the data is the points and
+the edges as always the nodes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges as always the nodes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges as always the nodes and the
+edges though so the problem is to find x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges though so the problem is to find x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges though so the problem is to find x
+and y so that to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a distance of points AI from X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a distance of points AI from X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a distance of points AI from X
+maybe should emphasize we're in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe should emphasize we're in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe should emphasize we're in high
+dimensions plus the distance of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions plus the distance of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions plus the distance of other
+points so the AI will be these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so the AI will be these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so the AI will be these points
+these nodes and the bi will be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes and the bi will be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes and the bi will be these
+nodes plus the sum of BI minus y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes plus the sum of BI minus y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes plus the sum of BI minus y squared
+and you understand the rule here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you understand the rule here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you understand the rule here that
+the together the the A's Union the bees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the together the the A's Union the bees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the together the the A's Union the bees
+give me all nodes and I guess to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me all nodes and I guess to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me all nodes and I guess to be
+complete the a's the a's intersect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the a's the a's intersect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the a's the a's intersect the
+bees is empty just just what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees is empty just just what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees is empty just just what you expect
+I'm dividing the A's and the B's into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dividing the A's and the B's into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dividing the A's and the B's into
+two groups and I'm picking an x and a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups and I'm picking an x and a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups and I'm picking an x and a y
+sort of at the center of those groups so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the center of those groups so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the center of those groups so
+that that is a minimum so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is a minimum so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is a minimum so I want to
+minimize and also I probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize and also I probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize and also I probably want to
+impose some condition that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose some condition that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose some condition that the number of
+A's is reasonably close to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's is reasonably close to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's is reasonably close to the number of
+bees in other words I don't want just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees in other words I don't want just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees in other words I don't want just
+that to be the a and all the rest to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be the a and all the rest to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be the a and all the rest to be
+the bees that would be not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees that would be not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees that would be not a
+satisfactory clustering I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory clustering I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory clustering I'm looking for
+clusters that are good sized clusters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters that are good sized clusters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters that are good sized clusters so
+minimize that okay so there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that okay so there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that okay so there are a lot of
+different algorithms to do it some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algorithms to do it some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algorithms to do it some are
+more directly attacking this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly attacking this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly attacking this problem
+others use matrices that we associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others use matrices that we associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others use matrices that we associate
+with the graph so let me tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graph so let me tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graph so let me tell you about
+two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three
+those algorithms and and you if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those algorithms and and you if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those algorithms and and you if you've
+seen studied had a course in graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen studied had a course in graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen studied had a course in graph
+theory this you may already have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory this you may already have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory this you may already have seen
+this problem first question would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem first question would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem first question would be
+suppose I decide these are the A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I decide these are the A's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I decide these are the A's and
+those are the bees or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the bees or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the bees or some other
+decision yeah probably some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision yeah probably some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision yeah probably some other
+decisions I don't want to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions I don't want to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions I don't want to solve the
+problem before I even start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before I even start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before I even start
+so some A's and some B's what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some A's and some B's what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some A's and some B's what would be
+the best choice of the X once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best choice of the X once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best choice of the X once you've
+decided on the A's and what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the A's and what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the A's and what would be the
+best choice of the Y once you've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best choice of the Y once you've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best choice of the Y once you've decided
+on the B's so so that we can answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the B's so so that we can answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the B's so so that we can answer that
+question just if we knew the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just if we knew the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just if we knew the the two
+groups we could see where they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups we could see where they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups we could see where they should be
+centered with the first group centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered with the first group centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered with the first group centered
+at X the second group centered at Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X the second group centered at Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X the second group centered at Y and
+what is centering me so let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think what I'm saying here is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what I'm saying here is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what I'm saying here is so
+given the a's the a's this is a one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the a's the a's this is a one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the a's the a's this is a one up
+to say a k what is the best is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say a k what is the best is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say a k what is the best is the best
+x to just to make that part right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to just to make that part right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to just to make that part right and
+the answer is do do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is do do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is do do you know
+geometrically what X should be here X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically what X should be here X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically what X should be here X is
+the so if I have a bunch of points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so if I have a bunch of points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so if I have a bunch of points and
+I'm looking for the middle of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for the middle of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for the middle of those
+points the point X a good point X to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the point X a good point X to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the point X a good point X to say
+okay that's the middle it'll make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the middle it'll make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the middle it'll make the
+sum of the distances I think squared I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the distances I think squared I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the distances I think squared I
+hope I'm right about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I'm right about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I'm right about that
+a minimum what's the what is X it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum what's the what is X it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum what's the what is X it is the
+the centroid centroid is the word X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centroid centroid is the word X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centroid centroid is the word X is
+the centroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the of the A's and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the A's and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the A's and what is the
+centroid let's see well maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid let's see well maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid let's see well maybe I don't
+know if x and y we're a good choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if x and y we're a good choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if x and y we're a good choice but
+look let me see what I guess it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look let me see what I guess it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look let me see what I guess it's the
+average a it's the sum of the A's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average a it's the sum of the A's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average a it's the sum of the A's of
+these A's those are those are vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these A's those are those are vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these A's those are those are vectors of
+course divided by the number of A's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think actually I was just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually I was just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually I was just quickly
+reviewing this morning so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing this morning so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing this morning so I'm not
+totally on top of this centroid what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally on top of this centroid what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally on top of this centroid what I'm
+going to talk the algorithm that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk the algorithm that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk the algorithm that I'm
+going to talk about is the K well K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about is the K well K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about is the K well K
+means it's always called and here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's always called and here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's always called and here it
+will be the K will be two I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the K will be two I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the K will be two I just have
+two partitioning into two sets a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two partitioning into two sets a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two partitioning into two sets a and B
+so I just K is just 2 okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just K is just 2 okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just K is just 2 okay what's the
+algorithm well if if I've chosen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm well if if I've chosen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm well if if I've chosen a
+partition the A's and the B's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the A's and the B's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the A's and the B's have
+separated them then that tells me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated them then that tells me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated them then that tells me what
+the X and the y should be but now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and the y should be but now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and the y should be but now what
+do I do next so is this going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do next so is this going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do next so is this going to be a
+sort of an alternating partition now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an alternating partition now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an alternating partition now I
+take those two centroids so so step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those two centroids so so step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those two centroids so so step one
+is forgiven YZ and B's find their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forgiven YZ and B's find their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forgiven YZ and B's find their
+centroids X and what and that elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids X and what and that elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids X and what and that elementary
+then the second step is given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second step is given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second step is given the
+centroids x and y given those positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids x and y given those positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids x and y given those positions
+given x and y they won't be centroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given x and y they won't be centroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given x and y they won't be centroids
+once when you see what happens given x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once when you see what happens given x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once when you see what happens given x
+and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+we do we form form the best partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we form form the best partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we form form the best partition
+best clusters okay so step one we we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best clusters okay so step one we we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best clusters okay so step one we we had
+a guess at what the best clusters were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess at what the best clusters were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess at what the best clusters were
+and we found their centroids now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found their centroids now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found their centroids now we
+start with the centroids and we form new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the centroids and we form new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the centroids and we form new
+clusters again and if these clusters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters again and if these clusters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters again and if these clusters are
+the same as the ones we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the ones we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the ones we started with
+with them then the algorithm has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them then the algorithm has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them then the algorithm has
+converged but probably won't be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged but probably won't be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged but probably won't be these
+clusters so you'll have to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so you'll have to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so you'll have to tell me what
+what I mean by the best clusters if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by the best clusters if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by the best clusters if I'm
+if I've got the two points x and y I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got the two points x and y I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got the two points x and y I
+want the points I want to separate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the points I want to separate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the points I want to separate all
+the points that cluster around X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points that cluster around X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points that cluster around X to the
+ones that cluster around Y and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that cluster around Y and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that cluster around Y and then they
+probably different from my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably different from my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably different from my original
+start so now I've got new now I repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so now I've got new now I repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so now I've got new now I repeat
+step one so but let's just think how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one so but let's just think how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one so but let's just think how do
+i form the best clusters well I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i form the best clusters well I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i form the best clusters well I take a
+point and I have to decide does it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I have to decide does it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I have to decide does it go
+with X or does it go with in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X or does it go with in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X or does it go with in the X
+cluster or does it go in the cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster or does it go in the cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster or does it go in the cluster
+around Y so how do I decide that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Y so how do I decide that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Y so how do I decide that just
+whichever one is closer to so each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one is closer to so each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one is closer to so each each
+point goes with each node you should I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point goes with each node you should I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point goes with each node you should I I
+could say each node goes with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say each node goes with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say each node goes with the the
+closer of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so points that should have been that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so points that should have been that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so points that should have been that are
+closer to X now we're going to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to X now we're going to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to X now we're going to put them
+in the cluster around X and does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cluster around X and does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cluster around X and does that
+solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem
+no because well it might but it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because well it might but it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because well it might but it might
+not the we have to come back to step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the we have to come back to step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the we have to come back to step one
+we've now changed their clusters they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now changed their clusters they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now changed their clusters they'll
+have different centroids so we repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different centroids so we repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different centroids so we repeat
+step one find their centroids for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one find their centroids for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one find their centroids for the
+two new clusters then we come to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two new clusters then we come to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two new clusters then we come to step
+two find the ones that should go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two find the ones that should go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two find the ones that should go with
+the two centroids and back and forth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two centroids and back and forth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two centroids and back and forth I
+don't know I don't think there's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I don't think there's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I don't think there's a nice
+theory of convergence or rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of convergence or rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of convergence or rate of
+convergence all the questions that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence all the questions that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence all the questions that this
+course is always asking but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is always asking but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is always asking but it's a very
+popular algorithm k-means K would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular algorithm k-means K would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular algorithm k-means K would be to
+have K clusters okay so that's a I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K clusters okay so that's a I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K clusters okay so that's a I'm not
+going to discuss the I'd rather discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss the I'd rather discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss the I'd rather discuss
+some other ways to do this to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other ways to do this to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other ways to do this to solve this
+problem but that's one sort of hack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that's one sort of hack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that's one sort of hack that
+works quite well okay so second approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works quite well okay so second approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works quite well okay so second approach
+is is what it's coming next second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what it's coming next second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what it's coming next second
+solution method and it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution method and it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution method and it's called the
+spectral clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the name of the method and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of the method and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of the method and before
+I write down what you do what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write down what you do what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write down what you do what does the
+word spectral mean you see spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word spectral mean you see spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word spectral mean you see spectral
+graph theory spectral clustering and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory spectral clustering and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory spectral clustering and in
+other parts of mathematics you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of mathematics you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of mathematics you see that
+where you see spectral theorem I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see spectral theorem I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see spectral theorem I gave
+you the most and I described it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the most and I described it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the most and I described it as the
+most important perhaps theorem in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important perhaps theorem in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important perhaps theorem in linear
+algebra at least one of the top three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra at least one of the top three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra at least one of the top three is
+so I'll write it over here because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write it over here because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write it over here because it's
+not it doesn't this is a it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it doesn't this is a it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it doesn't this is a it's the same
+word spectral well let me ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word spectral well let me ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word spectral well let me ask the
+question again what's that word spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question again what's that word spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question again what's that word spectral
+about what does that mean that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what does that mean that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what does that mean that means
+that if I have a matrix and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have a matrix and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have a matrix and I want to
+talk about its spectrum what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about its spectrum what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about its spectrum what is the
+spectrum of the matrix it is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of the matrix it is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of the matrix it is the the
+eigenvalues so spectral theory spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so spectral theory spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so spectral theory spectral
+clustering is using the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is using the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is using the eigenvalues of
+some matrix that's what that spectral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matrix that's what that spectral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matrix that's what that spectral is
+telling me yeah so the spectral theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me yeah so the spectral theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me yeah so the spectral theorem
+of course is that for a symmetric matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is that for a symmetric matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is that for a symmetric matrix
+s the eigenvalues are real and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the eigenvalues are real and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the eigenvalues are real and the
+eigenvectors are orthogonal and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are orthogonal and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are orthogonal and don't
+forget what the real full statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what the real full statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what the real full statement is
+here because there could be repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because there could be repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because there could be repeated
+real eigenvalues and what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real eigenvalues and what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real eigenvalues and what does the
+spectral theorem tell me for symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral theorem tell me for symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral theorem tell me for symmetric
+matrices if that if lambda equal five is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices if that if lambda equal five is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices if that if lambda equal five is
+repeated four times if it's a four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated four times if it's a four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated four times if it's a four times
+solution of the equation that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the equation that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the equation that gives
+eigenvalues then what's the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues then what's the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues then what's the conclusion
+then there are four independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are four independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are four independent
+orthogonal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I
+vectors to go with it we can't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to go with it we can't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to go with it we can't say that
+about matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matrices
+about all matrices but we can say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all matrices but we can say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all matrices but we can say it
+about all symmetric matrices and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all symmetric matrices and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all symmetric matrices and in fact
+those eigenvectors are orthogonal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eigenvectors are orthogonal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eigenvectors are orthogonal so
+we're even saying more we can find for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're even saying more we can find for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're even saying more we can find for
+orthogonal eigenvectors that go with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors that go with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors that go with a
+with a multiplicity for eigenvalues okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a multiplicity for eigenvalues okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a multiplicity for eigenvalues okay
+that's spectral theorem spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spectral theorem spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spectral theorem spectral
+clustering starts with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering starts with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering starts with the with the
+graph laplacian matrix may I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph laplacian matrix may I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph laplacian matrix may I remember
+what that matrix is because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that matrix is because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that matrix is because that's the
+that's the key connection of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key connection of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key connection of linear
+algebra to graph theory is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra to graph theory is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra to graph theory is the
+properties of this graph laplacian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this graph laplacian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this graph laplacian
+matrix okay so let me say L for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so let me say L for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so let me say L for
+laplacian so that matrix one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian so that matrix one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian so that matrix one way to
+describe it is as a transpose a where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is as a transpose a where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is as a transpose a where a
+is the incidence matrix of the graph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the incidence matrix of the graph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the incidence matrix of the graph or
+another way we'll see is two is the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way we'll see is two is the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way we'll see is two is the D
+the degree matrix that's diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll do an example just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do an example just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do an example just to remind
+you - the I don't know what I've called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you - the I don't know what I've called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you - the I don't know what I've called
+this one shall I call it B for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one shall I call it B for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one shall I call it B for the
+moment and what matrix is B that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and what matrix is B that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and what matrix is B that's the
+adjacency matrix really you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix really you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix really you should know
+these four matrices they're the key four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four matrices they're the key four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four matrices they're the key four
+matrices associated with any graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices associated with any graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices associated with any graph the
+incidence matrix that's M by n row edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix that's M by n row edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix that's M by n row edges
+and nodes edges and nodes so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nodes edges and nodes so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nodes edges and nodes so it's
+rectangular but I'm forming a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular but I'm forming a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular but I'm forming a transpose
+ru here so I'm forming a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ru here so I'm forming a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ru here so I'm forming a symmetric
+positive semi definite matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite matrix
+so this this little blossom is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this little blossom is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this little blossom is symmetric
+positive semi definite yeah let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite yeah let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite yeah let me let
+me just recall what all these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just recall what all these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just recall what all these matrices
+are for for a simple graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'll just draw a graph alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just draw a graph alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just draw a graph alright
+okay so the incidence matrix there are 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the incidence matrix there are 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the incidence matrix there are 1
+2 3 4 5 edges so 5 rows there are 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 edges so 5 rows there are 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 edges so 5 rows there are 4
+nodes 1 2 3 and 4 so 4 columns and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes 1 2 3 and 4 so 4 columns and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes 1 2 3 and 4 so 4 columns and a
+typical row would be edge 1 going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical row would be edge 1 going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical row would be edge 1 going from
+node 1 to node 2 so it would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node 1 to node 2 so it would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node 1 to node 2 so it would have a
+minus 1 and a 1 there and let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and a 1 there and let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and a 1 there and let me take
+its two going from 1 to node 3 so we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its two going from 1 to node 3 so we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its two going from 1 to node 3 so we'd
+have a minus 1 and a 1 there so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus 1 and a 1 there so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus 1 and a 1 there so so
+that's the incidence matrix a ok what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the incidence matrix a ok what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the incidence matrix a ok what's
+the degree matrix that's simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree matrix that's simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree matrix that's simple
+the degree matrix well a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree matrix well a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree matrix well a transpose a
+this is M by n this is n by M so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M by n this is n by M so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M by n this is n by M so it's
+it's n by n ok in this case 4 by 4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n by n ok in this case 4 by 4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n by n ok in this case 4 by 4 so
+the degree matrix will be 4 by 4 and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree matrix will be 4 by 4 and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree matrix will be 4 by 4 and by
+him and it will tell us the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and it will tell us the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and it will tell us the degree of
+that which means which we just count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which means which we just count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which means which we just count the
+edges so it's 3 edges going in no 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so it's 3 edges going in no 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so it's 3 edges going in no 2 3
+edges going in node 3 has just 2 edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges going in node 3 has just 2 edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges going in node 3 has just 2 edges
+and node 4 has just 2 edges it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and node 4 has just 2 edges it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and node 4 has just 2 edges it so that's
+the degree matrix and then the adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree matrix and then the adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree matrix and then the adjacency
+matrix that I've called B is also 4 by 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I've called B is also 4 by 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I've called B is also 4 by 4
+and what is it it tells us which node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it it tells us which node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it it tells us which node is
+connected to which node so and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to which node so and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to which node so and I don't
+allow nodes edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow nodes edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow nodes edges
+that connect an O to itself so zeros on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connect an O to itself so zeros on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connect an O to itself so zeros on
+the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal
+how many so which nodes are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many so which nodes are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many so which nodes are connected to
+node one well all of two and four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node one well all of two and four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node one well all of two and four and
+three are connected to one so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are connected to one so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are connected to one so I have
+ones there no to all three nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there no to all three nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there no to all three nodes are
+connected - no - so I'll have the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected - no - so I'll have the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected - no - so I'll have the second
+column and row will have all three ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and row will have all three ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and row will have all three ones
+how about no three okay only only edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about no three okay only only edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about no three okay only only edges
+only two edges are connected only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two edges are connected only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two edges are connected only to
+only two nodes are connected to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two nodes are connected to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two nodes are connected to three
+one and two but not four so one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two but not four so one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two but not four so one and two
+I have but not four okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have but not four okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have but not four okay so that's the
+adjacency matrix is that right think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix is that right think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix is that right think so
+this is the degree matrix this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the degree matrix this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the degree matrix this is the
+incidence matrix and that formula gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix and that formula gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix and that formula gives
+me the laplacian okay let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the laplacian okay let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the laplacian okay let's just write
+down the laplacian so if I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the laplacian so if I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the laplacian so if I use the
+degree minus B that that's easy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree minus B that that's easy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree minus B that that's easy the
+degrees were 3 3 2 & 2 now I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees were 3 3 2 & 2 now I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees were 3 3 2 & 2 now I have these
+minuses and those those were 0 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a positive semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a positive semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a positive semi-definite
+matrix is it a positive definite matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is it a positive definite matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is it a positive definite matrix
+so we'll let me ask you is it singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll let me ask you is it singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll let me ask you is it singular
+or is it not singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it not singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it not singular
+is there a vector in its null space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a vector in its null space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a vector in its null space or
+is there not a vector in its null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there not a vector in its null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there not a vector in its null space
+can you solve d x equals all zeroes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you solve d x equals all zeroes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you solve d x equals all zeroes and
+of course you can everybody sees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can everybody sees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can everybody sees that
+the vector of all ones will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of all ones will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of all ones will be a
+solution to D to 2l I'm sorry I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to D to 2l I'm sorry I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to D to 2l I'm sorry I should
+be saying L here L x equals 0 L x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying L here L x equals 0 L x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying L here L x equals 0 L x equals
+0 for a whole line of a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for a whole line of a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for a whole line of a one-dimensional
+and the null space of L is has dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the null space of L is has dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the null space of L is has dimension
+1 it's got one basis vector 1 1 1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it's got one basis vector 1 1 1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it's got one basis vector 1 1 1 1 and
+that will always happen with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will always happen with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will always happen with a with a
+with the graph set up that I've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graph set up that I've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graph set up that I've created
+ok so that's the first fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's the first fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's the first fact that this
+positive semi definite matrix L as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lambda 1 equals 0 and the eigenvector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 equals 0 and the eigenvector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 equals 0 and the eigenvector is
+constant cccc the one-dimensional eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant cccc the one-dimensional eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant cccc the one-dimensional eigen
+space or 1 1 1 1 is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or 1 1 1 1 is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or 1 1 1 1 is a typical
+eigenvector ok now back to graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector ok now back to graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector ok now back to graph
+clustering the idea of graph a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering the idea of graph a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering the idea of graph a graph
+clustering is to look at the Fiedler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is to look at the Fiedler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is to look at the Fiedler
+eigen vector this is called X 2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector this is called X 2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector this is called X 2 is the
+next eigenvector is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next eigenvector is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next eigenvector is the
+the eigenvector for the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector for the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector for the smallest
+positive eigenvalue for lambda min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eigenvalue for lambda min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eigenvalue for lambda min
+excluding 0 so the smallest eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluding 0 so the smallest eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluding 0 so the smallest eigenvalue
+of l the smallest eigenvalue and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l the smallest eigenvalue and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l the smallest eigenvalue and its
+eigenvector this is called the Fiedler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector this is called the Fiedler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector this is called the Fiedler
+vector named after the Czech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector named after the Czech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector named after the Czech
+mathematician a great great a great man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician a great great a great man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician a great great a great man
+in linear algebra and he studied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra and he studied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra and he studied this
+vector this situation so everybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this situation so everybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this situation so everybody who
+knows about the graph laplacian is aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about the graph laplacian is aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about the graph laplacian is aware
+that its first eigenvalue is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its first eigenvalue is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its first eigenvalue is zero and
+that the next eigenvalue is is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next eigenvalue is is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next eigenvalue is is important
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Laplace's equation yes so yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Laplace's equation yes so yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Laplace's equation yes so yeah that's
+a good question so why the word the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question so why the word the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question so why the word the name
+laplacian so-so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian so-so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian so-so
+yeah that's a good question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good question so the
+familiar thing so it connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar thing so it connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar thing so it connects to
+Laplace's finite difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace's finite difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace's finite difference equation
+because we're talking about matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're talking about matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're talking about matrices
+here and not derivatives not functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and not derivatives not functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and not derivatives not functions
+so why the word laplacian well so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why the word laplacian well so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why the word laplacian well so if I
+have a regular if my graph is composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a regular if my graph is composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a regular if my graph is composed
+of so there's a graph with with 25 nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so there's a graph with with 25 nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so there's a graph with with 25 nodes
+and 4 times 5 20 about 40 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 4 times 5 20 about 40 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 4 times 5 20 about 40 this is
+probably has about 40 edges and 25 nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has about 40 edges and 25 nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has about 40 edges and 25 nodes
+and of course I can construct its graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I can construct its graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I can construct its graph
+all those four matrices for it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those four matrices for it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those four matrices for it it's it's
+incidence matrix its degree matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix its degree matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix its degree matrix of
+the degree will be for at all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree will be for at all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree will be for at all these
+inside points the degree will be 3 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside points the degree will be 3 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside points the degree will be 3 at
+these boundary points the degree will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boundary points the degree will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boundary points the degree will be
+2 at these corner points but the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 at these corner points but the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 at these corner points but the what
+will the matrix L look like so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the matrix L look like so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the matrix L look like so so what
+is L and that will tell you why it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is L and that will tell you why it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is L and that will tell you why it has
+this name laplacian so the matrix L will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this name laplacian so the matrix L will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this name laplacian so the matrix L will
+have the degree 4 right will be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the degree 4 right will be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the degree 4 right will be on the
+diagonal that's coming from D the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal that's coming from D the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal that's coming from D the other
+the minus ones that come from be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus ones that come from be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus ones that come from be the
+adjacency matrix will be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix will be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix will be associated with
+those nodes and otherwise all zeros so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nodes and otherwise all zeros so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nodes and otherwise all zeros so
+this is a typical row of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical row of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical row of L
+typical role of Elle centered at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical role of Elle centered at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical role of Elle centered at that
+node so maybe that's node number five 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so maybe that's node number five 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so maybe that's node number five 10
+13 that's 13 out of 25 that would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 that's 13 out of 25 that would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 that's 13 out of 25 that would would
+show you this and that sorry those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this and that sorry those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this and that sorry those are
+minus ones minus ones so a 4 a 4 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ones minus ones so a 4 a 4 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ones minus ones so a 4 a 4 in the
+on the diagonal and 4 minus ones that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal and 4 minus ones that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal and 4 minus ones that's
+the model problem for when the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model problem for when the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model problem for when the graph is
+a grid square grid and do you associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid square grid and do you associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid square grid and do you associate
+that with Laplace's equation so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with Laplace's equation so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with Laplace's equation so this is
+the this is the reason that the Laplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the reason that the Laplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the reason that the Laplace
+why why the plus gets in it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why the plus gets in it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why the plus gets in it because
+Laplace's equation the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace's equation the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laplace's equation the differential
+equation is second derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is second derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is second derivative with
+respect to x squared and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x squared and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x squared and the second
+derivative the special y squared is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the special y squared is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the special y squared is 0
+and what we have here is L u equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have here is L u equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have here is L u equals 0
+it's discrete laplacian the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's discrete laplacian the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's discrete laplacian the vector
+laplacian the graph laplacian where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian the graph laplacian where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian the graph laplacian where the
+second X derivative is replaced by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second X derivative is replaced by minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second X derivative is replaced by minus
+1 to minus 1 and the second Y derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to minus 1 and the second Y derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to minus 1 and the second Y derivative
+is replaced by minus 1 to minus 1 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced by minus 1 to minus 1 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced by minus 1 to minus 1 second
+differences in the X and the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the X and the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the X and the y
+directions so that's yeah so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so that's yeah so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so that's yeah so that's the
+that's the explanation for laplace it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the explanation for laplace it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the explanation for laplace it's
+a discrete laplace discrete or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete laplace discrete or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete laplace discrete or the
+finite difference Laplace okay now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference Laplace okay now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference Laplace okay now to
+finish I have to tell you what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish I have to tell you what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish I have to tell you what the what
+clusters how do you decide the clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters how do you decide the clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters how do you decide the clusters
+from L how does L propose two clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from L how does L propose two clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from L how does L propose two clusters
+the A's and the B's and and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's and the B's and and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's and the B's and and here's the
+answer they come from this eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer they come from this eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer they come from this eigenvector
+the fiedler eigenvectors you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiedler eigenvectors you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiedler eigenvectors you look at
+that eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvector
+it's got some positive and some negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some positive and some negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some positive and some negative
+components the components with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the components with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the components with positive
+numbers of this eigenvector so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of this eigenvector so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of this eigenvector so the
+positive the positive components of X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the positive components of X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the positive components of X so
+of this yeah of this eigenvector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are negative components of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are negative components of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are negative components of this
+eigenvector and those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and those are the two
+clusters so there so it's the cluster is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so there so it's the cluster is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so there so it's the cluster is
+the two clusters are decided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two clusters are decided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two clusters are decided by the
+eigenvector by the signs plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector by the signs plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector by the signs plus or minus
+signs of the components the plus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of the components the plus signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of the components the plus signs
+going 1 and the minus signs go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going 1 and the minus signs go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going 1 and the minus signs go into
+another and you have to experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you have to experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you have to experiment to
+see that that would succeed I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that would succeed I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that would succeed I don't know
+what it would do on this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would do on this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would do on this actually
+because that's hardly splits up into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's hardly splits up into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's hardly splits up into two
+I suppose maybe the split is along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose maybe the split is along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose maybe the split is along a
+line like that or something to to get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line like that or something to to get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line like that or something to to get I
+don't know what clustering that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what clustering that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what clustering that's that
+this is not a graph that is naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a graph that is naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a graph that is naturally
+clustered but you could still do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered but you could still do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered but you could still do two
+k-means on it you could still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means on it you could still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means on it you could still do
+spectral clustering and you would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral clustering and you would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral clustering and you would find
+this eigenvector now what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eigenvector now what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eigenvector now what's the point
+about this eigenvector there I'll finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this eigenvector there I'll finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this eigenvector there I'll finish
+in one moment what do we know about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one moment what do we know about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one moment what do we know about that
+eigenvector as compared to that one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector as compared to that one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector as compared to that one so
+here was an eigenvector all ones let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was an eigenvector all ones let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was an eigenvector all ones let me
+just make it all one one one one one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it all one one one one one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it all one one one one one in
+that picture it's 25 ones here's a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture it's 25 ones here's a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture it's 25 ones here's a the
+next eigenvector up and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next eigenvector up and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next eigenvector up and what's the
+relation between those two eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between those two eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between those two eigenvectors
+of L they are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L they are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L they are orthogonal
+these are eigenvectors of a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are eigenvectors of a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are eigenvectors of a symmetric
+matrix so they're orthogonal so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so they're orthogonal so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so they're orthogonal so that
+means to be orthogonal to this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be orthogonal to this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be orthogonal to this guy
+means that your components added to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that your components added to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that your components added to zero
+right a vector is orthogonal to all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a vector is orthogonal to all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a vector is orthogonal to all ones
+that dot product is just add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dot product is just add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dot product is just add up the
+components so we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so we have a bunch of
+positive components and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive components and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive components and a bunch of
+negative components they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative components they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative components they have the same
+sum because because the dot product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum because because the dot product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum because because the dot product with
+that is zero and those two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is zero and those two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is zero and those two components
+those two sets of components are your to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two sets of components are your to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two sets of components are your to
+tell you the two clusters in spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the two clusters in spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the two clusters in spectral
+clustering so it's a pretty nifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering so it's a pretty nifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering so it's a pretty nifty
+algorithm it does ask you to compute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it does ask you to compute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it does ask you to compute an
+eigen vector and that of course takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector and that of course takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector and that of course takes
+time and then there's a third more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then there's a third more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then there's a third more
+direct algorithm to to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct algorithm to to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct algorithm to to do this
+optimization problem well actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem well actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem well actually there
+are many this is an important problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many this is an important problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many this is an important problem so
+there are many proposed algorithms good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many proposed algorithms good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many proposed algorithms good
+okay I'm closing up there was a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm closing up there was a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm closing up there was a final
+question yeah well certainly for k-means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah well certainly for k-means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah well certainly for k-means
+now if i had to do three clusters with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i had to do three clusters with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i had to do three clusters with
+fiedler i would look at the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiedler i would look at the first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiedler i would look at the first three
+eigenvectors and well the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and well the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and well the first one
+would be nothing and i would look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nothing and i would look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nothing and i would look at the
+next two and that would be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two and that would be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two and that would be pretty
+successful if I wanted six clusters it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful if I wanted six clusters it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful if I wanted six clusters it
+probably would fall off in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would fall off in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would fall off in in the
+quality of the the clustering yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the the clustering yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the the clustering yeah but
+that certainly I would look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly I would look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly I would look at the
+lowest six eigenvectors and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest six eigenvectors and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest six eigenvectors and get
+somewhere yeah right so okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere yeah right so okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere yeah right so okay so that's a
+topic important topic I sort of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic important topic I sort of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic important topic I sort of standard
+topic in applied graph theory okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in applied graph theory okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in applied graph theory okay so
+say your Wednesday I'm hoping I'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your Wednesday I'm hoping I'm hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your Wednesday I'm hoping I'm hoping
+on Wednesday so professor Adelman has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wednesday so professor Adelman has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wednesday so professor Adelman has
+told me a new and optimal way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me a new and optimal way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me a new and optimal way to look at
+the problem of back propagation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of back propagation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of back propagation you
+remember back propagation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember back propagation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember back propagation if you
+remember the lecture on it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the lecture on it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the lecture on it you don't
+don't you don't want to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't want to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't want to remember the
+lecture on it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on it it
+it's it's a tricky messy thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a tricky messy thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a tricky messy thing to
+explain but he says if I explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain but he says if I explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain but he says if I explain it
+using Julia in linear algebra it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Julia in linear algebra it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Julia in linear algebra it's it's
+clear so we'll give him a chance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so we'll give him a chance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so we'll give him a chance on
+Wednesday to show that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday to show that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday to show that that
+revolutionary approach to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary approach to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary approach to to the
+explanation of back propagation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of back propagation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of back propagation and I
+hope for I told him he could have half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for I told him he could have half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for I told him he could have half
+an hour and projects would take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and projects would take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and projects would take some
+time I hope now we've had to with wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I hope now we've had to with wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I hope now we've had to with wild
+applause so I hope we get a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applause so I hope we get a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applause so I hope we get a couple more
+in our last class okay see you Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last class okay see you Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last class okay see you Wednesday
+and if you bring well if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you bring well if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you bring well if you have
+projects ready send them to me online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects ready send them to me online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects ready send them to me online
+and maybe a printout as well that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe a printout as well that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe a printout as well that would
+be terrific if you don't have them ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be terrific if you don't have them ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be terrific if you don't have them ready
+by the hour they can go the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hour they can go the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hour they can go the envelope
+outside my office would receive them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside my office would receive them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside my office would receive them
+good so I'll see you Wednesday for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so I'll see you Wednesday for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so I'll see you Wednesday for the
+final class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dENgjMVCHaA.txt b/dENgjMVCHaA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20ff4794a9c553ac5158382ada2022f039b09edd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dENgjMVCHaA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1413 @@
+Good morning, class.  Nice to be here with you again  
+
+after a long hiatus.  So, we're going to talk today about  
+
+the cell cycle.  That is to say the life of a cell,   
+
+how a cell grows and divides.  And,  as it turns out,   
+
+this is one of our first entrees into cell biology.   
+
+That is to say we're move,  beginning to move away from the  
+
+molecules inside cells and beginning to look at a, at the next higher  
+
+level of complexity which is how cells proliferate.   
+
+It turns out this is a very critical issue in a number of different  
+
+disease areas,  including notably cancer which we'll  
+
+start talking about next time.  And this is also the transition  
+
+point, the inflection point in the semester when we begin to apply some  
+
+of the things we've learned earlier to learning about specific disease  
+
+processes.  So,  you'll sense more and more  
+
+introduction of discussions of human disease processes as the semester  
+
+goes from here on to the end.  And here, in fact,   
+
+is what we call the cell cycle.  And I'm going to get into the  
+
+details of it quite shortly,  but the cell cycle is effectively  
+
+the life cycle of a cell from the moment it is born to the moment that  
+
+it, in turn, becomes the mother of two daughter cells.   
+
+And this process is divided up,  as you can see, into four different  
+
+periods here, or as they are called phases.  These are cell cycle phases.   
+
+The first phase is called M or mitosis.   
+
+The second phase is called G1 phase.  The third is called the S or the  
+
+synthetic phase,  and that refers to the fact that  
+
+this is the time when cells replicate their DNA.   
+
+And, as you can see,  it actually takes a long time  
+
+because this entire cycle in cultured mammalian cells normally  
+
+takes as much as a day for a mammalian cell to divide,   
+
+grow and divide.  Contrast that,  by the way, with many bacterial  
+
+cells which can grow and divide in 30, 30 minutes.   
+
+So, our cells take a lot longer to divide, many of them,   
+
+but there are exceptions to that.  After cells have gone through G,   
+
+through S phase they go into G2.  And these two Gs are, are called Gs  
+
+because of the gaps they have.  Here's the gap between S phase and  
+
+M phase, or mitosis.  G1 is the gap between mitosis and,   
+
+and the, the subsequent S phase.  And, obviously,   
+
+the most important parts of the cell cycle are the time when the cell  
+
+divides, which is mitosis,  and the time it replicates its DNA  
+
+which is in S phase.  One reason why it's so important is  
+
+that one has to be sure that cells that arise from the process of  
+
+growth and division,  which is what this is,   
+
+actually end up with a full genome's worth of DNA and chromosomes.   
+
+And, therefore, during S phase there has to be a precise  
+
+replication of all the 3.  billion bases in the haploid genome,   
+
+or 6.4 billion in the diploid genome.   
+
+And during M phase there has to be a precise allocation of the resulting  
+
+replicated DNA in equal,  exactly equal parts to the two  
+
+daughter cells.  And this is no mean feat.   
+
+It is an extraordinarily challenging process,   
+
+which cells, it turns out,  with very high efficiency through a  
+
+variety of complex control mechanisms.  And with this outline  
+
+in mind, I just want to go into some of its details to illustrate to you  
+
+why we think that the scheme is organized the way it is.   
+
+The fact of the matter is that the,  that the M phase, or the mitosis is  
+
+actually organized into a series of sub phases.  And you may remember  
+
+that from high school biology but I'll just go into it in some detail,   
+
+not because we're going to dwell on it but just because I want to give  
+
+you a feeling for what it's composed of.  It's composed of a series of,   
+
+of sub, sub phases I just mentioned.  And, importantly, we start out with  
+
+an interphase cell.  And interphase refers to the  
+
+entirety of the cell cycle outside of M.  That is the entirety,   
+
+entirety outside of the M phase thereby including G1S and G2.   
+
+And you notice that what happens in prophase is, first of all,   
+
+the chromosomes condense.  And that's very important because prior  
+
+to that condensation the chromatin,  and chromatin represents the  
+
+material out of which the chromosomes is assembled consisting  
+
+largely of DNA and proteins with a big of RNA, the chromatin is  
+
+dispersed through the nucleus.  It's not condensed together.   
+
+And as such, as you can see here,  one doesn't see any specific  
+
+chromosomes because they're just scattered about the whole  
+
+chromosomes in a very dilute form.  But once the condensations happen,   
+
+the condensation of chromosomes happen then one begins to appreciate  
+
+that there are chromosomes.  Indeed, if it were not for the case  
+
+that this, this condensation would happen, it would have taken a very  
+
+long time before we even realized at the beginning of the 20th century  
+
+that there were distinct chromosomes themselves.   
+
+Because when you look in the nucleus like this, and as you,   
+
+one might do, be doing here stains for DNA, one doesn't see any  
+
+distinct structures within the nucleus.  Here this condensation  
+
+causes a delineation of these structures in humans,   
+
+as you know this being 46.  And, by the way, this, this,   
+
+this sequence of events is, is basically standard hardware for all  
+
+eukaryote cells.  It's not as if we invented this  
+
+recently.  This whole sequence of events has largely been around for 1.   
+
+billion years.  One thing you begin to notice here  
+
+already as we go into the Metaphase,  this is the beginning of metaphase,   
+
+it's sometimes called prometaphase if one wants to split it up even  
+
+further, is the beginning of the disappearance of the nuclear  
+
+membrane.  So,  here we are in a situation where the  
+
+chromosomes are no longer physically separated from the cytoplasm by the  
+
+nuclear membrane.  The membrane, in effect,   
+
+disappears.  It dissolves.  Obviously, at another point it's  
+
+going to have to reassemble when one starts making daughter cells.   
+
+And at this point one begins to see quite distinctly the,   
+
+that, that each chromosome is composed of two chromatids.   
+
+A chromatid is each one of these arms.  And the fact that there are  
+
+two of them is a direct consequence of the previous DNA replication  
+
+which made from one chromatid two chromatids.   
+
+So, these two chromatids are identical, one to the other.   
+
+They're the consequence of the previous S phase of,   
+
+the previous DNA replication.  And if all things have gone well  
+
+then these two chromatids have identical DNA sequences because  
+
+they're the descendants of a single chromatid that existed,   
+
+actually a chromosome as it's called at that point,   
+
+existed at the beginning of S phase.  In fact, the fidelity of DNA  
+
+replication, that is to say the accuracy with which DNA is  
+
+replicated is so good that often one can demonstrate that the mistakes  
+
+that are made are less than one in ten to the ninth bases.   
+
+That's stunning.  One in ten to the ninth,   
+
+only one in ten to the ninth basis actually is, ends up being miscopies.   
+
+In fact, we now realize that the reason why there's such enormous  
+
+fidelity is that the DNA polymerases that previously begin to replicate  
+
+the DNA to generate these chromatids make a mistake of about one in ten  
+
+to the minus five bases.  So, they're much more error prone.   
+
+But there are subsequent proofreading mechanisms.   
+
+Just the way you would copy edit text, there are proofreading  
+
+mechanism which erase those errors and reduce the end result of  
+
+miscopying, of misreplication down in one, down to one and ten to the  
+
+minus ninth.  And given that the genome itself is only,   
+
+the haploid genome is only 3.  billion, that is 3.2 times ten to  
+
+the ninth basis of DNA,  that means that there are only about,   
+
+roughly speaking,  three mistakes made in the entire  
+
+genome each time a cell goes through a cell cycle in the haploid genome.   
+
+Now, what we begin to notice here in prometaphase is also the beginning  
+
+of the assembly of the machinery that will eventually divide those  
+
+two chromatids from one another.  And here, in the midst of metaphase,   
+
+as you see in the top left,  now the chromosomes line up in what  
+
+is effectively a two-dimensional plane in the middle.   
+
+It's called an equatorial plane in the middle of the cell.   
+
+Where, as you can see here in this schematic, each chrome,   
+
+each chromosome is, here's once again the two chromatids,   
+
+and these chromid, the places where these two chromatids are held  
+
+together are lined up in this plane with the arms of the chromosomes  
+
+kind of flopping around,  as you can see here.  What's  
+
+critical here is the points where these, these two chrome,   
+
+chromatids are joint.  And those, those points of joining,   
+
+as I'll mention in a moment, those are called centromeres.   
+
+Here, here is a more schematized view of what's about to happen,   
+
+just to give you a feeling for what this really looks like.   
+
+And here, as, as we begin to move later into the mitosis,   
+
+we begin to see that each of the chromatids is joined here by a  
+
+centromere and that there,  and that there are mitotic spindles  
+
+which are reaching from these paired chromosomes to centrioles at either  
+
+side of the cell.  So, these two centrioles,   
+
+and the whole apparatus itself is called a centrosome,   
+
+have microtubules that reach from,  from the centro, from the  
+
+centromeres here in the chromosomes,  so the, so the structure in the  
+
+middle of the chromosome is called a centromere.   
+
+Via microtubules that reach all the way over to one pole or the other.   
+
+So, you see, one effect has two poles here.  And if,   
+
+and if we begin to develop this further, we, we've just gotten into  
+
+serious metaphase here.  And now what we see in anaphase is  
+
+that the two chromatids are being separated apart,   
+
+they're being pulled apart by these microtubule spindles.   
+
+These are called spindle fibers,  which reach from each of those  
+
+centrosomes over here back to the chromosomes, and literally are  
+
+involved in the mechanical pulling them apart, one from the other.   
+
+And to state the obvious, if we're talking about the fidelity of DNA  
+
+replication, here we need also to talk about the fact that when one  
+
+has a set of paired chromatids,  one of the chromatids has to go to  
+
+one side and one to the other.  That, in itself, is in principle  
+
+also an error-prone mechanism,  or an error-prone process.   
+
+Mistakes could be made.  And indeed in cancer cells where  
+
+many of these processes break down sometimes one has both chromatids  
+
+going to one or the other side.  And as you can intuit from that,   
+
+that leads obviously to a disruption of the normal makeup of the  
+
+chromosomes that are eventually allocated to each of the two  
+
+daughter cells.  In fact, this allocation happens  
+
+here at telophase,  the last of the four major sub  
+
+phases of mitosis.  Here you see that what's happened is  
+
+that the, these chromatids have now been pulled apart.   
+
+And the moment that they're pulled apart and no longer paired up one  
+
+with the other they now are recognized, once again,   
+
+to be card-carrying chromosomes.  So, now here, here you see the  
+
+nomenclature has changed.  Now they're chromosomes.  They're  
+
+being pulled, pulled apart.  And, obviously, one wants an  
+
+identical set of chromosomes in both daughter cells.   
+
+And once they're allocated to the two future daughter cells the entire  
+
+mitotic spindle dissolve.  And, as you can imagine,   
+
+there is a reformation, as is indicated here schematically and not  
+
+very clearly, in the nuclear membrane.  So now the whole cell is  
+
+reconstructed and now each of the two daughter cells is able,   
+
+in principle, to split off one from the other and to go off on its merry  
+
+way.  And this looks like a really neat process.  And in some  
+
+eukaryotic cells it happens much more rapidly than the 24 hours that  
+
+I just indicated to you.  There are indications that in some  
+
+lymphocyte populations it only takes three or four hours.   
+
+And in some early embryonic cell populations, where there's an  
+
+absolutely frenetic pace of cell growth and division,   
+
+it may happen every 30 minutes rather than the 24 hours I just  
+
+talked about.  And you'll say,  so what, that, who cares about that.   
+
+But 30 minutes for replicating an entire 6.4 billion bases of DNA and  
+
+then allocating them to two daughter cells is actually quite  
+
+an achievement.  And we don't really understand how  
+
+that happens.  I've talked implicitly about the process of cell  
+
+growth and division.  And what I mean to say in more  
+
+detail about that is the following.  After one gets these two initial  
+
+daughter cells they're obviously only half the size of the previously  
+
+existing mother cell.  And, therefore, what must happen in  
+
+the subsequent cell cycle is that each of these daughter cells must  
+
+actually physically grow in size so that it once again becomes a big  
+
+mama over here after the next cell cycle.   
+
+And so that growth begins immediately.  And much of it occurs  
+
+just through the generation of new sets of ribosomes,   
+
+new proteins, new membranes in the cell.  All of the complex  
+
+constituents of a cell need to be duplicated for the next cell cycle  
+
+including, obviously,  all of the organelles,   
+
+the small structures in the cytoplasm and including,   
+
+indeed, the mitochondria.  So, imagine now the complexity of  
+
+this because not only is the eukaryotic cell so complex but its  
+
+entire contents must be faithfully replicated during the subsequent  
+
+cell cycle.  And that obviously implies the intervention,   
+
+the involvement of very complex control mechanisms about which we  
+
+understand almost nothing.  Now, how, let's get back to this  
+
+for a moment, because what I've been talking about over the last six to  
+
+eight minutes is simply mitosis,  the M phase here.   
+
+In fact, in many of these early embryonic cell cycles,   
+
+what happens is that cells go from M phase directly into S phase and from  
+
+S phase directly into M.  In other words, they don't indulge  
+
+themselves in a period over here,  a long period, and in some cultured  
+
+mammalian cells this can be 12 or 14 hours of getting set,   
+
+getting prepared for DNA replication.    
+
+Similarly, after cells have replicated their DNA,   
+
+and as we just said, for example,  converted one chromosome into two  
+
+paired chromatids,  after they get through S phase  
+
+they'll also wait another four or five hours, most cultured mammalian  
+
+cells before they go back into M phase, these two gap periods.   
+
+Well, how do we actually know how long each of these gaps takes?   
+
+Well, as is usual, I'm glad I asked that question.   
+
+And one way we can do so is the following.   
+
+What we can do is we can take cells and we can block them in mitosis.   
+
+How can we block them in mitosis?  We can use a microtubule antagonist.   
+
+So, I told you before that the spindle fibers that pull the  
+
+chromosomes apart are made of microtubules.  Microtubules happen  
+
+to be one of the constituents of the cytoskeleton that gives structure to  
+
+the cell, and these microtubules are used as the fibers for pulling apart  
+
+the two chromatids during anaphase,  as I just mentioned.   
+
+And we can use a microtubule antagonist.  And in biochemistry,   
+
+when you want to antagonize something often you use a symbol  
+
+like this.  And,  for instance, here's a drug called  
+
+colcemid, and colcemid is a microtubule antagonist.   
+
+And even though it has a bit of an effect on the overall cytoskeleton,   
+
+if you put colcemid on cells then they'll go into mitosis like this  
+
+and they'll go into metaphase,  as we indicated before, but the  
+
+subsequent sub phases of mitosis will, will grind to a halt.   
+
+Why?  Because the microtubule spindle fibers will be unable to  
+
+assemble properly because of this,  now, I forget whether there's an E  
+
+here or not.  Probably not.  OK.  Typo.  The colcemid prevents  
+
+the spindle fibers from forming,  so therefore cells get hung up, they  
+
+get blocked in M phase.  In fact, if you're interested in  
+
+looking at the,  at the array of chromosomes in a  
+
+cell, the simplest way of doing it with a mammalian,   
+
+with a human cell is to put colcemid in it, and the colcemid will block  
+
+them in, in M phase,  they'll block them in,   
+
+in metaphase, they can't get out of metaphase simply because these pink  
+
+fibers here are unable to assemble properly, and therefore they get  
+
+hung up right here while the chromosomes are condensed.   
+
+And this allows you to visualize the chromosomes under the microscope.   
+
+Why do need to do that?  Well, in the absence of blocking cells and  
+
+trapping them in,  in metaphase, cells will just spin  
+
+right around the cell cycle and they'll only be in metaphase for  
+
+maybe only 10 or 15 minutes out of the 24 hours.  And,   
+
+therefore, in a population of cells which is moving around the cell  
+
+cycle willy-nilly very rapidly,  only a minute fraction of the cells  
+
+at any one point in time will,  by chance, be in metaphase when you  
+
+want to study their chromosomes.  So, the best thing to do is to try  
+
+to block them in metaphase.  Now, what you can do, in fact,   
+
+is put cells in metaphase, and I'm going to draw the cell cycle around  
+
+here again.  Here's M,  here's S phase, slightly different  
+
+than what we just saw before,  here's G1, and here is G2.  So,   
+
+now we're going to block cells with colcemid right here in metaphase.   
+
+And now what happens is that we put metaphase in.  Ideally,   
+
+if we put it in for a day we'd start out with a population of cells which  
+
+we will call asynchronous.  Asynchronous means that at any one  
+
+point in time these cells will be distributed randomly around the cell  
+
+cycle.  They'll be all over the place, obviously,   
+
+because there's nothing to cause them to move synchronously through  
+
+the cell cycle.  A random population of cells will be  
+
+scattered all over the cells cycle like this.  We put in colcemid,   
+
+and what's gradually going to happen is that cells are moving around the  
+
+cell cycle and when they get to here they'll start piling up.   
+
+In principle, if all the cells are scattered around the cell cycle at  
+
+the moment you put in the colcemid,  and it takes them 24 hours to get  
+
+all the way around the cell cycle,  then after a day's worth of colcemid  
+
+treatment all the cells should have piled up right here.   
+
+In fact, you can begin to look.  What, what's the kinetics with which  
+
+cells pile up into the M phase?  And it looks like this.  They go  
+
+around, they go on piling up,  and then at the end of 24 hours they  
+
+plateau.  Why do they plateau at 24 hours?  Because by 24 hours the  
+
+stragglers, which started out right here, will have had time to go all  
+
+the way around the cell cycle and get trapped in M phase.   
+
+And that gives you a feeling for how long the entire cell cycle time  
+
+is, now, or this cycle which I called growth and division.   
+
+And, again, to emphasize,  growth is literally the physical  
+
+growth of the cell.  Division is the production of two  
+
+daughter cells at mitosis.  Now, in principle, we can relieve  
+
+this metaphase block by getting rid of the colcemid.   
+
+And now, interestingly enough,  we have a population of cells that  
+
+is emerging from metaphase synchronously.   
+
+What do I mean by that?  I mean to indicate that they're all  
+
+moving in lockstep.  They're all moving at the same time  
+
+out of the cell cycle,  so now there's a whole cohort of  
+
+cells which starts out right here.  They've all left metaphase at the  
+
+same time.  This is not an asynchronous culture.   
+
+And they start moving around,  advancing around the cell cycle  
+
+together.  In principle you'd say,  well, they should remain synchronous  
+
+forever.  But the fact is all of these phases of the cell cycle,   
+
+the times are quasi-stochastic,  sometimes go, some cells go through  
+
+G1 in ten hours,  some cells go through cells in  
+
+eleven hours, some through in eight hours.   
+
+And, as a consequence,  as they move further and further  
+
+around the cell cycle,  the population of cells becomes  
+
+progressively more asynchronous and they won't really enter into the  
+
+next M phase totally synchronously.  But now we can ask the following  
+
+question, how long is G1?  And the way we can do that is to do  
+
+another kind of experiment where what we do is we release cells,   
+
+a population of cells from M phase by removing the colcemid,   
+
+for example.  And now we treat cells,   
+
+we, we treat aliquots of this synchronously advancing population.   
+
+Each hour we pluck out some of these cells and we expose them for,   
+
+let's say, the next hour thereafter to some tritiated thymidine.   
+
+Tritiated thymidine, as you may recall, H3 thymidine as it's  
+
+sometimes denoted,  is obviously a radiolabeled  
+
+precursor of DNA.  And it's going to get incorporated  
+
+into the DNA and,  and to no other macromolecules in  
+
+the cell.  And so the question is if we expose cells for an hour here to  
+
+tritiated thymidine,  how much tritiated thymidine is  
+
+going to be incorporated into their DNA?  How do we know what's  
+
+incorporated and how much tritiated thymidine remains unincorporated?   
+
+We extract the DNA from the cells and we precipitate it in an acid.   
+
+And when that happens the macromolecules of DNA go to the  
+
+bottom, they precipitate,  and the unincorporated tritiated  
+
+thymidine, which is still soluble,  it has not yet been polymerized into  
+
+DNA molecules,  remains in the acid solution.   
+
+So, we asked how much acid-precipitable thymidine counts  
+
+are there here?  How many in the next,   
+
+are made in the next hour with another aliquot of cells?   
+
+How many in the next hour and so forth?  And when we do such an  
+
+experiment we find that we get a,  a curve which looks like this.   
+
+All of a sudden,  here we got no sales labeling,   
+
+in the second hour none, third,  fourth, fifth, sixth, in the seventh  
+
+hour there are some cells which make DNA, in the eighth hour there are  
+
+some cells, even more cells making DNA, and by the time they're in the  
+
+ninth or the tenth hour then we find a high rate of DNA synthesis.   
+
+Now, in principle we could continue this experiment if we wanted to,   
+
+if we had enough money for tritiated thymidine, which one does because  
+
+it's very cheap.  And what would find is if we started  
+
+labeling over here with,  for another hour pulse, when I say  
+
+an hour pulse I mean we just put the tritiated thymidine in at the  
+
+beginning of this one-hour period way over here,   
+
+and an hour later we take out the cells and extract their DNA and  
+
+measure how much DNA has been incorporated in that interval.   
+
+And if we did a tritiated thymidine pulse over here,   
+
+we'd begin to see that the rate of DNA synthesis was actually lower,   
+
+and eventually it would go down,  back down to this as the cells were  
+
+moving asynchronously through the culture.   
+
+What does that mean?  Well, this is the time,   
+
+obviously these cells are in S phase,  these cells were in G1,   
+
+and these cells have now emerged from S phase into G2 and are no  
+
+longer making DNA.  And on that basis we can actually  
+
+calculate, we can determine how many hours it takes for cells to move  
+
+through G1.  We can do a similar kind of experiment to figure out how  
+
+long G2 is, the gap 2, G2 phase is.  G2, recall, is the time between the  
+
+ending of DNA replication and the beginning of mitosis.   
+
+And how do we do that?  Well, we can do an inhibitor of DNA  
+
+synthesis.  So,  let's say, here is,   
+
+I'm going to redraw the cell cycle.  Here's S phase, G2, I'm drawing it  
+
+again, here's M, and here's G1.  And now what we can do is we'll add  
+
+a DNA synthesis inhibitor.  An inhibitor of DNA synthesis has  
+
+no effect, as you could imagine,  on M phase.  This is one of those  
+
+things, it's called hydroxyurea.  It actually blocks the biosynthesis  
+
+of the precursors,  the, the oxyribonucleoside  
+
+triphosphate precursors of DNA.  And, therefore, you add hydroxyurea  
+
+to cells and they,  their, their DNA replication grinds  
+
+to a halt.  OK.  So, let's do that.   
+
+And we'll, we'll, we'll add hydroxyurea to the cells for 24  
+
+hours.  What's going to happen?  What will the distribution of cells  
+
+be afterwards?  Well, in fact,   
+
+some of the cells,  when we first added the hydroxyurea  
+
+the cells were scattered all around,  they were asynchronous.  We'll add  
+
+the hydroxyurea and what we'll find is the following.   
+
+The cells that were in the middle of S phase when we added the  
+
+hydroxyurea will be stuck dead in the water.  They won't be able to  
+
+move anymore.  So,  these cells that were in S phase,   
+
+the moment we add the hydroxyurea will be trapped right here.   
+
+They cannot make anymore DNA.  And, therefore, they'll be frozen  
+
+at many points,  times, points in time in S phase.   
+
+The cells that are outside of S phase, they can continue to advance  
+
+all the way around the cell cycle.  And, accordingly, there'll be lots  
+
+of cells over the next 24 hours that are going to just pile up at the  
+
+G1-S transition.  Why?  Well, the hydroxyurea has no effect  
+
+at all on these other points of the cell cycle.  And when these cells  
+
+try to go, go from G1 into S,  they cannot get into S phase because  
+
+they can't make any DNA so they're trapped right over there.   
+
+And now we'll take away the hydroxyurea, which is,   
+
+obviously is, to use the notation I used before, an inhibitor of DNA  
+
+synthesis.  And what we can do now is the following.   
+
+We're going to ask,  after we take out the hydroxyurea  
+
+we're going to put in colcemid.  Why do we want to do that?  Well,   
+
+what we really want to do is to ask,  after the cells have reached, have  
+
+gone through S phase,  how soon does a labeled cell move  
+
+from S phase all the way into M phase?  How long does it take?   
+
+How long is G2?  And so what we'll do is the following.   
+
+We take away the hydroxyurea.  This allows all these cells to  
+
+begin to move out.  Is this a fully synchronous culture?   
+
+Well, actually, no, because some of these cells are over here.   
+
+There's a whole bunch over here.  These are synchronous, but the rest  
+
+of the ones they're already scattered out,   
+
+so there's going to be some pioneers over here moving ahead of the  
+
+phalanx, and they'll be some straggles and then there's going to  
+
+be a big slug of these cells that are moving as the rear guard ahead.   
+
+Now, what we're going to do, after we take away the hydroxyurea we're  
+
+going to add our old friend colcemid.   
+
+And colcemid, I tried to spell it right this time,   
+
+colcemid is going to block cells,  as we obviously said before, right  
+
+over here.  And then what we're going to do is the following.   
+
+We're going to look, every hour we're going to take some cells and  
+
+put them in colcemid,  or we'll leave them in colcemid the  
+
+whole time and every hour we'll take cells out of the Petri dish,   
+
+which have been in colcemid since they were released from here,   
+
+and we're going to look at the metaphase cells.   
+
+And how do we look at the metaphase cells?   
+
+Well, here's a metaphase cell.  Here will be its chromosomes.   
+
+Obviously, they're chromatids at this point.  They're under the  
+
+microscope.  And they start accumulating up here.   
+
+And each and every hour we're going to take some of these metaphase  
+
+cells, we'll take them out of the Petri dish, and after we've put them  
+
+in, or we'll leave them in the Petri dish if you want,   
+
+and after they're there and they've,  they've come over here we'll fix  
+
+them onto the plate.  We'll add some alcohol or something  
+
+which causes them to stick to the plate, they can't swim away,   
+
+and then after that we'll add some radioactive emulsion.   
+
+So, here's, let's imagine here is a cell at the bottom of the plate in  
+
+metaphase, we're going to add some photographic emulsion on top of that  
+
+like that.  And then what we're going to see is how soon we can  
+
+detect radioactive metaphase chromosomes.  How can we do that?   
+
+Because each time an electron leaves the tritiated thymidine,   
+
+each time a beta particle leaves it's going to cause a grain of  
+
+emulsion, of silver to form in the,  in the photographic emulsion that  
+
+we've layered above the cell.  So, this photo emulsion is only not  
+
+a way of detecting light but a way of detecting when there,   
+
+whenever there's radioactivity in,  that's being emitted.  And what  
+
+we're going to look for are grains,  silver grains that are located above  
+
+the chromosomes in the microscope.  We could look down through this  
+
+plate, through the emulsion,  on the chromosomes we can see them  
+
+clearly.  I've shown you that before,  and we're going to ask ourselves the  
+
+question, when can we begin to associate silver grains with the  
+
+chromosomes?  Because those silver grains must have been incorporated  
+
+into the chromosomes during the previous S phase,   
+
+that is when cells were over here.  If a cell was over here and we added  
+
+colcemid and there won't be any,  it won't be radioactively labeled.   
+
+So, what we're really going to ask now is the following.   
+
+These cells are all advancing through like this,   
+
+they're advancing into M phase,  when does the first radiolabeled  
+
+cell get, after we release them with hydroxyurea, when does it get,   
+
+when do we first see cells like this?  And the fact is after five or six  
+
+hours after we've released them from S phase then we begin to see cells  
+
+like this which have chromosomes on which there is radio,   
+
+with which there's radioactivity associated.   
+
+Well, keep in mind that when cells move through the S phase here,   
+
+this is when they incorporated tritiated thymidine to their DNA.   
+
+Cells can't incorporate tritiated thymidine here.   
+
+They can't incorporate it here.  They can't incorporate it here.   
+
+OK?  Right.  So,  we can allow cells to incorporate a  
+
+little bit of tritiated thymidine,  we can freeze them in here, we'll  
+
+allow, give them a little bit,  bit of tritiated thymidine, let it  
+
+get into the DNA here,  and then we'll add hydroxyurea very  
+
+shortly thereafter and freeze the cells right like this.   
+
+So, they'll be, they'll be radioactive by virtue of having  
+
+dwelled here at different times in the S phase.  And when we add  
+
+hydroxyurea then,  the cells that were already in S  
+
+phase and incorporated a bit of tritiated thymidine will  
+
+remain in S phase.  All of the other cells which were,   
+
+when we added the hydroxyurea over here, they will go all the way  
+
+around here.  They will move all the way around the cell cycle.   
+
+They might have happened to incorporated a little bit of  
+
+tritiated thymidine before we added the hydroxyurea,   
+
+but they'll get trapped over here.  So the only, so the cells that have  
+
+tritiated thymidine,  they will be scattered at various  
+
+points in the S phase.  We'll remove the hydroxyurea that  
+
+allows the cells to escape from S phase and move all the  
+
+way around to here.  And then we begin to look for seeing  
+
+when cells get radiolabeled chromosomes.  Is that clearer now?   
+
+A little clear.  OK.  Now, let's begin to ask how this is all  
+
+coordinated.  What determines how cells, when cells will grow and when  
+
+cells with not grow?  So, let's go back to our depiction  
+
+of the cell cycle.  How do, what controls all this?   
+
+What determines when a cell is going to move around the cell cycle?   
+
+In our bodies we have roughly three times ten to the thirteenth cells.   
+
+I don't know if that's a number I mentioned to you before.   
+
+It's a pretty interesting number.  It's probably not the most  
+
+interesting number.  By now far more people are  
+
+interested in the number of how many games the Red Sox have won or lost,   
+
+but it's a number anyhow.  How many cell divisions do we go through in a  
+
+lifetime?  Did we ever talk about that?  How many times do we have a  
+
+cell growth and division cycle in a human lifetime,   
+
+lifetime?  And the answer is in human lifetime there are about ten  
+
+to the sixth cell divisions.  It's a staggering number.   
+
+Ten to the sixteenth in one human body in a human lifetime.   
+
+And if you figure out what that amounts to, I think it's something  
+
+like, and you can figure it out yourself, I think it amounts to  
+
+something like ten to the seventh cell divisions in each second.   
+
+So, each time I'm talking with you I'm going, I've already gone through  
+
+any one of my sentences.  And by the time my longwinded  
+
+sentence is finished,  I've probably already had 100  
+
+million mitoses happening inside of me.  That's --  
+
+Maybe even more because some of my sentences are really long.   
+
+So, imagine that, ten to the seventh for a second.   
+
+You can figure out the number.  This is a lifetime of let's say you  
+
+live 70 years,  you can do the math of how many it  
+
+is per second.  A lot of that's going on,   
+
+by the way, in the bone marrow and in the gut, because in the bone  
+
+marrow you're constantly replacing a lot of your red blood cells.   
+
+You have lots of them, but they only last for 120 days.   
+
+So, after 120 days a red blood cell is broken down and you get a new red  
+
+blood cell in its place.  But obviously you have more than  
+
+one blood cell in your body.  The same thing happens in the gut.   
+
+The cells lining the gut, those are called epithelial cells,   
+
+they're lining the surface of the gut, and they are constantly being  
+
+sloughed off the wall of the gut.  Why?  Because it's not so nice to  
+
+live on the wall of the gut.  It's not a very pleasant  
+
+environment.  And the cells are therefore  
+
+constantly gotten,  gotten rid of because they have a  
+
+hard time surviving for extended periods of time.   
+
+Those cells live only three or four days on the wall of the gut.   
+
+So, when you go to the bathroom,  I don't mean to be too graphic, but  
+
+number two, a significant proportion of what comes out the bottom is  
+
+actually cells that have been sloughed off from the epithelial  
+
+lining of the gut.  I don't know what the proportion is.   
+
+It's something like 20% or 30%.  About half of what comes out is  
+
+actually bacterial in the,  in the feces.  We're not having  
+
+lunch now so you can,  you can absorb all this,   
+
+right?  About half of it.  Almost none of the bulk of the  
+
+feces actually ends up being what you ate because most of what you ate  
+
+ended up, ends up getting compressed to a very small amount of solid  
+
+matter.  So, most of what comes out is, is not what,   
+
+what came in, is not the processing of food but other things,   
+
+as I've just mentioned.  And, by the way,   
+
+here's another unsettling statistic.  It's not so graphic but it's  
+
+unsettling if you think about it.  There are more bacterial cells in  
+
+your gut than in the rest,  than there are mammalian eukaryotic  
+
+cells in the rest of your body.  They're taking over.  There are  
+
+more of them than there are us in each one of our bodies.   
+
+Go figure.  Anyhow.  Why am I going on this long  
+
+excursion?  Well,  only he knows and he's not telling.   
+
+But there was a reason behind it.  The reason why I'm going into this  
+
+is to impress on you the fact that it's really important that the  
+
+advance of cells through their growth and division cycle that we've  
+
+just talked about here is very carefully controlled,   
+
+because each one of these growth,  cell growth and division cycles is  
+
+the opportunity for disaster.  What kind of disaster?   
+
+Well, if the cell makes a mistake in its chromosomes it might die.   
+
+The death of a cell in our body is not a disaster.   
+
+I just indicated to you that we're,  we're making ten to the seventh new  
+
+cells every second,  but hopefully we're making exactly  
+
+the same number of cells that die.  So, ten to the seventh cells are  
+
+made for every ten to the seventh cells that die.   
+
+If you have an excess of new cells compared with dying cells you're in  
+
+bad shape because that's really the disease of cancer.   
+
+And that implies,  even with our knowing any,   
+
+without our knowing anything else about cancer, that there have to be  
+
+very careful controls over the decision on the part of a cell to  
+
+whether, as to whether it can grow or divide, as to whether or not it  
+
+should grow and divide.  Now, what does that mean?   
+
+Well, part of the decisions come from the following situation.   
+
+Let's imagine here we're growing,  we're talking about a human tissue.   
+
+Each one of these things is a cell.  And, as usual, my art is not that  
+
+splendid.  But one of the things I want to  
+
+impress on you is that the body cannot give license to this cell or  
+
+to this cell or to this cell to make the decision about growing and  
+
+dividing on its own.  A cell cannot go and say I think I  
+
+feel like dividing,  I'm going to go do it.   
+
+That's a no-no.  Why is it a no-no?  Because the moment one grants  
+
+autonomy to such a cell one's in a very dangerous situation.   
+
+Instead, what has to happen,  what must happen is that cells talk  
+
+to one another and cells read a consensus.   
+
+For instance, maybe there's a cell that's missing right over here in  
+
+this tissue.  And keep in mind an architecturally complex tissue has a  
+
+precise number of cells in it organized in a very precise pattern.   
+
+And the way that pattern is maintained is that the cells are  
+
+constantly looking around and seeing is there a gap here?   
+
+Do we need to make a new cell or not?  It's not as if this cell says,   
+
+well, I'm happy here and all my neighbors are happy but,   
+
+still, I'm going to grow and divide because it seems like  
+
+a nice thing to do.  Again, that's an invitation for  
+
+disaster.  And I'm saying that if only to impress upon you the fact  
+
+that cells only will make the decision to grow and divide and to  
+
+go into this cell cycle on the basis of consultations with their  
+
+neighbors.  They're constantly talking to one another.   
+
+The signals, the intercellular signals within a living tissue  
+
+represent constant ceaseless chatter.   
+
+It's like everybody is on a cell phone talking with six or eight or  
+
+ten of his or her neighbors all the time.  And if you could hear it,   
+
+it would be a real din.  So, that raised the question how do cells  
+
+talk with one another?  What messages do they exchange,   
+
+one with the other, so that they can establish some kind of consensus as  
+
+to whether or not it's inappropriate for one of their number to grow and  
+
+divide?  All right.  This is an unauthorized ad.   
+
+You can interpret it the way you want.   
+
+Anyhow.  So how do they do that?  Well, what they do, one of the most  
+
+important ways they communicate is they exchange proteins with one  
+
+another called growth factors.  And a growth factor goes from one  
+
+cell, here's a cell,  it releases a growth factor and it  
+
+goes to a second cell and induces the second cell to begin to divide.   
+
+That's a mechanism of transferring the signal or conveying the signal.   
+
+And a growth factor itself is a relatively low molecular weight  
+
+protein which travels through interstellular,   
+
+interstellar, intercellular space.  It moves from one cell to the other.   
+
+So, it's secreted by one cell, it moves here, and then it goes over  
+
+here to a second cell.  In fact, if we want to blow up the  
+
+second cell, the second cell has on its surface a specific protein which  
+
+is known as a receptor or,  in this case, we can say a growth  
+
+factor receptor,  which represents a means by which  
+
+that cell senses the presence of a growth factor in the extracellular  
+
+space.  And, as is suggested in this very  
+
+crude and poorly drawn cartoon,  this receptor is a transmembrane  
+
+protein.  It has an extra cellular domain, it has an intracellular  
+
+domain, and it moves through,  it protrudes through the lipid  
+
+bilayer of the plasma membrane.  We talked very briefly about these  
+
+at the beginning of the semester.  And what happens is these receptors  
+
+are so configured that in the event that a growth factor comes over and  
+
+is sent off by a neighboring cell,  the growth factor, I'll draw it here  
+
+as a, as a square,  this growth factor binds to the  
+
+receptor in a very specific fashion.  And, as a consequence, the receptor  
+
+responds in its intracellular or cytoplasmic domain by emitting  
+
+signals into the cell informing the cell that an encounter has been had  
+
+in the extracellular space with this growth factor which has been  
+
+released ostensibly by another cell.   
+
+Now, the fact of the matter is there are many different kinds of growth  
+
+factors.  Here I've drawn,  drawn, drawn a square one.  Here's a  
+
+triangular one.  Here's a circular one.   
+
+And each one of these growth factors has its own cognate receptor.   
+
+So, here's a receptor that binds circular growth factors.   
+
+Here's a receptor that binds triangular growth factors.   
+
+Well, obviously I'm very schematic.  The point I wish to make is that  
+
+there are multiple distinct kinds of receptors, and each growth factor we  
+
+can, I'll abbreviate it as a,  as a GF, each growth factor is  
+
+what's called a ligand,  or a ligand depending on where you  
+
+live, a ligand for the receptor.  So, in this case the square thing  
+
+is the ligand for the receptor.  It binds to the receptor and,   
+
+in so doing, it provokes the receptor to emit a signal which his  
+
+transferred in through the plasma membrane into the cell cytoplasm.   
+
+Clearly, what I also wish to indicate by this is that growth  
+
+factors don't bind to inappropriate receptors.  They only bind to their  
+
+appropriate receptors or their cognate receptors.   
+
+So, for example, there's a growth factor that we'll talk  
+
+about shortly.  It's called epidermal  
+
+growth factor.    
+
+And I'll just abbreviate GF for growth factor.   
+
+There's another growth factor that called platelet-derived  
+
+growth factor.    
+
+So, we have EGF,  we have PDGF, platelet-derived  
+
+growth factor.  And, in fact, there's actually 30  
+
+or 40 other kinds of growth factors.  And each one binds specifically to  
+
+its own receptors.  And so now we begin to understand  
+
+that the signaling channels are actually very multiplexed.   
+
+It's not just at one, one kind of growth factor can travel through  
+
+intercellular space.  And, again, this cell will only  
+
+receive, will only make a decision to grow and divide if its growth  
+
+factor receptors have send an adequate number of stimulatory  
+
+signals into the cell which then pursued the signaling circuitry  
+
+which processes these signals that it is indeed time to make the binary  
+
+decision, growth versus non-growth on the basis of these signals  
+
+received from the extracellular space.   
+
+From that we can already intuit something interesting about cancer  
+
+cells.  Cancer cells make a decision to grow even without having received  
+
+the signal from their neighbors.  In other words, cancer cells become  
+
+quasi or totally,  they become growth factor  
+
+independent.  That is to say somehow they have  
+
+usurped and perturbed this signaling mechanism and they have no longer  
+
+become dependent on these extracellular signals in order to  
+
+make the decision to grow and divide.  They will just grow in essentially  
+
+an autonomous or independent fashion.  And we know a little bit about this  
+
+from the following kind of experiment.   
+
+If you put a human connective tissue cell, a connective tissue cell is  
+
+called a fibroblast in culture or even a mouse, fibroblast in culture,   
+
+you put it in a Petri dish like this,  it'll sit on the bottom.   
+
+You can provide this fibroblast or fibroblasts with all the nutrients  
+
+it needs, with glucose and with vitamins and vital amino,   
+
+essential amino acids, whatever you want, give it all those low  
+
+molecular weight compounds and the,  and the fibroblasts will sit down on  
+
+the dish.  And it will look up at you and smile.   
+
+And it will do so for days and weeks.  It won't do anything.   
+
+It won't grow at all.  Why?  Because you haven't given it the  
+
+requisite signals to induce it,  to persuade it, to proliferate.  And  
+
+what are those requisite signals?  They are growth factors.  So, you  
+
+need to add growth factors in addition to the nutrients in order  
+
+to persuade a cell to emerge from its quiescent state into the active  
+
+growth and division cycle.  And so in my last minutes or my last  
+
+minute, hopefully not on this earth but in this lecture,   
+
+let me just say that when you,  I mean nothing is sure, but if you  
+
+take a cell and you deprive it,  you starve it of growth factors it  
+
+exits from the active growth and division cycle and it will go out  
+
+into another phase called G zero.  And it will sit there like a bump on  
+
+a log for an extended period of time.  It will be metabolically active,   
+
+viable, but it won't proliferate.  It will be like the cells you put in  
+
+the Petri dish without growth factors.  And if you give it growth  
+
+factors then the cell will go back into the G1 phase of the cell cycle  
+
+and begin active growth cycling.  It will pass through a successive  
+
+cycles of growth and division as long as you give it growth factors.   
+
+And each time the cell emerges from M it's going to ask the question,   
+
+are there any growth factors around me?  If so, I might commit myself to  
+
+doing this over again.  And if there aren't, I'm getting  
+
+out of this racetrack and going over to G zero where I may stay for days,   
+
+weeks or years.  On that dramatic and tense note, see  
+
+you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dlJtUvRaGdE.txt b/dlJtUvRaGdE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44d36e650d6d717440252a83996250c4f92a1833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dlJtUvRaGdE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this week we will consider the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will consider the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will consider the special
+case of circular motion the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of circular motion the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of circular motion the case where
+we know that the motion is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the motion is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the motion is exactly
+constrained to have a circular geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to have a circular geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to have a circular geometry
+this will consist of two parts first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will consist of two parts first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will consist of two parts first we
+will consider the kinematics of circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider the kinematics of circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider the kinematics of circular
+motion how do we describe the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion how do we describe the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion how do we describe the trajectory
+velocity and acceleration of a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and acceleration of a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and acceleration of a particle
+undergoing circular motion we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing circular motion we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing circular motion we will
+consider both the simple case of uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider both the simple case of uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider both the simple case of uniform
+circular motion where the object moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion where the object moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion where the object moves
+with constant speed and also non uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant speed and also non uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant speed and also non uniform
+circular motion where the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion where the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion where the object is
+speeding up and or slowing down as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up and or slowing down as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up and or slowing down as a
+function of time we will see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time we will see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time we will see that a
+Cartesian coordinate system proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian coordinate system proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian coordinate system proves
+awkward for describing circular motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward for describing circular motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward for describing circular motion
+and instead we will introduce the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead we will introduce the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead we will introduce the so
+called polar coordinate system in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called polar coordinate system in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called polar coordinate system in terms
+of the radius vector from the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radius vector from the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radius vector from the origin and
+its position angle which provides a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its position angle which provides a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its position angle which provides a much
+more elegant description for circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elegant description for circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elegant description for circular
+motion we will then examine the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion we will then examine the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion we will then examine the dynamics
+of circular motion using Newton's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circular motion using Newton's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circular motion using Newton's second
+law to understand what sorts of forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law to understand what sorts of forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law to understand what sorts of forces
+are required in order to cause circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required in order to cause circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required in order to cause circular
+motion in both the uniform and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in both the uniform and non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in both the uniform and non
+uniform cases this will be the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform cases this will be the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform cases this will be the first of
+several examples we will see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several examples we will see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several examples we will see in this
+course of constrained motion in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of constrained motion in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of constrained motion in this
+case the constraint is that the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the constraint is that the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the constraint is that the object
+moves in a circular path
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dy44BdqxRAo.txt b/dy44BdqxRAo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..882488d76065ced5edf69ea1de1d545a1e93e3de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dy44BdqxRAo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3445 @@
+PROFESSOR: We're into
+chapter 11.
+
+I've asked Ashish to hand out
+today a revision of the
+
+previous version of chapter
+11, plus chapter 12 on the
+
+sum-product algorithm,
+in case we get to it.
+
+I'm giving you a complete copy
+of the problem seven solutions
+
+for both weeks, and to get back
+on track, we're handing
+
+out problem set eight.
+
+There probably will only
+be one more problem set
+
+that you hand in.
+
+All right.
+
+We've been getting to the
+centerpiece of the second half
+
+of the course which is codes
+on graphs, which is the way
+
+we're going to get to
+capacity-achieving codes by
+
+building them on graphs of
+linear complexity and decoding
+
+them on the graphs with
+iterative decoding.
+
+I frame this in the language
+of behavioral realizations.
+
+I say a graph is a realization
+of a code via a behavior,
+
+which is the set of
+all the possible
+
+trajectories on the graph.
+
+So this is, again, putting it
+in system theory language.
+
+I want to distinguish between
+two types of variables.
+
+The external ones,
+which communicate
+
+with the outside world--
+
+in our case, these will be the
+symbols in a code word.
+
+These are the ones that are
+actually involved in the code.
+
+So these are more or less
+pre-specified for us when
+
+we're trying to realize
+a code.
+
+But we can adjoin auxiliary
+variables, internal variables,
+
+we often call them state
+variables, hidden variables,
+
+latent variables, which are
+really there for our
+
+convenience.
+
+They're to make the realization
+simpler, or more
+
+elegant in some way, or to have
+properties, or whatever.
+
+But these are free for us to
+have because they're inside
+
+the box and the world
+never sees them.
+
+Now, we describe the behavior by
+a set of constraints on the
+
+variables, which in our case,
+these are local constraints
+
+that only involves a few of
+the variables, each one.
+
+The idea is to express a global
+behavior via local
+
+constraints on variables.
+
+And in our case, the constraints
+will be expressed
+
+by equations, as we've seen,
+or in a little bit more
+
+generality by little codes,
+which will go in to make up
+
+this big code.
+
+So in some sense, you can think
+of codes on graphs as
+
+being making big codes out of
+little codes, making global
+
+codes out of local codes.
+
+The behavior, then, is simply
+defined as the set of all
+
+combinations of variables, both
+external and internal,
+
+that satisfy all the
+constraints.
+
+If we can find a set of values
+for all the variables such
+
+that all these local constraints
+are satisfied,
+
+then that's called a valid
+trajectory, or whatever.
+
+And that's the entire
+behavior.
+
+And the code is simply the set
+of all external variable
+
+n-tuples that occur as parts
+of valid behaviors--
+
+in other words, the projection
+of the behavior just onto the
+
+external variables.
+
+All right, so it's an elegant
+and rather implicit way of
+
+describing the code, but we'll
+see it's very, very powerful.
+
+And last time, we talked
+about various styles of
+
+realizations.
+
+I gave you examples of generator
+representations and
+
+parity-check representations.
+
+This is really where it all
+started, with parity-check
+
+representations, where this
+style of graphical
+
+representation is
+very natural.
+
+You've got the symbols in the
+code, those are the only
+
+symbols you need, and you've
+got parity checks, and the
+
+parity checks constrain
+the symbols.
+
+If you've got n minus k parity
+checks, you get n minus k
+
+constraints.
+
+And it's a kernel representation
+in the language
+
+of linear algebra.
+
+It's simply the set of all code
+n-tuples that satisfy all
+
+the parity checks.
+
+That's it, we don't need
+any hidden variables.
+
+In a generator representation,
+this is a more natural
+
+representation, when we're
+trying to generate
+
+or simulate a code.
+
+We want to run through a set
+of inputs that in effect
+
+create all the outputs,
+all the code words.
+
+In this case, we don't actually
+see the inputs as
+
+part of the code words,
+necessarily.
+
+We might, we might not.
+
+But we distinguish them in this
+representation and we
+
+regard the inputs as hidden
+variables, or state variables,
+
+if you like.
+
+They're part of the realization,
+but they don't
+
+actually occur in the code
+words, so they fit into the
+
+hidden category.
+
+OK, and we talked about
+two styles of graphs.
+
+Tanner graphs, which are older
+and more established.
+
+Tanner really wrote the
+foundation paper in this
+
+subject in 1981.
+
+I regard him as the
+founder of the
+
+subject of codes on graphs.
+
+However, like a lot of
+good papers, his
+
+was completely ignored--
+
+that's almost true--
+for 15 years.
+
+And then it was rediscovered
+around 1995, when people began
+
+to wake up to this
+subject again.
+
+And Tanner graphs really
+come out of this idea.
+
+They were closely associated
+with that.
+
+We can generalize them
+to be more like this.
+
+But it's this simple idea.
+
+We have a bipartite graph, we
+make one class of vertices
+
+into the variables, one class
+into the constraints, and we
+
+simply tie a variable to a
+constraint when it's involved
+
+in the constraint.
+
+And we can generalize it by
+making internal and external
+
+variables, which we have
+to distinguish in the
+
+picture in some way.
+
+And the constraints, initially,
+they were just
+
+zero-sum constraints and
+parity-check codes.
+
+One of the things Tanner did was
+he said, well, they could
+
+be any codes.
+
+A single parity check is like
+a single parity-check code.
+
+And we can make any codes
+the constraints.
+
+And the edges don't work very
+hard in the Tanner graph.
+
+They implicitly carry the
+variables to the constraints
+
+so we could label them
+with the variables.
+
+And we showed how a Tanner
+graph could always be
+
+transformed to this normal
+graph, which I think is
+
+certainly in more complicated
+situations, a cleaner way of
+
+explaining things, and cleaner
+in a variety of senses.
+
+Here is our taxonomy.
+
+Vertices indicate constraints,
+half edges
+
+indicate external variables.
+
+A half edge is something you can
+tie to another half edge
+
+to form an I/O pad.
+
+Edges tie together
+two constraints.
+
+They're internal, and
+so these represent
+
+the internal variables.
+
+And this is cleaner both
+analytically--
+
+there's this nice duality
+theorem about normal graphs
+
+that I won't be presenting
+to you, and a
+
+couple other things.
+
+They're cleaner when you
+come to implement
+
+the sum-product algorithm.
+
+I think they're just generally
+cleaner, but I may be biased.
+
+I want you to see both because
+these still predominate the
+
+literature, although more and
+more people seem to be using
+
+this style of graph,
+and that's what I
+
+will use in the course.
+
+All right?
+
+So that's a review
+of where we are.
+
+OK.
+
+Today we're going to go on to
+other important styles of
+
+realizations, and particularly
+the next one we'll talk about
+
+is trellis realizations.
+
+So this will tie back to all the
+work we did in chapter 10.
+
+And what did we discover
+in chapter 10?
+
+The key to a trellis
+realization was a
+
+trellis-oriented generator
+matrix.
+
+And again, I will put up our
+favorite matrix on the board,
+
+the generator of the 8,
+4, 4 Reed-Muller code.
+
+And in the form we've come
+to know and love,
+
+it looks like this.
+
+And what makes it
+trellis-oriented is that all
+
+the starting times are different
+and all the ending
+
+times are different.
+
+Therefore these generators
+are as short as possible.
+
+The main feature of this
+generator that we want to look
+
+at is the spans, the active
+parts of the generators, which
+
+we've made as short
+as possible.
+
+And let me explicitly write
+out what they are.
+
+The first generator is active
+from symbol time 0
+
+to symbol time 3.
+
+This one is active
+from 1 to 6.
+
+This one is active
+from 2 to 5.
+
+And this one is active
+from 4 to 7.
+
+OK, so those are the
+active spans.
+
+And we know from that, we can
+find the dimensions of minimal
+
+state spaces and of minimal
+branch spaces.
+
+OK, we just count the number of
+active generators at either
+
+of the state times, which are
+between the symbols, or the
+
+symbol times themselves
+for the branches.
+
+OK, again, quick review,
+especially because we have a
+
+few guests here who we haven't
+seen previously in the course.
+
+So that's where we've been.
+
+All right.
+
+Once you have any generator
+matrix, or in particular a
+
+trellis-oriented generator
+matrix, the code is simply
+
+described as the set of all
+linear combinations of the
+
+matrix elements.
+
+And in particular, the code
+symbol at every time is a
+
+linear combination of the
+matrix elements in a
+
+particular column.
+
+All right, so let's use that to
+get a trellis realization.
+
+I've done this in
+various ways.
+
+I'm still not satisfied, though
+the way that I do it in
+
+the notes is quite notation
+heavy and mathematical.
+
+I hope this picture of what
+we're going to do is going to
+
+give you a totally transparent
+idea of what's going on.
+
+OK, we're going to have
+a trellis realization.
+
+Let's write down the
+symbol times.
+
+And I'll write them all the
+way across the board.
+
+0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
+
+And let me save the
+coefficients, ui, here.
+
+And I'll write them as equality
+constraints, but you
+
+can also think of them as a
+little binary shift register.
+
+I'm going to need u1 at
+four different times.
+
+I'm going to need u1 during
+its span at time
+
+0, 1, 2, and 3.
+
+So I'll set up a set of
+constraints here to propagate
+
+u1 between these three times.
+
+And u1 is going to be an
+internal variable.
+
+Strictly, there are three
+replicas of this internal
+
+variable here.
+
+And I can pull it out
+at each time, too.
+
+So this is where I'm going
+to keep u1, in effect.
+
+Similarly, u2 I'm going to keep
+around for all the times
+
+that I need it, which
+is these six times.
+
+OK, so is that six?
+
+That's only five.
+
+These are all the times that u2
+is actually involved in the
+
+output symbols, so I'm going
+to have it when I need it.
+
+u3 I need for four times.
+
+I've been inconsistent in
+whether I write the variables
+
+or the values of
+the variables.
+
+In this case, I'm
+writing values.
+
+And finally, u4.
+
+I see I'm going to need more
+than one board here.
+
+So now I've got everything
+I need at the
+
+time that I need it.
+
+Now, this is going
+to be tricky.
+
+I'm simply going to have
+a linear combination--
+
+call it g0, g1, and so forth--
+
+which is going to create my
+output at time 0, or time 1,
+
+or time 2, and so forth.
+
+And you'll agree from this
+generator matrix that the
+
+output at time 1 is some linear
+combination of u1.
+
+And the output at time 2 is
+some linear combination of
+
+these two guys.
+
+OK, and the output at time 3 is
+some linear combination of
+
+these three guys,
+and so forth.
+
+You see what I'm doing?
+
+So I could describe these as
+simply a linear constraint.
+
+What are the possible
+combinations of inputs and
+
+outputs in this constraint?
+
+And similarly--
+
+and don't make me draw
+the lines in.
+
+OK, so I claim this is a
+realization directly from this
+
+trellis-oriented generator
+matrix.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: In this example in
+the generator, g has a 0
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So before, the
+component had to be 0 in the
+
+linear combination?
+
+Or are you--
+
+PROFESSOR: I can
+do it that way.
+
+Clearly, I don't need this
+input at this time.
+
+So I could erase that.
+
+Would that make you
+feel better?
+
+Actually, that gives an
+even better picture.
+
+It's not going to make any
+fundamental difference, but
+
+I'm doing this for a generic set
+of generators that cover
+
+these spans.
+
+All right?
+
+For the particular ones we have
+here, yes, I can make
+
+that further change and
+eliminate those two inputs.
+
+But I'm shortly going to
+aggregate this and put it in a
+
+more aggregated form.
+
+And what's happening internally
+here then won't
+
+matter to us very much.
+
+OK.
+
+And notice that I can regard
+this as the branch
+
+space at this time.
+
+And it has the right dimension
+for the branch space at each
+
+of these times.
+
+And let me take it a
+little more slowly.
+
+First, I claim it's
+a realization.
+
+If I built that thing with
+the appropriate linear
+
+combinations here, then the
+behavior of this is basically
+
+the set of all u's and y's
+that satisfy all these
+
+constraints.
+
+And if I just look at the
+outputs, that's the set of all
+
+code words.
+
+So I've constructed a behavioral
+realization in a
+
+certain way.
+
+OK, and now I'm going to
+start to aggregate.
+
+Aggregate just means drawing
+lines around sub-graphs.
+
+Or sometimes in the notes, I
+call this agglomeration.
+
+So I'm going to regard all this
+as one constraint on the
+
+variables that come
+out of this.
+
+The constraints that are
+affected by this
+
+agglomeration--
+
+the variables that are affected
+are y0 and u1.
+
+OK, so this I can draw--
+
+let me draw it this way--
+
+as a little constraint code
+which operates at time 0.
+
+And it's a linear 2, 1 code that
+basically ties together
+
+y0 and u1, whatever the
+relationship between them is.
+
+It probably is the
+y0 equals u1.
+
+The first generator starts
+at this time.
+
+That's about the only
+thing it could be.
+
+Similarly, I'm going to
+aggregate all this part of the
+
+realization here and consider
+it a big block, or a big
+
+constraint.
+
+At time 1, there's some
+constraint that affects
+
+y1 and u1 and u2.
+
+So this is a little
+4, 2 code on the
+
+four incident variables.
+
+One of the constraints is
+that u1 on this side
+
+equals u1 on this side.
+
+These are really two replicas
+of the same thing.
+
+So there's an equality
+constraint
+
+propagating through there.
+
+Then I have some function of y1
+as a function of u1, which
+
+I'm going to regard as the
+state at this time.
+
+And u1 and u2, let me call that
+state space at time 1.
+
+Let me call this at time 0,
+let me call this the state
+
+space at time 1.
+
+And I did go through a
+development where I showed
+
+that these u's could be regarded
+as the components of
+
+the state spaces.
+
+This is a more constructive way
+of seeing the same thing.
+
+And notice they have the
+right dimensions.
+
+So the states are what carry the
+information from time 0 to
+
+time 1, just as we would want.
+
+They kind of embody the
+Markov property.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is c0 length 2?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why is c0--
+
+AUDIENCE: Length 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Length 2.
+
+Because it affects two bits.
+
+AUDIENCE: Thank you.
+
+PROFESSOR: It affects
+these two bits.
+
+Let's see, how did I know that
+there's only one possible
+
+constraint here?
+
+Because that's the dimension
+of the branch space.
+
+It's really all determined
+by u1.
+
+Over here, however, it's
+determined by u1 and u2.
+
+So the dimension is 2. u1 and
+u2 are free, And the others
+
+are fixed once we know those.
+
+So I was a little ahead
+of myself there.
+
+And similarly, let's keep
+drawing in this fashion,
+
+here's a constraint code at
+time 2 which relates these
+
+possible variables, u1, u2, u3,
+which I'm going to call
+
+the state space at time 2.
+
+So my times are not
+what I expect.
+
+But it's always really a problem
+to keep the indexes
+
+consistent.
+
+We want state time 1 to occur
+after the first symbol.
+
+So this should be state time 2,
+this should be state time 3
+
+to be consistent with
+what's in the notes.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+And so forth.
+
+What is the length
+of this code?
+
+It's simply the number of bits
+that it controls, which is 6.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+What's the dimension?
+
+It's 3, because u1, u2, u3 are
+free if I only look at this
+
+constraint independent
+of everything else.
+
+OK, and continuing this way,
+at this point, you notice I
+
+only have u2 and u3.
+
+So my state space at time 4 has
+gone down in dimension.
+
+And here I have c3, which is,
+again, a 6, 3 code, and so
+
+forth, as I go ahead.
+
+Let me just draw it.
+
+This is also a 6, 3.
+
+This is time 5.
+
+I have the state space
+at time 6.
+
+This is back down to 1, 4.
+
+It's symmetrical on this
+side, as you know.
+
+So that's my trellis
+realization.
+
+And I claim this, too, is a
+realization, in the sense that
+
+any combination of u's and y's
+that satisfy all of these
+
+constraints is a legitimate
+trajectory.
+
+And the set of all y's that are
+part of those legitimate
+
+trajectories form the code.
+
+In fact, it's pretty explicit
+here that the dimension of the
+
+code is 4, corresponding
+to u1, u2, u3.
+
+So I have 8 outputs, I have
+16 possible behaviors.
+
+I pick off the combinations of
+u's and y's that could make
+
+that, which is basically
+determined by this matrix.
+
+And I just pick off the y's
+and that's my 8, 4 code.
+
+OK, so that's what trellis
+looks like.
+
+The constraint code really
+embodies the branches.
+
+This encapsulates everything
+that can happen at time 0.
+
+This encapsulates everything
+that could happen at time 1.
+
+The u's are really
+my state spaces.
+
+This constrains state, output,
+next state, in nice linear
+
+system theories style.
+
+This tells me what combinations
+of state, output,
+
+next state, I can have
+at time 2, and so
+
+forth across the board.
+
+So the constraints are
+local constraints--
+
+local in time, in this sense--
+
+that constrain what can happen
+as you get to the next state.
+
+Once you get to the next state,
+this state has the
+
+Markov property.
+
+This is all that the memory you
+need of the past in order
+
+to determine the future, or
+the whole set of future
+
+possibilities.
+
+Each of these is a linear
+vector space
+
+over the ground field.
+
+In fact, it's just the space
+of 1-tuples, 2-tuples,
+
+3-tuples, 2-tuples,
+and so forth.
+
+And it has certain dimension,
+in this case,
+
+equal to its size.
+
+And if you calculate
+the dimensions of--
+
+call this the state space,
+call this the branch
+
+constraint code if you like,
+or the branch space, it's
+
+isomorphic, the dimensions are
+minimal here by construction
+
+from the trellis-oriented
+generator matrix.
+
+If we want to know the minimal
+size of the state space at
+
+time 4 here in the center, we
+just calculate the number of
+
+generators that are active at
+time 4, and that's precisely
+
+what we're going to get over
+there, too, by our
+
+construction.
+
+If we want to compute the
+dimension of the branch space
+
+at time 3, it's the number
+of active generators
+
+at symbol time 3.
+
+There are 3 active ones, and
+we've just forced this to have
+
+that structure.
+
+So this is a normal graph of a
+minimal trellis realization of
+
+the 8, 4 code.
+
+OK?
+
+So we can clearly do that
+for any code, right?
+
+For any code, we can find a
+
+trellis-oriented generator matrix.
+
+We can go through these steps,
+and we'll always come up with
+
+something that looks like
+this down here.
+
+OK, now, what are the properties
+of this graph?
+
+Does it have cycles?
+
+Does this graph have cycles?
+
+Anybody?
+
+"No," is one answer I get.
+
+What's the other possible
+answer?
+
+How many people say no, and
+how many people say yes?
+
+I want to see a show of hands.
+
+How many people think this
+graph is cycle free?
+
+OK, and how many people think
+that it has cycles?
+
+OK, the majority is wrong.
+
+This graph clearly has cycles.
+
+Here are two edges here,
+and here's a cycle.
+
+OK, so as a graph, it has cycles
+because it has multiple
+
+edges going between
+these constraints.
+
+All right, so a good thing
+to do is to make this a
+
+cycle-free graph, and that's
+just a matter of regarding
+
+this as instead of two binary
+variables, we regard it as one
+
+quaternary variable.
+
+All right, so we're going to
+regard this as a single binary
+
+variable of dimension one.
+
+This is a quaternary
+state space.
+
+There are 4 possible
+states here.
+
+So the dimension of the state
+space at this time is 2.
+
+So when I draw abbreviations
+like this, you can think of
+
+them as being decomposable
+into binary
+
+variables, if you like.
+
+But the advantage of drawing
+them as larger variables,
+
+higher-valued variables,
+is that now does this
+
+graph have a cycle?
+
+No, this graph is cycle free.
+
+I've just gotten rid of all
+the possible cycles.
+
+How can you tell if a
+graph is cycle free?
+
+Various ways.
+
+I think the most elegant one is
+to say if every edge is by
+
+itself a cut-set, then the
+graph is cycle free.
+
+If I remove any edge,
+then I decompose the
+
+graph into two parts.
+
+And that's clearly true
+of this graph.
+
+We don't really have to
+test the half edges.
+
+In fact, this is kind
+of the defining
+
+concept of a state space.
+
+A state space is kind
+of a cut between the
+
+past and the future.
+
+When we asked about the minimal
+state space, we asked
+
+what's the minimal dimension of
+the information, the state,
+
+that we need to pass from
+the past to the future?
+
+And so states correspond
+to cuts.
+
+If we make each state space,
+if we consider it to be a
+
+single variable, then we get
+just a chain graph on a
+
+sequential time axis, as is
+conventional in system theory,
+
+as your conventional
+integer-time axis for discrete
+
+time systems.
+
+In this case, it only has a
+finite number of times where
+
+anything happens.
+
+But you can think of
+this as part of the
+
+infinite set of integers.
+
+And so this is everything
+that happens.
+
+And a trellis is always going
+to be very boring.
+
+It's always going to
+look like this.
+
+But the advantage of now we
+have this cycle-free graph
+
+realization, we'll find out that
+we can do exact decoding
+
+of cycle-free realizations
+using the sum-product
+
+algorithm, or the min-sum
+algorithm, which in this case
+
+kind of reduces to the Viterbi
+algorithm with
+
+an asterisk on it.
+
+And the cost of doing that is
+that now have to instead of
+
+considering two binary variables
+here, I have to
+
+consider a single variable that
+has four possible states.
+
+So basically, I'm going to be
+carrying messages which are
+
+vectors indexed by the state
+space across here.
+
+And in this case, the vector is
+going to have to have four
+
+elements, which are going to be
+likelihoods or metrics or
+
+weights of some kind.
+
+It's basically telling me what's
+the weight of each of
+
+the four possible survivors,
+if you can think of the
+
+trellis that goes with this.
+
+Or here, I'm going to
+need to carry a
+
+vector with 8 elements.
+
+So it takes more to specify a
+vector with 8 elements than 3
+
+vectors each with
+two elements.
+
+So by aggregating these, I've
+created a sort of exponential
+
+complexity situation as these
+state spaces get very big.
+
+But on the other hand,
+I get cycle freedom.
+
+All right?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: There's no real
+difference between this and
+
+what you had before, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: As President Clinton
+might have said, it
+
+depends what the definition
+of "real" is.
+
+What do you mean by
+real difference?
+
+I mean, sure.
+
+We think of something u1, u2,
+you can think of that as two
+
+binary variables or a single
+quaternary variable.
+
+Is there any real difference
+between that?
+
+Well, when we actually go to
+the implement decoding
+
+algorithms, we'll find there is
+a real difference in which
+
+attitude you take.
+
+But mathematically, it's a
+distinction with hardly any
+
+difference.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then there's no
+fundamental difference between
+
+the cycle freeness
+and the cycle--
+
+PROFESSOR: No, you'll see
+this real difference--
+
+there is another real,
+significant difference.
+
+If I drew this as two binary
+variables, I have
+
+a graph with cycles.
+
+And we'll find that I can't
+do exact decoding with a
+
+sum-product algorithm on
+a graph with cycles.
+
+So if I tried to apply that
+algorithm to this, I'd sort of
+
+iterate around this
+little cycle.
+
+Whereas if I agglomerate them
+into a single variable, I get
+
+rid of that behavior.
+
+And I can summarize everything
+in four values.
+
+So in that sense, it's
+a huge difference.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can I always transform
+this whole graph
+
+into cycle-free graph using
+this kind of technique?
+
+PROFESSOR: I didn't get the
+first part of your question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can I always transform
+the graph with
+
+cycles to a cycle-free
+graph using this--
+
+combining those--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+So this agglomeration technique
+of drawing lines
+
+around sub-graphs and then
+considering everything inside
+
+there to be a constraint, and
+all the variables coming out--
+
+well, it depends on their
+topology, but I can group the
+
+variables coming out
+however I want--
+
+yes, I can always do that.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we can always
+do that for things
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+transform the graph
+into cycle free.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+But we may find that to make it
+cycle free, I then have to
+
+aggregate all the edges into a
+single edge between any two
+
+parts of the graph.
+
+And that may radically increase
+the complexity.
+
+And I'll give you several
+examples of that today.
+
+So these little fine points
+all of a sudden loom large
+
+when we actually come
+to build something.
+
+Let me give you another
+example of that.
+
+A very fine example would
+be to say, what does
+
+sectionalization consist of?
+
+We talked about
+sectionalization.
+
+Suppose we want to get a trellis
+graph for a 4-section
+
+trellis, where we take
+pairs of variables.
+
+Well, the graph realization of
+that is simply obtained by
+
+agglomerating pairs of these
+blocks, like that.
+
+OK, so let me do that, and then
+let me see what I've got.
+
+I've now got here, a constraint
+
+that affects two variables.
+
+Well, first of all, I've now got
+only two visible bits in
+
+each of the state variables.
+
+Here I have u1, u2, here
+I have u2, u3,
+
+here i have u3, u4.
+
+So we get rid of some of
+this state complexity.
+
+We did this trick in another
+way before, by
+
+sectionalization.
+
+So we get rid of a lot of state
+spaces, including ones
+
+that are big.
+
+Let's see, what do
+we have here?
+
+This is now a code which has
+got two bits coming in, two
+
+bits coming out.
+
+It's a 4, 2 code.
+
+It's basically controlled
+by u1 and u2.
+
+Probably y0 and y1 are
+some simple linear
+
+function of u1 and u2.
+
+So this is a 4, 2
+constraint code.
+
+It controls these two bits and
+these two state bits, these
+
+two symbol bits, and these
+two state bits.
+
+What is this over here now?
+
+We've got 2, 2, 2.
+
+So this is going to be
+a code of length 6.
+
+And what dimension?
+
+This is, remember, u2, u3.
+
+So this whole behavior here is
+affected by u1, u2, and u3, it
+
+has dimension 3.
+
+Or there's a shortcut I can
+do here, because this is a
+
+self-dual code, all of
+these little codes
+
+are going to be self-dual.
+
+Well, they're not going to be
+self-dual, but they're going
+
+to be rate 1/2.
+
+Half as many bits here
+as they do here.
+
+But that's another duality
+theorem that we won't prove.
+
+OK, and symmetrically, we get
+another code here, which is a
+
+6, 3 code, and another
+one here.
+
+So we can do this.
+
+The reason I call this styles
+of realization is there's
+
+obviously a lot of freedom
+in how we want
+
+to depict the code.
+
+And depending on how we depict
+it, when we get to decoding
+
+algorithms, it may affect the
+complexity of the algorithms.
+
+So we want to find a nice
+way of depicting it.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't understand why
+you-- so you want the ...
+
+freedom ... is [INAUDIBLE],
+because you would only have
+
+two [UNINTELLIGIBLE] to be
+used [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+And then you have two
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+u1 and u2.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] u2 and 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: There are two
+bits here, two bits
+
+here, two bits here.
+
+AUDIENCE: But that's 6.
+
+That's 6.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Weight
+6, all right.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] freedom
+that you talk about.
+
+PROFESSOR: How many
+possibilities are there for
+
+these 6 bits?
+
+I've got to consider all
+possible combinations of u1,
+
+u2, and u3 to drive what's
+happening in these two times.
+
+If I go back here and look at
+those two times, I see that
+
+there are three generators that
+I've got to consider,
+
+these three.
+
+All right, so for all eight
+possible linear combinations
+
+of those three generators,
+I'll get different
+
+combinations of these
+six bits here.
+
+And I can go further.
+
+Actually, at the end of the day,
+I concluded here, we said
+
+the idea of sectionalization was
+to sectionalize as far as
+
+possible without increasing the
+branch complexity, which
+
+we've now translated into this
+constraint code complexity.
+
+And so it's even better to
+just keep aggregating.
+
+Consider the first half.
+
+And this is 1, 2, 3, 4,
+two bits there is
+
+still only a 6, 3 code.
+
+And the second half is still
+only a 6, 3 code.
+
+When we get to the sum-product
+algorithm, that means we have
+
+to compute eight things when
+we get to this node.
+
+Maybe it's a slightly more
+complicated thing, but as long
+
+as we keep the dimension down to
+3, we're only going to have
+
+to compute eight things.
+
+So we haven't really increased
+the decoding complexity at all
+
+by doing this.
+
+So that we consider to be our
+best sectionalization.
+
+And if we tried to aggregate
+these two, what would we get?
+
+We'd simply get the eight bits
+here, we get a constraint that
+
+says it's an 8, 4 constraint, it
+says these eight bits have
+
+got to be in the code.
+
+So we only go that far, because
+that would increase
+
+the complexity to 16.
+
+All right, so that's our
+minimal trellis.
+
+We call it a two-section trellis
+where the symbol bits
+
+have been grouped
+into 4-tuples.
+
+And for decoding, that's
+the simplest one.
+
+So you see what kind of games
+we can play here.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: At the beginning of
+this process, you started at
+
+the [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, you remember
+in more detail how we
+
+concluded this was the optimal
+sectionalization.
+
+We looked at time 3,
+in particular.
+
+And we said there are three
+generators that are
+
+active at time 3.
+
+So I'm going to expand that as
+far as I can without bringing
+
+any more generators
+into the picture.
+
+So I can't expand it over here,
+because I'll hit u4.
+
+But I can expand it as far
+as I want over here.
+
+And that's the way
+we sectionalize.
+
+AUDIENCE: So do you always start
+with [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, there's
+some art in this.
+
+Here it's kind of obvious
+where to do it.
+
+And I give two heuristic
+algorithms in the notes on
+
+sectionalization, which we'll
+come up with basically the
+
+same thing.
+
+But for simple codes, you
+can just eyeball it.
+
+OK, so let's see.
+
+That's another general and
+very useful style of
+
+realization.
+
+It's a trellis realization,
+or a sectionalized trellis
+
+realization.
+
+Is there anything else I wanted
+to say about that?
+
+We can do it so that we get
+minimal branch and state
+
+spaces, or constraint
+complexities.
+
+It's cycle free if we aggregate
+the states into a
+
+single state space.
+
+Sectionalization, we
+talked about that.
+
+OK, so let me leave that up,
+because we're of course not
+
+done with that.
+
+Now let me talk about some
+general properties of graph
+
+realizations.
+
+And the most important thing I'm
+going to talk about here
+
+is the cut-set bound.
+
+I want to get across the idea
+that a graph really captures
+
+dependency relationships.
+
+If variables are incident on
+the same node, they're
+
+obviously all dependent.
+
+Or if you think of larger sets
+of variables aggregated in
+
+this way, then they're
+somehow dependent.
+
+Variables that are very far
+away on the graph are less
+
+dependent on each other than
+ones that are close to each
+
+other on the graph.
+
+This is all kind of vague
+and woolly statements.
+
+Let's see if we can make
+them more concrete.
+
+First of all, there's a very
+simple but important
+
+observation that --
+
+I'll put it this way--
+
+disconnected if and only
+if independent.
+
+What does this mean?
+
+If I have a disconnected graph,
+let's suppose I have
+
+one graph over here with certain
+external variables.
+
+Let me aggregate them all into
+y1 and some constraint 1 over
+
+here, and a completely separate
+graph, some different
+
+code over here, c2, constraining
+some separate set
+
+of variables, y2.
+
+OK, that's a disconnected
+graph realization.
+
+It has to look like
+that, right?
+
+So we're aggregating the two
+disconnected halves.
+
+All right, what can I say?
+
+What code does this
+graph realize?
+
+This graph, the code that it
+realizes is simply the
+
+Cartesian product
+of c1 and c2.
+
+In other words, this means the
+set of all pairs, c1, c2, or I
+
+should say y1, y2--
+
+y1, y2 such that y1 is in code
+1 and y2 is in code 2.
+
+That is the set of all y1,
+y2 that satisfy all these
+
+constraints, right?
+
+So it's a behavioral realization
+of a Cartesian
+
+product code.
+
+Now this is really a notion
+of independence, right?
+
+This independently realizes a
+code word from c1 in this part
+
+and a code word from
+c2 in this part.
+
+What would the generator
+matrix look like?
+
+The generator matrix from this
+would look like a generator
+
+for c1, 0, this is a 0, and
+a generator for c2.
+
+So there's a generator matrix
+notion of independence.
+
+In other words, these are just
+two independent codes that for
+
+some reason, we choose to
+regard as one code.
+
+And the same thing is true that
+if we have a Cartesian
+
+product code, simply a code
+made up of two independent
+
+components, then we can always
+realize it in this way, right?
+
+We just realize c1,
+realize c2.
+
+So that's elementary, but it
+begins to get across the idea
+
+that graph properties have to do
+with dependence properties.
+
+And here's the most radical
+and simple form of that.
+
+If we have a disconnected graph,
+then it really realizes
+
+two independent codes.
+
+Now, more important than that
+is the cut-set bound.
+
+What is a cut-set?
+
+It's a set of edges.
+
+Actually, in graph theory, it's
+defined in various ways.
+
+It could be vertices,
+it could be edges.
+
+Here, we're going to say it's
+a set of edges whose removal
+
+disconnects the graph.
+
+Probably there are people in
+this room who know more graph
+
+theory than I do?
+
+Does anyone want to quibble
+or refine that in any way?
+
+That's my idea of what
+a cut-set is.
+
+Any elaboration?
+
+No?
+
+All right.
+
+All right, so we have some
+large graph realization.
+
+It's got vertices which I always
+draw as blocks, its
+
+constraint codes, they have
+various interrelationships.
+
+I'm just showing one.
+
+We have various external
+variables that we bring out of
+
+that, and that's the
+general graphical
+
+realization of the code.
+
+What are some cut-sets
+in here?
+
+I've drawn this, I'm thinking
+of this as a cut set.
+
+If I take these two edges and
+remove them, then I've
+
+disconnected the graph.
+
+So they form a cut-set.
+
+I've already mentioned the very
+close connection between
+
+cut-sets and cycle-free graphs,
+which is the graph is
+
+cycle-free if and only if by
+removing any single edge, I
+
+disconnect the graph.
+
+So every single edge is
+itself a cut-set.
+
+That's a very elegant
+characterization.
+
+All right, so I'm thinking
+of a cut-set.
+
+I'm going to write it
+as chi for scissors.
+
+And it's a set of edges.
+
+So in our cases, what
+are the edges?
+
+It's a set of state spaces
+for some index set.
+
+OK, so I'm going to select
+some minimal set of state
+
+spaces that disconnects
+the graph.
+
+All my edges are internal
+variables.
+
+We don't really need to worry
+about these half edges out
+
+here, as I've said before.
+
+They're always going to
+trivially separate their
+
+variables from the rest of the
+graph, and it's just tedious
+
+to try to keep them in
+the explanation.
+
+So we're only talking about
+state-edges here.
+
+All right, once I've done
+that, let me now do my
+
+agglomeration trick.
+
+Sorry, I'm trying to draw a
+dotted line around a part of
+
+the graph that I'm going to
+leave outside the external
+
+variables that I still
+want to be external.
+
+I'm going to leave the state
+variables, which I'm going to
+
+remember were once connected.
+
+And let me reconnect them now.
+
+So I'm taking my original graph
+and I'm dividing it
+
+according to this cut-set
+into two parts.
+
+And I'm arbitrarily going to
+call this the past, p--
+
+arbitrarily but suggestively--
+
+and the future, f.
+
+And it doesn't matter which one
+I call p and which one f.
+
+And I'm going to redraw this,
+so this is just a re-drawing
+
+of that in a nicer form.
+
+I'm going to aggregate all of
+these variables over here.
+
+And I'm going to call that
+the set of past external
+
+variables, y projected
+on the past.
+
+And similarly over here, I'll
+get the set of all external
+
+variables projected
+on the future.
+
+It was just the ones that occur
+when I make this kind of
+
+cut through state edges.
+
+Some of the external variables
+wind up in the past side, and
+
+some wind up connected
+to the future side.
+
+But there are obviously none
+connected to both because the
+
+definition of a cut-set.
+
+We've disconnected the graph.
+
+All right, so there's
+the past.
+
+There's the future.
+
+And here are the state
+variables.
+
+Now I'm going to define these
+all together as a super-state
+
+space as I did in the trellis
+graph over there.
+
+So let's see, here I labeled the
+edges by a set of states.
+
+But what I mean here is that the
+super-state space is just
+
+the product of the component
+state spaces.
+
+It's elements s chi are just the
+set of sj, j, and sigma-j,
+
+is that clear?
+
+In other words, I have a
+vector of states here.
+
+And I consider the super-state
+space to be just the
+
+Cartesian--
+
+this, again, is the Cartesian
+product of
+
+all the state spaces.
+
+OK, and then I have
+constraints.
+
+So we'll call this the aggregate
+past constraint, and
+
+the aggregate future
+constraint.
+
+This constrains these variables
+in this state.
+
+This constrains these variables
+in that state.
+
+OK, so that's where figure
+5 comes from.
+
+Every year, people say, how
+did you get figure 5?
+
+That's how I get figure 5.
+
+Is there any confusion
+about that?
+
+Today I've been talking about
+agglomeration quite a bit, so
+
+maybe this year it'll
+come through better
+
+than in past years.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+that we see projected on it.
+
+Or is it just--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's just the
+aggregate of all these
+
+constraints.
+
+What does this say?
+
+It's the set of all the possible
+values of these
+
+variables, and these variables
+that can actually occur.
+
+That forms a linear space which
+we call little code.
+
+Anything consistent with that
+satisfies this constraint.
+
+Anything else doesn't.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+for the c's projection of
+the code on the past?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+The projection of the code on
+the past would be you realize
+
+the code and you just project
+onto these variables here.
+
+So no, this is just an index.
+
+This is a constraint whose
+index is the past.
+
+OK, well, all right.
+
+Oh, but this looks like
+a trellis, like
+
+a two-section trellis.
+
+It looks very much like
+this thing right here.
+
+It has the same general form.
+
+And we can think of this
+super-state variable here, it
+
+sort of has the Markov
+property.
+
+It, again, tells everything
+about the past that is needed
+
+to specify what possible
+futures there could be.
+
+We're really interested in these
+up here, eventually.
+
+But this is the whole set of
+constraints that determine the
+
+futures along with-- there
+may be some more free
+
+variables over here.
+
+But these are the constraints
+we get from this half of the
+
+code on this half of the
+code and vice versa.
+
+So again, a cut-set is related
+to a Markov property.
+
+Let me try to state this
+property more explicitly.
+
+The code by the behavioral
+realization is simply the set
+
+of all combinations of --
+
+let me say, the behavior is the
+set of all past states and
+
+futures that satisfy
+the constraints.
+
+OK, so this gives me a certain
+set of pasts that are
+
+consistent with each possible
+value of the state variable.
+
+Let's call that y projected on
+the past that's consistent
+
+with a particular value of
+the state variable, the
+
+super-state, the vector
+of states here.
+
+And these are the ones in the
+future that are consistent
+
+with that state variable.
+
+We define that so the set of all
+possible past and future
+
+y's is simply this Cartesian
+product.
+
+And we say that in a more
+graph theoretic way.
+
+If I specify the state here as
+some particular value, sx, and
+
+I fix that, I've really
+disconnected the graph.
+
+For a fixed sx, I can just
+put that over here,
+
+put that over here.
+
+And this realizes, this
+connected graph that realizes
+
+the Cartesian product of
+whatever -- yp of sx.
+
+This just comes through and
+affects that with yf of sx.
+
+So for any particular value of
+the state, I have a certain
+
+Cartesian product of pasts and
+futures they can occur.
+
+Any past that's connected with
+that state can be connected to
+
+any future that's connected
+with this state.
+
+All the possible future
+continuations of any
+
+particular past in
+this equivalence
+
+class are the same.
+
+This should sound very much like
+the kinds of things we
+
+were talking about when we did
+the state space theorem.
+
+And we get a sort of state space
+theorem out of this.
+
+Just to draw this out, we kind
+of get a two section trellis
+
+realization where we have the
+various states in the state
+
+space here, s0, s1,
+and so forth.
+
+We have the pasts that
+are connected with
+
+s0, s1, and so forth.
+
+And we have the futures that
+are connected to s0, s1.
+
+So we could get from this,
+this picture of the two
+
+sectioned trellis.
+
+This really represents a set of
+parallel transitions here.
+
+These are all the possible pasts
+that are consistent with
+
+that state.
+
+These are all the
+futures that are
+
+consistent with that state.
+
+We can tie them together, and
+that realizes the code.
+
+I should say explicitly, the
+code now is the union over the
+
+states in the state space, the
+super-state space of the pasts
+
+there times the futures.
+
+They're consistent
+with the state.
+
+So it's a union of Cartesian
+products.
+
+And that's expressed
+by this diagram.
+
+This is one of them.
+
+This is another one.
+
+These are all of them.
+
+How many are there?
+
+The size of the super state
+variable, which by the way is
+
+the product of the sizes of the
+state spaces of each of
+
+these individual state spaces
+that I had coming across here.
+
+OK.
+
+What's the cut-set bound then?
+
+For linear codes, it's basically
+the same as the
+
+state space theorem.
+
+The state space theorem said
+that the dimension of the
+
+state space at any time -- well,
+let me consider now this
+
+state space, the super-state
+variable.
+
+The dimension of this
+super-state variable has got
+
+to be greater than or equal to
+the dimension of the code that
+
+we're realizing minus the
+dimension of the --
+
+this is going to be
+bad notation now.
+
+Now I mean the sub-code, so I
+should have written something
+
+else for the constraint here.
+
+Minus the dimension of the
+sub-code whose support is
+
+entirely on the past, minus the
+dimension of the sub-code
+
+whose support is entirely
+on the future.
+
+And the state space
+theorem still
+
+applies for this partition.
+
+So that gives me a lower bound
+on the total dimension of the
+
+states in any cut-set.
+
+So for example, in the 8, 4
+code, suppose we have any
+
+realization, so some graph here,
+and any cut-set such
+
+that the size of --
+
+I should say the dimension.
+
+I really mean that there are
+four external variables in the
+
+past and in the future.
+
+This is dimension, dimension.
+
+In other words, we have four
+variables sticking out here,
+
+and four variables sticking out
+here, and we have a cut
+
+set somehow going
+through there.
+
+So our picture now is going to
+look something like this.
+
+What's the minimum possible
+dimension of the total
+
+dimension of the edges that
+cross this cut-set, the state
+
+spaces that are in
+this cut-set.
+
+We know this code
+very well now.
+
+Let's do the Muder bound.
+
+What's the maximum dimension?
+
+The dimension of
+the code is 4.
+
+What's the maximum dimension
+of any code that
+
+lives on the past?
+
+It's 1, because such
+a code has to have
+
+minimum distance 4.
+
+So it can't have dimension
+greater than the repetition
+
+code of length 4.
+
+So 4 minus 1, same argument
+for the future, equals 2.
+
+So it says that however you do
+it, you're going to have to
+
+have at least two binary edges
+or one quaternary edge
+
+crossing a cut-set that divides
+the external variables
+
+into two equal sized parts.
+
+So let's go further.
+
+Let's suppose we want
+a cycle-free graph.
+
+OK, if we have a cycle-free
+graph, then all of the
+
+cut-sets are single edges.
+
+All right, so in a cycle-free
+graph, when we make a cut,
+
+it's through a single edge.
+
+And we're saying the state space
+if there's a way you can
+
+make a cut that divides this
+into two equal parts, the
+
+state space has to have
+dimension 2, it has to have
+
+size 4 for any cycle-free
+graph.
+
+Similarly, if we have the 24,
+12, 8 code, we've proved that
+
+the minimum dimension of
+any central cut has
+
+to be at least 6.
+
+No, in the center, it has
+to be at least 8, right?
+
+Yeah, because the dimension of
+the code is 12, and a sub-code
+
+that has support on 12 can't
+have dimension more than 2.
+
+This can't have dimension
+more than 2.
+
+So that would be 8.
+
+So for the 24, 12, 8 code, the
+set of edges that cross the
+
+cut have to have total
+dimension at least 8.
+
+And if we want it to be cycle
+free, then there has to be a
+
+single edge that has
+dimension 8.
+
+So the general conclusions --
+
+we first talked about trellis
+realizations.
+
+We can generalize that any
+cycle-free realization--
+
+and we're going to see that we
+have strong motivation to keep
+
+our realization cycle-free,
+because then we can do exact
+
+maximum likelihood decoding.
+
+So we'd like to have cycle-free
+realizations.
+
+But what have we just seen?
+
+We've just seen that the state
+complexity cannot be less than
+
+that of a trellis realization
+with a comparable cut.
+
+In other words, one that divides
+the past and future in
+
+the same way, divides the
+external variables
+
+into the same size.
+
+OK, so we really can't beat the
+trellis bounds, the Muder
+
+bound, in particular.
+
+Now again, there's some
+games we can play.
+
+Let's ask about the
+24, 12, 8 cut.
+
+We've said if we want to realize
+it with the cycle-free
+
+realization, this says, well, if
+we have a cut that divides
+
+the external variables into
+two parts of size 8, then
+
+we're going to be stuck with a
+state space of dimension 8 and
+
+a size 256.
+
+No way around it.
+
+Here's a slight way around it.
+
+Let me hypothesize
+a realization
+
+that looks like this.
+
+This is a 14, 7 code.
+
+So is this.
+
+So is this.
+
+We're going to divide the
+external variables into three
+
+parts, each of size 8.
+
+And we're going to have three
+internal state spaces, each of
+
+dimension 6.
+
+And we're going to constrain
+those by an 18, 9 code.
+
+And again, these all have rate
+1/2 because this code is dual.
+
+Now, is there anything in what
+I've done that prevents this
+
+kind of realization?
+
+Let's test the cut-sets.
+
+Where are the cut-sets in--
+
+well, A, is this cycle-free
+realization?
+
+Yes, OK, good.
+
+Let's test the cut-sets.
+
+It's kind of a three-way
+symmetrical thing.
+
+The internal cut-sets are
+here, here, and here.
+
+Each of these cut-sets divides
+the coordinates into one set
+
+of size 8 and one
+set of size 16.
+
+In that case, what does the
+Muder bound give us?
+
+In that case, 8, 16, the
+dimension of the
+
+code is still 12.
+
+The minimum dimension of a code
+of length 16 and minimum
+
+distance 8 is 5.
+
+And one of length 8 and minimum
+distance 8 is 1.
+
+So as we did on the homework, we
+find that we are permitted
+
+to have a state space--
+
+the minimal state space here
+could have dimension 6.
+
+So this possibly could occur.
+
+Again, we're kind of
+camouflaging some
+
+of the state space.
+
+You see there is no central
+state space in this.
+
+There is no cut-set that
+partitions it into 12 and 12.
+
+So by being a little bit clever,
+we've got it down to
+
+something where instead of a 256
+central state space, we've
+
+got three 64 state spaces.
+
+And this is what we saw on the
+trellis realization too, that
+
+if we sectionalize into three
+sections, then we get a 64
+
+state and a 64 state at the
+boundaries between the three
+
+sections, but we still got the
+same 512 branch complexity in
+
+the middle.
+
+And what do you know?
+
+We still have a constraint
+code with
+
+complexity 512 here, too.
+
+So if you consider that the
+more valid measure of
+
+complexity, the minimum
+dimension of any constraint
+
+code or branch space, then
+we haven't improved.
+
+So subject to these qualifiers,
+this is a pretty
+
+strong argument that by going
+beyond trellis realizations to
+
+general cycle-free, graphical
+realizations, we
+
+can't gain very much.
+
+So the moral is to significantly
+reduce
+
+complexity, we're going
+to need to go
+
+to graphs with cycles.
+
+We must go to graphs
+with cycles.
+
+OK, so you don't get much
+for free in this life.
+
+So when we get to our
+sum-product decoding
+
+algorithm, we're going to have
+to apply it to graphs with
+
+cycles where it's iterative,
+where it's not exact, where
+
+it's just a lot less nice.
+
+So what do we do when we go
+to graphs with cycles?
+
+Where is the potential gain?
+
+The potential gain is that now
+this super-state variable
+
+could be made up of a number
+of simpler variables.
+
+We've got a certain minimum
+dimension that we're going to
+
+need any cut-set, like 8 for the
+central state space of the
+
+Golay code.
+
+But now we can spread it
+around over two or more
+
+sub-state variables.
+
+So for instance, maybe we can
+find something where we now
+
+have a graph with cycles where
+we have two state spaces here.
+
+Here's the cycle again.
+
+And the two state spaces
+each have size only 16.
+
+That would still satisfy
+this cut-set bound.
+
+So we greatly reduce the size of
+the state spaces, which is
+
+exponential in their dimension,
+but at the cost of
+
+introducing a cycle.
+
+I insist that's a cycle.
+
+Let's go over to this
+trellis here.
+
+The next thing I might talk
+about is tail-biting trellis
+
+realizations.
+
+This is very simple.
+
+What's the first realization you
+would think of on a graph
+
+with a cycle?
+
+Well, here's a trellis
+realization.
+
+It's always going to
+look like this.
+
+And then let's just
+loop this around.
+
+In other words, we make the last
+state space equal to the
+
+first state space.
+
+We don't require they used
+to be trivial state
+
+spaces of size 1.
+
+We allow them to have
+some dimension.
+
+And here's a potential
+realization on a
+
+graph with a cycle.
+
+Cut-sets.
+
+Where are the cut-sets
+in this graph?
+
+Well, the cut-sets now
+look like that.
+
+All the cut-sets involve
+at least two
+
+edges, two state spaces.
+
+OK, so we potentially might
+get this kind of benefit.
+
+Here's an example.
+
+Suppose instead, go back to
+our very favorite example,
+
+suppose we let u2 go across
+here, and we bring out u3 out
+
+of here, and we bring it all
+the way back to here.
+
+Everything still good?
+
+It's obviously another
+realization.
+
+Now I've made it clear that
+when I draw u2 and u3
+
+separately here, I've
+really got a cycle.
+
+I've made a big cycle.
+
+And now what's the number of
+states in this two-section
+
+realization of the 8, 4 code?
+
+This is a two-state tail-biting
+trellis, because
+
+each of these is just a little
+binary variable.
+
+So I get some kind of
+two-state trellis.
+
+If I were actually to draw out
+the trellis, I would have two
+
+states at time 0, two states
+at time 4, some kind of --
+
+what have I got--
+
+6, 3.
+
+So I've got 8 branches that go
+back and forth, a couple of
+
+parallel branches.
+
+It's going to look like that.
+
+Then same thing out to time 8.
+
+I don't have a time 8.
+
+This is really time 0 again,
+where I identify these two
+
+state spaces.
+
+This is really the same state as
+this, and this is the same
+
+one as that.
+
+So that's if I really drew out
+the trellis in the style I
+
+originally drew trellises,
+this would be a
+
+picture of all the--
+
+there's a 1-to-1 map between
+all the paths through this
+
+trellis that start and end in
+the same state, because that's
+
+what I mean when I identify the
+beginning and end states.
+
+So if I start in this state,
+there's a four-way branch
+
+here, another four-way
+branch there.
+
+Is that right?
+
+No, there's only a two-way
+branch such that I can get
+
+back to the initial state.
+
+So there are 8 possible paths
+that start here and get back
+
+to the same state, 8 possible
+paths that start out from here
+
+and get back to the
+same state.
+
+And they together correspond
+1-to-1 to all the code words.
+
+OK, well, that's not
+a very big deal.
+
+I was able to reduce a
+four-state trellis to a
+
+two-state trellis.
+
+But suppose I do the same thing
+with the Golay code.
+
+In the Golay code, there's a
+very beautiful tail-biting
+
+trellis realization.
+
+It looks like this.
+
+It has 12 sections, so maybe I
+won't draw all the sections.
+
+It groups each of the output
+variables into pairs and comes
+
+around like that.
+
+And each of these state spaces
+has dimension 4, or size 16.
+
+And I give the generator matrix
+for this in the notes.
+
+So this is for the 24, 12, 8
+code, and now you test me.
+
+Is this a possible--
+
+use the cut-set bound.
+
+See if this violates the
+cut-set bound anywhere.
+
+Does it for this code?
+
+No, it doesn't.
+
+Because every cut-set, no matter
+how I draw it, we're
+
+going to get two edges, each
+with dimension 4, adding up to
+
+a super-state of dimension 8.
+
+And the state spaces at all the
+even times, notice I've
+
+sectionalized here, so I only
+need to look at even times.
+
+The state spaces at all even
+times in this code could have
+
+dimensions as small as 8.
+
+Remember, at the odd times,
+they go up to 9.
+
+And these are all little--
+
+4, 4-- these are all
+little 10, 5 codes.
+
+So the branch complexity
+is only 32.
+
+So this is very much simpler
+than any of the conventional
+
+trellises that I've--
+
+than the minimal conventional
+trellis that we were able to
+
+draw for this code.
+
+Or if this funny little pinwheel
+with three arms on
+
+it, which is also a cycle-free
+realization, this code.
+
+OK, so they're going
+to tail-biting.
+
+That's a significant advance.
+
+An aside note--
+
+if we just break this, it turns
+out we have a generator
+
+matrix that has period 4, and
+let this go on infinitely,
+
+this is a realization of a rate
+1/2, 16 state, branch
+
+complexity 32, as we expect--
+
+perfectly conventional,
+except it's
+
+periodically time varying--
+
+linear convolutional code with
+absolutely phenomenal
+
+performance.
+
+Like the Golay code,
+it has d equals 8.
+
+Therefore it has a nominal
+coding gain of 4, 1/2
+
+times 8, or 6 dB.
+
+This is with only a 16
+state, rate 1/2 code.
+
+Look at the ones on the table.
+
+This is significantly
+better than that.
+
+And it's effective coding
+gain, I forget.
+
+But it's still very good,
+excellent, for the complexity
+
+of this code.
+
+So this is called the Golay
+convolutional code.
+
+And it's an interesting example
+of the interplay
+
+between this block coding stuff
+and the convolutional
+
+coding stuff, in this case.
+
+Actually this code was first
+discovered in computer
+
+searches, but nobody realized
+how wonderful it was.
+
+And it was only when its
+connection with this Golay
+
+code was recognized that people
+realized this was
+
+really a special code, both
+from a performance versus
+
+complexity point of view,
+and also algebraically.
+
+OK, well that brings
+us to the end.
+
+There's actually one more style
+of graph realization
+
+that I want to mention to you,
+for the Reed-Muller codes.
+
+We know that they're basically
+based on Hadamard transforms.
+
+It's a very nice kind of Fourier
+transform like graph
+
+realization of Hadamard
+transforms.
+
+So that gives us another style
+of realization of Reed-Muller
+
+codes that again, we can
+aggregate to lead to a lot of
+
+nice structures.
+
+Again, at the end of the day,
+unless we allow cycles, we
+
+don't really gain anything.
+
+So I'll do that the first part
+of next time and then do the
+
+sum-product algorithm.
+
+I hope I can do it
+in one lecture.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eqXSJ1I-nRA.txt b/eqXSJ1I-nRA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d51920663b2100bdf1c556a3118287ec9f579a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eqXSJ1I-nRA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions
+in the cell are not only governed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell are not only governed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell are not only governed by the
+laws of thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of thermodynamics
+and are not only catalyzed by enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are not only catalyzed by enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are not only catalyzed by enzymes
+they are also often linked into pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also often linked into pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also often linked into pathways
+where one chemical reaction will precede
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one chemical reaction will precede
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one chemical reaction will precede
+another and another and another and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and another and another and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and another and another and the
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+forms a kind of production line so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a kind of production line so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a kind of production line so that
+starting from point a you land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from point a you land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from point a you land
+up with a particular product that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a particular product that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a particular product that the
+cell really needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell really needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell really needs
+this is just like a factory production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like a factory production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like a factory production
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+where you have to make something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to make something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to make something from
+lots of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of components
+and there are lots of steps involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of steps involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of steps involved in
+the manufacture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacture
+so we can define pathways and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can define pathways and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can define pathways and something
+that i'll call feedback control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'll call feedback control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'll call feedback control
+in the chemical reactions of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chemical reactions of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chemical reactions of the cell
+and the point that you should get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point that you should get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point that you should get is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in order to get somewhere in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get somewhere in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get somewhere in order to
+manufacture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture
+something in the cell there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the cell there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the cell there are
+multi-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step
+pathways comprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways comprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways comprising
+linked chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked chemical reactions
+and these pathways can be governed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these pathways can be governed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these pathways can be governed so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you can make more of the product or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make more of the product or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make more of the product or less
+of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product
+depending on the need of the cell really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the need of the cell really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the need of the cell really
+analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous
+again to the factory the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to the factory the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to the factory the control
+of a pathway and how much of the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pathway and how much of the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pathway and how much of the outcome
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+can be positive in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be positive in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be positive in which case
+you'll make more along that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make more along that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make more along that particular
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+or it can be negative in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be negative in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be negative in which case
+you will make less these controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make less these controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make less these controls
+are called feedbacks and you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called feedbacks and you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called feedbacks and you can have
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+or negative feedback and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative feedback and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative feedback and then finally
+pathways can can be controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways can can be controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways can can be controlled by
+within the cell they can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell they can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell they can also be
+controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled
+by external influences just like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by external influences just like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by external influences just like in a
+factory if one needs more cars because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory if one needs more cars because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory if one needs more cars because
+there's more demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more demand
+from the consumers the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the consumers the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the consumers the factory
+production line will speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production line will speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production line will speed up
+in the cell if there is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell if there is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell if there is something that
+happens outside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens outside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens outside the cell
+this can give a signal to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can give a signal to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can give a signal to a particular
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+and that can speed up or slow down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can speed up or slow down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can speed up or slow down the
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+so there can be external signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there can be external signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there can be external signals
+from outside the cell that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside the cell that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside the cell that control
+pathways let's look at a diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways let's look at a diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways let's look at a diagram
+of this i've drawn you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this i've drawn you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this i've drawn you here
+a pathway that starts off with reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway that starts off with reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway that starts off with reactants
+labeled a and those reactants can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled a and those reactants can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled a and those reactants can go
+down one of two pathways they can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one of two pathways they can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one of two pathways they can either
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+b in which case they will go on and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in which case they will go on and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in which case they will go on and make
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+or they can make d and go on to make e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can make d and go on to make e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can make d and go on to make e
+and those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are two
+those are a splitting pathway each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a splitting pathway each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a splitting pathway each of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+arrows i should note is governed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows i should note is governed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows i should note is governed by a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+enzyme each of those are chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme each of those are chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme each of those are chemical
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+so that is your basic pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is your basic pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is your basic pathway that
+splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits
+in my diagram here is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my diagram here is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my diagram here is an example of
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+feedback let us say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback let us say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback let us say that
+when you get a lot of product c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get a lot of product c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get a lot of product c
+you also need a lot of product e and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need a lot of product e and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need a lot of product e and the
+way that this is controlled is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this is controlled is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this is controlled is that
+c whatever the molecule is goes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c whatever the molecule is goes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c whatever the molecule is goes and
+speeds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds up
+the production of d which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of d which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of d which then
+gives you the increased production of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the increased production of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the increased production of e
+you can also have a negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have a negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have a negative feedback
+where once you've got lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where once you've got lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where once you've got lots
+of d you might want to turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d you might want to turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d you might want to turn off
+the other pathway and so d might inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other pathway and so d might inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other pathway and so d might inhibit
+production of b and c with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of b and c with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of b and c with this
+feedback inhibition okay this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback inhibition okay this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback inhibition okay this negative
+feedback this is what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback this is what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback this is what it looks like
+in a diagram and we can add to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a diagram and we can add to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a diagram and we can add to an
+external signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external signal
+here i've shown you a signal coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've shown you a signal coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've shown you a signal coming from
+somewhere else that's going to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else that's going to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else that's going to speed up
+the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of
+b and c what does it look like actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c what does it look like actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c what does it look like actually
+in the cell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell this
+is the pathway diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pathway diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pathway diagram
+for phenylalanine an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phenylalanine an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phenylalanine an amino acid
+and these are all the different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all the different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all the different ways
+that phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phenylalanine
+is metabolized in the cell all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is metabolized in the cell all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is metabolized in the cell all the
+different chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemical reactions
+that lead to its synthesis and lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to its synthesis and lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to its synthesis and lead to
+its breakdown and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its breakdown and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its breakdown and you can see
+that it is really complicated this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is really complicated this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is really complicated this is a
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+diagram with both activation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram with both activation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram with both activation and
+inhibition components and if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition components and if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition components and if we were to
+zoom out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out
+and look at the chemical pathways in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the chemical pathways in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the chemical pathways in the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+the metabolic pathways in a cell shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolic pathways in a cell shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolic pathways in a cell shown
+in this kind of line diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of line diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of line diagram
+we would fill the space with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would fill the space with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would fill the space with very
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+activation and inhibition pathways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and inhibition pathways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and inhibition pathways the
+circuitry of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry of the cell
+is really really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so take a moment now and go and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so take a moment now and go and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so take a moment now and go and do
+an exercise on pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise on pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise on pathways
+so that you can practice the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can practice the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can practice the positive
+and the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the negative
+aspect of what pathways mean
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fJQz-t3Zzro.txt b/fJQz-t3Zzro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d47fa8e42e2671ddefe87d917f4a43e312d71108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fJQz-t3Zzro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so you just want
+me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to
+start all right so today we're here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start all right so today we're here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start all right so today we're here to
+tell you guys a little bit about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you guys a little bit about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you guys a little bit about our
+first research project on a dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first research project on a dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first research project on a dynamical
+system that we refer to as the end value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we refer to as the end value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we refer to as the end value
+game um the end value game is best sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um the end value game is best sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um the end value game is best sub
+by first example um basically you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first example um basically you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first example um basically you put
+points on the plane so will label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the plane so will label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the plane so will label these
+points 0 3 6 and three you form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points 0 3 6 and three you form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points 0 3 6 and three you form the
+regular polygon connecting these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular polygon connecting these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular polygon connecting these points
+and then for each pair of vertices we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each pair of vertices we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each pair of vertices we're
+going to take the absolute difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the absolute difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the absolute difference
+between the adjacent veres and put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the adjacent veres and put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the adjacent veres and put that
+in the mid okay so for this one up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid okay so for this one up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid okay so for this one up here
+we have 0 - 3 absolute is three on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 0 - 3 absolute is three on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 0 - 3 absolute is three on this
+one we have three here we have three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have three here we have three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have three here we have three and
+over here again we have three okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here again we have three okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here again we have three okay and
+then at this point we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at this point we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at this point we're just going to
+itate process so here we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itate process so here we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itate process so here we see the
+difference is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is 0
+0 Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 Z and
+Z so this is a quick example of a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is a quick example of a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is a quick example of a game
+converging to the fix Point 00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to the fix Point 00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to the fix Point 00
+0 but at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 but at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 but at this
+point it's really sort of important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's really sort of important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's really sort of important that
+we generalize the definitions of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generalize the definitions of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generalize the definitions of how
+we're going to represent this this n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to represent this this n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to represent this this n
+value um so first of all we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um so first of all we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um so first of all we want to
+Define what we mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what we mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what we mean by a
+state okay so a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so a state
+call it as the Su Vector of numbers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it as the Su Vector of numbers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it as the Su Vector of numbers um
+and we'll specify the set that we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll specify the set that we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll specify the set that we choose
+it from but in the general case it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from but in the general case it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from but in the general case it can
+be from any set of numers their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from any set of numers their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from any set of numers their
+index0 A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index0 A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index0 A1
+two and there's some in okay the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and there's some in okay the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and there's some in okay the length
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+s is that n so in this example here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is that n so in this example here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is that n so in this example here we
+have S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have S
+actually we have the initial State S Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have the initial State S Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have the initial State S Sub
+Z is equal to by convention we start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is equal to by convention we start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is equal to by convention we start in
+the top left and go counter or clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top left and go counter or clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top left and go counter or clockwise
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+0 3 6 and 3 so we see that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 3 6 and 3 so we see that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 3 6 and 3 so we see that this is an
+example of the four value game okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the four value game okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the four value game okay now
+in order to transition in between states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to transition in between states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to transition in between states
+like we did here with the green square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did here with the green square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did here with the green square
+we need to Define what we mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition okay so in the general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition okay so in the general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition okay so in the general case
+we have the transition rule T that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the transition rule T that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the transition rule T that
+operates on a given State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on a given State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on a given State
+s and t of s gives the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference between the adjacent vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the adjacent vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the adjacent vertices
+so this going to be carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+okay now at this point the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now at this point the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now at this point the last
+definition we need is the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we need is the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we need is the notion of a
+game now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game the game is just going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the game is just going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the game is just going to be the
+collection of the states with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of the states with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of the states with this
+operator on it so we have some State s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on it so we have some State s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on it so we have some State s0
+and then we have the operator t on s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the operator t on s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the operator t on s0
+gives us State S1 and then T of S1 gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us State S1 and then T of S1 gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us State S1 and then T of S1 gives
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+S2 and so forth and this collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and so forth and this collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and so forth and this collection of
+sets of this state the set of states is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of this state the set of states is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of this state the set of states is
+our game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game
+okay the one of the immediate questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the one of the immediate questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the one of the immediate questions
+we see is how can we quantify sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is how can we quantify sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is how can we quantify sort of
+the size of the game or is there a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the game or is there a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the game or is there a size
+of the game you know will this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game you know will this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game you know will this sequence
+always con like it did here or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always con like it did here or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always con like it did here or is it
+possible to have non-re repeating games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have non-re repeating games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have non-re repeating games
+cycles and so forth so the next thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and so forth so the next thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and so forth so the next thing we
+want to talk about is the longterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about is the longterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about is the longterm
+behavior of the game okay so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the game okay so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the game okay so in terms
+of long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in order to quantify what exactly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to quantify what exactly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to quantify what exactly we
+mean by a cycle we want to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a cycle we want to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a cycle we want to define the
+notion of a k cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game so a case cyclic game is a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so a case cyclic game is a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so a case cyclic game is a game
+such that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that there exists
+integers M and K and K is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers M and K and K is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers M and K and K is the smallest
+of such integers such that t to the m +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such integers such that t to the m +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such integers such that t to the m +
+K on the initial state is equal to t n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K on the initial state is equal to t n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K on the initial state is equal to t n
+on the initial state so in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial state so in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial state so in our example
+out there we see that games Can Be One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there we see that games Can Be One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there we see that games Can Be One
+S now that just means that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S now that just means that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S now that just means that we've
+converged to a fixed point 0 0 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged to a fixed point 0 0 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged to a fixed point 0 0 0 or
+another fixed Point um later on on The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fixed Point um later on on The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fixed Point um later on on The
+Talk we're going to we're going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talk we're going to we're going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talk we're going to we're going to sort
+of venture into what fixed points we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of venture into what fixed points we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of venture into what fixed points we can
+converge to but for now we just need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to but for now we just need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to but for now we just need the
+notion of a Cas a case G now the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a Cas a case G now the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a Cas a case G now the other
+option which would just be the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which would just be the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which would just be the opposite
+of CAS would be a nonre repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name so in the non- repeating case we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so in the non- repeating case we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so in the non- repeating case we'll
+just have that there doesn't exist any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have that there doesn't exist any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have that there doesn't exist any
+such K so if we have some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such K so if we have some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such K so if we have some state
+zero and we operate on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+es this sequence will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es this sequence will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es this sequence will never
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+okay are there any questions at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions at this
+point with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definitions no okay so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions no okay so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions no okay so in order to
+invest vestigate this long-term behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest vestigate this long-term behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest vestigate this long-term behavior
+for different scenarios of of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different scenarios of of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different scenarios of of the end
+value gain we also need to Define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value gain we also need to Define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value gain we also need to Define what
+we mean by equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by equivalence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here so in terms of talking about States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in terms of talking about States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in terms of talking about States
+we want to be able to to take some State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which
+has these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these values
+and ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask the
+question we have S and then say V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we have S and then say V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we have S and then say V is
+equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other and then we want to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then we want to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then we want to ask the
+question does s equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does s equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does s equal
+to okay so one of the first things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so one of the first things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so one of the first things that
+we notice in terms of this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice in terms of this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice in terms of this transition
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+is the the basic properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the basic properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the basic properties of
+subtraction that we can abstract from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction that we can abstract from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction that we can abstract from it
+the first thing that we can do is add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+offset so if we say that we want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so if we say that we want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so if we say that we want to add
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+offset K which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset K which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset K which is a
+vector of the same constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the same constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the same constant
+over so we take the offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so we take the offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so we take the offset
+state which is s not plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is s not plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is s not plus
+K so we get a0 plus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we get a0 plus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we get a0 plus k
+A1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 +
+K and then we operate on this offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then we operate on this offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then we operate on this offset
+state so when we scale a state k or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so when we scale a state k or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so when we scale a state k or a
+state s we choose some number R that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state s we choose some number R that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state s we choose some number R that's
+greater than zero and we write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and we write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and we write that
+RS is equal to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS is equal to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS is equal to r
+a0 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 okay then we want to look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 okay then we want to look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 okay then we want to look at what
+what happens when we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we apply the
+transition rule to this modified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rule to this modified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rule to this modified the
+scaled State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled State
+s so if we write out the first term R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if we write out the first term R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if we write out the first term R
+Aus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aus
+R given that we chose R greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R given that we chose R greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R given that we chose R greater than
+zero R is not going to affect us and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero R is not going to affect us and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero R is not going to affect us and we
+can pull the r out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that t of r s is equal to the constant R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t of r s is equal to the constant R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t of r s is equal to the constant R
+* T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s we have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and then we look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then we look at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then we look at the first
+transition so T of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the point is that any time we permute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is that any time we permute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is that any time we permute
+the elements our vertices about the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements our vertices about the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements our vertices about the four
+different places as long as we preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places as long as we preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places as long as we preserve
+the two jent vertices our state after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two jent vertices our state after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two jent vertices our state after
+the operator is effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator is effectively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator is effectively the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+okay so in in this example we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in in this example we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in in this example we see in the
+top row that we are simply shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top row that we are simply shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top row that we are simply shifting
+counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise
+so these four games are immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these four games are immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these four games are immediately
+obvious at there say because we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious at there say because we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious at there say because we could
+have just changed our convention to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just changed our convention to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just changed our convention to say
+okay we're going to start at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to start at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to start at the bottom
+left and then our state is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and then our state is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and then our state is the same
+these ones are a little trickier because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are a little trickier because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are a little trickier because
+we're actually rotating the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually rotating the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually rotating the vertices
+about some symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some symmetry of the
+square not rotating we're flipping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square not rotating we're flipping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square not rotating we're flipping the
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+sorry so we're flipping the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so we're flipping the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so we're flipping the vertices
+about some symmetry of the square um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some symmetry of the square um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some symmetry of the square um but
+as we showed here as long as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we showed here as long as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we showed here as long as it
+maintains the same adjacent neighbors it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains the same adjacent neighbors it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains the same adjacent neighbors it
+will be unchanged so in this example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be unchanged so in this example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be unchanged so in this example we
+see that the vertex a is adjacent to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the vertex a is adjacent to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the vertex a is adjacent to b
+and d and then when we flip about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d and then when we flip about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d and then when we flip about this
+vertical line symmetry A is adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line symmetry A is adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line symmetry A is adjacent to
+D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and
+B so in order to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so in order to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so in order to generalize
+this we refer to Sigma as a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we refer to Sigma as a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we refer to Sigma as a permutation
+of the vertices about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices about the
+dihedral of 2N but the point is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihedral of 2N but the point is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihedral of 2N but the point is that for
+any any state s z as long as we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any state s z as long as we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any state s z as long as we take a
+permutation of it from this dial group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of it from this dial group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of it from this dial group
+we will have the same long-term behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have the same long-term behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have the same long-term behavior
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+game so at that point at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so at that point at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so at that point at this point we
+want to formally put it all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to formally put it all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to formally put it all together and
+Define our notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of so we say that two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so we say that two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so we say that two states
+X and Y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalent if and only if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if and only if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if and only if there
+exists an R greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an R greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an R greater than
+zero a constant vector k and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutation of the dihedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of the dihedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of the dihedral
+group such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that R Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R Sigma
+X Plus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus k
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+one so two states are equal if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so two states are equal if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so two states are equal if and only
+if we can apply any of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can apply any of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can apply any of these three
+properties that preserve the state's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that preserve the state's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that preserve the state's
+Behavior long-term behavior in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior long-term behavior in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior long-term behavior in the
+game that will result in two equal so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that will result in two equal so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that will result in two equal so at
+this point I'm going to pass over TOA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I'm going to pass over TOA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I'm going to pass over TOA so
+we can talk about this reue just a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about this reue just a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about this reue just a minor
+thing that s z should be any state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that s z should be any state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that s z should be any state in
+the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case
+I not specific the starting State just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not specific the starting State just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not specific the starting State just
+there has to be a state for which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be a state for which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be a state for which this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+true yeah and and later on you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah and and later on you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah and and later on you actually
+at the top of the board there you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the board there you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the board there you have
+an S and then you start using s0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an S and then you start using s0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an S and then you start using s0 so
+you're sort of schizophrenic about say Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of schizophrenic about say Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of schizophrenic about say Z
+or S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or S
+and uh I'm on the S side I agree it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'm on the S side I agree it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'm on the S side I agree it's
+well S zero really only exists if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well S zero really only exists if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well S zero really only exists if we
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+the size of the max inry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the max inry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the max inry
+ARR well well I'm saying it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARR well well I'm saying it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARR well well I'm saying it's it's
+saying I have in mind other states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I have in mind other states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I have in mind other states so
+I'm going to call this one s0o so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call this one s0o so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call this one s0o so it
+makes sense if you're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense if you're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense if you're going to talk
+about SN but you're in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about SN but you're in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about SN but you're in this case it
+doesn't matter if it's the initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if it's the initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if it's the initial State
+doesn't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly exactly I mean so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly I mean so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly I mean so you have the
+game in mind so you do have that but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in mind so you do have that but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in mind so you do have that but all
+sequence in mind but for my money f on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in mind but for my money f on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in mind but for my money f on
+the state t of us which means so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state t of us which means so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state t of us which means so in that
+one I did it but in this one I went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I did it but in this one I went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I did it but in this one I went back
+to just it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less um I really like your sort of demic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less um I really like your sort of demic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less um I really like your sort of demic
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+welcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcoming
+and relaxed and engaged kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relaxed and engaged kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relaxed and engaged kind of
+conversation and lookus in the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and lookus in the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and lookus in the eye
+and often talking that's really uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often talking that's really uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often talking that's really uh it's
+a great I wish uh instructors would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that they're more focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on um so when and I think that the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um so when and I think that the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um so when and I think that the board
+work is is terrific too I'm learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is is terrific too I'm learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is is terrific too I'm learning
+something about what students like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what students like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what students like in
+board work and watching you guys at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board work and watching you guys at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board work and watching you guys at the
+board like dividing the board in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board like dividing the board in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board like dividing the board in three
+parts with a headline on each three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts with a headline on each three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts with a headline on each three
+parts is something I've actually never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts is something I've actually never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts is something I've actually never
+seen before all of the presentations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before all of the presentations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before all of the presentations in
+this before this term when all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before this term when all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before this term when all the
+presentations have adopted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations have adopted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations have adopted that
+convention maybe it's because we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention maybe it's because we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention maybe it's because we've seen
+it in other presentations in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in other presentations in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in other presentations in the course
+or maybe it's just what you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's just what you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's just what you want and
+it's the right thing to do it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right thing to do it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right thing to do it depends
+because I would say in the case of 1803
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would say in the case of 1803
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would say in the case of 1803
+lectures uh I remember you wrote first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh I remember you wrote first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh I remember you wrote first
+of all about five times larger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all about five times larger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all about five times larger than that
+right but that's that's my point is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's that's my point is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's that's my point is I
+think that this is is only sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is is only sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is is only sort of
+applicable in the case where the room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable in the case where the room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable in the case where the room is
+this deep I would want to write much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deep I would want to write much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deep I would want to write much
+larger if it was deeper okay the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger if it was deeper okay the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger if it was deeper okay the writing
+is very is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfectly um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly um so
+here so you you AR I thought this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you you AR I thought this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you you AR I thought this was
+really cool to have this shrinking set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool to have this shrinking set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool to have this shrinking set
+of polygons and then fill them in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polygons and then fill them in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polygons and then fill them in and
+talk about the game is filling them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the game is filling them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the game is filling them in
+so they preexist earlier in F them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they preexist earlier in F them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they preexist earlier in F them in
+was a a cool just expository device then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a cool just expository device then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a cool just expository device then
+in the definition State here um it's a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition State here um it's a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition State here um it's a z
+A1 and so on dot dot dot and the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and so on dot dot dot and the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and so on dot dot dot and the length
+of is in but what's in so I did I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is in but what's in so I did I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is in but what's in so I did I said
+it but I guess I didn't write it um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I guess I didn't write it um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I guess I didn't write it um I
+was saying that this end is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could you could sort of connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could you could sort of connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could you could sort of connect
+those two lines by right after the do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two lines by right after the do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two lines by right after the do do
+like a subus one yeah and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a subus one yeah and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a subus one yeah and then then
+complete that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and I think that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think that's going to be
+important in the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the definition of the
+transition because there's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition because there's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition because there's the question
+of what happens in the last place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happens in the last place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happens in the last place the
+I thought about that one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so then this goes on it's all cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then this goes on it's all cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then this goes on it's all cool
+like this and then long-term Behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then long-term Behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then long-term Behavior so
+definition of k CET game there exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of k CET game there exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of k CET game there exists in
+K but K already is there it's the K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but K already is there it's the K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but K already is there it's the K in
+the word K so we're not saying now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word K so we're not saying now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word K so we're not saying now there
+exists something we already have the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists something we already have the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists something we already have the K
+okay but you so you do want to say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you so you do want to say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you so you do want to say there
+there's an m and then and then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an m and then and then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an m and then and then what you
+said but didn't WR was the K is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said but didn't WR was the K is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said but didn't WR was the K is supposed
+to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the
+minimal that's arguable that's a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal that's arguable that's a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal that's arguable that's a choice
+you can make I mean so so when you talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make I mean so so when you talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make I mean so so when you talks
+he cannot call he can't say that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cannot call he can't say that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cannot call he can't say that every
+game is 3 every three Val to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is 3 every three Val to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is 3 every three Val to
+the some two of them are not I mean one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some two of them are not I mean one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some two of them are not I mean one
+collection of them are not they one C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of them are not they one C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of them are not they one C so
+you just have to be careful about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to be careful about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to be careful about making
+that choice about minimum cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not sure I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I'd say
+converge so you were saying that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so you were saying that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so you were saying that uh that
+non-re repeating means it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-re repeating means it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-re repeating means it never
+converges but is going to show us G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges but is going to show us G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges but is going to show us G
+something okay doesn't maybe stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay doesn't maybe stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay doesn't maybe stabilize
+doesn't become constant in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't become constant in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't become constant in a lot of
+other words to besides converge so I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words to besides converge so I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words to besides converge so I so
+I guess part of what what I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess part of what what I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess part of what what I'm doing is
+being really picky about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really picky about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really picky about
+words language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then you started to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you started to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you started to talk about
+equivalence and I actually missed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and I actually missed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and I actually missed the
+rationale that you had for moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale that you had for moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale that you had for moving to
+thinking about equivalent so I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about equivalent so I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about equivalent so I said that
+it was important when we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was important when we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was important when we discussed the
+long-term Behavior specifically of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Behavior specifically of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Behavior specifically of the
+four value k um because the the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four value k um because the the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four value k um because the the idea of
+equivalence is how we Prov that the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is how we Prov that the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is how we Prov that the four
+value game I I right so now I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value game I I right so now I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value game I I right so now I know
+that's the case but it was it didn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case but it was it didn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case but it was it didn't it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+enough yeah it's uh it it wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough yeah it's uh it it wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough yeah it's uh it it wasn't really
+effective to the audience because who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to the audience because who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to the audience because who
+knows how that's going to show up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how that's going to show up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how that's going to show up and
+that's what m so I I'm sure we can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what m so I I'm sure we can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what m so I I'm sure we can can
+find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to
+motivate but it needs to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate but it needs to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate but it needs to be something
+that isn't forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't forward
+referential and in fact this gets to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referential and in fact this gets to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referential and in fact this gets to a a
+bigger comment that I have about um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger comment that I have about um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger comment that I have about um so I
+tend to usually focus on make top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to usually focus on make top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to usually focus on make top of
+enging um and I think the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enging um and I think the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enging um and I think the first part of
+it is really good um over here though um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really good um over here though um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really good um over here though um
+it started to get where my eyes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started to get where my eyes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started to get where my eyes were
+kind of ging over and it it it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ging over and it it it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ging over and it it it would
+have been um you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been um you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been um you could have
+motivated by saying one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by saying one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by saying one of your
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+is how long is the game like you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how long is the game like you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how long is the game like you didn't
+you didn't or I missed no we didn't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't or I missed no we didn't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't or I missed no we didn't we
+didn't say that because we decision we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that because we decision we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that because we decision we
+had talked about not really going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had talked about not really going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had talked about not really going into
+that talk because we thought it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk because we thought it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk because we thought it was more
+interesting to talk about non repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to talk about non repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to talk about non repeating
+I agree so we have to find something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree so we have to find something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree so we have to find something but
+the non repeating thing this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non repeating thing this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non repeating thing this this
+equivalence is going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is going to come up
+so I mean so so even so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean so so even so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean so so even so it could be
+motivated by saying um by going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by saying um by going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by saying um by going back to
+this one and drawing an equivalent game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and drawing an equivalent game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and drawing an equivalent game
+and observing that the behavior is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observing that the behavior is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observing that the behavior is going
+to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the
+same um and then asking so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um and then asking so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um and then asking so what is this
+notion of equivalence when will two G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of equivalence when will two G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of equivalence when will two G
+have the same behavior and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same behavior and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same behavior and then you can
+go into the three and the three um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the three and the three um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the three and the three um I
+wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether you could do them introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could do them introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could do them introduce the
+idea of offset scaling and Symmetry by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of offset scaling and Symmetry by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of offset scaling and Symmetry by
+picture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture by
+example first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first
+um as a way to make it more engaging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a way to make it more engaging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a way to make it more engaging and
+then you might not even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might not even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might not even need to
+formalize but you could um quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize but you could um quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize but you could um quickly
+formalize once people get the idea like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize once people get the idea like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize once people get the idea like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+see so um everything about communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so um everything about communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so um everything about communication
+is subject to controversy and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to controversy and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to controversy and different
+opinions and because the the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions and because the the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions and because the the audience
+varies like there are different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies like there are different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies like there are different kinds of
+people in the I would take the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the I would take the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the I would take the other
+point of view and and say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and and say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and and say that this is
+thing to say you want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say you want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say you want to talk
+about scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about scaling
+and I didn't feel I needed an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't feel I needed an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't feel I needed an example
+for this uh although I'm other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh although I'm other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh although I'm other
+people uh but I thought this was fun I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh but I thought this was fun I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh but I thought this was fun I
+had I but then I one of the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I but then I one of the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I but then I one of the things you
+said is when when is s equal to V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is when when is s equal to V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is when when is s equal to V and
+you actually wrote it there in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually wrote it there in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually wrote it there in the upper
+right hand board I mean I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand board I mean I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand board I mean I know the
+answer to that it's AAL b0 it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that it's AAL b0 it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that it's AAL b0 it should be
+three l so yeah then later very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three l so yeah then later very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three l so yeah then later very
+carefully wrote it for three lines so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully wrote it for three lines so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully wrote it for three lines so uh
+which so at least you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so at least you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so at least you have to be
+consistent and I would advocate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent and I would advocate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent and I would advocate for
+three lines well yeah they're not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines well yeah they're not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines well yeah they're not equal
+unless all the elements are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless all the elements are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless all the elements are the same
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um but then the most subtle one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then the most subtle one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then the most subtle one this
+died gr thing um that's that I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died gr thing um that's that I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died gr thing um that's that I you
+didn't want to get into the more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to get into the more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to get into the more a
+little more detail about why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail about why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail about why the
+Dynamics and by the way one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and by the way one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and by the way one other thing
+to say about motivating you can just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about motivating you can just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about motivating you can just say
+we're interested in the longterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the longterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the longterm
+behavior of these games and so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these games and so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these games and so and and
+in studying that it's useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studying that it's useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studying that it's useful to
+understand when two different games have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when two different games have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when two different games have
+the same long-term behavior and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same long-term behavior and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same long-term behavior and so we're
+going to define a notion of equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a notion of equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a notion of equivalence
+between games the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between games the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between games the property that
+equivalent games have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long be to
+so how so so for this equivalence thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how so so for this equivalence thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how so so for this equivalence thing
+um I got the this sort of hand Wy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feeling about the about the gr uh well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about the about the gr uh well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about the about the gr uh well I
+realized when I was writing it that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized when I was writing it that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized when I was writing it that I
+wasn't sure how to explain it outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure how to explain it outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure how to explain it outside of
+saying I understand it which so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I understand it which so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I understand it which so one
+thing one thing you can say is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one thing you can say is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one thing you can say is that if
+you if you take T Sigma s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you take T Sigma s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you take T Sigma s
+that's equal to some other permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to some other permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to some other permutation
+applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to
+TS it's not Sigma TS except when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS it's not Sigma TS except when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS it's not Sigma TS except when you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+rotation but it's some other dial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but it's some other dial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but it's some other dial
+fermentation TS so should we do like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation TS so should we do like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation TS so should we do like a
+sigma and a sigma Prime something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma and a sigma Prime something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma and a sigma Prime something you
+could you could actually say that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could actually say that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could actually say that and
+for me that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that would
+be talking about this automorphism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about this automorphism the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about this automorphism the
+symmetrical the dial GR to play it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical the dial GR to play it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical the dial GR to play it's
+kind of cool but not maybe not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool but not maybe not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool but not maybe not something
+pretty but but whenever you get whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty but but whenever you get whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty but but whenever you get whenever
+you get uneasy about something because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uneasy about something because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uneasy about something because
+you know there's something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's something that you're
+trying not to say it comes across like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not to say it comes across like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not to say it comes across like
+water to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to it's
+just nothing you can do to disguise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nothing you can do to disguise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nothing you can do to disguise
+that so to make a resolution things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so to make a resolution things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so to make a resolution things like
+you should you should decide what the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you should decide what the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you should decide what the um
+what is it what is about and what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what is about and what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what is about and what kind
+of part of speech is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of speech is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of speech is about
+osition these are prepositions you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osition these are prepositions you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osition these are prepositions you have
+to decide on your preposition I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide on your preposition I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide on your preposition I would I
+would say that permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that permutation
+is you said Sigma is a permutation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you said Sigma is a permutation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you said Sigma is a permutation about
+the dihedral group and then you said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dihedral group and then you said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dihedral group and then you said a
+permutation of the dihedral group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of the dihedral group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of the dihedral group and
+what I would say is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is that it's
+permutation is in the DI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just
+proposition makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition makes
+sense so um after after what Zach said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so um after after what Zach said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so um after after what Zach said
+you guys probably um are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys probably um are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys probably um are thinking about
+maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you
+know how why don't we uh consider um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how why don't we uh consider um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how why don't we uh consider um
+this game over uh rational numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game over uh rational numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game over uh rational numbers right
+and not just integers um but uh I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just integers um but uh I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just integers um but uh I will
+quickly prove a COR that says that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly prove a COR that says that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly prove a COR that says that all
+of the rational um games can be reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rational um games can be reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rational um games can be reduced
+to um integer games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so the cor basically states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+games can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games can be
+reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced
+to integer games over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive um and so the way we prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um and so the way we prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um and so the way we prove this
+is to actually use something that Zach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually use something that Zach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually use something that Zach
+talked about um in the end of his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um in the end of his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um in the end of his uh
+talk which U related to the equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk which U related to the equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk which U related to the equivalence
+of different games and so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different games and so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different games and so I'm going to
+start off by um quickly giving a game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by um quickly giving a game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by um quickly giving a game or
+a state that is rational so consider you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state that is rational so consider you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state that is rational so consider you
+have a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such as this which as you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this which as you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this which as you can see is
+obviously rational right um so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously rational right um so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously rational right um so the the
+way we transform this into or reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we transform this into or reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we transform this into or reduce
+this into a integer game is we find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a integer game is we find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a integer game is we find a
+common denominator for this uh State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common denominator for this uh State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common denominator for this uh State and
+then essentially pull out that common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially pull out that common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially pull out that common
+denominator to U outside of outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator to U outside of outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator to U outside of outside of
+this state in order to U come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state in order to U come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state in order to U come up with a
+game over integers so the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game over integers so the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game over integers so the common
+denominator we're going to use is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator we're going to use is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator we're going to use is just
+going to be a product of all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a product of all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a product of all of the uh
+denominator in here and so this game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator in here and so this game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator in here and so this game or
+this state sorry is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state sorry is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state sorry is equal
+to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so we can according to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we can according to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we can according to um
+Zach's the end of Zach's presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach's the end of Zach's presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach's the end of Zach's presentation
+where you said that um this state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you said that um this state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you said that um this state is
+equivalent to one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+a uh common a U fixed value can uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh common a U fixed value can uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh common a U fixed value can uh a
+fixed value in this case 1 over D can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed value in this case 1 over D can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed value in this case 1 over D can be
+pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um the Scala that we pulled out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the Scala that we pulled out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the Scala that we pulled out this
+1 over d doesn't doesn't affect the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over d doesn't doesn't affect the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over d doesn't doesn't affect the um
+end behavior of this state right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end behavior of this state right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end behavior of this state right so um
+as you can see um we've just reduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see um we've just reduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see um we've just reduced a
+state um over rational numbers into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um over rational numbers into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um over rational numbers into one
+word over integers positive integers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word over integers positive integers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word over integers positive integers and
+it has the same behaviors as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the same behaviors as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the same behaviors as the
+rational G or the rational yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational G or the rational yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational G or the rational yeah the
+rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational
+State s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State s
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a three value game is one in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a three value game is one in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a three value game is one in which
+you're dealing with essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with essentially a
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as I put up here um the values are 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I put up here um the values are 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I put up here um the values are 1
+three and five the initial State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five the initial State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five the initial State and
+so Z how would so Z how would this go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z how would so Z how would this go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z how would so Z how would this go
+just just be two right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just be two right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just be two right and
+then four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then four and
+this 0 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 0 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 0 2
+2 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 2
+0 0 2 so um in the case of this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 2 so um in the case of this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 2 so um in the case of this game
+which I randomly picked um you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I randomly picked um you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I randomly picked um you can see
+that um there there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there there's going to be a
+cycle of um of the form 0 to two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of um of the form 0 to two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of um of the form 0 to two and
+it's what we call a three cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because um this game is going to cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um this game is going to cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um this game is going to cycle
+um in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh until it goes back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until it goes back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until it goes back to the original
+state and so this is just an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so this is just an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so this is just an example of
+a of a three of a three value game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a three of a three value game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a three of a three value game and
+um we're going to look at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to look at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to look at the end
+behavior of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these
+games so I wanted to first um give out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so I wanted to first um give out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so I wanted to first um give out
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definitions so the range is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so the range is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so the range is going to be
+just the uh largest positive difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh largest positive difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh largest positive difference
+between two um between any two any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two um between any two any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two um between any two any two
+values in a three value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in a three value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in a three value
+game so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so um
+um yeah write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so does anybody have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so does anybody have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so does anybody have any questions
+about this definition no and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this definition no and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this definition no and so we have
+to also talk about trivial three value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also talk about trivial three value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also talk about trivial three value
+games versus non-trivial three value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games versus non-trivial three value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games versus non-trivial three value
+games so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trivial so so does anybody like can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so so does anybody like can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so so does anybody like can
+anybody like tell me what a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody like tell me what a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody like tell me what a trivial
+three valy game would look like or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three valy game would look like or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three valy game would look like or have
+any have any idea z z zero right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any have any idea z z zero right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any have any idea z z zero right so in
+all these games we want to just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these games we want to just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these games we want to just the
+point is to find um a way to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to find um a way to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to find um a way to go from
+your starting state to 00 right a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your starting state to 00 right a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your starting state to 00 right a three
+value game or the four value game will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value game or the four value game will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value game or the four value game will
+be 0 0 0 0 as Zach mentioned so a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 0 0 0 as Zach mentioned so a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 0 0 0 as Zach mentioned so a a
+trivial game would be one where um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial game would be one where um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial game would be one where um the
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+State you know would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this where um all of the values are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where um all of the values are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where um all of the values are the
+same right and this is because on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right and this is because on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right and this is because on the
+next step um all of the all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step um all of the all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step um all of the all of the uh
+new values are going to be 0 0 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new values are going to be 0 0 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new values are going to be 0 0 0 right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consequently a non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so non-trivial three value game is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-trivial three value game is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-trivial three value game is one
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+which you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a
+transition the first transition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the first transition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the first transition of the
+game leads you to something that isn't 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game leads you to something that isn't 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game leads you to something that isn't 0
+so the proof that I'm going to give is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof that I'm going to give is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof that I'm going to give is
+going to state that all three value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to state that all three value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to state that all three value
+games all non-rib three value games um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games all non-rib three value games um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games all non-rib three value games um
+are going to cycle with a three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to cycle with a three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to cycle with a three are
+going to have a three cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this proof is going to be by cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this proof is going to be by cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this proof is going to be by cases
+so I'm going to give all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to give all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to give all the different
+cases that are are possible and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that are are possible and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that are are possible and there
+are only five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only five of
+them and um since all the all the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and um since all the all the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and um since all the all the states
+that we can have um they only depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have um they only depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have um they only depend on
+the adjacencies of the point um we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacencies of the point um we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacencies of the point um we only
+have to look at five different five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at five different five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at five different five
+different cases um to outline all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases um to outline all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases um to outline all the
+possible um states of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game so there's going to be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so there's going to be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so there's going to be five
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to also list the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to also list the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to also list the the
+states of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of these
+cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any of assumptions and any changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of assumptions and any changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of assumptions and any changes to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first
+case first of all is there any is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case first of all is there any is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case first of all is there any is there
+any questions before I go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions before I go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions before I go through the
+five cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five cases
+quickly no okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly no okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly no okay so the first
+case the state is this so all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the state is this so all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the state is this so all these
+states are prior to um a transition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are prior to um a transition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are prior to um a transition so
+all the cases here you'll see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cases here you'll see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cases here you'll see this is
+this is going to be um the state before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be um the state before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be um the state before
+we uh do a transition by multiplying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh do a transition by multiplying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh do a transition by multiplying um
+this initial state by or this the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial state by or this the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial state by or this the state
+by T um so there there isn't going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T um so there there isn't going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T um so there there isn't going to be
+any assumptions in this with this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any assumptions in this with this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any assumptions in this with this case
+um and the range as you can see is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the range as you can see is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the range as you can see is not
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+decrease and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and so
+uh this is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is not going to
+change say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change say
+zero and so in this state is this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so in this state is this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so in this state is this first
+state the first case that I'm listing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the first case that I'm listing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the first case that I'm listing is
+essentially the um the three cycle case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the um the three cycle case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the um the three cycle case
+right so once you get into this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once you get into this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once you get into this state
+you're going to have a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a three
+cycle and the example over there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and the example over there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and the example over there um
+shows shows U shows example of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows shows U shows example of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows shows U shows example of of the
+case one and then case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is when you have two zeros and a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have two zeros and a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have two zeros and a um
+positive integer and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer and there's no
+assumptions here here and also the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions here here and also the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions here here and also the range
+um doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't
+change and so in this case um you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so in this case um you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so in this case um you will
+uh transition into um case one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transition into um case one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transition into um case one because
+you have 0 - 0 - 0 0 - x and Z so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 0 - 0 - 0 0 - x and Z so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 0 - 0 - 0 0 - x and Z so you're
+going to transition into a case one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transition into a case one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transition into a case one and
+so these are the three of the more I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the three of the more I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the three of the more I'd
+say trivial cases and the next two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say trivial cases and the next two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say trivial cases and the next two cases
+are the ones that are more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that are more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that are more interesting
+so in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in case
+four the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the state
+is XY Z where X Y and Z are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is XY Z where X Y and Z are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is XY Z where X Y and Z are different
+values different positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values different positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values different positive
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+and without uh um loss of generality we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without uh um loss of generality we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without uh um loss of generality we
+can assume that Z is greater than y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that Z is greater than y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that Z is greater than y is
+greater than x and we can assume this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than x and we can assume this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than x and we can assume this
+because essentially the three value game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially the three value game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially the three value game
+is um a game where you have values on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a game where you have values on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a game where you have values on a
+on a lum on a number line and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lum on a number line and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lum on a number line and uh we
+can permute um the values in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can permute um the values in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can permute um the values in the in the
+number line as you know as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line as you know as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line as you know as much as we
+want in order to reach um a state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in order to reach um a state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in order to reach um a state that
+um satisfies this condition where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um satisfies this condition where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um satisfies this condition where the
+third value is greater than the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third value is greater than the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third value is greater than the second
+value which is greater than the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is greater than the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is greater than the first
+value and so um it's okay that we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so um it's okay that we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so um it's okay that we made
+this assumption and if we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption and if we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption and if we make this
+assumption um we can see that the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption um we can see that the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption um we can see that the range
+will always decrease and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always decrease and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always decrease and it will
+decrease by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease by
+either y - x or zus y depending on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either y - x or zus y depending on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either y - x or zus y depending on um
+depending on the between Y and Z and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the between Y and Z and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the between Y and Z and and
+X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y
+okay and then the final the final case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the final the final case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the final the final case
+is when the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the state
+is 0 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y and again we're going to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and again we're going to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and again we're going to make an
+assumption that Y is greater Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that Y is greater Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that Y is greater Y is
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+x and in this case um what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and in this case um what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and in this case um what do you think
+that what do you think the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do you think the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do you think the change in the
+range will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excuse
+me so it will decrease by y um minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so it will decrease by y um minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so it will decrease by y um minus the
+minimum of um 1 - x and x and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of um 1 - x and x and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of um 1 - x and x and this is
+true because you know what the range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because you know what the range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because you know what the range is
+the largest positive difference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest positive difference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest positive difference right
+and since Y is the largest number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since Y is the largest number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since Y is the largest number it's
+obviously going to be um part of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously going to be um part of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously going to be um part of um the
+calculation for in the range so Y is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for in the range so Y is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for in the range so Y is the
+largeest number and you want to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largeest number and you want to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largeest number and you want to subtract
+it by the smallest U the smallest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the smallest U the smallest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the smallest U the smallest of the
+of the um state after the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um state after the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um state after the transition
+which is going to be either um y - x or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be either um y - x or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be either um y - x or
+just X okay so again in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just X okay so again in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just X okay so again in this case the
+range um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decreases and so these are the um five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and so these are the um five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and so these are the um five
+different cases that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases that you may
+have and for all non-trial um three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and for all non-trial um three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and for all non-trial um three
+value games the range is going to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value games the range is going to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value games the range is going to is
+guaranteed to either stay the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to either stay the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to either stay the same as
+you can see it would stay the same in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it would stay the same in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it would stay the same in uh
+cases 1 through three and if that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases 1 through three and if that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases 1 through three and if that is if
+the range stays the same then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range stays the same then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range stays the same then you know
+that um the game is going to transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the game is going to transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the game is going to transition
+the state is going to transition into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is going to transition into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is going to transition into a
+umy a three cycle okay and if the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umy a three cycle okay and if the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umy a three cycle okay and if the if the
+game um if the game doesn't go go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um if the game doesn't go go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um if the game doesn't go go into
+case 1 2 or three but rather four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 1 2 or three but rather four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 1 2 or three but rather four and
+five then the range is guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five then the range is guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five then the range is guaranteed to
+decrease as as I've shown and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as as I've shown and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as as I've shown and if the
+range is to decrease then um after uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is to decrease then um after uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is to decrease then um after uh a
+finite number of decreases um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of decreases um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of decreases um the
+there's going to be a repeated uh value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a repeated uh value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a repeated uh value
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+game so the game will essentially reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so the game will essentially reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so the game will essentially reach
+case three and when Once the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case three and when Once the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case three and when Once the game
+reaches case three then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches case three then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches case three then it's going to
+it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+so um covering all the different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um covering all the different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um covering all the different uh
+cases for a three value game uh We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for a three value game uh We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for a three value game uh We've
+proven that um all non 3 games will side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that um all non 3 games will side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that um all non 3 games will side
+so when in Zach's uh presentation he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when in Zach's uh presentation he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when in Zach's uh presentation he
+didn't really talk about where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about where the
+numbers were taken from didn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers were taken from didn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers were taken from didn't talk
+whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it
+was inte or something like that um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was inte or something like that um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was inte or something like that um he
+gave examples from integer integers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave examples from integer integers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave examples from integer integers and
+I guess people had in their mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess people had in their mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess people had in their mind that
+maybe there so maybe what you were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there so maybe what you were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there so maybe what you were doing
+here was making a transition to thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was making a transition to thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was making a transition to thinking
+about other possible values that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other possible values that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other possible values that was
+actually my fault because we we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my fault because we we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my fault because we we had
+discussed yesterday like I was supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed yesterday like I was supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed yesterday like I was supposed
+to specifically like I mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specifically like I mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specifically like I mentioned that
+we're talking about like the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about like the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about like the different
+sets of the differ between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of the differ between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of the differ between different
+right that we like well I mentioned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we like well I mentioned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we like well I mentioned it
+very briefly but I didn't mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly but I didn't mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly but I didn't mention that
+we're like restricting ourselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like restricting ourselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like restricting ourselves to
+positive uh value things which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh value things which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh value things which is
+important and so that was a point that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so that was a point that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so that was a point that I
+didn't touch on enough well maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't touch on enough well maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't touch on enough well maybe it's
+something that you should should come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you should should come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you should should come
+back yeah I mean regardless I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah I mean regardless I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah I mean regardless I should
+probably mention make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably mention make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably mention make it more
+explicit bringing that out at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit bringing that out at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit bringing that out at some point
+um makes some sense although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um makes some sense although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um makes some sense although I
+didn't somehow the transition from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't somehow the transition from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't somehow the transition from that
+to the yeah I wasn't really persuaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the yeah I wasn't really persuaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the yeah I wasn't really persuaded
+that the game story because we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the game story because we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the game story because we hadn't
+thought about the different possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the different possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the different possible
+values of games I wasn't very impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of games I wasn't very impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of games I wasn't very impressed
+with the fact that key games have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that key games have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that key games have the
+same Dynamics as energy gam just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Dynamics as energy gam just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Dynamics as energy gam just didn't
+I didn't have the background right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't have the background right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't have the background right to
+make that connection and really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that connection and really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that connection and really it's
+it's it's it is a coraly it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it is a coraly it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it is a coraly it's it's very
+strange to call something a coraly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange to call something a coraly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange to call something a coraly when
+you have joy ter himself like it's a COR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have joy ter himself like it's a COR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have joy ter himself like it's a COR
+but what is the question that you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the question that you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the question that you ask
+but it it is uh an easy consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it is uh an easy consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it is uh an easy consequence of
+the equivalence that Zach had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalence that Zach had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalence that Zach had already
+drawn out um so easy that I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn out um so easy that I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn out um so easy that I'm not sure
+it's really worth while spending a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really worth while spending a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really worth while spending a lot
+of time in fact maybe you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in fact maybe you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in fact maybe you could just
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+briefly say this yeah I mean I in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly say this yeah I mean I in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly say this yeah I mean I in terms
+of the paper it fits into like what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper it fits into like what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper it fits into like what I
+was talking about I think uh we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about I think uh we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about I think uh we just
+divided it up that way because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided it up that way because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided it up that way because we
+weren't sure about time and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure about time and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure about time and we wanted to
+be more like third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more like third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more like third
+ones but in terms of like flow I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but in terms of like flow I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but in terms of like flow I feel
+like it makes more sense to occur right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it makes more sense to occur right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it makes more sense to occur right
+after I talk and just say this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I talk and just say this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I talk and just say this is like a
+quick consequence and just write it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick consequence and just write it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick consequence and just write it much
+faster yeah you you don't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster yeah you you don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster yeah you you don't even have to
+go into all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into all that
+detail just say there is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail just say there is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail just say there is a common
+denominator be pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so that would bring out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that would bring out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that would bring out and then
+there's the the pointed of restricting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the pointed of restricting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the pointed of restricting
+to positive or non- negative is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to positive or non- negative is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to positive or non- negative is actually
+the word to say values which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word to say values which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word to say values which is
+kind of it's a comment that you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's a comment that you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's a comment that you can make
+also it's you get there after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it's you get there after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it's you get there after the first
+step you might as well just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you might as well just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you might as well just start
+there there's no loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no loss of
+anything just seem more natural going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything just seem more natural going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything just seem more natural going to
+get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right
+away um so and then the you're and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um so and then the you're and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um so and then the you're and but
+on the other hand the work that you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the work that you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the work that you did
+here with this three game it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this three game it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this three game it's all about
+Z value games isn't it plus value games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z value games isn't it plus value games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z value games isn't it plus value games
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um so that was another thing that threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that was another thing that threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that was another thing that threw
+me off here because I when you said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me off here because I when you said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me off here because I when you said this
+initial stuff I thought oh now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial stuff I thought oh now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial stuff I thought oh now we're
+going to start hearing about games with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start hearing about games with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start hearing about games with
+different values than Z and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values than Z and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values than Z and then you go
+back and start talking about Z value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and start talking about Z value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and start talking about Z value
+games I mean we could talk about q but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games I mean we could talk about q but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games I mean we could talk about q but
+then it's Q's the same as Z see Q will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's Q's the same as Z see Q will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's Q's the same as Z see Q will
+the same but R will be different yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but R will be different yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but R will be different yeah so
+um okay and actually that fact that R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and actually that fact that R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and actually that fact that R is
+different is not different that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different is not different that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different is not different that um that
+makes this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this more
+interesting so uh in in a way uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so uh in in a way uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so uh in in a way uh uh uh
+after that gives his feeli that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that gives his feeli that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that gives his feeli that maybe
+would be a time to bring up the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a time to bring up the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a time to bring up the fact
+that there's a big difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a big difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a big difference between
+the reals and the cube even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reals and the cube even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reals and the cube even though they
+don't look very different when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look very different when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look very different when you look
+at them as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them as in
+numbers where you allow things to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where you allow things to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where you allow things to take
+values makes a huge difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values makes a huge difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values makes a huge difference in the
+dyamics that's kind of a cool thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics that's kind of a cool thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics that's kind of a cool thing to
+come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+so in in and then later on you you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in and then later on you you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in and then later on you you used
+uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I
+mean uh these where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh these where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh these where is it
+um you really use this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you really use this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you really use this notion of
+equivalence that that that Zach had set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence that that that Zach had set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence that that that Zach had set
+up but without mentioning it you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but without mentioning it you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but without mentioning it you you
+called it various different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it various different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it various different things
+equivalent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh
+not um yeah can be reduced to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um yeah can be reduced to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um yeah can be reduced to is
+something you said when what you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you said when what you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you said when what you really
+meant was it's equivalent to sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant was it's equivalent to sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant was it's equivalent to sense that
+Zach had just developed so I felt there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach had just developed so I felt there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach had just developed so I felt there
+was a disconnect between the two between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a disconnect between the two between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a disconnect between the two between
+your presentation and Zach's because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your presentation and Zach's because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your presentation and Zach's because you
+weren't picking up the language which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't picking up the language which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't picking up the language which
+you okay carefully introduced was ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay carefully introduced was ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay carefully introduced was ready
+for it to use correct another disconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to use correct another disconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to use correct another disconnect
+was you decided to have your states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you decided to have your states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you decided to have your states
+begin with A1 Zach decided to have his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with A1 Zach decided to have his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with A1 Zach decided to have his
+states begin with a z but but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states begin with a z but but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states begin with a z but but anyway
+consistency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency is
+what no everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no everyone
+I but I did notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but I did notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but I did notice
+that it's definitely yeah that I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's definitely yeah that I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's definitely yeah that I should
+have changed out my notes so then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed out my notes so then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed out my notes so then I'm
+looking at this star data thing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this star data thing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this star data thing here and
+it's kind of great because it disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of great because it disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of great because it disappears
+from view it drills into the blackw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from view it drills into the blackw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from view it drills into the blackw and
+disappears but it the downside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears but it the downside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears but it the downside of that
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disappears so but actually I guess I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears so but actually I guess I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears so but actually I guess I was
+busy writing here because what I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy writing here because what I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy writing here because what I didn't
+notice is that you did write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that you did write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that you did write out the
+sequence of uh states that occur here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of uh states that occur here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of uh states that occur here so
+that's that resolves the problem that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that resolves the problem that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that resolves the problem that I
+was kind but you can also take the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind but you can also take the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind but you can also take the whole
+board you can make that bigger okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board you can make that bigger okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board you can make that bigger okay
+could have but but I think that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have but but I think that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have but but I think that that I
+was going to complain that you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to complain that you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to complain that you couldn't
+see what was going on but you wrote out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what was going on but you wrote out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what was going on but you wrote out
+the states here so I'm wrong you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states here so I'm wrong you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states here so I'm wrong you could
+see that that's really important series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that's really important series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that's really important series
+of factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to but you then he said uh this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you then he said uh this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you then he said uh this is what
+we call a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a three
+cycle like like you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the word it's like it's a funny way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the word it's like it's a funny way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the word it's like it's a funny way
+to put it because Zach has just defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it because Zach has just defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it because Zach has just defined
+what what an in cycle is and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what an in cycle is and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what an in cycle is and it's not
+say this is a threey yeah it's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a threey yeah it's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a threey yeah it's nothing
+to be embarrassed about it's well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be embarrassed about it's well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be embarrassed about it's well it's
+the notation oh like this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation oh like this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation oh like this is a this is
+not like this might be called This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like this might be called This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like this might be called This is
+yeah yeah it's like it might be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's like it might be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's like it might be called
+this but it is know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have an idea about reinstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an idea about reinstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an idea about reinstruct
+yeah yeah so for the rest of it um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so for the rest of it um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so for the rest of it um and I
+have I have an idea for restructuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have an idea for restructuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have an idea for restructuring
+for tightening it a bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the one of the issues is that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the issues is that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the issues is that um the
+range is defined and we don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is defined and we don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is defined and we don't know why
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+beinged and another issue is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beinged and another issue is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beinged and another issue is that we
+don't you're making this table what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you're making this table what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you're making this table what
+you're talking about with assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about with assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about with assumptions
+and ranges as you're doing 1 two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ranges as you're doing 1 two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ranges as you're doing 1 two and
+three and you don't really need these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and you don't really need these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and you don't really need these as
+far as I can talk for one two yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I can talk for one two yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I can talk for one two yeah so
+another option instead of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another option instead of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another option instead of doing the
+table and instead of doing range here go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and instead of doing range here go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and instead of doing range here go
+ahead and talk about Trial three value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and talk about Trial three value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and talk about Trial three value
+uh games but then um are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh games but then um are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh games but then um are you going to
+do uh this thing with the even Ms yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh this thing with the even Ms yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh this thing with the even Ms yes
+okay so you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can do the same thing
+just do these three as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do these three as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do these three as
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+this goes back to itself that's well up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to itself that's well up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to itself that's well up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+equivalence but I don't understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence but I don't understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence but I don't understand why
+so how it doesn't bother me that it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how it doesn't bother me that it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how it doesn't bother me that it's up
+to equence how would you do knowe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equence how would you do knowe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equence how would you do knowe that
+it's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to
+equivalence no put a bracket around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence no put a bracket around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence no put a bracket around it
+or something I don't know how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I don't know how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I don't know how about
+um cuz I mean all of these are Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cuz I mean all of these are Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cuz I mean all of these are Point
+well more or less yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well more or less yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well more or less yes
+so no well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay or something to think about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay or something to think about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay or something to think about well
+then you could put 0 one one for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could put 0 one one for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could put 0 one one for that
+matter doesn't have to be X and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter doesn't have to be X and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter doesn't have to be X and then it
+go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equiv all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then when you sorry when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you sorry when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you sorry when you look at
+this you can well this just becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can well this just becomes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can well this just becomes this
+and when you look at this case same well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at this case same well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at this case same well
+not quite because it depends could go it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite because it depends could go it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite because it depends could go it
+can become either this or that depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become either this or that depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become either this or that depending
+on whether X is less than y um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether X is less than y um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether X is less than y um so that
+pict us with these two but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pict us with these two but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pict us with these two but these are
+equivalent they are equivalent exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent they are equivalent exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent they are equivalent exactly
+so we only need to consider this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only need to consider this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only need to consider this one
+right in order to do it we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in order to do it we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in order to do it we're going to
+consider this thing called range range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this thing called range range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this thing called range range
+is and then you can just focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and it'll be I I believe it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it'll be I I believe it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it'll be I I believe it will be
+easier for the audience to um I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for the audience to um I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for the audience to um I think it
+will help if you can list out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help if you can list out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help if you can list out all the
+cases at the start so that people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases at the start so that people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases at the start so that people see
+everything you're going to address and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you're going to address and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you're going to address and
+then you can address these three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can address these three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can address these three by
+putting in those arrows and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in those arrows and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in those arrows and then the
+other another piece that still bothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another piece that still bothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another piece that still bothers
+me is missing is that so so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is missing is that so so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is missing is that so so you've got
+the range decreasing and decreasing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range decreasing and decreasing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range decreasing and decreasing but
+how do you know that it doesn't decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that it doesn't decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that it doesn't decrease
+down to zero with all of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero with all of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero with all of with
+XXX what you haven't done is say um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XXX what you haven't done is say um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XXX what you haven't done is say um that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+z0 0 comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 0 comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 0 comes from
+xXx and nothing goes into XXX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's impossible to get XX but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's impossible to get XX but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's impossible to get XX but you
+have to make that I would make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make that I would make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make that I would make that
+point this is just something I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is just something I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is just something I was
+saying about the paper too that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about the paper too that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about the paper too that that
+you're you're somehow uh dismissing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're somehow uh dismissing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're somehow uh dismissing what
+you call a trivial case as of mil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call a trivial case as of mil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call a trivial case as of mil
+interest but it has a little role to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but it has a little role to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but it has a little role to
+play that maybe I mentioned the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that maybe I mentioned the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that maybe I mentioned the whole
+number line thing where you can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line thing where you can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line thing where you can't have
+XXX because if you think about it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XXX because if you think about it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XXX because if you think about it all
+these numbers are just on a number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are just on a number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are just on a number line
+and you can't like three numbers on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't like three numbers on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't like three numbers on a
+number line can't be evenly spaced out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line can't be evenly spaced out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line can't be evenly spaced out
+yeah I mean so if you say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean so if you say something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean so if you say something like
+that to isolate this this little part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to isolate this this little part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to isolate this this little part of
+the Dynamics 00 0 and and XXX is its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics 00 0 and and XXX is its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics 00 0 and and XXX is its own
+isolated little subsystem there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated little subsystem there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated little subsystem there that
+nothing ever fits never ever goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing ever fits never ever goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing ever fits never ever goes into
+it okay but if you explain it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay but if you explain it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay but if you explain it by the
+number line you think about it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line you think about it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line you think about it as a
+number line your audience does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line your audience does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line your audience does it
+doesn't so if you're going to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so if you're going to explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so if you're going to explain it
+by a number line you have to tell us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a number line you have to tell us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a number line you have to tell us how
+you're thinking about it but I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about it but I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about it but I like that
+but I like that that way of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I like that that way of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I like that that way of thinking of
+it on the other hand I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the other hand I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the other hand I didn't really
+think that the number line um stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the number line um stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the number line um stuff that
+you were saying in Justified four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying in Justified four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying in Justified four and
+five here was very successful I because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five here was very successful I because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five here was very successful I because
+I was thinking of it as shifting as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of it as shifting as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of it as shifting as as
+offset as Z said it's a matter of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalence so after investigating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence so after investigating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence so after investigating some
+of the interesting properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interesting properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interesting properties of the
+three value game the natural question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three value game the natural question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three value game the natural question to
+ask is do all games have this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is do all games have this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is do all games have this property
+where there are some cyclic games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are some cyclic games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are some cyclic games and
+some games that have you know fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some games that have you know fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some games that have you know fixed
+points or do all games either exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or do all games either exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or do all games either exhibit
+only cycling or only fixed points or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cycling or only fixed points or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cycling or only fixed points or
+there are a number of natural extensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of natural extensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of natural extensions
+and so an interesting theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so an interesting theorem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so an interesting theorem that we
+proved during the course of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved during the course of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved during the course of this
+exploration was the fact that all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration was the fact that all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration was the fact that all four
+value games over the integers in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value games over the integers in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value games over the integers in fact
+have one psychic Behavior they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one psychic Behavior they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one psychic Behavior they all
+converge to 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spend a few minutes discussing a Lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a few minutes discussing a Lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a few minutes discussing a Lemma
+that will be required for this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be required for this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be required for this result
+and then we'll show this result directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll show this result directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll show this result directly
+and then we'll generalize this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll generalize this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll generalize this uh
+understanding of long-term Behavior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of long-term Behavior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of long-term Behavior to
+the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pull this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay so to start with we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so to start with we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so to start with we're going to
+uh sort of set up the proof and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of set up the proof and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of set up the proof and then
+we'll prove the limit that's required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove the limit that's required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove the limit that's required
+the proof will for this for this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof will for this for this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof will for this for this result
+will require showing that similar to's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require showing that similar to's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require showing that similar to's
+proof we're going to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we're going to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we're going to find some
+invariance on this transformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance on this transformation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance on this transformation and
+we're going to show that the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that the maximum
+value in after a transition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in after a transition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in after a transition of the
+integers will either decrease or stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers will either decrease or stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers will either decrease or stay
+the same after every uh operation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same after every uh operation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same after every uh operation and
+furthermore we're going to actually show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we're going to actually show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we're going to actually show
+something a little stronger we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little stronger we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little stronger we're going
+to show we can set up a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show we can set up a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show we can set up a sequence of
+these operations such that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations such that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations such that we can
+guarantee the maximum value does in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the maximum value does in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the maximum value does in fact
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+decrease so to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so to start
+with uh we'll start with a l uh so let s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh we'll start with a l uh so let s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh we'll start with a l uh so let s
+be a game that has uh you know entries a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a game that has uh you know entries a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a game that has uh you know entries a
+b c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c d
+sorry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry as
+State uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim is that operating four times on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that operating four times on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that operating four times on
+this state will result in a new state S4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state will result in a new state S4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state will result in a new state S4
+with all of its entries being even we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of its entries being even we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of its entries being even we're
+going to know an even number with an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to know an even number with an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to know an even number with an e
+and an odd number with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an odd number with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an odd number with an
+O and uh to do this we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and uh to do this we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and uh to do this we're going to
+recall some of the rules for adding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall some of the rules for adding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall some of the rules for adding and
+subtracting even numbers specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting even numbers specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting even numbers specifically
+subtracting even and odd numbers so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting even and odd numbers so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting even and odd numbers so we
+have even minus even is even odd minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even minus even is even odd minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even minus even is even odd minus
+odd is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd is an
+even we have even minus odd is odd we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we have even minus odd is odd we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we have even minus odd is odd we
+have odd minus even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have odd minus even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have odd minus even
+is so using the Symmetry from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so using the Symmetry from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so using the Symmetry from the
+previous problem uh from from Zach's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem uh from from Zach's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem uh from from Zach's
+demonstration of equivalence we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of equivalence we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of equivalence we can
+actually break down the possible types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually break down the possible types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually break down the possible types
+of these ABCDs into evens and odds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ABCDs into evens and odds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ABCDs into evens and odds so
+let's look at a few of them now uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a few of them now uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a few of them now uh we
+could have a case where all the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a case where all the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a case where all the values
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even we can have a case where three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we can have a case where three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we can have a case where three of
+the values are even and we can place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values are even and we can place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values are even and we can place
+this last odd number anywhere by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last odd number anywhere by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last odd number anywhere by
+rotation uh we can have a case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation uh we can have a case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation uh we can have a case that
+there are two evens and two odds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two evens and two odds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two evens and two odds and
+this one will actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will actually have
+two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+different possible setups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or additionally we could have even odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or additionally we could have even odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or additionally we could have even odd
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+odd uh we can have three even three odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd uh we can have three even three odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd uh we can have three even three odds
+and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even and finally we can have for OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's interesting to note that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's interesting to note that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's interesting to note that all of
+these states sort of they Encompass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states sort of they Encompass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states sort of they Encompass the
+universe of what these parities of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of what these parities of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of what these parities of these
+States can be so uh if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States can be so uh if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States can be so uh if we look at the
+proed like what happens when I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proed like what happens when I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proed like what happens when I apply
+these transitions to each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transitions to each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transitions to each of these
+states we get something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states we get something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states we get something that looks like
+the following um so the even even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following um so the even even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following um so the even even even
+odd State and the odd odd odd even state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd State and the odd odd odd even state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd State and the odd odd odd even state
+if we do the subtraction we'll get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do the subtraction we'll get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do the subtraction we'll get even
+minus even is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus even is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus even is even
+both go at the same one so even minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both go at the same one so even minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both go at the same one so even minus
+even or odd minus odd that's even here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even or odd minus odd that's even here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even or odd minus odd that's even here
+evenus even or odd minus odd that's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um then odd minus even gives me an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then odd minus even gives me an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then odd minus even gives me an odd
+here and then even minus odd gives me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then even minus odd gives me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then even minus odd gives me an
+odd here and same thing for so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd here and same thing for so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd here and same thing for so these two
+after applying transformation once will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after applying transformation once will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after applying transformation once will
+yield even even odd odd uh similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly we can apply this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we can apply this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we can apply this transition
+again and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we'll get
+uh even odd even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+odd uh and then applying transition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd uh and then applying transition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd uh and then applying transition this
+we yield odd odd odd odd because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yield odd odd odd odd because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yield odd odd odd odd because all the
+pairwise differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+odd OD OD and then one final application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd OD OD and then one final application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd OD OD and then one final application
+giv gives even even even so no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giv gives even even even so no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giv gives even even even so no matter
+where I start I'm going to end up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I start I'm going to end up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I start I'm going to end up at
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+evenning and this is pretty nifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenning and this is pretty nifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenning and this is pretty nifty
+Because by the stealing property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because by the stealing property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because by the stealing property of the
+equivalence we can actually uh pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence we can actually uh pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence we can actually uh pull out
+a factor of two out of this and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two out of this and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two out of this and get a
+game that's equivalent this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's equivalent this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's equivalent this will be
+useful later when we show that uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful later when we show that uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful later when we show that uh we're
+going to construct the sequence of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct the sequence of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct the sequence of games
+that are all equivalent and uh use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all equivalent and uh use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all equivalent and uh use this
+invariant that we have to show that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that we have to show that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that we have to show that they
+converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so with this invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so with this invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so with this invariance
+we're going to show that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that everything
+converges to z0 0 Z so let ask be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to z0 0 Z so let ask be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to z0 0 Z so let ask be some
+State you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ABCD where these are chosen from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCD where these are chosen from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCD where these are chosen from the
+positive integers not negative integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers not negative integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers not negative integers
+and uh consider consider operating using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh consider consider operating using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh consider consider operating using
+our operator four times on S this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our operator four times on S this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our operator four times on S this is
+going to give us by this LMA over here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us by this LMA over here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us by this LMA over here a
+new state s prime or S4 with all even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state s prime or S4 with all even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state s prime or S4 with all even
+entes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equivalent to a game we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to a game we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to a game we'll call
+it t actually let's call it let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it t actually let's call it let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it t actually let's call it let's call
+it U this is equal to by pulling out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it U this is equal to by pulling out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it U this is equal to by pulling out a
+fact2 u where this is2 of the entries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact2 u where this is2 of the entries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact2 u where this is2 of the entries of
+S4 and we can let these be a prime B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S4 and we can let these be a prime B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S4 and we can let these be a prime B
+Prime C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primee so by removing this factor of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primee so by removing this factor of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primee so by removing this factor of 12
+uh all of these are guarant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of these are guarant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of these are guarant to be
+smaller than all of these furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than all of these furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than all of these furthermore
+this game this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this is equal to U and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is equal to U and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is equal to U and this is
+equal to 12 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s all of these entries are smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s all of these entries are smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s all of these entries are smaller than
+the entries in s and so uh at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries in s and so uh at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries in s and so uh at least the
+maximum entry must have decreased it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entry must have decreased it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entry must have decreased it's a
+pre-ir uh result here and if we continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-ir uh result here and if we continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-ir uh result here and if we continue
+this inductively we can reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductively we can reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductively we can reduce the
+maximum entry for sure after applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entry for sure after applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entry for sure after applying
+four Transformations and pulling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Transformations and pulling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Transformations and pulling a
+factor of two and because there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two and because there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two and because there is a
+least uh non- negative integer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh non- negative integer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh non- negative integer this is
+guaranteed to stop and it will stop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to stop and it will stop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to stop and it will stop at
+0000 0 we're going to show that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0000 0 we're going to show that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0000 0 we're going to show that there
+exists a non-re repeating game in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a non-re repeating game in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a non-re repeating game in fact
+there exist infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist infinitely many
+non-repeating games over the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so
+investigating the real numbers we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating the real numbers we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating the real numbers we need
+to have a little bit of a better notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a little bit of a better notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a little bit of a better notion
+of what this T operator actually does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this T operator actually does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this T operator actually does uh
+it's nice sort we we sort of abstracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice sort we we sort of abstracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice sort we we sort of abstracted
+this stepping process but it' be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stepping process but it' be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stepping process but it' be nice to
+have a very direct uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very direct uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very direct uh you know
+mechanical way of grinding out the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way of grinding out the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way of grinding out the next
+state or previous state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or previous state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or previous state
+and it we'd like to basically have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it we'd like to basically have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it we'd like to basically have this
+be a linear operator unfortunately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a linear operator unfortunately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a linear operator unfortunately the
+absolute value function is not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value function is not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value function is not linear
+and so we have to sort of play with it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to sort of play with it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to sort of play with it a
+little bit so it turns out that suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so it turns out that suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so it turns out that suppose
+I have some St State that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some St State that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some St State that's in
+increasing order so maybe I'll I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order so maybe I'll I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order so maybe I'll I'll let
+s be a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s be a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s be a c
+d with uh a less than b less than C less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d with uh a less than b less than C less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d with uh a less than b less than C less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+D so it turns out that if we look at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so it turns out that if we look at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so it turns out that if we look at T
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+s uh this is equal to the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh this is equal to the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh this is equal to the absolute value
+of B minus a absolute value of cus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B minus a absolute value of cus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B minus a absolute value of cus B
+absolute value of D minus C absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of D minus C absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of D minus C absolute
+value of a minus D well if we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a minus D well if we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a minus D well if we know that
+this is true then we can actually remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true then we can actually remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true then we can actually remove
+these absolute values s if B is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these absolute values s if B is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these absolute values s if B is greater
+than a then when this condition holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a then when this condition holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a then when this condition holds
+this state will just be B- a this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state will just be B- a this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state will just be B- a this state
+will be cus B this will be D minus C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be cus B this will be D minus C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be cus B this will be D minus C and
+then finally this one here we know uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally this one here we know uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally this one here we know uh a
+is smaller than D so this could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than D so this could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than D so this could also
+just be uh D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be uh D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be uh D minus
+a and we can write this in fact as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we can write this in fact as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we can write this in fact as a
+matrix times a vector uh so let T be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times a vector uh so let T be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times a vector uh so let T be the
+transition Matrix or the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition Matrix or the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition Matrix or the transformation
+matrix and for this 4x4 case we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and for this 4x4 case we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and for this 4x4 case we're going
+to have uh T * the vector is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh T * the vector is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh T * the vector is going to be
+-1 a + 1 B here and then these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 a + 1 B here and then these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 a + 1 B here and then these are
+zeros here this is going to be - 1 b + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C these are
+zeros this term has -1 + 1 and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros this term has -1 + 1 and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros this term has -1 + 1 and these are
+both zeros and finally this last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both zeros and finally this last term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both zeros and finally this last term
+has -1 a + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has -1 a + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has -1 a + 1
+B so we're going to call this T4 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're going to call this T4 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're going to call this T4 this is
+the transition Matrix on four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values so this is interesting we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so this is interesting we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so this is interesting we can
+represent you T times some starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent you T times some starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent you T times some starting
+State Let's uh you know we can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Let's uh you know we can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Let's uh you know we can pick
+anything here A B C D and this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here A B C D and this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here A B C D and this is going
+to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+us B- a cus B D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us B- a cus B D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us B- a cus B D minus
+C write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now unfortunately just because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now unfortunately just because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now unfortunately just because this
+is guaranteed to be in increasing order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to be in increasing order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to be in increasing order
+we're not guaranteed that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not guaranteed that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not guaranteed that this is
+increasing order and so this seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order and so this seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order and so this seems like
+oh we've broken something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we've broken something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we've broken something like this
+linear operator has a good domain we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator has a good domain we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator has a good domain we can
+we can do this nicely but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this nicely but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this nicely but we're not
+guaranteed to be able to iterate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be able to iterate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be able to iterate this
+process and so the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so the solution to this
+problem is to say well maybe let's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to say well maybe let's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to say well maybe let's have
+this be a constant multiple can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be a constant multiple can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be a constant multiple can we can
+we make it such that this output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make it such that this output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make it such that this output is
+always a constant multiple of this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a constant multiple of this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a constant multiple of this input
+because that would maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would maintain the
+increasing order in variance and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order in variance and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order in variance and in fact
+yes choose a NE Vector uh that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes choose a NE Vector uh that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes choose a NE Vector uh that will give
+you a con multiple here it will maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a con multiple here it will maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a con multiple here it will maintain
+your scale SC in and your uh increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scale SC in and your uh increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scale SC in and your uh increasing
+this and that's exactly what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that's exactly what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that's exactly what we want to
+see so the goal now is to choose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so the goal now is to choose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so the goal now is to choose some
+Vector here that has a positive IG value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector here that has a positive IG value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector here that has a positive IG value
+attached to it uh any positive IG value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it uh any positive IG value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it uh any positive IG value
+will do but we have be careful uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do but we have be careful uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do but we have be careful uh that
+we can prove that such a positive IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can prove that such a positive IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can prove that such a positive IG
+value exists and it's associated with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value exists and it's associated with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value exists and it's associated with an
+IG Vector that can be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG Vector that can be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG Vector that can be written in
+increasing order as it turns out we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order as it turns out we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order as it turns out we're
+sh the paper this is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh the paper this is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh the paper this is something that you
+can do we're going to emit it here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do we're going to emit it here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do we're going to emit it here for
+time but there's a nice little trick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but there's a nice little trick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but there's a nice little trick you
+can do with determinance that looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with determinance that looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with determinance that looks at
+two diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two diagonal
+matrices um and so in fact we can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices um and so in fact we can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices um and so in fact we can even
+bound that I value which we do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that I value which we do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that I value which we do in the
+paper and that I value is bound between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and that I value is bound between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and that I value is bound between
+Z and one so let Lambda n be that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and one so let Lambda n be that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and one so let Lambda n be that I
+value um this generates an i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um this generates an i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um this generates an i
+Vector uh here which is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh here which is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh here which is equivalent
+to 1us lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1us lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1us lamb
+n 1 - Lambda n 1 + Lambda n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 1 - Lambda n 1 + Lambda n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 1 - Lambda n 1 + Lambda n
+uh 1 - Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - Lambda
+n 1 + Lambda n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 1 + Lambda n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 1 + Lambda n
+2 all the way down to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one down to one- lamb n 1 + lamb n the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one down to one- lamb n 1 + lamb n the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one down to one- lamb n 1 + lamb n the N
+- 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2
+1 and so this IG Vector associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so this IG Vector associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so this IG Vector associated with
+this IG value will actually yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IG value will actually yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IG value will actually yield
+solution to this problem because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem because we can
+put it in front of this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in front of this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in front of this transition
+Matrix and apply this transition Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and apply this transition Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and apply this transition Matrix
+K times and each time it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K times and each time it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K times and each time it's going to be
+the equivalent the the output is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent the the output is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent the the output is going
+to be the IG value to the C power times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the IG value to the C power times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the IG value to the C power times
+the second Vector so this will yield a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Vector so this will yield a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Vector so this will yield a
+non-repeating solution because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-repeating solution because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-repeating solution because we've
+shown in the paper that this IG value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the paper that this IG value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the paper that this IG value is
+between 0 and one and so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and one and so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and one and so you're going to
+get something that's kind of converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's kind of converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's kind of converging
+towards 000000 but it's never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards 000000 but it's never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards 000000 but it's never going to
+actually reach it uh this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reach it uh this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reach it uh this is kind of
+nifty uh as it turns out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nifty uh as it turns out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nifty uh as it turns out this is
+basically due to the fact that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically due to the fact that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically due to the fact that there is
+no least real number whereas there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no least real number whereas there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no least real number whereas there is a
+least non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least non-
+negative uh and with that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh and with that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh and with that we'd like to
+open the floor questions audiences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the floor questions audiences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the floor questions audiences are
+really impressed if you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impressed if you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impressed if you can sort of
+anticipate how things will work out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate how things will work out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate how things will work out so
+you could write down well we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write down well we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write down well we have this
+even business so let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even business so let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even business so let's think about the
+case even even even odd and Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case even even even odd and Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case even even even odd and Trace
+through what the what the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what the what the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what the what the transition
+does to that so you get to even even OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to that so you get to even even OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to that so you get to even even OD
+odd and you get to even odd even OD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd and you get to even odd even OD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd and you get to even odd even OD and
+then you get to odd OD then you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get to odd OD then you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get to odd OD then you get to
+even even and there's all but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even and there's all but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even and there's all but one of
+your four different types of states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your four different types of states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your four different types of states that
+you've just gotten to and and so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just gotten to and and so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just gotten to and and so you you
+you skip the step of enumerating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you skip the step of enumerating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you skip the step of enumerating them
+and you get because they present they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get because they present they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get because they present they
+form themselves naturally in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form themselves naturally in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form themselves naturally in front of
+you but now you can engage the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but now you can engage the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but now you can engage the audience
+and say but there is one missing State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say but there is one missing State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say but there is one missing State
+can anyone come up with what it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone come up with what it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone come up with what it is if
+you want to or you can just say by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to or you can just say by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to or you can just say by the
+way now there is one missing State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now there is one missing State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now there is one missing State and
+it's odd odd odd even and put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's odd odd odd even and put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's odd odd odd even and put it in
+place and now you have the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and now you have the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and now you have the whole thing
+and so it becomes more dramatic and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it becomes more dramatic and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it becomes more dramatic and you
+also save in in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also save in in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also save in in the in the in the
+development I guess it does save a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I guess it does save a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I guess it does save a new
+rating twice which seems kind it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating twice which seems kind it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating twice which seems kind it's more
+dramatic it's less kind of oh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic it's less kind of oh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic it's less kind of oh we have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+enumeration it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I thought that in the paper you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I thought that in the paper you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I thought that in the paper you did
+a very nice job of motivating the Lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice job of motivating the Lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice job of motivating the Lemma
+by outlining the group as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by outlining the group as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by outlining the group as a whole
+and I think that would work really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that would work really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that would work really well
+in the presentation also here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presentation also here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presentation also here the the
+how you use this went by very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use this went by very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use this went by very very
+quickly after presenting the lemon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly after presenting the lemon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly after presenting the lemon so
+you can just start with that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just start with that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just start with that instead
+although I think Matt did he gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think Matt did he gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think Matt did he gave a
+verbal presentation right summary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal presentation right summary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal presentation right summary right
+after we wrot down the the but it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we wrot down the the but it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we wrot down the the but it went
+right over my head and I clearly missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so be almost more direct to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so be almost more direct to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so be almost more direct to present
+skeleton group first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton group first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton group first and then
+after that's what I would suggest could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that's what I would suggest could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that's what I would suggest could
+I come back to the notation for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back to the notation for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back to the notation for for
+equivalence you you were we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence you you were we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence you you were we were
+deciding that three lines is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding that three lines is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding that three lines is this is
+sort of a standard thing in arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a standard thing in arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a standard thing in arithmetic
+when you say congruent modular something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say congruent modular something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say congruent modular something
+but there's also the symbol this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also the symbol this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also the symbol this
+squiggle which is even more common as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle which is even more common as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle which is even more common as a
+notation for equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when I the reason I never use that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I the reason I never use that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I the reason I never use that is
+because I think of that is ASM totically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think of that is ASM totically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think of that is ASM totically
+like in terms of astics okay so like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in terms of astics okay so like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in terms of astics okay so like the
+limit is one approximately it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is one approximately it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is one approximately it's it's
+approximately this um I would I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately this um I would I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately this um I would I would
+tend to write Tilda with a line under it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to write Tilda with a line under it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to write Tilda with a line under it
+so almost an equal sign with a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost an equal sign with a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost an equal sign with a line
+under it for approximately but and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it for approximately but and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it for approximately but and these
+notations change through mathematics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations change through mathematics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations change through mathematics but
+but the til is very common there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the til is very common there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the til is very common there a
+notation for equivalence relation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for equivalence relation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for equivalence relation okay
+so we could switch you could switch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could switch you could switch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could switch you could switch that
+and then right here where the even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right here where the even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right here where the even even
+even that's that yeah uh writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that's that yeah uh writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that's that yeah uh writing down
+what you did here so you said okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did here so you said okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did here so you said okay so
+what's the Matrix and you wrote out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Matrix and you wrote out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Matrix and you wrote out the
+Matrix and then you put the vector next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then you put the vector next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then you put the vector next
+to it and you re rewrote what we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and you re rewrote what we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and you re rewrote what we already
+knew but you wrote it out as Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew but you wrote it out as Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew but you wrote it out as Vector
+language here that was terrific because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language here that was terrific because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language here that was terrific because
+it brought everybody right up to up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brought everybody right up to up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brought everybody right up to up to
+the moment it was that reiteration was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment it was that reiteration was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment it was that reiteration was I
+thought was really important there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was really important there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was really important there and
+was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and it it felt great and then it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it felt great and then it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it felt great and then it also
+affirm then it puts you in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirm then it puts you in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirm then it puts you in a position
+that you used to say but but but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you used to say but but but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you used to say but but but but but
+maybe this isn't still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this isn't still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this isn't still going to be
+increasing I thought that was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing I thought that was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing I thought that was a really
+successful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence and then you made the choice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and then you made the choice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and then you made the choice to
+to go soft on the technical stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go soft on the technical stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go soft on the technical stuff that's
+more of a timing thing exists and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a timing thing exists and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a timing thing exists and it's
+less than one and um um and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one and um um and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one and um um and I thought
+that was a wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decision okay you could point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision okay you could point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision okay you could point out that
+from your well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your well
+even so part of me wanted to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so part of me wanted to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so part of me wanted to include the
+characteristic polinomial um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic polinomial um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic polinomial um because
+it's so cool it is kind of clever yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so cool it is kind of clever yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so cool it is kind of clever yeah
+it's so cute oh it's so cute but uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so cute oh it's so cute but uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so cute oh it's so cute but uh but
+I think you did a great 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes great thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes great thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes great thank you
+so um I agree that the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I agree that the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I agree that the development
+worked really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really
+well if I were to stop listening for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I were to stop listening for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I were to stop listening for a
+moment to think and then look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to think and then look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to think and then look at the
+board to try and figure out what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board to try and figure out what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board to try and figure out what was
+going on there's no way I would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there's no way I would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there's no way I would be able
+to figure it out so do write more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out so do write more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out so do write more on the
+board without messing up the wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board without messing up the wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board without messing up the wonderful
+development you've got yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you've got yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you've got yeah I think
+that's right I mean practice think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right I mean practice think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right I mean practice think about
+the disposition of things on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disposition of things on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disposition of things on the board
+you can see you sort of have a habit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you sort of have a habit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you sort of have a habit of
+writing random places and random things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing random places and random things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing random places and random things
+and you can overcome that by planning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can overcome that by planning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can overcome that by planning a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit it can be helpful to actually sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it can be helpful to actually sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it can be helpful to actually sketch
+out what you're going to put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what you're going to put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what you're going to put on the
+board and then you can move at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and then you can move at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and then you can move at that
+sketch and ask yourself if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch and ask yourself if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch and ask yourself if I were to
+stop thinking listening for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop thinking listening for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop thinking listening for a moment
+would I be able to tell what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I be able to tell what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I be able to tell what's going on
+okay great so great that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so great that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so great that's a great
+project
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fMHJPEcoC08.txt b/fMHJPEcoC08.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbfba6083c73075418f6474152b351f9d979889c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fMHJPEcoC08.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we provide a high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we provide a high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we provide a high-level
+introduction into the conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction into the conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction into the conceptual
+framework of classical statistics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of classical statistics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of classical statistics in
+order to get there it is better to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get there it is better to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get there it is better to start
+from what we already know and then make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we already know and then make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we already know and then make
+a comparison we already know how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparison we already know how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparison we already know how to make
+inferences by just using the Bayes rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences by just using the Bayes rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences by just using the Bayes rule
+in this setting we have an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting we have an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting we have an unknown
+quantity theta which we model as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity theta which we model as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity theta which we model as a
+random variable and so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and so in particular
+it's going to have a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a probability
+distribution and then we make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we make some
+observations and those observations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and those observations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and those observations are
+modeled as random variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled as random variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled as random variables and
+typically we are given the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we are given the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we are given the conditional
+distribution of the observations given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the observations given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the observations given
+the unknown variable so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown variable so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown variable so these two
+distributions are the starting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are the starting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are the starting points
+and then we do some calculations and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we do some calculations and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we do some calculations and we
+use the Bayes rule and we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the Bayes rule and we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the Bayes rule and we find the
+posterior distribution of theta given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of theta given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of theta given
+the observations and this tells us all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations and this tells us all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations and this tells us all
+that there is to know about the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is to know about the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is to know about the unknown
+quantity theta given the observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity theta given the observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity theta given the observations
+that we have made what is important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have made what is important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have made what is important in
+this framework is that theta is treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework is that theta is treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework is that theta is treated
+as a random variable and so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a random variable and so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a random variable and so it has a
+distribution of its own and that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of its own and that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of its own and that our
+starting point these are our prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point these are our prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point these are our prior
+beliefs about theta before we obtain any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about theta before we obtain any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about theta before we obtain any
+observations however one can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations however one can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations however one can think of
+situations where theta maybe cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where theta maybe cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where theta maybe cannot be
+modeled as a random variable suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled as a random variable suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled as a random variable suppose
+that theta is some universal physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theta is some universal physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theta is some universal physical
+constant for example the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for example the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for example the mass of the
+electron does it make sense to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron does it make sense to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron does it make sense to think of
+that quantity as random and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity as random and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity as random and how do we
+come up with a probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a probability distribution
+for that quantity one can argue that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that quantity one can argue that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that quantity one can argue that in
+certain situations one should not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations one should not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations one should not think
+of unknown quantities as being random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unknown quantities as being random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unknown quantities as being random
+but rather they are just unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather they are just unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather they are just unknown
+constants they are absolute constants it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants they are absolute constants it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants they are absolute constants it
+just happens that we do not know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens that we do not know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens that we do not know their
+value or there may be other situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or there may be other situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or there may be other situations
+in which even though we may think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which even though we may think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which even though we may think that
+there is something random that determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something random that determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something random that determine
+theta we are reluctant to postulate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta we are reluctant to postulate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta we are reluctant to postulate any
+prior distribution we do not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior distribution we do not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior distribution we do not want to
+impose any biases and that leads us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose any biases and that leads us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose any biases and that leads us to
+the classical statistical framework in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical statistical framework in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical statistical framework in
+which unknown quantities are treated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which unknown quantities are treated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which unknown quantities are treated as
+constants not as random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants not as random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants not as random variables
+pictorially the setting is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially the setting is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially the setting is as follows
+there's an unknown quantity that we wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an unknown quantity that we wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an unknown quantity that we wish
+to estimate and we make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate and we make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate and we make some
+observations X those observations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations X those observations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations X those observations are
+random and they are drawn according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and they are drawn according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and they are drawn according to a
+probability distribution and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and that
+probability distribution depends or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution depends or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution depends or
+rather is affected by that unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather is affected by that unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather is affected by that unknown
+quantity so for example for one value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so for example for one value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so for example for one value of
+theta the distribution of the axis might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta the distribution of the axis might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta the distribution of the axis might
+be this one and for another value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this one and for another value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this one and for another value of
+theta the distribution of the axis could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta the distribution of the axis could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta the distribution of the axis could
+be a different one and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a different one and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a different one and we're trying to
+guess what theta is which in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what theta is which in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what theta is which in some ways
+is the question do my data come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the question do my data come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the question do my data come from
+this distribution or do they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution or do they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution or do they come from
+that distribution in order to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution in order to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution in order to make a
+choice of theta what we do is we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of theta what we do is we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of theta what we do is we take
+the data and we process them and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and we process them and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and we process them and after
+we process them we come up with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we process them we come up with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we process them we come up with our
+estimate or rather estimator what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or rather estimator what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or rather estimator what is the
+estimator we take the data and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator we take the data and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator we take the data and we
+calculate a function of the data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a function of the data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a function of the data that's
+what it means to process the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to process the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to process the data and
+that function is our theta hat now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function is our theta hat now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function is our theta hat now this
+function our data processing mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function our data processing mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function our data processing mechanism
+is what we can call an estimator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we can call an estimator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we can call an estimator but
+quite often or usually we also use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often or usually we also use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often or usually we also use the
+same terminology to call theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same terminology to call theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same terminology to call theta hat
+itself an estimator now notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself an estimator now notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself an estimator now notice that
+theta hat is a function of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat is a function of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat is a function of the random
+variable X so theta hat is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X so theta hat is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X so theta hat is actually a
+random variable and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and that's why we
+denoted with an uppercase theta on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted with an uppercase theta on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted with an uppercase theta on the
+other hand after you obtain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand after you obtain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand after you obtain some
+concrete data little eggs which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete data little eggs which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete data little eggs which are the
+realized values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized values of the
+variable capital X then we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital X then we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital X then we can apply
+your estimator to that particular input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimator to that particular input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimator to that particular input
+and we compute a specific value call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we compute a specific value call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we compute a specific value call it
+theta hat lowercase and that quantity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat lowercase and that quantity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat lowercase and that quantity we
+call an estimate so this is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an estimate so this is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an estimate so this is a useful
+distinction always with random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction always with random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction always with random variables
+we want to distinguish between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to distinguish between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to distinguish between the
+random variable itself indicated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable itself indicated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable itself indicated by
+uppercase letters and values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase letters and values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase letters and values of the
+random variable which are indicated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable which are indicated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable which are indicated with
+lowercase letters similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase letters similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase letters similarly the
+estimator is a random variable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a random variable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a random variable it's
+essentially a description of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a description of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a description of how we
+generate estimates who arrests the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate estimates who arrests the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate estimates who arrests the
+realized value once we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized value once we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized value once we have some
+specific observations at hand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific observations at hand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific observations at hand that's
+what we call an estimate now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call an estimate now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call an estimate now let me
+continue with a few comments the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with a few comments the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with a few comments the picture
+or the setting that I have here suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the setting that I have here suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the setting that I have here suggests
+that X is just one variable and theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is just one variable and theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is just one variable and theta is
+one variable but we can have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable but we can have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable but we can have the same
+framework even if X and theta are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework even if X and theta are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework even if X and theta are
+multi-dimensional for example X might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional for example X might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional for example X might
+consist of several random variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of several random variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of several random variables and
+theta may be a parameter that consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta may be a parameter that consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta may be a parameter that consists
+of multiple components now you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple components now you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple components now you may
+notice that this notation that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this notation that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this notation that we're
+using here is a little different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here is a little different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here is a little different from
+our traditional notation which was of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our traditional notation which was of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our traditional notation which was of
+this form in what ways is it different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form in what ways is it different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form in what ways is it different
+the main difference is that here theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main difference is that here theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main difference is that here theta
+is not a random variable theta is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a random variable theta is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a random variable theta is just a
+parameter so what we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so what we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so what we're dealing with
+here is just an ordinary not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just an ordinary not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just an ordinary not a
+conditional distribution it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution it's an
+ordinary distribution that happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary distribution that happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary distribution that happens to
+involve inside its description some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve inside its description some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve inside its description some
+parameters theta just to emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters theta just to emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters theta just to emphasize the
+point that these are not conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that these are not conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that these are not conditional
+probabilities because theta is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities because theta is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities because theta is not a
+random variable we use a semicolon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we use a semicolon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we use a semicolon
+instead of using a bar and since theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a bar and since theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a bar and since theta
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+and variable we do not include it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variable we do not include it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variable we do not include it in the
+subscript down here when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript down here when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript down here when we talk about
+the classical setting the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical setting the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical setting the best way to
+think of this situation mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this situation mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this situation mathematically
+is that we are essentially dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we are essentially dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we are essentially dealing with
+multiple candidate models as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple candidate models as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple candidate models as in this
+picture this could be one possible model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this could be one possible model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this could be one possible model
+of X this could be another possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X this could be another possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X this could be another possible
+model of X we have one such model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of X we have one such model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of X we have one such model for
+each possible value of theta and if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each possible value of theta and if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each possible value of theta and if for
+example I were to get data points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I were to get data points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I were to get data points that
+sit down here then a reasonable way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down here then a reasonable way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down here then a reasonable way to
+make an inference could be to say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an inference could be to say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an inference could be to say these
+data are extremely unlikely to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are extremely unlikely to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are extremely unlikely to have been
+generated according to this model these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated according to this model these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated according to this model these
+data are quite likely to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are quite likely to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are quite likely to have been
+generated by this model so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by this model so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by this model so I'm going to
+pick this particular model so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this particular model so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this particular model so even
+though we're not treating theta as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're not treating theta as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're not treating theta as a
+random variable and we do not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and we do not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and we do not have the
+Bayes rule in our hands we can still see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule in our hands we can still see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule in our hands we can still see
+at least from this trivial example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from this trivial example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from this trivial example that
+there should be a reasonable way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a reasonable way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a reasonable way of
+making inferences and let me close with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making inferences and let me close with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making inferences and let me close with
+some comments on the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments on the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments on the different types of
+problems that we may encounter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we may encounter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we may encounter in
+classical statistics one class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical statistics one class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical statistics one class of
+problems are a so called hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are a so called hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are a so called hypothesis
+testing problems in which were asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing problems in which were asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing problems in which were asked to
+choose between two candidate models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between two candidate models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between two candidate models so
+the unknown parameter as in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameter as in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameter as in this example
+can take one of two values so think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take one of two values so think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take one of two values so think of a
+machine that produces coins and coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that produces coins and coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that produces coins and coins
+are either fair or they have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either fair or they have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either fair or they have a very
+specific bias you want to flip the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific bias you want to flip the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific bias you want to flip the coin
+maybe multiple times and then decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe multiple times and then decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe multiple times and then decide
+whether you're dealing with a coin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're dealing with a coin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're dealing with a coin of
+this type or of that type there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type or of that type there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type or of that type there's
+another type of hypothesis testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of hypothesis testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of hypothesis testing
+problems which is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which is a little more
+complicated for example this one we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for example this one we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for example this one we have
+one hypothesis which says that my coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hypothesis which says that my coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hypothesis which says that my coin
+is fair versus and alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fair versus and alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fair versus and alternative
+hypothesis in which my coin is unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis in which my coin is unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis in which my coin is unfair
+but notice that this hypothesis actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that this hypothesis actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that this hypothesis actually
+includes many possible scenarios there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes many possible scenarios there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes many possible scenarios there
+are many possible values of theta under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many possible values of theta under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many possible values of theta under
+which this hypothesis would be true we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this hypothesis would be true we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this hypothesis would be true we
+will not deal with problems of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not deal with problems of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not deal with problems of this kind
+in this segment or in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment or in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment or in this lecture
+sequence instead we will focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence instead we will focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence instead we will focus
+exclusively on estimation problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively on estimation problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively on estimation problems in
+estimation problems the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation problems the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation problems the unknown
+parameter theta is either continuous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter theta is either continuous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter theta is either continuous or
+can take one of many many values what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take one of many many values what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take one of many many values what we
+want to do is to design an estimator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to design an estimator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to design an estimator a
+way of processing the data that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of processing the data that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of processing the data that comes up
+with estimates that are good what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with estimates that are good what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with estimates that are good what does
+it mean that an estimate is good an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean that an estimate is good an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean that an estimate is good an
+estimate would be good if the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate would be good if the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate would be good if the resulting
+value of the estimation error that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the estimation error that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the estimation error that is
+the difference between the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the estimated
+value and the true value if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the true value if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the true value if that
+difference is small you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is small you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is small you want to keep
+that difference small in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference small in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference small in some sense
+well one may need a criterion of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one may need a criterion of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one may need a criterion of what it
+means to be small and whether we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be small and whether we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be small and whether we want
+this in expectation or with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in expectation or with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in expectation or with high
+probability and so on this statement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and so on this statement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and so on this statement to
+keep the estimation errors small can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the estimation errors small can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the estimation errors small can be
+interpreted in various ways and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted in various ways and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted in various ways and because
+of that reason there is no single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that reason there is no single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that reason there is no single
+approach to the problem of designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the problem of designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the problem of designing a
+good estimator and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimator and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimator and this is something
+that happens more generally in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens more generally in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens more generally in classical
+statistics typically problems do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics typically problems do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics typically problems do not
+admit a single best approach they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit a single best approach they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit a single best approach they do not
+admit unique answers reasonable people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit unique answers reasonable people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit unique answers reasonable people
+can come up with different methodologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with different methodologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with different methodologies
+for approaching the same problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for approaching the same problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for approaching the same problem and
+there is a little bit of an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a little bit of an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a little bit of an element of
+an art involved here in general one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art involved here in general one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art involved here in general one
+wants to come up with reasonable methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to come up with reasonable methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to come up with reasonable methods
+that will have good properties and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have good properties and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have good properties and we
+will see some examples of what this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see some examples of what this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see some examples of what this may
+mean but again I am emphasizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but again I am emphasizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but again I am emphasizing that
+there is no single best method so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no single best method so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no single best method so
+whereas the Bayes rule is a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the Bayes rule is a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the Bayes rule is a completely
+unambiguous way for making inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous way for making inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous way for making inferences
+here in the context of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the context of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the context of classical
+statistics there will be some freedom as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics there will be some freedom as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics there will be some freedom as
+to what approaches one might take
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ffgPLOLPCYU.txt b/ffgPLOLPCYU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5217cb002118bb6f64948331be2f1981569b0f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ffgPLOLPCYU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+Let's take a closer look at how macros work
+in UASM.
+
+Here we see the definition of the macro "consec"
+which has a single parameter "n".
+
+The body of the macro is a sequence of four
+expressions.
+
+When there's an invocation of the "consec"
+macro, in this example with the argument 37,
+
+the body of the macro is expanded replacing
+all occurrences of "n" with the argument 37.
+
+The resulting text is then processed as if
+it had appeared in place of the macro invocation.
+
+In this example, the four expressions are
+evaluated to give a sequence of four values
+
+that will be placed in the next four bytes
+of the output array.
+
+Macro expansions may contain other macro invocations,
+which themselves will be expanded, continuing
+
+until all that's left are expressions to be
+evaluated.
+
+Here we see the macro definition for WORD,
+which assembles its argument into two consecutive
+
+bytes.
+
+And for the macro LONG, which assembles its
+argument into four consecutive bytes, using
+
+the WORD macro to process the low 16 bits
+of the value, then the high 16 bits of the
+
+value.
+
+These two UASM statements cause the constant
+0xDEADBEEF to converted to 4 bytes, which
+
+are then deposited in the output array starting
+at index 0x100.
+
+Note that the Beta expects the least-significant
+byte of a multi-byte value to be stored at
+
+the lowest byte address.
+
+So the least-significant byte 0xEF is placed
+at address 0x100 and the most-significant
+
+byte 0xDE is placed at address 0x103.
+
+This is the "little-endian" convention for
+multi-byte values: the least-significant byte
+
+comes first.
+
+Intel's x86 architecture is also little-endian.
+
+There is a symmetrical "big-endian" convention
+where the most-significant byte comes first.
+
+Both conventions are in active use and, in
+fact, some ISAs can be configured to use either
+
+convention!
+
+There is no right answer for which convention
+to use, but the fact that there two conventions
+
+means that we have to be alert for the need
+to convert the representation of multi-byte
+
+values when moving values between one ISA
+and another, e.g., when we send a data file
+
+to another user.
+
+As you can imagine there are strong advocates
+for both schemes who are happy to defend their
+
+point of view at great length.
+
+Given the heat of the discussion, it's appropriate
+that the names for the conventions were drawn
+
+from Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels"
+in which a civil war is fought over whether
+
+to open a soft-boiled egg at its big end or
+its little end.
+
+Let's look at the macros used to assemble
+Beta instructions.
+
+The BETAOP helper macro supports the 3-register
+instruction format, taking as arguments the
+
+values to be placed in the OPCODE, Ra, Rb,
+and Rc fields.
+
+The ".align 4" directive is a bit of administrative
+bookkeeping to ensure that instructions will
+
+have a byte address that's a multiple of 4,
+i.e., that they span exactly one 32-bit word
+
+in memory.
+
+That's followed by an invocation of the LONG
+macro to generate the 4 bytes of binary data
+
+representing the value of the expression shown
+here.
+
+The expression is where the actual assembly
+of the fields takes place.
+
+Each field is limited to requisite number
+of bits using the modulo operator (%), then
+
+shifted left (<<) to the correct position
+in the 32-bit word.
+
+And here are the helper macros for the instructions
+that use a 16-bit constant as the second operand.
+
+Let's follow the assembly of an ADDC instruction
+to see how this works.
+
+The ADDC macro expands into an invocation
+of the BETAOPC helper macro, passing along
+
+the correct value for the ADDC opcode, along
+with the three operands.
+
+The BETAOPC macro does the following arithmetic:
+the OP argument, in this case the value 0x30,
+
+is shifted left to occupy the high-order 6
+bits of the instruction.
+
+Then the RA argument, in this case 15, is
+placed in its proper location.
+
+The 16-bit constant -32768 is positioned in
+the low 16 bits of the instruction.
+
+And, finally, the Rc argument, in this case
+0, is positioned in the Rc field of the instruction.
+
+You can see why we call this processing "assembling
+an instruction".
+
+The binary representation of an instruction
+is assembled from the binary values for each
+
+of the instruction fields.
+
+It's not a complicated process, but it requires
+a lot of shifting and masking, tasks that
+
+we're happy to let a computer handle.
+
+Here's the entire sequence of macro expansions
+that assemble this ADDC instruction into an
+
+appropriate 32-bit binary value in main memory.
+
+You can see that the knowledge of Beta instruction
+formats and opcode values is built into the
+
+bodies of the macro definitions.
+
+The UASM processing is actually quite general.
+
+With a different set of macro definitions
+it could process assembly language programs
+
+for almost any ISA!
+
+All the macro definitions for the Beta ISA
+are provided in the beta.uasm file, which
+
+is included in each of the assembly language
+lab assignments.
+
+Note that we include some convenience macros
+to define shorthand representations that provide
+
+common default values for certain operands.
+
+For example, except for procedure calls, we
+don't care about the PC+4 value saved in the
+
+destination register by branch instructions,
+so almost always would specify R31 as the
+
+Rc register, effectively discarding the PC+4
+value saved by branches.
+
+So we define two-argument branch macros that
+automatically provide R31 as the destination
+
+register.
+
+Saves some typing, and, more importantly,
+it makes it easier to understand the assembly
+
+language program.
+
+Here are a whole set of convenience macros
+intended to make programs more readable.
+
+For example, unconditional branches can be
+written using the BR() macro rather than the
+
+more cumbersome BEQ(R31,...).
+
+And it's more readable to use branch-false
+(BF) and branch-true (BT) macros when testing
+
+the results of a compare instruction.
+
+And note the PUSH and POP macros at the bottom
+of page.
+
+These expand into multi-instruction sequences,
+in this case to add and remove values from
+
+a stack data structure pointed to by the SP
+register.
+
+We call these macros "pseudo instructions"
+since they let us provide the programmer with
+
+what appears a larger instruction set,
+although underneath the covers we've just
+
+using the same small instruction repertoire
+developed in Lecture 9.
+
+In this example we've rewritten the original
+code we had for the factorial computation
+
+using pseudo instructions.
+
+For example, CMOVE is a pseudo instruction
+for moving small constants into a register.
+
+It's easier for us to read and understand
+the intent of a "constant move" operation
+
+than an "add a value to 0" operation provided
+by the ADDC expansion of CMOVE.
+
+Anything we can do to remove the cognitive
+clutter will be very beneficial in the long
+
+run.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iNQ0dQ9bPNs.txt b/iNQ0dQ9bPNs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1eab71cad7d540bdf622d4c7c683fc75a851fd98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iNQ0dQ9bPNs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we got the purple propellers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got the purple propellers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got the purple propellers it
+started spinning and everything but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started spinning and everything but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started spinning and everything but then
+the first problem was that propellers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem was that propellers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem was that propellers
+were in spinning fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in spinning fast enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in spinning fast enough
+yes like the motor so we're spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like the motor so we're spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like the motor so we're spinning
+propellers however like the motors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellers however like the motors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellers however like the motors are
+too small that it cannot provide us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small that it cannot provide us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small that it cannot provide us
+ports for the drum to fly so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports for the drum to fly so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports for the drum to fly so basically
+with this example everything and all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this example everything and all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this example everything and all we
+get advice from among the clubs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get advice from among the clubs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get advice from among the clubs on
+campus which is miters and they tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus which is miters and they tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus which is miters and they tell us
+like from our draws not going to fly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from our draws not going to fly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from our draws not going to fly but
+they're like no people and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like no people and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like no people and they're
+contracted spent like all of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted spent like all of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted spent like all of the four
+paws like unfortunately the woman that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paws like unfortunately the woman that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paws like unfortunately the woman that
+would take a pictures of our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a pictures of our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a pictures of our initial
+drum but we got we got inspired by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum but we got we got inspired by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum but we got we got inspired by and
+so Darren's do you want talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Darren's do you want talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Darren's do you want talk about the
+transmitter or receiver scope that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter or receiver scope that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter or receiver scope that were
+initially working on so like the busy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially working on so like the busy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially working on so like the busy to
+only got the basic sensors like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got the basic sensors like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got the basic sensors like a
+gyroscope so we managed to get it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope so we managed to get it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope so we managed to get it off
+that and we try to defend us appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we try to defend us appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we try to defend us appropriate
+like movies on the cabanas give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like movies on the cabanas give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like movies on the cabanas give it
+honking mr. booth Apollo and arrange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honking mr. booth Apollo and arrange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honking mr. booth Apollo and arrange it
+so like it goes this way and the sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like it goes this way and the sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like it goes this way and the sight
+was impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was impossible
+I don't know what came up I think my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what came up I think my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what came up I think my
+drone is I keep it on the side when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone is I keep it on the side when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone is I keep it on the side when I
+percent more power to the other side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent more power to the other side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent more power to the other side to
+compensate for it try to keep it stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for it try to keep it stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for it try to keep it stable
+that was the initial plan medicate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the initial plan medicate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the initial plan medicate like
+we reuse all periscope so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reuse all periscope so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reuse all periscope so we can
+actually distribute my meat but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually distribute my meat but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually distribute my meat but really
+like a support state and using RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a support state and using RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a support state and using RF
+transceivers but we managed to get both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transceivers but we managed to get both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transceivers but we managed to get both
+working like a few years ago that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working like a few years ago that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working like a few years ago that it's
+any designer to a brick and I so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any designer to a brick and I so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any designer to a brick and I so because
+scripted by idea dissipative control so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripted by idea dissipative control so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripted by idea dissipative control so
+for this president we just tried to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this president we just tried to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this president we just tried to okay
+excuse me I thought you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me I thought you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me I thought you don't have any
+other most of us try to make video cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other most of us try to make video cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other most of us try to make video cell
+phone control and I yeah so right now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone control and I yeah so right now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone control and I yeah so right now we
+have the joystick controlling so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the joystick controlling so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the joystick controlling so it has
+four directions it is going like lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four directions it is going like lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four directions it is going like lights
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry so these scraps are we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so these scraps are we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so these scraps are we don't want
+to make our own because it just wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make our own because it just wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make our own because it just wouldn't
+work so we just got like all the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we just got like all the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we just got like all the pieces
+from my throne and then like it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my throne and then like it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my throne and then like it all
+together to make yes basic sense is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to make yes basic sense is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to make yes basic sense is the
+thing like though we use we didn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like though we use we didn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like though we use we didn't use
+the motor shield because we have a motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor shield because we have a motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor shield because we have a motor
+driver which is a chip that can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver which is a chip that can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver which is a chip that can control
+the propeller so it's the same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propeller so it's the same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propeller so it's the same basic
+idea of how the drone works and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how the drone works and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how the drone works and we want
+to use the joystick condition to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the joystick condition to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the joystick condition to control
+the drone as well like up and down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drone as well like up and down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drone as well like up and down so
+control the speed and lip and Rea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the speed and lip and Rea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the speed and lip and Rea
+control the servo motor that's spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the servo motor that's spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the servo motor that's spinning
+like underneath which is our friend fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like underneath which is our friend fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like underneath which is our friend fan
+right now so so right now I'll control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so so right now I'll control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so so right now I'll control
+it now it's accelerating the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now it's accelerating the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now it's accelerating the fan
+accelerating yeah and then it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating yeah and then it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating yeah and then it's going
+back to the loop and going to the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the loop and going to the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the loop and going to the things
+beat now and then accelerate them face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat now and then accelerate them face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat now and then accelerate them face
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+so that's accelerating right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's accelerating right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's accelerating right now
+and so if you want to turn the fan right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you want to turn the fan right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you want to turn the fan right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get the servo doesn't like Awards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the servo doesn't like Awards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the servo doesn't like Awards this
+morning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that yeah
+sorry didn't really make the thing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry didn't really make the thing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry didn't really make the thing work
+but it actually does work just like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it actually does work just like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it actually does work just like an
+hour ago as well but so we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour ago as well but so we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour ago as well but so we get the
+common sense of how our own work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense of how our own work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense of how our own work
+evil we're like maybe taking too much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil we're like maybe taking too much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil we're like maybe taking too much we
+live like we're in fish like want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live like we're in fish like want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live like we're in fish like want to
+build a drone but I realize that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a drone but I realize that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a drone but I realize that there's
+so much things need to consider but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much things need to consider but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much things need to consider but the
+learning process teach us how to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning process teach us how to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning process teach us how to build a
+drone and when we actually went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone and when we actually went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone and when we actually went to
+miters so I mean so what to miners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miters so I mean so what to miners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miters so I mean so what to miners and
+then we show them our original journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we show them our original journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we show them our original journal
+design which is like what that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design which is like what that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design which is like what that it
+they're like oh it's not going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh it's not going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh it's not going to work
+because if the motor driver can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the motor driver can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the motor driver can take
+that much power to fly a drone and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much power to fly a drone and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much power to fly a drone and then
+we mean like I really really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean like I really really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean like I really really think
+battery jali how are the motors and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery jali how are the motors and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery jali how are the motors and we
+didn't have like the battery to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have like the battery to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have like the battery to supply
+the power in the first place so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power in the first place so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power in the first place so just
+like hey we have some pieces of a drone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey we have some pieces of a drone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey we have some pieces of a drone
+flying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around
+you guys should put one together so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys should put one together so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys should put one together so we
+pull one together here it is yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull one together here it is yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull one together here it is yeah well
+the thing is like it is too big so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is like it is too big so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is like it is too big so it's
+very hard to control it inside the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to control it inside the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to control it inside the room
+you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need
+like blend of parking lot or like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like blend of parking lot or like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like blend of parking lot or like a
+grassland or something so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grassland or something so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grassland or something so that you can
+actually fly it so okay it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly it so okay it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly it so okay it's actually
+quiet and this is the basic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet and this is the basic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet and this is the basic the
+transmitter that land us to fly it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter that land us to fly it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter that land us to fly it and
+so I would like introduce this part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like introduce this part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like introduce this part so
+these are the stronger brushless like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the stronger brushless like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the stronger brushless like
+motors that can actually spend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors that can actually spend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors that can actually spend and
+unfortunately we break the propellers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we break the propellers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we break the propellers
+that is initially always just bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is initially always just bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is initially always just bigger
+than that but like we use our propellers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but like we use our propellers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but like we use our propellers
+as well to assemble to this part and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well to assemble to this part and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well to assemble to this part and we
+reprogram the so people are the miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprogram the so people are the miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprogram the so people are the miners
+like countless reprogram the whole speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like countless reprogram the whole speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like countless reprogram the whole speak
+controllers and they get a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and they get a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and they get a really good
+like flight controllers they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like flight controllers they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like flight controllers they've been
+control before motors over here and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control before motors over here and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control before motors over here and with
+the fence like that'll be very good deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fence like that'll be very good deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fence like that'll be very good deal
+ago some that cleans the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago some that cleans the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago some that cleans the floor
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/itLh_yWsOX0.txt b/itLh_yWsOX0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc16bfd17da76b7d3ed227e4d9e39f95789fe93f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/itLh_yWsOX0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu we should start okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we should start okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we should start okay and I
+have to introduce although she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to introduce although she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to introduce although she's
+probably introduced herself already this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably introduced herself already this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably introduced herself already this
+is Jean R who is the curator of harps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Jean R who is the curator of harps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Jean R who is the curator of harps of
+cords at MIT I love that title um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords at MIT I love that title um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords at MIT I love that title um
+Clarice just dubbed me that yes partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarice just dubbed me that yes partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarice just dubbed me that yes partly
+because we have three instruments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have three instruments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have three instruments on
+campus and Jean spearheaded this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and Jean spearheaded this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and Jean spearheaded this
+amazing activity of let's put the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing activity of let's put the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing activity of let's put the right
+Harps Accord in the right place let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harps Accord in the right place let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harps Accord in the right place let's
+refurbish them let's treat them with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refurbish them let's treat them with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refurbish them let's treat them with the
+respect let's get rid of some and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect let's get rid of some and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect let's get rid of some and let's
+get some new ones yeah so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some new ones yeah so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some new ones yeah so there was
+there was a real movement and action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a real movement and action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a real movement and action and
+now we have three instruments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have three instruments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have three instruments that
+belong in the right place and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in the right place and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in the right place and do the
+right things and we can now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right things and we can now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right things and we can now do
+demonstrations like this and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations like this and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations like this and that's very
+cool we have uh I'll I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool we have uh I'll I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool we have uh I'll I'll talk about
+them but we just have three new two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but we just have three new two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but we just have three new two two
+of them are brand new two of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are brand new two of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are brand new two of our
+instruments are brand new this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments are brand new this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments are brand new this one's
+been here since it was built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here since it was built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here since it was built in
+1973 but uh they're for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 but uh they're for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 but uh they're for different
+purposes and want to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and want to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and want to talk about that
+it's different than the piano because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different than the piano because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different than the piano because
+the space and the instrument really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and the instrument really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and the instrument really do
+need to be matched up properly um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be matched up properly um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be matched up properly um and
+different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types
+of pieces are better on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces are better on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces are better on different
+instruments there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments there's all kinds of
+wonderful variations that go along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful variations that go along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful variations that go along with
+that um Jean is also a virtual oo horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Jean is also a virtual oo horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Jean is also a virtual oo horn
+player which is maybe you guys know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player which is maybe you guys know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player which is maybe you guys know and
+maybe you guys don't know um and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you guys don't know um and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you guys don't know um and she
+also coaches our chamber music ensembles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also coaches our chamber music ensembles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also coaches our chamber music ensembles
+so thank you for coming and um I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for coming and um I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for coming and um I'll let
+you take it from here great thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it from here great thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it from here great thank you
+Teresa so um glad glad to see you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teresa so um glad glad to see you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teresa so um glad glad to see you all
+here and know that some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and know that some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and know that some of you are
+keyboard players and will Delight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard players and will Delight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard players and will Delight in
+trying the instruments at the end which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying the instruments at the end which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying the instruments at the end which
+I expect all of you to do keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect all of you to do keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect all of you to do keyboard
+players are not so uh just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are not so uh just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are not so uh just wanted to
+talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit
+about the harpsicord and its place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the harpsicord and its place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the harpsicord and its place in
+history the first harpsicord was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the first harpsicord was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the first harpsicord was
+invented they think I mean who knows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented they think I mean who knows but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented they think I mean who knows but
+that far back but around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far back but around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far back but around
+1395 so the harps Accord was in use from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1395 so the harps Accord was in use from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1395 so the harps Accord was in use from
+like around that time 1400 to middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like around that time 1400 to middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like around that time 1400 to middle of
+the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th
+century 18 something so it's over 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century 18 something so it's over 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century 18 something so it's over 400
+years the piano history kind of shrinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the piano history kind of shrinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the piano history kind of shrinks
+in comparison doesn't it a modern piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparison doesn't it a modern piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparison doesn't it a modern piano
+has been around since what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around since what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around since what
+1860 almost what we have now 1860s they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860 almost what we have now 1860s they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860 almost what we have now 1860s they
+you know they were developing pianos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they were developing pianos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they were developing pianos of
+course in the 18th century but it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in the 18th century but it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in the 18th century but it hasn't
+been the the primary keyboard instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the the primary keyboard instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the the primary keyboard instrument
+for as long as the harpsicord was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as the harpsicord was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as the harpsicord was and
+during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that
+time it took many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it took many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it took many
+shapes what distinguishes a harpsicord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes what distinguishes a harpsicord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes what distinguishes a harpsicord
+from other instruments is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other instruments is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other instruments is that the
+strings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings are
+plucked and uh I will show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plucked and uh I will show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plucked and uh I will show you the
+mechanism a little bit later but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism a little bit later but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism a little bit later but I just
+want to talk about the history of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the history of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the history of it and
+how it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was
+developed and in different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and in different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and in different parts of
+Europe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe it was
+different shapes it had different sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes it had different sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes it had different sounds
+depending on what the sensibilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the sensibilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the sensibilities of
+the culture was were uh and they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture was were uh and they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture was were uh and they used to
+think okay there's there are French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay there's there are French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay there's there are French
+harpsicord that have a certain shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord that have a certain shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord that have a certain shape and
+that's generally true French harpsicord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally true French harpsicord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally true French harpsicord
+this is a called a French double a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a called a French double a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a called a French double a
+double because there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double because there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double because there are two
+keyboards and uh French because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboards and uh French because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboards and uh French because it has
+some of the sound characteristics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sound characteristics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sound characteristics in the
+shape um and the woods of um most French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape um and the woods of um most French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape um and the woods of um most French
+Harps Accords built by a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harps Accords built by a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harps Accords built by a couple of
+families that were prominent in Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families that were prominent in Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families that were prominent in Paris
+there are uh Flemish Harps Accords we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh Flemish Harps Accords we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh Flemish Harps Accords we
+don't have one of those on campus um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one of those on campus um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one of those on campus um but
+uh they usually look similar to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they usually look similar to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they usually look similar to this but
+the the adjustments of the stops are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the adjustments of the stops are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the adjustments of the stops are on
+the side instead of inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side instead of inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side instead of inside here
+generally Italian harps of cords tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally Italian harps of cords tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally Italian harps of cords tend to
+be long narrower than this usually One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be long narrower than this usually One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be long narrower than this usually One
+manual and have a more Plucky sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual and have a more Plucky sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual and have a more Plucky sound
+rather than a rich full ringing sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a rich full ringing sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a rich full ringing sound
+like the French and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the French and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the French and then there are
+German ones that are not so popular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German ones that are not so popular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German ones that are not so popular in
+our culture the the French ones really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our culture the the French ones really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our culture the the French ones really
+took uh you know a lot of uh space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took uh you know a lot of uh space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took uh you know a lot of uh space in
+the Revival of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Revival of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Revival of the
+instruments and harps Accord was when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and harps Accord was when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and harps Accord was when
+the piano started being developed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano started being developed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano started being developed you
+know in the 17 late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the 17 late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the 17 late
+1700s um harpsicord was kind of re you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700s um harpsicord was kind of re you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700s um harpsicord was kind of re you
+know replaced by piano heyen could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know replaced by piano heyen could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know replaced by piano heyen could go
+either way some of some of his trios are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way some of some of his trios are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way some of some of his trios are
+equally delightful on harpsicord as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally delightful on harpsicord as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally delightful on harpsicord as they
+are on piano sometimes it's nice to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on piano sometimes it's nice to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on piano sometimes it's nice to play
+but the piano of the time was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the piano of the time was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the piano of the time was also
+different from the piano now was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the piano now was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the piano now was much
+lighter um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter um and it
+was when the piano started being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when the piano started being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when the piano started being
+developed the harsy cord was really at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the harsy cord was really at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the harsy cord was really at
+its peak and the piano wasn't so 1790s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its peak and the piano wasn't so 1790s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its peak and the piano wasn't so 1790s
+Harpy cords are going to be a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harpy cords are going to be a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harpy cords are going to be a lot better
+than 1790s pianos just they didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1790s pianos just they didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1790s pianos just they didn't quite
+know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was
+used a great deal longer as an opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a great deal longer as an opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a great deal longer as an opera
+continuo instrument than it was as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuo instrument than it was as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuo instrument than it was as a
+solo or chamber music instrument so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo or chamber music instrument so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo or chamber music instrument so you
+find Mozart operas almost always you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Mozart operas almost always you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Mozart operas almost always you'll
+find now with people doing things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find now with people doing things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find now with people doing things uh
+Mozart operas they'll have a Harps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mozart operas they'll have a Harps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mozart operas they'll have a Harps
+Accord there um so that carried into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accord there um so that carried into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accord there um so that carried into
+quite late um before it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite late um before it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite late um before it was really
+replaced by the piano in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by the piano in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by the piano in the
+19 early 19 20th century 1910 19 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 early 19 20th century 1910 19 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 early 19 20th century 1910 19 yeah
+probably in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in the
+1910s uh the British started thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910s uh the British started thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910s uh the British started thinking
+now let's do some old music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do some old music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do some old music
+and there started being a Revival very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there started being a Revival very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there started being a Revival very
+shortly after Baroque music died kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after Baroque music died kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after Baroque music died kind of
+died and the harbs Accord kind of died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and the harbs Accord kind of died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and the harbs Accord kind of died
+people started saying you know that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started saying you know that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started saying you know that was
+nice music let's let's bring some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice music let's let's bring some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice music let's let's bring some of it
+back and Carl dolmatch in um England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and Carl dolmatch in um England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and Carl dolmatch in um England
+started building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started building
+instruments and there were some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and there were some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and there were some people
+who would go and work with him people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would go and work with him people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would go and work with him people
+who were interested became interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were interested became interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were interested became interested in
+those and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and and
+um he didn't really copy old instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he didn't really copy old instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he didn't really copy old instruments
+before the world wars there was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the world wars there was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the world wars there was a great
+belief that we're getting better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that we're getting better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that we're getting better and
+better all the time everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better all the time everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better all the time everything's
+progress you know we're progressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress you know we're progressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress you know we're progressing
+things are getting better and better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are getting better and better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are getting better and better so
+what they tried to do when there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they tried to do when there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they tried to do when there was
+first a harpsicord Revival or Revival of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a harpsicord Revival or Revival of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a harpsicord Revival or Revival of
+early music was to say okay let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early music was to say okay let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early music was to say okay let's use
+what we know and make these instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know and make these instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know and make these instruments
+better than they were making them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than they were making them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than they were making them back
+then so there was one school that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so there was one school that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so there was one school that went
+that way and then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and then people
+started uh there was this man named Hugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh there was this man named Hugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh there was this man named Hugh
+goof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goof
+in Germany I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Germany I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Germany I
+think um who said wait a second those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um who said wait a second those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um who said wait a second those
+are really great instruments because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really great instruments because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really great instruments because
+there were a lot still extent in museums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot still extent in museums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot still extent in museums
+in private Collections and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in private Collections and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in private Collections and they were
+hearing them and they saying these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing them and they saying these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing them and they saying these are
+beautiful these are much more beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful these are much more beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful these are much more beautiful
+than what dolmatch is building so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what dolmatch is building so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what dolmatch is building so people
+worked along those lines too so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked along those lines too so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked along those lines too so there
+were kind of two schools in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of two schools in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of two schools in general
+going like that there were a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like that there were a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like that there were a couple
+after the war after the second war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war after the second war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war after the second war
+people realized not everything's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realized not everything's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realized not everything's getting
+better and better so there was kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better so there was kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better so there was kind of a
+cultural change too there were two young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural change too there were two young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural change too there were two young
+men Harvard student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men Harvard student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men Harvard student
+students one was named Frank hubard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students one was named Frank hubard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students one was named Frank hubard and
+he had a younger friend they'd been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a younger friend they'd been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a younger friend they'd been
+friends since childhood named William
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends since childhood named William
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends since childhood named William
+Dow and you can find his name right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow and you can find his name right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow and you can find his name right here
+who got really interested in this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got really interested in this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got really interested in this when
+they were students they were both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were students they were both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were students they were both
+English majors at Harvard and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English majors at Harvard and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English majors at Harvard and they
+started thinking hm might be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking hm might be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking hm might be interesting
+to build Harps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build Harps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build Harps
+Accords so they started building um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accords so they started building um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accords so they started building um one
+of them went to Europe Frank hubard went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them went to Europe Frank hubard went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them went to Europe Frank hubard went
+to Europe and worked with dolanch for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe and worked with dolanch for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe and worked with dolanch for a
+bit and realized he was doing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and realized he was doing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and realized he was doing nothing
+but getting coffee uh stringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but getting coffee uh stringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but getting coffee uh stringing
+instruments doing boring kinds of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments doing boring kinds of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments doing boring kinds of work
+and said I don't like this so much so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said I don't like this so much so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said I don't like this so much so he
+went to Germany and started working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Germany and started working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Germany and started working with
+Hugh Goff uh that's g u g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h and uh so started doing and what go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h and uh so started doing and what go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h and uh so started doing and what go
+was doing was going around measuring old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing was going around measuring old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing was going around measuring old
+instruments and getting exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and getting exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and getting exact
+measurements of things uh Modern Piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of things uh Modern Piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of things uh Modern Piano
+has an open bottom harps of cords are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an open bottom harps of cords are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an open bottom harps of cords are
+closed on the bottom so dolet was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed on the bottom so dolet was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed on the bottom so dolet was doing
+open bottom things and and and uh Goff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open bottom things and and and uh Goff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open bottom things and and and uh Goff
+was saying that doesn't make sense these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying that doesn't make sense these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying that doesn't make sense these
+sound in different these sound better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound in different these sound better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound in different these sound better so
+during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that
+process Frank hubard started get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process Frank hubard started get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process Frank hubard started get you
+know reading his notes he uh you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reading his notes he uh you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reading his notes he uh you know he
+opened his books to to him basically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened his books to to him basically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened his books to to him basically and
+started getting really interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting really interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting really interested in the
+whole Prospect and the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Prospect and the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Prospect and the project
+and wrote his own book uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrote his own book uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrote his own book uh three
+centuries of harpsicord building which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of harpsicord building which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of harpsicord building which
+is still available it's in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still available it's in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still available it's in the library
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+classic and um came back and DOW was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic and um came back and DOW was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic and um came back and DOW was
+doing his own research and building they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing his own research and building they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing his own research and building they
+got together and rented a place in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got together and rented a place in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got together and rented a place in in
+South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South
+Boston um they talk about you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston um they talk about you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston um they talk about you know they
+had to sit by the heater until 11:00 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to sit by the heater until 11:00 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to sit by the heater until 11:00 in
+the mornings to get warm enough to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mornings to get warm enough to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mornings to get warm enough to go
+off in the corners and work but but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the corners and work but but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the corners and work but but they
+started building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started building
+and they actually created um a movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually created um a movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually created um a movement
+of copying old instruments there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copying old instruments there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copying old instruments there was
+someone in Germany scon yes who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in Germany scon yes who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in Germany scon yes who was
+independently doing work and and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently doing work and and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently doing work and and so he
+created a a school in Europe but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a a school in Europe but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a a school in Europe but it
+really the Revival of instruments really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the Revival of instruments really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the Revival of instruments really
+centered in the US and grew up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered in the US and grew up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered in the US and grew up here
+meanwhile there was a man uh a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile there was a man uh a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile there was a man uh a German
+who came to America a zukerman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who came to America a zukerman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who came to America a zukerman and
+thought everybody should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought everybody should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought everybody should have a
+harpsicord so he created the harpsicord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord so he created the harpsicord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord so he created the harpsicord
+kit business and made a very simple box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit business and made a very simple box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit business and made a very simple box
+that and you can find these kits all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can find these kits all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can find these kits all
+over the place now you know somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place now you know somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place now you know somebody
+says oh we have an instrument at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh we have an instrument at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh we have an instrument at our
+school but nobody's played it for 30 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but nobody's played it for 30 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but nobody's played it for 30 40
+years and you go and it say Zuckerman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and you go and it say Zuckerman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and you go and it say Zuckerman
+kit that was put together you know no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit that was put together you know no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit that was put together you know no no
+bent sides nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent sides nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent sides nothing
+complicated um but he thought his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um but he thought his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um but he thought his
+mission was to get things out and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission was to get things out and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission was to get things out and in the
+70s that was bought by David wey who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s that was bought by David wey who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s that was bought by David wey who was
+a great marketer marketed it uh all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great marketer marketed it uh all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great marketer marketed it uh all over
+the world actually zukerman Harps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world actually zukerman Harps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world actually zukerman Harps
+Accords and he also started building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accords and he also started building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accords and he also started building
+really beautiful Harps Accords in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful Harps Accords in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful Harps Accords in their
+some beautiful uh instruments by David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beautiful uh instruments by David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beautiful uh instruments by David
+way um in Boston actually around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um in Boston actually around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um in Boston actually around here
+Boston actually became a center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston actually became a center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston actually became a center for
+early music so there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early music so there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early music so there are there are
+millions of harps Accords around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of harps Accords around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of harps Accords around here
+millions of harp wonderful players um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of harp wonderful players um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of harp wonderful players um
+and uh you know you can just look around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know you can just look around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know you can just look around
+go go to a lot of places and find great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go to a lot of places and find great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go to a lot of places and find great
+Harps ACC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harps ACC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harps ACC
+artists so all these things were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists so all these things were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists so all these things were were
+happening in the 18th century early 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the 18th century early 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the 18th century early 18th
+late 17th early 18th century there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 17th early 18th century there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 17th early 18th century there was a
+time when they thought you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they thought you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they thought you know there
+was the pianos were coming along they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the pianos were coming along they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the pianos were coming along they
+had Dynamics harpsicord is one Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Dynamics harpsicord is one Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Dynamics harpsicord is one Dynamic
+and you actually can increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually can increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually can increase the
+dynamic by adding registers um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic by adding registers um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic by adding registers um you know
+get two two sets of strings going at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two two sets of strings going at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two two sets of strings going at
+once or play more notes at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or play more notes at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or play more notes at the same time
+but otherwise you can't play louder so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise you can't play louder so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise you can't play louder so
+people would come up you know in the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would come up you know in the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would come up you know in the age
+of invention uh when Harps cor you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of invention uh when Harps cor you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of invention uh when Harps cor you know
+saxophones were being developed and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxophones were being developed and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxophones were being developed and uh
+uh cusop phones all kinds of instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cusop phones all kinds of instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cusop phones all kinds of instruments
+were being invented um they were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being invented um they were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being invented um they were trying
+to figure out how to do this and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to do this and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to do this and they
+actually had a venetian blind thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had a venetian blind thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had a venetian blind thing
+inside so you could open up the keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so you could open up the keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so you could open up the keyboard
+so all kinds of things happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all kinds of things happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all kinds of things happened in the
+history of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this um
+so what they found was the more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they found was the more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they found was the more and more
+they copied old instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they copied old instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they copied old instruments
+the better they were for a while they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better they were for a while they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better they were for a while they
+were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using
+plywood uh for um you know soundboards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plywood uh for um you know soundboards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plywood uh for um you know soundboards
+and they realized okay that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they realized okay that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they realized okay that that's
+supposed to kind of control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to kind of control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to kind of control the
+shrinkage but actually what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinkage but actually what it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinkage but actually what it does is
+it expands in different directions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expands in different directions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expands in different directions at
+the same time and you can't control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and you can't control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and you can't control it
+and they realized that old people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they realized that old people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they realized that old people like
+Tesa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesa and
+Rooker actually knew what the woods did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooker actually knew what the woods did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooker actually knew what the woods did
+really well and so copied more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well and so copied more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well and so copied more and more
+so what can be varied now in in Harps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can be varied now in in Harps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can be varied now in in Harps
+Accords uh the shape of the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accords uh the shape of the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accords uh the shape of the instrument
+this is you know a typical French shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know a typical French shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know a typical French shape
+here you can have a square box a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can have a square box a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can have a square box a
+virginal um Which is popular in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virginal um Which is popular in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virginal um Which is popular in England
+um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the
+Netherlands you can have a spin it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands you can have a spin it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands you can have a spin it which
+generally has one side that's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally has one side that's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally has one side that's uh you
+know it's kind of a tra aoid shape uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's kind of a tra aoid shape uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's kind of a tra aoid shape uh
+you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have
+um narrower long you know wider um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um narrower long you know wider um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um narrower long you know wider um what
+other kinds of things shape you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things shape you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things shape you know
+shapes oh there's a clavicytherium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes oh there's a clavicytherium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes oh there's a clavicytherium and
+people are starting to cap copy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting to cap copy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting to cap copy those
+more it's basically a harpsicord with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's basically a harpsicord with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's basically a harpsicord with
+the strings going up in the air it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings going up in the air it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings going up in the air it's
+great for a small apartment with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for a small apartment with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for a small apartment with high
+ceilings because it doesn't take so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings because it doesn't take so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings because it doesn't take so much
+floor space so you don't have to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor space so you don't have to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor space so you don't have to sleep
+under your harpsicord you can sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under your harpsicord you can sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under your harpsicord you can sleep
+beside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+the wires why doesn't you why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires why doesn't you why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires why doesn't you why don't you
+come up here and just let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up here and just let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up here and just let me show you
+some of the inside and while we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the inside and while we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the inside and while we do this
+you should always move around and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always move around and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always move around and get
+different Vantage points and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Vantage points and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Vantage points and different
+sound Vantage points okay right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound Vantage points okay right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound Vantage points okay right we're
+just going to take the this this music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to take the this this music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to take the this this music
+desk is not an original kind of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk is not an original kind of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk is not an original kind of music
+desk it was one of Dow's Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk it was one of Dow's Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk it was one of Dow's Great
+Inventions so it could be folded it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inventions so it could be folded it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inventions so it could be folded it down
+into the instrument so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the instrument so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the instrument so that's pretty
+nice these pins are a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice these pins are a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice these pins are a new
+style uh the older pins would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style uh the older pins would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style uh the older pins would be
+flatter harpsicord needs to be tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter harpsicord needs to be tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter harpsicord needs to be tuned
+sometimes every day in New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes every day in New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes every day in New England
+especially at home mine doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at home mine doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at home mine doesn't have to
+be tuned more than once a week because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tuned more than once a week because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tuned more than once a week because I
+have a dehumidifier for the Summers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dehumidifier for the Summers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dehumidifier for the Summers and
+a humidifier for the winters um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a humidifier for the winters um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a humidifier for the winters um
+so this is this comes off what this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this comes off what this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this comes off what this does
+is and you you see it has felt on it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you you see it has felt on it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you you see it has felt on it it
+stops the Jacks from flying up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops the Jacks from flying up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops the Jacks from flying up into the
+air you see they come up there and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air you see they come up there and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air you see they come up there and oh
+not so good right just sticks now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good right just sticks now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good right just sticks now this
+is going to be hard to get back in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be hard to get back in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be hard to get back in I
+what I do these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do these are called
+Jacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacks
+and if you look here's this the damper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look here's this the damper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look here's this the damper
+there's a felt damper there's the plra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a felt damper there's the plra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a felt damper there's the plra
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so you see the the it goes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you see the the it goes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you see the the it goes up the
+plra plucks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string and when it comes back down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and when it comes back down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and when it comes back down there
+actually is a sound if you listen really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a sound if you listen really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a sound if you listen really
+carefully you can hear it going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you can hear it going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you can hear it going the
+other way it's very quiet the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way it's very quiet the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way it's very quiet the other way
+and then when when you take your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when when you take your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when when you take your finger
+off the key the damper will come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the key the damper will come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the key the damper will come back
+down most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down most of the
+time if you have this Jack stop on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you have this Jack stop on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you have this Jack stop on that
+the other thing that happens this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that happens this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that happens this goes
+back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you
+see oh the plectrum is important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh the plectrum is important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh the plectrum is important okay
+what do you make that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you make that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you make that out
+of they used crowquill back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they used crowquill back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they used crowquill back in the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+one of the things that hubard and DOW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that hubard and DOW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that hubard and DOW
+experimented with was a material called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with was a material called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with was a material called
+delin Dupont actually was developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delin Dupont actually was developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delin Dupont actually was developing
+this plastic and they asked Hubbert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plastic and they asked Hubbert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plastic and they asked Hubbert and
+DOW to you know try it out so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOW to you know try it out so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOW to you know try it out so they were
+expecting back you know a report with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting back you know a report with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting back you know a report with
+Statistics and stuff like that well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics and stuff like that well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics and stuff like that well they
+wrote back and said wow with delin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote back and said wow with delin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote back and said wow with delin you
+can play four hours a day on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play four hours a day on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play four hours a day on the
+chromatic fantasy and Fugue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic fantasy and Fugue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic fantasy and Fugue
+and not break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quill
+so delin became a very popular thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delin became a very popular thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delin became a very popular thing uh
+crowquill has a different sound and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowquill has a different sound and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowquill has a different sound and you
+know they tried all kinds of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they tried all kinds of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they tried all kinds of materials
+they tried leather plra which has a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried leather plra which has a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried leather plra which has a kind
+of a Sweet Sound but you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Sweet Sound but you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Sweet Sound but you can understand
+what the limitations of that would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the limitations of that would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the limitations of that would be um
+and finally somebody said you know cro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally somebody said you know cro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally somebody said you know cro
+quill sounds a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quill sounds a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quill sounds a lot like
+crowquill the problem with crowquill was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowquill the problem with crowquill was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowquill the problem with crowquill was
+that in the 50s it broke all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the 50s it broke all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the 50s it broke all the time
+constantly was breaking it doesn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly was breaking it doesn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly was breaking it doesn't so
+much now because we got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much now because we got rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much now because we got rid of
+DDT so it was breaking a lot in the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT so it was breaking a lot in the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT so it was breaking a lot in the 50s
+I mean they were thinking whoa what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they were thinking whoa what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they were thinking whoa what did
+those people do back then they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people do back then they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people do back then they're all
+spending their whole you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending their whole you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending their whole you know they're
+like OBO us they're always making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like OBO us they're always making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like OBO us they're always making
+reads they're always replacing quilts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads they're always replacing quilts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads they're always replacing quilts
+but no it was Stronger so now that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no it was Stronger so now that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no it was Stronger so now that we've
+gotten rid of DDT people are using croil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of DDT people are using croil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of DDT people are using croil
+but in institutional settings and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in institutional settings and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in institutional settings and a lot
+of homes you will still find delin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of homes you will still find delin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of homes you will still find delin
+because it's a pretty good substitute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a pretty good substitute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a pretty good substitute it
+does have a little curve in it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a little curve in it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a little curve in it it's not
+completely flat so you make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat so you make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat so you make sure that
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+um oh one other thing I forgot to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you on the back of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the back of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the back of this
+is a little spring on this it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little spring on this it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little spring on this it's a little
+piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire so that once this goes by that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire so that once this goes by that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire so that once this goes by that will
+push this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this
+back you can see it's a wire in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there that was originally bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that was originally bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that was originally bore
+bristle and again some harps of cords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bristle and again some harps of cords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bristle and again some harps of cords
+will get that it doesn't really affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get that it doesn't really affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get that it doesn't really affect
+the sound that much so most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound that much so most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound that much so most people are
+using this is just harpsicord wire it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this is just harpsicord wire it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this is just harpsicord wire it's
+just off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just off the
+instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+um what I've discovered working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I've discovered working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I've discovered working with
+harpsicord Builders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord Builders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord Builders
+is they are incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they are incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they are incredibly
+meticulous one you know half a paper's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meticulous one you know half a paper's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meticulous one you know half a paper's
+width of Shaving on a part can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of Shaving on a part can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of Shaving on a part can make a
+huge difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference in the
+harpsicord uh in the sound in the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord uh in the sound in the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord uh in the sound in the way it
+works you see these are fit very well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you see these are fit very well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you see these are fit very well in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+but they can't be too tight or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can't be too tight or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can't be too tight or they
+won't go down and they have to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go down and they have to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go down and they have to be able
+to tolerate the weather change when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tolerate the weather change when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tolerate the weather change when the
+wood swells it has to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood swells it has to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood swells it has to be able to
+tolerate that the length of that spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate that the length of that spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate that the length of that spring
+that I just showed you that wire in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just showed you that wire in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just showed you that wire in
+there makes a great deal of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there makes a great deal of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there makes a great deal of difference
+if it's up 1 millimeter it can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's up 1 millimeter it can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's up 1 millimeter it can change
+how responsive the jack is coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how responsive the jack is coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how responsive the jack is coming back
+so any questions about inside the wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions about inside the wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions about inside the wires
+are are um sometimes steel sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are um sometimes steel sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are um sometimes steel sometimes
+iron sometimes brass um see you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron sometimes brass um see you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron sometimes brass um see you can see
+this is completely strung in brass up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely strung in brass up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely strung in brass up to
+this point and then he changes over to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and then he changes over to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and then he changes over to I
+believe this is steel but it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is steel but it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is steel but it might be
+Iron I'm not sure and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron I'm not sure and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron I'm not sure and that's something
+else I mean there are people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I mean there are people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I mean there are people who are
+just making harpsicord wires now looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making harpsicord wires now looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making harpsicord wires now looking
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+career you want to build you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career you want to build you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career you want to build you know and
+for a while everybody had to get Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while everybody had to get Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while everybody had to get Rose
+wires and now it's you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and now it's you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and now it's you know it's
+something else it goes you little fads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it goes you little fads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it goes you little fads
+that and they really are get better they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they really are get better they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they really are get better they
+make the instrument sound better anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the instrument sound better anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the instrument sound better anybody
+have any in uh questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any in uh questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any in uh questions about the
+inside of this can you engage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this can you engage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this can you engage the
+different stops and maybe show us I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stops and maybe show us I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stops and maybe show us I will
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um thees is asking about the stops this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thees is asking about the stops this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thees is asking about the stops this
+keyboard here the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard here the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard here the upper
+keyboard can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard can move
+in or move out and when it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the uh the mechanism that hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh the mechanism that hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh the mechanism that hits the
+back of the Jacks moves back so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the Jacks moves back so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the Jacks moves back so it can
+pluck another row of it move another row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluck another row of it move another row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluck another row of it move another row
+of these so I don't want to go very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these so I don't want to go very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these so I don't want to go very high
+but they all move but they strike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all move but they strike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all move but they strike the
+strings if it's back further if it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings if it's back further if it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings if it's back further if it comes
+out here oh that's what it is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here oh that's what it is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here oh that's what it is as you
+move back you get out of the way of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back you get out of the way of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back you get out of the way of this
+one right you move forward rather so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right you move forward rather so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right you move forward rather so
+you're not engaging the front one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not engaging the front one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not engaging the front one here
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+all this is called the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is called the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is called the front
+eight played on the upper keyboard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight played on the upper keyboard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight played on the upper keyboard so
+it's kind of confusing that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of confusing that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of confusing that seems
+backwards to me but from the inside it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards to me but from the inside it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards to me but from the inside it's
+right it's further it's closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's further it's closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's further it's closer to the
+bridge the front eight will have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge the front eight will have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge the front eight will have a more
+nasal sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal sound
+so that that we're not playing that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that we're not playing that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that we're not playing that at
+all now uh if I go you can hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all now uh if I go you can hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all now uh if I go you can hear that
+right that's the back eight it's further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the back eight it's further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the back eight it's further
+further back and then there's a 4 foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further back and then there's a 4 foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further back and then there's a 4 foot
+and it they're designated 8 foot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it they're designated 8 foot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it they're designated 8 foot and
+four foot that just taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four foot that just taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four foot that just taken from
+organ uh uh nameology what do you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ uh uh nameology what do you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ uh uh nameology what do you call
+that what's the word termin termin Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the word termin termin Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the word termin termin Tech
+ology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ology
+thanks so that's one way you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so that's one way you can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so that's one way you can make it
+louder um on the front here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder um on the front here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder um on the front here I'm going to
+put this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+yeah um these are the tuning pins here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um these are the tuning pins here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um these are the tuning pins here
+there's a tuning Hammer right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tuning Hammer right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tuning Hammer right here and
+um most people will tune one octave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most people will tune one octave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most people will tune one octave and
+then by ear tune from there octaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by ear tune from there octaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by ear tune from there octaves
+forth fifths all the way all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth fifths all the way all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth fifths all the way all the way
+down all the way up then tune the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the way up then tune the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the way up then tune the
+different registers it takes about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different registers it takes about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different registers it takes about 15
+minutes for somebody to tune a Harps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for somebody to tune a Harps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for somebody to tune a Harps
+Accord it's not like a piano it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accord it's not like a piano it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accord it's not like a piano it's
+nowhere near as hard as a piano and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near as hard as a piano and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near as hard as a piano and most
+Harps Accords don't sit there listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harps Accords don't sit there listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harps Accords don't sit there listening
+for Beats you know pianist piano tuners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Beats you know pianist piano tuners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Beats you know pianist piano tuners
+really have to do that uh harpsicord is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to do that uh harpsicord is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to do that uh harpsicord is
+most of us say okay let's just tunee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us say okay let's just tunee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us say okay let's just tunee and
+we you do it I saw somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you do it I saw somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you do it I saw somebody
+tune in Sanders Theater once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune in Sanders Theater once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune in Sanders Theater once
+uh was in the middle of a b uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was in the middle of a b uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was in the middle of a b uh at the
+time B BTO musicali concert and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time B BTO musicali concert and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time B BTO musicali concert and um the
+bright lights coming on in the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright lights coming on in the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright lights coming on in the cold
+weather heated up the harpsicord so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather heated up the harpsicord so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather heated up the harpsicord so it
+was so Out Of Tune that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so Out Of Tune that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so Out Of Tune that it was
+unbearable and so Martin Pearlman sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbearable and so Martin Pearlman sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbearable and so Martin Pearlman sat
+down at the break and tuned the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the break and tuned the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the break and tuned the whole
+well it wasn't even the break it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it wasn't even the break it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it wasn't even the break it was
+between two pieces I timed it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two pieces I timed it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two pieces I timed it it was
+three and a half minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half minutes
+was fine it was fine after that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fine it was fine after that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fine it was fine after that so it's
+amazing what you can do under a crunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing what you can do under a crunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing what you can do under a crunch
+right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+what plra how long last is it hours is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what plra how long last is it hours is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what plra how long last is it hours is
+that like a nor how long will these last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like a nor how long will these last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like a nor how long will these last
+you mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean the
+Del how how long would the Delwin stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del how how long would the Delwin stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del how how long would the Delwin stay
+in there and be playable yeah uh years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and be playable yeah uh years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and be playable yeah uh years
+years I think yeah yeah sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I think yeah yeah sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I think yeah yeah sometimes it
+cracks uh down the window middle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks uh down the window middle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks uh down the window middle and you
+can you can really tell by the sound if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can really tell by the sound if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can really tell by the sound if
+it starts sounding funny then okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts sounding funny then okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts sounding funny then okay let's
+requil oh um so you've got this you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requil oh um so you've got this you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requil oh um so you've got this you've
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+the this here is called a buff stop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this here is called a buff stop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this here is called a buff stop or
+poab this is uh let's see can we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poab this is uh let's see can we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poab this is uh let's see can we get
+this thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is leather here and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is leather here and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is leather here and you can
+actually touch it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want so that when I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so that when I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so that when I move
+this it will damp the string just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it will damp the string just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it will damp the string just a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit so it doesn't ring very much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so it doesn't ring very much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so it doesn't ring very much it's
+also called the loot stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes so that's kind of fun to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so that's kind of fun to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so that's kind of fun to play
+with some people overuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some people overuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some people overuse
+it like the sound so much you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like the sound so much you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like the sound so much you end up
+getting a lot of it here you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got so here's 1 eight and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four what you notice what if you go very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slowly they come one after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly they come one after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly they come one after the
+other and if I put on two eights and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and if I put on two eights and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and if I put on two eights and a
+four if it's really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four if it's really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four if it's really well
+well regulated harsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chord it kind of mimics what we do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord it kind of mimics what we do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord it kind of mimics what we do when
+we're playing if we're playing a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're playing if we're playing a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're playing if we're playing a big
+chord generally it's like that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord generally it's like that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord generally it's like that not
+like you can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it right you can vary the speed of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right you can vary the speed of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right you can vary the speed of those
+for you know more lushness and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know more lushness and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know more lushness and stuff
+this harpsicord I have to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this harpsicord I have to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this harpsicord I have to say uh
+we this harpsicord has had a long hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this harpsicord has had a long hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this harpsicord has had a long hard
+life here it's been here over 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life here it's been here over 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life here it's been here over 40 years
+uh it was built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was built in
+1973 uh and brought straight here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 uh and brought straight here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 uh and brought straight here it
+lived for years in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived for years in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived for years in the
+chapel uh and the weather in the chapel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapel uh and the weather in the chapel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapel uh and the weather in the chapel
+is variable right it gets really hot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is variable right it gets really hot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is variable right it gets really hot in
+the summer and really cold in the winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer and really cold in the winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer and really cold in the winter
+it's Dam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Dam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Dam
+um so this is a this is a very uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a this is a very uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a this is a very uh I have
+a big place in my heart for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big place in my heart for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big place in my heart for this
+instrument it's been through a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument it's been through a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument it's been through a lot and
+you can see it's been beat up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's been beat up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's been beat up for a
+while we had a lock on it nobody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we had a lock on it nobody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we had a lock on it nobody knows
+where the key is now and it just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the key is now and it just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the key is now and it just you
+know it's useless anyway because I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's useless anyway because I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's useless anyway because I mean
+when you have a lock what do people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a lock what do people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a lock what do people do
+they pick it and play the harps squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick it and play the harps squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick it and play the harps squ
+anyway and and for a while we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and and for a while we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and and for a while we had a
+cover the had metal so it got beat up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the had metal so it got beat up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the had metal so it got beat up a
+lot I don't know what these holes got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I don't know what these holes got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I don't know what these holes got
+drilled for but but I'm sure miss you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilled for but but I'm sure miss you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilled for but but I'm sure miss you
+know Bill Dow would be really unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bill Dow would be really unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bill Dow would be really unhappy
+with the Finish but when we had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Finish but when we had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Finish but when we had it
+rebuilt we had all the Jacks replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt we had all the Jacks replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt we had all the Jacks replaced
+they were plastic and plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were plastic and plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were plastic and plastic
+warps um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warps um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warps um and
+um so we this part had to come out every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we this part had to come out every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we this part had to come out every
+Jack got replaced every string got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack got replaced every string got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack got replaced every string got
+replaced um and the whole thing went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced um and the whole thing went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced um and the whole thing went
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+a good harpsicord to what I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good harpsicord to what I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good harpsicord to what I consider
+world class I think it's as good as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world class I think it's as good as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world class I think it's as good as any
+harpsicord you'll find in Boston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord you'll find in Boston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord you'll find in Boston and
+that's saying a lot so I mean when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying a lot so I mean when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying a lot so I mean when it
+first got delivered I had uh Peter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first got delivered I had uh Peter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first got delivered I had uh Peter and
+Christy from the library came in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christy from the library came in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christy from the library came in the
+summer and I said I was so excited so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and I said I was so excited so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and I said I was so excited so
+they came over and Peter said it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came over and Peter said it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came over and Peter said it sounds
+like it's plugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's plugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's plugged
+in so it really made a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so it really made a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so it really made a big difference
+with the sound but it's it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sound but it's it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sound but it's it's it's really
+an upgrade to more what it was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upgrade to more what it was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upgrade to more what it was then
+let's see if there's any other toys I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if there's any other toys I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if there's any other toys I
+can show you here I don't think so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you here I don't think so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you here I don't think so so
+you see we can play with one8 foot 2 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we can play with one8 foot 2 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we can play with one8 foot 2 8
+foots either 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foots either 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foots either 8
+foot the upper manual with loot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot the upper manual with loot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot the upper manual with loot
+or 1 eight and a four that's off now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 eight and a four that's off now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 eight and a four that's off now
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+or 28 and a four which is the most sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 28 and a four which is the most sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 28 and a four which is the most sound
+you're going to get get out of it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get get out of it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get get out of it which
+is quite a lot here if you play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite a lot here if you play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite a lot here if you play the
+upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+can you also play the the lower without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you also play the the lower without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you also play the the lower without
+yeah yeah yeah so you if you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah so you if you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah so you if you put the
+loot stop on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loot stop on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loot stop on it's
+just yeah on this instrument a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah on this instrument a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah on this instrument a lot of
+instruments will have the loot stop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments will have the loot stop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments will have the loot stop on
+the bottom manual so every instrument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom manual so every instrument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom manual so every instrument is
+somewhat different so you always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different so you always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different so you always have to
+check out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out
+okay where's the loot stop where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where's the loot stop where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where's the loot stop where's the
+8ot where's the 4 foot um and stuff yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8ot where's the 4 foot um and stuff yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8ot where's the 4 foot um and stuff yeah
+Anthony do you normally change those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony do you normally change those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony do you normally change those in
+the middle of a piece or would that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a piece or would that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a piece or would that just
+be it depends on the piece um a a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it depends on the piece um a a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it depends on the piece um a a piece
+by liy he there's one you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by liy he there's one you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by liy he there's one you know one
+movement straight through it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement straight through it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement straight through it's called
+Continuum okay he's playing changing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum okay he's playing changing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum okay he's playing changing a
+lot so you need a really good page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so you need a really good page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so you need a really good page
+Turner but most early pieces I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turner but most early pieces I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turner but most early pieces I don't
+change uh there's if I get to it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh there's if I get to it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh there's if I get to it there's
+one piece today where I will go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece today where I will go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece today where I will go from one
+manual to the other and you'll hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual to the other and you'll hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual to the other and you'll hear that
+but mostly I'll play one piece on One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mostly I'll play one piece on One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mostly I'll play one piece on One
+Stop any other questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stop any other questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stop any other questions about the
+instrument I'm going to ask the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument I'm going to ask the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument I'm going to ask the obvious
+one yeah please why are the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah please why are the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah please why are the keys
+reversed in color why are the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed in color why are the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed in color why are the keys
+reversed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed in
+color uh can't answer that I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color uh can't answer that I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color uh can't answer that I think it's
+what the Builder liked yeah yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Builder liked yeah yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Builder liked yeah yeah I mean
+you find instruments with the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find instruments with the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find instruments with the light
+wood down here and the dark wood up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood down here and the dark wood up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood down here and the dark wood up here
+so you find a lot of lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find a lot of lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find a lot of lot of different
+variations of it and that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of it and that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of it and that's one thing
+that Builders really take pride in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Builders really take pride in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Builders really take pride in
+is their choice of woods both for sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their choice of woods both for sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their choice of woods both for sound
+and for beauty so they're they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for beauty so they're they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for beauty so they're they're really
+building a fine piece of furniture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a fine piece of furniture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a fine piece of furniture at
+the same time that they're building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that they're building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that they're building a
+fine instrument yeah uh do you Happ to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine instrument yeah uh do you Happ to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine instrument yeah uh do you Happ to
+know what the these keys are made I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the these keys are made I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the these keys are made I
+don't I don't know Woods that well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know Woods that well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know Woods that well but
+um you know if there were an expert here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if there were an expert here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if there were an expert here
+you can see there are two kinds of wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there are two kinds of wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there are two kinds of wood
+also notice that underneath the keys if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also notice that underneath the keys if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also notice that underneath the keys if
+you come around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come around here
+they are hollowed out some are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are hollowed out some are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are hollowed out some are some
+instruments have them even more hollowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments have them even more hollowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments have them even more hollowed
+out actually the upper manual reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out actually the upper manual reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out actually the upper manual reach
+through just come in touch uh if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through just come in touch uh if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through just come in touch uh if you go
+here well that one you can feel those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well that one you can feel those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well that one you can feel those
+those are hul it out a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are hul it out a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are hul it out a little bit
+there and the upper manual also that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the upper manual also that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the upper manual also that's
+to make the keys lighter the Upp more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the keys lighter the Upp more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the keys lighter the Upp more
+I'm not sure they are now that I put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure they are now that I put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure they are now that I put my
+fingers in there more they are are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers in there more they are are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers in there more they are are they
+but that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a good
+question I don't know it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't know it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't know it's an
+interesting question I'm sure he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question I'm sure he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question I'm sure he had a
+reason knowing harpsicord Builders right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason knowing harpsicord Builders right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason knowing harpsicord Builders right
+they're so meticulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so meticulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so meticulous
+unbelievable it's not the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable it's not the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable it's not the length of the
+key is it because the top manual can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is it because the top manual can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is it because the top manual can
+move in and out would that need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in and out would that need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in and out would that need a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+balance it's possible because the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance it's possible because the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance it's possible because the keys
+are closer to the plucking point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closer to the plucking point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closer to the plucking point that
+they want them lighter I know uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want them lighter I know uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want them lighter I know uh there's
+a Flemish uh virginal over um Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Flemish uh virginal over um Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Flemish uh virginal over um Peter
+Sykes my teacher has a Flemish virginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sykes my teacher has a Flemish virginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sykes my teacher has a Flemish virginal
+and as you get to the lower the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you get to the lower the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you get to the lower the the the
+character of it the strings are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of it the strings are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of it the strings are coming
+here here and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and the and the
+uh the plucking points get closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the plucking points get closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the plucking points get closer and
+closer to the keys the lower you get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the keys the lower you get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the keys the lower you get so
+by the time you get down here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you get down here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you get down here in this
+register they're very hard to push down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register they're very hard to push down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register they're very hard to push down
+and if you get too far into the key you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you get too far into the key you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you get too far into the key you
+can't push them down at all because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't push them down at all because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't push them down at all because the
+might be right on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be right on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be right on the other side of the
+board so you need more leverage so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so you need more leverage so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so you need more leverage so it's
+possible that you know because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that you know because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that you know because you have
+less leverage here it's a theory not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less leverage here it's a theory not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less leverage here it's a theory not
+sure and I think Mr D is dead I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I think Mr D is dead I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I think Mr D is dead I think he
+died recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died recently
+so um yeah Mr hubard died in the 70s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um yeah Mr hubard died in the 70s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um yeah Mr hubard died in the 70s so
+um Bill Dow was around a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Bill Dow was around a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Bill Dow was around a lot
+longer okay any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer okay any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer okay any other questions about
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+let's get some music going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay even as Jean plays we should feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even as Jean plays we should feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even as Jean plays we should feel
+free to to wander around look you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to to wander around look you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to to wander around look you know
+peek underneath uh listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peek underneath uh listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peek underneath uh listen to the
+harpsicord from different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord from different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord from different parts of the
+room because it does sound different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because it does sound different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because it does sound different in
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+areas and feel free to peek over my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and feel free to peek over my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and feel free to peek over my
+shoulder if you want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder if you want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder if you want to look at the
+music are you using printed music or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music are you using printed music or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music are you using printed music or are
+you using your iPad I'm using my iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using your iPad I'm using my iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using your iPad I'm using my iPad
+but it has music on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oh one piece I'm playing with music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh one piece I'm playing with music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh one piece I'm playing with music
+with uh you know if I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and look underneath too the the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and look underneath too the the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and look underneath too the the fact
+that this you know and we've got a piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this you know and we've got a piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this you know and we've got a piano
+next to it so we've got you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it so we've got you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it so we've got you can see how
+it's solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solid
+here right and if you look under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and if you look under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and if you look under the
+piano you'll see that it's rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano you'll see that it's rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano you'll see that it's rather
+different rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different what I don't know what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what I don't know what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what I don't know what type of
+wood this is this is the soundboard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood this is this is the soundboard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood this is this is the soundboard is
+generally Spruce I think but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is uh yeah uh oh what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh yeah uh oh what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh yeah uh oh what is that
+called what's is called The Medallion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called what's is called The Medallion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called what's is called The Medallion
+yeah um the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um the S
+hole that's what it is yeah it's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole that's what it is yeah it's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole that's what it is yeah it's like an
+f-hole but it's a you know it's and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-hole but it's a you know it's and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-hole but it's a you know it's and you
+know you'll see different decorations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll see different decorations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll see different decorations in
+here some of these harps of cords are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some of these harps of cords are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some of these harps of cords are
+beautifully painted there's a woman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully painted there's a woman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully painted there's a woman in
+town Sheridan German who also wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town Sheridan German who also wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town Sheridan German who also wrote a
+book uh but she used to make her living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh but she used to make her living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh but she used to make her living
+just painting harpsicord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just painting harpsicord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just painting harpsicord
+soundboards uh yeah it is pretty cool um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundboards uh yeah it is pretty cool um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundboards uh yeah it is pretty cool um
+William Hyman who was a great maker uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Hyman who was a great maker uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Hyman who was a great maker uh
+was Jewish and so he always put moan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Jewish and so he always put moan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Jewish and so he always put moan
+David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David
+in in uh in his Harps Accords and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in his Harps Accords and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in his Harps Accords and when
+David way copied them he did the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David way copied them he did the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David way copied them he did the same so
+I'm going to just play a sampling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just play a sampling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just play a sampling of
+pieces from different countries so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces from different countries so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces from different countries so you
+get an idea of what stylistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an idea of what stylistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an idea of what stylistic
+differences existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences existed
+um be aware that some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be aware that some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be aware that some of these
+people traveled a lot so we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people traveled a lot so we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people traveled a lot so we'll talk
+about each composer a little bit as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each composer a little bit as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each composer a little bit as we
+go along I always run out of time but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along I always run out of time but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along I always run out of time but um
+so this is William bird a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is William bird a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is William bird a lot of people
+know him from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know him from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know him from you know
+singing um wrote a lot of vocal music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing um wrote a lot of vocal music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing um wrote a lot of vocal music
+and a lot of keyboard music these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of keyboard music these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of keyboard music these pieces
+are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh
+from Fitz William uh virginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Fitz William uh virginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Fitz William uh virginal
+book and I can't remember when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I can't remember when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I can't remember when it was
+discovered it was discovered somewhere a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it was discovered somewhere a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it was discovered somewhere a
+whole bunch of you know British uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of you know British uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of you know British uh
+composers and it was collected there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers and it was collected there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers and it was collected there all
+kinds of Legends around it like somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Legends around it like somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Legends around it like somebody
+you know this guy trian maybe copied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this guy trian maybe copied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this guy trian maybe copied the
+whole thing in prison except he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing in prison except he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing in prison except he wasn't
+in prison long enough to really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prison long enough to really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prison long enough to really have
+done that and so there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that and so there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that and so there are lots of
+questions around you know what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions around you know what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions around you know what it was
+there's no evidence that Queen Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no evidence that Queen Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no evidence that Queen Elizabeth
+the first actually knew the book even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first actually knew the book even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first actually knew the book even
+though it was named for her she did play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was named for her she did play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was named for her she did play
+virginal she was a good musician so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virginal she was a good musician so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virginal she was a good musician so um
+we know that so Legends grow up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that so Legends grow up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that so Legends grow up and
+they're always fun we do so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always fun we do so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always fun we do so I'm going to
+play this with two eights this is wo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this with two eights this is wo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this with two eights this is wo's
+wild a lot of these have great titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild a lot of these have great titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild a lot of these have great titles
+this is one of the more kind of downto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the more kind of downto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the more kind of downto
+Earth titles wo's wild is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth titles wo's wild is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth titles wo's wild is just
+somebody's um piece of land where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's um piece of land where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's um piece of land where people
+like to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hunting and you notice what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting and you notice what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting and you notice what the
+baselines doing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Baseline very simple lot of lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Baseline very simple lot of lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Baseline very simple lot of lot of
+variation in the writing you hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the writing you hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the writing you hear that
+I'm going to skip this next piece and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip this next piece and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip this next piece and I
+have four foot on right y um and hop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four foot on right y um and hop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four foot on right y um and hop to
+Rome Fresco Baldi was a great Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome Fresco Baldi was a great Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome Fresco Baldi was a great Roman
+organist uh ended up at he started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organist uh ended up at he started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organist uh ended up at he started out
+at Santa Maria TR Trav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Santa Maria TR Trav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Santa Maria TR Trav
+which if you've been to Rome it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you've been to Rome it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you've been to Rome it's on the
+other side of the tber river and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the tber river and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the tber river and it's a
+beautiful church I've been I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful church I've been I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful church I've been I've been
+there so he was organist there for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so he was organist there for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so he was organist there for a
+while and then he went to Brussels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then he went to Brussels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then he went to Brussels so
+and stayed for four years and came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stayed for four years and came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stayed for four years and came back
+and ended up playing being the organist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ended up playing being the organist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ended up playing being the organist
+in St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in St
+Peters um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters um
+but he was very well known Takata as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was very well known Takata as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was very well known Takata as you
+know is a it's a touch piece it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is a it's a touch piece it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is a it's a touch piece it's
+uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's
+improvisatory he wrote it down so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisatory he wrote it down so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisatory he wrote it down so uh we
+don't have to improvise it but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to improvise it but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to improvise it but it has
+that feeling to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+thanks thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks thank
+you so you can see how he uses the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you can see how he uses the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you can see how he uses the sound
+of the harps card this piece actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harps card this piece actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harps card this piece actually
+would be better played on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better played on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better played on the
+Italian Harps Accord which is lives up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian Harps Accord which is lives up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian Harps Accord which is lives up
+in my office right now so if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my office right now so if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my office right now so if any of you
+want to come and try that sometime just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come and try that sometime just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come and try that sometime just
+send me an email and I'll uh give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me an email and I'll uh give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me an email and I'll uh give you a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+private demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private demo
+what this is a French double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is a French double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is a French double
+we were talking about how it fills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about how it fills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about how it fills the
+space right and that's partly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right and that's partly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right and that's partly the
+registration you've chosen but also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration you've chosen but also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration you've chosen but also just
+the way the instrument is constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the instrument is constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the instrument is constructed
+it's the way the instrument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way the instrument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way the instrument is
+constructed and wired and voiced which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed and wired and voiced which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed and wired and voiced which
+means how thick the delin is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means how thick the delin is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means how thick the delin is how you
+know how it's how it's shaped all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it's how it's shaped all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it's how it's shaped all those
+little tiny details are what makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny details are what makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny details are what makes it
+this this instrument in particular of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this instrument in particular of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this instrument in particular of of
+all the instruments here will fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the instruments here will fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the instruments here will fill the
+space more and and more beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space more and and more beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space more and and more beautifully
+really it sings it really sings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it sings it really sings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it sings it really sings
+Tommy for piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy for piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy for piano
+andp what an interesting question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andp what an interesting question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andp what an interesting question uh
+Elliot Carter wrote a concerto for piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot Carter wrote a concerto for piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot Carter wrote a concerto for piano
+and harps ofor uh I think in the 60s 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and harps ofor uh I think in the 60s 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and harps ofor uh I think in the 60s 50s
+or 60s so uh that's one one I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 60s so uh that's one one I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 60s so uh that's one one I know I
+think there is a possibility of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is a possibility of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is a possibility of a lot of
+the keyboard Duets being played there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keyboard Duets being played there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keyboard Duets being played there's
+a c PE ebach double isn't there a yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c PE ebach double isn't there a yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c PE ebach double isn't there a yeah
+harpsicord piano Forte piano um canero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord piano Forte piano um canero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harpsicord piano Forte piano um canero
+also that was one of the first pieces I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that was one of the first pieces I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that was one of the first pieces I
+ever played when I was playing early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played when I was playing early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played when I was playing early in
+instruments horrible horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments horrible horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments horrible horn
+writing well when he learned to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing well when he learned to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing well when he learned to do that
+from his father Johan would create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his father Johan would create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his father Johan would create
+double double concertos conero for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double double concertos conero for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double double concertos conero for four
+harps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harps of
+cords right he had he had a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords right he had he had a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords right he had he had a lot of fun
+with multiple harps of chords can share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple harps of chords can share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple harps of chords can share
+those right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so Johan yakob froberger was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Johan yakob froberger was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Johan yakob froberger was
+German but uh shortly after he got I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German but uh shortly after he got I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German but uh shortly after he got I
+think he went to Vienna and shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he went to Vienna and shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he went to Vienna and shortly
+after he got his job in Vienna he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he got his job in Vienna he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he got his job in Vienna he
+applied for a grant to go study with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied for a grant to go study with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied for a grant to go study with
+Fresco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fresco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fresco
+Baldi and spent quite a bit of time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baldi and spent quite a bit of time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baldi and spent quite a bit of time with
+frescobaldi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frescobaldi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frescobaldi
+froberger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froberger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froberger
+um also went to England there's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also went to England there's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also went to England there's a famous
+piece about uh you know that he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece about uh you know that he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece about uh you know that he wrote
+after he went to England he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he went to England he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he went to England he had a
+horrible time in England and was robbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible time in England and was robbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible time in England and was robbed
+by pirates on his way over and wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pirates on his way over and wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pirates on his way over and wrote a
+very uh you know a lament about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh you know a lament about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh you know a lament about that
+that event this particular one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event this particular one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event this particular one is a
+meditation who who knows French in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditation who who knows French in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditation who who knows French in here
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit Med f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he's writing about his own future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's writing about his own future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's writing about his own future
+death and at the end in this at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death and at the end in this at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death and at the end in this at the end
+he wrote m m Mor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote m m Mor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote m m Mor
+Mor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor
+broberger so the very last note is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broberger so the very last note is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broberger so the very last note is when
+he dies so he's a very uh you can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he dies so he's a very uh you can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he dies so he's a very uh you can hear
+some of the influence of frescobaldi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the influence of frescobaldi in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the influence of frescobaldi in
+this meditation but you can also hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meditation but you can also hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meditation but you can also hear
+French influence he was a very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French influence he was a very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French influence he was a very um
+well-traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-traveled
+and very well-known and highly respected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very well-known and highly respected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very well-known and highly respected
+composer of his time only recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer of his time only recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer of his time only recently
+started you know being rediscovered we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you know being rediscovered we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you know being rediscovered we
+don't know a lot about his life but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a lot about his life but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a lot about his life but we
+do know he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know he was
+around so I'm going to do this also on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so I'm going to do this also on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so I'm going to do this also on
+18 I'm try and get my foot pedal working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 I'm try and get my foot pedal working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 I'm try and get my foot pedal working
+a little bit better here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's would normally have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's would normally have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's would normally have two
+repeats in it so you could enjoy it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats in it so you could enjoy it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats in it so you could enjoy it a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+longer can we talk about ornaments yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer can we talk about ornaments yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer can we talk about ornaments yes
+maybe there were a few that you added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there were a few that you added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there were a few that you added
+yourself or this is this all designated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or this is this all designated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or this is this all designated
+by froberger all the ornaments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by froberger all the ornaments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by froberger all the ornaments are
+designated by froberger in here um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated by froberger in here um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated by froberger in here um you
+have kind of a choice of whether to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of a choice of whether to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of a choice of whether to do
+them or not and you have a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or not and you have a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or not and you have a choice of
+whether to add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh What uh you know ornaments come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh What uh you know ornaments come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh What uh you know ornaments come in
+several different styles and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different styles and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different styles and you know
+you've got in the the bird you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got in the the bird you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got in the the bird you have two
+little lines across the top um and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lines across the top um and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lines across the top um and I can
+show you that later and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that later and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that later and there was a
+question about what those little things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about what those little things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about what those little things
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+and we've gotten so that if we're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've gotten so that if we're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've gotten so that if we're coming
+from below we go One Direction we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below we go One Direction we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below we go One Direction we just
+do a little Morant or a Trill and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little Morant or a Trill and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little Morant or a Trill and if
+you're coming from above you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming from above you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming from above you do the
+other direction uh sometimes if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction uh sometimes if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction uh sometimes if you have
+uh if if two notes together and he puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if two notes together and he puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if two notes together and he puts
+that little thing over we'll do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little thing over we'll do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little thing over we'll do just
+this uh what's that called a Kool-Aid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh what's that called a Kool-Aid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh what's that called a Kool-Aid
+tears you have you know a little thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tears you have you know a little thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tears you have you know a little thing
+that joins a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joins a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joins a
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+um and um we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um we also
+can fill in between notes there lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill in between notes there lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill in between notes there lots of
+things we can do with ornaments um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do with ornaments um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do with ornaments um well
+don't I don't like to overdo them if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't like to overdo them if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't like to overdo them if it
+cuts away from the line you find a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts away from the line you find a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts away from the line you find a lot
+more in the French music and um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the French music and um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the French music and um we're
+GNA do I'm going to do the Lou cooperan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GNA do I'm going to do the Lou cooperan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GNA do I'm going to do the Lou cooperan
+here he this is a really interesting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he this is a really interesting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he this is a really interesting you
+saw the all the whole notes in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the all the whole notes in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the all the whole notes in here so
+it why don't you come up and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why don't you come up and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why don't you come up and look at
+this because the Lou cpram he only lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the Lou cpram he only lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the Lou cpram he only lived
+to be 35 he published none of his music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 35 he published none of his music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 35 he published none of his music
+in his lifetime um but he came from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his lifetime um but he came from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his lifetime um but he came from a
+musical family and franois keran was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical family and franois keran was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical family and franois keran was his
+nephew franois the great uh who put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nephew franois the great uh who put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nephew franois the great uh who put out
+tremendous amounts of Music in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amounts of Music in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amounts of Music in his
+lifetime Louie uh was working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime Louie uh was working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime Louie uh was working on a
+different career but career path but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different career but career path but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different career but career path but he
+was an organist in s Jer U um in Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an organist in s Jer U um in Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an organist in s Jer U um in Paris
+eventually and uh very very talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually and uh very very talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually and uh very very talented
+musician wrote a lot of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician wrote a lot of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician wrote a lot of different things
+but this unmeasured Prelude is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this unmeasured Prelude is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this unmeasured Prelude is a lot of
+whole notes but there there things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole notes but there there things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole notes but there there things to
+point out which you've probably talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out which you've probably talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out which you've probably talked
+about the lines that go where you hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the lines that go where you hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the lines that go where you hold
+these notes longer um and when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes longer um and when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes longer um and when you see
+two notes close together like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notes close together like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notes close together like this
+almost always it's like this um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always it's like this um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always it's like this um when you
+see a chord being filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a chord being filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a chord being filled
+in it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not not all the same length when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not all the same length when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not all the same length when you see
+a chord you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so that's written out ornaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so that's written out ornaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so that's written out ornaments
+around a broken cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a broken cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a broken cord
+basically um and there are other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um and there are other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um and there are other places
+here uh here's a little ornament he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh here's a little ornament he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh here's a little ornament he
+writes actually writes in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes actually writes in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes actually writes in a little
+Morant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morant
+here um no I'm done with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um no I'm done with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um no I'm done with you
+uh sometimes you want to add a rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes you want to add a rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes you want to add a rhythm
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see you might want to add add a rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you might want to add add a rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you might want to add add a rhythm
+to that so they just look you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so they just look you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so they just look you know
+they're all whole notes uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all whole notes uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all whole notes uh and
+then there's something else I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's something else I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's something else I wanted to
+show you which I'm not seeing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I think that's that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think that's that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think that's that's going to be
+about it so all those kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so all those kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so all those kinds of things
+can happen you do have a lot of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen you do have a lot of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen you do have a lot of freedom
+in here and it's not exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and it's not exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and it's not exactly the same
+every time I play it so let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I play it so let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I play it so let's just do
+this one this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this little
+Prelude um this is about three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prelude um this is about three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prelude um this is about three and a
+half minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I going to do just one eight on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I going to do just one eight on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I going to do just one eight on this
+it's my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Louie do you love that as much as I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louie do you love that as much as I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louie do you love that as much as I do
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+yeah you guys yeah I just I I just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you guys yeah I just I I just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you guys yeah I just I I just think
+it's really incredible and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really incredible and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really incredible and it's so
+surprising sometimes he just oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising sometimes he just oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising sometimes he just oh my
+goodness where did he get how did he get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness where did he get how did he get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness where did he get how did he get
+there and just well I think that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and just well I think that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and just well I think that's true
+the Fresco Baldi the bird they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fresco Baldi the bird they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fresco Baldi the bird they all have
+these moments of surprise and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these moments of surprise and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these moments of surprise and I think
+you know we don't expect that out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't expect that out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't expect that out of
+harps Accord music or these composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harps Accord music or these composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harps Accord music or these composers
+right right you get used to hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right you get used to hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right you get used to hearing
+Carelli and and Vivaldi as your Baroque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carelli and and Vivaldi as your Baroque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carelli and and Vivaldi as your Baroque
+music you know goto people and as great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music you know goto people and as great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music you know goto people and as great
+as that music is it's not so full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that music is it's not so full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that music is it's not so full of
+full of surprises as this the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of surprises as this the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of surprises as this the other
+thing I don't as you guys have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I don't as you guys have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I don't as you guys have been
+going around the room it the sound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the room it the sound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the room it the sound of
+the instrument changes and what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument changes and what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument changes and what I just
+sort of tested out for myself the chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tested out for myself the chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tested out for myself the chi
+right or the the the kind of resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or the the the kind of resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or the the the kind of resistance
+you can almost hear it more in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost hear it more in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost hear it more in the back
+of the space than in the front or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space than in the front or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space than in the front or you
+know is that if you guys want you wander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that if you guys want you wander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that if you guys want you wander
+around tell me if I'm right um I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around tell me if I'm right um I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around tell me if I'm right um I I just
+find that fascinating how the sound can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that fascinating how the sound can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that fascinating how the sound can
+change based on where you are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change based on where you are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change based on where you are in this
+exactly yeah and it would sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah and it would sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah and it would sound
+different in a different different room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in a different different room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in a different different room
+I mean I always felt like nicest place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I always felt like nicest place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I always felt like nicest place
+to hear a Harps SC was in a really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear a Harps SC was in a really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear a Harps SC was in a really small
+small space chamber chamber setting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small space chamber chamber setting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small space chamber chamber setting but
+it could be pretty nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be pretty nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be pretty nice and
+in a larger one too um let's see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a larger one too um let's see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a larger one too um let's see it's
+hard for me to choose it was hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to choose it was hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to choose it was hard for me
+to choose this music because there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose this music because there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose this music because there's so
+much great music and every composer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much great music and every composer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much great music and every composer has
+so many different styles um I think I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different styles um I think I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different styles um I think I'd
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+to well the book Auda is really pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well the book Auda is really pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well the book Auda is really pretty
+short so I want to just play oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so I want to just play oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so I want to just play oh there's
+this shakon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shakon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shakon
+too let me play the shakon for you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too let me play the shakon for you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too let me play the shakon for you this
+is a different different kind of Louie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different different kind of Louie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different different kind of Louie
+cpra um and I'm going to put two eights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cpra um and I'm going to put two eights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cpra um and I'm going to put two eights
+on for this uh but I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for this uh but I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for this uh but I'm going to be
+moving a little bit from One keyboard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little bit from One keyboard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little bit from One keyboard to
+another for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another for
+uh a little sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little sound
+variation um this is the only piece I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation um this is the only piece I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation um this is the only piece I'm
+doing that in uh and the shakon he keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that in uh and the shakon he keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that in uh and the shakon he keeps
+coming back it's almost like a Rondo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back it's almost like a Rondo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back it's almost like a Rondo
+form you you do the tune and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you you do the tune and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you you do the tune and then you do
+a little in between then you come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little in between then you come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little in between then you come back
+and do it again and then again and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it again and then again and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it again and then again and then
+again so you'll you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I didn't want that to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can hear how he really takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can hear how he really takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can hear how he really takes
+advantage of the low register of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the low register of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the low register of the
+instrument um and a lot of French music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument um and a lot of French music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument um and a lot of French music
+is like that they really take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that they really take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that they really take advantage
+of it Bach does it also in his uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it Bach does it also in his uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it Bach does it also in his uh I want
+to wrap up but he does it in in his one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap up but he does it in in his one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap up but he does it in in his one
+of his French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his French
+Suites um I'm leaving out all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suites um I'm leaving out all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suites um I'm leaving out all kinds of
+people I'd love to share with you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I'd love to share with you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I'd love to share with you but
+you'll have a chance to hear more music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a chance to hear more music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a chance to hear more music
+um and I'm just going to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm just going to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm just going to play the
+beginning of this and then let you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this and then let you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this and then let you guys
+play some this is the uh Alam from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play some this is the uh Alam from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play some this is the uh Alam from the
+EF flat French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suite and I'm back to 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can hear how he uses the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can hear how he uses the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can hear how he uses the low
+register but he's also using a steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register but he's also using a steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register but he's also using a steel
+bris to imitate loot guitar playing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bris to imitate loot guitar playing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bris to imitate loot guitar playing um
+from earlier he was they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earlier he was they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earlier he was they were all
+influenced a lot by Deni goer who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced a lot by Deni goer who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced a lot by Deni goer who was a
+a loot composer in in France and earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loot composer in in France and earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loot composer in in France and earlier
+so you know we these are all individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we these are all individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we these are all individual
+16th notes but we hold them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through to create the chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to create the chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to create the chords
+so come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try and ask any questions that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and ask any questions that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and ask any questions that you'd
+like there's a resonance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a resonance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a resonance to the
+instrument that we maybe don't give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that we maybe don't give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that we maybe don't give it
+credit for right we always the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for right we always the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for right we always the the the
+thing is harps of chords never sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is harps of chords never sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is harps of chords never sustain
+pianos do but I think today has bellied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pianos do but I think today has bellied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pianos do but I think today has bellied
+that right there's a sustain to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there's a sustain to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there's a sustain to this
+instrument that we don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that we don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that we don't necessarily
+give it credit for right it really does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it credit for right it really does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it credit for right it really does
+uh this one especially really blossoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one especially really blossoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one especially really blossoms
+in the space and you can hear that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space and you can hear that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space and you can hear that sound
+at all or can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all or can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all or can
+you is it different to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind
+of yeah yeah so that's why they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah yeah so that's why they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah yeah so that's why they often
+play Harps Accord the instrument right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Harps Accord the instrument right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Harps Accord the instrument right
+you all got to try the organ how's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different yeah then try again there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah then try again there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah then try again there you
+go you got the loot stop yeah right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you got the loot stop yeah right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you got the loot stop yeah right but
+until the key actually comes back up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the key actually comes back up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the key actually comes back up you
+can't reiterate the sound right and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't reiterate the sound right and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't reiterate the sound right and it's
+a much slower if you're used to a piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much slower if you're used to a piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much slower if you're used to a piano
+you're not going to be able to do it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to do it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to do it as
+quickly as you think right yeah cool um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as you think right yeah cool um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as you think right yeah cool um
+well you're in the loot now so if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're in the loot now so if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're in the loot now so if you go
+to the right you'll Engage The Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right you'll Engage The Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right you'll Engage The Other
+sound there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound there you
+go to but then each note you don't to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to but then each note you don't to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to but then each note you don't to
+tune each note well I mean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune each note well I mean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune each note well I mean there are
+three stops on here so every note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stops on here so every note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stops on here so every note here
+you'll have three yeah three strings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have three yeah three strings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have three yeah three strings for
+every note but but I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every note but but I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every note but but I don't know
+piano it's much more difficult to tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano it's much more difficult to tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano it's much more difficult to tune
+that and also when you're tuning for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and also when you're tuning for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and also when you're tuning for um
+supposed to be one eight or you put 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be one eight or you put 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be one eight or you put 1
+time 8 foot oh okay went 2 * 8 or two 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 8 foot oh okay went 2 * 8 or two 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 8 foot oh okay went 2 * 8 or two 2
+* 8 plus 4 foot you can do that do many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 8 plus 4 foot you can do that do many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 8 plus 4 foot you can do that do many
+people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the
+Baro t
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j8ygU5VT8BQ.txt b/j8ygU5VT8BQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..986e1419c1a4d43a2a02b0942ad9ed2f9fdc0f5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j8ygU5VT8BQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9704 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um because we haven't gotten that far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we haven't gotten that far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we haven't gotten that far in
+class to understand what this protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to understand what this protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to understand what this protein is
+it's the focus of the paper I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the focus of the paper I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the focus of the paper I still
+think the paper paper is straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the paper paper is straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the paper paper is straightforward
+to understand I'm just going to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand I'm just going to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand I'm just going to put it
+into context so I decided I was having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into context so I decided I was having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into context so I decided I was having
+trouble trying to decide what to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble trying to decide what to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble trying to decide what to do and
+maybe I shouldn't have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I shouldn't have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I shouldn't have done this
+but the fact is that this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact is that this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact is that this technology
+we're going to be focusing on in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be focusing on in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be focusing on in in a
+very sort of simple way CRISPR Cass has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of simple way CRISPR Cass has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of simple way CRISPR Cass has
+taken the world by storm and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the world by storm and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the world by storm and that's the
+take-home message from this so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message from this so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message from this so you can
+sort of get what it does but really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get what it does but really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get what it does but really to
+look at the details you have to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the details you have to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the details you have to go in
+and study it and every time you pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study it and every time you pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study it and every time you pick up
+another journal you look at google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another journal you look at google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another journal you look at google
+journals there's nothing like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals there's nothing like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals there's nothing like this is
+another hundred two hundred three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hundred two hundred three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hundred two hundred three
+hundred papers published on this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred papers published on this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred papers published on this so this
+is a current technology that has taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a current technology that has taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a current technology that has taken
+off really since 2012 and so very really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off really since 2012 and so very really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off really since 2012 and so very really
+does technology is technology successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does technology is technology successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does technology is technology successful
+in that short period of time and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that short period of time and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that short period of time and so and
+it happens to have been applied to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to have been applied to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to have been applied to one
+of the key enzymes that people are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key enzymes that people are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key enzymes that people are now
+focused on in turn in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on in turn in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on in turn in terms of
+controlling cholesterol levels which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling cholesterol levels which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling cholesterol levels which is
+what we're talking about so I use it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about so I use it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about so I use it as
+an opportunity to just show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to just show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to just show you what
+this technology is has have any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology is has have any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology is has have any of you
+ever done this technology nobody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done this technology nobody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done this technology nobody in the
+last class had done the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class had done the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class had done the technology
+either but my niece is a sophomore here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but my niece is a sophomore here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but my niece is a sophomore here
+she's already she spent a whole year up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's already she spent a whole year up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's already she spent a whole year up
+doing this technology so this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this technology so this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this technology so this technology
+has moved in to the lab my lab hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has moved in to the lab my lab hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has moved in to the lab my lab hasn't
+used it either so I probably can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it either so I probably can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it either so I probably can't
+answer any of the details but it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer any of the details but it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer any of the details but it's one
+of these things that it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that it's extremely
+complicated I think I can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated I think I can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated I think I can give you a
+cartoon overview of how it works but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon overview of how it works but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon overview of how it works but if
+you're gonna use it just like every tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna use it just like every tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna use it just like every tool
+you have to study it more detail okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to study it more detail okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to study it more detail okay so
+I am gonna ask you questions and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am gonna ask you questions and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am gonna ask you questions and this is
+gonna be different from the one I did on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be different from the one I did on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be different from the one I did on
+Thursday because I spent too much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday because I spent too much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday because I spent too much time
+talking about this article Oh it'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this article Oh it'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this article Oh it'll come
+back to how many of you read these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to how many of you read these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to how many of you read these
+articles how many of you didn't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles how many of you didn't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles how many of you didn't read
+these articles okay so you your class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these articles okay so you your class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these articles okay so you your class
+is much worse than the other one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much worse than the other one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much worse than the other one the
+other one had read all the articles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one had read all the articles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one had read all the articles okay
+so we won't have a very good discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we won't have a very good discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we won't have a very good discussion
+about this and I'll tell you why I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and I'll tell you why I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and I'll tell you why I think
+you should read that but I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should read that but I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should read that but I'm not gonna
+focus on that till the end okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that till the end okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that till the end okay so the
+paper we are going to focus on is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we are going to focus on is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we are going to focus on is this
+one and this is the gene product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is the gene product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is the gene product the
+protein that has become a focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that has become a focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that has become a focus of
+attention of many people in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention of many people in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention of many people in terms of
+controlling cholesterol levels and as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling cholesterol levels and as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling cholesterol levels and as an
+alternative to statins or maybe better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to statins or maybe better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to statins or maybe better
+than statins but we haven't gotten there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than statins but we haven't gotten there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than statins but we haven't gotten there
+yet okay so this is still on the drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay so this is still on the drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay so this is still on the drawing
+board in there many people focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board in there many people focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board in there many people focus on
+clinical trials targeting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials targeting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials targeting this
+particular protein and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular protein and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular protein and so one of the
+questions that this paper out focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that this paper out focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that this paper out focused on
+and asked hopefully you all have read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked hopefully you all have read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked hopefully you all have read
+the paper it was only three pages so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it was only three pages so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it was only three pages so it
+wasn't very hard to read is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very hard to read is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very hard to read is is this
+protein important in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein important in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein important in terms of
+controlling cholesterol levels and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling cholesterol levels and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling cholesterol levels and they
+did experiments in tissue culture and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did experiments in tissue culture and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did experiments in tissue culture and in
+mice to try address that issue using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice to try address that issue using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice to try address that issue using
+CRISPR counts as a way of destroying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR counts as a way of destroying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR counts as a way of destroying the
+gene okay the gene which then destroys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene okay the gene which then destroys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene okay the gene which then destroys
+the protein okay so this other article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein okay so this other article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein okay so this other article
+sort of gives you an overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gives you an overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gives you an overview of the
+kinds of things we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things we need to think about
+which will to make the technology better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will to make the technology better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will to make the technology better
+and when technology is introduced just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when technology is introduced just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when technology is introduced just
+like if you look at unnatural amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you look at unnatural amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you look at unnatural amino
+acids that you guys looked at with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that you guys looked at with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that you guys looked at with the
+Scholtz technology I mean first 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholtz technology I mean first 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholtz technology I mean first 15 years
+Peter was doing that we collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter was doing that we collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter was doing that we collaborate
+collaborated with my lab we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with my lab we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with my lab we never
+published a single paper okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a single paper okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a single paper okay because
+the technology was not good and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology was not good and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology was not good and so now
+the technology is still not good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is still not good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is still not good but
+it's getting there and it's improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting there and it's improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting there and it's improved
+greatly so you often see something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly so you often see something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly so you often see something it
+looks oh my goodness you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks oh my goodness you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks oh my goodness you know this is
+going to be fantastic but you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fantastic but you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fantastic but you need to
+the devil is in the details okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devil is in the details okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devil is in the details okay and
+that's one of the take-home messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the take-home messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the take-home messages
+from this course anyhow okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this course anyhow okay so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this course anyhow okay so what I
+want to do is just give you a very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is just give you a very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is just give you a very brief
+overview of what I had hoped to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what I had hoped to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what I had hoped to get to
+by the end of by the end of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of by the end of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of by the end of lecture
+today and didn't quite get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and didn't quite get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and didn't quite get there
+and so we did get to the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we did get to the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we did get to the fact that we
+made LDL particles and LDL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made LDL particles and LDL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made LDL particles and LDL is
+transferred in the blood and is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred in the blood and is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred in the blood and is a major
+carrier cholesterol so it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier cholesterol so it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier cholesterol so it takes
+cholesterol from our diet and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol from our diet and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol from our diet and it's going
+to deliver it in two different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver it in two different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver it in two different kinds of
+cells and it does so there's a receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and it does so there's a receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and it does so there's a receptor
+on the surface of the cell that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the cell that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the cell that and
+these little things here these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little things here these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little things here these little
+flags are at the receptors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags are at the receptors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags are at the receptors and the
+receptors that's what we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors that's what we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors that's what we were going to
+talk about I'm going to talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about I'm going to talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about I'm going to talk about next
+lecture is low density density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is low density density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is low density density
+lipoprotein receptor okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein receptor okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein receptor okay and this is
+the basic Brown and Goldstein figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic Brown and Goldstein figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic Brown and Goldstein figured
+out that genetic mutations in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that genetic mutations in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that genetic mutations in this
+receptor and other steps associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and other steps associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and other steps associated with
+getting the receptor to the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the receptor to the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the receptor to the surface of
+the plasma membrane are responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane are responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane are responsible for
+children for the disease familial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children for the disease familial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children for the disease familial
+hypercholesterolemia with where kids die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercholesterolemia with where kids die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercholesterolemia with where kids die
+at age seven from heart attacks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age seven from heart attacks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age seven from heart attacks okay
+because of inability to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of inability to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of inability to control
+cholesterol levels okay so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels okay so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels okay so I need to
+just sort of briefly Park you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of briefly Park you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of briefly Park you through
+the model because that model is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model because that model is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model because that model is related
+to the effect of this protein you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the effect of this protein you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the effect of this protein you were
+reading about in the paper that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about in the paper that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about in the paper that you were
+supposed to read for today okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to read for today okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to read for today okay so this
+lipoprotein can bind to the receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein can bind to the receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein can bind to the receptor
+this is a plasma membrane you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plasma membrane you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plasma membrane you see there
+are three receptors the receptors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three receptors the receptors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three receptors the receptors have
+to cluster to be successful at somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cluster to be successful at somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cluster to be successful at somehow
+by mechanisms that are moderately well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mechanisms that are moderately well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mechanisms that are moderately well
+understood can engulf the LDL particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood can engulf the LDL particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood can engulf the LDL particle
+and form a little vesicle and little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form a little vesicle and little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form a little vesicle and little
+vesicle is coated with a protein called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicle is coated with a protein called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicle is coated with a protein called
+clathrin okay and we'll see over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clathrin okay and we'll see over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clathrin okay and we'll see over the
+course of the rest of the semester this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the rest of the semester this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the rest of the semester this
+is used over and over again so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used over and over again so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used over and over again so it's
+class right as a way of taking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right as a way of taking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right as a way of taking up
+nutrients into the cell so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients into the cell so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients into the cell so this is a
+major mechanism of doing that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major mechanism of doing that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major mechanism of doing that and then
+what happens is the clathrin is removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is the clathrin is removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is the clathrin is removed
+biochemically it's removed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemically it's removed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemically it's removed and
+somatically and what you're left with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatically and what you're left with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatically and what you're left with is
+a vesicle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vesicle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vesicle that
+fuses with an endosome and so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuses with an endosome and so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuses with an endosome and so that's a
+little organelle with lipid membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little organelle with lipid membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little organelle with lipid membranes
+that is acidic and when the LDL protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is acidic and when the LDL protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is acidic and when the LDL protein
+gets into the interior of this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the interior of this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the interior of this little
+vesicle and the pH is lower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicle and the pH is lower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicle and the pH is lower than the
+normal pH goes from seven and a half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal pH goes from seven and a half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal pH goes from seven and a half to
+five to transfer it transference the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to transfer it transference the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to transfer it transference the LDL
+receptor dissociates from the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor dissociates from the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor dissociates from the LDL
+particle and so then what happens by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and so then what happens by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and so then what happens by
+mechanisms that are really still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that are really still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that are really still
+incompletely understood the receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompletely understood the receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompletely understood the receptors
+can recycle to the surface okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recycle to the surface okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recycle to the surface okay
+and what happens is that when some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is that when some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is that when some of
+them recycled to the surface you're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them recycled to the surface you're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them recycled to the surface you're left
+with an LDL particle that fuses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an LDL particle that fuses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an LDL particle that fuses with
+another organelle called the lysosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another organelle called the lysosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another organelle called the lysosome
+and then this LDL particle goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this LDL particle goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this LDL particle goes into the
+lysosome the lysosome is sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysosome the lysosome is sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysosome the lysosome is sort of like a
+proteasome it's it's a bag of proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome it's it's a bag of proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome it's it's a bag of proteases
+and lipases so it just degrades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lipases so it just degrades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lipases so it just degrades
+everything in there amino acids fats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in there amino acids fats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in there amino acids fats
+everything allowing you to produce amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything allowing you to produce amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything allowing you to produce amino
+acids and cholesterol free free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and cholesterol free free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and cholesterol free free
+cholesterol and then cholesterol in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and then cholesterol in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and then cholesterol in the
+liver is often stored it gets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver is often stored it gets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver is often stored it gets us
+terrified in this store it is try acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified in this store it is try acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified in this store it is try acyl
+glycerol fatty acids esterified took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol fatty acids esterified took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol fatty acids esterified took
+cholesterol okay so the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol okay so the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol okay so the process of
+course of getting the LDL receptor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of getting the LDL receptor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of getting the LDL receptor to
+the surface is done in the rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface is done in the rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface is done in the rough
+endoplasmic reticulum because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoplasmic reticulum because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoplasmic reticulum because it's a
+membrane protein it's transferred by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane protein it's transferred by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane protein it's transferred by
+things called little coated vesicles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called little coated vesicles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called little coated vesicles and
+then somehow these little colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somehow these little colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somehow these little colored
+ethical to liver the receptor to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical to liver the receptor to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical to liver the receptor to the
+protein okay so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay so this is a very
+complicated process and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process and in fact
+mutations that are responsible for heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that are responsible for heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that are responsible for heart
+attacks occur in every step in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks occur in every step in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks occur in every step in this
+process it's not just the LDL receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not just the LDL receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not just the LDL receptor
+we will see that in class next time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that in class next time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that in class next time okay
+so the key thing you need to know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key thing you need to know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key thing you need to know for
+today is that you have LDL receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is that you have LDL receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is that you have LDL receptors
+that interact with LDL and that's key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interact with LDL and that's key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interact with LDL and that's key to
+taking the cholesterol into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the cholesterol into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the cholesterol into the cell
+that that's the take-home message just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the take-home message just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the take-home message just
+feel easy to understand okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel easy to understand okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel easy to understand okay so
+the protein we're focused on today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein we're focused on today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein we're focused on today is
+this guy pcsk9 horrible acronym which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy pcsk9 horrible acronym which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy pcsk9 horrible acronym which
+I've written down I can't even remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written down I can't even remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written down I can't even remember
+but it stands for pro protein convertase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it stands for pro protein convertase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it stands for pro protein convertase
+subtle license Texan nine okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle license Texan nine okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle license Texan nine okay so the
+important thing is subtle licen has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is subtle licen has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is subtle licen has
+anyone ever heard of subtle Ison so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever heard of subtle Ison so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever heard of subtle Ison so
+that's like comet trip Center trypsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like comet trip Center trypsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like comet trip Center trypsin
+except so it evolved convergently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except so it evolved convergently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except so it evolved convergently
+and so it is a protease okay that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is a protease okay that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is a protease okay that has a
+serine histidine and aspartic acid like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine histidine and aspartic acid like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine histidine and aspartic acid like
+you learned in protein mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned in protein mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned in protein mediated
+degradation and it's the last the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and it's the last the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and it's the last the first
+part of the module okay so and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the module okay so and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the module okay so and this
+protein was discovered we'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein was discovered we'll see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein was discovered we'll see in a
+minute again because of patience okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute again because of patience okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute again because of patience okay so
+the patients presented themselves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients presented themselves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients presented themselves in a
+funny way that's how the LDL receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny way that's how the LDL receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny way that's how the LDL receptor
+was discovered if you've read Brown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered if you've read Brown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered if you've read Brown and
+Goldstein's article which was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstein's article which was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstein's article which was one of the
+things I asked you to read you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I asked you to read you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I asked you to read you've
+already gone through that that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone through that that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone through that that was the
+thing that got brown gold seem excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that got brown gold seem excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that got brown gold seem excited
+about this what's going on why are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this what's going on why are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this what's going on why are these
+kids why do these kids have heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids why do these kids have heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids why do these kids have heart
+attacks it's such an early age can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks it's such an early age can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks it's such an early age can we
+figure out what's wrong and can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's wrong and can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's wrong and can we do
+something to fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to fix it
+and so here what happens is this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here what happens is this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here what happens is this protein
+is made as a probe protein just like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made as a probe protein just like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made as a probe protein just like any
+kind of serine protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of serine protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of serine protease
+you have a pro lots of times you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pro lots of times you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pro lots of times you have
+pre pro proteins and the process they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre pro proteins and the process they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre pro proteins and the process they
+usually self process into an active form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually self process into an active form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually self process into an active form
+and why do they have that why why does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do they have that why why does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do they have that why why does a
+protease have a pre pro sequence on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see of controlling the activity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of controlling the activity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of controlling the activity because
+if you produce a protease nobody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you produce a protease nobody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you produce a protease nobody could
+ever produce overproduce proteases why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever produce overproduce proteases why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever produce overproduce proteases why
+what happens inside the cell everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens inside the cell everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens inside the cell everything
+gets degraded okay cuz protease it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets degraded okay cuz protease it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets degraded okay cuz protease it says
+specificity but if you over produce them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity but if you over produce them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity but if you over produce them
+all your proteins to degrade it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your proteins to degrade it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your proteins to degrade it so it's
+not trivial to over produce proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trivial to over produce proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trivial to over produce proteases
+and so they have a mechanism hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they have a mechanism hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they have a mechanism hopefully
+you learned about that in introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned about that in introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned about that in introductory
+biochemistry course that makes it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry course that makes it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry course that makes it an
+active till you're ready to use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active till you're ready to use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active till you're ready to use it and
+then it Cleaves itself on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it Cleaves itself on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it Cleaves itself on something
+triggers it cleans itself and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers it cleans itself and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers it cleans itself and then it's
+ready to go and that's true here too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go and that's true here too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go and that's true here too so
+here you have this little purple worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have this little purple worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have this little purple worm
+that has to auto process to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to auto process to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to auto process to become
+active and in some way it's going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and in some way it's going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and in some way it's going to end
+up extracellular Lee and so it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up extracellular Lee and so it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up extracellular Lee and so it's got to
+go through membranes so it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through membranes so it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through membranes so it goes through
+the golgi stacks just like I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golgi stacks just like I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golgi stacks just like I just showed
+you with a cholesterol the LDL receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with a cholesterol the LDL receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with a cholesterol the LDL receptor
+and it gets extruded extracellular lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets extruded extracellular lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets extruded extracellular lee
+and that's where it is it's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where it is it's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where it is it's out there
+okay it's a process from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a process from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a process from the original
+version of it and so the working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it and so the working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it and so the working
+hypothesis is and this was based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is and this was based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is and this was based on a
+patient they found a patient where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient they found a patient where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient they found a patient where the
+LDL levels were elevated okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL levels were elevated okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL levels were elevated okay and that
+the child that had this had had early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child that had this had had early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child that had this had had early
+coronary disease that is hard to tax at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronary disease that is hard to tax at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronary disease that is hard to tax at
+an earlier age and they studied this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier age and they studied this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier age and they studied this in
+some detail and they found out that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail and they found out that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail and they found out that what
+this protein does I'm not sure we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein does I'm not sure we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein does I'm not sure we really
+understand the details of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the details of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the details of what the
+protein does was that it could bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein does was that it could bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein does was that it could bind to
+the LDL receptor okay so this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LDL receptor okay so this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LDL receptor okay so this little
+orange thing is what you just saw on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange thing is what you just saw on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange thing is what you just saw on the
+previous slide and this little this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide and this little this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide and this little this
+little blue thing is LDL so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blue thing is LDL so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blue thing is LDL so now what
+happens is instead of having just LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is instead of having just LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is instead of having just LDL
+low-density lipoprotein and the receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein and the receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein and the receptor
+you've now got another protein stuck to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now got another protein stuck to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now got another protein stuck to
+this okay and so when this protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and so when this protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and so when this protein is
+bound it also goes reso undergoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it also goes reso undergoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it also goes reso undergoes
+receptor mediated they don't show any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated they don't show any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated they don't show any
+steps here on I'm not sure if it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps here on I'm not sure if it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps here on I'm not sure if it's been
+studied in detail it also undergoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in detail it also undergoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in detail it also undergoes
+receptor mediated endocytosis so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis so it's
+taken into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into the cell
+and normally remember with the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally remember with the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally remember with the LDL
+receptor the receptor gets recycled here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor the receptor gets recycled here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor the receptor gets recycled here
+what happens something changes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens something changes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens something changes because
+of this complex and so now this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this complex and so now this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this complex and so now this complex
+is in the endosome but the LDL particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the endosome but the LDL particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the endosome but the LDL particle
+which has a cholesterol doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a cholesterol doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a cholesterol doesn't
+dissociate from the LDL receptor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate from the LDL receptor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate from the LDL receptor the
+receptor doesn't recycle but instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor doesn't recycle but instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor doesn't recycle but instead the
+whole commish the protein the receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole commish the protein the receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole commish the protein the receptor
+and the LDL particle fuse with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the LDL particle fuse with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the LDL particle fuse with a
+lysosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysosome
+which is a bag of proteases and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a bag of proteases and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a bag of proteases and it's
+degraded so what are the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded so what are the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded so what are the consequences of
+that the consequences of that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the consequences of that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the consequences of that are that
+you lower the concentrations of the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lower the concentrations of the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lower the concentrations of the LDL
+receptor on the plasma membrane okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor on the plasma membrane okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor on the plasma membrane okay and
+if you lower the concentrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lower the concentrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lower the concentrations of the
+LDL receptor on the plasma membrane what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL receptor on the plasma membrane what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL receptor on the plasma membrane what
+happens to the low-density lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the low-density lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the low-density lipoprotein
+concentrations yeah it increases and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations yeah it increases and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations yeah it increases and so
+then you're in trouble okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in trouble okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in trouble okay so that's
+the model again I haven't read a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model again I haven't read a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model again I haven't read a lot of
+papers on this it the discovery was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on this it the discovery was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on this it the discovery was made
+of this patients that had that phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this patients that had that phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this patients that had that phenotype
+in 2003 but they also found patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2003 but they also found patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2003 but they also found patients
+that had a loss of function in that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a loss of function in that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a loss of function in that with
+us and they found out that some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and they found out that some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and they found out that some of these
+patients there there are different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients there there are different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients there there are different kinds
+of patients they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients they have different
+phenotypes but they had a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes but they had a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes but they had a single
+mutation and this patients with single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and this patients with single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and this patients with single
+mutation had reduced LDL cholesterol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation had reduced LDL cholesterol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation had reduced LDL cholesterol and
+they had the same amounts or elevated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the same amounts or elevated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the same amounts or elevated
+amounts of the LDL receptor and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of the LDL receptor and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of the LDL receptor and because
+they had LDL receptor and they had lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had LDL receptor and they had lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had LDL receptor and they had lower
+cholesterol and more cluster LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and more cluster LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and more cluster LDL
+receptor to take up the cholesterol they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor to take up the cholesterol they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor to take up the cholesterol they
+had reduction in coronary disease okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had reduction in coronary disease okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had reduction in coronary disease okay
+everybody get that so that's why why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get that so that's why why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get that so that's why why do
+we care about that okay so can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about that okay so can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about that okay so can somebody
+tell me from the paper what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me from the paper what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me from the paper what was the
+take-home message from the paper why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message from the paper why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message from the paper why do
+we care about that what's unique about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about that what's unique about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about that what's unique about
+this particular protein pcsk9 compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular protein pcsk9 compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular protein pcsk9 compared
+to using statins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using statins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using statins
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you guys read the paper okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys read the paper okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys read the paper okay so the
+paper was pretty short I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was pretty short I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was pretty short I don't think
+that even if you didn't understand all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you didn't understand all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you didn't understand all
+the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details
+I thought the paper was pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought the paper was pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought the paper was pretty easy to
+understand so why do we care about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so why do we care about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so why do we care about what
+was the take-home message why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the take-home message why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the take-home message why are we
+targeting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PC yeah so but why do we want to do why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC yeah so but why do we want to do why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC yeah so but why do we want to do why
+do we want to do that we have statins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to do that we have statins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to do that we have statins
+it's Downton's you know everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Downton's you know everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Downton's you know everybody's
+gobbling statins a lot I mean every but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gobbling statins a lot I mean every but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gobbling statins a lot I mean every but
+almost every you break you probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every you break you probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every you break you probably know
+20 people that take statins I know many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 people that take statins I know many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 people that take statins I know many
+many people that takes out and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people that takes out and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people that takes out and so it's a
+wonder drug in many ways but when do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder drug in many ways but when do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder drug in many ways but when do you
+start giving statins when do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start giving statins when do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start giving statins when do people
+start taking any of you it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start taking any of you it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start taking any of you it's probably
+you know I'm probably not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm probably not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm probably not allowed to
+assess you don't have to answer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess you don't have to answer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess you don't have to answer if you
+don't want to but already if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to but already if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to but already if you take
+the statins No okay so but there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statins No okay so but there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statins No okay so but there could
+be people that have you know high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be people that have you know high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be people that have you know high
+cholesterol I mean a lot of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol I mean a lot of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol I mean a lot of it is
+genetic I eat McDonald's hamburgers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic I eat McDonald's hamburgers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic I eat McDonald's hamburgers all
+the time and I see huge amounts of ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and I see huge amounts of ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and I see huge amounts of ice
+cream and I have extremely low I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream and I have extremely low I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream and I have extremely low I have
+extremely low cholesterol levels okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low cholesterol levels okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low cholesterol levels okay
+and it's just it's genetic okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just it's genetic okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just it's genetic okay other
+people might know ID any of that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might know ID any of that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might know ID any of that stuff
+and they might have extremely high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might have extremely high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might have extremely high
+cholesterol so when when you see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so when when you see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so when when you see people
+put maybe your parents basically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put maybe your parents basically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put maybe your parents basically they're
+taking this and they it's after you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this and they it's after you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this and they it's after you have
+some issue right you have coronary heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some issue right you have coronary heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some issue right you have coronary heart
+problem you have chest pains whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have chest pains whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have chest pains whatever so
+they start looking for what could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start looking for what could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start looking for what could be
+causing that and the first thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing that and the first thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing that and the first thing they
+look for is the clogging of the arteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for is the clogging of the arteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for is the clogging of the arteries
+and so that's and that's when they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's and that's when they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's and that's when they start
+some kind of therapy like statins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of therapy like statins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of therapy like statins the
+beauty of this is if you could figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of this is if you could figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of this is if you could figure
+out if just if this model is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if just if this model is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if just if this model is correct
+that I just showed you it's if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just showed you it's if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just showed you it's if you could
+figure out how to remove or greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to remove or greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to remove or greatly
+reduce that protein then that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that protein then that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that protein then that would
+automatically you know prevent this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically you know prevent this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically you know prevent this is
+the normal function of this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal function of this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal function of this protein
+which is to degrade the LDL receptor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to degrade the LDL receptor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to degrade the LDL receptor in
+the lysosome and so what people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lysosome and so what people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lysosome and so what people have
+found and I'll get to that in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and I'll get to that in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and I'll get to that in the very
+end so if you could figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so if you could figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so if you could figure out how to
+treat you could diagnose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat you could diagnose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat you could diagnose the
+predisposition to having elevated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition to having elevated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition to having elevated
+cholesterol levels and start treating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and start treating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and start treating it
+much earlier you have a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much earlier you have a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much earlier you have a much higher
+propensity for success compared if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity for success compared if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity for success compared if you
+take statins halfway through your life I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take statins halfway through your life I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take statins halfway through your life I
+mean there's really good epidemiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's really good epidemiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's really good epidemiological
+data that support that so people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that support that so people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that support that so people are
+extremely interested in figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely interested in figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely interested in figuring out how
+do I don't think we know the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I don't think we know the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I don't think we know the details of
+the function of what this protein is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of what this protein is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of what this protein is but
+lowering this protein because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering this protein because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering this protein because the
+consequences of that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of that are
+lowering cholesterol in in the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering cholesterol in in the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering cholesterol in in the plasma
+okay so we all on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we all on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we all on the same page
+everybody understand that because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understand that because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understand that because that's
+key to thinking about the paper okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to thinking about the paper okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to thinking about the paper okay so
+the reason I picked this is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I picked this is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I picked this is people
+wanted to understand these people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to understand these people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to understand these people in
+this paper wanted to understand is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper wanted to understand is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper wanted to understand is this
+protein really important and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein really important and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein really important and so what
+they did was they want they decided they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was they want they decided they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was they want they decided they
+were gonna knock out the gene or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gonna knock out the gene or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gonna knock out the gene or do
+something to greatly reduce the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to greatly reduce the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to greatly reduce the gene
+which then would reduce the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then would reduce the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then would reduce the amount of
+protein which then would allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which then would allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which then would allow you to
+analyze the phenotypic consequences okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the phenotypic consequences okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the phenotypic consequences okay
+and what was the analysis they used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the analysis they used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the analysis they used in
+this paper they use two different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper they use two different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper they use two different kinds
+of analysis we'll look we're not not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis we'll look we're not not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis we'll look we're not not in
+detail in globally what did they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in globally what did they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in globally what did they use
+what were their model systems what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were their model systems what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were their model systems what you
+need to talk you need to talk louder cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk you need to talk louder cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk you need to talk louder cuz
+I guess yeah so they use this very on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess yeah so they use this very on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess yeah so they use this very on
+what though so that's too detailed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what though so that's too detailed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what though so that's too detailed I
+want a bigger picture so you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a bigger picture so you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a bigger picture so you you're
+right they use survey or soul assays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they use survey or soul assays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they use survey or soul assays
+that's more detailed than I want right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more detailed than I want right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more detailed than I want right
+now so they they looked at it in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so they they looked at it in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so they they looked at it in two
+ways if you look at the figures so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if you look at the figures so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if you look at the figures so what
+were the assays one was and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the assays one was and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the assays one was and in the
+survey around say what were they asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey around say what were they asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey around say what were they asking
+the blood sample is a mice so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood sample is a mice so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood sample is a mice so that's one
+of the things from the liver okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things from the liver okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things from the liver okay so
+they took liver cells from mice so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took liver cells from mice so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took liver cells from mice so they
+were using animal models okay so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using animal models okay so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using animal models okay so one of
+the questions that if you read the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that if you read the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that if you read the paper
+carefully you should be asking yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you should be asking yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you should be asking yourself
+and this is always a question when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is always a question when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is always a question when
+you're looking at therapeutic siz this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at therapeutic siz this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at therapeutic siz this
+animal model any good okay and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal model any good okay and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal model any good okay and then the
+other way that they were looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way that they were looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way that they were looking at it
+this was with tissue culture cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was with tissue culture cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was with tissue culture cells
+because in general when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in general when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in general when you start
+studying something you don't start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying something you don't start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying something you don't start on
+humans or you don't start on whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans or you don't start on whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans or you don't start on whole
+animals you need to start on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals you need to start on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals you need to start on something
+simpler and we haven't gotten to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and we haven't gotten to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and we haven't gotten to this
+yet but Brown and goldstein if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but Brown and goldstein if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but Brown and goldstein if you've
+read read the reading have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read read the reading have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read read the reading have used
+fibroblast cells and they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast cells and they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast cells and they showed
+fibroblast cells behave like liver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast cells behave like liver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast cells behave like liver and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and it turns out it had great predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out it had great predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out it had great predictive
+power it might not have but it does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it might not have but it does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it might not have but it does so
+you need some kind of a model system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some kind of a model system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some kind of a model system and
+so they use both of those systems to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use both of those systems to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use both of those systems to try
+to test the idea that if you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the idea that if you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the idea that if you could get
+rid of this protein you could alter in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of this protein you could alter in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of this protein you could alter in a
+way that these patients this is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that these patients this is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that these patients this is these
+these loss-of-function patients behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loss-of-function patients behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loss-of-function patients behave
+in terms of the levels of cholesterol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the levels of cholesterol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the levels of cholesterol so
+that was it so how did they decide to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was it so how did they decide to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was it so how did they decide to do
+this and so I would say in general we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so I would say in general we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so I would say in general we
+don't talk about this kind of stuff very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about this kind of stuff very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about this kind of stuff very
+much in in 508 but if you're ever going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in in 508 but if you're ever going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in in 508 but if you're ever going
+to be a biochemist you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a biochemist you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a biochemist you can't do
+biochemistry without being able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry without being able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry without being able to do
+gene knockouts inside the cell so 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene knockouts inside the cell so 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene knockouts inside the cell so 25
+years ago that was tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago that was tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago that was tough
+okay and in the early nineteen the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in the early nineteen the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in the early nineteen the mid
+1980s you could first do that well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s you could first do that well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s you could first do that well in
+bacteria but it would take we still do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria but it would take we still do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria but it would take we still do a
+lot of that in my lab takes four months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that in my lab takes four months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that in my lab takes four months
+three four months it's not easy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four months it's not easy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four months it's not easy with the
+older technology it works but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older technology it works but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older technology it works but it's it's
+a rare event and you got to screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rare event and you got to screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rare event and you got to screen
+through a lot of things to find the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of things to find the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of things to find the ones
+that are interesting and this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interesting and this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interesting and this technology
+CRISPR casts allows you to do this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR casts allows you to do this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR casts allows you to do this in a
+couple of days it's revolutionized what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days it's revolutionized what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days it's revolutionized what
+you can do so you might be studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do so you might be studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do so you might be studying
+something really complicated in the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really complicated in the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really complicated in the test
+tube but the question is is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube but the question is is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube but the question is is what you're
+studying relevant to what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying relevant to what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying relevant to what's happening in
+the cell and so if you're asking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and so if you're asking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and so if you're asking a
+chemical question a mechanistic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical question a mechanistic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical question a mechanistic question
+like how does IC o---- penty know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how does IC o---- penty know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how does IC o---- penty know
+pyrophosphate to its chemistry you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate to its chemistry you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate to its chemistry you don't
+need to do that myself you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that myself you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that myself you can do that
+in the test tube if you're asking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the test tube if you're asking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the test tube if you're asking how
+things regulate it which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things regulate it which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things regulate it which is what we're
+doing now you must be in the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now you must be in the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now you must be in the cell and
+the issues within the cell are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues within the cell are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues within the cell are that
+people over produce stuff or they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over produce stuff or they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over produce stuff or they you
+know they have to do something they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have to do something they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have to do something they have
+to mess around so they can see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess around so they can see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess around so they can see something
+and whenever they do that they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever they do that they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever they do that they change
+everything so the future in for anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so the future in for anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so the future in for anybody
+that's interested in biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interested in biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interested in biochemistry
+biology in two phases you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in two phases you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in two phases you've got to be
+able to do both and so this technology I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do both and so this technology I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do both and so this technology I
+guarantee in some form you will be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee in some form you will be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee in some form you will be using
+if you pursue a career in in doing bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pursue a career in in doing bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pursue a career in in doing bio
+chemical and biological stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and biological stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and biological stuff
+okay so the question really is we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question really is we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question really is we want
+to do manipulation of a gene okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do manipulation of a gene okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do manipulation of a gene okay and so
+people want to have wanted to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to have wanted to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to have wanted to do this
+forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever
+so you might want to delete the gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might want to delete the gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might want to delete the gene and
+see what the phenotypic consequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the phenotypic consequences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the phenotypic consequences are
+you can do that you know there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that you know there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that you know there's been
+technology around then won the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology around then won the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology around then won the Nobel
+Prize for the technology in 1983 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize for the technology in 1983 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize for the technology in 1983 but
+again it takes months and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it takes months and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it takes months and you have to
+screen through millions of cells to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen through millions of cells to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen through millions of cells to be
+able to figure out which one has your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out which one has your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out which one has your
+gene deleted or another gene inserted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene deleted or another gene inserted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene deleted or another gene inserted in
+place of the gene of interest where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of the gene of interest where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of the gene of interest where
+you've modified the gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've modified the gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've modified the gene of interest
+which then gives you information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then gives you information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then gives you information about
+the function of the protein and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the protein and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the protein and so
+having technology that can turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having technology that can turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having technology that can turn around
+rapidly is important and so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly is important and so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly is important and so I'm just
+going to show you what the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what the state of the
+art has been up until two years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art has been up until two years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art has been up until two years ago and
+really they also work by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they also work by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they also work by the same
+mechanisms it's just the CRISPR cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms it's just the CRISPR cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms it's just the CRISPR cast
+even though it's really still early days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's really still early days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's really still early days
+works much more efficiently okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works much more efficiently okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works much more efficiently okay so the
+idea is you have a piece of DNA the care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you have a piece of DNA the care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you have a piece of DNA the care
+about and you want to clip it and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you want to clip it and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you want to clip it and all of
+these cleavages are double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cleavages are double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cleavages are double-stranded
+breaks so double-stranded breaks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks so double-stranded breaks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks so double-stranded breaks are
+lethal to the cells so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal to the cells so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal to the cells so you have to
+repair them okay and you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair them okay and you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair them okay and you have to have a
+way to repair them and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to repair them and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to repair them and I'll show you
+what those two ways are you've all seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those two ways are you've all seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those two ways are you've all seen
+it in some form but you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some form but you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some form but you want to have
+cleavage at a specific site and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage at a specific site and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage at a specific site and then
+when you have cleavage the question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have cleavage the question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have cleavage the question if
+you repair that can you delete part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repair that can you delete part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repair that can you delete part of
+that gene which would make the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene which would make the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene which would make the entire
+gene inactive or can you replace this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene inactive or can you replace this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene inactive or can you replace this in
+this cleavage site a gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cleavage site a gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cleavage site a gene of interest
+with a mutation in it etc okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mutation in it etc okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mutation in it etc okay you can
+do many many many genetic engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do many many many genetic engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do many many many genetic engineering
+projects which are sort of covered in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which are sort of covered in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which are sort of covered in in
+review articles that the more creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review articles that the more creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review articles that the more creative
+people become the more things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people become the more things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people become the more things you can
+actually do okay so how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do okay so how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do okay so how do you do that
+so what they do in the case of the zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do in the case of the zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do in the case of the zinc
+fingers does anybody know what a zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers does anybody know what a zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers does anybody know what a zinc
+finger is has anybody seen a zinc finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger is has anybody seen a zinc finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger is has anybody seen a zinc finger
+before so the zinc finger is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so the zinc finger is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so the zinc finger is a little
+small protein I don't know it may be 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small protein I don't know it may be 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small protein I don't know it may be 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no acids that combines zinc and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no acids that combines zinc and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no acids that combines zinc and that
+it's sequence specifically binds DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sequence specifically binds DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sequence specifically binds DNA
+okay that's a major way of regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a major way of regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a major way of regulating
+transcription inside the cell okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription inside the cell okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription inside the cell okay so we
+know a lot about and there's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot about and there's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot about and there's not just
+one zinc finger there are many many you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zinc finger there are many many you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zinc finger there are many many you
+think fingers okay so what people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think fingers okay so what people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think fingers okay so what people have
+done is taken these little motifs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is taken these little motifs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is taken these little motifs that
+combine zinc and designed these motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine zinc and designed these motifs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine zinc and designed these motifs
+so they recognize the sequence so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they recognize the sequence so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they recognize the sequence so these
+guys these little zinc fingers now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys these little zinc fingers now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys these little zinc fingers now are
+targeting the DNA that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting the DNA that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting the DNA that you want to
+cleave okay so they're targeting it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave okay so they're targeting it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave okay so they're targeting it here
+and the targeting it here so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the targeting it here so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the targeting it here so what that
+means is every time you want to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is every time you want to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is every time you want to do an
+experiment like this you have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment like this you have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment like this you have to make a
+little sync finger string them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sync finger string them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sync finger string them together
+to get enough binding affinity so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get enough binding affinity so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get enough binding affinity so you
+get specificity that's really key um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get specificity that's really key um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get specificity that's really key um and
+it you can do it um we're pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do it um we're pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do it um we're pretty good at
+this but it takes months okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it takes months okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it takes months okay and so
+what they do is once they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is once they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is once they have these
+binders then they attach a nuclease okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binders then they attach a nuclease okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binders then they attach a nuclease okay
+so far coin is a nucleus so that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far coin is a nucleus so that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far coin is a nucleus so that just
+means you're cleaving a phosphodiester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're cleaving a phosphodiester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're cleaving a phosphodiester
+bond or via nucleic acid and you cleave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or via nucleic acid and you cleave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or via nucleic acid and you cleave
+on one strand and on the other Saran you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one strand and on the other Saran you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one strand and on the other Saran you
+have a double-stranded break and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a double-stranded break and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a double-stranded break and these
+enzymes work by giving you blunt ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes work by giving you blunt ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes work by giving you blunt ended
+cleavage there's no overhangs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage there's no overhangs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage there's no overhangs and the
+DNA cleavage so people abuse this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA cleavage so people abuse this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA cleavage so people abuse this for a
+long time in fact Carl babe pay Bo mi tu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in fact Carl babe pay Bo mi tu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in fact Carl babe pay Bo mi tu
+is one of the who was an x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the who was an x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the who was an x-ray
+crystallographer that studied regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographer that studied regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographer that studied regulation
+by seing finger transcription was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by seing finger transcription was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by seing finger transcription was one of
+the people of night of the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people of night of the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people of night of the companies
+that got this technology off the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got this technology off the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got this technology off the ground
+but it's hard okay so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hard okay so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hard okay so the second
+technology which i think is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which i think is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which i think is much more
+widely used but i think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used but i think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used but i think it would be
+completely displaced i might be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely displaced i might be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely displaced i might be wrong
+you can bike it GoldenGate talon kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bike it GoldenGate talon kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bike it GoldenGate talon kit
+that's what you can buy it from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you can buy it from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you can buy it from some
+company and it's the same same idea so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and it's the same same idea so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and it's the same same idea so i
+mean this is even more i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is even more i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is even more i don't know
+anything about this in detail but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this in detail but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this in detail but it
+turns out that these little proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that these little proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that these little proteins
+which are 34 amino acids you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are 34 amino acids you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are 34 amino acids you could
+actually look at a sequence of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at a sequence of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at a sequence of DNA
+design 34 amino acid repeats in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design 34 amino acid repeats in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design 34 amino acid repeats in a way
+that it can bind to double-stranded DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can bind to double-stranded DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can bind to double-stranded DNA
+okay so this is like so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like so you have a
+double-stranded DNA helix you string a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA helix you string a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA helix you string a
+bunch of these little domains together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these little domains together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these little domains together
+and you can actually design these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually design these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually design these little
+domains the sequence of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains the sequence of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains the sequence of these little
+domains and it forms a super helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains and it forms a super helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains and it forms a super helix
+around the double handed helix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the double handed helix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the double handed helix of the
+protein forms a helix around the nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein forms a helix around the nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein forms a helix around the nucleic
+acid he looks and what it does is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid he looks and what it does is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid he looks and what it does is its
+targets the nucleus for cleavage so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets the nucleus for cleavage so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets the nucleus for cleavage so it's
+the same idea it's just the mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea it's just the mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea it's just the mechanisms
+of targeting are different and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of targeting are different and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of targeting are different and so if
+somebody wanted mean they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanted mean they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanted mean they have
+structures of these things that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of these things that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of these things that's sort
+of really an interesting problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really an interesting problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really an interesting problem and
+molecular molecular recognition if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular molecular recognition if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular molecular recognition if any
+of you are interested but I would say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are interested but I would say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are interested but I would say if
+you want to use this from to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use this from to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use this from to do
+something bio chemical and biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bio chemical and biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bio chemical and biological
+you probably want to go to CRISPR Cass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to go to CRISPR Cass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to go to CRISPR Cass
+system now okay so both of these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now okay so both of these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now okay so both of these are the
+same they have a nucleus and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same they have a nucleus and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same they have a nucleus and something
+that targets it to a DNA sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that targets it to a DNA sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that targets it to a DNA sequence of
+interest and if you've read the paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and if you've read the paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and if you've read the paper on
+the pcsk9 that's exactly what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pcsk9 that's exactly what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pcsk9 that's exactly what they're
+doing they're targeting a sequence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they're targeting a sequence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they're targeting a sequence for
+double strand cleavage okay so this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double strand cleavage okay so this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double strand cleavage okay so this then
+brings us into the CRISPR cows system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us into the CRISPR cows system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us into the CRISPR cows system
+and I've given you a handout of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've given you a handout of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've given you a handout of this
+which is again a simplification there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again a simplification there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again a simplification there
+are now I think there is six different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now I think there is six different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now I think there is six different
+moderately well studied CRISPR cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately well studied CRISPR cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately well studied CRISPR cows
+systems they're all different so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they're all different so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they're all different so they
+all have different numbers of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have different numbers of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have different numbers of proteins
+although the idea of how they work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the idea of how they work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the idea of how they work is
+pretty similar I think this has turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar I think this has turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar I think this has turned
+out to be the best behaved in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the best behaved in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the best behaved in terms of
+biochemically putting it back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemically putting it back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemically putting it back together
+and having it work okay so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having it work okay so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having it work okay so what do we
+have here so hopefully you all know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so hopefully you all know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so hopefully you all know now
+that what you need for this to work is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you need for this to work is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you need for this to work is a
+caste knowing what's caste knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a crisper ah so is that what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a crisper ah so is that what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a crisper ah so is that what the
+acronym is yeah what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym is yeah what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym is yeah what is it
+it's a nucleus okay and what's special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nucleus okay and what's special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nucleus okay and what's special
+about this nucleus it has what know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this nucleus it has what know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this nucleus it has what know so
+just the nucleus we're just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the nucleus we're just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the nucleus we're just talking
+about the protein now we do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the protein now we do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the protein now we do have to
+worry about that yeah so what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that yeah so what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that yeah so what if you
+look at the cast nine sequence what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cast nine sequence what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cast nine sequence what do
+you find out so that's not in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out so that's not in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out so that's not in the paper
+but great yes you have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but great yes you have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but great yes you have two different
+nuclease domains okay and one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclease domains okay and one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclease domains okay and one is going
+to mean this isn't it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean this isn't it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean this isn't it's not necessarily
+given one is going to go to one strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given one is going to go to one strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given one is going to go to one strand
+and one is going to go to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is going to go to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is going to go to the other
+strand okay and we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand okay and we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand okay and we'll talk a little bit
+about that and then as you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and then as you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and then as you were saying
+what's unique about this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's unique about this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's unique about this and this
+picture what's wrong with this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what's wrong with this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what's wrong with this picture
+if you read the original discoveries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the original discoveries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the original discoveries and
+in the bacterial system what's unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bacterial system what's unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bacterial system what's unusual
+about this particular system well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular system well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular system well I
+guess ok no it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess ok no it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess ok no it's okay
+okay so what do you have here what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you have here what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you have here what is
+this part what's a TR this should be TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part what's a TR this should be TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part what's a TR this should be TR
+a CR what's TR fer yeah so it's trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CR what's TR fer yeah so it's trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CR what's TR fer yeah so it's trans
+activating okay and then what's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating okay and then what's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating okay and then what's the the
+G RNA yeah so that's the guide that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G RNA yeah so that's the guide that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G RNA yeah so that's the guide that is
+part of this bigger piece of DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this bigger piece of DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this bigger piece of DNA that
+we're gonna look at in a second okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna look at in a second okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna look at in a second okay so
+what you need although this isn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need although this isn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need although this isn't what
+people use now for the technology is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use now for the technology is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use now for the technology is you
+need two pieces of RNA and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two pieces of RNA and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two pieces of RNA and you need
+double strand the target for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double strand the target for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double strand the target for
+double-stranded cleavage and you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded cleavage and you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded cleavage and you only
+need a single nucleus okay and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a single nucleus okay and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a single nucleus okay and the key
+question is how do you make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you make them
+assemble okay and how do you make it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble okay and how do you make it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble okay and how do you make it as
+simple as possible so that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as possible so that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as possible so that you can use
+this in bacteria but also use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in bacteria but also use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in bacteria but also use it in
+humans which is what Eric Landers focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans which is what Eric Landers focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans which is what Eric Landers focus
+is on so CRISPR and we'll look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on so CRISPR and we'll look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on so CRISPR and we'll look at this
+an assister is has this horrible name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assister is has this horrible name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assister is has this horrible name
+clustered regulatory interest-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered regulatory interest-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered regulatory interest-based
+short palindromic repeats okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short palindromic repeats okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short palindromic repeats okay
+so that's the name and so so this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the name and so so this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the name and so so this just
+tells you just just summarizes and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you just just summarizes and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you just just summarizes and we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+back to the same unit that all three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the same unit that all three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the same unit that all three of
+these methods the sink fingers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods the sink fingers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods the sink fingers the
+towels and the end the cast 9 system all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels and the end the cast 9 system all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels and the end the cast 9 system all
+do the same thing they somehow recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing they somehow recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing they somehow recognize
+double-stranded DNA and cleave it ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA and cleave it ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA and cleave it ok and
+so they all give you a break in the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they all give you a break in the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they all give you a break in the DNA
+which is lethal if you don't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is lethal if you don't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is lethal if you don't figure out
+how to deal with that break ok and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with that break ok and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with that break ok and there
+are two ways to deal with that break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways to deal with that break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways to deal with that break
+there are two ways of repairing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways of repairing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways of repairing the
+break that we're not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that we're not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that we're not going to talk about
+in detail but you'll probably have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but you'll probably have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but you'll probably have heard
+about somewhere so the the way what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about somewhere so the the way what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about somewhere so the the way what's
+the way that they deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they deal with this
+double-stranded break in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded break in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded break in the paper
+didn't anybody read the paper carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't anybody read the paper carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't anybody read the paper carefully
+enough and how do they know so somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and how do they know so somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and how do they know so somehow
+you've got to put these things back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to put these things back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to put these things back
+together otherwise your organism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together otherwise your organism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together otherwise your organism is
+completely dead which is the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely dead which is the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely dead which is the goal of
+having this CRISPR locus for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this CRISPR locus for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this CRISPR locus for the
+bacteria they want to kill the invading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria they want to kill the invading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria they want to kill the invading
+virus okay but what did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus okay but what did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus okay but what did in this
+particular paper which one of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular paper which one of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular paper which one of these two
+methods did they show or do they propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods did they show or do they propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods did they show or do they propose
+from the data that they talked about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data that they talked about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data that they talked about was
+involved in repairing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in repairing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in repairing the
+double-stranded break if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded break if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded break if you look at
+this paper they describe non-homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper they describe non-homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper they describe non-homologous
+end joining because in the end if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end joining because in the end if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end joining because in the end if you if
+you looked at the paper carefully they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at the paper carefully they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at the paper carefully they
+when they were trying to tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were trying to tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were trying to tell whether
+they successfully got a double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they successfully got a double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they successfully got a double-stranded
+cleavage they did a lot of polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage they did a lot of polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage they did a lot of polymerase
+chain reactions to figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain reactions to figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain reactions to figure out whether
+they got specific or nonspecific cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got specific or nonspecific cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got specific or nonspecific cutting
+and when they did the sequencing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they did the sequencing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they did the sequencing on this
+they could tell because of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could tell because of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could tell because of the different
+mechanisms between these two that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms between these two that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms between these two that most
+of the damage was repaired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the damage was repaired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the damage was repaired by
+non-homologous end joining so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-homologous end joining so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-homologous end joining so what
+happens with this approach what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with this approach what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with this approach what happens
+with this approach is that the repair is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this approach is that the repair is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this approach is that the repair is
+putting the things back together when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the things back together when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the things back together when
+you have blunt ends you've lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have blunt ends you've lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have blunt ends you've lost the
+information from the sequence i'm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the sequence i'm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the sequence i'm you
+have a disconnect and if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a disconnect and if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a disconnect and if you got a
+couple of cleavage sites putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of cleavage sites putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of cleavage sites putting them
+back together is really tough and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together is really tough and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together is really tough and so
+when you put them back together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put them back together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put them back together you
+might have an insertion you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an insertion you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an insertion you might have
+an elysian you might have a friendship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elysian you might have a friendship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elysian you might have a friendship
+you get you get a mess but then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get a mess but then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get a mess but then when you
+look at the very ends of your gene using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the very ends of your gene using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the very ends of your gene using
+the polymerase chain reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymerase chain reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymerase chain reaction
+what happens is you get a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is you get a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is you get a mixture of
+things and you can sequence them so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you can sequence them so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you can sequence them so you
+can tell something about how that repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell something about how that repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell something about how that repair
+happened out the double-stranded break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened out the double-stranded break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened out the double-stranded break
+so if you have a double-stranded break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the question is here do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is here do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is here do you have
+a deletion so it's a little bit shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deletion so it's a little bit shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deletion so it's a little bit shorter
+or you do have an insertion or do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you do have an insertion or do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you do have an insertion or do you
+have an a rearrangement and what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an a rearrangement and what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an a rearrangement and what you do
+then is sequence these things using PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is sequence these things using PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is sequence these things using PCR
+and then you can get information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can get information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can get information about
+the mechanism of repair okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism of repair okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism of repair okay so the
+alternative mechanism and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative mechanism and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative mechanism and this is really
+important if you want to replace one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you want to replace one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you want to replace one
+gene with another gene whole gene rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene with another gene whole gene rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene with another gene whole gene rather
+than just removing the gene which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just removing the gene which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just removing the gene which is
+what happens here here you made a cut in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here here you made a cut in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here here you made a cut in
+the middle of this gene you you removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this gene you you removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this gene you you removed
+a few amino acids or you removed amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few amino acids or you removed amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few amino acids or you removed amino
+acid and it's rearranged a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and it's rearranged a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and it's rearranged a little bit so
+the protein is never going to get formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein is never going to get formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein is never going to get formed
+here what you're doing with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you're doing with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you're doing with the the
+homologous repair is you have a template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous repair is you have a template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous repair is you have a template
+okay so if you don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you don't know anything about
+homologous DNA repair you need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous DNA repair you need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous DNA repair you need to go
+back and look into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look into it
+your basic textbook had at least read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basic textbook had at least read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basic textbook had at least read
+the definition of what's going on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of what's going on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of what's going on but
+you have a template once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a template once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a template once you have a
+template you can you can you can copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template you can you can you can copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template you can you can you can copy
+that template and replace one gene with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that template and replace one gene with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that template and replace one gene with
+another gene so this template becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gene so this template becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gene so this template becomes
+really key in replacing sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key in replacing sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key in replacing sites
+specifically one gene one gene with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically one gene one gene with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically one gene one gene with
+another gene and as a consequence one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gene and as a consequence one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gene and as a consequence one
+enzyme or protein of interest with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme or protein of interest with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme or protein of interest with
+another one okay so this was taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one okay so this was taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one okay so this was taken from
+an article by Jay Keasling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article by Jay Keasling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article by Jay Keasling
+and Jay Keasling is interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jay Keasling is interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jay Keasling is interested in
+synthetic biology he's of artemisinin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biology he's of artemisinin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biology he's of artemisinin
+Fame we talked about that in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fame we talked about that in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fame we talked about that in class
+that's the anti malarial agent he's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the anti malarial agent he's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the anti malarial agent he's also
+been a major player in trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a major player in trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a major player in trying to figure
+out how to make bacteria use some elbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to make bacteria use some elbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to make bacteria use some elbow
+on a causa pathway which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a causa pathway which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a causa pathway which is what we're
+talking about in class to make jet fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in class to make jet fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in class to make jet fuel
+okay so how do you make hydrocarbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do you make hydrocarbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do you make hydrocarbons
+that are really energy efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really energy efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really energy efficient
+compared to ethanol or butanol and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to ethanol or butanol and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to ethanol or butanol and so
+his whole lab is focused on figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his whole lab is focused on figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his whole lab is focused on figuring out
+use CRISPR CASP to engineer genes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use CRISPR CASP to engineer genes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use CRISPR CASP to engineer genes from
+many different organisms back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different organisms back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different organisms back into the
+organism of choice and this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism of choice and this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism of choice and this technology
+apparently allows you to do five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently allows you to do five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently allows you to do five or six
+genes simultaneously once you figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes simultaneously once you figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes simultaneously once you figure out
+how to do it and so you can do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it and so you can do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it and so you can do a lot of
+a manipulation in a really fast time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manipulation in a really fast time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manipulation in a really fast time
+compared to the months that used to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the months that used to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the months that used to take
+before and so what is it what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and so what is it what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and so what is it what is this
+tell us I mean I think this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us I mean I think this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us I mean I think this is the most
+amazing thing so there was a guy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing thing so there was a guy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing thing so there was a guy if you
+read the Eric Lander um historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the Eric Lander um historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the Eric Lander um historical
+perspective on the discovery of CRISPR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the discovery of CRISPR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the discovery of CRISPR
+cows there was a guy in in the 1980 late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cows there was a guy in in the 1980 late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cows there was a guy in in the 1980 late
+1980s that lived in Spain and did all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s that lived in Spain and did all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s that lived in Spain and did all
+his research and a salt marsh okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his research and a salt marsh okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his research and a salt marsh okay and
+he got really interested in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got really interested in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got really interested in these
+archaea bacteria really weird bacteria I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaea bacteria really weird bacteria I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaea bacteria really weird bacteria I
+don't think they're weird but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they're weird but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they're weird but most
+people don't really think about they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't really think about they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't really think about they
+have really interesting chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really interesting chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really interesting chemistry and
+when he was sequencing part of this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was sequencing part of this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was sequencing part of this for
+some reason he found palindromic repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason he found palindromic repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason he found palindromic repeats
+many palindromic repeats and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many palindromic repeats and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many palindromic repeats and that's
+those purple spacers and he says home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those purple spacers and he says home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those purple spacers and he says home
+what that was going on with that what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that was going on with that what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that was going on with that what is
+this okay so he had discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so he had discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so he had discovered this
+locus in the genome okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus in the genome okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus in the genome okay now
+bioinformatics over the years if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioinformatics over the years if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioinformatics over the years if you
+read the history of this played a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the history of this played a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the history of this played a huge
+role so you go back and you look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role so you go back and you look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role so you go back and you look at all
+of these sequences you find even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sequences you find even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sequences you find even in
+e.coli you have spacer you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli you have spacer you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli you have spacer you have these
+little spacer repeats over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spacer repeats over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spacer repeats over and over
+again that are did or palindromic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that are did or palindromic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that are did or palindromic and
+and so then the community got really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the community got really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the community got really
+interested in why you would have a locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in why you would have a locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in why you would have a locus
+that looks like this and what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this and what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this and what they found
+is if you start looking at the genes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you start looking at the genes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you start looking at the genes on
+either side of it you found genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of it you found genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of it you found genes that
+were conserved that coded for the calf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were conserved that coded for the calf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were conserved that coded for the calf
+nine protein in this case s pyogenes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine protein in this case s pyogenes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine protein in this case s pyogenes is
+the one that was used in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that was used in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that was used in this paper
+which is the nucleus and they also found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the nucleus and they also found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the nucleus and they also found
+this trans activating RNA RNA and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trans activating RNA RNA and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trans activating RNA RNA and what's
+interesting about the trans activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about the trans activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about the trans activating
+RNA is it has a sequence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA is it has a sequence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA is it has a sequence that's
+homologous to one of the the sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous to one of the the sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous to one of the the sequences
+in the spacer okay so they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spacer okay so they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spacer okay so they're going to
+be able to hybridize to each other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to hybridize to each other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to hybridize to each other okay
+so that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that started
+became very interesting and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became very interesting and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became very interesting and the question
+was focused on how is this editing going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was focused on how is this editing going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was focused on how is this editing going
+to happen when you get cleavage of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen when you get cleavage of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen when you get cleavage of your
+gene or it does this act like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene or it does this act like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene or it does this act like for
+example an SI or an SH RNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example an SI or an SH RNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example an SI or an SH RNA and
+controlling levels of gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling levels of gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling levels of gene expression
+and so there were many people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there were many people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there were many people that
+contributed over the years to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed over the years to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed over the years to figure out
+how this locus is used and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this locus is used and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this locus is used and that's what
+I'm going to briefly describe so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to briefly describe so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to briefly describe so the
+idea is the following and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is the following and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is the following and I think the
+discovery in my opinion is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery in my opinion is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery in my opinion is really a
+seminal discovery from some it by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal discovery from some it by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal discovery from some it by some
+guy who is working in a marsh working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who is working in a marsh working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who is working in a marsh working on
+some bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bizarre
+Archy made this discovery followed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archy made this discovery followed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archy made this discovery followed it
+through for the next 15 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for the next 15 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for the next 15 years and
+discovered that bacteria have adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that bacteria have adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that bacteria have adaptive
+immunity systems I mean that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity systems I mean that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity systems I mean that's really
+sort of mind-boggling I remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mind-boggling I remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mind-boggling I remember when
+this paper was published somebody in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper was published somebody in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper was published somebody in my
+lab a first paper was published where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab a first paper was published where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab a first paper was published where
+they knew this was happening somebody my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew this was happening somebody my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew this was happening somebody my
+lab gave a group meeting on and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab gave a group meeting on and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab gave a group meeting on and I just
+was my mouth just dropped to the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my mouth just dropped to the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my mouth just dropped to the floor
+because nobody predicted this at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody predicted this at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody predicted this at all
+this is what I would call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I would call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I would call a
+revolutionary discovery and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary discovery and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary discovery and what they
+what they found was and again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found was and again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found was and again this is
+the bioinformatics data analysis now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bioinformatics data analysis now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bioinformatics data analysis now
+which we can do better and better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do better and better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do better and better and
+better what they discovered they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what they discovered they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what they discovered they were
+looking for what's in between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for what's in between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for what's in between these
+spacers okay and it turns out it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers okay and it turns out it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers okay and it turns out it's a
+spacer so what's in between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer so what's in between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer so what's in between these
+repeats I'm calling it the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats I'm calling it the wrong thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats I'm calling it the wrong thing
+these little purple things are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little purple things are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little purple things are the
+repeats again they are the palindromic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats again they are the palindromic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats again they are the palindromic
+sequences over and over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences over and over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences over and over and over again
+what is in between the repeats of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in between the repeats of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in between the repeats of the
+spacers okay where did the spaces come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers okay where did the spaces come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers okay where did the spaces come
+from well they didn't know okay but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from well they didn't know okay but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from well they didn't know okay but when
+they started looking at sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started looking at sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started looking at sequences of
+many of these things what they found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these things what they found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these things what they found was
+they came from phage viruses okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from phage viruses okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from phage viruses okay so
+here they have a bacteria and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they have a bacteria and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they have a bacteria and they have
+phage DNA because people in sequence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phage DNA because people in sequence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phage DNA because people in sequence a
+lot of at that time phage DNA and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of at that time phage DNA and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of at that time phage DNA and so
+what happens is the virus or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is the virus or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is the virus or it could be
+a plasmid borne piece of DNA where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plasmid borne piece of DNA where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plasmid borne piece of DNA where
+information is transferred from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is transferred from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is transferred from one
+bacteria to another they get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria to another they get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria to another they get into the
+cell and then they have proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and then they have proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and then they have proteins and
+these again are cast genes and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these again are cast genes and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these again are cast genes and people
+are still studying these that take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still studying these that take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still studying these that take the
+viral DNA or the plasmid DNA and cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral DNA or the plasmid DNA and cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral DNA or the plasmid DNA and cut
+into little pieces and somehow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little pieces and somehow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little pieces and somehow in
+surd it between these repeats so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surd it between these repeats so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surd it between these repeats so all of
+these spaces are different sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces are different sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces are different sequences of
+DNA that come from the invading species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that come from the invading species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that come from the invading species
+a virus or a piece of plasmid that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a virus or a piece of plasmid that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a virus or a piece of plasmid that you
+got from another bacteria and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from another bacteria and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from another bacteria and so that
+became really exciting okay and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became really exciting okay and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became really exciting okay and so then
+the question is how do you take all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you take all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you take all this
+information and convert it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and convert it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and convert it into
+something that can kill the idea if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can kill the idea if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can kill the idea if you
+have adaptive immunity how does it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adaptive immunity how does it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adaptive immunity how does it you
+use this information to kill the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this information to kill the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this information to kill the virus
+okay so what we now know happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we now know happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we now know happens is that
+the DNA B can be just transcribed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA B can be just transcribed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA B can be just transcribed into
+RNA okay and so you have this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA okay and so you have this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA okay and so you have this piece of
+RNA with the repeat and the spacer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA with the repeat and the spacer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA with the repeat and the spacer and
+then you can also transcribe the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also transcribe the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also transcribe the trans
+activating RNA and they form stem loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating RNA and they form stem loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating RNA and they form stem loop
+structures that's what those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's what those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's what those little
+things are so they have palindromic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are so they have palindromic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are so they have palindromic
+sequences so you know they base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so you know they base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so you know they base pair
+that's why they draw the picture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they draw the picture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they draw the picture like
+that and cows nine okay and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and cows nine okay and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and cows nine okay and so what we
+know now is that this strand of RNA this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now is that this strand of RNA this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now is that this strand of RNA this
+pre CR crispr RNA can interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre CR crispr RNA can interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre CR crispr RNA can interact with the
+trans activating RNA okay so they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans activating RNA okay so they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans activating RNA okay so they have a
+way of hybridizing to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of hybridizing to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of hybridizing to each other and
+that's what you see here so you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you see here so you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you see here so you see this
+little purple repeat and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little purple repeat and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little purple repeat and you see the
+hybridization there and this these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization there and this these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization there and this these two
+pieces of RNA can bind to cows 9 ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of RNA can bind to cows 9 ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of RNA can bind to cows 9 ok so
+cast 9 is the nuclease and there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast 9 is the nuclease and there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast 9 is the nuclease and there is an
+hour in this particular tight type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour in this particular tight type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour in this particular tight type of
+CRISPR there's an hour ribonuclease RNAs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR there's an hour ribonuclease RNAs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR there's an hour ribonuclease RNAs
+3 which takes off all this stuff so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which takes off all this stuff so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which takes off all this stuff so you
+only have a single spacer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have a single spacer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have a single spacer that's
+actually going to be recognized okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be recognized okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be recognized okay so
+you typically could do this what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically could do this what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically could do this what you
+could you could do this again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could do this again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could do this again with
+different pieces of DNA and make many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces of DNA and make many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces of DNA and make many of
+these things okay and do many cuts in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things okay and do many cuts in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things okay and do many cuts in so
+that's why people and engineering are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why people and engineering are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why people and engineering are
+excited about this you can do more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this you can do more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this you can do more than
+one cut at once but we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cut at once but we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cut at once but we're just going to
+focus on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on a single
+set of cleavages double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cleavages double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cleavages double-stranded
+cleavage with one space or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage with one space or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage with one space or in this case
+the spacer is brown okay so we trim it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacer is brown okay so we trim it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacer is brown okay so we trim it
+okay and so this is our machine two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is our machine two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is our machine two
+pieces of RNA and a protein and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of RNA and a protein and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of RNA and a protein and then it
+goes searching for what happens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes searching for what happens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes searching for what happens the
+virus invades the virus has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus invades the virus has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus invades the virus has this
+sequence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay
+somewhere in this genome somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this genome somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this genome somehow the
+bacteria knows the virus is invaded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria knows the virus is invaded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria knows the virus is invaded it
+makes this machinery it goes searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this machinery it goes searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this machinery it goes searching
+for this sequence this sequence then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sequence this sequence then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sequence this sequence then is
+recognized because it's its hybridize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized because it's its hybridize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized because it's its hybridize it
+can hybridize to one of the two strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hybridize to one of the two strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hybridize to one of the two strands
+of the DNA okay and the nucleus then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNA okay and the nucleus then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNA okay and the nucleus then
+simply cuts it into two pieces so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply cuts it into two pieces so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply cuts it into two pieces so the
+idea is simple I mean obviously this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is simple I mean obviously this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is simple I mean obviously this is
+an extremely complex process where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely complex process where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely complex process where it's
+got to be regulated at every step along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be regulated at every step along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be regulated at every step along
+the way but somehow bacteria have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way but somehow bacteria have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way but somehow bacteria have
+figured out that you know if you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that you know if you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that you know if you have if
+you have a virus that infects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a virus that infects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a virus that infects the
+bacteria what often happens is the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria what often happens is the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria what often happens is the virus
+causes cells to lyse and the bacteria is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes cells to lyse and the bacteria is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes cells to lyse and the bacteria is
+dead okay so that haven't so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead okay so that haven't so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead okay so that haven't so you want to
+save yourself you want to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save yourself you want to get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save yourself you want to get rid of the
+virus okay and so this is this is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus okay and so this is this is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus okay and so this is this is a way
+that bacteria have evolved to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bacteria have evolved to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bacteria have evolved to be able to
+kill this invading virus that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill this invading virus that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill this invading virus that would
+otherwise kill that which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise kill that which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise kill that which is what
+adaptive immunity is all about okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immunity is all about okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immunity is all about okay so
+this is the model and so then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model and so then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model and so then what
+people have been focusing on and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been focusing on and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been focusing on and what
+was focused on in this paper is cows 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was focused on in this paper is cows 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was focused on in this paper is cows 9
+ok so that's an easy the idea is easy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's an easy the idea is easy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's an easy the idea is easy it
+cleans double-stranded DNA and gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleans double-stranded DNA and gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleans double-stranded DNA and gives you
+blunt ends furthermore it knows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunt ends furthermore it knows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunt ends furthermore it knows where
+those blunt ends rather relative where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blunt ends rather relative where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blunt ends rather relative where
+that occurs relative to a PAAMCO pam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs relative to a PAAMCO pam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs relative to a PAAMCO pam
+activating site cuts in in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating site cuts in in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating site cuts in in a certain
+region so they've studied all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so they've studied all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so they've studied all of that
+they know where a cut so I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know where a cut so I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know where a cut so I'll show you
+that in a minute and then if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute and then if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute and then if you want to
+target any gene inside the cell you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target any gene inside the cell you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target any gene inside the cell you now
+can put in the right spacer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in the right spacer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in the right spacer
+okay then you put the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you put the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you put the whole thing
+together now the key issue is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now the key issue is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now the key issue is getting
+all of this stuff the protein and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this stuff the protein and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this stuff the protein and the
+two pieces of RNA they aren't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces of RNA they aren't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces of RNA they aren't there
+going to be going as DNA okay getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going as DNA okay getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going as DNA okay getting
+them into the cell and how do they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the cell and how do they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the cell and how do they get
+because if you can't get it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you can't get it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you can't get it into the
+cell you can't do the double stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you can't do the double stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you can't do the double stranded
+cleavage so how do they get this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage so how do they get this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage so how do they get this into
+the cell than anybody notice that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell than anybody notice that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell than anybody notice that in the
+paper yeah so adenovirus so people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper yeah so adenovirus so people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper yeah so adenovirus so people are
+trying to trying to do gene replacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to trying to do gene replacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to trying to do gene replacements
+using all kinds of methods none of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all kinds of methods none of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all kinds of methods none of this
+is trivial in this case they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trivial in this case they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trivial in this case they're they're
+working on a mouse liver and adenovirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a mouse liver and adenovirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a mouse liver and adenovirus
+a pen I don't know very much about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pen I don't know very much about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pen I don't know very much about a
+downer virus but apparently it likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downer virus but apparently it likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downer virus but apparently it likes to
+live in the liver so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in the liver so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in the liver so that's one of the
+reasons they chose looking at the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons they chose looking at the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons they chose looking at the most
+liver but it happens to also be where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver but it happens to also be where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver but it happens to also be where
+all the cholesterol metabolism or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cholesterol metabolism or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cholesterol metabolism or the
+predominant cholesterol metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant cholesterol metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant cholesterol metabolism
+occurs as well and so they wanted to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs as well and so they wanted to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs as well and so they wanted to try
+other things in the end you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in the end you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in the end you're probably
+never gonna be able to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna be able to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna be able to use that
+nanovirus people have been trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanovirus people have been trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanovirus people have been trying to do
+that for years for gene replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for years for gene replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for years for gene replacement
+without success so a key issue is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without success so a key issue is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without success so a key issue is gonna
+be how do you get this into the cell I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how do you get this into the cell I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how do you get this into the cell I
+mean and so that's what a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and so that's what a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and so that's what a lot of people
+are trying to focus on now but to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to focus on now but to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to focus on now but to do
+this in tissue culture you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in tissue culture you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in tissue culture you can do it
+without any problems there are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any problems there are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any problems there are ways of
+getting it into the cell okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it into the cell okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it into the cell okay so this is
+it this is what we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is what we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is what we were talking about
+once you get the cleavage you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get the cleavage you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get the cleavage you know you
+can repeat the cleavage by this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can repeat the cleavage by this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can repeat the cleavage by this method
+if you want to read about this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to read about this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to read about this you can
+go read about it but what this does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go read about it but what this does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go read about it but what this does is
+gives you a deletion of your gene or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a deletion of your gene or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a deletion of your gene or if
+you have a template then you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a template then you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a template then you can use
+this template to remake a protein with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this template to remake a protein with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this template to remake a protein with a
+mutation in it for example or with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation in it for example or with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation in it for example or with the
+tag on the end so you can purify it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag on the end so you can purify it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag on the end so you can purify it by
+Finity column chromatography and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finity column chromatography and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finity column chromatography and so then
+the question is how do you in in almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you in in almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you in in almost
+all cells and it depends on the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cells and it depends on the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cells and it depends on the organism
+you have both mechanisms to repair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have both mechanisms to repair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have both mechanisms to repair and
+so one of the issues is how do you tweak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the issues is how do you tweak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the issues is how do you tweak
+the repair depending on what function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repair depending on what function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repair depending on what function
+you want to use the technology for to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use the technology for to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use the technology for to do
+this or to do that and a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or to do that and a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or to do that and a lot of people
+are studying that that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying that that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying that that's one of the
+focuses of many labs if you look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses of many labs if you look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses of many labs if you look at what
+are the issues where are we going okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the issues where are we going okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the issues where are we going okay
+so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look
+here this is we were just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is we were just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is we were just talking about
+cows 9 so the blue is one nuclease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cows 9 so the blue is one nuclease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cows 9 so the blue is one nuclease and
+green is another nuclease and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is another nuclease and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is another nuclease and in this
+case this is the double-stranded DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is the double-stranded DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is the double-stranded DNA
+target thereafter and this little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target thereafter and this little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target thereafter and this little piece
+here this TGG is called the pam site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this TGG is called the pam site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this TGG is called the pam site and
+that's required for recognition by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required for recognition by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required for recognition by the
+cows 9 protein and and do we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cows 9 protein and and do we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cows 9 protein and and do we understand
+the basis of that the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that the answer is yes
+Jen I don't know did any of you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen I don't know did any of you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen I don't know did any of you hear
+jennifer doudna talk yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jennifer doudna talk yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jennifer doudna talk yeah
+so I mean she's the one that discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean she's the one that discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean she's the one that discovered
+that she just published two weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she just published two weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she just published two weeks ago
+the structure of this complex and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of this complex and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of this complex and so you
+know I even had time to study it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I even had time to study it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I even had time to study it and
+this is the kind of thing that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of thing that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of thing that if you
+really want to use this if you gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to use this if you gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to use this if you gotta
+roll up your sleeves and get in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll up your sleeves and get in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll up your sleeves and get in there
+and study it but what they did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study it but what they did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study it but what they did was
+instead of having the guide RNA and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having the guide RNA and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having the guide RNA and the
+trans activating RNA they put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans activating RNA they put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans activating RNA they put them
+together okay and so that makes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay and so that makes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay and so that makes your
+genetic engineering simpler okay but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic engineering simpler okay but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic engineering simpler okay but the
+question is how do you put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you put them together
+okay not to reveal okay and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not to reveal okay and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not to reveal okay and the whole
+Eric Lander article about the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Lander article about the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Lander article about the history of
+this process the down osh petit a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process the down osh petit a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process the down osh petit a group
+figured out how to do this extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do this extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do this extremely
+efficiently for bacteria it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently for bacteria it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently for bacteria it doesn't work
+in humans okay so Landers article is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans okay so Landers article is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans okay so Landers article is
+focusing on you know humans is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on you know humans is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on you know humans is much more
+important and so saying who's at MIT had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so saying who's at MIT had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so saying who's at MIT had
+figured out another way you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out another way you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out another way you can't just
+make use this little these two little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use this little these two little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use this little these two little
+pieces of RNA you need something much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of RNA you need something much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of RNA you need something much
+bigger to help the cast nine work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger to help the cast nine work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger to help the cast nine work
+successfully inside this Ellen what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully inside this Ellen what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully inside this Ellen what's
+the basis of that I don't know but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that I don't know but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that I don't know but they
+get a lot of experiments to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of experiments to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of experiments to figure out
+how you could get this to work most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you could get this to work most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you could get this to work most
+efficiently so these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so these are the two
+partners and the question is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and the question is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and the question is what's
+going on and you know frankly I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and you know frankly I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and you know frankly I haven't
+even had time to digest my lab hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even had time to digest my lab hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even had time to digest my lab hasn't
+used this technology I haven't had time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this technology I haven't had time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this technology I haven't had time
+to digest it but what you see let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to digest it but what you see let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to digest it but what you see let me
+just point out one other thing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out one other thing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out one other thing they're
+at two domains so you have the nuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two domains so you have the nuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two domains so you have the nuclease
+domain which are not contiguous and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain which are not contiguous and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain which are not contiguous and then
+you have a helical domain and down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a helical domain and down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a helical domain and down or
+use cryo-em okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cryo-em okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cryo-em okay
+which we've talked about at 2530 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've talked about at 2530 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've talked about at 2530 and
+strums resolution not particularly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strums resolution not particularly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strums resolution not particularly good
+to show that when you started with cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that when you started with cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that when you started with cows
+nine but you added the pizza two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine but you added the pizza two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine but you added the pizza two pieces
+of RNA you got a change in conformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RNA you got a change in conformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RNA you got a change in conformation
+they could see that in the cryo-em
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could see that in the cryo-em
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could see that in the cryo-em
+because it was huge okay and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was huge okay and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was huge okay and then when
+you add the targeting DNA what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the targeting DNA what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the targeting DNA what happens
+is the nucleus domains changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nucleus domains changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nucleus domains changed
+tremendously the conformation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously the conformation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously the conformation of the
+protein changes tremendously putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein changes tremendously putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein changes tremendously putting
+everything together you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together you have the
+double-stranded DNA you have so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA you have so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA you have so here you
+have the double-stranded DNA here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the double-stranded DNA here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the double-stranded DNA here it's
+hybridizing to the the guide RNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridizing to the the guide RNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridizing to the the guide RNA and
+this is the tracker trans activating RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tracker trans activating RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tracker trans activating RNA
+and the cows nine simply surrounds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cows nine simply surrounds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cows nine simply surrounds this
+whole thing that's what she talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing that's what she talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing that's what she talked about
+in the lecture this past week or past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture this past week or past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture this past week or past
+two weeks so this is this was a 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks so this is this was a 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks so this is this was a 30
+angstroms and they had that model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms and they had that model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms and they had that model and
+this was the result of an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the result of an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the result of an atomic
+resolution structure that just came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution structure that just came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution structure that just came out
+a week ago and it just shows you I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week ago and it just shows you I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week ago and it just shows you I told
+you told you you may have to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you told you you may have to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you told you you may have to separate
+the strands I've given you a cartoon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strands I've given you a cartoon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strands I've given you a cartoon of
+that and you need to stare at this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you need to stare at this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you need to stare at this a
+long time but Green is one nucleus blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but Green is one nucleus blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but Green is one nucleus blue
+is another nucleus one can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another nucleus one can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another nucleus one can see that the
+blue and the purple are the DNA and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and the purple are the DNA and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and the purple are the DNA and you
+can see the two strands separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the two strands separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the two strands separating
+because they hybridize they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they hybridize they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they hybridize they need to
+hybridize to two different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize to two different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize to two different parts of the
+guide and the tracer RNA which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide and the tracer RNA which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide and the tracer RNA which is in
+orange and then you can look at and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and then you can look at and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and then you can look at and so
+they what they're doing is looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they're doing is looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they're doing is looking at a
+model for how this works okay so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for how this works okay so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for how this works okay so the key
+issues all of which were covered in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues all of which were covered in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues all of which were covered in this
+paper in some form okay are shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in some form okay are shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in some form okay are shown here
+and this is the key issue that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the key issue that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the key issue that everybody
+is facing and I'm already over but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is facing and I'm already over but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is facing and I'm already over but the
+delivery method into the cell okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery method into the cell okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery method into the cell okay we
+talked about that they used a denno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that they used a denno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that they used a denno
+virus in this paper so I would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus in this paper so I would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus in this paper so I would suggest
+you go back and you look at what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and you look at what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and you look at what they
+did okay off target effects did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay off target effects did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay off target effects did they
+look at that and that do you does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that and that do you does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that and that do you does
+anybody know did they look at that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know did they look at that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know did they look at that in
+this particular paper yeah they did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular paper yeah they did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular paper yeah they did and
+so how did they figure out what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did they figure out what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did they figure out what's going
+to be off target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be off target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be off target
+how do they choose what to look for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they choose what to look for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they choose what to look for you
+know you've got billions of base we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got billions of base we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got billions of base we've
+got a billion base pairs right so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a billion base pairs right so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a billion base pairs right so how do
+they tell what to look for so they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell what to look for so they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell what to look for so they know
+what the sequin one of the first things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sequin one of the first things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sequin one of the first things
+they did is what how did they target the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is what how did they target the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is what how did they target the
+PC ks9 how did they figure out what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC ks9 how did they figure out what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC ks9 how did they figure out what to
+target can anybody tell me that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target can anybody tell me that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target can anybody tell me that all
+right nobody can tell me that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nobody can tell me that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nobody can tell me that I
+guarantee you're gonna have this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you're gonna have this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you're gonna have this on the
+first exam you're gonna have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exam you're gonna have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exam you're gonna have something
+on this in the first exam we'll see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in the first exam we'll see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in the first exam we'll see if
+you go back and you read this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and you read this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and you read this so the
+whole paper really the whole first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole paper really the whole first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole paper really the whole first
+couple figures is focused on how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple figures is focused on how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple figures is focused on how do you
+decide what to target in the PC ks9 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to target in the PC ks9 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to target in the PC ks9 and
+they looked at exon 1 and they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at exon 1 and they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at exon 1 and they looked at
+exon 2 and then they did experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exon 2 and then they did experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exon 2 and then they did experiments to
+try to look at that that's how they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to look at that that's how they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to look at that that's how they got
+this idea about what the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea about what the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea about what the mechanism of
+repair was and it's a sequence they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair was and it's a sequence they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair was and it's a sequence they
+targeted they then look for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted they then look for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted they then look for other
+sequences that were 3 or 4 base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that were 3 or 4 base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that were 3 or 4 base pairs
+different and then they also did PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then they also did PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then they also did PCR
+reactions on all those genes to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions on all those genes to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions on all those genes to see if
+you've got cleavage or not so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got cleavage or not so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got cleavage or not so if this is
+ever going to be used technologically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to be used technologically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to be used technologically in
+humans which is the goal of this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans which is the goal of this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans which is the goal of this paper
+you know we're very far removed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're very far removed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're very far removed from
+that we have a lot of ethical questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a lot of ethical questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a lot of ethical questions
+the bottom line is you need to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is you need to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is you need to remove
+all the off target sites you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the off target sites you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the off target sites you need to
+control as we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control as we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control as we've already talked about
+the the two methods of repair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two methods of repair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two methods of repair of the
+double-stranded breaks and I think now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded breaks and I think now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded breaks and I think now
+that we have structure we ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have structure we ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have structure we ought to be
+able to even better design these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to even better design these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to even better design these three
+pieces to make more efficient chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to make more efficient chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to make more efficient chemistry
+of cleavage I mean it's amazing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cleavage I mean it's amazing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cleavage I mean it's amazing how
+efficient this was so they did the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient this was so they did the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient this was so they did the whole
+thing in in four or five days I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in in four or five days I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in in four or five days I mean
+that was really quite amazing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really quite amazing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really quite amazing and so
+what I suggest you do now in the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I suggest you do now in the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I suggest you do now in the rest of
+the paper is I think straightforward it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is I think straightforward it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is I think straightforward it
+just tests this model by looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tests this model by looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tests this model by looking for
+what happens to low-density lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to low-density lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to low-density lipoprotein
+cholesterol what happens to the receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol what happens to the receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol what happens to the receptor
+what happens to cholesterol levels what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to cholesterol levels what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to cholesterol levels what
+happens to try acyl glycerol levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to try acyl glycerol levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to try acyl glycerol levels
+um and does it conform to the model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and does it conform to the model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and does it conform to the model that
+people have for the function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have for the function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have for the function of this
+protein in controlling cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in controlling cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in controlling cholesterol
+levels so what I would suggest you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so what I would suggest you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so what I would suggest you do is
+you go back now hopefully you're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back now hopefully you're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back now hopefully you're now
+interested in this a little more and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this a little more and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this a little more and go
+back and read this and if anybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and read this and if anybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and read this and if anybody has
+any questions they can come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions they can come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions they can come back and
+talk to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jXtqyQuLlnk.txt b/jXtqyQuLlnk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ecd53d3707c9f6063ca3c94b25fcca3f756bbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jXtqyQuLlnk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually we also plan to create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we also plan to create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we also plan to create some
+example so that the user can plan like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that the user can plan like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that the user can plan like
+what do they want to construct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they want to construct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they want to construct and
+follow instruction maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it looks like a baby so the cubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like a baby so the cubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like a baby so the cubes
+are on a grid right is that not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on a grid right is that not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on a grid right is that not just
+randomly located oh yes at first we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly located oh yes at first we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly located oh yes at first we have
+the problem that when the tool is create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that when the tool is create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that when the tool is create
+it overlap each other so that we do make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it overlap each other so that we do make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it overlap each other so that we do make
+it at the position that is integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the position that is integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the position that is integer
+because on which you have society unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on which you have society unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on which you have society unit
+cube so it will not overlap anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube so it will not overlap anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube so it will not overlap anymore and
+in the future we may consider group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future we may consider group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future we may consider group the
+object so we are able to move the hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so we are able to move the hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so we are able to move the hope
+for one object to get there for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one object to get there for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one object to get there for example
+if you have a lots or anything and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lots or anything and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lots or anything and you
+can move it at one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's a palette that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a palette that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a palette that you can use
+to recolor the if you just demo that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recolor the if you just demo that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recolor the if you just demo that you
+can actually be kind of awkward with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be kind of awkward with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be kind of awkward with
+like you know that's like one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that's like one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that's like one of the
+best things about pictionary to use two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best things about pictionary to use two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best things about pictionary to use two
+hand to create it I'll check instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to create it I'll check instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to create it I'll check instead of
+one hand and
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k8X3NuOvkXg.txt b/k8X3NuOvkXg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcf9842def9fa5856138bd1c7f4308b619cfc7a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/k8X3NuOvkXg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16856 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh let me go ahead and get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let me go ahead and get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let me go ahead and get started
+um so if you remember last class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you remember last class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you remember last class I
+talked about uh you know theory of price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh you know theory of price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh you know theory of price
+discrimination under Monopoly and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination under Monopoly and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination under Monopoly and did
+first second third degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second third degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second third degree
+discrimination uh today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination uh today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination uh today I'm going to
+talk about empirical work on price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about empirical work on price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about empirical work on price
+discrimination and you know just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and you know just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and you know just as a
+reminder as I said you know previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder as I said you know previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder as I said you know previously
+you know all the models I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the models I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the models I talked about
+in last class are 100% mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in last class are 100% mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in last class are 100% mathematically
+correct there's nothing like we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct there's nothing like we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct there's nothing like we need to
+test about the theory itself but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test about the theory itself but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test about the theory itself but you
+know many things that empirical work can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many things that empirical work can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many things that empirical work can
+do for us you know in some sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for us you know in some sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for us you know in some sense it's
+asking whether the assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking whether the assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking whether the assumptions are
+correct and whether things are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and whether things are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and whether things are working
+like we think or whether there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we think or whether there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we think or whether there should be
+other assumptions in the model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assumptions in the model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assumptions in the model so
+questions example could help with uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions example could help with uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions example could help with uh do
+firms price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms price
+discriminate uh is the way that firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate uh is the way that firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate uh is the way that firms
+are pricing consistent with the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pricing consistent with the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pricing consistent with the what the
+models say about how prices would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models say about how prices would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models say about how prices would be
+related to elasticities and other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to elasticities and other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to elasticities and other things
+if firms were profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if firms were profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if firms were profit
+maximizing um magnitudes are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing um magnitudes are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing um magnitudes are important
+you know there's a literature makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a literature makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a literature makes a
+big deal about price discrimination how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal about price discrimination how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal about price discrimination how
+important would it be in practice how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important would it be in practice how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important would it be in practice how
+much how large would the profit gains be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how large would the profit gains be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how large would the profit gains be
+would firms really be incentivized to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would firms really be incentivized to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would firms really be incentivized to do
+it um you know I discussed like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you know I discussed like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you know I discussed like you know
+Bergman Brooks Morris whether consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bergman Brooks Morris whether consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bergman Brooks Morris whether consumer
+surplus plus goes up or down with price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus plus goes up or down with price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus plus goes up or down with price
+discrimination really depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination really depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination really depends on what
+kind of information the firms have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of information the firms have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of information the firms have what
+do those look like in practice and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those look like in practice and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those look like in practice and if
+you are going to discriminate what types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to discriminate what types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to discriminate what types
+of information do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information do we need to
+discriminate and you know I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate and you know I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate and you know I think this
+is something that's um you as I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that's um you as I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that's um you as I talked
+about the interest in online price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the interest in online price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the interest in online price
+discrimination has really increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination has really increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination has really increased
+attention to the field because it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the field because it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the field because it used
+to be discrimination only occurred on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discrimination only occurred on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discrimination only occurred on
+expensive items where you could pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive items where you could pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive items where you could pay
+somebody to try to discriminate among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to try to discriminate among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to try to discriminate among
+consumers now in the online world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers now in the online world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers now in the online world where
+you know so much more about people maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so much more about people maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so much more about people maybe
+there's going to be much more scope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be much more scope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be much more scope for
+discrimination at least it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination at least it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination at least it's a
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+um you know uh early papers on price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh early papers on price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh early papers on price
+discrimination you know one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination you know one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination you know one of the first
+things that happened in this literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happened in this literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happened in this literature
+was in after the Neo Revolution was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in after the Neo Revolution was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in after the Neo Revolution was just
+people arguing do firms actually price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people arguing do firms actually price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people arguing do firms actually price
+discriminate how can we tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate how can we tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate how can we tell whether
+price discrimination is really occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination is really occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination is really occurring
+or if it's just cost-based price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's just cost-based price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's just cost-based price
+differences you know two of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you know two of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you know two of the early
+papers on this uh sever Bornstein had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on this uh sever Bornstein had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on this uh sever Bornstein had
+this very nice paper that just argued uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nice paper that just argued uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nice paper that just argued uh
+at the time in the United States you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time in the United States you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time in the United States you
+could either buy Leed or unleaded gas um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either buy Leed or unleaded gas um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either buy Leed or unleaded gas um
+you know new car at some point we switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know new car at some point we switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know new car at some point we switch
+from having Leed gas to unleaded gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having Leed gas to unleaded gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having Leed gas to unleaded gas
+because Leed gas caused all lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Leed gas caused all lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Leed gas caused all lead
+poisoning all kinds of public health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning all kinds of public health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning all kinds of public health
+problems um because unleaded gas was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um because unleaded gas was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um because unleaded gas was
+initially used by people who had newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially used by people who had newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially used by people who had newer
+cars those people were wealthier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars those people were wealthier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars those people were wealthier than
+people who haded cars that ran on Leed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who haded cars that ran on Leed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who haded cars that ran on Leed
+gas um unleaded gas was a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas um unleaded gas was a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas um unleaded gas was a lot more
+expensive than Leed gas and S question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than Leed gas and S question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than Leed gas and S question
+was with that because the difficulty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with that because the difficulty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with that because the difficulty of
+preparing un leted gas or was that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing un leted gas or was that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing un leted gas or was that um
+due to price discrimination Borstein has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to price discrimination Borstein has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to price discrimination Borstein has
+this paper just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper just
+basically doing very detailed cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing very detailed cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing very detailed cost
+accounting and arguing that no the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting and arguing that no the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting and arguing that no the price
+difference between a Le and unlet gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a Le and unlet gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a Le and unlet gas
+was much too large to be anything other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much too large to be anything other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much too large to be anything other
+than price discrimination uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than price discrimination uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than price discrimination uh and then
+Andrea Sheffer has this paper which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea Sheffer has this paper which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea Sheffer has this paper which
+would be totally self-evident to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be totally self-evident to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be totally self-evident to those
+of you who are like from California like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are like from California like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are like from California like
+you know like I know in California you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like I know in California you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like I know in California you
+go there and it's like self- serf gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and it's like self- serf gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and it's like self- serf gas is
+5.99 a gallon and full serf gas is 759 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.99 a gallon and full serf gas is 759 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.99 a gallon and full serf gas is 759 a
+gallon and you just do the math in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon and you just do the math in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon and you just do the math in your
+head like I'm paying someone $150 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head like I'm paying someone $150 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head like I'm paying someone $150 a
+gallon to pump my that's $2 that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon to pump my that's $2 that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon to pump my that's $2 that person
+they only make $15 an hour there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only make $15 an hour there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only make $15 an hour there's no
+way that's what it costs but uh Andrea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's what it costs but uh Andrea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's what it costs but uh Andrea
+Shepard has a paper that looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepard has a paper that looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepard has a paper that looks at
+um stations actually in Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stations actually in Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stations actually in Massachusetts
+comparing stations that has offer both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing stations that has offer both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing stations that has offer both
+self and full service with stations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and full service with stations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and full service with stations that
+offer Self Service only and full service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer Self Service only and full service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer Self Service only and full service
+only and using the gap between the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and using the gap between the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and using the gap between the self
+and full serve only stations to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and full serve only stations to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and full serve only stations to estimate
+what the cost differences could be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cost differences could be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cost differences could be and
+then looking at the sort of markups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looking at the sort of markups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looking at the sort of markups
+between the dual product stations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the dual product stations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the dual product stations and
+arguing that that's clear evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that that's clear evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that that's clear evidence that
+there's second degree price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's second degree price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's second degree price
+discrimination going on where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination going on where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination going on where you're
+charging the wealthier people more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging the wealthier people more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging the wealthier people more for
+the sort of high quality product is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of high quality product is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of high quality product is the
+gas that someone else pumps for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that someone else pumps for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that someone else pumps for you um
+it's also you know it's instructive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also you know it's instructive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also you know it's instructive if
+you want to go back and you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go back and you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go back and you know sort of
+get a sense for the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense for the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense for the history of the
+economics profession and how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics profession and how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics profession and how much the
+sort of required level of statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of required level of statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of required level of statistics and
+data has changed if you compare sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data has changed if you compare sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data has changed if you compare sort of
+Shephard's uh paper in the jpe 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shephard's uh paper in the jpe 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shephard's uh paper in the jpe 30 years
+ago to the most recent paper last paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago to the most recent paper last paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago to the most recent paper last paper
+I'm going to cover in this lecture it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to cover in this lecture it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to cover in this lecture it's
+sort of you know you get the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know you get the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know you get the sense of
+how the economics profession has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the economics profession has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the economics profession has changed
+in standards for empirical work um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standards for empirical work um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standards for empirical work um okay
+second topic I wanted to discuss though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second topic I wanted to discuss though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second topic I wanted to discuss though
+is is uh racial and gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh racial and gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh racial and gender
+discrimination retail prices this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination retail prices this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination retail prices this is you
+know another place where IO is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another place where IO is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another place where IO is
+definitely overlapping with the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely overlapping with the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely overlapping with the public
+policy question the you know public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy question the you know public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy question the you know public
+policy question is are are price do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy question is are are price do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy question is are are price do
+prices differ by race and gender and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices differ by race and gender and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices differ by race and gender and
+what's the effect of this sort of race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the effect of this sort of race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the effect of this sort of race
+and gender based price discrimination on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gender based price discrimination on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gender based price discrimination on
+uh you know people in disadvantaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people in disadvantaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people in disadvantaged
+groups or potentially people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or potentially people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or potentially people in
+Advantage groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage groups
+um you know the early papers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the early papers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the early papers in this
+literature reported very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature reported very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature reported very different
+results I think one of the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I think one of the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I think one of the you know
+really one of the first audit studies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the first audit studies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the first audit studies in
+economics SS and seagan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics SS and seagan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics SS and seagan
+um you know SS and seagan basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know SS and seagan basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know SS and seagan basically the
+idea was they just trained 38 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was they just trained 38 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was they just trained 38 uh
+undergraduate students who were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate students who were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate students who were like
+Juniors or seniors um to bargain for car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juniors or seniors um to bargain for car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juniors or seniors um to bargain for car
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+and they train them like with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they train them like with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they train them like with a very
+specific script so they were supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific script so they were supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific script so they were supposed to
+walk into a car dealer and say I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk into a car dealer and say I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk into a car dealer and say I would
+like the Toyota Corola 4-cylinder engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Toyota Corola 4-cylinder engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Toyota Corola 4-cylinder engine
+base trim I'm willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base trim I'm willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base trim I'm willing to pay
+$10,200 I don't need financing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,200 I don't need financing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,200 I don't need financing you know
+can I have it at that price and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have it at that price and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have it at that price and then
+they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just
+recorded what did the dealer say back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded what did the dealer say back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded what did the dealer say back to
+them and they took these sort of 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they took these sort of 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they took these sort of 38
+train dealers of of the 3 38 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train dealers of of the 3 38 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train dealers of of the 3 38 students
+they trained uh 19 were white males and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they trained uh 19 were white males and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they trained uh 19 were white males and
+the other 19 were not white males and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 19 were not white males and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 19 were not white males and
+they sort of like sent pairs of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of like sent pairs of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of like sent pairs of them to
+the same dealer to ask for the same car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same dealer to ask for the same car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same dealer to ask for the same car
+uh you know at times far enough apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know at times far enough apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know at times far enough apart
+that it wouldn't seem suspicious um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wouldn't seem suspicious um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wouldn't seem suspicious um and
+then they report back like what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they report back like what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they report back like what were the
+dealer initial counter offers what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer initial counter offers what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer initial counter offers what was
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+sort of hiring process which I don't
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+uh uh black females were $410 more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh black females were $410 more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh black females were $410 more than
+white females I forget what the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white females I forget what the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+white males um so they reported there
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 10% in the price of cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 10% in the price of cars
+um you know at the same time Penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know at the same time Penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know at the same time Penny
+Goldberg had a follow-up article looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg had a follow-up article looking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other people um so Goldberg used car
+purchases from the consumer expenditure
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+
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+survey and did this sort of same racial
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+all in prices paid for cars um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in prices paid for cars um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in prices paid for cars um again
+though you know data limitation of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you know data limitation of of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you know data limitation of of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg's paper was that um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg's paper was that um you know
+the way consumer expenditure survey is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way consumer expenditure survey is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's an annual survey and you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go to people like me and say
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go to people like me and say
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Glenn did you buy a car in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+and I would say yes what kind of car is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say yes what kind of car is
+it you know it's a Hyundai Kona SUV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know it's a Hyundai Kona SUV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know it's a Hyundai Kona SUV and
+then what did you pay for it and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what did you pay for it and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what did you pay for it and so you
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+ align:start position:0%
+know you're relying on both people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're relying on both people
+describing the car to you and their
+
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+describing the car to you and their
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+
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+describing the car to you and their
+memory you know 0 to 12 months later of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you know 0 to 12 months later of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you know 0 to 12 months later of
+what price did you pay for your car you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what price did you pay for your car you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you ask me what I paid for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you ask me what I paid for my
+last car that I
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought you know I have no idea within
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+several thousand like at the time I you
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+several thousand like at the time I you
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+
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+
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+knew very well what what that I should
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+
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+
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+pay for the car and what a good deal was
+or whatever but 6 months later do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but 6 months later do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but 6 months later do I have
+any recollection of what the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any recollection of what the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any recollection of what the numbers
+were I you know I would say I don't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I you know I would say I don't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I you know I would say I don't um
+but so anyway but what Goldberg found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so anyway but what Goldberg found
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so anyway but what Goldberg found
+was that there was no difference across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there was no difference across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there was no difference across
+racial groups um one other study uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial groups um one other study uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial groups um one other study uh
+about the same time uh Katie gratty had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time uh Katie gratty had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time uh Katie gratty had
+a paper where she looked at purchases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper where she looked at purchases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper where she looked at purchases of
+fish at the New York Fon Street Fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish at the New York Fon Street Fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish at the New York Fon Street Fish
+Market and looked at the same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market and looked at the same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market and looked at the same question
+um there she did it by just going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there she did it by just going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there she did it by just going to the
+Fon Street Fish Market watching people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon Street Fish Market watching people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon Street Fish Market watching people
+buying fish and recording what price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying fish and recording what price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying fish and recording what price
+they agreed to buy the fish at um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agreed to buy the fish at um and
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+
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+they agreed to buy the fish at um and
+you know she found that actually here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she found that actually here
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she found that actually here
+discrimination against whites at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination against whites at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination against whites at the
+full the Street Fish Market that Asians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full the Street Fish Market that Asians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full the Street Fish Market that Asians
+paid 7% Less on than whites for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid 7% Less on than whites for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid 7% Less on than whites for the same
+fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+um but again you know these are limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again you know these are limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again you know these are limited
+number of cars you know Aron seagan it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cars you know Aron seagan it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cars you know Aron seagan it's
+like 500 observations Goldberg it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 500 observations Goldberg it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 500 observations Goldberg it's not
+so many it's more observations but much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many it's more observations but much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many it's more observations but much
+more heterogeneity in the cars and hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heterogeneity in the cars and hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heterogeneity in the cars and hard
+to know the prices are in grades again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the prices are in grades again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the prices are in grades again
+it's a limited sample it's sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a limited sample it's sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a limited sample it's sort of what
+what could one graduate student do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could one graduate student do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could one graduate student do
+hanging out in New York fish market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out in New York fish market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out in New York fish market for
+a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month
+um okay so uh first I wanted to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so uh first I wanted to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so uh first I wanted to cover
+was this one by Scott Morton zel Meer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this one by Scott Morton zel Meer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this one by Scott Morton zel Meer
+Silva Riso um you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silva Riso um you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silva Riso um you know sort
+of multiple motivations uh one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple motivations uh one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple motivations uh one of them
+is just to reexamine the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to reexamine the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to reexamine the earlier
+findings with much better data um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings with much better data um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings with much better data um and
+then besides being wanting to ask the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then besides being wanting to ask the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then besides being wanting to ask the a
+sort of Applied question of is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Applied question of is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Applied question of is there
+racial and gender discri in car prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial and gender discri in car prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial and gender discri in car prices
+you know it's a little bit of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a little bit of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a little bit of trying to
+sort of think about how would we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about how would we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about how would we think
+about this from an IO perspective of IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this from an IO perspective of IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this from an IO perspective of IO
+says that people with different price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that people with different price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that people with different price
+elasticities are going to pay different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities are going to pay different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities are going to pay different
+prices and do we see evidence that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and do we see evidence that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and do we see evidence that these
+price patterns look like they follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price patterns look like they follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price patterns look like they follow
+price elasticity and other models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price elasticity and other models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price elasticity and other models and
+then the you know other motivation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the you know other motivation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the you know other motivation was
+um you know look at this sort of shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know look at this sort of shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know look at this sort of shift
+from online sale off from offline sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from online sale off from offline sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from online sale off from offline sales
+to online sales and whether online sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to online sales and whether online sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to online sales and whether online sales
+are going to change whether we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to change whether we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to change whether we get
+discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination
+uh which you could imagine you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you could imagine you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you could imagine you know you
+could imagine that in online sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine that in online sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine that in online sales
+people the dealers don't know the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the dealers don't know the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the dealers don't know the race
+and gender of the person buying the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gender of the person buying the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gender of the person buying the car
+and therefore they quote different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they quote different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they quote different
+prices or you could also get the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or you could also get the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or you could also get the sort of
+signaling of things differs signaling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling of things differs signaling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling of things differs signaling of
+knowledge and other things differs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and other things differs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and other things differs um
+you know so she's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so she's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so she's got
+the cartoon from the paper on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon from the paper on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon from the paper on the
+internet nobody knows you're a dog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet nobody knows you're a dog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet nobody knows you're a dog and
+so dogs can do things different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dogs can do things different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dogs can do things different from
+what they can do uh in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they can do uh in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they can do uh in real life
+um okay uh this is you know early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh this is you know early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh this is you know early
+internet so this is data from 1999 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so this is data from 1999 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so this is data from 1999 to
+2000 uh Auto by was the leading online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 uh Auto by was the leading online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 uh Auto by was the leading online
+car purchasing site in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car purchasing site in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car purchasing site in
+1999 um the way Auto byel worked was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 um the way Auto byel worked was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 um the way Auto byel worked was you
+would go to Autobell you would fill out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go to Autobell you would fill out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go to Autobell you would fill out
+a form telling it I want to buy a Toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form telling it I want to buy a Toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form telling it I want to buy a Toyota
+Corolla uh and then Autobell would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corolla uh and then Autobell would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corolla uh and then Autobell would
+simply send your name and email address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply send your name and email address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply send your name and email address
+to one dealer and that one dealer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one dealer and that one dealer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one dealer and that one dealer was
+supposed to quote you a good fair price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to quote you a good fair price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to quote you a good fair price
+um so it was supposed to be a no haggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it was supposed to be a no haggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it was supposed to be a no haggle
+experience you just sort of say I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you just sort of say I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you just sort of say I want a
+Toyota Corolla they pass your name on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota Corolla they pass your name on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota Corolla they pass your name on to
+exactly one dealer and that dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one dealer and that dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one dealer and that dealer
+emails you half an hour later and says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails you half an hour later and says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails you half an hour later and says I
+could sell you that Corolla for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sell you that Corolla for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sell you that Corolla for
+$11,300 um okay um the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$11,300 um okay um the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$11,300 um okay um the nice thing about
+this paper though you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper though you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper though you know when you
+compare it to the earlier ones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to the earlier ones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to the earlier ones on
+discrimination is you know the data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination is you know the data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination is you know the data from
+autobell.com they have the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobell.com they have the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobell.com they have the complete
+Autobell database so two million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Autobell database so two million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Autobell database so two million people
+sent in such requests to Autobell they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent in such requests to Autobell they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent in such requests to Autobell they
+can sort of track whether each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of track whether each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of track whether each of those
+PE what what requests those each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE what what requests those each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE what what requests those each of
+those requests was um sent to and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those requests was um sent to and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those requests was um sent to and then
+the more impressive data set uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more impressive data set uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more impressive data set uh there's
+a firm called JD Power that gathers data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firm called JD Power that gathers data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firm called JD Power that gathers data
+from car dealers and JD pow is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from car dealers and JD pow is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from car dealers and JD pow is basically
+it's a data provider they gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a data provider they gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a data provider they gather
+information from car dealers about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from car dealers about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from car dealers about the
+sales and then they share that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales and then they share that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales and then they share that
+information with other car dealers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with other car dealers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with other car dealers who
+want to know what other car dealers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what other car dealers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what other car dealers are
+selling things for and with the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling things for and with the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling things for and with the car
+manufacturers uh and basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers uh and basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers uh and basically you know
+the JD Power data is it's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the JD Power data is it's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the JD Power data is it's a complete
+listing of all cars purchased in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing of all cars purchased in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing of all cars purchased in the
+United States from thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States from thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States from thousands of
+dealerships and has a tremendous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealerships and has a tremendous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealerships and has a tremendous amount
+of information about those cars so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information about those cars so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information about those cars so the
+it's transaction level data it has 671
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transaction level data it has 671
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transaction level data it has 671
+th000 car purchases from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 car purchases from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 car purchases from
+3562 dealerships um on every car you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3562 dealerships um on every car you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3562 dealerships um on every car you not
+just get the toy it's a Toyota Corolla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the toy it's a Toyota Corolla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the toy it's a Toyota Corolla
+you get it's the Toyota Corolla LX with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it's the Toyota Corolla LX with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it's the Toyota Corolla LX with
+a 1.4 L engine here are the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1.4 L engine here are the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1.4 L engine here are the 14
+accessories on the window sticker that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessories on the window sticker that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessories on the window sticker that
+it had installed it had the cup holder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had installed it had the cup holder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had installed it had the cup holder
+it had this radio it had what I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had this radio it had what I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had this radio it had what I don't
+know the sunroof whatever the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the sunroof whatever the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the sunroof whatever the all the
+accessories that are listed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessories that are listed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessories that are listed on the
+window sticker uh it has the dealer cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window sticker uh it has the dealer cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window sticker uh it has the dealer cost
+of all of those accessories so it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of those accessories so it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of those accessories so it knows
+that you know if you're go into the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you're go into the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you're go into the car
+dealer and the upgraded radio is $399 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer and the upgraded radio is $399 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer and the upgraded radio is $399 it
+knows that radio cost the dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that radio cost the dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that radio cost the dealer
+$127 and so it records all that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$127 and so it records all that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$127 and so it records all that uh it
+also records the uh tradein over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also records the uh tradein over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also records the uh tradein over
+allowance you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowance you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowance you know people
+often are selling a car when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are selling a car when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are selling a car when they're
+buying a car and you bring your old car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a car and you bring your old car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a car and you bring your old car
+and the dealer says I'll give you $35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dealer says I'll give you $35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dealer says I'll give you $35
+$500 for your 9-year-old car they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 for your 9-year-old car they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 for your 9-year-old car they
+actually record the Dealer's notation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually record the Dealer's notation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually record the Dealer's notation of
+both how much the dealer paid for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both how much the dealer paid for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both how much the dealer paid for the
+car and what the dealer thought the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and what the dealer thought the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and what the dealer thought the car
+was actually worth so the dealer puts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually worth so the dealer puts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually worth so the dealer puts in
+I gave a $3,500 trade in allowance for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a $3,500 trade in allowance for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a $3,500 trade in allowance for a
+car that was worth 3700 3750 or a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that was worth 3700 3750 or a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that was worth 3700 3750 or a car
+that was worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was worth
+2850 um so it's tremendous price dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2850 um so it's tremendous price dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2850 um so it's tremendous price dealer
+data compared to you know what you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data compared to you know what you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data compared to you know what you got
+in Goldberg or whatever um it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Goldberg or whatever um it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Goldberg or whatever um it also
+contains you know this is not privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains you know this is not privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains you know this is not privacy
+you know this is uh I'm sure they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is uh I'm sure they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is uh I'm sure they had to
+go a while through their IRB for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a while through their IRB for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a while through their IRB for this
+like you know the data set has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the data set has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the data set has the
+buyer's home address it has the buyer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer's home address it has the buyer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer's home address it has the buyer's
+name uh and based on having the buyer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh and based on having the buyer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh and based on having the buyer's
+name they make guesses of whether of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name they make guesses of whether of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name they make guesses of whether of the
+buyer's gender and whether the buyer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer's gender and whether the buyer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer's gender and whether the buyer is
+uh latinx or Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh latinx or Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh latinx or Asian
+ethnicity okay um anyway and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity okay um anyway and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity okay um anyway and then the
+yeah the transaction data from Auto byel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the transaction data from Auto byel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the transaction data from Auto byel
+has 2 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 2 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 2 million
+requests you know because the Autobell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests you know because the Autobell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests you know because the Autobell
+data also has the buyer home address and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data also has the buyer home address and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data also has the buyer home address and
+name they can match it to this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name they can match it to this data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name they can match it to this data and
+see whether the person bought from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the person bought from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the person bought from the
+dealer Auto byel sent them to or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer Auto byel sent them to or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer Auto byel sent them to or whether
+the person bought a car from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person bought a car from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person bought a car from a different
+dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later so you know initial analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so you know initial analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so you know initial analysis of
+this data is very very simple it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data is very very simple it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data is very very simple it's just
+a regression they're just regressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression they're just regressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression they're just regressing the
+log of the price paid on demographics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the price paid on demographics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the price paid on demographics of
+the buyer and a set of controls X you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyer and a set of controls X you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyer and a set of controls X you
+know the set of controls has car fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the set of controls has car fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the set of controls has car fixed
+effect controls for the cost of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect controls for the cost of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect controls for the cost of all the
+included accessories it's got month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included accessories it's got month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included accessories it's got month
+region weekend you know end of month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region weekend you know end of month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region weekend you know end of month
+dummies a bunch of whole bunch of fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies a bunch of whole bunch of fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies a bunch of whole bunch of fixed
+effects and the idea is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and the idea is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and the idea is that you can
+just pick up the demographic differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick up the demographic differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick up the demographic differences
+in prices from the from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prices from the from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prices from the from those
+demographic coefficients okay and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic coefficients okay and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic coefficients okay and most
+of this is just playing off the JD Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is just playing off the JD Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is just playing off the JD Power
+data not Auto byel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data okay uh what do they find well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay uh what do they find well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay uh what do they find well you
+know they're getting much more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're getting much more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're getting much more precise
+estimates than previous papers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates than previous papers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates than previous papers because
+they have so much more data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so much more data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so much more data and
+basically what these sort of data say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what these sort of data say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what these sort of data say is
+that there is discrimination in pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is discrimination in pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is discrimination in pricing
+uh but that it's a lot smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that it's a lot smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that it's a lot smaller than
+Arizon seagan had suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizon seagan had suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizon seagan had suggested
+discrimination might be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination might be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination might be in
+equilibrium um so examples um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium um so examples um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium um so examples um you know
+they don't know who is black but they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know who is black but they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know who is black but they do
+know the percentage black in the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the percentage black in the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the percentage black in the um uh
+census block group where you live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census block group where you live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census block group where you live and
+they know whether the census block group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know whether the census block group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know whether the census block group
+where you live is primarily black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you live is primarily black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you live is primarily black and
+they find that uh this suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that uh this suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that uh this suggests that
+those in Black areas pay roughly 1.5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in Black areas pay roughly 1.5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in Black areas pay roughly 1.5%
+more than those living in white areas uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than those living in white areas uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than those living in white areas uh
+those in Hispanic areas pay like 1.1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in Hispanic areas pay like 1.1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in Hispanic areas pay like 1.1%
+more all these coefficients circled I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more all these coefficients circled I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more all these coefficients circled I
+don't know it really helps uh those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it really helps uh those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it really helps uh those in
+Asian areas are paying 4/10 of a percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian areas are paying 4/10 of a percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian areas are paying 4/10 of a percent
+less um the Hispanic and Asian effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less um the Hispanic and Asian effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less um the Hispanic and Asian effects
+you can also see them you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also see them you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also see them you know the
+people who live in hispan more heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who live in hispan more heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who live in hispan more heavily
+Hispanic more heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hispanic more heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hispanic more heavily
+Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian
+uh uh census blocks pay less those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh census blocks pay less those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh census blocks pay less those who
+themselves have Asian sounding names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have Asian sounding names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have Asian sounding names
+also pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pay
+less um and women pay more for cars uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less um and women pay more for cars uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less um and women pay more for cars uh
+this one is small women pay uh two10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is small women pay uh two10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is small women pay uh two10 of
+a percent more for cars on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average uh you know in addition to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh you know in addition to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh you know in addition to these
+demographic differences you also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic differences you also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic differences you also see
+differences you know I guess you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you know I guess you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you know I guess you know
+given the 670,000 car sample just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the 670,000 car sample just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the 670,000 car sample just just
+about everything is significant and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everything is significant and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everything is significant and so
+you get for instance you know those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for instance you know those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for instance you know those who
+live in more college educated areas pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in more college educated areas pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in more college educated areas pay
+less those in areas with more homeowners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less those in areas with more homeowners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less those in areas with more homeowners
+pay less you know so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay less you know so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay less you know so you get
+other you know you might have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know you might have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know you might have thought
+the Discrimination would go in the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Discrimination would go in the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Discrimination would go in the sort
+of sense of you know like with the leted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense of you know like with the leted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense of you know like with the leted
+unlet gasoline High income people end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlet gasoline High income people end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlet gasoline High income people end up
+being charged higher prices here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being charged higher prices here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being charged higher prices here the
+messages sound like the Discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages sound like the Discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages sound like the Discrimination
+to the extend it's there looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extend it's there looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extend it's there looks like it's
+discrimination in favor of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination in favor of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination in favor of more
+sophisticated buyers so the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated buyers so the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated buyers so the people who
+have college degrees own their homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have college degrees own their homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have college degrees own their homes
+whatever they end up paying less for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they end up paying less for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they end up paying less for
+their cars perhaps because as if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cars perhaps because as if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cars perhaps because as if they're
+better at bargaining or have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at bargaining or have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at bargaining or have more
+information or more ability to shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or more ability to shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or more ability to shop
+comparison shop at multiple dealers or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison shop at multiple dealers or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison shop at multiple dealers or a
+better using the internet whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better using the internet whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better using the internet whatever the
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+is uh but again you know these effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh but again you know these effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh but again you know these effects
+tend to be relatively small they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be relatively small they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be relatively small they're all
+in the orders of a fraction of a percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the orders of a fraction of a percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the orders of a fraction of a percent
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay you know why are these prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay you know why are these prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay you know why are these prices
+differences you can think of a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you can think of a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you can think of a number of
+reasons you know if if you are a Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you know if if you are a Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you know if if you are a Chicago
+School Economist you can come up with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School Economist you can come up with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School Economist you can come up with no
+these are all just picking up cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all just picking up cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all just picking up cost
+differences because you know my cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because you know my cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because you know my cost of
+selling someone a car there is this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling someone a car there is this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling someone a car there is this cost
+of I have a salesperson's time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I have a salesperson's time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I have a salesperson's time talking
+to them that I have to recoup even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them that I have to recoup even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them that I have to recoup even if
+the person doesn't buy and so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person doesn't buy and so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person doesn't buy and so people
+less likely to buy might get quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to buy might get quoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to buy might get quoted
+higher prices um you also have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher prices um you also have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher prices um you also have these
+effects of who is going to bring the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of who is going to bring the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of who is going to bring the car
+into the dealer for service and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the dealer for service and perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the dealer for service and perhaps
+the sort of wealthier people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of wealthier people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of wealthier people are going
+to bring the car back to the dealer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring the car back to the dealer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring the car back to the dealer for
+service and get charged $199 for an oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and get charged $199 for an oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and get charged $199 for an oil
+change instead of going to the Jiffy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change instead of going to the Jiffy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change instead of going to the Jiffy
+Lube and paying $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lube and paying $1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lube and paying $1
+199.99 therefore the car dealers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+199.99 therefore the car dealers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+199.99 therefore the car dealers are
+more anxious to sell to them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more anxious to sell to them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more anxious to sell to them because
+they know they're going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know they're going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know they're going to make the
+money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back
+later um you know they're obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um you know they're obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um you know they're obviously the
+price discrimination Theory suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination Theory suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination Theory suggests
+that this could just you know this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could just you know this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could just you know this could
+just be profit maximizing against um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be profit maximizing against um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be profit maximizing against um uh
+differences either differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences either differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences either differences in
+intensity of preferences or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of preferences or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of preferences or you know
+search costs ability to comparison shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs ability to comparison shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs ability to comparison shop
+differences in bargaining skills or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in bargaining skills or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in bargaining skills or you
+know there could be sort of racial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there could be sort of racial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there could be sort of racial or
+gender bias you know I dislike women I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender bias you know I dislike women I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender bias you know I dislike women I'm
+going to charge women more for cars just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge women more for cars just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge women more for cars just
+because I don't like them um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't like them um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't like them um so you know
+the data set unfortunately while it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set unfortunately while it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set unfortunately while it's
+very rich it doesn't have there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich it doesn't have there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich it doesn't have there's no
+exogenous price variation in this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous price variation in this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous price variation in this data
+so estimating demand there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so estimating demand there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so estimating demand there's nothing
+really to estimate price elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to estimate price elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to estimate price elasticities
+here this is just equilibrium prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is just equilibrium prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is just equilibrium prices
+paid so that really knocks out a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so that really knocks out a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so that really knocks out a lot of
+the opportunities you would like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities you would like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities you would like to see
+of is the price discrimination model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is the price discrimination model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is the price discrimination model
+really explaining this you'd really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explaining this you'd really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explaining this you'd really like
+to sort of say do women have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of say do women have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of say do women have different
+demand elasticities than men and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticities than men and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticities than men and are
+those demand elasticities such that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those demand elasticities such that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those demand elasticities such that you
+would price two ten of a percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would price two ten of a percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would price two ten of a percent
+different because of them um so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because of them um so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because of them um so instead
+they just have some auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have some auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have some auxiliary
+regressions um trying to make the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions um trying to make the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions um trying to make the case
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that they think you know so I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they think you know so I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they think you know so I I guess
+you know I don't know if they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know if they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know if they're trying
+to make case you know they come now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make case you know they come now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make case you know they come now with
+their bottom line is they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bottom line is they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bottom line is they're going to
+argue that this looks a lot like profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that this looks a lot like profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that this looks a lot like profit
+maximizing price discrimination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing price discrimination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing price discrimination and
+exploitation of consumers with higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitation of consumers with higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitation of consumers with higher
+search costs or who are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs or who are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs or who are less
+sophisticated at shopping um so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated at shopping um so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated at shopping um so what are
+some of the things that do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that do this
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so for instance you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so for instance you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so for instance you know the
+race and gender effects are only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and gender effects are only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and gender effects are only a
+little smaller in the sample that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little smaller in the sample that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little smaller in the sample that
+doesn't require financing and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require financing and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require financing and so they
+argue that you know sort of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that you know sort of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that you know sort of the sample
+that comes in and tells you I have cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes in and tells you I have cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes in and tells you I have cash
+I don't need dealer financing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need dealer financing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need dealer financing you're
+more sure that the sale will go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sure that the sale will go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sure that the sale will go through
+you're not you know the cost based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not you know the cost based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not you know the cost based
+difference of I'm not worried this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of I'm not worried this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of I'm not worried this
+person isn't going to be able to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person isn't going to be able to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person isn't going to be able to buy the
+car anyway isn't there they notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car anyway isn't there they notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car anyway isn't there they notice that
+the effects are really only slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects are really only slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects are really only slightly
+different in that effect um another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in that effect um another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in that effect um another one
+is they look at the sub sample of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they look at the sub sample of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they look at the sub sample of people
+who are trading in cars um sub sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are trading in cars um sub sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are trading in cars um sub sample of
+people who are trading in cars you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are trading in cars you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are trading in cars you know
+if someone is trading in a car they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone is trading in a car they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone is trading in a car they have
+a car and they ought to be just about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car and they ought to be just about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car and they ought to be just about as
+good at driving around to other dealers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at driving around to other dealers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at driving around to other dealers
+and doing comparison you know they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing comparison you know they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing comparison you know they have
+this similar opportunities to drive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this similar opportunities to drive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this similar opportunities to drive in
+and do comparison shopping because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do comparison shopping because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do comparison shopping because you
+know they already own a car and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they already own a car and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they already own a car and what
+they find is that in this restricting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find is that in this restricting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find is that in this restricting
+the sample to the um people who already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample to the um people who already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample to the um people who already
+are who are trading in cars um the rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are who are trading in cars um the rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are who are trading in cars um the rent
+premiums are about half as big as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiums are about half as big as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiums are about half as big as they
+are in the full example um so they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the full example um so they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the full example um so they sort
+of say that that suggests that the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say that that suggests that the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say that that suggests that the sort
+of differential ability to shop perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential ability to shop perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential ability to shop perhaps
+you know because you don't have a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because you don't have a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because you don't have a car
+less able to shop around would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less able to shop around would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less able to shop around would be
+explaining at least you know half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining at least you know half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining at least you know half of the
+premium that they're finding to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium that they're finding to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium that they're finding to begin
+with um and obviously you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um and obviously you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um and obviously you know I think
+part of from this comparison that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of from this comparison that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of from this comparison that the
+effect is only so big if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is only so big if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is only so big if you don't
+control for anything they would sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for anything they would sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for anything they would sort of
+argue that like look if it's down to 08
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that like look if it's down to 08
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that like look if it's down to 08
+and 6 here if we controlled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6 here if we controlled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6 here if we controlled for
+additional demographic variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional demographic variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional demographic variables we
+would expect the Gap to get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the Gap to get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the Gap to get even
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+okay questions on that so okay then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions on that so okay then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions on that so okay then the
+you know the final part of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the final part of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the final part of the paper
+is uh they also look at sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh they also look at sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh they also look at sort of uh
+people who bought the cars through Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who bought the cars through Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who bought the cars through Auto
+byel or people you know and so the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byel or people you know and so the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byel or people you know and so the auto
+byel sample the main sample they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byel sample the main sample they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byel sample the main sample they look
+for is people who shop through Auto byel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is people who shop through Auto byel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is people who shop through Auto byel
+and buy from the dealer that auto byel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy from the dealer that auto byel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy from the dealer that auto byel
+assigns them to right I forget buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns them to right I forget buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns them to right I forget buy
+through that dealer or buy through no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that dealer or buy through no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that dealer or buy through no I
+guess it's um eventually bought on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's um eventually bought on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's um eventually bought on
+autobell.com the same car that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobell.com the same car that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobell.com the same car that they
+searched for not a different so throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searched for not a different so throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searched for not a different so throw
+out people who search an aut byel for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out people who search an aut byel for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out people who search an aut byel for a
+Corolla and then buy a Honda Civic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corolla and then buy a Honda Civic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corolla and then buy a Honda Civic but
+they keep anyone who buy search aut for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep anyone who buy search aut for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep anyone who buy search aut for
+a Cora and buys a Cora uh what they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cora and buys a Cora uh what they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cora and buys a Cora uh what they find
+is that you know two main results here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know two main results here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know two main results here
+do I have arrows I do not have arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have arrows I do not have arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have arrows I do not have arrows
+you know one is the Auto byel Buyers pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one is the Auto byel Buyers pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one is the Auto byel Buyers pay
+less they pay about 9/10 less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less they pay about 9/10 less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less they pay about 9/10 less than the
+people searching for car through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people searching for car through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people searching for car through
+traditional means so this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional means so this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional means so this is again
+arguing something about either the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing something about either the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing something about either the auto
+byel company or sophistication of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byel company or sophistication of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byel company or sophistication of people
+using the internet the fact they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the internet the fact they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the internet the fact they're
+using an internet to buy a car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an internet to buy a car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an internet to buy a car and
+getting a price quote they end up paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a price quote they end up paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a price quote they end up paying
+less for their cars and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less for their cars and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less for their cars and then the
+interactions with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with the with the
+demographics you'll see that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics you'll see that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics you'll see that like the
+you know black coefficient here was 1.5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know black coefficient here was 1.5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know black coefficient here was 1.5%
+but that auto byel times black is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that auto byel times black is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that auto byel times black is minus
+1.2 uh Hispanic was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 uh Hispanic was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 uh Hispanic was
+0.7 plus 0.5 is like 1.2 you get a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7 plus 0.5 is like 1.2 you get a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7 plus 0.5 is like 1.2 you get a minus
+2% for buying it online so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% for buying it online so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% for buying it online so that the
+um you know the it seems like the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the it seems like the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the it seems like the people
+buying through Auto byel the race and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying through Auto byel the race and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying through Auto byel the race and
+race and gender effects are large have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and gender effects are large have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and gender effects are large have
+largely been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely been
+eliminated okay and obviously you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated okay and obviously you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated okay and obviously you know
+in many cases the dealers are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases the dealers are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases the dealers are still
+going at least you know the gender the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at least you know the gender the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at least you know the gender the
+Asian Hispanic things that dealers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian Hispanic things that dealers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian Hispanic things that dealers are
+going to see the name of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see the name of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see the name of the person
+buying the car so they would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying the car so they would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying the car so they would be able to
+discriminate based on those factors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate based on those factors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate based on those factors uh
+but appear not to in Autobell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but appear not to in Autobell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but appear not to in Autobell
+data and they argue that this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and they argue that this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and they argue that this again
+suggests that a lot of what we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that a lot of what we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that a lot of what we're seeing
+is discrimination against people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discrimination against people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discrimination against people who are
+less able to shop or less Savvy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shopping okay any any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping okay any any questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping okay any any questions on that
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I guess you know one final comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess you know one final comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess you know one final comment
+I wanted to make is that you know if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to make is that you know if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to make is that you know if um
+you were to ask what would be the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to ask what would be the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to ask what would be the effect
+of banning discrimination here at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of banning discrimination here at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of banning discrimination here at least
+Banning mean discrimination you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banning mean discrimination you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banning mean discrimination you know
+this paper you know essentially makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper you know essentially makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper you know essentially makes it
+suggest that banning discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that banning discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that banning discrimination
+would not do much at all to dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not do much at all to dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not do much at all to dealer
+profits because if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits because if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits because if you think about it
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know right a sort of a feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right a sort of a feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right a sort of a feature of
+Monopoly pricing is that DP DP evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly pricing is that DP DP evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly pricing is that DP DP evaluated
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+PM equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM equals z
+so a change in the price has only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a change in the price has only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a change in the price has only a
+second order effect on the Dealer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order effect on the Dealer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order effect on the Dealer's
+profits and so you know if you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and so you know if you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and so you know if you're only
+changing if DPI DP if you have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing if DPI DP if you have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing if DPI DP if you have sort of
+only a second order effect on profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a second order effect on profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a second order effect on profits
+from a price change and you're Banning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a price change and you're Banning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a price change and you're Banning
+dealers from having 1% price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealers from having 1% price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealers from having 1% price
+differences that seems like that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that seems like that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that seems like that would
+have a very very minor effect on dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very minor effect on dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very minor effect on dealer
+profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits
+now you know this is Banning mean price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know this is Banning mean price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know this is Banning mean price
+discrimination you know it could it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination you know it could it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination you know it could it is
+the case that in the data there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that in the data there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that in the data there are some
+people who pay 5 or 10% more and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who pay 5 or 10% more and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who pay 5 or 10% more and some
+people who pay five or 10% less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who pay five or 10% less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who pay five or 10% less than
+others so it could be the dealers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so it could be the dealers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so it could be the dealers are
+making a lot of profits from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a lot of profits from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a lot of profits from being
+allowed to discriminate but being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to discriminate but being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to discriminate but being
+allowed to discriminate in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to discriminate in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to discriminate in a way that
+systematically disadvantages demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically disadvantages demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically disadvantages demographic
+groups that can't be important to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that can't be important to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that can't be important to the
+dealers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so then the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so then the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so then the you know
+second topic I I sort of figured I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second topic I I sort of figured I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second topic I I sort of figured I'd
+focus on with the other two papers was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on with the other two papers was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on with the other two papers was
+this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+of you know how large are the gains from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know how large are the gains from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know how large are the gains from
+price discrimination online going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination online going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination online going to be
+and um what will that price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what will that price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what will that price
+discrimination do to consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination do to consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination do to consumer surplus
+and Welfare and again as I said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Welfare and again as I said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Welfare and again as I said at the
+start of this lecture you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of this lecture you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of this lecture you know in the
+previous time you know we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time you know we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time you know we know that
+price discrimination is always good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination is always good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination is always good for
+firms because they always have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms because they always have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms because they always have the
+option not to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option not to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option not to do
+it but there was that sort of uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there was that sort of uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there was that sort of uh you
+know we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we had
+the you know Bergman Brook Brooks Morris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know Bergman Brook Brooks Morris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know Bergman Brook Brooks Morris
+Trump triangle that said sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump triangle that said sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump triangle that said sort of you
+know Monopoly pricing is here perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Monopoly pricing is here perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Monopoly pricing is here perfect
+price discrimination is here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination is here if you
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination discriminating you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know whether you go this way or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this axis you know you L firms start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this axis you know you L firms start
+discriminating you don't know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating you don't know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating you don't know you know
+profits are going up but you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are going up but you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are going up but you don't know
+whether consumer surplus is going up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether consumer surplus is going up is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+going down by enough to be below the 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down by enough to be below the 45
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down by enough to be below the 45
+5 degree line and make social welfare go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 degree line and make social welfare go
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 degree line and make social welfare go
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+ align:start position:0%
+down uh so in some sense what these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+papers are trying to answer
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers are trying to answer
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+is which directions you know how big are
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+
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+is which directions you know how big are
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so first you know I'm going to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so first you know I'm going to
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student accessible um data um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student accessible um data um
+so uh you know Schiller is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know Schiller is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know Schiller is using
+information from web browsing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from web browsing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from web browsing uh
+activities from comcore so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities from comcore so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities from comcore so you know
+comscore data is um you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comscore data is um you know it's it's
+not free but it's purchasable you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not free but it's purchasable you can
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+Warden Warden research data services um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warden Warden research data services um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warden Warden research data services um
+comcore data it's modified web logs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comcore data it's modified web logs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comcore data it's modified web logs so
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+ align:start position:0%
+he has this uh you know comcore is a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they do is you allow you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they do is you allow you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+comcore will pay you money I don't know
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+it up to comcore so you have to be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+it's very hard to have Anonymous you
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know how Anonymous is your
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+entire stream of web usage can someone
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+
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+figure out who you were and what else
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+they had a you know com score panel at
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+
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+
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+understanding consumer Behavior could
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+
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+buy comore data um so you know Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy comore data um so you know Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+bought comcore data um the comcore data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought comcore data um the comcore data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+you get in this public way it's not the
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+
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+realized that was a little sensitive but
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+
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+realized that was a little sensitive but
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+they do provide you with it still a lot
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+
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+they do provide you with it still a lot
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+which is uh a timestamped lists of all
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+
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+which is uh a timestamped lists of all
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+
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+instance this person went to
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+
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+then they went to ebay.com they did this
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+minutes and it just sort of gives you
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+
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+information on things that they
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+
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+purchased um so if you went to Netflix
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+purchased um so if you went to Netflix
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+
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+purchased um so if you went to Netflix
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+and signed up for Netflix that would be
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+
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+recorded in the com score data this
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+
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+person went to Netflix viewed 12 pages
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+person went to Netflix viewed 12 pages
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+
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+person went to Netflix viewed 12 pages
+and purchased a subscription okay um the
+
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+and purchased a subscription okay um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purchased a subscription okay um the
+paper focuses on demand for Netflix at
+
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+paper focuses on demand for Netflix at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper focuses on demand for Netflix at
+the time um maybe you guys are too young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time um maybe you guys are too young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time um maybe you guys are too young
+to remember this world uh Netflix was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember this world uh Netflix was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember this world uh Netflix was
+not an online service where you clicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an online service where you clicked
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an online service where you clicked
+on movies and could download them and
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+on movies and could download them and
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+
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+on movies and could download them and
+watch them Netflix was a service that
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+ align:start position:0%
+watch them Netflix was a service that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them Netflix was a service that
+mailed you DVDs so you would have a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailed you DVDs so you would have a list
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+
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+mailed you DVDs so you would have a list
+on Netflix of these are the movies that
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+on Netflix of these are the movies that
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+
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+on Netflix of these are the movies that
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+ align:start position:0%
+I want to watch Netflix would mail you a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to watch Netflix would mail you a
+movie in in an envelope and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in in an envelope and then when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in in an envelope and then when
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+ align:start position:0%
+you were done watching your movie you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were done watching your movie you
+would put the envelope in the mail you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put the envelope in the mail you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put the envelope in the mail you
+would mail it back to Netflix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mail it back to Netflix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mail it back to Netflix and the
+next movie on your queue would arrive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next movie on your queue would arrive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next movie on your queue would arrive so
+it was kind of like a video rental store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of like a video rental store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of like a video rental store
+except you didn't have to walk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you didn't have to walk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you didn't have to walk to the
+video rental store uh and you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video rental store uh and you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video rental store uh and you could have
+different subscriptions like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subscriptions like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subscriptions like a
+subscription where you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription where you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription where you only have one
+movie at a time or subscription where
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+ align:start position:0%
+movie at a time or subscription where
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie at a time or subscription where
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got two movies at a time so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got two movies at a time so that you
+didn't have to wait you know like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to wait you know like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to wait you know like if you
+the two movie subscription as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two movie subscription as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two movie subscription as soon as
+you watch one of the two you mail it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch one of the two you mail it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch one of the two you mail it
+back and then the second one can arrive
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+ align:start position:0%
+back and then the second one can arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then the second one can arrive
+in the mail two days later you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mail two days later you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mail two days later you know
+giveing you time to watch it you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giveing you time to watch it you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giveing you time to watch it you still
+have the second movie to watch while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the second movie to watch while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the second movie to watch while
+you're doing that um why does he do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that um why does he do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that um why does he do this
+you know in some this is a very clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some this is a very clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some this is a very clever
+design I think if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I think if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I think if you think about
+somebody who has access to this limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who has access to this limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who has access to this limited
+data and he's trying to understand price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and he's trying to understand price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and he's trying to understand price
+discrimination and there's several nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and there's several nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and there's several nice
+things about Netflix one is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about Netflix one is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about Netflix one is you know the
+number of people who purchase something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who purchase something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who purchase something
+in any in a year is limited but he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any in a year is limited but he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any in a year is limited but he can
+get everyone who's a Netflix subscriber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everyone who's a Netflix subscriber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everyone who's a Netflix subscriber
+because if you're a Netflix subscriber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're a Netflix subscriber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're a Netflix subscriber
+you regularly go to netflix.com and view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you regularly go to netflix.com and view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you regularly go to netflix.com and view
+multiple pages and spend a little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple pages and spend a little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple pages and spend a little time
+there choosing your movies and so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there choosing your movies and so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there choosing your movies and so by
+seeing whether someone is a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing whether someone is a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing whether someone is a regular
+visitor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitor to
+netflix.com you'll know whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netflix.com you'll know whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netflix.com you'll know whether they're
+a Netflix subscriber or not a Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Netflix subscriber or not a Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Netflix subscriber or not a Netflix
+subscriber okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscriber okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscriber okay um
+you know you can reasonably treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can reasonably treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can reasonably treat
+Netflix as a monopolist um Blockbuster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix as a monopolist um Blockbuster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix as a monopolist um Blockbuster
+Video also had a DVD by mail program but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Video also had a DVD by mail program but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Video also had a DVD by mail program but
+Netflix had a dominant market share and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix had a dominant market share and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix had a dominant market share and
+you could sort of think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sort of think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sort of think of them as
+Monopoly pricing um the fact that 16% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly pricing um the fact that 16% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly pricing um the fact that 16% of
+all Americans had Netflix subscriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Americans had Netflix subscriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Americans had Netflix subscriptions
+at the time means you if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time means you if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time means you if you're trying
+to think about estimating demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about estimating demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about estimating demand for
+something you need how you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you need how you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you need how you know like
+the you know you have 60,000 users but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know you have 60,000 users but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know you have 60,000 users but
+if you if only like 50 of them have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if only like 50 of them have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if only like 50 of them have have
+bought something you really have 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought something you really have 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought something you really have 50
+observations in some sense so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in some sense so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in some sense so the fact
+that you have 60,000 observations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have 60,000 observations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have 60,000 observations and
+16% have Netflix subscriptions mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16% have Netflix subscriptions mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16% have Netflix subscriptions mean
+you've got 10,000 subscribers and 50,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 10,000 subscribers and 50,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 10,000 subscribers and 50,000
+nonsubscribers and comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsubscribers and comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsubscribers and comparing the
+subscribers and nonsubscribers is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribers and nonsubscribers is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribers and nonsubscribers is much
+more powerful if you're comparing 60 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful if you're comparing 60 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful if you're comparing 60 and
+59,000 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+59,000 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+59,000 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then another aspect is like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then another aspect is like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then another aspect is like I
+said you know people do studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know people do studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know people do studies of
+cardboard boxes Netflix is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard boxes Netflix is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard boxes Netflix is a very simple
+business you know you can estimate very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you know you can estimate very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you know you can estimate very
+well Netflix's cost which is Netflix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Netflix's cost which is Netflix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Netflix's cost which is Netflix has
+to buy DVDs they have to have people put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy DVDs they have to have people put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy DVDs they have to have people put
+them in envelopes send them in the mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in envelopes send them in the mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in envelopes send them in the mail
+and then get them back and sort them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get them back and sort them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get them back and sort them
+again um Netflix also had just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um Netflix also had just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um Netflix also had just you know
+so if you look at Netflix's accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at Netflix's accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at Netflix's accounting
+data and you look at how much they spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you look at how much they spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you look at how much they spend
+buying DVDs how much they spend on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying DVDs how much they spend on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying DVDs how much they spend on their
+mail rooms you can get very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail rooms you can get very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail rooms you can get very good
+accounting estimates of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting estimates of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting estimates of what is
+Netflix's cost of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix's cost of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix's cost of having a
+subscriber um so he sort of treats this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscriber um so he sort of treats this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscriber um so he sort of treats this
+as this a a product where we can observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this a a product where we can observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this a a product where we can observe
+demand well and we know the cost from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand well and we know the cost from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand well and we know the cost from
+accounting data okay um you know big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting data okay um you know big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting data okay um you know big
+limitation there's no uh price variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation there's no uh price variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation there's no uh price variation
+right like you know Netflix do did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like you know Netflix do did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like you know Netflix do did have
+some coupons or whatever but he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coupons or whatever but he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coupons or whatever but he doesn't
+know that he doesn't know what most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that he doesn't know what most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that he doesn't know what most of
+his subscribers paid for Netflix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his subscribers paid for Netflix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his subscribers paid for Netflix because
+doesn't observe them buying Netflix he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't observe them buying Netflix he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't observe them buying Netflix he
+doesn't know what kind of subscription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what kind of subscription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what kind of subscription
+they have whether it's a two dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have whether it's a two dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have whether it's a two dis
+subscription or three dis subscription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription or three dis subscription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription or three dis subscription
+or something like that so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so you know
+normally you think of I need exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you think of I need exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you think of I need exogenous
+price variation to estimate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price variation to estimate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price variation to estimate demand
+elasticities okay so I guess though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities okay so I guess though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities okay so I guess though the
+you know second clever Insight that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know second clever Insight that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know second clever Insight that he
+makes in the paper besides that Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes in the paper besides that Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes in the paper besides that Netflix
+is a good experimental subject is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good experimental subject is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good experimental subject is that
+um you can try to estimate price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can try to estimate price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can try to estimate price
+elasticities here without any price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities here without any price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities here without any price
+variation so you know tobas is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so you know tobas is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so you know tobas is going to
+talk about demand estimation uh in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about demand estimation uh in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about demand estimation uh in in a
+couple weeks which can't come too soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks which can't come too soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks which can't come too soon
+it seems the papers I'm covering um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems the papers I'm covering um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems the papers I'm covering um
+a basic inside of that literature is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic inside of that literature is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic inside of that literature is if
+you have exogenous price variation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have exogenous price variation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have exogenous price variation you
+can estimate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can estimate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can estimate demand
+elasticities and then once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities and then once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities and then once you've
+estimated demand elastic if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated demand elastic if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated demand elastic if you're
+willing to assume that firms are profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to assume that firms are profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to assume that firms are profit
+maximizing then you know right you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing then you know right you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing then you know right you've
+got this condition that the firm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this condition that the firm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this condition that the firm is
+maximizing over p p minus c d of P or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing over p p minus c d of P or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing over p p minus c d of P or
+right you know right the firm is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know right the firm is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know right the firm is going
+to be doing P minus C over P equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing P minus C over P equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing P minus C over P equal 1
+over the elasticity of demand so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the elasticity of demand so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the elasticity of demand so if I
+observe the elasticity of demand then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the elasticity of demand then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the elasticity of demand then I
+observe the prices I can figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the prices I can figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the prices I can figure out what
+the firm's costs are without any cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm's costs are without any cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm's costs are without any cost
+data if I assume that firms are profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if I assume that firms are profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if I assume that firms are profit
+maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing
+monopolists um you know what Schiller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolists um you know what Schiller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolists um you know what Schiller
+notes is that if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is that if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is that if you think about this
+equation let's suppose that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let's suppose that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let's suppose that we know that
+costs are known and Netflix's profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are known and Netflix's profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are known and Netflix's profit
+maximizing if costs are known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing if costs are known in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing if costs are known in
+Netflix's profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix's profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix's profit
+maximizing then I know p and I know C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing then I know p and I know C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing then I know p and I know C
+and I know P which means I can infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know P which means I can infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know P which means I can infer
+what the Epsilon is so having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Epsilon is so having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Epsilon is so having the
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+of what fraction of people buy lets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what fraction of people buy lets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what fraction of people buy lets me
+get DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get DQ
+DP right because Epsilon is uh DQ DP * p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP right because Epsilon is uh DQ DP * p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP right because Epsilon is uh DQ DP * p
+over Q or whatever so if I know p and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q or whatever so if I know p and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q or whatever so if I know p and I
+know Q then I can also get DQ DP so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Q then I can also get DQ DP so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Q then I can also get DQ DP so that
+gives me you know DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DP so um I can really do sort of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP so um I can really do sort of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP so um I can really do sort of what we
+often want to get out of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want to get out of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want to get out of demand
+estimation even without any PR exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation even without any PR exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation even without any PR exogenous
+price variation if I have cost variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price variation if I have cost variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price variation if I have cost variation
+and profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximization so anyway what does he do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization so anyway what does he do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization so anyway what does he do
+so um again it looks like a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um again it looks like a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um again it looks like a lot of the
+lit like demand structures I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit like demand structures I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit like demand structures I talked
+about earlier he assumes that consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier he assumes that consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier he assumes that consumer
+I's utility from buying Netflix package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I's utility from buying Netflix package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I's utility from buying Netflix package
+J is some utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is some utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is some utility from
+Netflix um minus Alpha times the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix um minus Alpha times the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix um minus Alpha times the uh
+price of the package so Alpha is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the package so Alpha is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the package so Alpha is this
+price sensitivity plus CJ which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price sensitivity plus CJ which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price sensitivity plus CJ which is the
+sort of quality of package J uh plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of quality of package J uh plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of quality of package J uh plus
+this random error term that makes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random error term that makes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random error term that makes some
+people some people who are similar buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some people who are similar buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some people who are similar buy
+and some people not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people not
+buy and he assumes that the this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and he assumes that the this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and he assumes that the this average
+willingness to pay for Netflix among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for Netflix among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for Netflix among
+people with uh demographics X is Xi Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with uh demographics X is Xi Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with uh demographics X is Xi Time
+beta and he's going to sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and he's going to sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and he's going to sort of think
+about that Netflix could discriminate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that Netflix could discriminate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that Netflix could discriminate by
+charging different prices to people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging different prices to people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging different prices to people with
+different observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different observables
+XI and in his data set there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and in his data set there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and in his data set there are all
+kinds of observables um so he has 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of observables um so he has 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of observables um so he has 18
+demographic variables um 15 variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic variables um 15 variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic variables um 15 variables
+that relate to the quantity and timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relate to the quantity and timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relate to the quantity and timing
+of when you uh are on the internet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you uh are on the internet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you uh are on the internet but
+then he puts in 4600 other variables uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he puts in 4600 other variables uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he puts in 4600 other variables uh
+recording things like how much time do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording things like how much time do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording things like how much time do
+you spend on Microsoft network.com how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend on Microsoft network.com how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend on Microsoft network.com how
+much time do you spend in the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time do you spend in the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time do you spend in the New York
+Times how much time do you spend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times how much time do you spend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times how much time do you spend on
+GameFly how much time you spend on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GameFly how much time you spend on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GameFly how much time you spend on many
+other websites and so he sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other websites and so he sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other websites and so he sort of
+basically takes the for you know time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically takes the for you know time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically takes the for you know time
+spent on the 4600 most popular websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on the 4600 most popular websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on the 4600 most popular websites
+as a 4600 dimensional description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a 4600 dimensional description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a 4600 dimensional description of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um and then you know in his model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know in his model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know in his model
+there's only a single Alpha so it's dqp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a single Alpha so it's dqp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a single Alpha so it's dqp
+is the same for or well not DQ DP but du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same for or well not DQ DP but du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same for or well not DQ DP but du
+utility DP is the same for everybody um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility DP is the same for everybody um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility DP is the same for everybody um
+but because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um because the mean utilities differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the mean utilities differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the mean utilities differ
+people who are with a very high V are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are with a very high V are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are with a very high V are
+going to buy the thing basically almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to buy the thing basically almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to buy the thing basically almost
+regardless of what the price is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what the price is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what the price is people
+with a very low V are be highly unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very low V are be highly unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very low V are be highly unlikely
+to buy it and so the price sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy it and so the price sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy it and so the price sensitivity
+does differ across people because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does differ across people because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does differ across people because you
+you have these sort of nonlinearities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these sort of nonlinearities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these sort of nonlinearities
+and how much it's worth to you and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much it's worth to you and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much it's worth to you and that
+affects how much you're willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects how much you're willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects how much you're willing to pay
+okay and so then he's going to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then he's going to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then he's going to estimate
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+um uh beta parameters um he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh beta parameters um he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh beta parameters um he's going to
+estimate the beta parameters via sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the beta parameters via sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the beta parameters via sort of
+a lasso like um maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lasso like um maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lasso like um maximum likelihood
+estimation do people here know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation do people here know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation do people here know what
+lasso models are okay so you know lasso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasso models are okay so you know lasso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasso models are okay so you know lasso
+model you know you're used to seeing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you know you're used to seeing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you know you're used to seeing um
+like you know simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know simple
+regression you know how does OS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you know how does OS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you know how does OS
+regression work I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression work I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression work I'm just trying to
+maximize the sum of Y minus y IUS beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the sum of Y minus y IUS beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the sum of Y minus y IUS beta
+XI squared and this is my OS estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI squared and this is my OS estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI squared and this is my OS estimator
+of beta I just sorry I minimize over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta I just sorry I minimize over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta I just sorry I minimize over
+beta y - x beta s okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y - x beta s okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y - x beta s okay
+um the lasso model is suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lasso model is suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lasso model is suppose you have
+you know and and something you're taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and something you're taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and something you're taught
+in undergradu conom metrics is if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in undergradu conom metrics is if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in undergradu conom metrics is if I'm
+going to do this I need to have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this I need to have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this I need to have many
+fewer X's than I have observations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer X's than I have observations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer X's than I have observations and
+so you know I need the sort of um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I need the sort of um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I need the sort of um you
+know the number of variables is n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the number of variables is n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the number of variables is n and
+the number of observations is T I need n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of observations is T I need n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of observations is T I need n
+small relative to I need you know T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small relative to I need you know T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small relative to I need you know T
+going to Infinity um relative to number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Infinity um relative to number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Infinity um relative to number
+of right-and side variables in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right-and side variables in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right-and side variables in order to
+estimate this equation um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this equation um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this equation um what
+econometricians or computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometricians or computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometricians or computer scientists
+and converstions have noticed is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converstions have noticed is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converstions have noticed is that
+you don't actually need that to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually need that to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually need that to estimate
+a regression if you're willing to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression if you're willing to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression if you're willing to make
+the assumption that most of the betas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that most of the betas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that most of the betas
+are zero and if you're looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero and if you're looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero and if you're looking for the
+assumption is you have a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is you have a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is you have a regression
+where you have many many right- hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have many many right- hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have many many right- hand
+side variables most of the betas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side variables most of the betas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side variables most of the betas are
+zero you don't the only thing is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you don't the only thing is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you don't the only thing is you
+don't know which ones are zero then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which ones are zero then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which ones are zero then what
+you can do is instead um minimize over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is instead um minimize over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is instead um minimize over
+beta uh the you know sum across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta uh the you know sum across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta uh the you know sum across
+observations I by I minus uh x i beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations I by I minus uh x i beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations I by I minus uh x i beta
+squared and then subtract off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then subtract off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then subtract off the
+sum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh
+overall uh J of Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh J of Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh J of Lambda
+J actually want to do this minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J actually want to do this minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J actually want to do this minus Lambda
+the sum over J absolute value beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over J absolute value beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over J absolute value beta
+J so you know if I'm using I to index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so you know if I'm using I to index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so you know if I'm using I to index
+people J to index variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people J to index variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people J to index variables in the
+equation uh so if I instead minimize an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh so if I instead minimize an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh so if I instead minimize an
+objective function like this where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function like this where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function like this where I'm
+minimizing the sum of squared residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the sum of squared residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the sum of squared residuals
+minus the sum of the absolute values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the sum of the absolute values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the sum of the absolute values of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+coefficients and because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and because you're
+minimizing the sum of the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the sum of the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the sum of the absolute value
+of the coefficients it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficients it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficients it's like you know
+putting a penalty function that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a penalty function that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a penalty function that looks
+like this if you use a nonzero beta J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if you use a nonzero beta J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if you use a nonzero beta J
+and so anything where the beta J looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anything where the beta J looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anything where the beta J looks
+like it has a very very small effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has a very very small effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has a very very small effect you
+minimize a function like this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize a function like this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize a function like this with a
+kink by just setting beta J equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kink by just setting beta J equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kink by just setting beta J equal to
+zero and so what you do in a lasso model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so what you do in a lasso model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so what you do in a lasso model
+is you estimate a regression like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you estimate a regression like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you estimate a regression like this
+and you put in these penalty functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put in these penalty functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put in these penalty functions
+and you put those penalty functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put those penalty functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put those penalty functions in
+in a way that sets most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that sets most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that sets most of the
+coefficients equal to zero and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients equal to zero and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients equal to zero and you can
+that is sort of ASM totically a valid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of ASM totically a valid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of ASM totically a valid uh
+estimate under some set of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate under some set of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate under some set of assumptions
+about how fast the number of non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how fast the number of non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how fast the number of non-zero
+coefficients increases with t Okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients increases with t Okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients increases with t Okay um so
+he's doing something very much like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing something very much like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing something very much like that
+in maximum likelihood estimation or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in maximum likelihood estimation or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in maximum likelihood estimation or what
+he's doing is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing is he's
+maximizing you know he's maximizing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing you know he's maximizing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing you know he's maximizing like
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sum of the likelihood of Yi given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the likelihood of Yi given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the likelihood of Yi given
+XI and then also subtracting Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and then also subtracting Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and then also subtracting Lambda
+times the sum of the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sum of the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sum of the absolute value of
+the beta JS so he's doing like a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta JS so he's doing like a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta JS so he's doing like a maximum
+likelihood version of that where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood version of that where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood version of that where you're
+maximizing the sum of the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the sum of the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the sum of the log
+likelihoods and subtracting this penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihoods and subtracting this penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihoods and subtracting this penalty
+function for every non-zero coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for every non-zero coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for every non-zero coefficient
+okay and so what this model does does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what this model does does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what this model does does it
+in practice um I mean it's I'm a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice um I mean it's I'm a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice um I mean it's I'm a little
+you know surprised at how many variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know surprised at how many variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know surprised at how many variables
+he keeps but roughly he keeps 900 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he keeps but roughly he keeps 900 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he keeps but roughly he keeps 900 of the
+uh right hand side variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right hand side variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right hand side variables in the
+equation but then it's as if the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but then it's as if the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but then it's as if the other
+3700 variables get dropped from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3700 variables get dropped from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3700 variables get dropped from the
+equation because the beta estimates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because the beta estimates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because the beta estimates are
+so small that you just set them to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small that you just set them to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small that you just set them to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um just to give a sense of what is data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to give a sense of what is data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to give a sense of what is data
+looks like you know the demographics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you know the demographics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you know the demographics are
+things like the age of the people is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the age of the people is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the age of the people is the
+oldest person in the household 21 to 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest person in the household 21 to 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest person in the household 21 to 24
+25 to 29 30 to 34 uh he's got race in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 to 29 30 to 34 uh he's got race in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 to 29 30 to 34 uh he's got race in
+there he's got income in there uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he's got income in there uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he's got income in there uh and
+then the browsing habits he's got things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the browsing habits he's got things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the browsing habits he's got things
+of like you know what fraction of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know what fraction of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know what fraction of your
+internet use is midnight to 6:00 a.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet use is midnight to 6:00 a.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet use is midnight to 6:00 a.m.
+what fraction is 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction is 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction is 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.
+what fraction is 6m to midnight how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction is 6m to midnight how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction is 6m to midnight how much
+you use the internet on Monday Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the internet on Monday Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the internet on Monday Tuesday
+Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday so he
+has this set of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this set of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this set of sort
+of minimal demographics on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimal demographics on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimal demographics on people
+although you know more you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you know more you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you know more you know more
+than you would often see at least he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would often see at least he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would often see at least he
+does have some set of income brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have some set of income brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have some set of income brackets
+and then he's got all of your 4600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he's got all of your 4600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he's got all of your 4600
+website visits um and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website visits um and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website visits um and you know the
+results come out that like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results come out that like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results come out that like the most
+powerful predictor of whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful predictor of whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful predictor of whether you're
+going to subscribe to Netflix is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subscribe to Netflix is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subscribe to Netflix is whether
+you're a frequent visitor to gamefly.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a frequent visitor to gamefly.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a frequent visitor to gamefly.com
+I don't know if Gamefly still exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if Gamefly still exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if Gamefly still exists
+GameFly was a company like Netflix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GameFly was a company like Netflix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GameFly was a company like Netflix but
+that mailed you video game uh D CD ROMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mailed you video game uh D CD ROMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mailed you video game uh D CD ROMs
+so you would just have a cdrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would just have a cdrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would just have a cdrom
+subscription to GameFly you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription to GameFly you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription to GameFly you know you're
+playing Call of Duty 3 you get tired of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing Call of Duty 3 you get tired of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing Call of Duty 3 you get tired of
+it you mail it back to them they send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you mail it back to them they send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you mail it back to them they send
+you the next video game on your list you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the next video game on your list you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the next video game on your list you
+play that for a month you send it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that for a month you send it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that for a month you send it back
+they send you the next one on your list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send you the next one on your list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send you the next one on your list
+um but anyway so subscription to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway so subscription to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway so subscription to
+gamefly.com was the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamefly.com was the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamefly.com was the most powerful
+positive predictor the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictor the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictor the most powerful
+negative predictor of having a Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative predictor of having a Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative predictor of having a Netflix
+subscription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription
+was uh I don't know amo. JP some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh I don't know amo. JP some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh I don't know amo. JP some kind of
+Japanese blogging site people I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese blogging site people I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese blogging site people I guess
+apparently who visit Japanese blogging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently who visit Japanese blogging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently who visit Japanese blogging
+sites don't do a lot of watching Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites don't do a lot of watching Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites don't do a lot of watching Netflix
+movies I don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies I don't know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies I don't know um
+you know people who visit audible.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who visit audible.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who visit audible.com
+and rent music also tend to rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rent music also tend to rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rent music also tend to rent
+DVDs um you know people who do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVDs um you know people who do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVDs um you know people who do things
+like uh visit jacksonville.com you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh visit jacksonville.com you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh visit jacksonville.com you know
+they don't they don't watch a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't they don't watch a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't they don't watch a lot of
+Netflix um you know you get the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix um you know you get the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix um you know you get the sense
+it's sort of you know obviously he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of you know obviously he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of you know obviously he has
+the age in there but it's you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age in there but it's you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age in there but it's you know there
+are people who sort of sit around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who sort of sit around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who sort of sit around and
+read local news on the internet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read local news on the internet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read local news on the internet and
+people who watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who watch
+entertainment um you know and it it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment um you know and it it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment um you know and it it is a
+you know it's a I don't know right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a I don't know right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a I don't know right I
+sort of find this interesting that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of find this interesting that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of find this interesting that like
+you know yes you know like like once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes you know like like once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes you know like like once you
+think about it yes many many many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it yes many many many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it yes many many many of
+these things make sense if I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things make sense if I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things make sense if I'm trying to
+predict whether someone is likely to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict whether someone is likely to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict whether someone is likely to buy
+Netflix or not there's a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix or not there's a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix or not there's a tremendous
+amount of information in their website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information in their website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information in their website
+and there people are very very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there people are very very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there people are very very different
+and you it could be revealed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you it could be revealed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you it could be revealed through
+these many different channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many different channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many different channels
+simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um okay what does he find um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay what does he find um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay what does he find um first
+finding here is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding here is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding here is that you know
+demographic targeting and again remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic targeting and again remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic targeting and again remember
+he had the same demographics we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had the same demographics we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had the same demographics we were
+talking about in the car paper he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the car paper he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the car paper he does
+have um he has race he has Hispanic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um he has race he has Hispanic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um he has race he has Hispanic uh
+he's actually got income all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually got income all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually got income all of those
+things he says are basically useless for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he says are basically useless for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he says are basically useless for
+pricing Netflix he said that sort of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing Netflix he said that sort of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing Netflix he said that sort of if
+you estimate you know I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you estimate you know I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you estimate you know I'm going to
+estimate demand elasticities as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate demand elasticities as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate demand elasticities as a
+function of the demographic group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the demographic group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the demographic group and
+think about switching from the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about switching from the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about switching from the optimal
+uniform price to the optimal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform price to the optimal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform price to the optimal uh
+demographic Target price and he finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic Target price and he finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic Target price and he finds
+that targeting the demographics would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that targeting the demographics would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that targeting the demographics would
+let Netflix increase its profits by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Netflix increase its profits by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Netflix increase its profits by
+0.3% um you know I I think though this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3% um you know I I think though this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3% um you know I I think though this
+you know some sense this is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some sense this is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some sense this is consistent
+with what I said before in that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I said before in that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I said before in that you know
+getting with that sort of like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting with that sort of like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting with that sort of like if
+profits are quadratic in the extent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are quadratic in the extent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are quadratic in the extent to
+which you want to change the price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you want to change the price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you want to change the price and
+and you know profits it's SEC it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know profits it's SEC it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know profits it's SEC it's a
+second order change you only want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order change you only want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order change you only want to
+make changes on the order of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make changes on the order of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make changes on the order of a few
+percent then the profit effect from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent then the profit effect from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent then the profit effect from that
+has to be small and that's what he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be small and that's what he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be small and that's what he says
+the profit impact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit impact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit impact is
+0.3% um he argues that targeting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3% um he argues that targeting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3% um he argues that targeting on the
+web though May in some sense may be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web though May in some sense may be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web though May in some sense may be much
+more common than targeting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common than targeting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common than targeting in the
+offline world would be because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline world would be because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline world would be because these
+browsing variables are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing variables are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing variables are much more
+powerful he estimates that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful he estimates that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful he estimates that they would
+let you increase Netflix's profits by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you increase Netflix's profits by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you increase Netflix's profits by
+133% you know it's still not a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+133% you know it's still not a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+133% you know it's still not a huge
+number when you think about you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number when you think about you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number when you think about you've got
+those 4600 variables in there what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 4600 variables in there what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 4600 variables in there what could
+you do with all of those you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with all of those you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with all of those you know he
+says it's much much more than you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's much much more than you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's much much more than you can do
+a demographic F uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demographic F uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demographic F uh but it's
+13%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what are the welfare effects um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are the welfare effects um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are the welfare effects um oh
+can I have that okay so welfare effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have that okay so welfare effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have that okay so welfare effects
+are um here he's arguing that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um here he's arguing that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um here he's arguing that with
+demographic targeting uh we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic targeting uh we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic targeting uh we're actually
+you know in this diagram it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this diagram it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this diagram it's the
+tiniest arrow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiniest arrow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiniest arrow in the
+world but it's an arrow to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but it's an arrow to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but it's an arrow to the right
+that is the profits are going up by . 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the profits are going up by . 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the profits are going up by . 3%
+the consumer surplus is going up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer surplus is going up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer surplus is going up by
+0.005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005
+05% um demographic targeting it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05% um demographic targeting it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05% um demographic targeting it's like
+this kind of Arrow so it's a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Arrow so it's a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Arrow so it's a bigger
+Arrow going up 133% and it's going uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow going up 133% and it's going uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow going up 133% and it's going uh
+slightly down on the consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly down on the consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly down on the consumer surplus
+side um you know total social welfare I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um you know total social welfare I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um you know total social welfare I
+assume has got to be going up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume has got to be going up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume has got to be going up because
+you know you've got the 133% increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've got the 133% increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've got the 133% increase in
+profit the only negative a half% on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit the only negative a half% on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit the only negative a half% on
+consumer surplus I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus I don't know what the
+mean consumer surplus is versus profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean consumer surplus is versus profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean consumer surplus is versus profits
+but assuming that they're roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but assuming that they're roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but assuming that they're roughly
+comparable uh you know social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable uh you know social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable uh you know social welfare
+has got to be going uh up in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to be going uh up in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to be going uh up in both cases
+um he does not have nearly as much data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he does not have nearly as much data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he does not have nearly as much data
+to do this but he sort of says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but he sort of says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but he sort of says if
+Netflix were to use second deegree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix were to use second deegree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix were to use second deegree
+discrimination instead um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination instead um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination instead um you know
+discriminating AC crossb by offering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating AC crossb by offering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating AC crossb by offering the
+one plan CD plan the two the two DVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plan CD plan the two the two DVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plan CD plan the two the two DVD
+plan the 3 DVD plan there he argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan the 3 DVD plan there he argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan the 3 DVD plan there he argued that
+second de discrimination would be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second de discrimination would be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second de discrimination would be much
+more powerful uh and he claims based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful uh and he claims based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful uh and he claims based on
+you know a conversation with a Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a conversation with a Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a conversation with a Netflix
+executive that they were not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive that they were not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive that they were not doing
+second degree discri discrimination at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree discri discrimination at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree discri discrimination at
+the time he sort of said that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he sort of said that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he sort of said that they were
+doing plans are priced proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing plans are priced proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing plans are priced proportional to
+cost with a single multiplier whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost with a single multiplier whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost with a single multiplier whereas
+you know secondary discrimination model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know secondary discrimination model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know secondary discrimination model
+says you know you should be charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know you should be charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know you should be charging
+different markups to different groups um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different markups to different groups um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different markups to different groups um
+but anyway he sort of says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway he sort of says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway he sort of says that
+secondary discrimination could raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary discrimination could raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary discrimination could raise
+profits by much more is a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits by much more is a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits by much more is a much bigger
+deal than these sort of uh degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal than these sort of uh degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal than these sort of uh degree
+discrimination they can do uh and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination they can do uh and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination they can do uh and just
+you know here's an example of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's an example of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's an example of the uh
+what he's estimating the consumer types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's estimating the consumer types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's estimating the consumer types
+you know if if you have no demographics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you have no demographics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you have no demographics
+at all it's as if you're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it's as if you're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it's as if you're assuming that
+everyone has the constant mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has the constant mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has the constant mean uh
+willingness to pay V for the product if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay V for the product if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay V for the product if
+you put in the demographics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in the demographics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in the demographics it's
+basically saying instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying instead of having a
+spike here you get almost everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike here you get almost everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike here you get almost everybody has
+one of these two willingness is to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these two willingness is to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these two willingness is to pay
+that're very close to each other uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that're very close to each other uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that're very close to each other uh and
+when you look at the full model with web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the full model with web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the full model with web
+browsing data you get this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing data you get this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing data you get this sort of
+bigger um distribution like that and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger um distribution like that and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger um distribution like that and if
+you remember back to what I said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember back to what I said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember back to what I said about
+Bergman Brooks Morris you know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bergman Brooks Morris you know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bergman Brooks Morris you know it's the
+shape of this distribution that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this distribution that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this distribution that's going
+to tend to determine whether consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tend to determine whether consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tend to determine whether consumer
+surplus is going up or down and it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is going up or down and it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is going up or down and it seems
+like the shape of this distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the shape of this distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the shape of this distribution is
+something to the fact that it keeps them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the fact that it keeps them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the fact that it keeps them
+from raising their prices by too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from raising their prices by too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from raising their prices by too much
+and that's why uh you know that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why uh you know that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why uh you know that would
+have to be involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be involved in
+uh consumer surplus not going down a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consumer surplus not going down a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consumer surplus not going down a lot
+when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this questions on
+Schiller I think I had one more slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schiller I think I had one more slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schiller I think I had one more slide so
+um some comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some comments
+just again you know right I I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again you know right I I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again you know right I I think this
+is a nice creative paper if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice creative paper if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice creative paper if you think
+about what it takes to write papers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it takes to write papers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it takes to write papers as
+graduate students you know he had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students you know he had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students you know he had this
+sort of just uses an off-the-shelf data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just uses an off-the-shelf data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just uses an off-the-shelf data
+set and he has these two different ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and he has these two different ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and he has these two different ideas
+you know one is this identification idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one is this identification idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one is this identification idea
+that if I can find a product where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I can find a product where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I can find a product where I
+think cost is known I can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think cost is known I can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think cost is known I can estimate
+demand elasticities without having any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticities without having any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticities without having any
+price variation in the data and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price variation in the data and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price variation in the data and you know
+Netflix is a product that's both very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix is a product that's both very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix is a product that's both very
+popular and where I could track usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and where I could track usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and where I could track usage
+and where I can get the observable cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where I can get the observable cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where I can get the observable cost
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+um you know he also has this other nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know he also has this other nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know he also has this other nice
+observation where I can sort of do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation where I can sort of do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation where I can sort of do this
+comparison of demographic price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of demographic price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of demographic price
+discrimination versus web browsing price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination versus web browsing price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination versus web browsing price
+discri discrimination um you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discri discrimination um you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discri discrimination um you know I
+think these are important applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are important applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are important applied
+observations to the extent that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations to the extent that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations to the extent that that you
+know obviously the you know limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously the you know limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously the you know limitations
+of the data may make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data may make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data may make
+it you know it's a good data point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know it's a good data point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know it's a good data point but
+we I don't know how much we believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I don't know how much we believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I don't know how much we believe it
+but it's you know to the extent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know to the extent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know to the extent we
+believe that you know it suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you know it suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you know it suggests that
+demographics are a very little value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics are a very little value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics are a very little value for
+price discrimination um so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination um so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination um so maybe we
+really shouldn't expect to see much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shouldn't expect to see much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shouldn't expect to see much
+demographic price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic price
+discrimination uh shows that web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination uh shows that web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination uh shows that web
+browsing can reveal a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing can reveal a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing can reveal a lot of information
+and and something else I would say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and something else I would say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and something else I would say is
+that it also shows that web browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it also shows that web browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it also shows that web browsing
+based discrimination is Fe like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based discrimination is Fe like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based discrimination is Fe like one
+obstacle to discrimination is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle to discrimination is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle to discrimination is always
+people hiding who they are like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hiding who they are like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hiding who they are like you know
+if you try to have a student uh imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to have a student uh imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to have a student uh imagine
+you try to have like a student search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to have like a student search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to have like a student search
+charge at the art if you go there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge at the art if you go there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge at the art if you go there and
+you're a graduate student they charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a graduate student they charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a graduate student they charge
+you 20% more than someone who's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 20% more than someone who's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 20% more than someone who's not a
+student you know it would be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student you know it would be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student you know it would be very hard
+to like you know get someone to like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like you know get someone to like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like you know get someone to like you
+know prove they're not a student to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prove they're not a student to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prove they're not a student to you
+like you know like that pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like that pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like that pricing
+descrimination wouldn't work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descrimination wouldn't work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descrimination wouldn't work because
+it's hard to prove that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to prove that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to prove that you're not
+actually in school somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in school somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in school somewhere
+um here it's also it would be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here it's also it would be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here it's also it would be very hard
+to distort your web browsing behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distort your web browsing behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distort your web browsing behavior in
+a way that prevented Netflix from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that prevented Netflix from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that prevented Netflix from
+discriminating against you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating against you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating against you you know
+because Netflix can discriminate against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Netflix can discriminate against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Netflix can discriminate against
+you by looking at your visits to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by looking at your visits to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by looking at your visits to you
+know 4,000 different websites and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 4,000 different websites and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 4,000 different websites and okay
+maybe I'm going to stay off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm going to stay off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm going to stay off uh
+gamefly.com in the month before I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamefly.com in the month before I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamefly.com in the month before I'm
+trying to buy Netflix to get my price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to buy Netflix to get my price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to buy Netflix to get my price to
+go down but that's just you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down but that's just you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down but that's just you know they're
+only putting three times the weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only putting three times the weight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only putting three times the weight on
+that as they use on these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as they use on these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as they use on these you know
+thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of
+other websites and so you know you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other websites and so you know you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other websites and so you know you'd
+really would have to do a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would have to do a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would have to do a tremendous
+amount of distorting your behavior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of distorting your behavior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of distorting your behavior to
+try to save money on Netflix and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to save money on Netflix and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to save money on Netflix and it
+given that it's distorting your behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that it's distorting your behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that it's distorting your behavior
+on 4,000 other websites to get whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 4,000 other websites to get whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 4,000 other websites to get whatever
+discount they're giving you it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount they're giving you it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount they're giving you it's just
+going to be impossible for consumers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be impossible for consumers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be impossible for consumers to
+hide who they are other than you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide who they are other than you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide who they are other than you know
+consumers if hiding through they are via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers if hiding through they are via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers if hiding through they are via
+some technological means like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some technological means like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some technological means like sort of
+some tracking blocker software um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tracking blocker software um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tracking blocker software um but
+then again you know obviously what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you know obviously what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you know obviously what we
+don't know is what's the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know is what's the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know is what's the mean
+willingness to pay of people who use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay of people who use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay of people who use
+tracker blocking software into they pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker blocking software into they pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker blocking software into they pay
+even more money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more money um
+so is Netflix able to see people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is Netflix able to see people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is Netflix able to see people's
+browser activity back during this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser activity back during this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser activity back during this time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah you know obviously there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know obviously there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know obviously there are many
+data Brokers out there who stick cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Brokers out there who stick cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Brokers out there who stick cookies
+on your uh computer when you visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your uh computer when you visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your uh computer when you visit
+websites and Netflix could have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites and Netflix could have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites and Netflix could have made
+agreements with some of these firms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements with some of these firms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements with some of these firms to
+buy their data and get the track in data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy their data and get the track in data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy their data and get the track in data
+from you um you know I I think in 2006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you um you know I I think in 2006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you um you know I I think in 2006
+we know Netflix was you know I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know Netflix was you know I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know Netflix was you know I mean you
+know they're just basically doing 6.99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're just basically doing 6.99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're just basically doing 6.99
+if you want one dgd 8.99 they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want one dgd 8.99 they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want one dgd 8.99 they weren't
+doing any discrimination whatsoever um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any discrimination whatsoever um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any discrimination whatsoever um I
+don't know when those sort of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know when those sort of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know when those sort of data
+markets developed but it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets developed but it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets developed but it certainly
+wasn't long after this that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't long after this that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't long after this that you could
+purchase an awful lot of data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase an awful lot of data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase an awful lot of data about
+users you know from many you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users you know from many you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users you know from many you know there
+many businesses who have this model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many businesses who have this model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many businesses who have this model of
+sticking cookies on your machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking cookies on your machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking cookies on your machine and
+then selling the data about you every
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+questions okay so then the
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+provide benefits do you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide benefits do you need to have a
+resume does you provide mental benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume does you provide mental benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume does you provide mental benefits
+dental benefits you know there's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dental benefits you know there's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dental benefits you know there's what
+you know what category does a job fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what category does a job fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what category does a job fall
+in is it an administrative job a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is it an administrative job a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is it an administrative job a
+technical job a programming job whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical job a programming job whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical job a programming job whatever
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know it's fairly minimal evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's fairly minimal evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's fairly minimal evidence
+from a a menu but you've got to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a a menu but you've got to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a a menu but you've got to do all
+this before zip recruiter will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before zip recruiter will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before zip recruiter will tell you
+what the price is and obviously if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the price is and obviously if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the price is and obviously if you
+told zip recruiter I'm a 50,000 person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told zip recruiter I'm a 50,000 person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told zip recruiter I'm a 50,000 person
+firm I'm going to hire hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm I'm going to hire hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm I'm going to hire hundreds of
+people a month they were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a month they were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a month they were already
+discriminating based on that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating based on that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating based on that information
+they would sort of say you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would sort of say you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would sort of say you know if you
+want to hire if you're a 10,000 person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hire if you're a 10,000 person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hire if you're a 10,000 person
+you know you're MIT you've got 15,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're MIT you've got 15,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're MIT you've got 15,000
+employees you're going to use zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees you're going to use zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees you're going to use zip
+recruiter to hire a thousand people a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter to hire a thousand people a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter to hire a thousand people a
+year you know you'll get charged many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you know you'll get charged many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you know you'll get charged many
+many thousands of dollars a month not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many thousands of dollars a month not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many thousands of dollars a month not
+$99 a month um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$99 a month um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$99 a month um
+but what they did was in the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they did was in the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they did was in the experiment
+was uh they had like a month-long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh they had like a month-long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh they had like a month-long
+experiment where when you signed up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where when you signed up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where when you signed up if
+you answered everything that put you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answered everything that put you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answered everything that put you in
+the low category the under 50 employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low category the under 50 employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low category the under 50 employee
+category they randomized what they told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category they randomized what they told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category they randomized what they told
+you the monthly price was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the monthly price was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the monthly price was going to be
+and they did it you know 99 was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did it you know 99 was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did it you know 99 was the
+price they were currently charging uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they were currently charging uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they were currently charging uh
+but then in the in the randomized sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then in the in the randomized sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then in the in the randomized sample
+some people were charged 19 39 5979
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people were charged 19 39 5979
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people were charged 19 39 5979
+going all the way up to 3.99 a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all the way up to 3.99 a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all the way up to 3.99 a month
+okay so they have this explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they have this explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they have this explicitly
+randomized experiment and an explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment and an explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment and an explicitly
+randomized experiment where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment where they can
+think about discriminating based on sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about discriminating based on sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about discriminating based on sort
+of the 133 features they get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 133 features they get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 133 features they get out of this
+you know what are the 133 features like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are the 133 features like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are the 133 features like
+you know you get a whole bunch of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get a whole bunch of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get a whole bunch of them
+out of uh State dummies so you get 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh State dummies so you get 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh State dummies so you get 50
+state dummies and some Canadian province
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state dummies and some Canadian province
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state dummies and some Canadian province
+dummies you do get sort of job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies you do get sort of job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies you do get sort of job
+categories you get benefits yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories you get benefits yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories you get benefits yes or no
+some of these are binary some are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these are binary some are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these are binary some are not
+anyway they had 133 quote features they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they had 133 quote features they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they had 133 quote features they
+could then think about discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then think about discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then think about discriminating
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+Okay um so the experiment you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay um so the experiment you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay um so the experiment you know it's
+it's a big experiment I I I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big experiment I I I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big experiment I I I think the
+experiment was everyone who came to zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was everyone who came to zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was everyone who came to zip
+recruiter that month um but that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter that month um but that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter that month um but that's still
+a sample of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of just
+7,867 firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,867 firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,867 firms
+um you know utility model is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know utility model is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know utility model is very
+similar to what you saw in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what you saw in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what you saw in the previous
+paper it it's simpler here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it it's simpler here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it it's simpler here because
+Netflix had the many different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix had the many different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix had the many different products
+that needed a Cass JS to determine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed a Cass JS to determine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed a Cass JS to determine which
+Netflix DVD level you bought here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix DVD level you bought here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix DVD level you bought here
+there's just one you know it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one you know it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one you know it's just like
+you go through this process and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through this process and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through this process and it's
+either one or zero you click yes I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or zero you click yes I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or zero you click yes I'll
+give you my credit card and sign up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you my credit card and sign up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you my credit card and sign up for
+$99 a month or no I don't want to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$99 a month or no I don't want to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$99 a month or no I don't want to sign
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+now um so the utility is again xib beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so the utility is again xib beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so the utility is again xib beta
+is your sort of mean utility given your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your sort of mean utility given your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your sort of mean utility given your
+characteristics um XI for signing up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics um XI for signing up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics um XI for signing up for
+zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip
+recruiter they then have the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter they then have the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter they then have the alpha
+coefficient vary across firms you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vary across firms you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vary across firms you take
+the XI multiplied by another coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XI multiplied by another coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XI multiplied by another coefficient
+Vector gives you your price sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector gives you your price sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector gives you your price sensitivity
+uh and then you have an epsiloni uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you have an epsiloni uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you have an epsiloni uh
+again logit error term at the end where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again logit error term at the end where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again logit error term at the end where
+it's just some consumers with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just some consumers with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just some consumers with the same
+characteristics are willing to pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are willing to pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are willing to pay more
+or less to be on zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less to be on zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less to be on zip
+recruiter okay uh and they estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter okay uh and they estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter okay uh and they estimate this
+by three different procedures um one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three different procedures um one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three different procedures um one is
+a pure maximum likelihood estimation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure maximum likelihood estimation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure maximum likelihood estimation to
+estimate the you know again this is 133
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the you know again this is 133
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the you know again this is 133
+parameters here 133 parameters here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here 133 parameters here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here 133 parameters here so
+266 parameters to be estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+266 parameters to be estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+266 parameters to be estimated
+7,867 customers one thing they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,867 customers one thing they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,867 customers one thing they do is
+just pure maximum likelihood estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pure maximum likelihood estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pure maximum likelihood estimation
+again you know empirically people worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know empirically people worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know empirically people worry
+about over like 200 uh whatever 266 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about over like 200 uh whatever 266 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about over like 200 uh whatever 266 is
+too many parameters to estimate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many parameters to estimate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many parameters to estimate with
+7,000 observations you sort of end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,000 observations you sort of end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,000 observations you sort of end up
+overfitting the data so they use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting the data so they use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting the data so they use a
+lasso like mle procedure again to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasso like mle procedure again to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasso like mle procedure again to sort
+of estimate this um uh they use or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimate this um uh they use or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimate this um uh they use or maybe
+it's a pure lasso procedure I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pure lasso procedure I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pure lasso procedure I forget
+they use a lasso procedure also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a lasso procedure also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a lasso procedure also to
+estimate this using retaining setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this using retaining setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this using retaining setting
+more coefficients equal to zero uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coefficients equal to zero uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coefficients equal to zero uh and
+then they also do a a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they also do a a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they also do a a weighted
+likelihood bootstrap lasso which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood bootstrap lasso which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood bootstrap lasso which you can
+look in the paper it takes up multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the paper it takes up multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the paper it takes up multiple
+Pages describing what this procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages describing what this procedure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages describing what this procedure is
+um the weighted likelihood bootstrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the weighted likelihood bootstrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the weighted likelihood bootstrap
+procedure you know the lasso model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you know the lasso model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you know the lasso model
+essentially sets some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sets some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sets some number of
+coefficients equal to zero and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients equal to zero and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients equal to zero and all the
+inference on it is based on assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference on it is based on assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference on it is based on assuming
+those are all zero and then what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all zero and then what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all zero and then what's the
+uncertainty and estimating the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and estimating the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and estimating the rest of
+the coefficients um this weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients um this weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients um this weighted
+likelihood bootstrap model is keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood bootstrap model is keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood bootstrap model is keeping
+track of both uncertainty over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of both uncertainty over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of both uncertainty over which
+coefficients are nonzero and uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are nonzero and uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are nonzero and uncertainty
+over the coefficient values so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the coefficient values so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the coefficient values so it's like
+giving you a posterior over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a posterior over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a posterior over all the
+different models that might be true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models that might be true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models that might be true and
+reflecting that you Al you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting that you Al you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting that you Al you know you
+don't know what the correct model is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the correct model is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the correct model is you
+have a poster over that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poster over that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poster over that and then you
+also have a poster over coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a poster over coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a poster over coefficients
+within the correct model or within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the correct model or within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the correct model or within each
+correct and incorrect model um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and incorrect model um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and incorrect model um you know
+typical way these things are done you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical way these things are done you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical way these things are done you
+have a sort of a a heldout sample you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sort of a a heldout sample you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sort of a a heldout sample you
+sort of estimate the model on 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of estimate the model on 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of estimate the model on 90% of the
+data and then see how well it predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then see how well it predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then see how well it predicts
+on the other 10% of the data and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other 10% of the data and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other 10% of the data and they
+say that from that validation kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that from that validation kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that from that validation kind of
+exercise they find that the um weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise they find that the um weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise they find that the um weighted
+like aood bootstrap estimates are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like aood bootstrap estimates are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like aood bootstrap estimates are the
+best estimates relative to the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimates relative to the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimates relative to the other two
+that is they do a you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they do a you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they do a you know the the
+maximum likelihood always fits the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood always fits the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood always fits the data
+best on the ins sample part but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best on the ins sample part but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best on the ins sample part but then
+when you go to the out sample data this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the out sample data this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the out sample data this
+one is doing a better job predicting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is doing a better job predicting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is doing a better job predicting the
+out of sample data than are the mle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of sample data than are the mle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of sample data than are the mle
+estimates so that's what they recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates so that's what they recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates so that's what they recommend
+um what happens okay so first uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens okay so first uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens okay so first uh this is
+really a monopoly pricing uh problem not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a monopoly pricing uh problem not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a monopoly pricing uh problem not
+Monopoly pricing observation not a um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly pricing observation not a um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly pricing observation not a um uh
+price observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price observation
+but what they find is that zip recruiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they find is that zip recruiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they find is that zip recruiter
+was not short-run profit maximizing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not short-run profit maximizing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not short-run profit maximizing to
+these consumers you know this chart here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these consumers you know this chart here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these consumers you know this chart here
+at the bottom is how much money would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom is how much money would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom is how much money would
+they make you know how much money do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make you know how much money do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make you know how much money do
+they make in the first month off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make in the first month off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make in the first month off the
+customers who got different prices shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers who got different prices shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers who got different prices shown
+to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them
+and you show them $19 a month you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you show them $19 a month you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you show them $19 a month you you
+know still only half of them buy at $19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still only half of them buy at $19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still only half of them buy at $19
+a month so you're only getting like $8 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month so you're only getting like $8 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month so you're only getting like $8 a
+month in Revenue okay uh as you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month in Revenue okay uh as you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month in Revenue okay uh as you go up
+3959 79.99 you keep making more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3959 79.99 you keep making more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3959 79.99 you keep making more money
+because fewer people sign up but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fewer people sign up but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fewer people sign up but the
+this price is five times that price it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price is five times that price it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price is five times that price it's
+not one the number of customers you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one the number of customers you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one the number of customers you make
+more money but then you go to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money but then you go to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money but then you go to the right
+of where zip recruiter was at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where zip recruiter was at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where zip recruiter was at the time
+to 159 199 to 249 and looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 159 199 to 249 and looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 159 199 to 249 and looks like the
+profits just keep marching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits just keep marching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits just keep marching
+up okay so result is that um zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so result is that um zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so result is that um zip
+recruiter was just charging too little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter was just charging too little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter was just charging too little
+for its service from this short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its service from this short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its service from this short run
+profit maximization perspective and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximization perspective and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximization perspective and you
+know the standard error bars are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the standard error bars are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the standard error bars are you
+know they're not insignificant on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're not insignificant on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're not insignificant on each
+of these but you know clearly if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but you know clearly if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but you know clearly if you're
+fitting a curve through that it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting a curve through that it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting a curve through that it looks
+like it goes like this and profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it goes like this and profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it goes like this and profits are
+maximized up here somewhere okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized up here somewhere okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized up here somewhere okay so
+anyway they estimate the optimal price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they estimate the optimal price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they estimate the optimal price
+would be $327 a month not $99 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+month anyway so that's a monopoly test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month anyway so that's a monopoly test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month anyway so that's a monopoly test
+of Monopoly pricing is that zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Monopoly pricing is that zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Monopoly pricing is that zip
+recruiter is not static Monopoly pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter is not static Monopoly pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter is not static Monopoly pricing
+before this experiment is run um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this experiment is run um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this experiment is run um
+incidentally you know one of the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally you know one of the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally you know one of the post
+scripts of paper is that seeing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts of paper is that seeing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts of paper is that seeing these
+results zip recruiter switched to $249 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results zip recruiter switched to $249 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results zip recruiter switched to $249 a
+month um so then maybe short run profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month um so then maybe short run profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month um so then maybe short run profit
+maximization model does work uh once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization model does work uh once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization model does work uh once
+you've hired Consultants from Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've hired Consultants from Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've hired Consultants from Chicago
+business school um so second observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business school um so second observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business school um so second observation
+is there's substantial heterogenity both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's substantial heterogenity both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's substantial heterogenity both
+in price sensitivity and in the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in price sensitivity and in the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in price sensitivity and in the consumer
+surplus so as I said right they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus so as I said right they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus so as I said right they've got
+heterogenity both in the v's and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogenity both in the v's and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogenity both in the v's and in the
+alphas and the paper says there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas and the paper says there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas and the paper says there's a lot
+of both so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both so this is
+the this is the fitted price coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the fitted price coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the fitted price coefficient
+the sort of uh what I was calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of uh what I was calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of uh what I was calling the
+um XI times Theta Alpha you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um XI times Theta Alpha you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um XI times Theta Alpha you know the
+thing that the predicted price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the predicted price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the predicted price
+coefficient here and you can see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here and you can see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here and you can see you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+on an absolute scale this is .02 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an absolute scale this is .02 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an absolute scale this is .02 so this
+is like zero so you know this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like zero so you know this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like zero so you know this thing is
+double double the price sensitivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double double the price sensitivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double double the price sensitivity of
+this there's just a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's just a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's just a great deal of
+heterogeneity in that price coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity in that price coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity in that price coefficient
+um so there's you know substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's you know substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's you know substantial
+number of people who are it's around. 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are it's around. 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are it's around. 3
+there's a lot who it's around 6 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot who it's around 6 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot who it's around 6 you know
+there's a lot of difference in what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of difference in what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of difference in what that
+price coefficient seems to be and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price coefficient seems to be and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price coefficient seems to be and you
+know again this exogenous variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again this exogenous variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again this exogenous variation in
+price means we can estimate these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price means we can estimate these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price means we can estimate these things
+pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well
+um the what is the sort of heterogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the what is the sort of heterogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the what is the sort of heterogen and
+how much consumer surplus those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much consumer surplus those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much consumer surplus those who are
+purchasing are getting again their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing are getting again their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing are getting again their
+estimate is that there's this big upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is that there's this big upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is that there's this big upper
+tail of values and that um you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of values and that um you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of values and that um you know some
+people are getting very little Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting very little Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting very little Surplus
+and on the margin to buying a not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the margin to buying a not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the margin to buying a not but
+most people are getting at least 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are getting at least 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are getting at least 50
+bucks worth of surplus and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks worth of surplus and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks worth of surplus and then there's
+this thick fat tail of people getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thick fat tail of people getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thick fat tail of people getting
+very high consumer surplus from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high consumer surplus from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high consumer surplus from this
+product so they're estimating there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so they're estimating there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so they're estimating there's a
+tremendous amount of you know consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of you know consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of you know consumer
+surplus where consumer means firm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus where consumer means firm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus where consumer means firm but
+firm Surplus from zip recruit from using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm Surplus from zip recruit from using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm Surplus from zip recruit from using
+zip recruiter at the time okay um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip recruiter at the time okay um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip recruiter at the time okay um how
+much Surplus is there well they estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Surplus is there well they estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Surplus is there well they estimate
+that if you look at what optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at what optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at what optimal
+personalized prices would be the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized prices would be the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized prices would be the optimal
+personalized prices would range from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized prices would range from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized prices would range from
+$126 to $6,295 a month um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$126 to $6,295 a month um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$126 to $6,295 a month um you know the
+126 is noteworthy because they were only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 is noteworthy because they were only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 is noteworthy because they were only
+charging 99 so this would say even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging 99 so this would say even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging 99 so this would say even if
+someone has all of the attributes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has all of the attributes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has all of the attributes that
+think make you think they're the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think make you think they're the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think make you think they're the most
+price sensitive consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price sensitive consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price sensitive consumer
+with the lowest value what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lowest value what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lowest value what would you
+charge the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the answer is
+126 you know 6292 there it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 you know 6292 there it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 you know 6292 there it's a little
+heroic there because they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic there because they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic there because they didn't
+experiment with any price above 3.99 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with any price above 3.99 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with any price above 3.99 so
+having an experiment where the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an experiment where the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an experiment where the maximum
+price is$ 3.99 and then you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is$ 3.99 and then you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is$ 3.99 and then you say okay
+given that experiment 6,000 is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that experiment 6,000 is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that experiment 6,000 is what you
+should charge that guy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should charge that guy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should charge that guy you know
+obviously you've got all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you've got all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you've got all kinds of
+functional form assumptions for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form assumptions for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form assumptions for what
+happens out of sample and is that price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens out of sample and is that price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens out of sample and is that price
+really correct so I think in fact when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really correct so I think in fact when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really correct so I think in fact when
+they um you know say things they one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um you know say things they one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um you know say things they one
+thing they do say is you know the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they do say is you know the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they do say is you know the mean
+price would only be 277 whereas it's 327
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price would only be 277 whereas it's 327
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price would only be 277 whereas it's 327
+with a uniform price so the skew is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a uniform price so the skew is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a uniform price so the skew is such
+that you do charge a lot of people low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do charge a lot of people low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do charge a lot of people low
+prices and even with the 6000s mixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and even with the 6000s mixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and even with the 6000s mixed in
+you do a lower mean price with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a lower mean price with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a lower mean price with
+discriminating than you do without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating than you do without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating than you do without
+discriminating um and the I I think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating um and the I I think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating um and the I I think more
+reasonable treatment of this data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable treatment of this data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable treatment of this data is
+let's look at suppose we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at suppose we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at suppose we look at the
+personalized prices and just cap them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized prices and just cap them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized prices and just cap them
+all at $49 99 and when they actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at $49 99 and when they actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at $49 99 and when they actually you
+know zip recruiter sort of said that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know zip recruiter sort of said that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know zip recruiter sort of said that to
+them is that like we're not going above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that like we're not going above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that like we're not going above
+$499 no matter what you say so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$499 no matter what you say so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$499 no matter what you say so they have
+this counteract let's suppose they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this counteract let's suppose they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this counteract let's suppose they
+discriminated but they let prices go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminated but they let prices go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminated but they let prices go up
+to $4.99 based on this prediction um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to $4.99 based on this prediction um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to $4.99 based on this prediction um the
+model estimates were that discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model estimates were that discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model estimates were that discriminating
+would increase profits by 88.2% relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase profits by 88.2% relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase profits by 88.2% relative
+to the 327 price so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 327 price so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 327 price so if you
+discriminate that's the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate that's the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate that's the magnitude of
+discrimination so you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination so you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination so you know obviously
+it's much bigger than Schiller's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much bigger than Schiller's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much bigger than Schiller's number
+um but you know I think of it as still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know I think of it as still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know I think of it as still
+relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small
+um uh what would the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what would the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what would the optimal
+personalized prices do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized prices do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized prices do you know the
+optimal personalized prices are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal personalized prices are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal personalized prices are the ones
+that include the 6,000 numbers in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that include the 6,000 numbers in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that include the 6,000 numbers in them
+uh they said the optimal personalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they said the optimal personalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they said the optimal personalized
+prices would reduce consumer surplus by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices would reduce consumer surplus by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices would reduce consumer surplus by
+uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about
+25% and would reduce um social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% and would reduce um social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% and would reduce um social welfare
+relative to uniform pricing you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to uniform pricing you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to uniform pricing you know why
+is that well one thing sumally report is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well one thing sumally report is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well one thing sumally report is
+under these sort of discriminatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these sort of discriminatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these sort of discriminatory
+prices even though the mean is 277
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices even though the mean is 277
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices even though the mean is 277
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+327 uh demand goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+327 uh demand goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+327 uh demand goes
+down and the reason is right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the reason is right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the reason is right they're
+taking all of these sort of super high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking all of these sort of super high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking all of these sort of super high
+value people and Monopoly pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value people and Monopoly pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value people and Monopoly pricing
+against them and like you know as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them and like you know as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them and like you know as I said
+right when you do Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pricing you know no matter how high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing you know no matter how high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing you know no matter how high
+demand is you know Monopoly pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is you know Monopoly pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is you know Monopoly pricing
+you're always sort of in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always sort of in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always sort of in some sense
+selling half the consumers and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling half the consumers and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling half the consumers and so if
+there are all these high value people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these high value people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these high value people
+out there willing to pay thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there willing to pay thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there willing to pay thousands of
+dollars a month and you still only sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a month and you still only sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a month and you still only sell
+to half of them there's a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to half of them there's a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to half of them there's a huge amount of
+dead weight loss that comes from not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss that comes from not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss that comes from not
+selling to all like taking every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling to all like taking every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling to all like taking every one of
+those really high value populations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those really high value populations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those really high value populations and
+not selling to a lot and not selling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not selling to a lot and not selling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not selling to a lot and not selling to
+a lot of people in those okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people in those okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people in those okay so the
+anyway the estimate is that consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the estimate is that consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the estimate is that consumer
+surplus goes down by 25% here uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus goes down by 25% here uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus goes down by 25% here uh and so
+total social welfare has gone down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total social welfare has gone down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total social welfare has gone down um
+you again right uh profits only go up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again right uh profits only go up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again right uh profits only go up by
+eight consumer surplus goes down by 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight consumer surplus goes down by 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight consumer surplus goes down by 25
+and then how big was consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how big was consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how big was consumer surplus
+relative to profits it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to profits it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to profits it looks like
+consumer surplus was actually quite big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus was actually quite big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus was actually quite big
+relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profits okay um you know it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay um you know it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay um you know it's a nice
+paper in that right they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in that right they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in that right they actually
+include my um bergam and Brooks Morris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include my um bergam and Brooks Morris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include my um bergam and Brooks Morris
+triangle themselves um so I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle themselves um so I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle themselves um so I don't have
+to draw in the arrow so here's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw in the arrow so here's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw in the arrow so here's what they
+they s of say personalization does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they s of say personalization does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they s of say personalization does so
+personalization takes you from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization takes you from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization takes you from here and
+it's headed in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's headed in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's headed in that
+direction okay so it's going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so it's going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so it's going in the
+direction where you're really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where you're really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where you're really getting
+only a you know like if this is the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a you know like if this is the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a you know like if this is the gap
+in there you know they've done this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you know they've done this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you know they've done this for
+their data so this is the gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data so this is the gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data so this is the gap between
+uninformed Monopoly prices and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed Monopoly prices and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed Monopoly prices and what they
+think would happen with first-degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would happen with first-degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would happen with first-degree
+price discrimination and so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination and so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination and so first
+deegree price discrimination you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deegree price discrimination you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deegree price discrimination you make a
+huge increase in profits you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge increase in profits you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge increase in profits you're only
+getting a little bit off the floor by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little bit off the floor by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little bit off the floor by
+doing this personalization with 133
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this personalization with 133
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this personalization with 133
+variables and you're getting it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you're getting it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you're getting it in this
+Arrow that's going very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow that's going very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow that's going very much
+horizontally as their their claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally as their their claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally as their their claim that
+consumer surplus is just going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus is just going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus is just going down
+rapidly and profits is only going up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and profits is only going up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and profits is only going up a
+little in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application so you know in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so you know in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so you know in some sense
+this is one where it this is a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where it this is a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where it this is a you know
+it's a positive and negative me message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive and negative me message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive and negative me message
+from so from social perspective you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so from social perspective you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so from social perspective you know
+one is that it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that it's saying
+socially price discrimination is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially price discrimination is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially price discrimination is really
+bad in this application it just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad in this application it just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad in this application it just it's
+destroying an awful lot of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying an awful lot of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying an awful lot of social
+surplus just to raise a tiny bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus just to raise a tiny bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus just to raise a tiny bit of
+profit but then the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit but then the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit but then the positive
+Counterpoint to that is that given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterpoint to that is that given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterpoint to that is that given that
+the profit gain is so little maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit gain is so little maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit gain is so little maybe the
+firm wouldn't even bother to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm wouldn't even bother to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm wouldn't even bother to do it
+because it's only an 8% increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only an 8% increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only an 8% increase in
+profits and what are the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and what are the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and what are the what are the
+other downsides of doing it are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other downsides of doing it are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other downsides of doing it are you
+going to sort of pay the Consultants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of pay the Consultants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of pay the Consultants to
+do this and take whatever political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and take whatever political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and take whatever political
+pressure you know bad news you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you know bad news you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you know bad news you might get
+or whatever to do it and in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever to do it and in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever to do it and in fact um
+follow-up experiment is uh ZIP recruiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up experiment is uh ZIP recruiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up experiment is uh ZIP recruiter
+in fact seeing these results did not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact seeing these results did not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact seeing these results did not do
+it zip recruiter said thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it zip recruiter said thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it zip recruiter said thank you very
+much good to know where our prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much good to know where our prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much good to know where our prices are
+too low we'll start charging 249 uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low we'll start charging 249 uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low we'll start charging 249 uh and
+then actually a very nice part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually a very nice part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually a very nice part of the
+paper is that zip recruiter then let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is that zip recruiter then let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is that zip recruiter then let
+them come in and do a follow-on study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come in and do a follow-on study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come in and do a follow-on study
+judging okay you know right you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judging okay you know right you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judging okay you know right you have all
+these very out of sample predictions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very out of sample predictions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very out of sample predictions of
+what things would do let's see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things would do let's see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things would do let's see you
+discriminate in practice again a held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate in practice again a held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate in practice again a held
+out sample so they use experiment number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out sample so they use experiment number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out sample so they use experiment number
+one to predict to get to find the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to predict to get to find the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to predict to get to find the sort
+of uh beta Co beta hat uh Theta Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh beta Co beta hat uh Theta Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh beta Co beta hat uh Theta Alpha
+hat and then that lets them sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and then that lets them sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and then that lets them sort of get
+what is pi hat for every consumer eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is pi hat for every consumer eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is pi hat for every consumer eye
+let's see how well does your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how well does your price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how well does your price
+discrimination scheme work reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination scheme work reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination scheme work reflecting
+the fact that there is estimation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there is estimation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there is estimation error
+in these things and you're trying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these things and you're trying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these things and you're trying at
+some number of months later does your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of months later does your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of months later does your
+model still tell us who's price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model still tell us who's price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model still tell us who's price
+sensitive or whatever uh but so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive or whatever uh but so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive or whatever uh but so anyway
+they ran a second experiment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ran a second experiment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ran a second experiment in the
+second experiment $249 had been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second experiment $249 had been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second experiment $249 had been the
+standard price before the experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard price before the experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard price before the experiment was
+run they experimented with 25% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run they experimented with 25% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run they experimented with 25% of the
+subs going back to the $99 price 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs going back to the $99 price 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs going back to the $99 price 25%
+keeping the 249 price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the 249 price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the 249 price
+and then 25 and then 50% of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 25 and then 50% of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 25 and then 50% of the sample
+being on the personalized prices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on the personalized prices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on the personalized prices that
+varied from 129 up to$
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied from 129 up to$
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied from 129 up to$
+4.99 um they rounded everything to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.99 um they rounded everything to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.99 um they rounded everything to a
+nearest nine um and what you find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest nine um and what you find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest nine um and what you find is
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+know really it's impressive in showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really it's impressive in showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really it's impressive in showing
+that their model is pretty accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their model is pretty accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their model is pretty accurately
+predicting what would happen under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what would happen under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what would happen under these
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+
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+was was that the mean probability of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+buying of signing up would be 26% in The
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying of signing up would be 26% in The
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+$99 group 15% in the 249 group and only
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+they're sort of charging high prices
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these high value
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations uh and what they find in the
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only 23 instead of 26 in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only 23 instead of 26 in The
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+$99 group it matched 15 in the 249 group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 25
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+3841 it's 22 38 41 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3841 it's 22 38 41 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3841 it's 22 38 41 and a
+half um so you know I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half um so you know I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half um so you know I think this
+experiment gives you a lot of confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment gives you a lot of confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment gives you a lot of confidence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least in the short run yes price
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least in the short run yes price
+discrimination would raise zip
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+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination would raise zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination would raise zip
+recruiters profits by 8% using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiters profits by 8% using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiters profits by 8% using this
+feasible price discrimination scheme um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible price discrimination scheme um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible price discrimination scheme um
+uh so you know and obviously you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know and obviously you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know and obviously you know
+zip recruiter I I believe having seen
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+ align:start position:0%
+zip recruiter I I believe having seen
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+
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+the results of this still just stuck
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and change and adopt the this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and change and adopt the this
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+people okay some comments again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay some comments again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ability to do this without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ability to do this without any
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good you know so obviously can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good you know so obviously can you
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+ align:start position:0%
+walk into zip recruiter and get them to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this experiment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this experiment for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that are still small enough they would
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather hire a graduate student than some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather hire a graduate student than some
+Chicago business school marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago business school marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago business school marketing
+professors to do their experiments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors to do their experiments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know finding those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know finding those
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to get data sets like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and let someone run experiments is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let someone run experiments is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let someone run experiments is you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know often actually you know you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know often actually you know you can go
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know MIT alums or people who work
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+
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+to you know MIT alums or people who work
+at
+
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+at
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not you know not quite so fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not you know not quite so fancy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies may may help out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies may may help out you know
+right Wayfair is in Boston maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Wayfair is in Boston maybe you
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+
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+right Wayfair is in Boston maybe you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you an introduction to uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you an introduction to uh their
+data science team could one run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science team could one run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+experiments through firms like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments through firms like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments through firms like that um
+you know I have to say that segmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I have to say that segmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I have to say that segmentation
+analysis here you know they make a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis here you know they make a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis here you know they make a you
+know that that sort of second experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that sort of second experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that sort of second experiment
+really shows you that the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows you that the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows you that the sort of
+weighted likelihood bootstrap lasso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted likelihood bootstrap lasso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted likelihood bootstrap lasso
+thing that they're doing seems like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that they're doing seems like that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing a good job of segmenting the
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+
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+is doing a good job of segmenting the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and predicting their demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and predicting their demands
+and at least you know they don't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least you know they don't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so much sense of like are the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so much sense of like are the price
+elastic is estimated from the new data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic is estimated from the new data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the same as they would be from the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as they would be from the old
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but at least it looks like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good method for segmenting people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good method for segmenting people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you wanted to think about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you wanted to think about doing
+another study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another study
+um you know I think of the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I think of the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I think of the applied
+results as being similar to schillers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results as being similar to schillers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that demographics are just of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that demographics are just of you
+know they have more demographics than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have more demographics than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have more demographics than
+Schiller did they're using 133 features
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+ align:start position:0%
+Schiller did they're using 133 features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schiller did they're using 133 features
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas he was using 33 features you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas he was using 33 features you
+know they're getting more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're getting more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're getting more powerful
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+results maybe as a sense of having done
+ 
+
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+results maybe as a sense of having done
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand estimation better but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand estimation better but it's
+still not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not all that
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+um you know another concern as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know another concern as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know another concern as I said
+going back to show paper is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to show paper is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to show paper is you know
+it's a very nice study but it is M got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very nice study but it is M got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very nice study but it is M got
+this maintained assumptions that people
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+ align:start position:0%
+this maintained assumptions that people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+have these low jit demands with the low
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these low jit demands with the low
+jit demand errors and it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jit demand errors and it's only
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+jit demand errors and it's only
+heterogen in this coefficient and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogen in this coefficient and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogen in this coefficient and this
+coefficient you know again we we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you know again we we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+like to know more about to what extent
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+versus
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+um results estimated from the model I
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+ align:start position:0%
+um results estimated from the model I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um results estimated from the model I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think it's it's nice as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think it's it's nice as an
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+
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+um
+ 
+
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+um
+uh dub and misra find this makes you
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh dub and misra find this makes you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dub and misra find this makes you
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+ align:start position:0%
+think that maybe this model is fairly
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that maybe this model is fairly
+flexible in which direction those arrows
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+ align:start position:0%
+flexible in which direction those arrows
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible in which direction those arrows
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+could end up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+pointing um but you know it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing um but you know it would be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to know more about that um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to know more about that um you know
+one other thing that's important has
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+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing that's important has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+madebe this more of a practical
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+madebe this more of a practical
+Consulting Point than a a paper but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know these experiments only identify
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+ align:start position:0%
+know these experiments only identify
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+know these experiments only identify
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+you charge them $249 instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you charge them $249 instead of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of like what we call AB
+testing in in in uh models like this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing in in in uh models like this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing in in in uh models like this are
+going to not tell you which is like what
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+ align:start position:0%
+going to not tell you which is like what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not tell you which is like what
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+ align:start position:0%
+are the general equilibrium or systemic
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+
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+effects like is there a word of mouth
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+effects like is there a word of mouth
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+
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+effects like is there a word of mouth
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+ align:start position:0%
+customer acquisition effect where
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+someone signs up for zip recruiter at
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+ align:start position:0%
+someone signs up for zip recruiter at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+$99 they're satisfied with zip recruiter
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+$99 they're satisfied with zip recruiter
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+else whereas the 249 people are signing
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+ align:start position:0%
+else whereas the 249 people are signing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+up for zip recruiter but they're not
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+ align:start position:0%
+telling their friends to sign up for it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling their friends to sign up for it
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+ align:start position:0%
+um you know does the sort of price per
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know does the sort of price per
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+are writing articles in the newspaper
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+firm work should your firm work with you
+know is there some possibility there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is there some possibility there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is there some possibility there
+will be popular outrage um also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be popular outrage um also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be popular outrage um also you
+know we've dropped the number of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've dropped the number of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've dropped the number of firms
+here it was like right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it was like right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it was like right you know
+23% uh going down to 15% using the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23% uh going down to 15% using the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23% uh going down to 15% using the site
+um in some sense that means there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some sense that means there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some sense that means there are
+onethird fewer jobs on the site from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onethird fewer jobs on the site from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onethird fewer jobs on the site from
+small new employers onethird fewer jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small new employers onethird fewer jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small new employers onethird fewer jobs
+is going to mean fewer resumés posted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mean fewer resumés posted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mean fewer resumés posted to
+the site fewer RS posted to the site is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site fewer RS posted to the site is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site fewer RS posted to the site is
+the Val thing less valuable to employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Val thing less valuable to employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Val thing less valuable to employers
+is there a sort of a you know spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a sort of a you know spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a sort of a you know spiral
+down where sort of fewer people sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down where sort of fewer people sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down where sort of fewer people sign up
+for it therefore fewer people use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it therefore fewer people use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it therefore fewer people use the
+site you know thinking about it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site you know thinking about it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site you know thinking about it you know
+I'm we're also I think Jean is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm we're also I think Jean is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm we're also I think Jean is going to
+do in a few weeks you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a few weeks you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a few weeks you know sort of
+two-sided Market models but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided Market models but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided Market models but this is a
+two-sided Market model where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided Market model where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided Market model where you
+shouldn't be doing the one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be doing the one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be doing the one-sided
+Monopoly pricing you should think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly pricing you should think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly pricing you should think about
+we're setting our PR it's you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're setting our PR it's you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're setting our PR it's you know it's
+a multi-product thing we have my price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-product thing we have my price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-product thing we have my price
+to firms and price to Consumers my price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to firms and price to Consumers my price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to firms and price to Consumers my price
+to Consumers is is fixed at zero but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Consumers is is fixed at zero but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Consumers is is fixed at zero but I
+still want more of them to be there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want more of them to be there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want more of them to be there to
+make it more valuable for the firms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more valuable for the firms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more valuable for the firms I
+should be thinking that multi part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking that multi part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking that multi part
+multi-side thing into effect um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-side thing into effect um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-side thing into effect um and
+actually you know final thing is um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know final thing is um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know final thing is um you
+know this is a feature from several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a feature from several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a feature from several
+years ago where you know Jeff Bezos back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago where you know Jeff Bezos back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago where you know Jeff Bezos back
+you know in the early days of Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the early days of Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the early days of Amazon
+Amazon appeared to be price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon appeared to be price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon appeared to be price
+discriminating against consumers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating against consumers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating against consumers and
+charging different people different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging different people different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging different people different
+amounts you know just like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts you know just like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts you know just like there's
+outrage against price gouging for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrage against price gouging for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrage against price gouging for
+gasoline during you know know bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline during you know know bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline during you know know bad
+weather you know anyway Amazon going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather you know anyway Amazon going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather you know anyway Amazon going to
+a tremendous bad press for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous bad press for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous bad press for
+discriminating against people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating against people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating against people and
+charging different you know some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging different you know some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging different you know some people
+more than others um and Amazon had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than others um and Amazon had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than others um and Amazon had to
+come out and sort of say okay we promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out and sort of say okay we promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out and sort of say okay we promise
+we're never going to do this again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're never going to do this again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're never going to do this again we
+don't know are there going to be similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know are there going to be similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know are there going to be similar
+effects you know if if is this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you know if if is this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you know if if is this part of
+why zi recutter said 8% is not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why zi recutter said 8% is not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why zi recutter said 8% is not enough
+because they don't want to get caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't want to get caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't want to get caught
+price discriminate against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discriminate against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discriminate against
+people uh okay that's what I've got for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh okay that's what I've got for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh okay that's what I've got for
+today so uh Wednesday I'm back to alop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so uh Wednesday I'm back to alop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so uh Wednesday I'm back to alop
+competition uh it's also going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh it's also going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh it's also going to be a
+very um you know back to mostly textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um you know back to mostly textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um you know back to mostly textbook
+chapter where a lot of it is old I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter where a lot of it is old I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter where a lot of it is old I'll
+get to some new stuff at the end but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to some new stuff at the end but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to some new stuff at the end but I
+think actually the new Theory gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually the new Theory gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually the new Theory gets
+pushed into next Monday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into next Monday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into next Monday's lecture
+because I'm I'm doing less empirical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm I'm doing less empirical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm I'm doing less empirical and
+more theory on olop pricing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l2Q31eoy_rY.txt b/l2Q31eoy_rY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d748854e435a6e58b70f2a7b08b8a519a438a51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l2Q31eoy_rY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3530 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So today's topic
+is liquid gas condensation
+
+and throughout this
+course I have already
+
+mentioned two
+different perspectives
+
+on the same
+phenomenon, transition
+
+between liquid and gas.
+
+One perspective was when we
+looked at the phase diagram
+
+even in the first
+lecture I mentioned
+
+that if you look at
+something like water
+
+as a function of
+pressure and temperature
+
+it can exist in three
+different phases.
+
+There is the gas
+phase, which you
+
+have at high temperatures
+and low pressures.
+
+At low temperatures
+and high pressures
+
+you have the liquid phase.
+
+And of course at
+very low temperatures
+
+you also have the possibility
+of the solid phase.
+
+And our concern
+at some point was
+
+to think about the location of
+the coexistence of the three
+
+phases of that was set as
+the basis of the temperature,
+
+273.16.
+
+Actually what you're
+going to focus now
+
+is not this part of
+the phase diagram
+
+but the portion that consists
+of the transition between liquid
+
+and gas phases.
+
+And this coexistence
+line actually
+
+terminates at what is called
+the critical point that we will
+
+talk about more today at the
+particular value of Tc and Pc.
+
+An equivalent perspective
+that we have looked at that
+
+and I just want to make sure
+that you have both of these
+
+in mind and know the
+relationship between them
+
+is to look at isotherms.
+
+Basically we also
+looked at cases
+
+where we looked at isotherms
+of pressure versus volume.
+
+And this statement was that
+if we look at the system
+
+at high enough temperatures and
+low enough pressures so let's
+
+say pick this temperature and
+scan along a line such as this,
+
+it would be equivalent
+over here to have
+
+some kind of an isotherm that is
+kind of potentially a distorted
+
+version of an ideal
+gas hyperbola.
+
+Now if we were to look
+at another isotherm
+
+that corresponds to
+this scan over here then
+
+what would happen is
+that it will cross
+
+this line of the
+coexistence, part of it
+
+would fall in the
+liquid phase, part of it
+
+would fall in the gas phase.
+
+And we draw the
+corresponding isotherm,
+
+it would look
+something like this.
+
+There would be a
+portion that would
+
+correspond to being
+in the liquid.
+
+There would be a
+portion that would
+
+correspond to being in the gas.
+
+And this line, this point
+where you hit this line
+
+would correspond
+to the coexistence.
+
+Essentially you could change
+the volume of a container
+
+and at high volumes, you
+would start with entirety gas.
+
+At the same pressure
+and temperature
+
+you could squeeze it
+and some of the gas
+
+would get converted
+to liquid and you
+
+would have a coexistence
+of gas and liquid
+
+until you squeezed it
+sufficiently, still maintaining
+
+the same pressure
+and temperature
+
+until your container
+was fully liquid.
+
+So that's a different
+type of isotherm.
+
+And what we discussed
+was that basically there
+
+is a coexistence
+boundary that separates
+
+the first and the second
+types of isotherms.
+
+And presumably in between
+there is some trajectory
+
+that would correspond to
+basically being exactly
+
+at the boundary and it would
+look something like this.
+
+This would be the trajectory
+that you would have at Tc.
+
+The location Pc is
+the same, of course,
+
+so basically I
+can carry this out
+
+so there is the same Pc
+that would occur here.
+
+And there would be
+some particular Vc
+
+but that depends on the amount
+of material that I have.
+
+OK?
+
+So we are going to try to
+understand what is happening
+
+here and in particular
+we note that suddenly we
+
+have to deal with cases
+where there are singularities
+
+in our thermodynamic parameters.
+
+There's some
+thermodynamic parameter
+
+that I'm scanning as I
+go across the system.
+
+It will not be
+varying continuously.
+
+It has these kinds of
+discontinuities in it.
+
+And how did discontinuities
+appear and how can
+
+we account for these
+phase transitions
+
+given the formalisms
+that we have developed
+
+for studying
+thermodynamic functions.
+
+And in particular
+let's, for example,
+
+start with the canonical
+prescription where I state,
+
+let's say that I have volume
+and temperature of a fixed
+
+number of particles and
+I want to figure out
+
+thermodynamic properties
+in this perspective.
+
+What I need to calculate
+is a partition function
+
+and we've seen that the
+partition function is obtained
+
+by integrating over all degrees
+of freedom which are basically
+
+the coordinates and momentum
+of particles that make up
+
+this gas so I have
+to do d cubed p i,
+
+d cubed q i, divide by h cubed,
+divide by n factorial because
+
+of the way that we've been
+looking at things, of energy
+
+so I have e to the minus
+beta h that has a part that
+
+is from the kinetic energy which
+I can integrate immediately.
+
+And then it has a part that
+is from the potential energy
+
+of the interactions among
+all of these particles.
+
+OK?
+
+So somehow if I could
+do these integrations--
+
+we already did them for
+an ideal gas and nothing
+
+special happened
+but presumably if I
+
+can do that for the case of
+an interacting gas, buried
+
+within it would be the
+properties of this phase
+
+transition and the
+singularities, et cetera.
+
+Question is how
+does that happen?
+
+So last time we tried
+to do shortcuts.
+
+We started with calculating a
+first derivative calculation
+
+in this potential and
+then try to guess things
+
+and maybe that was
+not so satisfactory.
+
+So today we'll take
+another approach
+
+to calculating this
+partition function where
+
+the approximations and
+assumptions are more
+
+clearly stated and we
+can see what happens.
+
+So I want to calculate
+this partition function.
+
+OK?
+
+So part of that
+partition function
+
+that depends on the momentum I
+can very easily take care of.
+
+That gives me these
+factors of 1 over lambda.
+
+Again as usual my lambda
+is h over 2 pi m k T
+
+and then I have to do
+the integrations over all
+
+of the coordinates, all of
+these coordinate integrations
+
+and the potential that I'm
+going to be thinking about,
+
+so again in my U
+will be something
+
+like sum over pairs
+V of q i minus q j,
+
+where the typical form of this V
+as a function of the separation
+
+that I'm going to
+look at has presumably
+
+a part that is hard-core
+and a part that is attract.
+
+Something like this.
+
+OK?
+
+So given that potential what
+are the kinds of configurations
+
+I expect to happen in my system?
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+Let's try to make a diagram.
+
+I have a huge number of
+particles that don't come very
+
+close to each other, there's
+a hard-core repulsion,
+
+so maybe I can think of them
+as having some kind of a size--
+
+marbles, et cetera, and they are
+distributed so that they cannot
+
+come close to each other.
+
+More than that are
+zero and then I
+
+have to sum over all
+configurations that
+
+are compatible where they
+are not crossing each other
+
+and calculate e to
+the minus beta u.
+
+So let's try to do some kind
+of an approximation to this u.
+
+I claim that I can write this
+U as follows- I can write it
+
+as one-half, basically
+this i less than j,
+
+I can write as one-half
+all i not equal to j,
+
+so that's where the
+one-half comes from.
+
+I will write it as one-half
+but not in this form,
+
+as an integral d cubed
+r d cubed r prime n of r
+
+n of r prime v of r minus
+r prime where n of r
+
+is sum over all particles asking
+whether they are at location r.
+
+So I can pick some
+particle opposition here--
+
+let's call it r-- ask whether or
+not there is a particle there,
+
+construct the density by
+summing over everywhere.
+
+You can convince
+yourself that if I
+
+were to substitute
+this back over here,
+
+the integrals over r
+and r prime can be done
+
+and they sit r and r prime
+respectively to sum q i and q j
+
+and I will get back the
+sum that I had before.
+
+OK?
+
+So what is that thing doing?
+
+Essentially it says
+pick some point, r,
+
+and then look at some
+other point, r prime,
+
+ask whether there are
+particles in that point
+
+and then sum over all pairs
+of points r and r prime.
+
+So I changed my perspective.
+
+Rather than calculating the
+energy by looking at particles,
+
+I essentially look
+at parts of space,
+
+ask how many
+particles there are.
+
+Well, it kind of makes
+sense if I coarse-grained
+
+this a little bit that
+the density should
+
+be more or less the same
+in every single box.
+
+So I make the assumption
+of uniform density--
+
+I shouldn't say
+assumption, let's
+
+call it an approximation of
+uniform density in which I
+
+replace this n of r
+by it's average value
+
+which is the number of
+particles per [INAUDIBLE].
+
+OK?
+
+Then my U-- I will
+take the n's outside.
+
+I will have one-half n
+squared integral d cubed
+
+r d cubed r prime v
+of r minus r prime.
+
+Again it really is a function
+of the relative distance
+
+so I can integrate
+over the center of mass
+
+if you like to get
+one factor of volumes
+
+so I have one n
+squared V and then
+
+I have an integral
+over the relative
+
+coordinate d cubed r-- let's
+write it as 4 pi r squared d
+
+r, the potential as a
+function of separation.
+
+Now the only configurations
+that are possible
+
+are ones that don't really
+come closer than wherever
+
+the particles are on
+top of each other,
+
+so really there is some kind
+of a minimum value over here.
+
+The maximum value you could
+say is the size of the box
+
+but the typical range of
+potentials that we are thinking
+
+is much, much less than
+the size of the box.
+
+So for all intents
+and purposes I
+
+can set the value of the other
+part of the thing to infinity.
+
+So what I'm doing is essentially
+I'm integrating this portion
+
+and I can call the result
+of doing that to be minus u.
+
+Why minus?
+
+Because it's clearly
+the attractive portion
+
+in this picture I'm integrating.
+
+And you can convince yourself
+that if I use the potential
+
+that I had before-- yes,
+the last time around it
+
+was minus u 0 r 0 over
+r to the sixth power,
+
+but this u is actually the
+omega that I was using times u 0
+
+but I will keep it as
+u to sort of indicate
+
+that it could be a
+more general potential.
+
+But the specific potential that
+we were working with last time
+
+to calculate the second
+visual coefficient
+
+would correspond to that.
+
+So essentially I claim
+that the configurations
+
+that I'm interested
+will give a contribution
+
+to the energy which is
+minus whatever this u 0--
+
+u is n squared V divided by 2.
+
+Now clearly not
+all configuration
+
+has the same energy.
+
+I mean that's the
+whole thing, I have
+
+to really integrate
+overall configurations.
+
+I've sort of looked at
+an average contribution.
+
+There will be configurations
+where the particles are
+
+more bunched or separate,
+differently arranged,
+
+et cetera, and
+energy would vary.
+
+But I expect that
+most of the time--
+
+I see something like
+a gas in this room,
+
+there is a uniform
+density typically.
+
+The fluctuations in
+density I can ignore
+
+and I will have a
+contribution such as this.
+
+So this factor I will replace
+by what I have over here.
+
+What I have over here will
+give me e to the minus
+
+beta u density squared actually
+I can write as N squared
+
+over V squared, one of V's
+cancel here, I have 2 V. OK?
+
+So that's the typical value of
+this quantity but now I have
+
+to do the integrations
+over all of the q's.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: In terms of the
+approximation you made--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: --the implications are
+that if you have a more complex
+
+potential--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: --you'll get into
+trouble with for a given sample
+
+size, it will be less accurate.
+
+would you agree with that?
+
+PROFESSOR: What do you mean
+by a more complex potential?
+
+Until you tell me, I can't--
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean I, guess,
+and usually-- I mean,
+
+I guess if you had like
+multi-body or maybe
+
+the cell group.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So certainly what I have assumed
+here is a two-body potential.
+
+If I had a three-body
+potential then I
+
+would have a term that
+would be density cubed, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But then you would--
+my point is that-- and maybe
+
+it's not a place to question--
+for a given sample size,
+
+I would imagine there's some
+relation between how small
+
+it can be and the complexity
+of the potential when you make
+
+this uniform density assumption.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+We are always evaluating things
+in the thermodynamic limit,
+
+so ultimately I'm always
+interested in m and v going
+
+to infinity, while the
+ratio of n over v is fixed.
+
+OK?
+
+So things-- there are certainly
+problems associated with let's
+
+say extending the range of
+this integration to infinity.
+
+We essentially are
+not worrying about
+
+the walls of the
+container, et cetera.
+
+All of those effects
+are proportional to area
+
+and in the thermodynamic limit,
+the ratio of area to volume
+
+goes to zero.
+
+I can ignore that.
+
+If I bring things to
+become smaller and smaller,
+
+then I need to worry
+about a lot of things,
+
+like do particles absorb
+on surfaces, et cetera.
+
+I don't want to do that.
+
+But if you are worrying
+about complexity
+
+of the potential such as I
+assume things to be radially
+
+symmetric, you
+say, well actually
+
+if I think about
+oxygen molecules,
+
+they are not vertical.
+
+They have a dipole-dipole
+interactions potentially,
+
+et cetera.
+
+All of those you can take care
+of by doing this integral more
+
+carefully.
+
+Ultimately the value of your
+parameter u will be different.
+
+AUDIENCE: But I guess what I'm
+getting at is you deviate from
+
+the-- if you're doing it-- if
+we're back when computers are
+
+not as fast and you can
+essentially approach
+
+the thermodynamic limit and
+you're doing a simulation
+
+and you want to use
+these as a tool--
+
+PROFESSOR: Mm-hmm?
+
+AUDIENCE: --then you get
+into those questions, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But this
+framework should still work?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+This framework is
+an approximation
+
+intended to answer the
+following question--
+
+how is it possible that
+singularities can emerge?
+
+And we will see
+shortly that the origin
+
+of the emergence
+of singularities
+
+is precisely this.
+
+And if I don't have that, then
+I don't have singularities.
+
+So truly when you do
+a computer simulation
+
+with 10 million particles, you
+will not see the singularity.
+
+It emerges only in the
+thermodynamic limit
+
+and my point here is to sort
+of start from that limit.
+
+Once we understand
+that limit, then maybe
+
+we can better
+answer your question
+
+about limitations of
+computer simulations.
+
+OK?
+
+So I've said that there's
+basically configurations
+
+that typically give
+the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But how many configurations?
+
+I can certainly move
+these particles around.
+
+And therefore I have to see what
+the value of these integrations
+
+are.
+
+OK?
+
+So I will do so, as follows--
+I will say that the first
+
+particle, if there
+was nobody else--
+
+so I have to do this
+integration over q 1, q 2, q 3,
+
+and I have some constraints in
+the space that the q's cannot
+
+come closer to each
+other than this distance.
+
+So what I'm going to
+try to calculate now
+
+is how this factor of v to the
+n that you would have normally
+
+put here for ideal
+gases gets modified.
+
+Well I say that the first
+particle that I put in the box
+
+can explore the entire space.
+
+If I had two particles,
+the second particle
+
+could explore everything
+except the region that
+
+is excluded by the
+first particle.
+
+The second particle
+that I put in
+
+can explore the space
+minus the region that
+
+is excluded by the
+first two particles.
+
+And the last, the end
+particle, the space
+
+except the region
+that is excluded
+
+by the first n minus 1.
+
+This is an approximation, right?
+
+So if I have three
+particles, the space
+
+that is excluded for
+the third particle
+
+can be more than this
+if the two particles
+
+are kind of close to each other.
+
+If you have two
+billiard balls that
+
+are kind of close to each
+other the region between them
+
+is also excluded for
+the first particle.
+
+We are throwing that out and
+one can show that that is really
+
+throwing out things
+that are higher
+
+order in the ratio of omega
+over V So if you're right,
+
+this is really an
+expansion in omega over V
+
+and I have calculated
+things correctly
+
+to order of omega over V.
+
+And if I am consistent
+with that and I multiply
+
+all of these things together,
+the first term is V to the N
+
+and then I have 1 minus omega
+plus 2 omega plus all the way
+
+to N minus 1 omega which then
+basically sums out to 1 plus 2
+
+plus 3 all the way to N minus
+1, which is N minus 1 over 2
+
+in the large N limit.
+
+It's the same thing
+as N squared over 2
+
+and this whole thing is
+raised to the power-- OK
+
+this whole thing I can
+approximate by V minus N
+
+omega over 2 squared.
+
+There are various
+ways of seeing this.
+
+I mean one way of seeing this
+is to pair things one from one
+
+end and one from the
+other end and then
+
+multiply them together.
+
+When you multiply
+them you will have
+
+a term that would go be
+V squared, a term that
+
+would be proportionate
+to V omega
+
+and would be the sum of
+the coefficients of omega
+
+from the two.
+
+And you can see that
+if I pick, say, alpha
+
+term from this
+side N minus alpha
+
+minus one term from
+the other side,
+
+add them up, the alphas
+cancel out, N and N minus 1
+
+are roughly the same, so
+basically the square of two
+
+of them is the same as
+the square of V minus N
+
+omega over 2.
+
+And then I can repeat that
+for all pairs and I get this.
+
+Sorry.
+
+So the statement is that
+the effect of the excluded
+
+volumes since it is joint
+effect of mutually excluding
+
+each other is that V to the
+N that I have for ideal gas,
+
+each one of them can go
+over the entire place,
+
+gets replaced by V minus
+something to the power of N
+
+and that something
+is N omega over 2.
+
+Plus higher orders
+in powers of omega.
+
+OK?
+
+So I will call this a
+mean field estimate.
+
+Really, it's an average
+density estimate
+
+but this kind of
+approximation is typically
+
+done for magnetic systems
+and in that context
+
+the name of mean
+field has stuck.
+
+And the ultimate result is that
+my estimation for the partition
+
+function is 1 over
+N factorial lambda
+
+to the power of 3 N V
+minus N omega over 2
+
+raised to the power of N
+because of the excluded volume
+
+and because of the Boltzmann
+weight of the attraction
+
+between particles
+I have a term which
+
+is e to the minus beta
+U N squared over 2V.
+
+OK?
+
+So the approximations
+are clear on what
+
+set of assumptions I get this
+estimate for the partition
+
+function.
+
+Once I have the
+partition function,
+
+I can calculate the
+pressure because log z is
+
+going to be related
+to free energy,
+
+the derivative of the free
+energy respect to volume
+
+will give me the pressure,
+and you can ultimately
+
+check that the formula
+is that beta P is the log
+
+Z by d V. That's
+the correct formula.
+
+And because we are doing this
+in the canonical formalism
+
+that I emphasized
+over here, let's
+
+call this P that we get through
+this process beta P canonical.
+
+OK?
+
+So when I take log z,
+there's a bunch of terms
+
+and I don't really
+care about because they
+
+don't have V dependence
+from N factorial lambda
+
+to the power of 3N,
+but I have N times log
+
+of V minus N omega over 2.
+
+So that has V dependence.
+
+Take the derivative of log
+of V minus N omega over 2,
+
+what do I get?
+
+I get V minus N omega over 2.
+
+The other theorem
+when I take the log
+
+I have a minus beta
+U N squared over 2 V
+
+so then I take a
+derivative of this 1
+
+over V. I will
+get minus 1 over V
+
+squared so I have
+a term here which
+
+is beta U over 2 N
+squared over V squared.
+
+OK?
+
+Let's multiply by
+k T so that we have
+
+the formula for P canonical.
+
+P canonical is then N k
+T V minus N omega over 2
+
+and then I have-- I think I made
+a sign over here-- yes the sign
+
+error that I made
+is as follows-- note
+
+that the potential is attractive
+so I have a minus U here.
+
+So when I exponentiate
+that, it becomes a plus here
+
+and will be a plus
+here and therefore I
+
+will have a minus here
+and I will have a minus U
+
+over 2 times the
+density squared.
+
+OK?
+
+So what did we arrive at?
+
+We arrived at the van
+der Waals equation.
+
+OK?
+
+So we discussed
+already last time
+
+around that if I now look
+at the isotherms pressure
+
+volume at different
+temperatures,
+
+at high temperatures
+I have no problem.
+
+I will get things that look
+reasonable except if I have
+
+to terminate at something that
+is related to this excluded
+
+volume, whereas if I go to
+low temperatures, what happens
+
+is that the kind of
+isotherms that I get
+
+have a structure which
+is kind of like this
+
+and incorporates a region
+which violates everything
+
+that we know about
+thermodynamics,
+
+is not stable, et cetera.
+
+OK?
+
+So what happened here?
+
+I did a calculation.
+
+You can see every step of
+the calculation over there.
+
+Why does it give me nonsense?
+
+Everything that you need
+to know is on the board.
+
+Suggestions?
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: The assumption
+of uniform density
+
+in a phase transition?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+That's the picture
+that I put over here.
+
+If I draw the box that
+corresponds to what
+
+is happening over there,
+what's going on in the box?
+
+So there is a box.
+
+I have particles in it
+and in the region where
+
+this nonsense is
+happening, what is actually
+
+happening in reality?
+
+What is actually
+happening in reality
+
+is that I get some
+of the particles
+
+to condense into
+liquid drops somewhere
+
+and then there's
+basically the rest
+
+of them floating
+around as a gas.
+
+Right?
+
+So clearly I cannot, for this
+configuration that I have over
+
+here, calculate energy
+and contribution this way.
+
+So coexistence implies
+non-uniform density.
+
+OK?
+
+So what do we do?
+
+I want to carry out
+this calculation.
+
+I want to stay as
+much as possible
+
+and within this framework
+and I can do it,
+
+but I need to do
+one other thing.
+
+Any suggestions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Try to describe
+both densities simultaneously?
+
+PROFESSOR: Try to
+describe both densities--
+
+AUDIENCE: You know
+the amount of liquid
+
+and the amount of
+vapor on average--
+
+PROFESSOR: I guess I could.
+
+I have an easier
+way of doing things.
+
+OK.
+
+So the easier way that
+I have on doing things
+
+is we have emphasized
+that in thermodynamics, we
+
+can look at different
+perspectives.
+
+Problem with this
+perspective of the canonical
+
+is that I know that I will
+encounter this singularity.
+
+I know that.
+
+There's phase diagrams
+like this exist.
+
+Whereas if I use this
+prescription I have one.
+
+So what's the difference
+is this prescription
+
+is better mind in terms of
+pressure and temperature.
+
+So what I want to
+do is to replace
+
+the canonical
+perspective with what
+
+I will call the isobaric-- it's
+the Gibbs canonical ensemble.
+
+In this context it's
+called isobaric ensemble
+
+where rather than describing
+things at fixed volume,
+
+I describe things
+at fixed pressure.
+
+So I tell you what
+pressure, temperature,
+
+and the number of
+particles are and then
+
+I calculate the corresponding
+Gibbs partition function.
+
+Why does that help?
+
+Why that helps is because of
+what you see on the left side
+
+diagram is if I
+wanted to maintain
+
+this system at the
+fixed pressure rather
+
+than a fixed volume,
+I would replace
+
+one of the walls of this
+container with a piston
+
+and then I would apply a
+particular value of pressure.
+
+Then you can see that a
+situation such as this
+
+does not occur.
+
+The piston will move
+so that ultimately I
+
+have a uniform density.
+
+If I'm choosing my
+pressure to be up here,
+
+then it would be all liquid.
+
+If I choose my pressure to be
+down here, it will be all gas.
+
+So I have this piston on top.
+
+It does not tolerate
+coexistence.
+
+It will either keep
+everybody in the gas phase
+
+or it will compress,
+change the volume
+
+so that everybody becomes
+liquid so what I have done
+
+is I have gotten
+rid of the volume.
+
+And I do expect that
+in this ensemble as I
+
+change pressure and
+go through this line,
+
+there is a discontinuity that
+I should observe in volume.
+
+OK?
+
+So again just think
+of the physics.
+
+Put the piston, what's
+going to happen?
+
+It's going to be either
+one or the other.
+
+And whether it is one or the
+other, I'm at uniform density
+
+and so I should be able to
+use that approximation that I
+
+have over there.
+
+OK?
+
+So mathematics,
+what does that mean?
+
+This Gibbs version
+of the partition
+
+function in this
+isobaric ensemble,
+
+you don't fix the volume
+you just integrate over
+
+all possible volumes weighted
+by this e to the minus beta P V
+
+that does the Laplace
+transform from one ensemble
+
+to the other of the
+partition function
+
+which is at some fixed
+volume, V T N. OK?
+
+And for this we use the
+uniform density approximation.
+
+So my Gibbs partition
+function, function
+
+of P T and N is the integral 0
+to infinity d V e to the minus
+
+beta P V and I guess I have
+what would go over here
+
+would be log Z of V T N. OK?
+
+Again this is answer
+to previous question,
+
+I am in the thermodynamic limit.
+
+I expect that this which gives
+essentially the probabilities
+
+or the weights of
+different volumes
+
+is going to be dominated
+by a single volume that
+
+makes the largest contribution
+to the thermodynamics
+
+or to this integration.
+
+But this integration
+should be subtle point
+
+like so what I would do is I
+will call whatever is appearing
+
+here to be some function of V
+because I'm integrating over V
+
+and I'm going to
+look for its extreme.
+
+So basically I expect that this
+because of this subtle point
+
+will be e to the psi of V
+that maximizes this weight.
+
+OK?
+
+So what I have to do is I
+have to take the psi by d V
+
+and set that to 0.
+
+Well part of it is simply minus
+beta P. The other part of it
+
+is log Z by d V but the log
+Z by d V I have up there.
+
+It's the same Z that
+I'm calculating.
+
+It is beta P canonical.
+
+So this is none
+other than minus beta
+
+the P that I in this
+ensemble have set out,
+
+minus this P canonical that
+I calculated before which
+
+is some function of the volume.
+
+Again, generally, it's fine.
+
+We expect the
+different ensembles
+
+to correspond to each
+other and essentially that
+
+says that most of the time
+you will see that you're
+
+going to get the pressure
+calculated in this fashion
+
+and calculated canonically
+to be the same thing.
+
+Except that sometimes we seem
+to have ambiguity because what
+
+I should do is given that I
+have some particular value
+
+of pressure that I emphasize
+exists in my isobaric ensemble,
+
+I calculate what
+the corresponding V
+
+is by solving this equation.
+
+What is this
+equation graphically?
+
+It says pick your
+P and figure out
+
+what volume in these
+canonical curves, intersected.
+
+So the case that I drew
+has clearly one answer.
+
+I can go up here
+I have one answer.
+
+But what do I do when I have
+a situation such as this?
+
+I have three answers.
+
+So in this ensemble I
+say what the pressure is
+
+and I ask, well,
+what's the volume?
+
+It says you should solve this
+equation to find the volume.
+
+I solve the equation
+graphically and I
+
+have now three
+possible solutions.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+All this equation says is that
+these solutions are extrema.
+
+I set the derivative to 0.
+
+The task here is to find if
+I have multiple solutions,
+
+the one that gives me the
+largest value over here.
+
+So what could be happening?
+
+What is happening is
+that when I'm integrating
+
+as a function of
+V, this integrand
+
+which is e to psi of V. Right?
+
+An integrand in the
+curve let's call
+
+these curves over
+here number one.
+
+In the case number one
+there's a clear solution
+
+is if I'm scanning in volume,
+there is a particular location
+
+that maximizes this side of V
+and the corresponding volume
+
+is unambiguous.
+
+If I go and look
+at the curve let's
+
+say up here let's call it
+that case number three.
+
+For case number three it
+also hits the blue curve
+
+unambiguously at one point
+which is at much lower volume
+
+and so presumably
+I have a situation
+
+such as this for my number two.
+
+Now given these
+two cases it is not
+
+surprising that the middle
+one, let's say number two here,
+
+corresponds to a situation
+where you have two maximums.
+
+So generically,
+presumably, case number two
+
+corresponds to
+something such as this.
+
+OK?
+
+There are three solutions to
+setting the derivative to 0.
+
+There are three extrema.
+
+Two extrema
+correspond to maxima.
+
+One extrema corresponds
+to the minimum
+
+and falls between the
+two and clearly that
+
+corresponds to this portion
+that we say is unstable.
+
+It's clearly unstable because
+it's the least likely place
+
+that you're going
+to find something.
+
+Right?
+
+Not the least likely but if you
+go a little bit to either side,
+
+the probabilities
+really increase.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think your
+indices don't correspond
+
+on the plot you've just
+drawn and on the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Like 1, 2, 3 in parentheses,
+in two different cases
+
+they don't correspond to it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's
+pick number one.
+
+AUDIENCE: Number
+one is when we have
+
+a singular maximum
+is the biggest.
+
+PROFESSOR: With the
+biggest volume, yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+Number two should be--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yes.
+
+That's right.
+
+So this is number three
+and this is number two.
+
+And for number two I indicated
+that there are maxima that I
+
+labelled one, two, and three
+without the parenthesis that
+
+would presumably
+correspond to these.
+
+OK?
+
+So then you see there
+is now no ambiguity.
+
+I have to pick
+among the three that
+
+occur over there, the three
+solutions that correspond
+
+that occur from the
+van der Waals equation.
+
+The one that would give the
+highest value for this function
+
+psi.
+
+Actually what is psi if you
+think about this ensemble?
+
+This ensemble is going to
+be dominated by minus beta P
+
+V at the location of the
+V that is thermodynamic.
+
+This Z is e to the minus beta
+E, so there's a minus beta E
+
+and there's omega which
+gives me a beta T S.
+
+So it is this combination
+of thermodynamic quantities
+
+which if you go and look at your
+extensivity characterization
+
+is related to the
+chemical potential.
+
+So the value of the
+psi at the maximum
+
+is directly related to
+the chemical potential
+
+and finding which one of
+these has the largest value
+
+corresponds to which solution
+has the lowest chemical
+
+potential.
+
+Remember we were drawing this
+curve last time around where
+
+we integrated van der
+Waals equation to calculate
+
+the chemical
+potential and then we
+
+have multiple solutions
+for chemical potential.
+
+We picked the lowest one.
+
+Well, here's the justification.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So now what's happening?
+
+So the question
+that I ask is how
+
+can doing integrals such as
+this give you some singularity
+
+as you're scanning in say
+pressure or temperature
+
+along the lines such as this?
+
+And now we have the
+mechanism because presumably
+
+as I go from here to here
+the maximum that corresponds
+
+to the liquid volume will get
+replaced with the maximum that
+
+corresponds to the gas
+volume or vice versa.
+
+So essentially if you have
+a curve such as two then
+
+the value of your Z which is
+also e to the minus beta U N
+
+as we said is determined by the
+contribution from here or here.
+
+Well, let's write both of them.
+
+I have e to the
+psi corresponding
+
+to the V of the gas plus
+e to the psi corresponding
+
+to V the liquid.
+
+Now both of these
+quantities are quantities
+
+that in the large N limit
+will be exponentially large.
+
+So one or the
+other will dominate
+
+and the mechanism of
+the phase transition
+
+is that as I change
+parameters, as I change my P,
+
+I go from a situation
+that is like this
+
+to a situation
+that is like this.
+
+The two maxima change heights.
+
+OK?
+
+It is because you are
+in the large N limit
+
+that this can be expressed
+either as being this
+
+or as being the other
+and not as a mixture
+
+because the mixture you
+can write it that way
+
+but it's a negligible
+contribution
+
+from one or the other.
+
+This is the answer I was giving
+in connection with computer
+
+simulations.
+
+Computer simulations, let's
+say you have 1,000 particles.
+
+You have e to the 1,000 times
+something, e to the 1,000
+
+times another thing,
+and if you, for example,
+
+look at the curves for
+something like the density
+
+you will find that you will
+start with the gas density.
+
+You ultimately have to
+go to the liquid density
+
+in the true
+thermodynamic limit there
+
+will be a discontinuity here.
+
+If you do a computer
+simulation with finite end,
+
+you will get a continuous
+curve joining one to the other.
+
+As you make your size of
+your system simulated bigger,
+
+this becomes
+sharper and sharper,
+
+but truly the
+singularity will emerge
+
+only in the N goes
+to infinity limit.
+
+So phase transitions, et
+cetera, mathematically really
+
+exist only for infinite
+number of particles.
+
+Well, of course, for
+10 to the 23 particles
+
+the resolution you
+would need over
+
+here to see that it's
+actually going continuously
+
+from one to the other
+is immeasurably small.
+
+OK?
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+I guess there was
+one other thing
+
+that maybe we should note.
+
+So if I ask what is the
+pressure that corresponds
+
+to the location of
+this phase transition,
+
+so what is the value of
+the pressure that separates
+
+the liquid and gas, the
+location of the singularity?
+
+I would have to find Pc from
+the following observation,
+
+that that's the pressure
+at which the two
+
+psi's, psi of the
+gas is the same thing
+
+as the psi of the liquid.
+
+Right?
+
+All right.
+
+Or alternatively, the difference
+between them is equal to 0.
+
+OK?
+
+And the difference
+between-- I can
+
+write this kind of
+trivially as the integral
+
+of the derivative
+of the function.
+
+So d V d psi by d V integrated
+between the V of the liquid
+
+and then the V of the gas.
+
+That integral should be 0.
+
+d psi by d V we established,
+is this quantity.
+
+It is beta integral from
+V liquid to V gas d V P
+
+canonical of V minus this
+P transition that I want,
+
+has to be zero.
+
+OK?
+
+So what do I have to do?
+
+Since that we identify the
+location of your Pc such
+
+that if you integrate the
+canonical minus this Pc
+
+all the way from the V of
+the gas to V of the liquid,
+
+this integral will give you 0.
+
+So this is the
+Maxwell construction
+
+that you were using last time.
+
+Again, it is
+equivalent to the fact
+
+that we stated that really this
+object is the same or related
+
+to the chemical potential, so
+I'm requiring that the chemical
+
+potential should be the same
+as I go through the transition.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you repeat
+why minus finite size
+
+does not in phase transition?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Yes.
+
+So let's imagine that I
+have two possibilities that
+
+appear as exponentials but
+the number that is appearing
+
+in the exponential which is the
+analog of N makes one of them
+
+to be positive so I have
+e to the N u and the other
+
+to be negative.
+
+So my object would be
+something like this.
+
+OK?
+
+Then what is this?
+
+This is related to a factor of
+2 to hyperbolic cosine of N u.
+
+OK?
+
+So this is like some kind
+of a partition function
+
+and what we are
+interested is something
+
+like the log of this quantity.
+
+And maybe if I take a
+derivative with respect
+
+to u of this I
+will get something
+
+like the tangent of N u.
+
+OK?
+
+So some kind-- something
+like a tangent and u
+
+would be something
+like the expectation
+
+value of this quantity.
+
+It's either plus u
+or minus u and it
+
+occurs-- so the average of
+it would be e to the N u
+
+minus e to the minus N u e to
+the N u plus e to the minus N u
+
+and so u would be some
+kind of an expectation
+
+value of the quantity
+such as this.
+
+Now what is this function look
+like the function tangent.
+
+So for positive values it goes
+to plus 1, for negative values
+
+it goes to minus 1 and it's a
+perfectly continuous function.
+
+It goes to 0.
+
+All right?
+
+That's the tangent function.
+
+Now suppose I calculate
+this for N of 10,
+
+this is the curve that I drew.
+
+Suppose I draw this
+same curve for N of 100.
+
+For N of 100 I
+claim that the curve
+
+will look something like
+this because the slope
+
+that you have at the
+origin for the tangent
+
+grows like N so basically
+becomes steeper and steeper
+
+but ultimately has to
+saturate one or the other.
+
+So what-- for any, for even N of
+1,000 then it's a finite slope.
+
+The slope here is related to
+1,000 U 1,000, but it's finite.
+
+It is only in the
+limit where N goes
+
+to infinity you would say
+that the function is either
+
+minus 1 or plus 1
+depending on whether U
+
+is positive or negative.
+
+So the same thing
+happens as I scan over
+
+here and ask what
+is the density?
+
+The density looks precisely
+like this tangent function.
+
+For finite values of
+the number of particles
+
+the density would do
+something like this.
+
+It is only for infinite
+number of particles
+
+that the density
+is discontinuous.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sir, on the plot
+which you drew initially
+
+on that board, what are the
+axis over which this scans?
+
+PROFESSOR: Over here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Just what values
+are physical values?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Pressure, right?
+
+So what I said was that if
+I scan across pressure what
+
+I will see is a
+discontinuity, right?
+
+So if--
+
+AUDIENCE: You said
+that this is the result
+
+of a numerical experiment with
+finite number of particles.
+
+So what is the parameter
+of the experiment,
+
+and what is the result.
+
+PROFESSOR: We have the
+density so you could have,
+
+for example, exactly
+the situation that I--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Pressure.
+
+This box that I'm
+showing you over here,
+
+you simulate on the computer.
+
+You have a box of finite volume,
+you put a piston on top of it,
+
+you simulate 1,000
+particles inside.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+PROFESSOR: Then you scan
+as a function of pressure,
+
+you plug the density.
+
+Now, of course, if you
+want to simulate this,
+
+you have to increase both
+the number of particles
+
+and the volume of the box so
+that the average density is
+
+fixed and then you would
+see something like this.
+
+OK?
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK, let's stick
+with this picture.
+
+I kind of focused on the
+occurrence of the singularity,
+
+but now let's see the exact
+location of the singularity.
+
+So I sort of started this
+lecture by labeling Pc, Tc, Vc.
+
+Well, what are their values?
+
+OK.
+
+So something that you
+know from stability
+
+is that the isotherms
+are constrained such
+
+that delta P delta V
+has to be negative.
+
+OK?
+
+Or writing delta V as a
+function of V or delta V,
+
+this is d P by d V along an
+isotherm delta V plus d 2
+
+P by d V squared along
+the isotherm delta
+
+V squared-- this is one-half
+plus one-sixth d cubed P d
+
+V cubed along the
+isotherm and so forth.
+
+This whole thing
+has to be negative.
+
+OK?
+
+Now generically I pick a point
+and a small value of delta V
+
+and the statement is
+that along the isotherm
+
+this derivative
+has to be negative.
+
+So generically what
+I have is that d P
+
+by d V for a physical
+isotherm has to be negative
+
+and indeed the reason we
+don't like that portion
+
+is because it violates
+the stability condition.
+
+Well, clearly that
+will be broken
+
+at one point the isotherm that
+corresponds to T equals to Tc
+
+is not a generic isotherm.
+
+That's an isotherm that at some
+point it comes in tangentially.
+
+So there is over here a
+point where d P by d V is 0
+
+and we already discussed this.
+
+If d P by d V is 0 then
+the second derivative
+
+in such an expansion
+must also be 0.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if it is
+nonzero, irrespective
+
+of whether it is positive or
+negative, since it multiplies
+
+that V cubed, I will be
+able to pick a delta V such
+
+that the sine will be
+violated by the delta V
+
+of positive or
+delta V of negative.
+
+And clearly what it says is
+that over here the simplest
+
+curve that you can have
+should not have a second order
+
+therm which would
+be like a parabola
+
+but should be like a cubic.
+
+And that the sine of the
+cubic should be appropriate
+
+the negative so that delta V to
+the fourth is always positive,
+
+then you have the right thing.
+
+OK?
+
+So given that information I
+have sufficient parameters,
+
+information to calculate what
+the location of Pc, Tc, Vc
+
+are for the van der Waals or
+other approximate equation
+
+of state such as
+the one that you
+
+will encounter in the problems.
+
+So let's stick with
+the van der Waals
+
+so the van der Waals equation
+is that my P is-- actually
+
+let's divide by N so it
+would be volume per particle
+
+so I have introduced V to be
+the volume per particle which
+
+is the inverse of the
+density, if you like,
+
+so that is intensive.
+
+V minus-- there's
+some excluded volume,
+
+let's call it
+through the volume b
+
+and then I have
+minus something that
+
+goes like the inverse
+of this excluded volume,
+
+let's write it as a.
+
+Just I write those two
+parameters as a and b
+
+because I will be
+taking many derivatives
+
+and I don't want to write
+anything more complicated.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the equation.
+
+We said that the location
+of this critical point
+
+is obtained by the
+requirement that d P by d V
+
+should be 0 so what is that?
+
+It is minus k V T divided by
+V minus b squared plus 2 a
+
+over V cubed so I
+took one derivative.
+
+And the second derivative
+is now constrained also,
+
+so that's going to
+give me plus 2 k T V
+
+minus b cubed minus
+6 a V to the fourth.
+
+OK?
+
+Now if I'm at a critical
+point-- so I put c over here,
+
+this will be 0, and
+this will also be 0.
+
+So the conditions for
+the critical point
+
+are that first of all k B Tc
+divided by Vc minus b cubed
+
+should be 2 a over
+Vc cubed and 2
+
+k B Tc Vc minus b to the
+fourth power should be 6 a
+
+divided by Vc to
+the fourth power.
+
+Hmm?
+
+So this is two equations for two
+unknowns, which are Tc and Vc.
+
+We can actually reduce
+it to one variable
+
+by dividing these two
+equations with each other.
+
+The division of
+the left-hand sides
+
+will give me Vc minus b
+in the numerator divided
+
+by 2 in the denominator.
+
+The ratio of these two
+is simply Vc over 3.
+
+That's a one variable equation.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Where you have
+written the equations in terms
+
+Vc minus b and Vc, it should
+come in different powers.
+
+So our first equation should
+be Vc minus b squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Magically the ratio
+does not get affected
+
+and therefore neither
+does the answer
+
+which is Vc which is 3 b
+so that's one parameter.
+
+I can substitute that
+Vc into this equation
+
+and get what k B Tc is.
+
+And hopefully you
+can see that this
+
+will become 2 b
+squared, which is 4b
+
+squared so this gives me a
+factor of 8 a, ratio of these
+
+will give me one factor
+of b, so that's k B Tc.
+
+And then if I substitute
+those in the first equation,
+
+I will get the value
+of Pc and I happen
+
+to know that the answer--
+oops, this is going to be 27,
+
+I forgot because 3
+cubed will give me 27.
+
+And Pc here will
+give me 27 also.
+
+I believe b squared a and
+there will be a factor of 1.
+
+OK.
+
+OK?
+
+Really the only
+thing that actually I
+
+wanted to get out
+of this, you can
+
+do this for any equation
+of state, et cetera.
+
+Point is that we
+now have something
+
+to compare to experiment.
+
+We have a dimension less
+ratio Pc Vc divided by k B Tc.
+
+So I multiply these two
+numbers, I will get one-ninth.
+
+And then I have
+here a factor of 8
+
+so the whole thing becomes
+a factor of 3 over 8
+
+which is 0.375.
+
+OK?
+
+So the point is that we
+constructed this van der Waals
+
+equation through some
+reasonable description of a gas.
+
+You would imagine that
+practically any type of gas
+
+that you have will have some
+kind of excluded volume so that
+
+was one of the parameters
+that we used in calculating
+
+our estimation for the
+partition function,
+
+ultimately getting this omega.
+
+And there's some kind of
+attraction at large distance
+
+that's been integrated
+over the entire range,
+
+here was this factor
+of U. You would
+
+expect that to be quite generic.
+
+And once we sort of put
+this into this machinery
+
+that generic thing makes
+a particular prediction.
+
+It says that pick any gas,
+find it's critical point--
+
+critical point occurs
+with for some value
+
+of Pc density or
+inverse density, Vc,
+
+and some characteristic
+[INAUDIBLE] pressure k B Tc.
+
+This is a dimensionless ratio
+you can calculate for any gas
+
+and based on this
+semi-reasonable assumption
+
+that we made, no matter what
+you do you should come up
+
+the number that is around this.
+
+OK?
+
+So what you find in experiment?
+
+You find that the values of this
+combination from 0.28 to 0.33,
+
+so that's kind of a range
+that you find for this.
+
+So first of all, you
+don't find that it
+
+is the same for all gases.
+
+There is some variation.
+
+And that it's not
+this value of 3 8.
+
+So there's certainly
+now questions
+
+to be asked about the
+approximation, how
+
+you could make it better.
+
+You could say, OK,
+actually most of the gases,
+
+you don't have
+spherical potentials.
+
+You have things that
+are diatomic that shape
+
+may be important.
+
+And so the estimation
+that we have
+
+for the energy for the omega
+et cetera is too approximate.
+
+There is something
+to that because you
+
+find that you get more or less
+the same value in this range
+
+for gases that are similar, like
+helium, krypton, neon, argon,
+
+et cetera, they're kind
+of like each other.
+
+Oxygen, nitrogen, these
+diatomic molecules
+
+are kind of like each other.
+
+OK?
+
+So there is some
+hope to maybe get
+
+the more universal description.
+
+So what is it that we're after?
+
+I mean the thing that is so
+nice about the ideal gas law
+
+is that it doesn't matter what
+material you are looking at.
+
+You make it
+sufficiently dilute, you
+
+know exactly what the
+equation of state is.
+
+It will be good if
+we could extend that.
+
+If we could say something
+about interacting gases
+
+that also maybe depends
+on just a few parameters.
+
+So you don't have to go
+and do a huge calculation
+
+for the case of
+each gas, but you
+
+have something that has the
+sense of universality to it.
+
+So clearly the van
+der Waals equation
+
+is a step in that direction,
+but it is not quite good enough.
+
+So people said,
+well, maybe what we
+
+should do is increase
+the number of parameters,
+
+because currently we are
+constructing everything
+
+based on two
+parameters, the excluded
+
+volume and some
+integrated attraction.
+
+So those are the two parameters
+and with two parameters
+
+you really can only
+fit two things.
+
+What we see that the ratio of
+Pc Vc over k T is not fixed,
+
+it's as a range, so
+maybe what we should do
+
+is to go to three parameters.
+
+So this whole is
+captured by the search
+
+for law of corresponding states.
+
+So the hope is that let's
+do a three parameter system.
+
+Which parameters
+should I choose?
+
+Well, clearly the
+different systems
+
+are characterized by Pc Tc
+and Nc T at critical point,
+
+so maybe what I should do is I
+should measure all pressures,
+
+made them dimensionless
+by dividing by Pc
+
+and hope that there is some
+universal function that
+
+relates that to the ratio of
+all temperatures divided by Tc,
+
+all densities or inverse
+densities divided
+
+by the corresponding Vc.
+
+So is there such a curve so
+that that was a whole and you go
+
+and play around with this curve
+and it is with this suggestion
+
+and you can convince yourself
+very easily that it cannot be
+
+the case.
+
+And one easy way
+to think about it
+
+is that if this
+was the case, then
+
+all of our virial
+expansions and all
+
+of the perturbative expansions
+that we had should also
+
+somehow collapse together
+with a few parameters.
+
+Whereas all of these
+complicated diagrams that we
+
+had with the cycles and
+shapes and different things
+
+of the diagrams are really,
+you can calculate them.
+
+They're completely
+independent integrals.
+
+They will give you
+results that should not
+
+be collapsible
+into a single form.
+
+So this was a nice suggestion
+what in reality does not work.
+
+So why am I telling you this?
+
+The reason I'm
+telling you this is
+
+that surprisingly in the
+vicinity of this point
+
+it does work.
+
+In the vicinity
+of this point you
+
+can get the huge number
+of different system gases,
+
+krypton, argon, carbon
+dioxide, mixtures,
+
+a whole lot of things.
+
+And if you appropriately rescale
+your pressure, temperature,
+
+et cetera, for all
+of these gases,
+
+they come together and fall
+on exactly the same type
+
+of curve of over here.
+
+OK?
+
+So there is universality,
+just not over the entire phase
+
+diagram but in the vicinity
+of this critical point.
+
+And so what is special about
+that, and why does that work?
+
+OK?
+
+So I give you first an
+argument that says, well,
+
+it really should work.
+
+It shouldn't be a surprise.
+
+And then show that the simple
+argument is in fact wrong.
+
+But let's go through because we
+already put the elements of it
+
+over there.
+
+So let me try to figure out
+what the shape of these pressure
+
+versus volume curves are
+going to be for isotherms that
+
+correspond to different
+temperatures close to Tc.
+
+So what I want to
+do is to calculate P
+
+as a function of
+volume, actually there's
+
+reduced volume by the
+number of particles,
+
+and P and I'll do the following.
+
+I will write this
+as an expansion
+
+but in the following
+form-- P of Vc T plus d
+
+P by d V at Vc T times V
+minus, Vc plus one-half V 2
+
+P by d V squared at Vc T minus
+Vc squared plus one-sixth d
+
+cubed P d V cubed at Vc and T
+V minus Vc cubed and so forth.
+
+So it's a function
+of two arguments.
+
+Really it has an expansion
+in both deviations
+
+from this critical point
+along the V direction
+
+so going away from Vc as
+well as going T direction,
+
+going to away from Tc but I
+organize it in this fashion
+
+and realize that actually
+these derivatives and all
+
+of the coefficients will be
+a function of T minus Tc.
+
+So for example P
+of Vc and T starts
+
+with being whatever value I
+have at that critical point
+
+and then if I go to higher
+temperatures the pressure will
+
+go up.
+
+So there's some coefficient
+proportional to T minus Tc
+
+plus higher order in T minus
+Tc and so forth and actually I
+
+expect this alpha
+to be positive.
+
+The next coefficient d P by
+d V Vc T T what do I expect?
+
+Well, right at this point
+d P by d V there's slope.
+
+This has to be 0 for
+the critical isotherm.
+
+So it starts with 0 and
+then if I go and look
+
+at a curve that corresponds
+to high temperatures because
+
+of the stability, the
+slope better be positive.
+
+So I have a T minus
+Tc plus our order
+
+that I know that a is
+positive because of a-- a
+
+is negative because
+of stability.
+
+So let's write it
+in this fashion.
+
+OK?
+
+What about the
+second derivative?
+
+Well, we said that if
+I look at the point
+
+where the first derivative is
+0, the second derivative better
+
+be 0, so it starts also with 0.
+
+And then there's some
+coefficient to order
+
+of T minus Tc and
+then higher order
+
+and actually I don't know
+anything about the sign of P.
+
+It can be both
+positive or negative,
+
+we don't know what it is.
+
+Now the third derivative
+there is no reason
+
+that it should start at 0.
+
+It will be some negative
+number again in order
+
+to ensure stability and there
+will be higher order terms
+
+in T minus Tc what we have
+is structure such as this.
+
+So putting everything
+together the statement
+
+is that if I look in the
+vicinity of the critical point,
+
+ask what should
+pressure look like?
+
+You say, OK, it has to
+start with a constant
+
+that we called Pc.
+
+It has this linear increase
+that I put over there.
+
+The first derivative
+is some negative number
+
+that is proportional to T minus
+Tc multiplying by V minus Vc.
+
+The third coefficient
+is negative-- oh
+
+and there's also a second--
+there's the second order
+
+coefficient and then there
+will be high order terms.
+
+So there should be generically
+an expansion such as this.
+
+Say, well, OK, fine,
+what have we learned?
+
+I say, well, OK, let me tell
+you about something that we're
+
+going to experimentally measure.
+
+Let's look at the
+compressibility, kappa.
+
+Kappa is minus 1 over V d V
+by d P evaluated at whatever
+
+temperature you are looking at.
+
+So if I look at this-- actually
+I have stated what d P by d V
+
+is.
+
+d V by d P will be
+the inverse of that,
+
+so this is going to
+give me in the vicinity
+
+of this critical
+point Vc a T minus Tc.
+
+So the statement is
+this is now something
+
+that I can go and ask
+my experimentalist
+
+friends to measure,
+go and calculate
+
+the compressibility
+of this gas, plot it
+
+as a function of temperature,
+and the prediction is
+
+that the compressibility
+will diverge at T goes to Tc.
+
+OK?
+
+So the prediction is that
+it is 1 over a T minus Tc.
+
+OK.
+
+So they go and do
+the experiment,
+
+they do the experiment
+for a huge number
+
+of different systems,
+not just one system,
+
+and they come back
+and say it is correct.
+
+The compressibility does
+diverge but what we find
+
+is that irrespective of
+what gas we are looking at,
+
+and this is a very
+universal, it goes
+
+with an exponent like this.
+
+OK?
+
+So question is maybe you made
+a mistake or you did something
+
+or whatever, really
+the big puzzle
+
+is why do such different gases
+all over the spectrum and even
+
+some things that are not gases
+but other types of things
+
+all have the same diverges?
+
+Where did this number
+1.24 come from?
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: So there isn't a
+range like there was 0.375.
+
+It all depends on 1.24.
+
+PROFESSOR: All hit 1.24.
+
+Irrespective of
+[? order. ?] It's
+
+a different quantity, though.
+
+I mean, it's not the
+number, it's an exponent.
+
+It's this, a functional form.
+
+Why did this functional
+form come about?
+
+Another thing that
+you predict is
+
+the shape of the curve at Tc.
+
+So what we have said is
+that at T close to Tc,
+
+the shape of this isotherm is
+essentially that P minus Pc is
+
+cubic, it's proportional
+to V minus Vc cubed.
+
+And the way that we said
+that is OK at that point
+
+there's neither a slope
+nor a second derivative,
+
+so it should be cubic.
+
+They say, OK, what do
+you find in experiment?
+
+You go and do the
+experiment and again
+
+for a whole huge range of
+materials all of the data
+
+collapses and you find the curve
+that is something like this,
+
+is an exponent that
+is very close to 5
+
+but is not exactly 5.
+
+And again, why not 3 and why
+is it always the same number 5?
+
+How do you understand that?
+
+Well, I'll tell you why not 3.
+
+Why not 3?
+
+All of the things
+that I did here
+
+was based on the
+assumption that I
+
+could make an
+analytical expansion.
+
+The whole idea of
+writing a Taylor series
+
+is based on making
+an analytical series.
+
+Who told you that you can
+do an analytic series?
+
+Experiment tells you
+that it is actually
+
+something non-analytic.
+
+Why this form of
+non-analyticity?
+
+Why it's universality?
+
+We won't explain in this course.
+
+If you want to find
+out come to a 334.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lEMeyFq4-zQ.txt b/lEMeyFq4-zQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0069ee483df156c7b894f1c4409a549ce1673b20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lEMeyFq4-zQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Last time we talked about so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last time we talked about so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last time we talked about so one of the
+things we talked about last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talked about last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talked about last time was
+series. So we'll continue on that today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So we'll continue on that today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So we'll continue on that today.
+So series is that you have a sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So series is that you have a sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So series is that you have a sequence.
+You're starting with a sequence. So a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're starting with a sequence. So a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're starting with a sequence. So a n
+is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you form a new sequence. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you form a new sequence. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you form a new sequence. So you
+form a new sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a new sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+a uh as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. So the new sequence uh let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So the new sequence uh let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So the new sequence uh let's call
+that SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SN
+and S1 is just A1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S1 is just A1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S1 is just A1.
+S2 is A1 + A2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 is A1 + A2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 is A1 + A2.
+S3 is A1 + A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S3 is A1 + A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S3 is A1 + A2
+plus A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus A3
+and uh and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so on.
+So this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum of the first n elements, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the first n elements, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the first n elements, right?
+And and you typically write you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and you typically write you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and you typically write you
+typically write uh sn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you write sn as the sum here from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write sn as the sum here from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write sn as the sum here from and
+then in this case I'm starting at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in this case I'm starting at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in this case I'm starting at one
+but you could start as something else. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could start as something else. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could start as something else. I
+= to 1 to N of A I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 1 to N of A I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 1 to N of A I I
+and so to say that the at so and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to say that the at so and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to say that the at so and you
+write the series you also write so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the series you also write so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the series you also write so this
+is slight beauty of notation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slight beauty of notation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slight beauty of notation that you
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+infinite sum sorry um as a series. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum sorry um as a series. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum sorry um as a series. So
+you think about this as you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this as you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this as you think about
+this thing here. When you write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here. When you write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here. When you write this
+thing here, you're really thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here, you're really thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here, you're really thinking about
+the sequence sn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so uh so the series here the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh so the series here the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh so the series here the series
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This uh means that the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This uh means that the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This uh means that the sequence
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as inn converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so the most uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the most uh right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the most uh right so
+remember that a sequence converts so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that a sequence converts so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that a sequence converts so we
+by the cush convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cush convergence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cush convergence.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the kushi convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh that Sn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that Sn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that Sn
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this accuracy sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And it's a C sequence just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And it's a C sequence just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And it's a C sequence just means
+that if you go sufficiently far out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go sufficiently far out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go sufficiently far out and
+you're looking at this difference here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this difference here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this difference here,
+then this here is small provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that M and N are larger than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M and N are larger than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M and N are larger than some
+capital N where this here is chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N where this here is chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N where this here is chosen
+depending on epsilon. Right? That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on epsilon. Right? That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on epsilon. Right? That's what
+it means to be a cushy sequence. So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be a cushy sequence. So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be a cushy sequence. So like
+in particular of course if you take so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular of course if you take so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular of course if you take so
+in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you take m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take m
+uh m to be n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m to be n + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m to be n + one
+sorry let me take m to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let me take m to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let me take m to be
+um uh n minus one doesn't matter but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh n minus one doesn't matter but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh n minus one doesn't matter but so
+if I take it like this then s n min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take it like this then s n min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take it like this then s n min -
+sm. Well, this here is a sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sm. Well, this here is a sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sm. Well, this here is a sum of the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+n element and from that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n element and from that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n element and from that we have to
+subtract the sum of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the sum of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the sum of the first
+n minus one element. So this here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one element. So this here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one element. So this here just
+leave this here cancel out all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this here cancel out all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this here cancel out all of these
+and so you're just left with a n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're just left with a n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're just left with a n.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so this means that if it is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if it is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if it is converging
+right then in particular a n here has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then in particular a n here has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then in particular a n here has to
+go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+right because in fact this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because in fact this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because in fact this whole
+difference here as long as m and n are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here as long as m and n are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here as long as m and n are
+sufficiently large have to be as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large have to be as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large have to be as small
+as you want right and so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want right and so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want right and so in particular
+special case where where this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where where this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where where this here is
+the one prior to that then you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one prior to that then you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one prior to that then you see that
+the a end will have to go to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a end will have to go to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a end will have to go to zero right
+so again if you see a series the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again if you see a series the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again if you see a series the first
+thing you don't apply any test the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you don't apply any test the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you don't apply any test the first
+thing that you check is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you check is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you check is that this
+element here goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here goes to zero
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+what are the most important series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the most important series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the most important series
+so the most important is the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most important is the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most important is the geometric
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason it's the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's the most important
+is that it can be used to determine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it can be used to determine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it can be used to determine it's
+easy to determine whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to determine whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to determine whether it's
+converging or not and it can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging or not and it can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging or not and it can be used to
+determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+using the test whether other series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the test whether other series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the test whether other series
+converge. And so the geometric series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge. And so the geometric series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge. And so the geometric series is
+that you take a sum typically here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take a sum typically here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take a sum typically here you
+start at zero. You don't have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero. You don't have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero. You don't have to start
+at zero. But of course the limit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero. But of course the limit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero. But of course the limit right
+the limit if you take a series then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit if you take a series then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit if you take a series then to
+say that it's converging mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's converging mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's converging mean that the
+sequence doesn't converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence doesn't converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence doesn't converge
+and the limit of these here this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limit of these here this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limit of these here this here is
+also and that's where there's this abuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and that's where there's this abuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and that's where there's this abuse
+of notation it's denoted by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation it's denoted by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation it's denoted by the same
+thing. So this thing here is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So this thing here is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So this thing here is is uh
+playing the role of the sequence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the role of the sequence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the role of the sequence but
+it's also denoting the limits. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also denoting the limits. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also denoting the limits. Okay,
+that's just a standard thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a standard thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a standard thing.
+So in this case I was starting from one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now the geometric series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now the geometric series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now the geometric series is
+where you take some number C and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take some number C and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take some number C and then
+you multiply it by itself. This is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by itself. This is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by itself. This is some
+real number and you multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number and you multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number and you multiply it by
+itself with itself I times and where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself with itself I times and where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself with itself I times and where i
+runs from zero to infinity right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs from zero to infinity right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs from zero to infinity right and
+when i is zero this is meant to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i is zero this is meant to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i is zero this is meant to be one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the reason why I want to do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why I want to do it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why I want to do it here
+at zero is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero is that
+that it's probably worth remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's probably worth remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's probably worth remembering
+that this here it's easy to deduce But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here it's easy to deduce But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here it's easy to deduce But
+it's such a standard fact that it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a standard fact that it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a standard fact that it's that
+this here is this here is converging. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is this here is converging. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is this here is converging. So
+it's converge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's converge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's converge.
+So the geometric series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the geometric series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the geometric series converges
+provided that the absolute value of C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that the absolute value of C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that the absolute value of C is
+less than one. And when it is this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one. And when it is this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one. And when it is this here
+is a limit. Okay. If so then you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a limit. Okay. If so then you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a limit. Okay. If so then you can ask
+if C here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C here is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C here is equal to
+is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+right so if C is actually equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if C is actually equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if C is actually equal to one
+not just the absolute value but if C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the absolute value but if C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the absolute value but if C is
+actually equal to one then it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to one then it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to one then it's just one
+times itself a number of times but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times itself a number of times but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times itself a number of times but that
+does not go to zero right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not go to zero right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not go to zero right so that's
+clearly this diverging and if it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this diverging and if it's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this diverging and if it's minus
+one multiply itself by number of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one multiply itself by number of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one multiply itself by number of time
+then it's just alternate between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just alternate between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just alternate between one and
+minus one so it doesn't go to zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so it doesn't go to zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so it doesn't go to zero. So
+it's divergent here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divergent here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divergent here.
+And in fact, if as long as C here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, if as long as C here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, if as long as C here is
+bigger equal to the absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to the absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to the absolute value is
+bigger equal to one because you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to one because you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to one because you take
+this number and multiply it by itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number and multiply it by itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number and multiply it by itself a
+number of times. If C the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times. If C the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times. If C the absolute value
+of C is bigger than one, then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C is bigger than one, then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C is bigger than one, then it
+actually is even blowing up. It becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is even blowing up. It becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is even blowing up. It becomes
+larger and larger, right? In absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger, right? In absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger, right? In absolute
+value, right? So it's it's divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, right? So it's it's divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, right? So it's it's divergent
+here and it's converging. So that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's converging. So that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's converging. So that was
+kind of easy, right? And it was easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of easy, right? And it was easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of easy, right? And it was easy to
+determine why we did there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine why we did there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine why we did there was this
+little trick will determine what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick will determine what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick will determine what this
+limit was, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit was, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit was, right?
+And this is like a trick that go back I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is like a trick that go back I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is like a trick that go back I
+think certainly to the ancient Greeks. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think certainly to the ancient Greeks. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think certainly to the ancient Greeks. I
+mean this idea and you can do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this idea and you can do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this idea and you can do this with
+various other thing this things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other thing this things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other thing this things about
+adding things in different order kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding things in different order kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding things in different order kind of
+stuff or multiplying by something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff or multiplying by something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff or multiplying by something.
+Okay. So that was the most important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that was the most important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that was the most important and
+again we'll come back to why it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll come back to why it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll come back to why it is the
+most important but it's because it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important but it's because it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important but it's because it can
+be used to determine whether other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to determine whether other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to determine whether other
+series converge or not. another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converge or not. another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converge or not. another
+classical but that sits inside a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical but that sits inside a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical but that sits inside a family
+of uh of um of series is the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of um of series is the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of um of series is the harmonic
+series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+So this is an example of of a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an example of of a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an example of of a series
+it's it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one
+uh series that sits inside a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh series that sits inside a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh series that sits inside a larger
+family of series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of series.
+And so the harmonic series is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the harmonic series is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the harmonic series is when you
+take one / n and you're summing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one / n and you're summing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one / n and you're summing here
+right like that right this series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that right this series here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that right this series here
+and we we saw that last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we saw that last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we saw that last time is
+divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact the larger series that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the larger series that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the larger series that is
+sitting inside is so sits inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a larger family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that larger family is where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that larger family is where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that larger family is where you're
+summing from 1 to infinity of 1 / n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from 1 to infinity of 1 / n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from 1 to infinity of 1 / n to
+the alpha and here alpha is taken to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha and here alpha is taken to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha and here alpha is taken to be
+bigger equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to one
+and so in a case where alpha is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a case where alpha is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a case where alpha is equal to
+one that's a harmonic series this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a harmonic series this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a harmonic series this one's
+diverge but if alpha and so this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge but if alpha and so this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge but if alpha and so this here is
+for alpha equal to one it's diverg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alpha equal to one it's diverg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alpha equal to one it's diverg
+because it's the harmonic series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when alpha is strictly bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when alpha is strictly bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when alpha is strictly bigger than
+one. Well, we just last time we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Well, we just last time we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Well, we just last time we just saw
+one example of this when alpha was equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of this when alpha was equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of this when alpha was equal
+to two and we saw that that converge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two and we saw that that converge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two and we saw that that converge.
+But in fact you can prove that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in fact you can prove that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in fact you can prove that for any
+alpha strictly bigger than one it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha strictly bigger than one it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha strictly bigger than one it does
+converge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the typical thing to use there is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the typical thing to use there is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the typical thing to use there is is
+and we'll talk about that at some later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that at some later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that at some later
+lecture is the what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is the what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is the what's called the
+integral test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's
+uh when you have a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you have a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you have a series
+then most but not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most test
+but but again not all uh determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but again not all uh determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but again not all uh determine
+really whether the series is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really whether the series is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really whether the series is what's
+called absolutely convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called absolutely convergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called absolutely convergent.
+So what is absolute convergent? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is absolute convergent? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is absolute convergent? We
+talked about that last time, but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time, but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time, but let me
+remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you take a series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then here is absolutely convergent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here is absolutely convergent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here is absolutely convergent is
+absolutely converging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This just means it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh the series where you're slapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the series where you're slapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the series where you're slapping
+on absolute value. So this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on absolute value. So this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on absolute value. So this thing here
+means that this series here is converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so it's easy to see. So, so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's easy to see. So, so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's easy to see. So, so easy
+to see and we saw this last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and we saw this last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and we saw this last time
+and it was just from the Kushi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was just from the Kushi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was just from the Kushi
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, it's easy to see that uh absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's easy to see that uh absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's easy to see that uh absolute
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies convergence
+but not the other way around. So Kushi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not the other way around. So Kushi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not the other way around. So Kushi
+convergence theorem gives you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorem gives you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorem gives you this
+implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication
+why it's not the case that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not the case that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not the case that you have the
+other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around
+and that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's called the alternating series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the alternating series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the alternating series.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+so the alternating series alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there's something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's something called the
+alternating uh series tests. And but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating uh series tests. And but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating uh series tests. And but let
+me just explain to you in words why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just explain to you in words why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just explain to you in words why the
+alternating series converge. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating series converge. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating series converge. So
+alternating harmonic series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you take the series here minus1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you take the series here minus1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you take the series here minus1 to
+the n times uh over n and you're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n times uh over n and you're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n times uh over n and you're summing
+here from zero to sorry not to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from zero to sorry not to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from zero to sorry not to zero
+because you're dividing by zero from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're dividing by zero from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're dividing by zero from one
+to infinity this here is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity this here is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity this here is called the
+alternating series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating series
+alternating harmonic series right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating harmonic series right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating harmonic series right if you
+were slapping absolute value sign on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were slapping absolute value sign on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were slapping absolute value sign on it.
+So, so this means that a n here is -1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this means that a n here is -1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this means that a n here is -1 to
+the^ n / n, right? So, if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the^ n / n, right? So, if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the^ n / n, right? So, if you take the
+absolute value sign, the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value sign, the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value sign, the absolute value
+sorry of a n, then this here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of a n, then this here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of a n, then this here is just
+one. So, this is 1 / n. So, this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, this is 1 / n. So, this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, this is 1 / n. So, this here is
+the corresponding series when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding series when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding series when you're
+slapping absolute value and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapping absolute value and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapping absolute value and this is the
+harmonic series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is divergent,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is divergent,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is divergent,
+right? That was what we just discussed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That was what we just discussed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That was what we just discussed.
+Now, why is this series here convergent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, why is this series here convergent?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, why is this series here convergent?
+We'll probably come back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll probably come back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll probably come back to that in a
+later lecture in a more general setting,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lecture in a more general setting,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lecture in a more general setting,
+but let me just explain this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that before you're starting summing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you're starting summing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you're starting summing,
+so imagine that you have here before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that you have here before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that you have here before you
+start your sum, then you're sort of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start your sum, then you're sort of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start your sum, then you're sort of in a
+neutral position, which is one zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral position, which is one zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral position, which is one zero,
+sorry. And then you do the first then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. And then you do the first then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. And then you do the first then
+you do the first thing this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the first thing this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the first thing this you're
+looking at S1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at S1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at S1,
+right? But s1 would bring you down,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But s1 would bring you down,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But s1 would bring you down,
+right? Because s1 is just equal to min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because s1 is just equal to min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because s1 is just equal to min
+-1 to the^ 1. But that's minus one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 to the^ 1. But that's minus one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 to the^ 1. But that's minus one. So
+it's minus1 / n. This is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus1 / n. This is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus1 / n. This is the first
+element.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element.
+So that's going to bring you down. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's going to bring you down. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's going to bring you down. Let
+me just kind of exaggerate the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just kind of exaggerate the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just kind of exaggerate the picture
+and bring you down here to minus one / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring you down here to minus one / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring you down here to minus one / n
+at minus one over. This is n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus one over. This is n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus one over. This is n is equal to
+one. So this is minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this is minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this is minus one.
+This is how the series starts, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is how the series starts, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is how the series starts, right?
+And so the next element is s_2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the next element is s_2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the next element is s_2 but
+s_ub_2 is -1. That was the first element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s_ub_2 is -1. That was the first element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s_ub_2 is -1. That was the first element
+and then plus and then min -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus and then min -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus and then min -1
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+over two. So this is and you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two. So this is and you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two. So this is and you would be
+tempted but it's not. Don't add them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted but it's not. Don't add them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted but it's not. Don't add them at
+this stage but just looking at it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage but just looking at it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage but just looking at it like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So the next so this here is this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the next so this here is this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the next so this here is this here is
+S1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1.
+Let me just write it down here. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me just write it down here. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me just write it down here. This is
+S1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1.
+When you're looking at S2, then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you're looking at S2, then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you're looking at S2, then you're
+coming back towards zero, but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back towards zero, but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back towards zero, but you don't
+go as far up as you went down, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as far up as you went down, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as far up as you went down, right?
+because it's one over uh two right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's one over uh two right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's one over uh two right so
+this here is s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is s2
+and then you see the next one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see the next one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see the next one is the
+next one if you start here then you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one if you start here then you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one if you start here then you are
+supposed to so for s3 it's really s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to so for s3 it's really s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to so for s3 it's really s2
++ -1 to ^ 3 over 3 so this is s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ -1 to ^ 3 over 3 so this is s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ -1 to ^ 3 over 3 so this is s2
+minus right because -1 to the^ 3 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus right because -1 to the^ 3 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus right because -1 to the^ 3 is a
+negative sign like that. Right? So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign like that. Right? So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign like that. Right? So the
+next one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one here
+so you're starting here before you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're starting here before you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're starting here before you have
+done any summation you're starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done any summation you're starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done any summation you're starting at
+zero you brought down here you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you brought down here you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you brought down here you come up
+here and then but then in S3 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then but then in S3 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then but then in S3 you're
+going down but you don't go as far down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down but you don't go as far down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down but you don't go as far down
+as the previous one. So you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the previous one. So you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the previous one. So you're going
+down here and so you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and so you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and so you're really
+continuing this process and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing this process and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing this process and you see that
+these interval get smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interval get smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interval get smaller and smaller
+and it just go down and then it come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just go down and then it come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just go down and then it come up
+but it doesn't go up as far up as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't go up as far up as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't go up as far up as you
+were before and then so on so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were before and then so on so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were before and then so on so forth and
+so you can make this more precise. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make this more precise. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make this more precise. It's
+it's quite easy and this show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite easy and this show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite easy and this show you that
+this series is converging and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series is converging and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series is converging and in fact
+this is like the basis for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the basis for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the basis for this
+alternating series test and it works as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating series test and it works as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating series test and it works as
+long as you have alternating where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have alternating where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have alternating where the
+sign of the a ends are alternating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the a ends are alternating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the a ends are alternating and
+the absolute value goes to zero in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value goes to zero in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value goes to zero in this
+here that's alternating series test case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's alternating series test case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's alternating series test case
+I'll probably come back to that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably come back to that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably come back to that at some
+later stage but this just show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later stage but this just show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later stage but this just show you that
+if you take a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know then um so the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then um so the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then um so the absolute
+convergence means that if you slap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence means that if you slap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence means that if you slap
+absolute value sign then that new series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value sign then that new series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value sign then that new series
+also converge absolute convergence imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also converge absolute convergence imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also converge absolute convergence imply
+convergence but not the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence but not the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence but not the other way
+around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around.
+Okay. So now the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now the next thing
+um is that so the next thing is like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that so the next thing is like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that so the next thing is like if
+you take a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose you take a series and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose you take a series and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose you take a series and suppose
+that you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you knew
+that. So suppose you have a series like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So suppose you have a series like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So suppose you have a series like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you knew that a end here all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you knew that a end here all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you knew that a end here all of the
+a were non- negative fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then convergence here convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just imply right so convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imply right so convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imply right so convergence is
+because the sn is now the sum sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the sn is now the sum sum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the sn is now the sum sum here
+of these guys here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? That's SN.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's SN.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's SN.
+And you see that this is of course less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you see that this is of course less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you see that this is of course less
+or equal to because all of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to because all of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to because all of these guys
+are non negative. It's less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non negative. It's less or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non negative. It's less or equal to
+where you're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're summing
+not just up to n but one more right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just up to n but one more right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just up to n but one more right
+because this here is non- negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this here is non- negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this here is non- negative and
+so this here is SN + one. So you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is SN + one. So you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is SN + one. So you see
+that if the elements are non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the elements are non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the elements are non- negative
+then the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sequence
+sn is so sn is monotum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sn is so sn is monotum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sn is so sn is monotum
+nondereasing the sequence and so to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondereasing the sequence and so to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondereasing the sequence and so to say
+by the monot convergence theorem to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the monot convergence theorem to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the monot convergence theorem to say
+that this sequence sn is convergent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence sn is convergent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence sn is convergent is
+equivalent to saying that so sn converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SN is bounded from above,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now
+when you have a series and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a series and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a series and you have
+already checked that a n goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already checked that a n goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already checked that a n goes to zero
+and you are then asked to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are then asked to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are then asked to determine
+whether the series is converging or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the series is converging or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the series is converging or not
+right then there are these number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then there are these number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then there are these number of
+tests right and so there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests right and so there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests right and so there's a bunch of
+tests so test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so there's a bunch of them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there's a bunch of them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there's a bunch of them and and
+let me talk about uh in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about uh in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about uh in this lecture
+I'll just talk about the comparison test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I mentioned them very briefly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mentioned them very briefly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mentioned them very briefly but
+uh last time but I'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last time but I'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last time but I'll talk a little bit
+more about them and then there's a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about them and then there's a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about them and then there's a ratio
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and then there is the root test. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then there is the root test. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then there is the root test. So
+I'll talk about those three but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about those three but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about those three but there
+are other tests. So root test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Okay. So now let's start with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's start with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's start with the with
+the comparison test and there are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison test and there are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison test and there are like
+two versions of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One version is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One version is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One version is the following
+that suppose that you have so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose that you have so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose that you have so uh
+comparison test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh version one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so the first version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the first version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the first version of the
+comparison test is the following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison test is the following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison test is the following that
+imagine that you have two series here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you have two series here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you have two series here a
+and again we talked about this last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we talked about this last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we talked about this last time
+but but let me just say a few more words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but let me just say a few more words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but let me just say a few more words
+that you have this series and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this series and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this series and you have
+that series and I'm assuming here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that series and I'm assuming here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that series and I'm assuming here that
+the a and the bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a and the bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a and the bn
+are non- negative numbers and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non- negative numbers and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non- negative numbers and in fact
+I'm assuming that bn is larger equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that bn is larger equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that bn is larger equal to
+a n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n.
+Then the comparison test this version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the comparison test this version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the comparison test this version
+the simple version of the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple version of the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple version of the comparison
+test is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is that if
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+the series based on the BN is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the ends is also converted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so this is so the this version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is so the this version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is so the this version of
+the comparison test is used both in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison test is used both in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison test is used both in this
+way but it's also used sometimes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but it's also used sometimes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but it's also used sometimes where
+you know that this series is divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this series is divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this series is divergent
+and from that you conclude that this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that you conclude that this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that you conclude that this one
+right that's just a negation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just a negation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just a negation of the
+statement right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+okay so let's See it's this it's so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's See it's this it's so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's See it's this it's so that
+prove here is of that is is is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove here is of that is is is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove here is of that is is is actually
+easy and so why is this the case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and so why is this the case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and so why is this the case?
+Well, the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the thing is
+that you know so that by the Kushi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know so that by the Kushi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know so that by the Kushi
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+by the Kushik convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um we just we know that to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we just we know that to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we just we know that to determine
+whether all we need to check to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether all we need to check to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether all we need to check to to
+determine whether this sequence here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether this sequence here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether this sequence here is
+convergent. All we need to figure out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent. All we need to figure out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent. All we need to figure out is
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+if the if it is a cushy sequence, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if it is a cushy sequence, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if it is a cushy sequence, right?
+So this means that you want to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that you want to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that you want to say that
+so so suppose you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so suppose you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so suppose you're looking at
+at the series the the sequence sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the series the the sequence sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the series the the sequence sorry um
+defined from a and so this is just where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from a and so this is just where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from a and so this is just where
+I'm now summing the first n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a and I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a and I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a and I just want to
+write some using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write some using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write some using the
+superscript a just to to say to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript a just to to say to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript a just to to say to to to
+denote that it's coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that it's coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that it's coming from the
+sequence a n. So if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a n. So if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a n. So if you're looking at
+this and so likewise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so likewise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so likewise I
+we look at this thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now of course you have that suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now of course you have that suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now of course you have that suppose
+you're looking at S N A minus S M A. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at S N A minus S M A. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at S N A minus S M A. You
+want to show that this here you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that this here you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that this here you want to
+show that this here is a C sequence. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this here is a C sequence. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this here is a C sequence. So
+you're looking at this difference here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this difference here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this difference here,
+right? But this thing here is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But this thing here is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But this thing here is just this
+here difference. I'm assuming that m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here difference. I'm assuming that m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here difference. I'm assuming that m is
+less than n straight strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n straight strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n straight strictly less than
+m n sorry this here just means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n sorry this here just means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n sorry this here just means that this
+difference here is just when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here is just when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here is just when you're
+summing where you're summing from m +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing where you're summing from m +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing where you're summing from m +
+one. So this is just the a m + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up to a n this is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a n this is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a n this is just this
+>> fine. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> fine. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> fine. Yeah,
+>> when we're proving to learn this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> when we're proving to learn this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> when we're proving to learn this like
+this now um just like to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now um just like to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now um just like to get some
+motivation like the reason that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation like the reason that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation like the reason that we're
+using sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sequences
+>> I you could either use at this stage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I you could either use at this stage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I you could either use at this stage you
+could either use cushy sequence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either use cushy sequence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either use cushy sequence that's
+what I started you could also have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I started you could also have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I started you could also have used
+the mono convergence here maybe that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mono convergence here maybe that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mono convergence here maybe that was
+>> okay because I was just going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> okay because I was just going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> okay because I was just going to say
+like back to the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like back to the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like back to the definition of
+convergence that we just had where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that we just had where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that we just had where we
+had like yeah absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like yeah absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like yeah absolute value of
+>> yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah that's right
+>> is that is it just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> is that is it just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> is that is it just like
+>> so so if you if you went all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so so if you if you went all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so so if you if you went all the way
+back to the definition, right? Then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the definition, right? Then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the definition, right? Then you
+would have to determine what the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to determine what the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to determine what the limit
+was,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was,
+>> right? Which we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? Which we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? Which we don't want
+>> and we don't want because we don't know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and we don't want because we don't know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and we don't want because we don't know,
+right? Just because we may know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Just because we may know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Just because we may know what the
+limit of B of the sequence based on B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of B of the sequence based on B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of B of the sequence based on B
+is, but we don't. But this doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, but we don't. But this doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, but we don't. But this doesn't mean
+that you can figure out what the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can figure out what the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can figure out what the limit
+of the A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the A.
+>> So does that motivate why like sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So does that motivate why like sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So does that motivate why like sequences
+are like more useful in general?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like more useful in general?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like more useful in general?
+>> Yeah, that's right. That's right. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's right. That's right. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's right. That's right. That's
+right. Exactly. That's right. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Exactly. That's right. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Exactly. That's right. That's
+right. So the advantage with cushi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the advantage with cushi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the advantage with cushi
+sequence is that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is that you don't have to
+figure out what the limit is and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the limit is and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the limit is and and
+it's often I mean like in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often I mean like in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often I mean like in this case you
+have no idea I mean you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea I mean you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea I mean you know it's not
+it's not in terms of anything from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in terms of anything from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in terms of anything from the
+bees right and and I should but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees right and and I should but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees right and and I should but let me
+just continue doing it like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue doing it like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue doing it like this but
+just now when you ask I should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now when you ask I should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now when you ask I should probably
+have done it using the monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it using the monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it using the monotone
+convergence theorem but you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorem but you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorem but you can do that
+as an exercise but it doesn't matter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exercise but it doesn't matter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exercise but it doesn't matter I
+mean So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean So
+the difference here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference here is
+this is what the difference is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the difference is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the difference is the
+absolute value signs are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value signs are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value signs are really
+irrelevant because these are all non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant because these are all non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant because these are all non-
+negative numbers. So I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers. So I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers. So I don't have to
+have the absolute value sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the absolute value sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the absolute value sign
+and now this thing here is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this thing here is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this thing here is of course
+less than but this here is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than but this here is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than but this here is less than the
+corresponding B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is like less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like less than the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+B here like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B here like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B here like that.
+But this here is exactly S N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this here is exactly S N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this here is exactly S N
+the one based on B S M based on B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one based on B S M based on B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one based on B S M based on B and
+this here as long as N and M are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here as long as N and M are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here as long as N and M are
+sufficiently large we can make this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large we can make this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large we can make this as
+small as we want. So therefore this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as we want. So therefore this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as we want. So therefore this here
+was as small as we want. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as small as we want. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as small as we want. Right?
+You could also have done it maybe let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also have done it maybe let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also have done it maybe let's
+just say that that you could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that that you could also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that that you could also have
+done it using the mono convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it using the mono convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it using the mono convergence
+right because now of course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now of course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now of course you have
+that again the same sort of thing say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again the same sort of thing say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again the same sort of thing say
+that if you take the sn based on the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take the sn based on the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take the sn based on the a
+so that's a1 up to a n sum of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a1 up to a n sum of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a1 up to a n sum of these guys
+but these individually is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these individually is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these individually is less than the
+corresponding b's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this here is just the s the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is just the s the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is just the s the sequence
+sn based on the piece right but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sn based on the piece right but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sn based on the piece right but these
+here if this se these here converge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if this se these here converge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if this se these here converge this
+is equivalent to saying that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to saying that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to saying that they are
+bounded they're less than some c some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded they're less than some c some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded they're less than some c some
+real number c and this here is for all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all in sorry right but this means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in sorry right but this means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in sorry right but this means of
+course that Those things here are bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that Those things here are bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that Those things here are bound
+fall in right. So, so then you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in right. So, so then you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in right. So, so then you know and
+this here is a mono also a monotom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is a mono also a monotom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is a mono also a monotom
+sequence mono increasing sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence mono increasing sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence mono increasing sequence that
+is now bounded from above. So therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now bounded from above. So therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now bounded from above. So therefore
+it converts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it converts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it converts.
+So you can do it either of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can do it either of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can do it either of those two
+ways but so that's really easy to check.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but so that's really easy to check.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but so that's really easy to check.
+Let's see an example where we are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see an example where we are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see an example where we are using
+this test here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+so this could be that you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be that you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be that you're looking at
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+um you're looking at so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're looking at so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're looking at so here's an
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+uh you're looking at a series that is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're looking at a series that is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're looking at a series that is 2
+to the minus n / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n / n
+n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
+n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+1 to infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to infinity.
+Uh this is your this is and and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is your this is and and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is your this is and and you you
+want so you you you're being asked is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so you you you're being asked is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so you you you're being asked is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is this uh series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uh series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uh series
+convergent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this is like typically how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is like typically how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is like typically how it
+works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works.
+And so of course in this case you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so of course in this case you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so of course in this case you should
+think about the the that this here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the that this here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the that this here is a
+sequence a n right and so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a n right and so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a n right and so you have to
+find the bn right but in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the bn right but in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the bn right but in this case we
+just say so we're setting a so set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say so we're setting a so set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say so we're setting a so set so
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+a n = 2 to the minus n / 2 and bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n = 2 to the minus n / 2 and bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n = 2 to the minus n / 2 and bn
+= to 2 - n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 2 - n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 2 - n.
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+then uh then you have that a n is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then you have that a n is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then you have that a n is bigger
+equal to zero is smaller than bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero is smaller than bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero is smaller than bn
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and this sequence here based on the bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sequence here based on the bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sequence here based on the bn
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometric series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's convergent between because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's convergent between because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's convergent between because because
+c here in this case is 1 /2, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c here in this case is 1 /2, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c here in this case is 1 /2, right? It's
+1 / two. So it's just, you know, 1 / two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / two. So it's just, you know, 1 / two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / two. So it's just, you know, 1 / two
+1 a half is the same as 2 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a half is the same as 2 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a half is the same as 2 to the minus
+one, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right?
+And so this is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is convergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is convergent.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So this is just so so you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just so so you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just so so you know so
+typically you know this could be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you know this could be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you know this could be used to
+that you're given a sequence and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're given a sequence and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're given a sequence and you are
+being asked is it convergent or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked is it convergent or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked is it convergent or not and
+so you have to find the se sorry and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to find the se sorry and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to find the se sorry and you
+being asked whether it's convergent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked whether it's convergent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked whether it's convergent or
+not and you have to find the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and you have to find the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and you have to find the comparison
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+and then uh and then in this case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and then in this case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and then in this case right
+say that this thing here right is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this thing here right is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this thing here right is is uh
+is a convergent and uh and so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convergent and uh and so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convergent and uh and so therefore
+the sequence a n that was squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence a n that was squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence a n that was squeezed
+between that and zero was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that and zero was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that and zero was also
+convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this was the first version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this was the first version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this was the first version of
+the comparison test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison test.
+Here is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is another
+more fancy version of comparing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fancy version of comparing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fancy version of comparing where
+you're comparing two series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In fact, it's pretty much like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, it's pretty much like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, it's pretty much like that
+except for for this stuff we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for for this stuff we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for for this stuff we talked
+about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about.
+I mean, typically um typically the tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, typically um typically the tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, typically um typically the tests
+are where you comparing it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where you comparing it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where you comparing it with some
+other series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other series.
+So here is version two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is version two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is version two.
+So comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh version two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so you have again two series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you have again two series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you have again two series and
+and and again it doesn't matter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again it doesn't matter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again it doesn't matter this
+what the sum is matters where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sum is matters where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sum is matters where you
+starting but whether or not it converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting but whether or not it converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting but whether or not it converges
+doesn't matter where you start.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where you start.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where you start.
+So suppose that you have the series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose that you have the series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose that you have the series and
+you have this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and suppose that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that you know
+that uh the the bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the the bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the the bn
+none of the bns are zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the bns are zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the bns are zero.
+uh and you know that the a n divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you know that the a n divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you know that the a n divided by
+bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn
+that this ratio here as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ratio here as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ratio here as n goes to
+infinity converts to some l and l here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity converts to some l and l here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity converts to some l and l here
+is um l here is um is not zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um l here is um is not zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um l here is um is not zero and it's
+not infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infinity
+meaning that it really is a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it really is a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it really is a limit
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+So if that's the case then the serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if that's the case then the serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if that's the case then the serious
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then uh let's have these as non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then uh let's have these as non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then uh let's have these as non-
+negative numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh then uh Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh Um
+then uh then the series uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then the series uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then the series uh a
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series and converge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um and so a an example of this, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so a an example of this, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so a an example of this, a
+typical example like of this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example like of this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example like of this is where
+you're looking at the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the series
+uh 1 / n squar minus one. Suppose you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 / n squar minus one. Suppose you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 / n squar minus one. Suppose you're
+looking at this and now just to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this and now just to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this and now just to make it
+so that make sure that it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that make sure that it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that make sure that it makes sense
+that you're not dividing by zero. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not dividing by zero. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not dividing by zero. You're
+looking at this thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this thing here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this thing here.
+Suppose that this is the series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that this is the series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that this is the series that
+you're given.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given.
+Well, this here is so you wouldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this here is so you wouldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this here is so you wouldn't use
+the first compar although you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first compar although you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first compar although you could have
+used the first but then it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the first but then it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the first but then it would be a
+little bit more uh complicated. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more uh complicated. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more uh complicated. Not
+super complicated but a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super complicated but a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super complicated but a little bit more
+complicated because this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because this thing here is
+you know this is right. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is right. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is right. So the first
+thing you observe is that this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you observe is that this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you observe is that this of course
+goes to zero. this here goes to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. this here goes to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. this here goes to zero.
+But the second thing is that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the second thing is that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the second thing is that it's very
+close to a series that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a series that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a series that you know
+something about. It's very close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about. It's very close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about. It's very close to this
+series here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series here.
+But again, it doesn't matter where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But again, it doesn't matter where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But again, it doesn't matter where I'm
+starting in order when you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in order when you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in order when you're asking
+whether it's convergent or not. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's convergent or not. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's convergent or not. So it's
+very close to this series. But of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to this series. But of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to this series. But of
+course, this thing here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, this thing here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, this thing here,
+this thing here is a smaller number. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is a smaller number. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is a smaller number. So
+this is actually bigger than 1 / n^2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually bigger than 1 / n^2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually bigger than 1 / n^2,
+right? This here is a convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This here is a convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This here is a convergence
+sequence series, right? So this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence series, right? So this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence series, right? So this does not
+help you. This is not great for using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you. This is not great for using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you. This is not great for using
+the first test. You could have done it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first test. You could have done it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first test. You could have done it,
+but then you know you could use still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you know you could use still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you know you could use still
+use the first test, but then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the first test, but then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the first test, but then you have to
+be slightly more clever. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly more clever. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly more clever. So
+instead of that, you can use this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of that, you can use this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of that, you can use this second
+test. And so in the second test you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. And so in the second test you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. And so in the second test you set
+a n equal to 1 / n^2 minus one and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n equal to 1 / n^2 minus one and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n equal to 1 / n^2 minus one and you
+set bn = to 1 / n^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set bn = to 1 / n^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set bn = to 1 / n^2.
+And then you have that a n / bn. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you have that a n / bn. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you have that a n / bn. But
+this is just 1 / n^2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just 1 / n^2 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just 1 / n^2 - 1
+over um n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um n^2
+1 / n^2. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so this here is the same right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this here is the same right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this here is the same right as
+n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2
+n^2 minus one right like that. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 minus one right like that. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 minus one right like that. And now
+you can divide by n^2 in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide by n^2 in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide by n^2 in both
+denominator and denominator. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and denominator. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and denominator. So you're
+getting 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 1
+uh 1 - 1 / n^2. And now you just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - 1 / n^2. And now you just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - 1 / n^2. And now you just use the
+usual algebraic rules for limits. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual algebraic rules for limits. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual algebraic rules for limits. This
+here converts to zero. So it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converts to zero. So it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converts to zero. So it means that
+the denominator converts to one. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator converts to one. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator converts to one. So this
+means that this ratio here converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this ratio here converts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this ratio here converts to
+to one, right? And so you see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one, right? And so you see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one, right? And so you see that it's
+converging the ratio is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging the ratio is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging the ratio is converging to
+something that is neither zero nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is neither zero nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is neither zero nor
+infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity.
+And this means that this series here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this means that this series here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this means that this series here is
+convergent if and only if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent if and only if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent if and only if this is
+convergent. You already know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent. You already know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent. You already know that this
+here is convergent. So we conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is convergent. So we conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is convergent. So we conclude that
+this is convergent. So that's like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is convergent. So that's like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is convergent. So that's like how
+it's typically used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+right so now the next s uh the next test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now the next s uh the next test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now the next s uh the next test
+um I I want to talk about is the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I want to talk about is the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I want to talk about is the ratio
+test. And so this is a this is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. And so this is a this is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. And so this is a this is I mean
+like the comparison test are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the comparison test are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the comparison test are typically
+like almost the easiest test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost the easiest test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost the easiest test.
+Uh but this one here is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but this one here is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but this one here is extremely
+useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so the the next two tests,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the the next two tests,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the the next two tests,
+the ratio test, both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both a ratio test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and root test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on
+are based on comparison.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the geometric series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric series.
+And so this is explaining why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is explaining why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is explaining why
+uh the geometric series is so crucial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the geometric series is so crucial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the geometric series is so crucial.
+Okay. So what is the ratio test? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what is the ratio test? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what is the ratio test? Well,
+the ratio test is simply the test that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio test is simply the test that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio test is simply the test that
+if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a series, you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a series, you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a series, you don't have
+to look at any other series like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at any other series like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at any other series like in the
+comparison test, you have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison test, you have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison test, you have to find
+another series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another series.
+But in the ratio test, so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in the ratio test, so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in the ratio test, so this is a
+ratio test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you're looking at a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're looking at a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're looking at a series
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the ratio test is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio test is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio test is that you're
+looking at uh a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
++ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one
+over a n. So you are looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a n. So you are looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a n. So you are looking at the
+ratio between two consecutive elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between two consecutive elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between two consecutive elements
+elements of the a right. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the a right. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the a right. So you're
+looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+and you're looking at the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the absolute value
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+and you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're asking
+if the limit here as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the limit here as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the limit here as n goes to infinity
+suppose that the limit exist and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the limit exist and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the limit exist and let's
+say that the limit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the limit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the limit is a
+so so it it's ask is you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it it's ask is you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it it's ask is you know it's
+asking you if this you know it's somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you if this you know it's somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you if this you know it's somehow
+the test here at this form of the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test here at this form of the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test here at this form of the ratio
+test it require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it require
+that the ratio here has a limit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ratio here has a limit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ratio here has a limit.
+So the ratio test then say that if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the ratio test then say that if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the ratio test then say that if a
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+if a here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a here is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is uh by sorry yeah if if if a here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh by sorry yeah if if if a here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh by sorry yeah if if if a here is
+uh less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less than one
+then the series is so let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the series is so let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the series is so let me let me
+write it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a
+less than one this here means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one this here means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one this here means that the
+series is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh true if this a here is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh true if this a here is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh true if this a here is bigger than
+one this implies that the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this implies that the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this implies that the series
+is divergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And three is that if this a here is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And three is that if this a here is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And three is that if this a here is one
+then the test is so test is inconclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so it's important to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so it's important to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so it's important to remember that
+it is possible that you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible that you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible that you don't get
+anything out of the test okay if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out of the test okay if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out of the test okay if you are
+in the unlucky case where this limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unlucky case where this limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unlucky case where this limit is
+one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right
+and it is I should also emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is I should also emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is I should also emphasize that
+it is crucial to have a limit right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is crucial to have a limit right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is crucial to have a limit right so
+you the test here in this form it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the test here in this form it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the test here in this form it's
+crucial to have a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial to have a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial to have a limit
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and we'll talk a little bit we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll talk a little bit we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll talk a little bit we'll
+come back to that because we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that because we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that because we'll come
+back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now
+let me try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try to explain
+uh why uh why you have well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why uh why you have well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why uh why you have well in
+conclusive I don't really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusive I don't really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusive I don't really need to
+explain anything right but but why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain anything right but but why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain anything right but but why why
+in the case so proof of case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this means that I have to show so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that I have to show so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that I have to show so so
+so need to True.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That if this limit here, if this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That if this limit here, if this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That if this limit here, if this limit
+here, if this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a n + one over a n, if this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a n + one over a n, if this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a n + one over a n, if this here is
+less than one, then the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one, then the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one, then the series is
+converging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'll just sketch the proof because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just sketch the proof because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just sketch the proof because
+we're going to prove we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove we're going to do
+Yeah, I I I will just sketch the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I I will just sketch the proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I I will just sketch the proof.
+We sort of come back in a way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We sort of come back in a way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We sort of come back in a way to the
+proof because it's very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof because it's very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof because it's very close to the
+same proof that is used in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof that is used in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof that is used in the case of
+the root test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so that's what I need. So I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I need. So I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I need. So I have that
+there exist. So given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist. So given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist. So given
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a zero less than one. So given a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a zero less than one. So given a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a zero less than one. So given a z
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+a z with a z bigger than this a and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z with a z bigger than this a and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z with a z bigger than this a and less
+than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one.
+Right? So true. So if you pick a a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So true. So if you pick a a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So true. So if you pick a a zero
+that is strictly bigger than a and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is strictly bigger than a and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is strictly bigger than a and still
+less than one, then we know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one, then we know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one, then we know that there
+exist there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+n then uh a n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then uh a n + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then uh a n + one
+over uh a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh a n
+and really I should have absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really I should have absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really I should have absolute value
+here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this
+then we have that this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that this thing here is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+um it's less than a z right because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's less than a z right because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's less than a z right because uh
+if you're very far out then this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're very far out then this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're very far out then this here is
+this ratio is going to be very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio is going to be very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio is going to be very close to
+this but this is strictly less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is strictly less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is strictly less than that
+Right? So we have this, right? Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we have this, right? Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we have this, right? Okay. So
+this means that maybe I shouldn't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that maybe I shouldn't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that maybe I shouldn't call
+it a zero because there's too many A's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a zero because there's too many A's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a zero because there's too many A's.
+Now let's call it something else. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's call it something else. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's call it something else. Let's
+call it alpha to make it just look much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it alpha to make it just look much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it alpha to make it just look much
+more distinct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more distinct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more distinct.
+Uh okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay.
+So uh so this means that so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh so this means that so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh so this means that so you see that
+if so in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so in other words if
+um if n here is bigger than this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if n here is bigger than this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if n here is bigger than this capital
+n then you have just multiplying over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then you have just multiplying over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then you have just multiplying over
+you have that a n + one is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that a n + one is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that a n + one is less than
+alpha * a n like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * a n like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * a n like that right
+in the ratio test I should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ratio test I should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ratio test I should have said
+that but obviously you are assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but obviously you are assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but obviously you are assuming that
+these a ends I'm not sure. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a ends I'm not sure. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a ends I'm not sure. So you can
+divide by them. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you have this if you're far out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have this if you're far out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have this if you're far out you
+have this that the next one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this that the next one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this that the next one is a
+fraction of the previous one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the previous one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the previous one.
+Right? But this means of course that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But this means of course that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But this means of course that if
+you take if you take if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take if you take if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take if you take if you're looking
+at n is bigger equal to this capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n is bigger equal to this capital n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n is bigger equal to this capital n.
+Well, you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you have that
+you have that a capital n + one, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that a capital n + one, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that a capital n + one, right?
+If you're using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're using this
+a capital n as little n then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital n as little n then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital n as little n then you have
+that this thing here this is now the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here this is now the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here this is now the um
+this here is now sorry if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is now sorry if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is now sorry if you're using
+if you if you first pick n equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you first pick n equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you first pick n equal to
+capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n
+then what does this inequality tell you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does this inequality tell you?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does this inequality tell you?
+tell you that a capital n + one is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that a capital n + one is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that a capital n + one is less
+or equal to alpha a capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to alpha a capital n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to alpha a capital n.
+Now apply this inequality here for n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now apply this inequality here for n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now apply this inequality here for n +
+capital n + 1. So then you have that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n + 1. So then you have that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n + 1. So then you have that a
+capital n + 2 absolute value is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n + 2 absolute value is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n + 2 absolute value is less or
+equal to alpha a n + one like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha a n + one like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha a n + one like that.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+But you already proven that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you already proven that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you already proven that this thing
+here, forget about the alpha here, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, forget about the alpha here, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, forget about the alpha here, but
+you proven this inequality. So filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you proven this inequality. So filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you proven this inequality. So filling
+in that inequality, I have this alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that inequality, I have this alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that inequality, I have this alpha
+here, but then I have another alpha that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but then I have another alpha that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but then I have another alpha that
+is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this.
+And then like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And so now you can continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so now you can continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so now you can continue this
+way. So this here is like alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So this here is like alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So this here is like alpha squared
+time a capital. And so now you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a capital. And so now you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a capital. And so now you see that
+you can continue. So if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can continue. So if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can continue. So if you're looking
+at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+if you continue like this then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you continue like this then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you continue like this then you see
+that a capital n plus some little m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a capital n plus some little m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a capital n plus some little m
+is lesser equal to alpha to the power m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal to alpha to the power m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal to alpha to the power m
+* a to absolute value of a n. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a to absolute value of a n. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a to absolute value of a n. Right?
+This here the previous line was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here the previous line was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here the previous line was just
+where m was equal to two but you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m was equal to two but you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m was equal to two but you really
+get it for all integers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it for all integers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it for all integers right
+and so this say that at least the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this say that at least the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this say that at least the tail
+of this sequence here the tail of the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sequence here the tail of the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sequence here the tail of the a
+sequence is this is just some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is this is just some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is this is just some fixed
+constant this here is a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this here is a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this here is a convergent
+geometric series so the tail is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series so the tail is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series so the tail is bounded
+by a convergent geometric series so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a convergent geometric series so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a convergent geometric series so you
+can just apply the first uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just apply the first uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just apply the first uh the first
+comparison test to prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison test to prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison test to prove that the
+sequence a that the series a n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a that the series a n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a that the series a n is
+actually convergent. Okay. So, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convergent. Okay. So, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convergent. Okay. So, so this
+so so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the the the
+ratio test again was to compare it use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test again was to compare it use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test again was to compare it use
+the first comparison test where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first comparison test where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first comparison test where the
+comparison was the geometric series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um and so of course if the so this prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so of course if the so this prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so of course if the so this prove
+this prove one two here but two is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prove one two here but two is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prove one two here but two is kind
+of really the same because if this alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really the same because if this alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really the same because if this alpha
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so to show the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to show the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to show the second part
+again the third one to prove it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the third one to prove it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the third one to prove it's
+inconclusive there's nothing to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconclusive there's nothing to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconclusive there's nothing to prove
+because it leaves open any possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it leaves open any possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it leaves open any possibility
+Uh but but you want to show that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but but you want to show that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but but you want to show that if this
+limit here so if this limit so proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here so if this limit so proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here so if this limit so proof of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you want so you'll be assuming that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want so you'll be assuming that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want so you'll be assuming that a
+here is bigger than than one but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is bigger than than one but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is bigger than than one but this
+means that there exist so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there exist so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there exist so if you take
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+so this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha such that
+uh alpha is bigger than one but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alpha is bigger than one but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alpha is bigger than one but it's
+smaller than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a
+but then you have that for right since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have that for right since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have that for right since
+this this ratio is converging for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this ratio is converging for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this ratio is converging for for
+little n bigger than there exist some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n bigger than there exist some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n bigger than there exist some
+capital n so that if this little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that if this little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that if this little n is
+bigger than a capital n then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a capital n then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a capital n then you have
+that a n + one over a in that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a n + one over a in that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a n + one over a in that this thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+if it's far out out is going to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's far out out is going to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's far out out is going to convert
+here but at least far enough out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but at least far enough out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but at least far enough out it's
+going to be bigger than alpha right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bigger than alpha right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bigger than alpha right
+multiplying over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying over again
+means that a n + one is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a n + one is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a n + one is bigger than
+alpha * a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * a n
+this here is now bigger than on. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is now bigger than on. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is now bigger than on. And so
+in the same way as before, you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as before, you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as before, you see that
+if you're far enough out, then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're far enough out, then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're far enough out, then the next
+element is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is some
+multiple some some big number some at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple some some big number some at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple some some big number some at
+least bigger than one times the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least bigger than one times the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least bigger than one times the previous
+one, right? But this means that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? But this means that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? But this means that they're
+getting larger and larger as you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting larger and larger as you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting larger and larger as you you
+know from some fixed stage on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from some fixed stage on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from some fixed stage on and
+outwards, the a ends are getting larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards, the a ends are getting larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards, the a ends are getting larger
+and larger. So they don't converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger. So they don't converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger. So they don't converge to
+zero as they were supposed to. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as they were supposed to. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as they were supposed to. Right? So
+this is proving true, right? And three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is proving true, right? And three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is proving true, right? And three
+again does nothing to prove because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again does nothing to prove because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again does nothing to prove because it
+leaves open both possibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Does that assume that the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does that assume that the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does that assume that the series is
+increasing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh
+Like I guess just looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like I guess just looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like I guess just looking at it
+>> like from a high level we're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like from a high level we're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like from a high level we're saying that
+wait so you you're asking uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so you you're asking uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so you you're asking uh what what
+are you asking? So for part one we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you asking? So for part one we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you asking? So for part one we say
+that less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that only work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only work
+>> no no so there's no assumption here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> no no so there's no assumption here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> no no so there's no assumption here on
+whether the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the sequence is
+uh right I mean so so one one yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right I mean so so one one yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right I mean so so one one yeah so
+one implies that the absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one implies that the absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one implies that the absolute value is
+going down as you say right yeah but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down as you say right yeah but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down as you say right yeah but it
+could alternate signs and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could alternate signs and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could alternate signs and things like
+that yeah but It's uh but it is yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah but It's uh but it is yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah but It's uh but it is yeah and
+so it's just because you're comparing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just because you're comparing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just because you're comparing it
+with you're going to compare it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you're going to compare it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you're going to compare it with a
+convergent geometric series and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent geometric series and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent geometric series and in
+convergent geometric series the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent geometric series the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent geometric series the next
+element is some fixed fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is some fixed fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is some fixed fraction of the
+previous one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So, so you you're right that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so you you're right that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so you you're right that in order
+for the ratio test to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ratio test to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ratio test to give you
+convergence, then it then it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence, then it then it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence, then it then it's it's
+going to require that sufficiently far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require that sufficiently far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require that sufficiently far
+out the absolute value of the a element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the absolute value of the a element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the absolute value of the a element
+is is going down. Yep. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other
+the other uh the other and this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh the other and this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh the other and this is like
+and this in a way addresses that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this in a way addresses that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this in a way addresses that point
+you're making there. So the other test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making there. So the other test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making there. So the other test
+that's that is also based on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is also based on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is also based on on
+comparing it with the geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it with the geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it with the geometric series
+but this does not compare consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does not compare consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does not compare consecutive
+elements. So it's leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. So it's leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. So it's leaving the
+possibility that the next element could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the next element could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the next element could
+be larger than the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than the previous
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so this is the root test. But of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the root test. But of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the root test. But of
+course you know it it cannot be that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know it it cannot be that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know it it cannot be that you
+it cannot you know you cannot have keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot you know you cannot have keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot you know you cannot have keep
+having the next element larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the next element larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the next element larger than
+previous but you could have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous but you could have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous but you could have you know
+there could be somewhere where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be somewhere where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be somewhere where you know
+the next one actually went up but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one actually went up but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one actually went up but then
+presumably they're going after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they're going after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they're going after that
+they're going down at least for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going down at least for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going down at least for a long
+time and then maybe there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then maybe there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then maybe there's another one
+that jumps up but not very much etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jumps up but not very much etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jumps up but not very much etc.
+Right. And the root test is is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And the root test is is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And the root test is is is is
+okay with that. Whereas that test wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that. Whereas that test wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that. Whereas that test wasn't
+okay with that. So the root test so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that. So the root test so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that. So the root test so this
+is so you have a series again like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you have a series again like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you have a series again like this
+and the root test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the root test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the root test is
+that you're looking at you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking at you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking at you're taking the
+absolute value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of this
+and then you're taking the nth root. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're taking the nth root. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're taking the nth root. So
+this means this is the same as saying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means this is the same as saying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means this is the same as saying a
+n absolute value. If you want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n absolute value. If you want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n absolute value. If you want to write
+it like this one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this one,
+right? So it's it's it's a dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it's it's it's a dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it's it's it's a dealing with
+this and the root test is saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the root test is saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the root test is saying that
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+that this when you form this here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this when you form this here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this when you form this here that
+this has a limit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a limit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a limit.
+Suppose that this nth root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose that this here has a limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this here has a limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this here has a limit and
+let's call this limit C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this limit C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this limit C.
+Suppose that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that you have this
+then it has the same three parts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as in the previous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and so this is um so this is so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is um so this is so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is um so this is so so
+there's three possibilities where C here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three possibilities where C here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three possibilities where C here
+is less than one h then this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one h then this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one h then this implies
+that the series is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh two
+C is bigger than one implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is bigger than one implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is bigger than one implies that the
+series is divergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And again the case where C here is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again the case where C here is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again the case where C here is equal
+to one in conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one in conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one in conclusion
+test this in conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again we're going to compare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we're going to compare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we're going to compare with
+the geometric series. So let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric series. So let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric series. So let's see how
+the proof works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So now let's prove uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So now let's prove uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So now let's prove uh one
+proof of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of one.
+So again we are in a situation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again we are in a situation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again we are in a situation where we
+have uh that the nth root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh that the nth root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh that the nth root of the
+absolute value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value here
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+is equal to some c and we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some c and we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some c and we're assuming
+that the c is less than one right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the c is less than one right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the c is less than one right so now
+um I'm I'm again choosing something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm I'm again choosing something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm I'm again choosing something that
+is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between
+c and one. So, choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C.
+Let's call it C 0. Um uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call it C 0. Um uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call it C 0. Um uh will
+uh C less than C 0 less than one. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C less than C 0 less than one. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C less than C 0 less than one. Okay.
+And now we know that because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we know that because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we know that because we have
+this limit, we know that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit, we know that there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit, we know that there exist
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital n such that if little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that if little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that if little n is
+bigger than capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n
+then uh then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then this
+then the nth root of this absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the nth root of this absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the nth root of this absolute value
+sign is actually less or equal to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is actually less or equal to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is actually less or equal to C
+right this is just because C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is just because C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is just because C was
+strictly bigger than C right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than C right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than C right so we have
+that so now we just take the nth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now we just take the nth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now we just take the nth power
+on both sides so this implies by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides so this implies by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides so this implies by taking
+n power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the nth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get that a absolute value of a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that a absolute value of a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that a absolute value of a n
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+is less or equal to c 0 to the power n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less or equal to c 0 to the power n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less or equal to c 0 to the power n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so but that's already great right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but that's already great right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but that's already great right
+because this means that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this means that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this means that you have
+compared at least from a certain stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared at least from a certain stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared at least from a certain stage
+and and outward you have compared the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and outward you have compared the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and outward you have compared the a
+with if you're thinking about that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if you're thinking about that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if you're thinking about that this
+thing here is like the b Right? Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is like the b Right? Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is like the b Right? Then
+it's you have compared this guys here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have compared this guys here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have compared this guys here
+with this series here based on these at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this series here based on these at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this series here based on these at
+least from this capital n and outwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least from this capital n and outwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least from this capital n and outwards
+and this is a geometric series because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a geometric series because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a geometric series because
+it's just some number small strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just some number small strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just some number small strictly
+smaller than one multiplied by itself n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one multiplied by itself n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one multiplied by itself n
+times. So, so again by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. So, so again by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. So, so again by the first
+comparison test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So by the first comparison test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the a
+is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convergent.
+Right. So, and and and note here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, and and and note here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, and and and note here that
+what you're proving is you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're proving is you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're proving is you're actually
+proving that this series here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that this series here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that this series here is
+convergent. Right. Right. Because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent. Right. Right. Because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent. Right. Right. Because you're
+comparing this series here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this series here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this series here with the
+geometric series. But this here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series. But this here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series. But this here is just
+and this just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just means
+sorry means that that the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry means that that the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry means that that the original
+series here was absolutely convertible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But absolute convergence means implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But absolute convergence means implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But absolute convergence means implies
+convergence. Right? So, so you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. Right? So, so you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. Right? So, so you are
+actually proving absolute convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now let's try to again you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's try to again you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's try to again you know there's
+these three parts to it but the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three parts to it but the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three parts to it but the last one
+uh leaves open any possibility. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh leaves open any possibility. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh leaves open any possibility. So
+there's nothing to prove. So let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to prove. So let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to prove. So let's just
+prove the second part here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the second part here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the second part here and that's
+just goes similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes similarly
+and again the this it fails dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the this it fails dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the this it fails dramatically
+to be convergence because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be convergence because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be convergence because the
+a n as we'll see does not actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n as we'll see does not actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n as we'll see does not actually goes
+to zero. So so proof of of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have that this so we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have that this so we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have that this so we're assuming
+that this in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converge
+to some C here which is now bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some C here which is now bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some C here which is now bigger than
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+So this means that there exist So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that there exist So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that there exist So this
+means that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+n. Sorry. Right. So so we have this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Sorry. Right. So so we have this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Sorry. Right. So so we have this in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and what I should before I do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I should before I do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I should before I do this I
+should choose my just like before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose my just like before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose my just like before I
+should choose my C zero. So choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C 0 such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C 0 is bigger than one strictly bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 0 is bigger than one strictly bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 0 is bigger than one strictly bigger
+than one but yet is strictly smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one but yet is strictly smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one but yet is strictly smaller
+than C. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you choose this and now using this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you choose this and now using this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you choose this and now using this we
+have because we have that this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have because we have that this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have because we have that this limit
+here converts to C. So it converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converts to C. So it converts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converts to C. So it converts to
+something that is strictly above this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is strictly above this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is strictly above this
+C0. This means that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital n such that if little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that if little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that if little n is
+bigger than capital n then uh then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n then uh then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n then uh then this
+the nth root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth root
+here is um is is bigger than c. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is um is is bigger than c. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is um is is bigger than c. Right?
+But now again taking the n power on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now again taking the n power on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now again taking the n power on both
+sides then you have that a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides then you have that a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides then you have that a n
+to a n is bigger than strictly bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a n is bigger than strictly bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a n is bigger than strictly bigger
+than in fact c 0 to the n power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in fact c 0 to the n power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in fact c 0 to the n power.
+But you see these guys here right c 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see these guys here right c 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see these guys here right c 0 is
+strictly bigger than one. So this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than one. So this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than one. So this this
+here actually even goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually even goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually even goes to infinity
+right. So this does not go to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this does not go to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this does not go to zero.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this pro prove again that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this pro prove again that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this pro prove again that it's
+divergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent.
+So this proof two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this proof two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this proof two.
+Okay. Now the next thing the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now the next thing the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now the next thing the next thing
+I want to talk about is power series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So power is
+so remember that so the first example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that so the first example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that so the first example of
+a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power series
+is something we already looked at more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we already looked at more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we already looked at more
+or less. So suppose you take suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less. So suppose you take suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less. So suppose you take suppose
+that you've looking at the series some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've looking at the series some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've looking at the series some
+number I call it x now instead of c to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I call it x now instead of c to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I call it x now instead of c to
+the power n and n= to zero to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power n and n= to zero to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power n and n= to zero to infinity
+right. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so what we proved so in the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so what we proved so in the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so what we proved so in the root
+test here we proved that the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test here we proved that the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test here we proved that the series is
+absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convert here we proved it's divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert here we proved it's divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert here we proved it's divergent
+and what we actually proved we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we actually proved we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we actually proved we proved
+that a in fact this here a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a in fact this here a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a in fact this here a in
+that Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Yeah,
+allow me to write that goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to write that goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to write that goes to infinity
+like this that they they were supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that they they were supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that they they were supposed
+to go to zero but we actually right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to zero but we actually right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to zero but we actually right if
+it's if the series was converging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if the series was converging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if the series was converging the
+most elementary thing is the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most elementary thing is the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most elementary thing is the most basic
+thing is that the a has to go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the a has to go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the a has to go to zero
+otherwise it's not going to converge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's not going to converge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's not going to converge but
+in fact not only do they not go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact not only do they not go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact not only do they not go to zero
+they actually in absolute value goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually in absolute value goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually in absolute value goes to
+infinity So it's it's very very far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity So it's it's very very far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity So it's it's very very far from
+being convergent,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being convergent,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being convergent,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now uh so suppose so we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh so suppose so we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh so suppose so we looked
+at the geometric series, right? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the geometric series, right? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the geometric series, right? If you
+think about x is just representing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about x is just representing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about x is just representing any
+number, you can look at this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, you can look at this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, you can look at this series
+here. This is the geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the geometric series
+and we know that it's convergent. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that it's convergent. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that it's convergent. So we
+know that this here is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's convergent if if the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's convergent if if the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's convergent if if the absolute value
+of height is less than one and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of height is less than one and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of height is less than one and in that
+case this here is sum here is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this here is sum here is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this here is sum here is just this
+familiar function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar function
+but in general so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you may have a sequence so a if if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have a sequence so a if if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have a sequence so a if if a
+general if a is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you can form a power series and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can form a power series and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can form a power series and the
+power series is is like that where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series is is like that where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series is is like that where this
+is the coefficient the a is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coefficient the a is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coefficient the a is now the
+coefficient to the x to the power n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to the x to the power n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to the x to the power n
+right so this is if you will this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is if you will this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is if you will this is
+sort of like a infinite polinomial a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a infinite polinomial a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a infinite polinomial a
+polomium of interderee right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomium of interderee right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomium of interderee right because the
+sum of all these polomials, right? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all these polomials, right? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all these polomials, right? Okay.
+And this is called a power s. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is called a power s. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is called a power s. So this is
+a power s. This is a power s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the question is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the question is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the question is then
+the question which turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question which turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question which turned out to be
+quite subtle is um so a lot of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite subtle is um so a lot of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite subtle is um so a lot of the basic
+functions can be represented by power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can be represented by power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can be represented by power
+series. This here was one example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. This here was one example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. This here was one example.
+Another example is um is so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another example is um is so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another example is um is so another
+example of if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of if you're looking at the
+exponential function and we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function and we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function and we'll come back
+and discuss this more but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discuss this more but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discuss this more but the
+exponential function has a nice power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function has a nice power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function has a nice power
+series representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series representation
+and this is the exponential function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the exponential function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the exponential function the
+power series representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series representation of the
+exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function
+and also the s and cosine. So cosine x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the s and cosine. So cosine x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the s and cosine. So cosine x
+this also have a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also have a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also have a power series
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+and the power series is -1 to ^ n x ^ 2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power series is -1 to ^ n x ^ 2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power series is -1 to ^ n x ^ 2n
+divided by 2 n factorial where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 n factorial where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 n factorial where you're
+summing from 0 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from 0 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from 0 to infinity
+and sign have a similar one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign have a similar one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign have a similar one.
+So sine uh x has a similar one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sine uh x has a similar one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sine uh x has a similar one where
+summing from zero to infinity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from zero to infinity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from zero to infinity and then
+it's -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's -1
+^ n x ^ 2 n + 1 / 2 n + one factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^ n x ^ 2 n + 1 / 2 n + one factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^ n x ^ 2 n + 1 / 2 n + one factorial
+right and so and lots of functions has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so and lots of functions has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so and lots of functions has
+um power series representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um power series representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um power series representation
+but it's not every function. If I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not every function. If I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not every function. If I write
+down a function uh then so in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a function uh then so in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a function uh then so in fact I
+it's easy to write down a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to write down a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to write down a function that
+doesn't have so if you have but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have so if you have but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have so if you have but I'm not
+going to prove to you that it doesn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove to you that it doesn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove to you that it doesn't so
+if I take the function that starts off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the function that starts off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the function that starts off
+being dead zero and now it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dead zero and now it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dead zero and now it's it's it's
+it's becoming interesting so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming interesting so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming interesting so this
+function here this one does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here this one does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here this one does not have a
+power shares even locally does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power shares even locally does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power shares even locally does not have
+a power shares okay and the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power shares okay and the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power shares okay and the thing is
+that that uh power series is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh power series is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh power series is an example
+of something that's called analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that's called analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that's called analytic
+function and this here is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this here is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this here is not an
+analytic function. So that's why I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic function. So that's why I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic function. So that's why I know
+that it definitely doesn't have a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it definitely doesn't have a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it definitely doesn't have a power
+series. But anyway, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay. So now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+right so so the question is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the question is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the question is that if you
+take a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a power series
+so suppose you take a sequence a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you take a sequence a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you take a sequence a n
+and you write it down. Suppose you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it down. Suppose you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it down. Suppose you take
+a sequence a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence a n
+and then you write down a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you write down a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you write down a power series
+based on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on it.
+Then the first question that comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the first question that comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the first question that comes to
+mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is
+when does this for which x does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does this for which x does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does this for which x does this
+series converge? Right? So for which x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does the series converge?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is like the most basic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is like the most basic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is like the most basic thing
+and uh let's look at some example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at uh so the first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at uh so the first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at uh so the first example
+let me just that is what we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just that is what we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just that is what we already
+talked about suppose I'm looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about suppose I'm looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about suppose I'm looking at this
+thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here
+well this here is you know x if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this here is you know x if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this here is you know x if you
+think about x's being fixed this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about x's being fixed this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about x's being fixed this is a
+geometric series and we already know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series and we already know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series and we already know so
+this is for each x for each fixed X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is the geometric series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we already know that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we already know that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we already know that this thing here
+converge. So converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for as long as the absolute value sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as the absolute value sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as the absolute value sign
+absolute of x is less than one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute of x is less than one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute of x is less than one and we
+also know that it and diverge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+because we've already determined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've already determined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've already determined that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh now you see uh like the next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you see uh like the next example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you see uh like the next example
+I want to look at is the one power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at is the one power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at is the one power
+series that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that represents
+the and but we haven't proven that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and but we haven't proven that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and but we haven't proven that yet
+but we'll see talk about that next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll see talk about that next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll see talk about that next time
+is the exponential function. If I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exponential function. If I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exponential function. If I'm
+looking at this power series here, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this power series here, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this power series here, then
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+then I I'm interested in for what x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I I'm interested in for what x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I I'm interested in for what x
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x
+does this converge?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so it's natural here to try to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's natural here to try to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's natural here to try to apply
+one of the tests. So you just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tests. So you just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tests. So you just think
+about X as being fixed and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X as being fixed and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X as being fixed and you just
+apply one of the tests. And the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply one of the tests. And the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply one of the tests. And the natural
+one is either the root test or the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is either the root test or the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is either the root test or the ratio
+test. Let's do the ratio test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. Let's do the ratio test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. Let's do the ratio test.
+So X is fixed and I'm not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So X is fixed and I'm not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So X is fixed and I'm not interested in
+X equal to zero. I'm assuming that x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X equal to zero. I'm assuming that x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X equal to zero. I'm assuming that x is
+not equal z because when x is zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal z because when x is zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal z because when x is zero right
+this here is just right it's only for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is just right it's only for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is just right it's only for x
+to the power zero is by definition one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power zero is by definition one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power zero is by definition one
+uh and all the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and all the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and all the other things
+uh all the other terms are zero right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the other terms are zero right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the other terms are zero right so
+this here is it's definitely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is it's definitely convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is it's definitely convergent
+when x is equal to zero right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x is equal to zero right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x is equal to zero right so let's
+not look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look at that
+and then because if you don't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because if you don't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because if you don't look at
+that you can look at you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can look at you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can look at you can think about
+a n you can now think about sorry as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n you can now think about sorry as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n you can now think about sorry as the
+as the series where bn is x to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the series where bn is x to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the series where bn is x to the power
+n over n factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over n factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over n factorial.
+If you think about this thing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you think about this thing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you think about this thing here and
+you think about the series as BN, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the series as BN, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the series as BN, then
+the ratio test tells you that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio test tells you that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio test tells you that if you're
+looking at the ratio of BN + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the ratio of BN + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the ratio of BN + one
+over BN.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you're looking at BN + 1 over BN,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you're looking at BN + 1 over BN,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you're looking at BN + 1 over BN,
+take the absolute value of this here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the absolute value of this here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the absolute value of this here.
+Well, this is just x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is just x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is just x
+to the^ n + 1 over n + 1 factorial. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the^ n + 1 over n + 1 factorial. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the^ n + 1 over n + 1 factorial. And
+then you have to divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to divide it
+by x ^ n / n factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x ^ n / n factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x ^ n / n factorial.
+Right? If you do that, this here why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If you do that, this here why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If you do that, this here why it
+turns up, flips upside down, and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns up, flips upside down, and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns up, flips upside down, and you're
+getting x to ^ n + 1 uh * n factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting x to ^ n + 1 uh * n factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting x to ^ n + 1 uh * n factorial.
+And then you're getting x to the n * n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you're getting x to the n * n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you're getting x to the n * n +
+one factorial. So this is what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factorial. So this is what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factorial. So this is what it's
+equal to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to.
+And now of course here there are x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now of course here there are x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now of course here there are x *
+itself n + one times the n of those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself n + one times the n of those is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself n + one times the n of those is
+canceling out with this. Right? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling out with this. Right? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling out with this. Right? So this
+is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x
+and here you have you see here the n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have you see here the n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have you see here the n +
+one factorial. You can write as n +1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factorial. You can write as n +1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factorial. You can write as n +1 and
+then times n * n minus one etc. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then times n * n minus one etc. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then times n * n minus one etc. But
+that's just n factorial. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just n factorial. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just n factorial. So you can
+write like that. And so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write like that. And so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write like that. And so you see that
+this here cancel that. So you left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here cancel that. So you left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here cancel that. So you left with
+n + one. Remember x is fixed. If x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + one. Remember x is fixed. If x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + one. Remember x is fixed. If x is
+fixed as n goes to infinity this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed as n goes to infinity this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed as n goes to infinity this here
+for each fixed x this here just goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each fixed x this here just goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each fixed x this here just goes to
+zero. So this so now you have from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So this so now you have from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So this so now you have from the
+ratio test if that limit if it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test if that limit if it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio test if that limit if it has a
+limit it does have a limit if that limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it does have a limit if that limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it does have a limit if that limit
+is strictly less than one but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly less than one but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly less than one but it's
+actually zero right so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero right so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero right so it's it's
+definitely fall into under one so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely fall into under one so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely fall into under one so it's
+convergent right so the ratio test tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent right so the ratio test tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent right so the ratio test tells
+you so by the ratio test so by the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so by the ratio test so by the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so by the ratio test so by the ratio
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is converted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so we finish here. There's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we finish here. There's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we finish here. There's a little
+bit more posted already that my lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more posted already that my lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more posted already that my lecture
+notes. There's a little bit more uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. There's a little bit more uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. There's a little bit more uh and
+I'll probably talk about that uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably talk about that uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably talk about that uh next
+time. I'll just start with just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I'll just start with just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I'll just start with just talking
+about the stuff I didn't get to. stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stuff I didn't get to. stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stuff I didn't get to. stuff I
+didn't get to was and we we touched upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to was and we we touched upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to was and we we touched upon
+that earlier is lem soup and lem mint h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that earlier is lem soup and lem mint h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that earlier is lem soup and lem mint h
+and um and the reason why we're covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and the reason why we're covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and the reason why we're covering
+it here is that what if the ratio what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here is that what if the ratio what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here is that what if the ratio what
+if these things what if the nth root so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these things what if the nth root so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these things what if the nth root so
+you're asking for either the ratio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for either the ratio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for either the ratio or
+the nth root of something to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth root of something to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth root of something to have a
+limit but what if it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but what if it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but what if it doesn't have a
+limit right and so it's dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right and so it's dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right and so it's dealing with
+that case. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case. Okay.
+All right. Any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any questions?
+>> That means for all X, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That means for all X, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That means for all X, right?
+>> This is for all X, but think about X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> This is for all X, but think about X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> This is for all X, but think about X as
+being fixed, right? Think about X, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being fixed, right? Think about X, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being fixed, right? Think about X, you
+know, you're just for you're just asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you're just for you're just asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you're just for you're just asking
+for one particular X, but it holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one particular X, but it holds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one particular X, but it holds for
+all X, but but don't think about X also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X, but but don't think about X also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X, but but don't think about X also
+as being variable, right? Because X, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being variable, right? Because X, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being variable, right? Because X, you
+think about X as being fixed, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about X as being fixed, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about X as being fixed, and then
+you let N go to infinity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let N go to infinity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let N go to infinity,
+>> right? And then Yeah. Yeah, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? And then Yeah. Yeah, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? And then Yeah. Yeah, that's
+right. And so you have for all X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And so you have for all X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And so you have for all X this
+makes sense. And then you can ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. And then you can ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. And then you can ask how
+does it vary in X? But that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it vary in X? But that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it vary in X? But that's a
+different story.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lFedznDnPZc.txt b/lFedznDnPZc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1708606ad943a76614919fc7c1b849c94c4058bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lFedznDnPZc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9960 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get started can we get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started can we get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started can we get them
+up so this is our thing spinning what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so this is our thing spinning what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so this is our thing spinning what
+are the units of the generalized force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the units of the generalized force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the units of the generalized force
+in this problem which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem which is going to be
+related to the torque at the bottom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the torque at the bottom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the torque at the bottom so
+most people said newton meters which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people said newton meters which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people said newton meters which is
+the units of torque and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of torque and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of torque and that would be
+correct so this is this you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so this is this you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so this is this you're going to
+get some I Theta double dot kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some I Theta double dot kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some I Theta double dot kind of
+equation of motion with this has units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion with this has units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion with this has units
+of moment or Torque and any external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moment or Torque and any external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moment or Torque and any external
+non-conservative force on it would in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative force on it would in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative force on it would in
+this case have units of torque okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case have units of torque okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case have units of torque okay
+next so we have a pendulum kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so we have a pendulum kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so we have a pendulum kind of an
+odd shape but is does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd shape but is does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd shape but is does it have
+symmetries name of symmetry that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries name of symmetry that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries name of symmetry that this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+has down down you mean axial then or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has down down you mean axial then or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has down down you mean axial then or a
+plane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or
+what AIS Axis or a plane okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what AIS Axis or a plane okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what AIS Axis or a plane okay so this
+this thing has symmetries it's you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has symmetries it's you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has symmetries it's you could
+convince yourself pretty quickly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself pretty quickly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself pretty quickly that
+the principal axes would one be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal axes would one be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal axes would one be right
+down the center of it and the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the center of it and the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the center of it and the other two
+would be perpendicular to that so is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be perpendicular to that so is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be perpendicular to that so is it
+is it appropriate to use the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it appropriate to use the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it appropriate to use the parallel
+axis theorem to find an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem to find an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem to find an equation of
+motion of this thing for uh when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of this thing for uh when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of this thing for uh when it's
+pinned at the top and most people said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned at the top and most people said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned at the top and most people said
+yes a you said no I think parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a you said no I think parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a you said no I think parallel axis
+theorem works just great in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works just great in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works just great in this problem
+it's planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's planer
+motion and the for example the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and the for example the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and the for example the kinetic
+energy you could write as the as 1 12 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you could write as the as 1 12 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you could write as the as 1 12 I
+about o up there the hinge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about o up there the hinge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about o up there the hinge
+point I with respect to that point Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I with respect to that point Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I with respect to that point Theta
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+dot and to do I about that point you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and to do I about that point you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and to do I about that point you'd
+use the parallel axis theorem so I about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the parallel axis theorem so I about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the parallel axis theorem so I about
+G Plus the distance l^ 2 * m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Plus the distance l^ 2 * m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Plus the distance l^ 2 * m
+okay this one do you expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this one do you expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this one do you expect a
+centripetal acceleration term to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration term to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration term to show up
+in your equations of motion and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your equations of motion and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your equations of motion and some
+said yes some said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes some said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes some said
+no so the equation of motion for this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so the equation of motion for this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so the equation of motion for this I
+would probably write in terms of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably write in terms of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably write in terms of some
+rotation Theta of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Theta of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Theta of the
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+disc that'll cause the Mass on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc that'll cause the Mass on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc that'll cause the Mass on the
+string to move up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down but is there any for the part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but is there any for the part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but is there any for the part for
+the rotating parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there you think of a clear way to word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you think of a clear way to word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you think of a clear way to word
+this Let's ignore the little Mass going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Let's ignore the little Mass going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Let's ignore the little Mass going
+up and down for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down for a
+moment the axis of rotation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the axis of rotation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the axis of rotation of that
+double disc Pub and the bigger disc does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double disc Pub and the bigger disc does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double disc Pub and the bigger disc does
+the axis of rotation go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of rotation go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of rotation go through the
+center of mass of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of that
+disc okay is it statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balanced we haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced we haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced we haven't talked about
+balancing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing in a
+while good review question for thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while good review question for thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while good review question for thinking
+about a quiz next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a quiz next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a quiz next
+Tuesday so what does it take what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday so what does it take what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday so what does it take what what
+what does it take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it take for
+a something which is rotating to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a something which is rotating to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a something which is rotating to be
+considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered
+statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically
+balanced the axis rotation must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced the axis rotation must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced the axis rotation must
+what he says pass through the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he says pass through the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he says pass through the center of
+mass anybody else have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass anybody else have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass anybody else have a
+suggestion different suggestion if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion different suggestion if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion different suggestion if the
+axis of rotation passes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of rotation passes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of rotation passes through the
+center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+mass is it statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balanced does it have to be a principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced does it have to be a principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced does it have to be a principal
+axis what do you think does it need does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis what do you think does it need does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis what do you think does it need does
+that axis passing through G have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that axis passing through G have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that axis passing through G have to be a
+principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal
+axis in order for it to be statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balanced let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see I don't have a little no it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big so my this this is just a wheel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so my this this is just a wheel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so my this this is just a wheel and
+this is my axle going through the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my axle going through the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my axle going through the center
+of mass and if the it goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and if the it goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and if the it goes through the
+center of mass and there's there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and there's there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and there's there are no
+it'll have no tendency to swing down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have no tendency to swing down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have no tendency to swing down to
+a low point because the weight its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low point because the weight its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low point because the weight its
+weight is acting right on its Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is acting right on its Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is acting right on its Center of
+mass and with respect to this axle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and with respect to this axle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and with respect to this axle
+there's no moment arm so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no moment arm so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no moment arm so there's no
+torque caused by gravity which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque caused by gravity which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque caused by gravity which would
+cause this to have put it Center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause this to have put it Center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause this to have put it Center of mass
+below the axle so it doesn't matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the axle so it doesn't matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the axle so it doesn't matter if
+even if I had the a axis going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I had the a axis going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I had the a axis going through
+here as long as that axis passes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as that axis passes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as that axis passes through
+G there is no tendency for this thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G there is no tendency for this thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G there is no tendency for this thing to
+swing to a low side because the mass mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing to a low side because the mass mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing to a low side because the mass mg
+is acting right on the axle no moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acting right on the axle no moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acting right on the axle no moment
+arm so all you the only condition for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm so all you the only condition for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm so all you the only condition for um
+static balance for rotor of any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static balance for rotor of any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static balance for rotor of any kind
+something rotating to be statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rotating to be statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rotating to be statically
+balanced is for the axis of rotation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced is for the axis of rotation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced is for the axis of rotation to
+pass through the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the mass
+Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center
+okay so the rotating part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rotating part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rotating part of this
+system the axis of rotation passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the axis of rotation passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the axis of rotation passes
+through the mass Center of that big disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mass Center of that big disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mass Center of that big disc
+right does the little mass m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotate so it's it can't be statically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate so it's it can't be statically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate so it's it can't be statically or
+dynamically imbalanced it's not a r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically imbalanced it's not a r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically imbalanced it's not a r
+ating system it's just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ating system it's just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ating system it's just a little
+translating mass that happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating mass that happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating mass that happens to be
+being pulled up and down by the mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pulled up and down by the mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pulled up and down by the mo
+action of this thing so the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of this thing so the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of this thing so the question was
+do you expect a centripetal acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you expect a centripetal acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you expect a centripetal acceleration
+term to show up the answer is no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to show up the answer is no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to show up the answer is no so
+let's get back to that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get back to that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get back to that if you have a
+static imbalance let's say my Axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static imbalance let's say my Axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static imbalance let's say my Axis of
+rotation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is
+here this is definitely statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is definitely statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is definitely statically
+imbalan now it's Mass center is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalan now it's Mass center is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalan now it's Mass center is down
+here the the force of gravity pulls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the force of gravity pulls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the force of gravity pulls it
+down until it hangs straight right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down until it hangs straight right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down until it hangs straight right and
+that's how you can just test to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you can just test to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you can just test to see if
+you're passing through the mass Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're passing through the mass Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're passing through the mass Center
+so if you have an axis that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have an axis that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have an axis that does not
+pass through G then you are statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through G then you are statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through G then you are statically
+imbalance and if you rotate about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance and if you rotate about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance and if you rotate about that
+axis is there a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is there a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is there a net
+centripetal force required as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal force required as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal force required as it goes
+around why the center mass is on the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around why the center mass is on the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around why the center mass is on the so
+the center Mass is some distance away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center Mass is some distance away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center Mass is some distance away
+and you're swinging it around and around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're swinging it around and around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're swinging it around and around
+and make that Center of mass go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that Center of mass go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that Center of mass go in a
+circle you're going to you're applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you're going to you're applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you're going to you're applying a
+centripetal acceleration to the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration to the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration to the center
+of mass and that takes a force which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and that takes a force which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and that takes a force which you
+sometimes think of as a centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes think of as a centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes think of as a centrifugal
+force pulling out that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force pulling out that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force pulling out that's what you're
+going to have to pull in right some m r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to pull in right some m r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to pull in right some m r
+Omega squ okay so no centripetal term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squ okay so no centripetal term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squ okay so no centripetal term
+would be expected in this problem let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be expected in this problem let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be expected in this problem let's
+go to the next one this one you had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next one this one you had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next one this one you had two
+different conditions either rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions either rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions either rolling
+without slip or rolling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without slip or rolling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without slip or rolling with
+slip and the question is for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip and the question is for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip and the question is for which
+conditions are the generalized forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are the generalized forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are the generalized forces
+associated with a virtual displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a virtual displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a virtual displacement
+of Delta Theta the rotation of the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta Theta the rotation of the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta Theta the rotation of the wheel
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero so remember generalized forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so remember generalized forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so remember generalized forces are
+the forces that are account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces that are account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces that are account for the
+non-conservative forces in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative forces in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative forces in the problem
+so if it's rolling down the hill without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's rolling down the hill without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's rolling down the hill without
+slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip
+are there any non-conservative forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any non-conservative forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any non-conservative forces
+acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on
+it is there a friction force acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is there a friction force acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is there a friction force acting on
+it yeah but does it do any work no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah but does it do any work no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah but does it do any work no
+because there's no Delta r at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Delta r at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Delta r at the point
+of application of the force there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of application of the force there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of application of the force there's no
+motion okay so um for which condition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay so um for which condition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay so um for which condition to
+the generalized forces equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized forces equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized forces equal to zero
+certainly for the condition when it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly for the condition when it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly for the condition when it does
+not slip what about if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not slip what about if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not slip what about if it does
+slip would you expect a nonon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip would you expect a nonon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip would you expect a nonon
+conservative Force to do work on it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Force to do work on it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Force to do work on it what
+would the what force would that be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the what force would that be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the what force would that be the
+friction Force because now as the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction Force because now as the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction Force because now as the wheel
+turns that point of application where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns that point of application where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns that point of application where
+it's sliding you're actually getting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sliding you're actually getting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sliding you're actually getting in
+a little Delta Omega Delta Theta rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little Delta Omega Delta Theta rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little Delta Omega Delta Theta rather
+you move a little distance R Delta Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move a little distance R Delta Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move a little distance R Delta Theta
+dotted with the force you get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with the force you get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with the force you get a little
+bit of virtual work done right R Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of virtual work done right R Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of virtual work done right R Delta
+Theta times F okay so only case a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta times F okay so only case a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta times F okay so only case a is
+where you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'd get
+zero oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one what's the generalized Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the generalized Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the generalized Force
+associated with f that's this applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with f that's this applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with f that's this applied
+force it's applied to the rolling thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it's applied to the rolling thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it's applied to the rolling thing
+going down the hill the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down the hill the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down the hill the force is
+horizontal and you're asked what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and you're asked what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and you're asked what's the
+generalized Force associated with f do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized Force associated with f do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized Force associated with f do
+to the virtual displacement Delta x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the virtual displacement Delta x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the virtual displacement Delta x and
+x is the uh motion of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is the uh motion of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is the uh motion of the main
+cart so when you're doing generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart so when you're doing generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart so when you're doing generalized
+forces you think in terms of virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you think in terms of virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you think in terms of virtual
+work and you imagine that that cart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you imagine that that cart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you imagine that that cart's
+moving a little distance Delta X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little distance Delta X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little distance Delta X the
+main X in the X yo system it shifts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main X in the X yo system it shifts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main X in the X yo system it shifts a
+little mo little distance Delta X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mo little distance Delta X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mo little distance Delta X that
+force does it move is a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force does it move is a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force does it move is a point of
+application of that Force move with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of that Force move with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of that Force move with that
+Delta X that's really what the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X that's really what the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X that's really what the question
+comes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is your inertial system and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your inertial system and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your inertial system and it's
+going to account for the motion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object and then up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here got your wheel and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here got your wheel and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here got your wheel and we have some
+coordinate system attached to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object noting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object noting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object noting
+the position of the wheel as it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the wheel as it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the wheel as it goes up
+and down the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the hill
+so this coordinate is relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this coordinate is relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this coordinate is relative to the
+moving cart this coordinate inertial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving cart this coordinate inertial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving cart this coordinate inertial the
+question's only asking then what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question's only asking then what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question's only asking then what is the
+virtual work done that's associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual work done that's associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual work done that's associated with
+Delta X here some motion of the cart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X here some motion of the cart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X here some motion of the cart and
+it's going to be what we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be what we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be what we're looking for
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+QX Delta X and when we say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX Delta X and when we say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX Delta X and when we say okay
+and the point of application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point of application of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point of application of the
+force there's literally a f here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force there's literally a f here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force there's literally a f here and
+it's in the horizontal Direction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the horizontal Direction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the horizontal Direction which
+is exactly the same direction is capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same direction is capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same direction is capital
+x so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so this is equal
+to the force and in the problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the force and in the problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the force and in the problem it's
+called guess it's just called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called guess it's just called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called guess it's just called
+f it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f it's a
+vector and we're trying to deduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we're trying to deduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we're trying to deduce the
+deflection at the point of application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection at the point of application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection at the point of application
+I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call
+it some there can be many forces I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some there can be many forces I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some there can be many forces I'm
+going to call it f subi so that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it f subi so that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it f subi so that we think
+think of it as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as one of
+many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+displacement delt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement delt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement delt
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i due
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to Delta X so this is a vector this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta X so this is a vector this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta X so this is a vector this is a
+displacement this is a force the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement this is a force the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement this is a force the amount
+of work done of as this Force moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work done of as this Force moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work done of as this Force moves
+through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+displacement is some f dot delt R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is some f dot delt R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is some f dot delt R the
+movement at this point I where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement at this point I where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement at this point I where it's
+applied due to this motion so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied due to this motion so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied due to this motion so what is
+the delt r at this point due to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion so another concept here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so another concept here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so another concept here when
+you're doing this you do you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this you do you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this you do you think of
+these mentally one at a time how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mentally one at a time how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mentally one at a time how many
+degrees of freedom do we have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem takes two to completely describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem takes two to completely describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem takes two to completely describe
+the motion X and May and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion X and May and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion X and May and this one
+attached to the card right okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the card right okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the card right okay and you
+think of these one at a time so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these one at a time so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these one at a time so right
+now we're asking what's the virtual work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're asking what's the virtual work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're asking what's the virtual work
+done by that force due to movement in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that force due to movement in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that force due to movement in of
+this coordinate only assuming this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate only assuming this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate only assuming this one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+frozen so this one is not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen so this one is not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen so this one is not allowed to
+move so if this is not allowed to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so if this is not allowed to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so if this is not allowed to move
+does the position of this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the position of this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the position of this change
+relative to this cart As you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this cart As you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this cart As you move the
+cart no okay that one is held fixed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart no okay that one is held fixed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart no okay that one is held fixed it
+moves with the cart so if you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with the cart so if you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with the cart so if you move the
+cart a little distance here Delta X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart a little distance here Delta X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart a little distance here Delta X in
+this Frame then this pel moves with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame then this pel moves with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame then this pel moves with the
+cart that distance so how much work gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart that distance so how much work gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart that distance so how much work gets
+done so this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so this Delta
+r i in this case is equal to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r i in this case is equal to Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r i in this case is equal to Delta
+X and the amount of work that gets done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the amount of work that gets done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the amount of work that gets done
+is Delta W due to at point I due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta W due to at point I due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta W due to at point I due to
+Delta X here is f dot Delta to X but f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X here is f dot Delta to X but f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X here is f dot Delta to X but f
+is in this is in the capital I Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this is in the capital I Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this is in the capital I Direction
+This is in the capital I Direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is in the capital I Direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is in the capital I Direction so
+it's just F Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just F Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just F Delta
+X is the work done and that's QX Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the work done and that's QX Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the work done and that's QX Delta X
+so the generalized force is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the generalized force is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the generalized force is just
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+okay all right what else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what else we
+at okay wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh this to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this to do with the
+dashbot what is generalized Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot what is generalized Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot what is generalized Force
+associated with the dashbot due to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the dashbot due to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the dashbot due to a
+virtual ah deflection X1 now x1's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual ah deflection X1 now x1's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual ah deflection X1 now x1's the
+coordinate that thing rolling up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that thing rolling up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that thing rolling up and
+down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hill so now the same thing the dashpot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill so now the same thing the dashpot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill so now the same thing the dashpot
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your
+cart here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dashbot and a free body diagram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot and a free body diagram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot and a free body diagram of the
+cart would show a dashpot force here b x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart would show a dashpot force here b x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart would show a dashpot force here b x
+dot in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move the cart again a little bit Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the cart again a little bit Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the cart again a little bit Delta X
+how much work get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done this isn't this that's this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this isn't this that's this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this isn't this that's this is not
+the question asked up there so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question asked up there so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question asked up there so just
+first this how much virtual work gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this how much virtual work gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this how much virtual work gets
+done by that in a deflection Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that in a deflection Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that in a deflection Delta
+X well it's sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well it's sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well it's sum
+fi do Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi do Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi do Delta
+R due to Delta X which is just Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R due to Delta X which is just Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R due to Delta X which is just Delta X
+so this is some minus BX dot in the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some minus BX dot in the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some minus BX dot in the I
+Direction times Delta X in the I again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction times Delta X in the I again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction times Delta X in the I again
+it's just in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just in this case it's
+minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this the virtual work done this time due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the virtual work done this time due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the virtual work done this time due
+to just the dash part I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just the dash part I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just the dash part I don't know how
+to write that I don't have a subscri so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that I don't have a subscri so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that I don't have a subscri so
+let dashpot only here BX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let dashpot only here BX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let dashpot only here BX
+dot is BX do minus in the I Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is BX do minus in the I Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is BX do minus in the I Direction
+that's the force dotted with the Dr R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the force dotted with the Dr R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the force dotted with the Dr R
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+moves and the Dr that it moves is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and the Dr that it moves is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and the Dr that it moves is just
+Delta X so this would be minus BX I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so this would be minus BX I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so this would be minus BX I do
+Delta x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x i
+is your virtual work that's done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your virtual work that's done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your virtual work that's done and
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+QX Delta X but this part this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX Delta X but this part this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX Delta X but this part this this is a
+part of QX due only to the dashbot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of QX due only to the dashbot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of QX due only to the dashbot and
+you get minus b x dot Delta X so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus b x dot Delta X so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus b x dot Delta X so now
+we've gotten both parts of the the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten both parts of the the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten both parts of the the total
+virtual total generalized Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual total generalized Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual total generalized Force
+associated with the motion Delta X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the motion Delta X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the motion Delta X is
+f minus BX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot in general this expression QX Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot in general this expression QX Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot in general this expression QX Delta
+X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the
+summation over all of the applied forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over all of the applied forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over all of the applied forces
+I dot Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dot Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dot Delta
+r at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at
+I do due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do due
+to the in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the in this case the
+motion in the X Direction and we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in the X Direction and we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in the X Direction and we we have
+two contributions here they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two contributions here they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two contributions here they come from
+the applied force F and this so QX in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied force F and this so QX in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied force F and this so QX in
+this problem is going to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is going to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is going to turn out to be
+F minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus
+BX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX
+dot okay now what about the other what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay now what about the other what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay now what about the other what
+it really asked in this problem is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really asked in this problem is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really asked in this problem is how
+much what's the generalized Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what's the generalized Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what's the generalized Force
+associated with the motion of the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the motion of the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the motion of the wheel
+down the hill this is in the X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hill this is in the X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hill this is in the X1
+Direction so now you have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so now you have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so now you have a little
+virtual deflection Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 how much virtual work gets done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 how much virtual work gets done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 how much virtual work gets done by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dashbot I hear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot I hear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot I hear is
+zero so a little virtual displac of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so a little virtual displac of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so a little virtual displac of
+Delta X1 does it move the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X1 does it move the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X1 does it move the main
+cart that's really the what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart that's really the what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart that's really the what's going on
+here does the main cart move because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does the main cart move because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does the main cart move because the
+wheel and the main cart change relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and the main cart change relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and the main cart change relative
+position a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit no have we here no here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit no have we here no here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit no have we here no here I mean
+that's the the coordinate X1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the coordinate X1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the coordinate X1 is the
+relative motion between the cart and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion between the cart and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion between the cart and the
+wheel and it's independent of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and it's independent of the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and it's independent of the motion
+of the cart with respect to the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cart with respect to the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cart with respect to the inertial
+frame so any motion of the Little Wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so any motion of the Little Wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so any motion of the Little Wheel
+does not affect the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the main
+cart okay so there's no virtual work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart okay so there's no virtual work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart okay so there's no virtual work
+done by that dashbot because the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that dashbot because the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that dashbot because the wheel
+moves up and down the hill but it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up and down the hill but it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up and down the hill but it makes
+sense physical sense right the wheel can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense physical sense right the wheel can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense physical sense right the wheel can
+sit and roll up and down the hill all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit and roll up and down the hill all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit and roll up and down the hill all
+day long it's not going to move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dashbot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot okay
+next this problem I just realized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this problem I just realized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this problem I just realized this
+problem's harder than I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem's harder than I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem's harder than I thought it
+was it's one of those uh things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it's one of those uh things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it's one of those uh things that
+you know you look at it oh that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you look at it oh that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you look at it oh that looks
+straightforward then I looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward then I looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward then I looked at
+Audrey's solution and said o she did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audrey's solution and said o she did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audrey's solution and said o she did it
+right and this is a little trickier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a little trickier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a little trickier than
+you might think so are the a XYZ axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think so are the a XYZ axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think so are the a XYZ axes
+which rotate with the Hub so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which rotate with the Hub so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which rotate with the Hub so there's a
+rotating they are definitely principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating they are definitely principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating they are definitely principal
+coordinates of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of that
+rod that's not a problem but are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod that's not a problem but are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod that's not a problem but are they
+principal coordinates for the that disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal coordinates for the that disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal coordinates for the that disc
+out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end part depends if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end part depends if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end part depends if
+it's depends if it's slipping or not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's depends if it's slipping or not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's depends if it's slipping or not uh
+actually no I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no I don't think
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the princip let's just talk what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the princip let's just talk what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the princip let's just talk what are
+principal coordinates need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal coordinates need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal coordinates need to be
+attached to the body right so problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the body right so problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the body right so problems
+like this to let's say we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to let's say we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to let's say we're using
+lrange and we want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange and we want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange and we want to calculate the
+total kinetic you need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total kinetic you need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total kinetic you need to calculate the
+total kinetic energy of the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total kinetic energy of the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total kinetic energy of the system so
+how would you how would you go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you how would you go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you how would you go about
+breaking this thing down to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this thing down to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this thing down to compute the
+total kinetic energy would you break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total kinetic energy would you break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total kinetic energy would you break it
+into more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more than one
+part what would be the natural things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what would be the natural things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what would be the natural things to
+break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it
+into the disc and the rod the disc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the disc and the rod the disc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the disc and the rod the disc and
+the rod right so the the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod right so the the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod right so the the kinetic energy
+of the rod that's pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rod that's pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rod that's pretty straightforward
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+some2 I with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some2 I with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some2 I with respect to the
+center Theta do squ Omega squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center Theta do squ Omega squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center Theta do squ Omega squar
+but the kinetic energy of that disc out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the kinetic energy of that disc out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the kinetic energy of that disc out
+there you need to account for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you need to account for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you need to account for its
+rotation and its movement of its Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and its movement of its Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and its movement of its Center
+of mass in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass in the
+circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so
+let's I'm winging it now so uh bear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I'm winging it now so uh bear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I'm winging it now so uh bear with
+me if I make any mistakes you can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I make any mistakes you can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I make any mistakes you can help
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+out um t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um t
+Rod would be and our coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod would be and our coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod would be and our coordinate system
+is an a it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an a it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an a it at the
+center there actually isn't oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center there actually isn't oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center there actually isn't oh yeah
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a so T of the rod I would argue is 12 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so T of the rod I would argue is 12 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so T of the rod I would argue is 12 M
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+rod Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared ml SAR over 3 because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared ml SAR over 3 because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared ml SAR over 3 because it's
+rotating about 1 in so I've applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about 1 in so I've applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about 1 in so I've applied the
+parallel axis theorem the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem the kinetic energy
+of the war is 12 m i with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the war is 12 m i with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the war is 12 m i with respect to
+that Central axis the Omega squar and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Central axis the Omega squar and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Central axis the Omega squar and so
+that gets you this that gets you from ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets you this that gets you from ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets you this that gets you from ml
+s over 12 to ml^ S over 3 because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over 12 to ml^ S over 3 because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over 12 to ml^ S over 3 because you're
+swinging around one end but now we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging around one end but now we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging around one end but now we need
+T of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of the
+dis and to do T of the dis I would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis and to do T of the dis I would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis and to do T of the dis I would do it
+by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying
+12 M of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 M of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 M of the
+disc velocity of the center of mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc velocity of the center of mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc velocity of the center of mass of
+the disc in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc in
+O DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O DOT
+VG so that takes care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VG so that takes care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VG so that takes care
+of its kinetic energy due to motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its kinetic energy due to motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its kinetic energy due to motion of
+its Center of Mass plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+dot h with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G with respect to G you can you express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with respect to G you can you express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with respect to G you can you express
+H for the dis in terms of a mass moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H for the dis in terms of a mass moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H for the dis in terms of a mass moment
+of inertia and some rotations rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia and some rotations rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia and some rotations rotation
+rates is it legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I started the a few days ago I I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started the a few days ago I I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started the a few days ago I I started
+the top and said here's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and said here's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and said here's the general
+expression for kinetic energy all full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for kinetic energy all full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for kinetic energy all full
+3d right and it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d right and it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d right and it basically
+was uh that expression that works full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh that expression that works full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh that expression that works full
+3d and then when you fix when you fix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d and then when you fix when you fix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d and then when you fix when you fix a
+point about which something is rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about which something is rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about which something is rotating
+rigid body then you can simplify it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body then you can simplify it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body then you can simplify it but
+in this case h you could represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case h you could represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case h you could represent the
+angular momentum with around G as some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum with around G as some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum with around G as some I
+Omega and then you have to multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and then you have to multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and then you have to multiply it
+by so this inside of here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so this inside of here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so this inside of here will
+be you can represent this in here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you can represent this in here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you can represent this in here as
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+Omega dotted with Omega and you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega dotted with Omega and you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega dotted with Omega and you will get
+the kinetic energy due to the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy due to the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy due to the rotation
+of the disc what makes this problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disc what makes this problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disc what makes this problem a
+little trickier than I thought I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trickier than I thought I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trickier than I thought I wasn't
+thinking really clearly is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking really clearly is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking really clearly is that
+Omega is in what frame do you express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is in what frame do you express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is in what frame do you express
+Omega in when you're doing Computing H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in when you're doing Computing H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in when you're doing Computing H
+with in terms of mass moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in terms of mass moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in terms of mass moments of
+inertia in order to compute I you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia in order to compute I you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia in order to compute I you have
+to use what coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use what coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use what coordinate
+system body fixed and when you compute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system body fixed and when you compute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system body fixed and when you compute I
+Omega what's the Omega what unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega what's the Omega what unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega what's the Omega what unit vectors
+is the Omega expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inting but in what so the unit Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inting but in what so the unit Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inting but in what so the unit Vector is
+associated with what coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with what coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with what coordinate system
+are the ones that you use to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that you use to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that you use to Define
+omega the one attached to the body or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega the one attached to the body or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega the one attached to the body or
+not generally in terms of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generally in terms of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generally in terms of the one
+attached to the body and this the disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the body and this the disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the body and this the disc
+gets that means they're rotating gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets that means they're rotating gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets that means they're rotating gets a
+little messy so I'm not going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little messy so I'm not going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little messy so I'm not going to do it
+because I can't do it in my head so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can't do it in my head so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can't do it in my head so this
+one uh you you need to do the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh you you need to do the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh you you need to do the kinetic
+energy of that you need to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that you need to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that you need to use this
+approach and you have to be careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and you have to be careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and you have to be careful with
+those food for thought at office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those food for thought at office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those food for thought at office hours
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+okay all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I had meant to start start today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had meant to start start today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had meant to start start today we're
+half we're well in and I haven't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half we're well in and I haven't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half we're well in and I haven't even
+started where I was going to really go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started where I was going to really go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started where I was going to really go
+today um so I have kind of a broken play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um so I have kind of a broken play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um so I have kind of a broken play
+I decide what to drop give me a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the principle thing I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the principle thing I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the principle thing I want to talk
+about today was to dig a little deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today was to dig a little deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today was to dig a little deeper
+into finding generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into finding generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into finding generalized
+forces and what the way we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and what the way we've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and what the way we've been doing
+it is what I would call kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what I would call kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what I would call kind of an
+intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach let's imagine we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach let's imagine we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach let's imagine we've got
+a rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I have some forces acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have some forces acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have some forces acting on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F1 and at the point of application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and at the point of application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and at the point of application of
+each of these forces I can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these forces I can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these forces I can have a
+position Vector that goes there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector that goes there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector that goes there so
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R1 R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 R2
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three and they're all with respect to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and they're all with respect to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and they're all with respect to my
+o frame here but I'm going to not write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o frame here but I'm going to not write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o frame here but I'm going to not write
+in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O's let's let's say that this is a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O's let's let's say that this is a body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O's let's let's say that this is a body
+in planer motion so it's confined to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in planer motion so it's confined to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in planer motion so it's confined to a
+plan it's a rigid body it's like my dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan it's a rigid body it's like my dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan it's a rigid body it's like my dis
+there so how many degrees of freedom at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so how many degrees of freedom at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so how many degrees of freedom at
+most would it have if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most would it have if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most would it have if there's no
+constraints three right can move in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints three right can move in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints three right can move in the
+X in the Y and it can rotate in the Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in the Y and it can rotate in the Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in the Y and it can rotate in the Z so
+potentially three degrees of freedom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially three degrees of freedom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially three degrees of freedom so
+it'll take let's say G is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take let's say G is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take let's say G is maybe
+here so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three generalized
+coordinates and they would be say x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and they would be say x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and they would be say x y
+and some rotation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and with them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have virtual displacements Delta X Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have virtual displacements Delta X Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have virtual displacements Delta X Delta
+Y and Delta Theta and we use those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Delta Theta and we use those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Delta Theta and we use those to
+figure out the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the amount of
+non-conservative work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative work that
+happens when you make those little small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you make those little small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you make those little small
+motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions
+occur and we're trying to find we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and we're trying to find we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and we're trying to find we need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+QX qy and Q Theta the generalized forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX qy and Q Theta the generalized forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX qy and Q Theta the generalized forces
+associated with these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these small
+variations virtual deflections in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations virtual deflections in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations virtual deflections in our
+three coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the jth one I me have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the jth one I me have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the jth one I me have a bunch of
+forces maybe up to here some one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces maybe up to here some one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces maybe up to here some one here
+that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some
+FJ so the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Force I don't mean that that's the uh F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force I don't mean that that's the uh F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force I don't mean that that's the uh F
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+FIS the JS refer to our generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FIS the JS refer to our generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FIS the JS refer to our generalized
+coordinates so generalized Force QJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QJ this is the little bit of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ this is the little bit of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ this is the little bit of work
+done in the virtual deflection Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the virtual deflection Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the virtual deflection Delta
+QJ and it there's work done by all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ and it there's work done by all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ and it there's work done by all of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+applied forces in the system possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied forces in the system possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied forces in the system possibly
+everyone if I cause there a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone if I cause there a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone if I cause there a little a
+little Delta X of this body it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Delta X of this body it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Delta X of this body it moves
+over and amount Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and amount Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and amount Delta
+X all of those points of application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all of those points of application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all of those points of application of
+those forces move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces move a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces move a little
+bit and therefore at every location a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and therefore at every location a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and therefore at every location a
+little bit of work gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of work gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of work gets
+done so in order to account for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so in order to account for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so in order to account for all of
+the work I have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work I have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work I have to do a
+summation of the FI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the FI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the FI
+dot Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Delta
+r at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at
+I and now this is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the virtual displacement of generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtual displacement of generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtual displacement of generalized
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+J so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so the
+total virtual work done by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total virtual work done by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total virtual work done by a
+displacement of one of these is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of one of these is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of one of these is a
+summation of of all the little bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of of all the little bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of of all the little bits of
+work done at all the applic points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done at all the applic points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done at all the applic points of
+application of the forces dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the forces dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the forces dotted with
+the amount that it the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that it the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that it the point of
+application of that Force moves caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of that Force moves caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of that Force moves caused
+by Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Delta
+QJ so in general that's what the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ so in general that's what the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ so in general that's what the total
+QJ would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ would
+be now we've done problems like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now we've done problems like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now we've done problems like that
+more or less kind of intuitively we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less kind of intuitively we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less kind of intuitively we
+figured it out and said okay if it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it out and said okay if it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it out and said okay if it moves
+this much then it's going to move over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much then it's going to move over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much then it's going to move over
+that much and if there is an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much and if there is an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much and if there is an angle
+between them we take the component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them we take the component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them we take the component and
+we just figure it out is there a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just figure it out is there a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just figure it out is there a more
+mathematical way of doing this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical way of doing this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical way of doing this and so
+I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so we've been doing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we've been doing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we've been doing this kind of
+the intuitive approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here they reasoning out each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they reasoning out each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they reasoning out each of the
+deflections and calculating the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections and calculating the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections and calculating the result
+but there's a kinematic there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a kinematic there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a kinematic there's an
+explicit kinematic way of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah okay I'm sorry it says this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay I'm sorry it says this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay I'm sorry it says this is
+a Delta r i has double subscripts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta r i has double subscripts here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta r i has double subscripts here
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+the the displacement at the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the displacement at the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the displacement at the point of
+application of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of force
+I due to the virtual displacement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I due to the virtual displacement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I due to the virtual displacement of
+generalized coordinate J so that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinate J so that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinate J so that an
+example might be if that's Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might be if that's Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might be if that's Delta X
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here the summation is O of over I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the summation is O of over I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the summation is O of over I is
+over fub1 F2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fub1 F2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fub1 F2 to
+fi and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and the
+deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection
+is the deflection at the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deflection at the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deflection at the point of
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+I due to in this case I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I due to in this case I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I due to in this case I'm talking about
+Delta X due to the virtual displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X due to the virtual displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X due to the virtual displacement
+Delta X okay and so that's you we'd work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X okay and so that's you we'd work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X okay and so that's you we'd work
+each one of these out and add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these out and add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these out and add them up
+and we'd have the answer but is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd have the answer but is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd have the answer but is there is
+a more kind of explicit mathematical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more kind of explicit mathematical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more kind of explicit mathematical way
+of saying this and that is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QJ Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ Delta
+QJ is a summation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ is a summation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ is a summation over
+I equals 1 to n however many there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 1 to n however many there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 1 to n however many there
+are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+fi Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the derivative of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of r
+i with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i with respect to
+q j Delta q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q j Delta q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q j Delta q
+j what's that mean so let's let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j what's that mean so let's let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j what's that mean so let's let's look
+at one of these so Force One there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one of these so Force One there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one of these so Force One there's a
+position Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R1 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 if I
+move in the X Direction a little Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the X Direction a little Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the X Direction a little Delta
+X this point moves over Delta X in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this point moves over Delta X in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this point moves over Delta X in that
+direction in in the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in in the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in in the X Direction
+horizontally R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally R
+position Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector
+R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1
+has potentially components in the Y as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has potentially components in the Y as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has potentially components in the Y as
+well as components in the X but I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as components in the X but I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as components in the X but I'm only
+changing it in the X Direction so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it in the X Direction so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it in the X Direction so that
+portion of the possible movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the possible movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the possible movement of
+R1 due to changes in just one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 due to changes in just one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 due to changes in just one of the
+coordinates in this case I was doing QX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in this case I was doing QX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in this case I was doing QX
+the derivative of R1 with respect to QX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of R1 with respect to QX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of R1 with respect to QX
+so only a part of its total possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only a part of its total possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only a part of its total possible
+movement is due to X this gives us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is due to X this gives us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is due to X this gives us that
+portion times Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion times Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion times Delta
+QX is the total movement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX is the total movement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX is the total movement in the
+direction of QX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of QX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of QX
+dotted with the force you get the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with the force you get the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with the force you get the work
+done so I find this if I were you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I find this if I were you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I find this if I were you this
+is highly abstract let's I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highly abstract let's I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highly abstract let's I think we
+need's do an example of this and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need's do an example of this and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need's do an example of this and see how
+it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works
+out and since we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and since we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and since we were talking
+about that problem I'll do this cart by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that problem I'll do this cart by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that problem I'll do this cart by
+this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I need a position Vector to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need a position Vector to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need a position Vector to the point
+of application of this external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of application of this external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of application of this external
+non-conservative Force because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative Force because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative Force because I'm
+calling this Force One I'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this Force One I'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this Force One I'll call that
+position Vector R1 and it goes from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector R1 and it goes from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector R1 and it goes from here
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+there and but we know that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and but we know that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and but we know that the total
+motion of this point is made up of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of this point is made up of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of this point is made up of the
+motion of the main Cart Plus the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the main Cart Plus the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the main Cart Plus the motion
+of the wheel relative to the main cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wheel relative to the main cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wheel relative to the main cart
+and so we fall back on our notation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we fall back on our notation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we fall back on our notation so
+I'll say this is R1 and zero here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say this is R1 and zero here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say this is R1 and zero here's my
+point a it's R is a vector this is R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a it's R is a vector this is R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a it's R is a vector this is R of
+a with respect to o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to o plus
+and we'll better give this a name what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll better give this a name what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll better give this a name what
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I so this is my point one here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so this is my point one here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so this is my point one here so this
+is plus R1 with respect to a so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus R1 with respect to a so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus R1 with respect to a so we've
+done that lots of times this term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that lots of times this term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that lots of times this term that's
+just how so that point is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how so that point is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how so that point is the sum of
+this Vector plus that plus this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector plus that plus this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector plus that plus this Vector
+so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an
+R this is R1 with respect ECT to a from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this is R1 with respect ECT to a from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this is R1 with respect ECT to a from
+here to here and the sum of those two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and the sum of those two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and the sum of those two is
+this one so this is R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so this is R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so this is R1
+here okay and so let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so let's see if we can
+write come up with an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write come up with an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write come up with an expression for
+that well this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well this point
+a is just X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is just X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is just X in the
+I plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus some
+y in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J that's this
+term then I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then I need
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so I want because I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I want because I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I want because I'm going to have
+to take some derivatives and things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some derivatives and things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some derivatives and things I
+need to get every I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get every I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get every I want to get
+everything in terms of one unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of one unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of one unit vectors
+in one system so I know this one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one system so I know this one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one system so I know this one this is
+my X1 and it will have a unit Vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X1 and it will have a unit Vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X1 and it will have a unit Vector I
+lowercase i in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase i in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase i in this
+direction so the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so the unit
+Vector I here has con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I here has con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I here has con
+components in the capital i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in the capital i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in the capital i j
+system and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that's
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+so in this has I has a component here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this has I has a component here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this has I has a component here
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is cine Theta cap I and then this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cine Theta cap I and then this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cine Theta cap I and then this piece
+is minus sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be X1 the distance this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X1 the distance this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X1 the distance this thing
+moves broken into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves broken into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves broken into two
+pieces Co Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces Co Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces Co Theta
+I minus sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus sin Theta
+J so that's now the mo the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so that's now the mo the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so that's now the mo the position of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing is the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the position of the
+cart at a plus the vector that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart at a plus the vector that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart at a plus the vector that goes from
+a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the
+2.1 which is the distance X1 to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 which is the distance X1 to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 which is the distance X1 to here
+broken into two pieces an i piece and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken into two pieces an i piece and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken into two pieces an i piece and a
+j piece okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're almost done so I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're almost done so I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're almost done so I would like
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QX and QX then should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm only going to compute the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm only going to compute the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm only going to compute the part of
+the generalized force in the QX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized force in the QX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized force in the QX
+Direction due to just this one force now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction due to just this one force now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction due to just this one force now
+we have other for remember we have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have other for remember we have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have other for remember we have other
+forces non-conservative forces acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces non-conservative forces acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces non-conservative forces acting on
+this we got a BX dot to but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we got a BX dot to but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we got a BX dot to but I'm just
+going to do the contribution to QX that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the contribution to QX that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the contribution to QX that
+comes from this Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F1 and it'll so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QX Delta X is the virtual work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX Delta X is the virtual work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX Delta X is the virtual work
+done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is
+F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1
+I dot partial of R1 with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dot partial of R1 with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dot partial of R1 with respect to X
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X but the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R1 with respect to capital x there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 with respect to capital x there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 with respect to capital x there's no
+Capital x's over here so there nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital x's over here so there nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital x's over here so there nothing
+comes from that there's one right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that there's one right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that there's one right here
+so the derivative of x with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative of x with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative of x with respect to X
+gives me one I just get 1 * I back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here fub1 I I hat do IAT Delta X so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fub1 I I hat do IAT Delta X so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fub1 I I hat do IAT Delta X so it's
+just fub1 Delta X which we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intuitively when we worked this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively when we worked this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively when we worked this problem
+earlier when we were talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when we were talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when we were talking about it
+the amount of work virtual work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of work virtual work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of work virtual work that
+gets done by this particular force in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done by this particular force in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done by this particular force in a
+deflection dis virtual displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection dis virtual displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection dis virtual displacement
+Delta X just F1 Delta X but we've proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X just F1 Delta X but we've proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X just F1 Delta X but we've proven
+it we've done it in a very in a precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we've done it in a very in a precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we've done it in a very in a precise
+kinematic way where we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic way where we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic way where we found the
+position Vector work the whole thing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector work the whole thing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector work the whole thing out
+so that's the simple one let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find the harder one but not much now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the harder one but not much now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the harder one but not much now is
+we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 due to just this F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 due to just this F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 due to just this F1
+only Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Delta
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+well that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that should be
+F1 I dot partial of R1 with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 I dot partial of R1 with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 I dot partial of R1 with respect to
+X1 Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 so the derivative of R1 with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so the derivative of R1 with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so the derivative of R1 with respect
+to X1 X this is not this stuff has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X1 X this is not this stuff has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X1 X this is not this stuff has
+nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with
+X1 the X1 only appears over here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 the X1 only appears over here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 the X1 only appears over here and the
+derivative of this expression just cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this expression just cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this expression just cine
+IUS sin Theta J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I do I is the only part you get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do I is the only part you get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do I is the only part you get back
+this is and I need a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is and I need a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is and I need a Delta
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+F1 I do I is cine Theta Delta X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 I do I is cine Theta Delta X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 I do I is cine Theta Delta X1
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qx1 and F1 only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here equals fub1 Co sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here equals fub1 Co sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here equals fub1 Co sin
+Theta so this time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so this time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so this time the
+motion Delta X1 only part of it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion Delta X1 only part of it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion Delta X1 only part of it is in
+the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of
+F1 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Portion by taking this derivative here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portion by taking this derivative here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portion by taking this derivative here
+we get the contribution to this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the contribution to this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the contribution to this that
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+X1 and then dotted with the force we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and then dotted with the force we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and then dotted with the force we
+only only take that component of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only take that component of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only take that component of that
+motion in the direction of the force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in the direction of the force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in the direction of the force and
+that gives us our total virtual work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us our total virtual work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us our total virtual work so
+here is then the total virtual work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is then the total virtual work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is then the total virtual work done
+by F1 due to the little motion Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F1 due to the little motion Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F1 due to the little motion Delta
+X1 so we've now we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so we've now we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so we've now we've got the
+contribution here to the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution here to the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution here to the generalized
+force due to that is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force due to that is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force due to that is associated with
+deflections of coordinate X1 are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections of coordinate X1 are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections of coordinate X1 are there
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+is that the total generalized Force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the total generalized Force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the total generalized Force for
+associated with generalized coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with generalized coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with generalized coordinate
+X1 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 in this
+problem are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are there any other
+non-conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conservative
+forces in the problem that move when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the problem that move when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the problem that move when
+Delta X1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moved well let's see friction if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved well let's see friction if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved well let's see friction if you if
+we H okay friction you're presuming on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we H okay friction you're presuming on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we H okay friction you're presuming on
+the wheel okay so he asks about friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel okay so he asks about friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel okay so he asks about friction
+on the wheel well let's say that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wheel well let's say that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wheel well let's say that there's
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+slip in this case then does the friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip in this case then does the friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip in this case then does the friction
+at the point of contact with the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point of contact with the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point of contact with the wheel
+do any work no so do we have to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any work no so do we have to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any work no so do we have to account
+for it as a generalized Force nope okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it as a generalized Force nope okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it as a generalized Force nope okay
+so how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dashbot so a little virtual deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot so a little virtual deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot so a little virtual deflection
+Delta X1 does it make the big cart move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X1 does it make the big cart move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X1 does it make the big cart move
+no so is there any are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so is there any are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so is there any are there any other
+forces in the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the problem that
+move when you cause a small movement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when you cause a small movement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when you cause a small movement in
+X1 so this is the total in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so this is the total in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so this is the total in this case
+this is the total uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the total uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the total uh
+qx1 up here we found QX the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx1 up here we found QX the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx1 up here we found QX the generalized
+force due to the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force due to the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force due to the motion of the
+cart the contribution by F1 but is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart the contribution by F1 but is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart the contribution by F1 but is there
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+contribution and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and it
+is the dashb so we get Additionally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dashb so we get Additionally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dashb so we get Additionally the
+total QX here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total QX here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total QX here
+total would be the summation of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total would be the summation of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total would be the summation of two
+pieces an FS1 and an FS2 which I'd call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces an FS1 and an FS2 which I'd call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces an FS1 and an FS2 which I'd call
+minus BX it's in the same direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus BX it's in the same direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus BX it's in the same direction as
+Delta X so it's you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so it's you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so it's you're going to get a
+minus BX dot plus fub1 would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus BX dot plus fub1 would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus BX dot plus fub1 would be the
+total generalized force in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total generalized force in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total generalized force in the
+capital x Direction the movement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x Direction the movement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x Direction the movement of the
+main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main
+cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so anytime you can actually figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anytime you can actually figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anytime you can actually figure
+out you can actually specify a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can actually specify a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can actually specify a position
+Vector to the point of application of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector to the point of application of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector to the point of application of an
+external non-conservative Force then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external non-conservative Force then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external non-conservative Force then you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just plug it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug it into
+this you do it at e each Force that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you do it at e each Force that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you do it at e each Force that's
+applied you take the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied you take the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied you take the derivative with
+respect to that to coordinate QJ Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that to coordinate QJ Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that to coordinate QJ Delta
+QJ that is the virtual work done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ that is the virtual work done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ that is the virtual work done by
+force each of these forces and you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force each of these forces and you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force each of these forces and you add
+up to get the total virtual work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to get the total virtual work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to get the total virtual work done
+due to a deflection at that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a deflection at that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a deflection at that particular
+coordinate J so in the case of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate J so in the case of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate J so in the case of capital
+of QX we had two contributions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of QX we had two contributions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of QX we had two contributions because
+we had two forces on the main cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had two forces on the main cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had two forces on the main cart
+fub1 and minus BX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 and minus BX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 and minus BX
+Dot and so the summation in that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and so the summation in that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and so the summation in that in the
+that problem when this is capital x q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem when this is capital x q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem when this is capital x q
+Delta X you have two contributions FS1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X you have two contributions FS1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X you have two contributions FS1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now what else is what else can I do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what else is what else can I do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what else is what else can I do in
+the length of time actually so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of time actually so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of time actually so let me
+stop for a moment there think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop for a moment there think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop for a moment there think about this
+and when you have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you have any questions about
+this so we've described two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we've described two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we've described two ways of
+getting generalized forces one's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting generalized forces one's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting generalized forces one's kind of
+the intuitive one figure out how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuitive one figure out how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuitive one figure out how much it
+moves in the dire and do the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in the dire and do the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in the dire and do the dot product
+the other one is a straight mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is a straight mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is a straight mathematical
+way kinematics plug it in take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way kinematics plug it in take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way kinematics plug it in take the
+derivative same thing will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative same thing will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative same thing will come
+out so while you're thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so while you're thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so while you're thinking about a
+question I'll look and think what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll look and think what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll look and think what I was
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I know what I'll do next but do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know what I'll do next but do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know what I'll do next but do you
+have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+questions on this I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this I'm going to do
+another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this ah Christina yeah so I still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ah Christina yeah so I still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ah Christina yeah so I still don't
+understand how you like if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you like if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you like if you're going
+to you know grab the wheel and move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know grab the wheel and move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know grab the wheel and move it
+how that doesn't move this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that doesn't move this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that doesn't move this I mean
+they're attached so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're attached so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're attached so I don't
+care is the wheel it's all in how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care is the wheel it's all in how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care is the wheel it's all in how you
+specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify
+your generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your generalized
+coordinates so in this problem the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so in this problem the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so in this problem the two
+generalized coordinates are this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinates are this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinates are this capital
+X in the inertial system which describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in the inertial system which describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in the inertial system which describes
+the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the
+cart and little and X1 describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart and little and X1 describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart and little and X1 describes the
+motion of the wheel relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the wheel relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the wheel relative to the
+cart and that's actually that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart and that's actually that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart and that's actually that allows you
+to write this statement this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this statement this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this statement this is this is
+only relative to the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only relative to the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only relative to the C
+right so the motion of the cart plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the motion of the cart plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the motion of the cart plus the
+motion of the point relative to the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the point relative to the cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the point relative to the cart
+gives you the total motion and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the total motion and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the total motion and you've
+picked two coordinates that allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked two coordinates that allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked two coordinates that allow you to
+describe those two things so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe those two things so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe those two things so if you can
+in this problem if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem if this is the
+cart this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart this is the
+wheel you know and I even have a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel you know and I even have a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel you know and I even have a spring
+hook to it here if I move this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook to it here if I move this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook to it here if I move this a little
+bit the cart doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the cart doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the cart doesn't have to
+move I this this going back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move I this this going back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move I this this going back and forth
+accounts for X1 relative to this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for X1 relative to this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for X1 relative to this table
+and the table is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve you mean be dynamically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you mean be dynamically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you mean be dynamically because
+you're putting forces on it yeah well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting forces on it yeah well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting forces on it yeah well it
+might but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might but that's not
+um is the in a way you're you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the in a way you're you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the in a way you're you're asking
+the question is the cart capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is the cart capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is the cart capable of
+moving because you put a force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving because you put a force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving because you put a force on the
+wheel you move the wheel which puts more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel you move the wheel which puts more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel you move the wheel which puts more
+spring Force which maybe that causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring Force which maybe that causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring Force which maybe that causes the
+cart to move yeah that could happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart to move yeah that could happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart to move yeah that could happen but
+that's not what you're that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you're that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you're that's not the
+problem you're solving when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're solving when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're solving when you're
+trying to find the generalized forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the generalized forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the generalized forces
+you're in fact allowing a single motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in fact allowing a single motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in fact allowing a single motion
+at a time so if you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time so if you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time so if you're talking about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+motion you have Frozen the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you have Frozen the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you have Frozen the motion of the
+main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main
+cart and you figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart and you figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart and you figure out what the
+consequence of that is it does a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that is it does a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that is it does a little
+virtual work because there's a force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual work because there's a force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual work because there's a force and
+you get one of the generalized forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one of the generalized forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one of the generalized forces
+then if you move the cart you fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you move the cart you fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you move the cart you fix the
+wheel and the whole cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moves the but there's the and the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the but there's the and the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the but there's the and the amount
+that this wheel moves is exactly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this wheel moves is exactly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this wheel moves is exactly equal
+to the amount that the cart moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amount that the cart moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amount that the cart moves
+because you've now fixed this relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've now fixed this relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've now fixed this relative
+position and that's where you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and that's where you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and that's where you get the
+first that's where you get the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's where you get the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's where you get the capital
+QX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QX
+term even though the this Force F1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term even though the this Force F1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term even though the this Force F1 is
+applied here on the wheel this wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied here on the wheel this wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied here on the wheel this wheel
+moves when the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves when the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves when the table
+moves but the table doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves but the table doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves but the table doesn't
+move when this relative coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when this relative coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when this relative coordinate
+between the table and here changes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the table and here changes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the table and here changes it
+doesn't have to it's this is free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to it's this is free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to it's this is free to
+move when the table is frozen remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when the table is frozen remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when the table is frozen remember
+we talked about complete and independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about complete and independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about complete and independent
+coordinates X1 is independent of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X1 is independent of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X1 is independent of capital
+x if I freeze it X1 and I make capital X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if I freeze it X1 and I make capital X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if I freeze it X1 and I make capital X
+Change just the whole thing moves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change just the whole thing moves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change just the whole thing moves like
+that if I freeze capital x X1 can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I freeze capital x X1 can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I freeze capital x X1 can still
+move so that that's the so you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so that that's the so you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so that that's the so you have you
+have to pick independent coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick independent coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick independent coordinates
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are not at all then for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at all then for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at all then for example if you
+have like two masses connected by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like two masses connected by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like two masses connected by a
+spring you pull the first one they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring you pull the first one they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring you pull the first one they kind
+of pull each other along so why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pull each other along so why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pull each other along so why don't
+you get the pull along effect over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the pull along effect over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the pull along effect over here
+okay that's a good question it's similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a good question it's similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a good question it's similar
+essentially the same question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same question that
+Christina asked he asked basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christina asked he asked basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christina asked he asked basically if
+you have let's think about let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have let's think about let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have let's think about let's just do
+a problem like that let's have two carts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem like that let's have two carts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem like that let's have two carts
+and a spring in between them and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a spring in between them and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a spring in between them and they're
+both on wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how
+many this is a planer motion problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many this is a planer motion problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many this is a planer motion problem
+each of these bodies is capable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these bodies is capable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these bodies is capable in
+planer motion have X and Y and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer motion have X and Y and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer motion have X and Y and a
+rotation but because of constraints how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but because of constraints how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but because of constraints how
+many degrees of freedom does body one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have I hear one right it's con I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I hear one right it's con I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I hear one right it's con I don't
+allow it to rotate it's got two wheels I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it to rotate it's got two wheels I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it to rotate it's got two wheels I
+don't allow it to go up because it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't allow it to go up because it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't allow it to go up because it's on
+the on the ground I only allow it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the ground I only allow it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the ground I only allow it to
+move in the Direction same thing be said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the Direction same thing be said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the Direction same thing be said
+for this only one there how many degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this only one there how many degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this only one there how many degrees
+of freedom do I have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom do I have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom do I have in this
+problem I mean one for each Mass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean one for each Mass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean one for each Mass right
+so I have two degrees of freedom how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have two degrees of freedom how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have two degrees of freedom how
+many generalized coordinates do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many generalized coordinates do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many generalized coordinates do I need
+okay so my generalized coordinate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my generalized coordinate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my generalized coordinate for
+this one will be X1 and for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will be X1 and for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will be X1 and for this one
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+okay if you're we going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you're we going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you're we going to do this
+problem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange
+okay and let's see I'm let's put a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's see I'm let's put a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's see I'm let's put a force
+now to get back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to get back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to get back to your
+question uh let's put a force here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh let's put a force here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh let's put a force here on
+one and we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we'll call it
+F1 all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 all right
+and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually no I don't want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the potential energy for this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the potential energy for this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the potential energy for this is some
+12 K times the amount that you stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 K times the amount that you stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 K times the amount that you stretch
+the Springs right so you're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Springs right so you're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Springs right so you're going to uh
+the amount that the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that the difference between
+X1 and X2 minus the unstretched length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 minus the unstretched length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 minus the unstretched length
+so X1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X1 minus
+X2 minus the unstretched length we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 minus the unstretched length we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 minus the unstretched length we'll
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+l0 so this would be the stretch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 so this would be the stretch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 so this would be the stretch of the
+Springs if the spring had no length then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs if the spring had no length then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs if the spring had no length then
+it would just be the difference in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just be the difference in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just be the difference in these
+two positions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positions right
+squared so my potential energy look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so my potential energy look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so my potential energy look
+something like that now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that now we want to
+compute the general and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the general and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the general and you know you
+could use l Grange and you could figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use l Grange and you could figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use l Grange and you could figure
+out two equations of motion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out two equations of motion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out two equations of motion for
+this taking your derivatives but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this taking your derivatives but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this taking your derivatives but the
+point of the question was about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the question was about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the question was about the
+generalized getting to the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized getting to the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized getting to the general
+generalized forces right so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized forces right so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized forces right so now the
+generalized Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qx1 Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx1 Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx1 Delta
+X1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 is
+F1 times the derivative of R1 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 times the derivative of R1 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 times the derivative of R1 with
+respect to X1 Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X1 Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X1 Delta
+X1 so how much does the position Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so how much does the position Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so how much does the position Vector
+from marking the position of this cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from marking the position of this cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from marking the position of this cart
+which would be R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be R1
+so R1 is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R1 is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R1 is in
+effect X1 right it's pretty trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect X1 right it's pretty trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect X1 right it's pretty trivial
+problem so the derivative of R1 respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the derivative of R1 respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the derivative of R1 respect
+to X1 is just one and the amount that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X1 is just one and the amount that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X1 is just one and the amount that it
+then moves is Delta X1 so the virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moves is Delta X1 so the virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moves is Delta X1 so the virtual
+work done by this force on that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done by this force on that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done by this force on that first
+cart is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart is just
+qx1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx1
+equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh
+F1 that's the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 that's the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 that's the generalized
+Force caused by this first Mass on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force caused by this first Mass on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force caused by this first Mass on the
+cart what's the generalized Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qx2 well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um F1 actually there a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um F1 actually there a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um F1 actually there a DOT
+here this would be some X2 with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this would be some X2 with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this would be some X2 with respect
+to X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2
+Delta with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X One Delta Del to X1 but how much does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X One Delta Del to X1 but how much does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X One Delta Del to X1 but how much does
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+move when you cause a little virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when you cause a little virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when you cause a little virtual
+deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the virtual work done if I cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the virtual work done if I cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the virtual work done if I cause a
+little deflection of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deflection of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deflection of this
+one is equal to the summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to the summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to the summation of the
+forces that act through Delta X2 now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that act through Delta X2 now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that act through Delta X2 now if
+you move this a little Delta X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we figured out that that that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we figured out that that that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we figured out that that that this
+that qx1 the generalized force on due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that qx1 the generalized force on due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that qx1 the generalized force on due to
+that is indeed this but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is indeed this but what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is indeed this but what's the
+generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+Force associated with motion Delta X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force associated with motion Delta X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force associated with motion Delta X2
+let's move this one now a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move this one now a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move this one now a little
+bit when you move that a little bit how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit when you move that a little bit how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit when you move that a little bit how
+much work does F1 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we need to get two equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to get two equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to get two equations of
+motion right and you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right and you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right and you're going to get
+you're going to get one by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get one by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get one by taking
+derivatives with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect
+to coordinate X1 you're going to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coordinate X1 you're going to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coordinate X1 you're going to get an
+equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so
+eom X1 associated with X1 double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eom X1 associated with X1 double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eom X1 associated with X1 double dot
+here is going to have on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to have on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to have on the right hand
+side some qx1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side some qx1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side some qx1
+and we figured out what that is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we figured out what that is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we figured out what that is that's
+just F1 and we're going to get a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just F1 and we're going to get a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just F1 and we're going to get a second
+equation of motion associated with X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion associated with X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion associated with X2
+double dot the M acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot the M acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot the M acceleration of the
+mass of the second one and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the second one and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the second one and it's going to
+be equal to some external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to some external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to some external
+forces and there's other terms in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and there's other terms in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and there's other terms in here
+right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have
+KX you have your K terms and so forth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX you have your K terms and so forth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX you have your K terms and so forth in
+here but on the right hand side are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but on the right hand side are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but on the right hand side are the
+external non-conservative forces so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external non-conservative forces so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external non-conservative forces so are
+there any conserv non-conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any conserv non-conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any conserv non-conservative
+forces on the second Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the second Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the second Mass
+none so what do you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so what do you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so what do you expect
+qx2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx2 to
+be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to get back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get back to your
+point when you're Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when you're Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when you're Computing the
+generalized forces it's back you freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized forces it's back you freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized forces it's back you freeze
+all of the movements except one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the movements except one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the movements except one and
+figure out the work done even though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the work done even though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the work done even though in
+the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+system a force will result in this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a force will result in this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a force will result in this whole
+system that whole system will move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that whole system will move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that whole system will move to
+the right if that's if I put a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right if that's if I put a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right if that's if I put a steady
+Force F1 on there the whole system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force F1 on there the whole system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force F1 on there the whole system will
+go off to the right hand side that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off to the right hand side that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off to the right hand side that'll be
+the solution to the equations motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to the equations motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to the equations motion
+that you end up with but for the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you end up with but for the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you end up with but for the purpose
+of computing the generalized force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing the generalized force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing the generalized force on
+each Mass you only you you fix the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Mass you only you you fix the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Mass you only you you fix the where
+the masses are at some instant in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses are at some instant in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses are at some instant in time
+and then one coordinate at a time cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one coordinate at a time cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one coordinate at a time cause
+a little virtual deflection and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little virtual deflection and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little virtual deflection and figure
+out how much work gets done so the see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much work gets done so the see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much work gets done so the see
+the distinction between the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between the solution to
+the full equations of motion yes indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full equations of motion yes indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full equations of motion yes indeed
+everything's going to move because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to move because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to move because of
+that force and the little bit of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that force and the little bit of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that force and the little bit of work
+that gets done due to the motion of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets done due to the motion of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets done due to the motion of just
+one coordinate and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate and then the other
+coordinate with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate with all
+through all of the non-conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of the non-conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of the non-conservative
+forces that are applied okay that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that are applied okay that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that are applied okay that did
+that get to your question all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get to your question all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get to your question all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll set
+up I think I'll have time to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so I last time you know we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I last time you know we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I last time you know we had this
+problem this is this Rod it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is this Rod it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is this Rod it's got a
+sleeve and it's got a spring and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve and it's got a spring and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve and it's got a spring and we
+figured out the potential and kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the potential and kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the potential and kinetic
+energy and equations of motion this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and equations of motion this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and equations of motion this is a
+planer motion problem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer motion problem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer motion problem it
+pivots think can slide up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots think can slide up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots think can slide up and down
+requires an angular an angle Theta and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires an angular an angle Theta and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires an angular an angle Theta and a
+deflection x with respect to the rod and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection x with respect to the rod and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection x with respect to the rod and
+we figured out T and V and we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured out T and V and we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured out T and V and we found the
+equations of motion for it so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion for it so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion for it so here's my
+system at Point a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sleeve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y1 and the distance X1 was measured from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and the distance X1 was measured from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and the distance X1 was measured from
+here to G to the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 this is in the this the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 this is in the this the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 this is in the this the direction
+here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the
+i1 unit Vector Direction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 unit Vector Direction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 unit Vector Direction and the
+coordinate system is my X1 y1 so X1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system is my X1 y1 so X1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system is my X1 y1 so X1 it's
+down the axis like that so it's we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the axis like that so it's we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the axis like that so it's we chose
+we this problem is a planer motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this problem is a planer motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this problem is a planer motion
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+there's two rigid bodies the rod and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two rigid bodies the rod and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two rigid bodies the rod and the
+sleeve and we can completely describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve and we can completely describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve and we can completely describe
+the motion of the system with as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the system with as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the system with as two
+degrees of freedom Theta defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom Theta defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom Theta defines the
+position of the rod and X1 defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the rod and X1 defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the rod and X1 defines the
+position of the sleeve on the rod so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the sleeve on the rod so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the sleeve on the rod so we
+have two degrees of freedom and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two degrees of freedom and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two degrees of freedom and when we
+work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this
+out we end up with two equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we end up with two equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we end up with two equations of
+motion and this was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and this was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and this was called
+M1 uh M2 this was M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one equation of motion was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one equation of motion was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one equation of motion was
+M2 X1 double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was one equation of motion and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one equation of motion and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one equation of motion and I'm
+just leaving out the general leaving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaving out the general leaving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaving out the general leaving a
+generalized Force out of this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized Force out of this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized Force out of this for a
+minute we'll figure it out in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we'll figure it out in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we'll figure it out in the second
+equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you get two equations of motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get two equations of motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get two equations of motion and
+we worked it out in the last lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we worked it out in the last lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we worked it out in the last lecture and
+we this we could we can see this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this we could we can see this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this we could we can see this this
+accounts for the mass moment inertia of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the mass moment inertia of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the mass moment inertia of
+the rod Mass moment inertia of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod Mass moment inertia of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod Mass moment inertia of the
+sleeve with respect to G so parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve with respect to G so parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve with respect to G so parallel
+axis theorem adds a little more another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem adds a little more another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem adds a little more another
+piece to it whole thing Theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to it whole thing Theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to it whole thing Theta double dot
+and then this is just due to gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is just due to gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is just due to gravity
+gravity acting on the rod gravity acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity acting on the rod gravity acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity acting on the rod gravity acting
+on the sleeve and on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sleeve and on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sleeve and on the right hand side
+you need to get these QX your generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get these QX your generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get these QX your generalize
+forces for generalized coordinate X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces for generalized coordinate X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces for generalized coordinate X1 and
+generalized coordinate Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we did it in fact worked it out last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did it in fact worked it out last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did it in fact worked it out last
+time doing the intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing the intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing the intuitive
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+and what if we were to try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if we were to try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if we were to try to do this
+then by the kinematic approach that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the kinematic approach that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the kinematic approach that I
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the force was applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the force was applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the force was applied
+here you it was horizontal we called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you it was horizontal we called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you it was horizontal we called it
+FS2 because it was applied to Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and in order to use this technique we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and in order to use this technique we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and in order to use this technique we
+want now to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qx1 we have a force F2 and it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+youbody want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youbody want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youbody want to do
+it we'll have an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so we need to describe a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so we need to describe a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so we need to describe a vector
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I better not draw it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better not draw it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better not draw it out
+here so we'll I'll just set this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we'll I'll just set this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we'll I'll just set this problem
+up and we'll finish it next time I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we'll finish it next time I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we'll finish it next time I have
+a inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inertial
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so that in this system this force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that in this system this force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that in this system this force
+would be F2 capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be F2 capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be F2 capital
+J dotted with the derivative of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J dotted with the derivative of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J dotted with the derivative of some
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+that runs here to this point and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs here to this point and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs here to this point and I'll
+call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+R2 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 n
+o so the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o so the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o so the derivative of
+R2 with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 with respect to
+X1 Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 and if you can work this out then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and if you can work this out then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and if you can work this out then you
+you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're
+done the key to this is figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the key to this is figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the key to this is figuring out
+what is R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is R2
+and doing it in unit vectors such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing it in unit vectors such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing it in unit vectors such that
+you can complete this dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can complete this dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can complete this dot
+product so you might so how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so you might so how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so you might so how would you
+describe what is this position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and what are its unit vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what are its unit vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what are its unit vectors that
+break it down take this R2 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it down take this R2 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it down take this R2 and you
+express it in terms of unit vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in terms of unit vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in terms of unit vectors in
+the inertial C capital I capital J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial C capital I capital J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial C capital I capital J
+system and once you've done that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and once you've done that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and once you've done that you can
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+derivative dot it with that and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative dot it with that and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative dot it with that and you're
+done so I we'll finish that next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I we'll finish that next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I we'll finish that next time
+you might go off and think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go off and think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go off and think about it in
+your notes from last time we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes from last time we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes from last time we already
+figured this out we just did it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured this out we just did it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured this out we just did it the
+intuitive way drew the F and figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way drew the F and figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way drew the F and figured out
+which parts in the direction of X1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which parts in the direction of X1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which parts in the direction of X1 which
+parts in the direction of Delta Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in the direction of Delta Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in the direction of Delta Theta
+and we figured it out so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we figured it out so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we figured it out so you actually
+already have the answer so go see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the answer so go see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the answer so go see if you
+can do that okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lWPNhP7ih-M.txt b/lWPNhP7ih-M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be3aefa9b8160529e9d21cdfa420ea41810f081c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lWPNhP7ih-M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh what's causality so we make causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what's causality so we make causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what's causality so we make causal
+State statements um uh all the time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State statements um uh all the time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State statements um uh all the time uh
+in everyday life and I want to to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everyday life and I want to to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everyday life and I want to to put
+three that I'm going to keep coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that I'm going to keep coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that I'm going to keep coming back
+um uh to uh over the lecture today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to uh over the lecture today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to uh over the lecture today uh
+one is that uh headache got better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that uh headache got better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that uh headache got better
+because she took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she took a
+pill one is uh she got a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill one is uh she got a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill one is uh she got a good job
+because she went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she went to
+MIT and the third one is she can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and the third one is she can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and the third one is she can get a
+she cannot get a job interview because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she cannot get a job interview because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she cannot get a job interview because
+she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's
+African-American so these are three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American so these are three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American so these are three uh
+caal statements but they are in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caal statements but they are in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caal statements but they are in a sense
+they are very different um they caal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very different um they caal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very different um they caal
+statement in the sense that that we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the sense that that we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the sense that that we you
+know in our mind when we are doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in our mind when we are doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in our mind when we are doing a
+caal statement we're thinking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caal statement we're thinking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caal statement we're thinking about some
+counterfactual where uh things would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual where uh things would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual where uh things would
+have been different so in a headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been different so in a headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been different so in a headache
+example the contactor is very simple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the contactor is very simple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the contactor is very simple uh
+we she doesn't take the pill uh and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we she doesn't take the pill uh and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we she doesn't take the pill uh and she
+maybe the headache got gets better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the headache got gets better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the headache got gets better
+anywhere maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere maybe it
+doesn't in the second example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't in the second example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't in the second example the
+counteract is a little bit more fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract is a little bit more fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract is a little bit more fuzzy
+because what's the alternative is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the alternative is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the alternative is it
+going to Harvard is it going not to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Harvard is it going not to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Harvard is it going not to you
+know is it going to amost is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it going to amost is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it going to amost is it going to
+go to the Community College is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Community College is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Community College is it going
+to go nowhere at all not go to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go nowhere at all not go to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go nowhere at all not go to college
+at all so the the contrafactual is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so the the contrafactual is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so the the contrafactual is not
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+specified and the third one of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified and the third one of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified and the third one of course is
+the most complicated because the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complicated because the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complicated because the idea of
+manipulating race is uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating race is uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating race is uh not
+really it's hard to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's hard to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's hard to think
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+and the question the statement is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question the statement is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question the statement is not
+well defined as a caal statement in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined as a caal statement in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined as a caal statement in a
+sense because it might mean several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because it might mean several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because it might mean several
+things for example it might mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for example it might mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for example it might mean that
+because she's African-American she grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's African-American she grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's African-American she grew
+up in this places where schools were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this places where schools were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this places where schools were not
+good and she didn't get a good education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and she didn't get a good education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and she didn't get a good education
+and now uh she can't uh you know she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh she can't uh you know she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh she can't uh you know she
+doesn't have the requirement the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the requirement the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the requirement the the
+qualifications to get a to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifications to get a to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifications to get a to get an
+interview it could mean something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview it could mean something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview it could mean something very
+different which is and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different which is and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different which is and I think that's
+probably what a lot of you thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what a lot of you thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what a lot of you thought about
+when reading the statement how could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when reading the statement how could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when reading the statement how could it
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read so one is that there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so one is that there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so one is that there is something
+deep about like the education of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep about like the education of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep about like the education of this
+person the life circumstance in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the life circumstance in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the life circumstance in which
+she grow up Etc that all culminate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she grow up Etc that all culminate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she grow up Etc that all culminate into
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+uh what else could this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+I've heard studies that if you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard studies that if you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard studies that if you take two
+rums and change the name to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rums and change the name to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rums and change the name to make it
+sound like it's from a different R yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like it's from a different R yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like it's from a different R yeah
+ex it could refer to discrimination at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex it could refer to discrimination at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex it could refer to discrimination at
+the interview level which is that she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview level which is that she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview level which is that she is
+actually you know we don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know we don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know we don't know what the
+rest of the student M was but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the student M was but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the student M was but maybe
+she's super qualified she went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's super qualified she went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's super qualified she went to
+Harvard Law School uh and yet she can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Law School uh and yet she can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Law School uh and yet she can't
+get a job interview presumably she if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a job interview presumably she if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a job interview presumably she if
+she went to Harvard Law School she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she went to Harvard Law School she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she went to Harvard Law School she's
+only applying to pretty good law Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only applying to pretty good law Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only applying to pretty good law Farm
+but uh something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh something in
+prevent her to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent her to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent her to get the
+interviews that's about that's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews that's about that's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews that's about that's not about
+her just about our race and so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her just about our race and so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her just about our race and so if we
+have just a statement now it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a statement now it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a statement now it's not a
+very well- defined caal question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well- defined caal question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well- defined caal question because
+we don't know what we are manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what we are manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what we are manipulating
+we don't know whether we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know whether we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know whether we are
+manipulating the perception of a race by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the perception of a race by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the perception of a race by
+the employer or whether we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employer or whether we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employer or whether we are
+manipulating the race and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the race and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the race and everything
+that goes with it her background Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with it her background Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with it her background Etc
+education and the like okay so uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the like okay so uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the like okay so uh all
+that to say that uh when we are making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to say that uh when we are making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to say that uh when we are making a
+coal statement we are trying to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal statement we are trying to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal statement we are trying to compare
+what happens in the state a of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the state a of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the state a of the world
+what happen in state B of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen in state B of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen in state B of the world
+which may or may not be very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may or may not be very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may or may not be very well
+defined and answering questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and answering questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and answering questions that
+sounds trivial but it's pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds trivial but it's pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds trivial but it's pretty important
+requires defining causal question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what so in general when we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so in general when we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so in general when we think of
+causality we think of the POS possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality we think of the POS possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality we think of the POS possible
+uh effect of manipulating a cause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effect of manipulating a cause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effect of manipulating a cause and
+what would happen if we had or had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we had or had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we had or had not
+manipulated this goes in this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated this goes in this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated this goes in this way and
+then this needs to be uh this usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this needs to be uh this usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this needs to be uh this usually
+needs to be specified like what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be specified like what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be specified like what what are
+you thinking of what is the manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thinking of what is the manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thinking of what is the manipulation
+that you really thinking about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really thinking about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really thinking about in this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+case one little aside uh I spend my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one little aside uh I spend my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one little aside uh I spend my life
+uh caring about making causal statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh caring about making causal statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh caring about making causal statements
+so I I care about them a lot uh do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I care about them a lot uh do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I care about them a lot uh do we
+only care about causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about causal
+statements I would say we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements I would say we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements I would say we care about
+them quite a bit many of the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them quite a bit many of the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them quite a bit many of the questions
+we want to answer in economics and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to answer in economics and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to answer in economics and in
+social science are caal questions just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science are caal questions just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science are caal questions just
+to uh uh keep in with the voting uh team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh keep in with the voting uh team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh keep in with the voting uh team
+that has been with us for part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been with us for part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been with us for part of this
+class questions that people uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class questions that people uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class questions that people uh you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are question that are relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+today's debate does immigration lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's debate does immigration lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the wages of the Native workers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wages of the Native workers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wages of the Native workers there
+trade increase in inequality would a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade increase in inequality would a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+world between Mexico and the US stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world between Mexico and the US stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world between Mexico and the US stop
+immigration or lower the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration or lower the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration or lower the level of
+immigration those are all causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration those are all causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration those are all causal
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+with the Mexican SP for it is not a cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Mexican SP for it is not a cal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Mexican SP for it is not a cal
+question and yet it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and yet it's a pretty
+ 
+
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+question and yet it's a pretty
+interesting relevant question so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting relevant question so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting relevant question so in a
+lot of cases data science in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases data science in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases data science in social
+science aim to answer questions of cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science aim to answer questions of cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science aim to answer questions of cause
+and effects so it's going to be set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effects so it's going to be set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effects so it's going to be set up
+uh um so we're going to try and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so we're going to try and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so we're going to try and and and
+and set up our research uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set up our research uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set up our research uh in order to
+answer coal questions but it is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer coal questions but it is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that there are nothing not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that there are nothing not
+nothing is worth noting that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is worth noting that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is worth noting that there are
+some questions that are also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions that are also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions that are also important
+and that are not causal questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that are not causal questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that are not causal questions for
+example you might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might be interested in
+identifying early warning signs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying early warning signs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying early warning signs of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who are at risk of falling
+ 
+
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+children who are at risk of falling
+behind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind in
+school uh so we focus our effort on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school uh so we focus our effort on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school uh so we focus our effort on them
+I just read uh something about young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just read uh something about young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just read uh something about young
+young children being much more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young children being much more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young children being much more likely to
+be diagnosed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagnosed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagnosed with
+ADHD is they might be a causal effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADHD is they might be a causal effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADHD is they might be a causal effect
+between two young for your grade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two young for your grade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two young for your grade and
+ADHD but it's likely that there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADHD but it's likely that there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADHD but it's likely that there actually
+isn't and it's just the kids are falling
+
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+isn't and it's just the kids are falling
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+
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+isn't and it's just the kids are falling
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind because they are too young they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind because they are too young they
+are they they're young for what is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they they're young for what is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they they're young for what is being
+covered so what they need is not the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so what they need is not the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so what they need is not the is
+not the diagnosis of ADHD what they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the diagnosis of ADHD what they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the diagnosis of ADHD what they need
+is some help on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand you could say well age for grade is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you could say well age for grade is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you could say well age for grade is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predictor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predictor of
+someone uh having uh issues following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone uh having uh issues following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone uh having uh issues following
+and becoming agitated and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becoming agitated and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+like uh even if there is so it might be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh even if there is so it might be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal it might not be coal it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal it might not be coal it doesn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+for you for for a teacher what's going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you for for a teacher what's going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter is to say that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter is to say that you know the
+young boys in my class uh who are let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young boys in my class uh who are let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young boys in my class uh who are let's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+say coming from uh uh some categories of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+say coming from uh uh some categories of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds I need to pay attention to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds I need to pay attention to
+them make sure that they are with us pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them make sure that they are with us pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them make sure that they are with us pay
+a little bit more uh effort on them Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more uh effort on them Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more uh effort on them Etc
+because they might be at risk of falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might be at risk of falling
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might be at risk of falling
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+
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+behind and it doesn't matter whether
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is causal or not because what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is causal or not because what
+matters is to is to uh um Target them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is to is to uh um Target them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is to is to uh um Target them so
+in some cases we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases we are interested in
+prediction for the for the sake of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for the for the sake of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for the for the sake of it
+irrespective of the um of the caal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of the um of the caal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of the um of the caal of
+the causality behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causality behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causality behind
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh in of course in businesses in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh in of course in businesses in a
+lot of cases people are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases people are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases people are interested in
+causal questions for example what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal questions for example what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal questions for example what is
+going to be uh the reduction in demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh the reduction in demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh the reduction in demand
+if I uh increase the price by uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I uh increase the price by uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I uh increase the price by uh 10
+cents that's a caal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that's a caal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that's a caal
+question uh but in some but are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh but in some but are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh but in some but are also
+many questions that businesses are going
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+ align:start position:0%
+many questions that businesses are going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+many questions that businesses are going
+to ask ask which are not causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask ask which are not causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask ask which are not causal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for example uh uh you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for example uh uh you uh
+Google wants to predict that someone may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google wants to predict that someone may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google wants to predict that someone may
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in something specific
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in something specific
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their search patterns to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their search patterns to serve
+the ad that's Mo most likely to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ad that's Mo most likely to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ad that's Mo most likely to be of
+interest they have they couldn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest they have they couldn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest they have they couldn't care
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+less whether it's a caal or not all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less whether it's a caal or not all they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know is what add to to give uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know is what add to to give uh
+so there are questions that are so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are questions that are so in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are questions that are so in
+the policy realm and in the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy realm and in the business
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+
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+the policy realm and in the business
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm there are some questions that are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm there are some questions that are
+of Interest which are not coal and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest which are not coal and for
+ 
+
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+of Interest which are not coal and for
+this we have tools we we we use the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have tools we we we use the data
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have tools we we we use the data
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have descriptive tool to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have descriptive tool to look at the
+data correlations nonparametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data correlations nonparametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data correlations nonparametric
+regressions and then machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and then machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and then machine learning
+which sendid is going to talk to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sendid is going to talk to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sendid is going to talk to us
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's going to give us perfectly
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's going to give us perfectly
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+predictive pattern correlation pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive pattern correlation pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive pattern correlation pattern
+association between variables and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between variables and others
+have nothing coal on them but might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing coal on them but might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing coal on them but might
+still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting I wondering makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I wondering makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I wondering makes the
+question the question in economics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question in economics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question in economics so
+say if they're like computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if they're like computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if they're like computer scientists
+and Y we working on serving like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y we working on serving like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y we working on serving like the
+best restaurant recommendations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best restaurant recommendations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best restaurant recommendations or
+something that's also I guess it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's also I guess it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's also I guess it's like
+using the same sort of techniques I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same sort of techniques I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same sort of techniques I'm
+wondering like would that also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like would that also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like would that also be
+economics what makes it uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics what makes it uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics what makes it uh this is a
+philosophical question maybe uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical question maybe uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical question maybe uh I think
+economics is what economists happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is what economists happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is what economists happen to
+do uh right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh right now
+uh which some people think is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which some people think is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which some people think is uh
+imperialistic and uh some people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialistic and uh some people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialistic and uh some people think
+that's just the way it is so it to me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way it is so it to me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way it is so it to me it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter whether something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter whether something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is economics or not as long as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is economics or not as long as we are
+doing it we're doing it uh what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it we're doing it uh what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it we're doing it uh what I think
+what makes it uh science as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it uh science as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it uh science as opposed to
+what makes it research as opposed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it research as opposed to to
+ 
+
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+what makes it research as opposed to to
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+business which maybe sort of the more
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertinent question is your example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertinent question is your example is
+whether it gener whether it uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it gener whether it uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it gener whether it uh it's uh
+leads to generalize insights going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to generalize insights going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to generalize insights going back
+to the IRB discussion we had are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the IRB discussion we had are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the IRB discussion we had are you
+doing this in order to help yel that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in order to help yel that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in order to help yel that's
+it or are you doing this because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or are you doing this because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or are you doing this because you're
+thinking that there might be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that there might be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that there might be something
+interesting in the way people behave uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the way people behave uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the way people behave uh
+that may be relevant to other settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be relevant to other settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be relevant to other settings
+and other and then this can be looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other and then this can be looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other and then this can be looked at
+depending on the tools uh can be looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the tools uh can be looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the tools uh can be looked
+at in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in different
+ways uh so I think that's maybe the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh so I think that's maybe the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh so I think that's maybe the most
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+distinction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between and uh I'm not saying she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and uh I'm not saying she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and uh I'm not saying she
+endorses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorses that
+statement I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it uh so now we we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so now we we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so now we we're thinking about
+this this causality question we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this causality question we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this causality question we're
+thinking that we're not maybe not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that we're not maybe not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that we're not maybe not always
+interested in causal questions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in causal questions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in causal questions but
+sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we
+are uh uh how do we what kind of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh uh how do we what kind of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh uh how do we what kind of good
+ways to represent model caal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to represent model caal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to represent model caal
+relationships that's going to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that's going to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that's going to help us
+think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to
+uh what we need in order to answer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we need in order to answer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we need in order to answer a
+causal questions as opposed to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal questions as opposed to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal questions as opposed to just
+describe the data in some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the data in some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the data in some interesting
+way um so something that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so something that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so something that you may
+encounter you're more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter you're more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter you're more likely to
+encounter if you're coming from computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter if you're coming from computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter if you're coming from computer
+science uh than uh than if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh than uh than if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh than uh than if you're if
+you're coming from economics is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming from economics is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming from economics is this uh
+is dags that are called directed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dags that are called directed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dags that are called directed a
+cyclical graphs uh this was proposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical graphs uh this was proposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical graphs uh this was proposed by
+Jud in a book from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jud in a book from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jud in a book from
+2000 uh which is called causalities U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 uh which is called causalities U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 uh which is called causalities U uh
+and I I could Define them but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I could Define them but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I could Define them but it's going
+to be easier to show you one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be easier to show you one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be easier to show you one and then
+you will see what they look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see what they look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see what they look like so
+here's an example that that Paul gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example that that Paul gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example that that Paul gives
+in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his
+book uh there is some water there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh there is some water there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh there is some water there is
+there road there is water on the road uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there road there is water on the road uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there road there is water on the road uh
+and uh there are some variables so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there are some variables so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there are some variables so one
+is the season whether it's dry season or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the season whether it's dry season or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the season whether it's dry season or
+rainy season one is there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy season one is there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy season one is there is a
+sprinkler uh then there is a uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler uh then there is a uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler uh then there is a uh there
+might be rain or there might not be rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be rain or there might not be rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be rain or there might not be rain
+the sprinkler might be on or it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sprinkler might be on or it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sprinkler might be on or it might be
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+the the pavement is wet and the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pavement is wet and the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pavement is wet and the the the
+pavement might be slippery or it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavement might be slippery or it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavement might be slippery or it might
+not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be
+slippery and so if you were if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippery and so if you were if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippery and so if you were if you had
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+uh priors about what are potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh priors about what are potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh priors about what are potential
+relationship between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the different
+variables in the study and you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the study and you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the study and you were just
+collecting all of these studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting all of these studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting all of these studies and
+trying to see whether they associate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see whether they associate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see whether they associate in
+a way and the other you had many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way and the other you had many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way and the other you had many
+possible Association so the table of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Association so the table of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Association so the table of if
+you wrote this in a matrix you have 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote this in a matrix you have 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote this in a matrix you have 1 2
+3 four five are uh variable and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four five are uh variable and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four five are uh variable and you put
+them in a 5x five metrix of this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a 5x five metrix of this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a 5x five metrix of this could
+affect that and this could affect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that and this could affect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that and this could affect that
+you have a lot of of of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of of of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of of of potential
+relationship to look at but of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to look at but of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to look at but of course we
+know that the slipperiness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the slipperiness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the slipperiness of the
+pavement is not causing the season we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavement is not causing the season we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavement is not causing the season we we
+we we are willing to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are willing to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are willing to make that
+assumption uh so we are willing to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh so we are willing to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh so we are willing to make
+a lot of of um things that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of of um things that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of of um things that are really
+exclusion restriction or we would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion restriction or we would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion restriction or we would call
+them in economic exclusion restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in economic exclusion restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in economic exclusion restriction
+which is pretty clear we have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty clear we have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty clear we have a pretty
+clear a priority Theory based is reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear a priority Theory based is reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear a priority Theory based is reason
+to think which relationship are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think which relationship are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think which relationship are related
+to each other and in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and in what
+direction uh so this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh so this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh so this is what's
+represented in this dags so what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in this dags so what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in this dags so what makes
+it the dag is that it's directed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the dag is that it's directed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the dag is that it's directed which
+means that the the arrow don't go both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the the arrow don't go both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the the arrow don't go both
+ways so uh the season causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so uh the season causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so uh the season causes the
+sprinkler but the sprinkler doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler but the sprinkler doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler but the sprinkler doesn't
+cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the
+season it's a ccal which means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season it's a ccal which means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season it's a ccal which means it
+doesn't go back so we can't have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go back so we can't have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go back so we can't have like a
+long Loop that brings back to season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Loop that brings back to season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Loop that brings back to season
+otherwise that's again would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise that's again would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise that's again would
+complicate Rel relationships of cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate Rel relationships of cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate Rel relationships of cause
+and effect and it's it's a graph that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effect and it's it's a graph that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effect and it's it's a graph that's
+for the G so this is just a way really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the G so this is just a way really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the G so this is just a way really a
+way to represent in a in a graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to represent in a in a graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to represent in a in a graphical
+form uh which which relationship are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh which which relationship are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh which which relationship are you
+going to rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rule
+out between variables uh and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out between variables uh and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out between variables uh and which
+relationship you want to keep so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you want to keep so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you want to keep so here
+there that's that's his representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's that's his representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's that's his representation
+of what's going going on in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going going on in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going going on in this world
+um it's a dry season or it's a wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a dry season or it's a wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a dry season or it's a wet
+season uh if it's a uh that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season uh if it's a uh that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season uh if it's a uh that affects
+whether or not I turn the sprink CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not I turn the sprink CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not I turn the sprink CL
+because in dry season I'm more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in dry season I'm more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in dry season I'm more likely to
+put them off on this could be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them off on this could be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them off on this could be basically
+by the way could be a probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way could be a probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way could be a probabilistic
+statement or a certain certain statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement or a certain certain statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement or a certain certain statement
+probabilistic statement that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic statement that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic statement that it's more
+likely that that that this happens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that that that this happens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that that that this happens the
+see if it's if it's a wet season it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's if it's a wet season it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's if it's a wet season it's
+more likely to rain so the seasons also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to rain so the seasons also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to rain so the seasons also
+affect the the season uh the sprinkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the the season uh the sprinkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the the season uh the sprinkler
+and the rain both will the pavement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rain both will the pavement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rain both will the pavement to
+be wet and it's the wetness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wet and it's the wetness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wet and it's the wetness of the
+pavement that will cause that will cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavement that will cause that will cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavement that will cause that will cause
+it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be
+slippery so now we have uh for say for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippery so now we have uh for say for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippery so now we have uh for say for a
+uh X1 we have two possibility uh the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X1 we have two possibility uh the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X1 we have two possibility uh the for
+um once we know X1 we have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once we know X1 we have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once we know X1 we have four
+possibility for X3 once we know X1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for X3 once we know X1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for X3 once we know X1 we
+have two possibility for x uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two possibility for x uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two possibility for x uh four
+possibilities for X2 uh then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for X2 uh then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for X2 uh then we have
+eight possibilities for uh for X4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possibilities for uh for X4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possibilities for uh for X4 and
+that brings to to to 4x5 so we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings to to to 4x5 so we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings to to to 4x5 so we have many
+less table entry we were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less table entry we were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less table entry we were trying to
+describe this at the table it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this at the table it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this at the table it's
+basically we have ped a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have ped a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have ped a lot of the
+possible relationship between things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible relationship between things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible relationship between things and
+it's much more manageable so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more manageable so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more manageable so it's kind
+of just like a graphical way or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just like a graphical way or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just like a graphical way or you can
+like to write things in equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to write things in equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to write things in equations and
+this is another way to write it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another way to write it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another way to write it in in
+graphs instead to say what what has H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs instead to say what what has H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs instead to say what what has H
+what what can happen then there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what can happen then there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what can happen then there is a lot
+of language that goes with it so each uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of language that goes with it so each uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of language that goes with it so each uh
+little guy in this graph AIS is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guy in this graph AIS is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guy in this graph AIS is called
+the node uh the one at the top is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node uh the one at the top is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node uh the one at the top is the
+roof uh uh the the path is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof uh uh the the path is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof uh uh the the path is a is a
+relationship is a you know is a is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is a you know is a is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is a you know is a is a a
+way to go say from X1 to X5 is the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go say from X1 to X5 is the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go say from X1 to X5 is the path
+to X2 X4 X5 uh and he also talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2 X4 X5 uh and he also talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2 X4 X5 uh and he also talks about
+parents and children and grandparents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and children and grandparents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and children and grandparents uh
+which is this skinship methodology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this skinship methodology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this skinship methodology so
+for example uh the the season is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh the the season is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh the the season is the
+parent of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of of
+rain Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain Etc
+um then you you have this uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you you have this uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you you have this uh different
+ways of writing the graph so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of writing the graph so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of writing the graph so there are
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+chains uh that's X1 X2 X4 X5 is a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains uh that's X1 X2 X4 X5 is a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains uh that's X1 X2 X4 X5 is a chain
+for example we have some Forks uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we have some Forks uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we have some Forks uh so
+it's um from X1 you can go to X3 or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um from X1 you can go to X3 or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a last thing that you hear about is
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+uh a last thing that you hear about is
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+
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+uh a last thing that you hear about is
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+G uh what he saying is that some
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+else uh so uh so you have here what the
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+Etc then is interested and how do you
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+Etc then is interested and how do you
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+this framework so here this kind of fun
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework so here this kind of fun
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+
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+notation uh which is what would happen
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+
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+notation uh which is what would happen
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+to X5 if I manipulated X3 so this is a
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+
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+
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+not be related to manipulating things so
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of little notation here is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+which is I'm asking what would happen if
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+
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+
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+I move X3 as opposed to what does X3
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+
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+tells me about the probability of
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+
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+
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+
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+there is no in this graph there is no
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+but in fact there is not by assumption
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+but in fact there is not by assumption
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+there is not here and yet there could be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not here and yet there could be
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+
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+a coalition so PX px2 do
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+
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+a coalition so PX px2 do
+XX there would be no uh there no caal
+
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+XX there would be no uh there no caal
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+
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+XX there would be no uh there no caal
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+
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+effect on r on sprinker un yet they
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+
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+could be correlated so the that's kind
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+ align:start position:0%
+of what this notation is trying to get
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+
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+of what this notation is trying to get
+at and uh the way you represent It Is by
+
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+at and uh the way you represent It Is by
+ 
+
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+at and uh the way you represent It Is by
+ping any of the many of the other you
+
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+ping any of the many of the other you
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+
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+ping any of the many of the other you
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+know you're thinking of an intervention
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm interested in the effect of
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+
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+if I'm interested in the effect of
+sprinkler I'm interested just is what
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+sprinkler I'm interested just is what
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+
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+sprinkler I'm interested just is what
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+
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+would happen if I modified the sprinkler
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I modified the sprinkler
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+and nothing else happened so we're ping
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else happened so we're ping
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+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of the graph that are not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of the graph that are not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intervention uh and you know I could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention uh and you know I could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention uh and you know I could go
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+on and on in a sense there is an entire
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+on and on in a sense there is an entire
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+book of going at that uh which people I
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+book of going at that uh which people I
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+
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+think people start using it quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people start using it quite a bit
+in uh in in other fields uh we don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in in other fields uh we don't use
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in in other fields uh we don't use
+them in Social in social science yet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in Social in social science yet or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in Social in social science yet or
+maybe uh ever I don't know uh certainly
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+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh ever I don't know uh certainly
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh ever I don't know uh certainly
+not ecomics I I think there could be a
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+ align:start position:0%
+not ecomics I I think there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ecomics I I think there could be a
+useful way uh for you to think about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way uh for you to think about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way uh for you to think about and
+succinctly Express what's the coal model
+
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+succinctly Express what's the coal model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly Express what's the coal model
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+data but they're not going to be ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but they're not going to be ever
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+
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+data but they're not going to be ever
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+
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+going to be a substitute of for care
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+
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+to warn you about as you will encounter
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+
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+to warn you about as you will encounter
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+this this these DS in in in your life is
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+
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+that at the beginning of the book is
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+
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+that at the beginning of the book is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that you know in the end if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that you know in the end if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to estimate causal effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to make as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to make as some
+assumptions they are described in the
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+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions they are described in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions they are described in the
+graphs and B some uh some statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and B some uh some statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and B some uh some statement
+about identification which is where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identification which is where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the source of variation that is giving
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+
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+the source of variation that is giving
+me identification that's coming from so
+
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+me identification that's coming from so
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable has moved in this way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable has moved in this way uh
+what does it tell me about potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it tell me about potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it tell me about potential
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+variable as you move into this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as you move into this
+book sometimes that distinction is a
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+book sometimes that distinction is a
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+
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+book sometimes that distinction is a
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+little lost and a miracle happens and by
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+
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+little lost and a miracle happens and by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing dags you can get caal statement
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+
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+writing dags you can get caal statement
+maybe I misunderstood like the depth of
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+maybe I misunderstood like the depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I misunderstood like the depth of
+it that's quite possible but I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's quite possible but I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's quite possible but I also
+think that it's uh eventually you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's uh eventually you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's uh eventually you get
+you can be a little bit um misled by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a little bit um misled by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a little bit um misled by by
+the by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's say by the by the technique of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say by the by the technique of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say by the by the technique of
+it uh and at the end we always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and at the end we always have to
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+
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+it uh and at the end we always have to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to thinking well what are we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to thinking well what are we
+really saying what are we manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really saying what are we manipulating
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+really saying what are we manipulating
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our mind what's the ideal experiment
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+
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+in our mind what's the ideal experiment
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+
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+we are considering and uh what does this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are considering and uh what does this
+mean in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+context that's for DS any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that's for DS any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that's for DS any questions on
+DS book's pretty well written by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS book's pretty well written by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS book's pretty well written by the way
+very very informative so you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very informative so you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very informative so you can you can
+learn more more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more more about
+them what do we do in economics uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do we do in economics uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do we do in economics uh in
+general we we try to represent things by
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+general we we try to represent things by
+ 
+
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+general we we try to represent things by
+with simple
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+ align:start position:0%
+with simple
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+equations and when I I don't want to do
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+ align:start position:0%
+equations and when I I don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and when I I don't want to do
+much about regressions today but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about regressions today but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about regressions today but I just
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+to to think about them what you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to think about them what you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to think about them what you know in
+what way do they relate to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what way do they relate to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what way do they relate to these
+questions of of causality so very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of of causality so very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of of causality so very simple
+regression is a b regression model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is a b regression model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is a b regression model where
+we have some variable y that we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some variable y that we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some variable y that we assume
+is related to some other variable x with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to some other variable x with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to some other variable x with
+v coefficient beta and then there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v coefficient beta and then there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v coefficient beta and then there is an
+error term the r term is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term the r term is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term the r term is just a
+prediction error between uh which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction error between uh which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction error between uh which is the
+difference between Y and beta X you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Y and beta X you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Y and beta X you can
+just write it y Epsilon is literally Yus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it y Epsilon is literally Yus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it y Epsilon is literally Yus
+beta X Epsilon I for an individual I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta X Epsilon I for an individual I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta X Epsilon I for an individual I is
+y IUS beta X I typically although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y IUS beta X I typically although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y IUS beta X I typically although
+not not always I meant to say typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not always I meant to say typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not always I meant to say typically
+although not always we think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not always we think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not always we think of this
+model as a causal interpret we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as a causal interpret we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as a causal interpret we think
+that this model has a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this model has a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this model has a causal
+interpretation but it's not always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation but it's not always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation but it's not always the
+case sometimes we are perfectly fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case sometimes we are perfectly fine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case sometimes we are perfectly fine to
+uh to think of uh to think of it in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to think of uh to think of it in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to think of uh to think of it in a in
+a non-causal way uh but just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-causal way uh but just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-causal way uh but just as a
+conditional um conditional expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional um conditional expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional um conditional expectation
+function but typically we're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but typically we're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but typically we're thinking of
+this it's we often think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's we often think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's we often think of this
+regression as caal to have caal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression as caal to have caal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression as caal to have caal
+interpretations and in that case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations and in that case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations and in that case what
+are we thinking about where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we thinking about where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we thinking about where we're
+thinking an ideal experiment where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking an ideal experiment where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking an ideal experiment where we
+control a random variable x to the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control a random variable x to the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control a random variable x to the value
+Little X and we leave the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X and we leave the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X and we leave the rest of the
+world unchange at some other value uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world unchange at some other value uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world unchange at some other value uh
+and then that regression framework tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that regression framework tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that regression framework tells
+us that the value y of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the value y of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the value y of the random
+variable Big Y is given by Beta X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Big Y is given by Beta X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Big Y is given by Beta X Plus
+Epsilon so typically we're thinking not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so typically we're thinking not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so typically we're thinking not
+always sometimes it's just purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sometimes it's just purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sometimes it's just purely
+descriptive and that's that's that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive and that's that's that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive and that's that's that is
+fine but often we are thinking of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but often we are thinking of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but often we are thinking of this
+as causal statement and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as causal statement and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as causal statement and in that case
+that's the causal statement the causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the causal statement the causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the causal statement the causal
+statement of if if I were to manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of if if I were to manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of if if I were to manipulate
+some random variable x to the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random variable x to the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random variable x to the level
+Little X I would it would give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X I would it would give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X I would it would give me the
+value of the random variable uh Big Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the random variable uh Big Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the random variable uh Big Y
+will be little y as beta X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon sometimes we will include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon sometimes we will include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon sometimes we will include
+control variables so for example here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variables so for example here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variables so for example here we
+can say well the outcome would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well the outcome would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well the outcome would be the
+red floor s is the sprinkler treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red floor s is the sprinkler treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red floor s is the sprinkler treatment
+and X are the control variable season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X are the control variable season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X are the control variable season
+rain then there's no formal distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain then there's no formal distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain then there's no formal distinction
+in econometrics between the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in econometrics between the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in econometrics between the treatment
+and the controls but it's a conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the controls but it's a conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the controls but it's a conceptual
+one we're interested let's say as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're interested let's say as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're interested let's say as the
+the rain the season and the like as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rain the season and the like as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rain the season and the like as as
+it's they are not your our main variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they are not your our main variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they are not your our main variable
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+interest but we are interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but we are interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but we are interested in the
+treatment effect of putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect of putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect of putting the
+sprinkler on whether the pavement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler on whether the pavement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler on whether the pavement is
+going to be wet for example because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be wet for example because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be wet for example because we
+want to be able to move the sprinkler so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to move the sprinkler so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to move the sprinkler so
+that the pavement is not wet or we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pavement is not wet or we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pavement is not wet or we want
+to uh we are judging a a case uh uh low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we are judging a a case uh uh low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we are judging a a case uh uh low
+case to to say that you someone fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to to say that you someone fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to to say that you someone fell
+fell off and said that that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell off and said that that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell off and said that that's you know
+maybe it's the F of the sprinkler so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's the F of the sprinkler so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's the F of the sprinkler so
+here we we are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we we are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we we are saying
+well uh it is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh it is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh it is important to
+control uh for the seasons because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh for the seasons because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh for the seasons because in
+dry season in in wet season sprinklers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry season in in wet season sprinklers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry season in in wet season sprinklers
+are typically off and the the pavement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically off and the the pavement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically off and the the pavement
+might be wet so the two things the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be wet so the two things the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be wet so the two things the the
+sprinkler and the season are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler and the season are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler and the season are
+corelated and the the status of the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corelated and the the status of the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corelated and the the status of the road
+and and the and the season will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the and the season will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the and the season will also
+affect directly the status of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect directly the status of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect directly the status of the
+road uh so there again uh uh Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road uh so there again uh uh Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road uh so there again uh uh Epsilon is
+the residual or the AR ter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual or the AR ter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual or the AR ter the
+difference between the true value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the true value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the true value of y
+that we observe and the fitted value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we observe and the fitted value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we observe and the fitted value
+from our best production more on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our best production more on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our best production more on this
+liter but again this is so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter but again this is so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter but again this is so you can think
+of this as uh there is for any dag you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as uh there is for any dag you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as uh there is for any dag you
+can write them as regression probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write them as regression probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write them as regression probably
+for any regression you can write them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any regression you can write them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any regression you can write them as
+dags given some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dags given some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dags given some some
+assumptions and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and uh
+the the the ideal is always the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the ideal is always the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the ideal is always the idea is
+always there which is I'm modifying some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there which is I'm modifying some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there which is I'm modifying some
+treatment and how much does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and how much does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and how much does it
+conceptually I'm thinking I'm modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually I'm thinking I'm modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually I'm thinking I'm modifying
+some treatment how if it's a caal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some treatment how if it's a caal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some treatment how if it's a caal
+relationship you're trying to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you're trying to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you're trying to interpret
+the caal if we want to give a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caal if we want to give a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caal if we want to give a causal
+interpretation to that regression we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation to that regression we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation to that regression we're
+always thinking of this in this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thinking of this in this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thinking of this in this where
+I'm modifying some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm modifying some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm modifying some
+variable what how does it affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what how does it affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what how does it affect the
+prediction of My outcome variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of My outcome variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of My outcome variable so
+that's maybe the absolute Workhorse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the absolute Workhorse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the absolute Workhorse
+model that we work with in economics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we work with in economics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we work with in economics to
+represent to represent caal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent to represent caal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent to represent caal
+relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep here is that I didn't mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep here is that I didn't mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep here is that I didn't mention
+control I mentioned treatment as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I mentioned treatment as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I mentioned treatment as an
+intervention a thing you move so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention a thing you move so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention a thing you move so the
+here your treatment is your sprinkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here your treatment is your sprinkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here your treatment is your sprinkler
+your sprinkler is uh on off uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sprinkler is uh on off uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sprinkler is uh on off uh we were
+controlling X oh treatment and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling X oh treatment and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling X oh treatment and control
+variables yes so the control variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables yes so the control variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables yes so the control variables
+are stuff that maybe you're not directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuff that maybe you're not directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuff that maybe you're not directly
+interested in as I said there is no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in as I said there is no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in as I said there is no uh
+formal distinction between treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal distinction between treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal distinction between treatment
+control variable they are all random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable they are all random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable they are all random
+variables on the here but the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables on the here but the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables on the here but the control
+variables are things that may affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are things that may affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are things that may affect
+both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the
+sprinkler being turned out and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler being turned out and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler being turned out and the
+wetness of the pavement and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetness of the pavement and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetness of the pavement and therefore we
+want to account for we think it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to account for we think it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to account for we think it's going
+to important to account for in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to important to account for in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to important to account for in order for
+this relationship to be interpreted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship to be interpreted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship to be interpreted as
+coal for example you might find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal for example you might find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal for example you might find that
+suppose you didn't run you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you didn't run you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you didn't run you didn't
+include you you you suppose you you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include you you you suppose you you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include you you you suppose you you were
+just looking at the uh the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the uh the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the uh the correlation
+between the wetness of the road and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the wetness of the road and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the wetness of the road and
+whether the spr sprinkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the spr sprinkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the spr sprinkler
+off uh you might find that uh the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh you might find that uh the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh you might find that uh the road
+is wet uh when the sprinkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wet uh when the sprinkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wet uh when the sprinkler
+off much more likely the road is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off much more likely the road is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off much more likely the road is much
+more likely to be wet when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be wet when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be wet when the
+sprinklers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinklers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinklers are
+off and would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and would say
+well is it does it mean that the causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is it does it mean that the causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is it does it mean that the causal
+effect of the sprinkler is to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the sprinkler is to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the sprinkler is to make the
+road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+dry uh and clearly that doesn't sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry uh and clearly that doesn't sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry uh and clearly that doesn't sound
+very intuitive and what did we forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive and what did we forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive and what did we forget
+well we forget the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we forget the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we forget the fact that the
+sprinkler are off in the rainy season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler are off in the rainy season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler are off in the rainy season
+where it's raining andh the road is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's raining andh the road is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's raining andh the road is well
+so the dag would be control treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dag would be control treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dag would be control treatment
+and and both go the dag is this Dag no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and both go the dag is this Dag no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and both go the dag is this Dag no
+no for this case it would be control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no for this case it would be control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no for this case it would be control
+affects treatment and Yi and treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects treatment and Yi and treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects treatment and Yi and treatment
+also affects Yi the dag is this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also affects Yi the dag is this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also affects Yi the dag is this one I
+was trying to represent an equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to represent an equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to represent an equation that
+represent this deck which is the season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this deck which is the season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this deck which is the season
+affects whether it rains and affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects whether it rains and affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects whether it rains and affects the
+sprink clock so when the season is wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprink clock so when the season is wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprink clock so when the season is wet
+uh so there's no the treatment variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's no the treatment variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's no the treatment variable
+that I'm interested in is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm interested in is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm interested in is the one that
+I'm willing to manipulate that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to manipulate that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to manipulate that there is
+something that I can manipulate so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I can manipulate so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I can manipulate so the
+treatment variable I'm calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment variable I'm calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment variable I'm calling the
+treatment variable is a sprinkler the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment variable is a sprinkler the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment variable is a sprinkler the
+control is uh it could be the season it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is uh it could be the season it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is uh it could be the season it
+could be the rain so that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the rain so that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the rain so that's that's what
+I'm going to control for in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to control for in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to control for in my
+regression in order to uh in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in order to uh in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in order to uh in order to be
+able to interpret the beta as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interpret the beta as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interpret the beta as a
+potential uh uh uh causal effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh uh uh causal effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh uh uh causal effect of the
+Sprint clo if I didn't put it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint clo if I didn't put it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint clo if I didn't put it in and
+we'll we'll put this when we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll put this when we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll put this when we go to
+regression we'll will go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression we'll will go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression we'll will go through this
+much more formally but if I didn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more formally but if I didn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more formally but if I didn't put
+it in in this case I would probably get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in this case I would probably get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in this case I would probably get
+the result exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result exactly
+backwards because in my data I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards because in my data I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards because in my data I'm going
+to see that whenever the spring off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that whenever the spring off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that whenever the spring off the
+road is much more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road is much more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road is much more likely to be
+wet than when the sprinkler are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet than when the sprinkler are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet than when the sprinkler are
+on that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense so we'll go back to regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so we'll go back to regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so we'll go back to regression
+that's the most uh common way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most uh common way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most uh common way to to
+represent causality but in a way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent causality but in a way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent causality but in a way I think
+it will help us make a little detour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will help us make a little detour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will help us make a little detour
+through another way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another way to think about
+causality that will also help us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality that will also help us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality that will also help us think
+about regression uh as what what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regression uh as what what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regression uh as what what they
+mean for what they mean and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for what they mean and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for what they mean and then in the
+sort of the technique of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the technique of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the technique of actually
+estimating the coefficients Etc we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the coefficients Etc we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the coefficients Etc we go
+back in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a couple of
+weeks so here is a third way by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so here is a third way by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so here is a third way by the way
+I think all of these things kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all of these things kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all of these things kind of
+mapping to each other very neatly uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping to each other very neatly uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping to each other very neatly uh but
+here's a third way to think about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a third way to think about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a third way to think about it and
+I'm sorry for the confusion between when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry for the confusion between when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry for the confusion between when
+we are now going to represent treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now going to represent treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now going to represent treatment
+and control different what I call before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control different what I call before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control different what I call before
+control variables we're going to will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variables we're going to will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variables we're going to will be
+called covariates in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called covariates in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called covariates in the in
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the from now on and in fact I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from now on and in fact I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from now on and in fact I should
+have called them karates from now on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have called them karates from now on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have called them karates from now on and
+here a control is going to be a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a control is going to be a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a control is going to be a unit
+that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not
+treated um so the potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated um so the potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated um so the potential outcome
+framework is due to a statis har called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is due to a statis har called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is due to a statis har called
+Donald Rin I do find it very useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Rin I do find it very useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Rin I do find it very useful to
+think about randomized control trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about randomized control trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about randomized control trial
+which as you know will OCC occupy most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as you know will OCC occupy most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as you know will OCC occupy most
+of my life and will occupy us for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my life and will occupy us for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my life and will occupy us for a
+couple of lectures and about causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures and about causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures and about causality
+more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally
+that's not the only way to to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the only way to to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the only way to to think
+about things I think equations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things I think equations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things I think equations or
+writing equations much more common but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing equations much more common but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing equations much more common but
+it is spreading and I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is spreading and I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is spreading and I think it's very
+useful to be conversent with it and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to be conversent with it and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to be conversent with it and to
+be able to toggle from regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to toggle from regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to toggle from regression
+interpretation and ruin kosal uh model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and ruin kosal uh model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and ruin kosal uh model
+to be able to uh to to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to uh to to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to uh to to have to
+understand what you're doing in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what you're doing in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what you're doing in both
+kinds of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of the
+world so what's the Rubin coal model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so what's the Rubin coal model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so what's the Rubin coal model is
+you take a unit for example a person uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a unit for example a person uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a unit for example a person uh
+and a set of actions uh uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a set of actions uh uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a set of actions uh uh for example
+that person could have taken a pill or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person could have taken a pill or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person could have taken a pill or
+could have not taken a pill and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have not taken a pill and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have not taken a pill and we
+associate each Action Unit pair with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate each Action Unit pair with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate each Action Unit pair with the
+uh potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential
+outcome so let's take the examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so let's take the examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so let's take the examples that
+we started from uh a headache got better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started from uh a headache got better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started from uh a headache got better
+because if she took a pill the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if she took a pill the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if she took a pill the first
+example we could say well the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could say well the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could say well the the
+headache there are only two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache there are only two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache there are only two possible
+outcome you have a headache or you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome you have a headache or you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome you have a headache or you don't
+then only two possible uh value for pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only two possible uh value for pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only two possible uh value for pill
+yes or no so sometimes we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no so sometimes we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no so sometimes we will be
+referring to the peel uh as treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to the peel uh as treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to the peel uh as treatment
+and the no peel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the no peel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the no peel as
+control uh so they are here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh so they are here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh so they are here there are
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+are um for each person uh there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um for each person uh there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um for each person uh there are uh
+two potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two potential
+outcome if they take the pill or uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if they take the pill or uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if they take the pill or uh so
+one each person gets realized one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each person gets realized one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each person gets realized one
+potential outcome if they take the pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome if they take the pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome if they take the pill
+either headache or no headache and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either headache or no headache and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either headache or no headache and one
+potential outcome if they don't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome if they don't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome if they don't take the
+pill again either headache or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill again either headache or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill again either headache or no
+headache so that's a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache so that's a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache so that's a very simple example
+where there is there are four possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is there are four possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is there are four possible
+pairs the second example as we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs the second example as we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs the second example as we discussed
+is a bit less clear because we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit less clear because we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit less clear because we need to
+define the alternative we shouldn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the alternative we shouldn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the alternative we shouldn't go
+to college so uh MIT are interesting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college so uh MIT are interesting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college so uh MIT are interesting of
+MIT versus any other possibility are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT versus any other possibility are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT versus any other possibility are we
+interesting in uh any college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in uh any college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in uh any college
+versus any non- col are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus any non- col are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus any non- col are interested in
+any research University versus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any research University versus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any research University versus another
+type of University Etc but once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of University Etc but once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of University Etc but once we have
+defined what constitute the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined what constitute the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined what constitute the treatment
+what constitute the you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what constitute the you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what constitute the you know what
+constitute the the different scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute the the different scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute the the different scenarios
+of the world that we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world that we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world that we are interested in
+we'll be able to say in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to say in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to say in principle
+everybody is undou for potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is undou for potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is undou for potential outcome
+for each of the state of the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the state of the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the state of the world and
+it by the way they don't need to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the way they don't need to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the way they don't need to be two
+there could be any number of District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be any number of District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be any number of District
+value so you could have gone to MIT you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you could have gone to MIT you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you could have gone to MIT you
+could have gone to Harvard you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gone to Harvard you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gone to Harvard you could
+have gone to let's say we are staying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone to let's say we are staying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone to let's say we are staying to
+Boston you could have gone to UMass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston you could have gone to UMass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston you could have gone to UMass uh
+or you could have gone to Banker H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have gone to Banker H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have gone to Banker H
+Community College or nowhere or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community College or nowhere or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community College or nowhere or and
+anything else so this gives us several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else so this gives us several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else so this gives us several
+state of the world and for each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the world and for each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the world and for each of those
+uh we could say a particular person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could say a particular person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could say a particular person
+would have had some uh income at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had some uh income at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had some uh income at the end
+of her studies had she gone to any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her studies had she gone to any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her studies had she gone to any of
+this different options and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different options and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different options and those are the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+outcomes our third example as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes our third example as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes our third example as we
+discussed is even less clear what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is even less clear what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is even less clear what do we
+mean by what would happen if she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by what would happen if she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by what would happen if she was
+from another race there are various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another race there are various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another race there are various ways
+to think about it for example we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it for example we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it for example we could
+say I'm only going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm only going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm only going to be interested in
+the resume and what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resume and what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resume and what would happen if
+there was something in her resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something in her resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something in her resume
+indicating that she's africanamerican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that she's africanamerican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that she's africanamerican
+versus uh that she is not african-amer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh that she is not african-amer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh that she is not african-amer
+and we'll get back to the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get back to the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get back to the specific
+example of that that uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that that uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that that uh that you
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+earlier so now that we have if we once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so now that we have if we once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so now that we have if we once
+we have potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have potential
+outcome and we know that say there is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and we know that say there is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and we know that say there is my
+potential outcom and we are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcom and we are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcom and we are interested
+in the two uh we are interested in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two uh we are interested in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two uh we are interested in we
+have defined them we have defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defined them we have defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defined them we have defined the
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+possible state of the universe and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible state of the universe and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible state of the universe and the
+potential outcome for those that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome for those that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome for those that we are
+interested in for example uh peel no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in for example uh peel no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in for example uh peel no
+peel then the causal effect is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel then the causal effect is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel then the causal effect is simply
+the difference between for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between for a particular
+individual the causal effect is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual the causal effect is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual the causal effect is simply
+the difference between the pot potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the pot potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the pot potential
+outcome in one state of the world versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in one state of the world versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in one state of the world versus
+the other one so for example in the PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so for example in the PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so for example in the PE
+examples there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples there are four
+possibilities uh you could have uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh you could have uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh you could have uh you
+could have no headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have no headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have no headache
+if you take the aspirin and Al uh and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the aspirin and Al uh and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the aspirin and Al uh and a
+headache if you don't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache if you don't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache if you don't take the
+aspirin you could have a headache if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin you could have a headache if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin you could have a headache if you
+take the aspirin and also if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the aspirin and also if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the aspirin and also if you don't
+take it a s sad state of the world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it a s sad state of the world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it a s sad state of the world you
+could have a no headache if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a no headache if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a no headache if you take the
+aspirin and no headache if you take no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin and no headache if you take no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin and no headache if you take no
+aspirin nice state of the world and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin nice state of the world and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin nice state of the world and you
+could have a headache if you uh take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a headache if you uh take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a headache if you uh take the
+aspirin uh but not if you don't take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin uh but not if you don't take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin uh but not if you don't take it
+okay so there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are four
+possibility uh so in in this case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility uh so in in this case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility uh so in in this case for
+for one particular person so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one particular person so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one particular person so in this
+case in the F if we are in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in the F if we are in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in the F if we are in the first
+case for this particular person aspirin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this particular person aspirin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this particular person aspirin
+makes the headache go away case two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the headache go away case two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the headache go away case two or
+three there is no effect case four uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there is no effect case four uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there is no effect case four uh uh
+um it aspirin prevents sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it aspirin prevents sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it aspirin prevents sorry the
+headache from going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache from going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache from going
+away uh so so those are the the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh so so those are the the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh so so those are the the possible
+treatment effects in this case does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects in this case does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects in this case does that
+make sense for for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for for every
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+so the definition of treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the definition of treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the definition of treatment effect
+depends on the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the potential
+outcomes uh but not on what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes uh but not on what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes uh but not on what we actually
+observe uh for every given person either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe uh for every given person either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe uh for every given person either
+she has taken the headache or she the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has taken the headache or she the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has taken the headache or she the
+aspirin or she or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin or she or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin or she or she
+hasn't uh but her causal effect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't uh but her causal effect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't uh but her causal effect uh
+depends on on those potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on those potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on those potential outcome
+only one of which I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of which I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of which I get to
+see uh so the causal effect for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh so the causal effect for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh so the causal effect for the for
+a particular unit involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular unit involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular unit involves the
+comparison between something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between something I
+see and something I don't see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and something I don't see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and something I don't see because
+it's the what would have happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the what would have happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the what would have happened to
+this person had she taken the aspirin if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person had she taken the aspirin if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person had she taken the aspirin if
+what we observe is just a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we observe is just a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we observe is just a world where
+she has not taken the aspirin so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has not taken the aspirin so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has not taken the aspirin so this is
+what Holland referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Holland referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Holland referred to as a
+fundamental problem of coal influence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem of coal influence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem of coal influence is
+that at most we can only see one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at most we can only see one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at most we can only see one of the
+potential outcome can be realized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome can be realized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome can be realized and
+just observed so we really OB we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just observed so we really OB we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just observed so we really OB we only
+missing okay part of the data that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing okay part of the data that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing okay part of the data that we do
+need but for the estimation of treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but for the estimation of treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but for the estimation of treatment
+effect we are going what can we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we are going what can we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we are going what can we do we
+cannot so the the treatment effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot so the the treatment effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot so the the treatment effects are
+nicely defined as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely defined as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely defined as a function of
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+outcome but so unless we're just willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome but so unless we're just willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome but so unless we're just willing
+to make them up if we want to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them up if we want to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them up if we want to estimate
+causal effect we're going to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect we're going to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect we're going to have to do
+with the have to manage with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the have to manage with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the have to manage with the world
+as we see it uh so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we see it uh so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we see it uh so that's the
+problem and that means that uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that means that uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that means that uh we will
+need different we will need many units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need different we will need many units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need different we will need many units
+so one person of course will only give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one person of course will only give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one person of course will only give
+us one piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one piece of
+information uh if we so with one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh if we so with one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh if we so with one person
+we will never be able to get to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never be able to get to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never be able to get to any
+estimate of causal effect because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of causal effect because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of causal effect because we
+don't even have the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have the second part of the
+comparison at a minimum we'll need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison at a minimum we'll need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison at a minimum we'll need two
+units uh and it's going to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh and it's going to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh and it's going to be pretty
+critical to know or to make assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to know or to make assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to know or to make assumption
+about and in of cases that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and in of cases that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and in of cases that's going to be
+the name of the game to make assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the game to make assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the game to make assumptions
+about the way that some potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way that some potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way that some potential
+outcome got realized and not others so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome got realized and not others so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome got realized and not others so
+this is the decision of what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the decision of what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the decision of what we call
+assignment mechanism which is how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment mechanism which is how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment mechanism which is how come
+if I observe a group of people how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I observe a group of people how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I observe a group of people how come
+some of them took the headache pel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them took the headache pel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them took the headache pel and
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+didn't was it how did it get to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't was it how did it get to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't was it how did it get to be the
+case is it the case that the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is it the case that the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is it the case that the people who
+felt particularly lousy to the PE is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt particularly lousy to the PE is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt particularly lousy to the PE is it
+the case that people who felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that people who felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that people who felt
+particularly lousy you know just went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly lousy you know just went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly lousy you know just went to
+bed and didn't take the pill is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed and didn't take the pill is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed and didn't take the pill is it the
+case that some happen to have aspirin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that some happen to have aspirin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that some happen to have aspirin in
+their cabinet and some didn't Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cabinet and some didn't Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cabinet and some didn't Etc so
+this is what is going to determine are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what is going to determine are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what is going to determine are
+whether or not in the data that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not in the data that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not in the data that I
+observe who gets what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe who gets what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe who gets what kind of
+treatment but unfortunately even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment but unfortunately even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment but unfortunately even before
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+there uh the problem with many units is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh the problem with many units is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh the problem with many units is
+that uh if we allow for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if we allow for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if we allow for all the
+possibility in the world things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility in the world things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility in the world things can
+quickly become more complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly become more complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly become more complicated so
+suppose that I'm with sah in her office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I'm with sah in her office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I'm with sah in her office
+and we are both no in our office her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are both no in our office her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are both no in our office her
+office or in in their living room we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office or in in their living room we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office or in in their living room we
+basically hesitating I think because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically hesitating I think because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically hesitating I think because
+before I put my husband who is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I put my husband who is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I put my husband who is also a
+faculty so we are frequently preparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty so we are frequently preparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty so we are frequently preparing
+class notes and living not then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class notes and living not then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class notes and living not then I
+figured actually Sarah would be a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured actually Sarah would be a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured actually Sarah would be a better
+example and we would be more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we would be more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we would be more likely to
+be in our office than in our living room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in our office than in our living room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in our office than in our living room
+either of our living room although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of our living room although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of our living room although it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+impossible uh so suppose that I'm in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible uh so suppose that I'm in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible uh so suppose that I'm in our
+office and we uh both have a headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and we uh both have a headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and we uh both have a headache
+after having doing a lot of work and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having doing a lot of work and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having doing a lot of work and we
+both have the option to take Aspirin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have the option to take Aspirin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have the option to take Aspirin
+because it's in our office so now each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in our office so now each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in our office so now each
+of us as if we want to fully describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us as if we want to fully describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us as if we want to fully describe
+the world without any loss of generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world without any loss of generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world without any loss of generality
+there are four potential outcomes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four potential outcomes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four potential outcomes for
+each of us there is a potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of us there is a potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of us there is a potential outcome
+where I take the aspirine and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I take the aspirine and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I take the aspirine and she
+doesn't the potential outcome where uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the potential outcome where uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the potential outcome where uh I
+take the aspirin and uh um she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the aspirin and uh um she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the aspirin and uh um she does
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be here there is a potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here there is a potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here there is a potential outcome
+where neither of us take the aspirine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where neither of us take the aspirine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where neither of us take the aspirine
+there is a potential outcome where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a potential outcome where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a potential outcome where I
+don't take the aspirin and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take the aspirin and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take the aspirin and she
+does so in this situation with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so in this situation with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so in this situation with two
+people there are for for chooses two six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are for for chooses two six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are for for chooses two six
+different comparisons depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different comparisons depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different comparisons depending on which
+of the potential outcomes are compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential outcomes are compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential outcomes are compared
+so it is very nice to add more units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is very nice to add more units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is very nice to add more units
+because we now have more things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we now have more things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we now have more things to
+compare but we also have more we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare but we also have more we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare but we also have more we have
+now more people that we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now more people that we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now more people that we can start
+comparing but we have adding we at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing but we have adding we at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing but we have adding we at the
+same time we added more potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we added more potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we added more potential
+scenarios that we might want to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that we might want to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that we might want to compare
+to each others so if we are not willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each others so if we are not willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each others so if we are not willing
+to make any assumptions on the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make any assumptions on the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make any assumptions on the relevant
+interesting state of the world then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting state of the world then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting state of the world then as
+we add more units we also add more state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add more units we also add more state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add more units we also add more state
+of the world that we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world that we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world that we might want to
+compare to each other and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to each other and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to each other and therefore we
+are not solve any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not solve any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not solve any
+problem uh and we are not even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and we are not even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and we are not even in a
+position to start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to start thinking about
+assignment mechanism so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment mechanism so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment mechanism so what is a
+reasonable assumption to be made uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption to be made uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption to be made uh in
+the case of the in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the in the case of the
+headaches in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example is independent the the world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is independent the the world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is independent the the world you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+use that that both subjects are you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that that both subjects are you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that that both subjects are you can
+kind of think that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think that both
+subjects are one subject but but being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects are one subject but but being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects are one subject but but being
+subjected to an experiment at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected to an experiment at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected to an experiment at the same
+time yes so I think what you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes so I think what you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes so I think what you're trying
+to say is that is that uh it's exactly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is that is that uh it's exactly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is that is that uh it's exactly I
+think what I was trying to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what I was trying to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what I was trying to say is that
+uh the what happens to me doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what happens to me doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what happens to me doesn't depend
+on what she does so for so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what she does so for so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what she does so for so that means
+that for example the potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example the potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example the potential outcome
+uh uh I am take the aspirine and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I am take the aspirine and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I am take the aspirine and she
+doesn't is the same as the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't is the same as the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't is the same as the potential
+outcome I take the aspirine and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome I take the aspirine and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome I take the aspirine and she
+does so that's the that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so that's the that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so that's the that's the that's the
+assumption that you you have in mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that you you have in mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that you you have in mind the
+potential outcomes what happen what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes what happen what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes what happen what
+happens to my headache is is uh does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to my headache is is uh does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to my headache is is uh does not
+depend on on what happens to on what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on on what happens to on what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on on what happens to on what she
+decides to do note that sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to do note that sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to do note that sometimes it's
+an inoc assumption for example if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inoc assumption for example if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inoc assumption for example if we
+were each in our separate offices would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were each in our separate offices would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were each in our separate offices would
+be particularly inous assumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly inous assumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly inous assumption and
+sometime it isn't for example if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime it isn't for example if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime it isn't for example if we are
+in fact both in her room and uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact both in her room and uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact both in her room and uh she
+doesn't take aspirin and she keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take aspirin and she keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take aspirin and she keeps
+complaining about a headache then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about a headache then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about a headache then maybe
+I'll feel like I'll get a headache so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll feel like I'll get a headache so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll feel like I'll get a headache so
+like so in that sense there might be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so in that sense there might be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so in that sense there might be uh
+so typically we don't think that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically we don't think that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically we don't think that much
+about these we make we will see that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these we make we will see that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these we make we will see that we
+kind of often sort of make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of often sort of make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of often sort of make the
+Assumption uh but uh it is uh it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption uh but uh it is uh it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption uh but uh it is uh it is it
+may or may not be be worth it may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be be worth it may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be be worth it may or may
+not be a good assumption the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a good assumption the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a good assumption the point is
+that it is an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you had a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you had a question
+yeah it's the outcome so it's like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the outcome so it's like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the outcome so it's like it's
+the potential so in in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential so in in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential so in in this particular
+example it's uh it's a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's uh it's a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's uh it's a random variable
+that can be either headache or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+headache it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache it takes
+yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry
+uh so I take Ester takes the aspirine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I take Ester takes the aspirine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I take Ester takes the aspirine
+Sarah does not take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah does not take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah does not take the
+aspirin Ester takes the aspirin this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin Ester takes the aspirin this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin Ester takes the aspirin this one
+should be Sarah Tes the aspirin so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be Sarah Tes the aspirin so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be Sarah Tes the aspirin so it
+should be sa a doesn't take the aspirin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be sa a doesn't take the aspirin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be sa a doesn't take the aspirin
+Sarah doesn't take the aspirin a doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah doesn't take the aspirin a doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah doesn't take the aspirin a doesn't
+take the aspirin does take the okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the aspirin does take the okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the aspirin does take the okay so
+these are all the potential state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the potential state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the potential state of the
+world in principle and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in principle and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in principle and if I
+allow uh the uh as Sarah treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow uh the uh as Sarah treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow uh the uh as Sarah treatment
+status to affect my uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status to affect my uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status to affect my uh uh
+headache through her whining for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache through her whining for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache through her whining for example
+which she doesn't by the way then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she doesn't by the way then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she doesn't by the way then uh
+this would this would be this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would this would be this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would this would be this this this
+is the set of the universe with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of the universe with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of the universe with two
+people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we discussed that you know perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we discussed that you know perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we discussed that you know perhaps
+a natural assumption in the headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural assumption in the headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural assumption in the headache
+example is that she uh does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that she uh does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that she uh does not
+influence mine um and as we said there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence mine um and as we said there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence mine um and as we said there
+there are ways in which it will fail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways in which it will fail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways in which it will fail um
+I think I have some yes I will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I have some yes I will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I have some yes I will give you
+I'll give you some example so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you some example so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you some example so here's the
+Assumption more formally so it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption more formally so it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption more formally so it has this
+complicated name for some reason stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated name for some reason stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated name for some reason stable
+unit treatment value assumption or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit treatment value assumption or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit treatment value assumption or
+Suva uh and it says that the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suva uh and it says that the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suva uh and it says that the potential
+outcome for any unit do not vary with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for any unit do not vary with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for any unit do not vary with
+the treatment assigned to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment assigned to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment assigned to other
+units so the potential outcome for me my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so the potential outcome for me my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so the potential outcome for me my
+headache as a function of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache as a function of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache as a function of the two
+possible treatment stages for me treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible treatment stages for me treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible treatment stages for me treated
+on or not depends only on that not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or not depends only on that not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or not depends only on that not on
+her on what she or anybody else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her on what she or anybody else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her on what she or anybody else is
+doing uh and the second part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh and the second part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh and the second part of it is
+for each unit there are no different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each unit there are no different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each unit there are no different
+form of version of each treatment unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of version of each treatment unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of version of each treatment unit
+leading to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to different
+outcomes what this means is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes what this means is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes what this means is that uh
+there is something that is defined as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something that is defined as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something that is defined as a
+treatment otherwise we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment otherwise we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment otherwise we don't know what
+we're talking about so this this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about so this this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about so this this part of
+of the Assumption of the suda assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Assumption of the suda assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Assumption of the suda assumption
+is not is is is just to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not is is is just to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not is is is just to be able to
+define a treatment otherwise if if every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a treatment otherwise if if every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a treatment otherwise if if every
+person could have different version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person could have different version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person could have different version of
+the treatment we would get it would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment we would get it would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment we would get it would get
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+confusing uh but the the second part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing uh but the the second part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing uh but the the second part is
+the one that could be more controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that could be more controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that could be more controversial
+is the the potential outcome for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the potential outcome for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the potential outcome for any
+unit does not vary with the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit does not vary with the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit does not vary with the treatment
+assigned to other units so to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to other units so to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to other units so to go back to
+what we had here it says that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had here it says that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had here it says that we can
+remove uh for me we could only worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove uh for me we could only worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove uh for me we could only worry
+about my treatment status and for Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my treatment status and for Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my treatment status and for Sarah
+we can only worry about her treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+so I want to besides the headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to besides the headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to besides the headache
+example uh I want you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh I want you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh I want you to think about
+example where the the this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the the this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the the this this
+particular assumption is likely to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular assumption is likely to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular assumption is likely to fail
+real world uh real world example yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world uh real world example yeah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world uh real world example yeah is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+something independent and the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something independent and the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something independent and the treatment
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+identical uh so the treatment doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical uh so the treatment doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical uh so the treatment doesn't
+have to be identical across people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be identical across people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be identical across people you
+said for each unit there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for each unit there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for each unit there is something
+called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the
+treatment an example could be if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment an example could be if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment an example could be if you're
+vaccinating people and if you vaccina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccinating people and if you vaccina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccinating people and if you vaccina
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+the other people exactly so immunization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people exactly so immunization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people exactly so immunization
+would be a key cases where SVA will fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a key cases where SVA will fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a key cases where SVA will fail
+uh which is if we were defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is if we were defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is if we were defining the
+treatment status at the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment status at the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment status at the level of the
+individual because uh anybody who lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual because uh anybody who lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual because uh anybody who lives
+in an area where most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an area where most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an area where most people are
+immunized will not get sick with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunized will not get sick with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunized will not get sick with that
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+uh Dew Waring medicine is one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dew Waring medicine is one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dew Waring medicine is one example
+that we studied in in in development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we studied in in in development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we studied in in in development
+where uh if you are if you take uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh if you are if you take uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh if you are if you take uh uh
+Dew Waring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dew Waring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dew Waring
+medicine the the the warms that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine the the the warms that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine the the the warms that are in
+your all theor dies and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your all theor dies and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your all theor dies and therefore
+they're not going to infect another kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to infect another kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to infect another kid
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+conversely if another kid doesn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if another kid doesn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if another kid doesn't take
+the war medicine the worm could travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war medicine the worm could travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war medicine the worm could travel
+from them to you so that creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them to you so that creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them to you so that creates
+violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation of
+suda uh what could be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suda uh what could be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suda uh what could be another
+non-medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example eating so in my apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example eating so in my apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example eating so in my apartment
+building if I have a heating unit place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building if I have a heating unit place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building if I have a heating unit place
+then it is if 10 of us have then the 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is if 10 of us have then the 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is if 10 of us have then the 11
+person will automatically have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will automatically have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will automatically have right
+exactly could be could could could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly could be could could could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly could be could could could be
+that uh you could have a an example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you could have a an example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you could have a an example on
+which I work is a job training like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I work is a job training like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I work is a job training like a
+program that helps long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that helps long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that helps long-term
+unemployed apply for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed apply for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed apply for
+jobs um you could think that uh sudv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs um you could think that uh sudv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs um you could think that uh sudv
+might be violated if the people who get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be violated if the people who get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be violated if the people who get
+this program become very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program become very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program become very good at
+interviewing and they get the few jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing and they get the few jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing and they get the few jobs
+that exist the other people who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist the other people who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist the other people who don't
+get treated get uh Hur by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get treated get uh Hur by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get treated get uh Hur by the fact that
+someone else took the job that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else took the job that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else took the job that
+existed it could be violated or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed it could be violated or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed it could be violated or it could
+not if the only thing that if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if the only thing that if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if the only thing that if if the
+number of job were actually infinite for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of job were actually infinite for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of job were actually infinite for
+qualified people and all I would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified people and all I would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified people and all I would do is
+by by helping long-term unemployed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by helping long-term unemployed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by helping long-term unemployed
+holding their interview skills is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding their interview skills is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding their interview skills is make
+sure that there are people to take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there are people to take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there are people to take those
+jobs so it depends on the on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs so it depends on the on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs so it depends on the on the state
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+world so how would you in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so how would you in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so how would you in the case of
+immunization if I wanted to to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunization if I wanted to to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunization if I wanted to to think of
+the causal effect of introducing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal effect of introducing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal effect of introducing a new
+vaccine um how would I solve how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine um how would I solve how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine um how would I solve how would I
+design an experiment that does not run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an experiment that does not run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an experiment that does not run
+into the suda that doesn't run into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the suda that doesn't run into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the suda that doesn't run into an
+obvious violation of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suva you look at different groups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suva you look at different groups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suva you look at different groups that
+are spread apart geographically exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spread apart geographically exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spread apart geographically exactly
+what you would do is you would Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do is you would Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do is you would Define
+your units differently so you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your units differently so you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your units differently so you would say
+well my unit is not an individual within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my unit is not an individual within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my unit is not an individual within
+a community my unit is the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community my unit is the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community my unit is the entire
+Community uh and now I can uh apply I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh and now I can uh apply I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh and now I can uh apply I
+can assume suda at the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume suda at the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume suda at the level of the
+community but not it's still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community but not it's still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community but not it's still an
+assumption there's no way to not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption there's no way to not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption there's no way to not have to
+not make there's no way you're not never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make there's no way you're not never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make there's no way you're not never
+free from that assumption it's always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free from that assumption it's always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free from that assumption it's always an
+assumption uh but uh that you use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh but uh that you use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh but uh that you use your
+biological economical whatever knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological economical whatever knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological economical whatever knowledge
+to to make that you need because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make that you need because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make that you need because
+otherwise you have too many people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have too many people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have too many people to
+treat Yeah by changing the units um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat Yeah by changing the units um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat Yeah by changing the units um uh
+we don't answer the original question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't answer the original question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't answer the original question we
+just frame it differently and answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just frame it differently and answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just frame it differently and answer
+different question at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question at
+s uh I think you're still answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh I think you're still answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh I think you're still answering the
+question you're interested in you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you're interested in you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you're interested in you're
+interested in the causal effect of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the causal effect of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the causal effect of uh uh
+immunization say against of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunization say against of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunization say against of this
+new mining num at this vaccines got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new mining num at this vaccines got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new mining num at this vaccines got
+introduced in the developing world not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in the developing world not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in the developing world not
+so long ago so before you introduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long ago so before you introduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long ago so before you introduce it
+you want to have some some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have some some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have some some some
+some way of answering the causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of answering the causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of answering the causal
+question of how protective it is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how protective it is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how protective it is really
+going to be if you were doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if you were doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if you were doing your
+experiment at the individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at the individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at the individual level
+within a community you would not answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a community you would not answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a community you would not answer
+your causal questions because SVA would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your causal questions because SVA would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your causal questions because SVA would
+be violated so by just comparing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be violated so by just comparing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be violated so by just comparing people
+according to their own treatment status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their own treatment status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their own treatment status
+you would be uh you would uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be uh you would uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be uh you would uh uh you
+would uh have misleading cons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh have misleading cons um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh have misleading cons um
+comparisons because your treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons because your treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons because your treatment
+status affect my potential outcome if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status affect my potential outcome if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status affect my potential outcome if I
+go to a larger level and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a larger level and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a larger level and instead of
+randomizing at the of doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing at the of doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing at the of doing your
+experiment say let's say randomizing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment say let's say randomizing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment say let's say randomizing or
+doing your assignment at the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your assignment at the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your assignment at the individual
+level you assign at the community level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you assign at the community level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you assign at the community level
+and you assume that kids don't move then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you assume that kids don't move then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you assume that kids don't move then
+you're going to vaccinate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to vaccinate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to vaccinate all the
+children within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children within one
+area uh and then uh not vaccinate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh and then uh not vaccinate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh and then uh not vaccinate all
+the children within one area and do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children within one area and do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children within one area and do that
+across many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many
+areas then you'll be able now to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas then you'll be able now to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas then you'll be able now to compare
+all the children that end up receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the children that end up receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the children that end up receiving
+the vaccines to all the children that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vaccines to all the children that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vaccines to all the children that
+end up not receiving the vaccine and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up not receiving the vaccine and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this case that sudv hold so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this case that sudv hold so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still answering your original
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still answering your original
+question you just have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+design so assume now that that suda hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so assume now that that suda hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+design then the aspan example simplifies
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+
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+to two situation for SAR and I each of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two situation for SAR and I each of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+entire department and we could we each
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+were in our offices we and each take
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin or not take aspirin we would
+have uh we could uh U that extends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we could uh U that extends so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we could uh U that extends so
+now assume that we are not the two of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assume that we are not the two of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assume that we are not the two of us
+we have a a population of Size Big N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a a population of Size Big N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a a population of Size Big N
+which is indexed by E which takes value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is indexed by E which takes value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is indexed by E which takes value
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+ align:start position:0%
+going from one to n and they find uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one to n and they find uh the
+observe value of the outcome Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe value of the outcome Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe value of the outcome Yi
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+ align:start position:0%
+Ops as the potential
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+outcome
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+outcome
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
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+uh that is actually observed so w is the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is actually observed so w is the
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+ align:start position:0%
+treatment so the treatment for each
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment so the treatment for each
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+person is is one or or
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the why observe is y y of zero
+if Yi is zero and Y of one if Yi is one
+
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+if Yi is zero and Y of one if Yi is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Yi is zero and Y of one if Yi is one
+so the potential outcome that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the potential outcome that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the potential outcome that is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observed is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observed is the potential
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome not treated for the not treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome not treated for the not treated
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+ align:start position:0%
+population and the potential outcome
+ 
+
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+treated for the treated
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated for the treated
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and then the missing one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and then the missing one is
+of course the complement which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the complement which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the complement which is the
+potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated for the people who are controll
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the potential control for the people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the potential control for the people
+who are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are are
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+ align:start position:0%
+who are are
+treated causal effect for person I is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated causal effect for person I is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated causal effect for person I is y
+i of 1 minus Yi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i of 1 minus Yi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i of 1 minus Yi of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the missing data problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the missing data problem that
+we already talked about the Holland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already talked about the Holland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already talked about the Holland
+problem is the fact that we only see y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the fact that we only see y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the fact that we only see y
+UPS so we can never calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS so we can never calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS so we can never calculate the
+treatment effect for each person so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect for each person so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect for each person so
+that's not happening let's forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not happening let's forget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not happening let's forget that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just won't
+happen so what the only thing we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so what the only thing we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so what the only thing we can do
+is is to try to infer something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is to try to infer something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is to try to infer something about
+why why I miss from the data we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why I miss from the data we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why I miss from the data we do
+observe but in doing that we'll know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe but in doing that we'll know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe but in doing that we'll know we
+need to know the assignment mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the assignment mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the assignment mechanism
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+
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+why are some people ended up treated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are some people ended up treated and
+why some people didn't end up treated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why some people didn't end up treated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why some people didn't end up treated so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the uh of the
+aspirin what could what could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin what could what could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin what could what could be a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome what could be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome what could be what
+what are different assignment mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are different assignment mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are different assignment mechanism
+that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider people with the worst heada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider people with the worst heada
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the people with the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the people with the worst
+headache would take the asperin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache would take the asperin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache would take the asperin for
+example uh what could be another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh what could be another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh what could be another one
+random assignment someone is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment someone is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment someone is actually
+conducting a study on this uh on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting a study on this uh on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting a study on this uh on on this
+new form of aspirin and has enrolled the
+
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+new form of aspirin and has enrolled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new form of aspirin and has enrolled the
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+population to give them or not give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to give them or not give them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the aspirin and we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the aspirin and we do it
+randomly um so that those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly um so that those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly um so that those are two
+candidates so we're going to keep those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates so we're going to keep those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates so we're going to keep those
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two in the back of our mind for
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time being hoping it's not going to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a headache and think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a headache and think about the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection problem so imagine we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection problem so imagine we have
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+
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+a lot group of people who who took
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+
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+a lot group of people who who took
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin and a group who did not and we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we decide that you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we decide that you know something
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make sense uh a very sensible
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to proceed is to say you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to proceed is to say you know we we
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been discussing sample mean for a
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+
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+long time uh you're coming out of all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time uh you're coming out of all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thing where sample mean comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thing where sample mean comes back
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well let's how about let's take
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well let's how about let's take
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from everything we did till today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from everything we did till today
+that the sample mean will uh converge to
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+ align:start position:0%
+that the sample mean will uh converge to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sample mean will uh converge to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the actual uh uh population mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the actual uh uh population mean
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the groups so uh so we know that it's
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+
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+going to be a good estimator for uh why
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a good estimator for uh why
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+
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+for the expectation of Yi given that you
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+
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+for the expectation of Yi given that you
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+
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+
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+
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+estimator of y i given that I equal Z
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+with me till now very
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+
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+with me till now very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh so this is what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh so this is what we have here
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+obser the expectation of why I observed
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y I observe given w i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y I observe given w i
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+Z we can replace because we know what
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+ align:start position:0%
+Z we can replace because we know what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z we can replace because we know what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the potential outcome
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not
+treated now what I'm going to do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated now what I'm going to do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated now what I'm going to do is that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add and substract the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add and substract the same
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so I'm going to add and substract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so I'm going to add and substract
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potent the expectation for the uh
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+of given that that you actually observed
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh the treated group that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh the treated group that you are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a treated group I'm going to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a treated group I'm going to that
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+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see in the data but that exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see in the data but that exists
+perfectly well defined so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well defined so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well defined so I'm going to
+add subtract it and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it uh and uh now what do we have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and uh now what do we have well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and uh now what do we have well
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+guy is kind of very promising because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is kind of very promising because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is kind of very promising because uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everything you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everything you know about
+expectation you know we can combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you know we can combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you know we can combine them
+and this guy is Yi of one minus y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy is Yi of one minus y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy is Yi of one minus y of
+zero given that wi is one one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero given that wi is one one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero given that wi is one one which is
+the average treatment effect for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average treatment effect for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average treatment effect for people
+who end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who end up being
+treated so that's nice that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated so that's nice that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated so that's nice that's that's
+something that we care that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we care that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we care that's something
+we care about that's the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about that's the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about that's the treatment
+effect on the treated that's what we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the treated that's what we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the treated that's what we'd
+like but unfortunately there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but unfortunately there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but unfortunately there is another
+term that is on the side here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that is on the side here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that is on the side here and this
+one is how I wrote here that we can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is how I wrote here that we can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is how I wrote here that we can call
+it the selection bath but what's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the selection bath but what's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the selection bath but what's another
+way what's the way to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's the way to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's the way to think about this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one what does it tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why did I call it the selection B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why did I call it the selection B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why did I call it the selection B
+yeah well just differences the way I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well just differences the way I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well just differences the way I see
+it is like there's a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like there's a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like there's a difference between
+the group of people that was treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group of people that was treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group of people that was treated
+that was treated uh and the group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was treated uh and the group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was treated uh and the group of
+people that wasn't treated that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that wasn't treated that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that wasn't treated that were not
+dependent on most change so like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on most change so like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on most change so like maybe
+like different ages or different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different ages or different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different ages or different um
+racial backgrounds or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial backgrounds or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial backgrounds or different
+educational backgrounds whatever exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational backgrounds whatever exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational backgrounds whatever exactly
+so what it says is that in the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it says is that in the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it says is that in the even
+before they took the pill the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they took the pill the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they took the pill the potential
+outcome untreated for the treated group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome untreated for the treated group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome untreated for the treated group
+may or may not be different and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be different and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be different and the
+difference between the potential out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the potential out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the potential out
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+untreated uh for the group that ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated uh for the group that ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated uh for the group that ends up
+taking the pill and the group that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the pill and the group that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the pill and the group that ends
+up not taking the pill is the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up not taking the pill is the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up not taking the pill is the selection
+B so in the headache case uh take with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so in the headache case uh take with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so in the headache case uh take with
+Lisa's example the uh that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa's example the uh that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa's example the uh that it's the
+people who have the worst headache who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have the worst headache who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have the worst headache who
+take the peel anyway then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the peel anyway then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the peel anyway then uh the
+selection bias is going to be of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection bias is going to be of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection bias is going to be of what
+what sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry positive exactly it says that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry positive exactly it says that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry positive exactly it says that in
+the absence of taking the peel their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of taking the peel their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of taking the peel their
+headache would have been worse likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache would have been worse likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache would have been worse likely
+because that's why they took the peel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's why they took the peel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's why they took the peel in
+the first place so in the absence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place so in the absence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place so in the absence of the
+peel their headache would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel their headache would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel their headache would have been
+worth that might be so uh in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth that might be so uh in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth that might be so uh in the case of
+the headache uh this one is correct in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headache uh this one is correct in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headache uh this one is correct in
+the case of the headache this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the headache this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the headache this is going
+to be a positive selection bu uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a positive selection bu uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a positive selection bu uh so that
+means that uh I might think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh I might think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh I might think that the
+heada the pill has no effect because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heada the pill has no effect because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heada the pill has no effect because at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+uh uh say everybody's headache got got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say everybody's headache got got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say everybody's headache got got
+resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved
+regardless but this is made of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless but this is made of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless but this is made of the fact
+that there is a positive treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a positive treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a positive treatment
+effect for people who took the pill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for people who took the pill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for people who took the pill and
+sorry negative treatment effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry negative treatment effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry negative treatment effect on
+having the headache and a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the headache and a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the headache and a positive
+selection B now if we take the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection B now if we take the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection B now if we take the example
+of random assignment what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random assignment what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random assignment what happens to the
+to the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BAS it goes to zero that's the uh nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BAS it goes to zero that's the uh nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BAS it goes to zero that's the uh nice
+thing of uh treatment assignment uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of uh treatment assignment uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of uh treatment assignment uh so
+thinking more about the selection effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more about the selection effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more about the selection effect
+people take headache pills because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people take headache pills because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people take headache pills because their
+headach is pretty bad people who go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headach is pretty bad people who go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headach is pretty bad people who go to
+college have all sorts of attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college have all sorts of attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college have all sorts of attributes
+that's what you were mentioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you were mentioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you were mentioning that
+that are different than people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different than people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different than people who do
+not so the bias disappear in case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the bias disappear in case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the bias disappear in case of
+random assignment So Random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment So Random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment So Random
+randomization does solve the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization does solve the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization does solve the selection
+problem so what is a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what is a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what is a randomized
+experiment so there are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so there are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so there are different ways
+to do a randomized experiment with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a randomized experiment with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a randomized experiment with the
+simplest case is what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case is what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case is what we call a
+completely randomized experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomized experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomized experiment where
+you literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you literally
+pick a a random sample anti un you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a a random sample anti un you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a a random sample anti un you know
+using uniform random sluming you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uniform random sluming you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uniform random sluming you you
+take you take anti-unit from n to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you take anti-unit from n to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you take anti-unit from n to be in
+a treatment group NC unit from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a treatment group NC unit from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a treatment group NC unit from the
+control group then the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group then the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group then the probability of
+assignment does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment does not depend on the
+potential outcomes are the selection Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes are the selection Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes are the selection Bas
+which still has inherited this typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which still has inherited this typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which still has inherited this typo
+become zero and therefore the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become zero and therefore the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become zero and therefore the the
+difference between treated and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between treated and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between treated and control
+is the treatment effect it's a treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the treatment effect it's a treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the treatment effect it's a treatment
+effect on the treated but because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the treated but because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the treated but because the
+treated are randomly selected it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated are randomly selected it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated are randomly selected it's also
+the treatment effect on the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment effect on the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment effect on the population
+because the fact that you are treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fact that you are treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fact that you are treated
+tells you tells tells tells tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you tells tells tells tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you tells tells tells tells you
+nothing you are you are there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you are you are there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you are you are there's nothing
+specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um does it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it make
+sense so the name of the game in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so the name of the game in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so the name of the game in a lot
+of econometrics not all of it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of econometrics not all of it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of econometrics not all of it because
+sometimes we're interested in non-causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're interested in non-causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're interested in non-causal
+question but and anything that have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but and anything that have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but and anything that have to
+do with causal questions the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with causal questions the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with causal questions the name of the
+game is when we don't have a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is when we don't have a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is when we don't have a randomized
+experiment how can we make that guy go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment how can we make that guy go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment how can we make that guy go
+away anyway what are the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away anyway what are the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away anyway what are the assumptions
+that going to help us making this guy go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to help us making this guy go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to help us making this guy go
+away anyway so that's kind of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away anyway so that's kind of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away anyway so that's kind of a lot of
+Applied uh methods in in in in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied uh methods in in in in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied uh methods in in in in social
+sciences are about that except if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences are about that except if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences are about that except if you're
+lazy like me and you're thinking well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy like me and you're thinking well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy like me and you're thinking well it
+goes away with randomization let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away with randomization let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away with randomization let's just
+stop there and then you just the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there and then you just the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there and then you just the name of
+the game becomes to run randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game becomes to run randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game becomes to run randomized
+control trials but most people are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials but most people are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials but most people are kind
+of take it one step further and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of take it one step further and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of take it one step further and say well
+what happens when we cannot run an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we cannot run an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we cannot run an
+experiment is there other way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is there other way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is there other way to make
+this guy go away and that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy go away and that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy go away and that's kind of a
+lot of what we are going to do in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we are going to do in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we are going to do in the in
+the rest of of the semester when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of of the semester when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of of the semester when we're
+finish talking about rcts is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish talking about rcts is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish talking about rcts is thinking
+about other ways than randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other ways than randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other ways than randomized control
+trial to make these guys go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial to make these guys go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial to make these guys go
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+um but for now we can stop POS in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for now we can stop POS in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for now we can stop POS in the
+luxury of R control trial where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury of R control trial where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury of R control trial where it's
+gone and think about uh how to uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and think about uh how to uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and think about uh how to uh so
+first of all when do we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all when do we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all when do we have a
+randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control
+trials we have a randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials we have a randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials we have a randomized control
+trial where some when someone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial where some when someone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial where some when someone has
+randomized something so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized something so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized something so that is
+important because often you have let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because often you have let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because often you have let's
+say casual use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say casual use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say casual use of
+randomization uh you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization uh you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization uh you don't have a
+randomiz control trial when it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomiz control trial when it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomiz control trial when it's some
+when it's done every which way random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's done every which way random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's done every which way random
+means random mean someone has actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means random mean someone has actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means random mean someone has actually
+used a random device to to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a random device to to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a random device to to actually
+assign the treatment so the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the treatment so the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the treatment so the assignment
+mechanism is uh has been is in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is uh has been is in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is uh has been is in is
+control by the researcher or someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control by the researcher or someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control by the researcher or someone
+that the researchers know who they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the researchers know who they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the researchers know who they
+are uh so the simplest type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh so the simplest type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh so the simplest type of
+randomized control trial is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial is is
+completely randomized which is you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomized which is you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomized which is you take
+your sample of people or units it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample of people or units it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample of people or units it could
+be you know in my example of uh Neal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know in my example of uh Neal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know in my example of uh Neal
+menitis vaccines you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menitis vaccines you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menitis vaccines you're going to take
+communities and not people because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and not people because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and not people because the
+the sud assumption wouldn't apply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sud assumption wouldn't apply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sud assumption wouldn't apply and
+you randomly assign them to a treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you randomly assign them to a treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you randomly assign them to a treatment
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+control so that's the the completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so that's the the completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so that's the the completely
+randomized experiment sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment sometimes you
+decide that uh you're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that uh you're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that uh you're not going to do
+that you're going to uh do stratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to uh do stratified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to uh do stratified
+randomization so you create uh blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization so you create uh blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization so you create uh blocks of
+some coari X for example uh race or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coari X for example uh race or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coari X for example uh race or
+gender or the combination of the two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender or the combination of the two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender or the combination of the two or
+education Etc you make cells and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education Etc you make cells and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education Etc you make cells and then
+within those cells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within those cells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within those cells you
+randomize uh you can take that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize uh you can take that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize uh you can take that to the
+Limit and say well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limit and say well I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limit and say well I'm going to
+randomize by pairs so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize by pairs so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize by pairs so I'm going to
+create uh pairs of people with very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh pairs of people with very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh pairs of people with very very
+similar characteristic that I observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar characteristic that I observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar characteristic that I observe
+and then I'm going to pick select one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to pick select one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to pick select one of
+the one member of the pair to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one member of the pair to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one member of the pair to be in
+treatment one of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one of of
+control cluster randomization is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control cluster randomization is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control cluster randomization is what we
+discussed with the with the vaccines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed with the with the vaccines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed with the with the vaccines
+where the units to be randomized are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the units to be randomized are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the units to be randomized are not
+individuals but are uh villages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals but are uh villages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals but are uh villages or
+classrooms or stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms or stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms or stuff like
+that and the result above which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the result above which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the result above which is the
+randomization uh uh remove the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization uh uh remove the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization uh uh remove the selection
+Bas hold whatever the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas hold whatever the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas hold whatever the type of
+randomization uh if you are um if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization uh if you are um if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization uh if you are um if the if
+the probability of of assignment depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of of assignment depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of of assignment depends
+on the blocks then you need to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the blocks then you need to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the blocks then you need to do the
+it's only applies within each block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only applies within each block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only applies within each block so
+you can do your comparison within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your comparison within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your comparison within each
+block and reaggregate them if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and reaggregate them if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and reaggregate them if the
+property is the same in all the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is the same in all the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is the same in all the blocks
+it applies in general so why is that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it applies in general so why is that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it applies in general so why is that why
+why does it doesn't really matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it doesn't really matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it doesn't really matter how
+you randomize for the main result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you randomize for the main result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you randomize for the main result that
+the selection the selection bias will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection the selection bias will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection the selection bias will go
+away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+randomization isn't that the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization isn't that the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization isn't that the answer that
+the selection bias goes to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection bias goes to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection bias goes to zero so
+that's why the result holds yes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the result holds yes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the result holds yes but the
+point is it continues to go way even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it continues to go way even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it continues to go way even if
+you've randomized by stra Etc that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've randomized by stra Etc that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've randomized by stra Etc that's
+because of property of EXP expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of property of EXP expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of property of EXP expectation
+that we've we've discussed in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've we've discussed in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've we've discussed in the class
+which is the expectation uh uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the expectation uh uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the expectation uh uh if you
+have unbiased within each cell and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unbiased within each cell and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unbiased within each cell and you
+add them up it's going to continue to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up it's going to continue to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up it's going to continue to be
+it's the expectation being linear it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the expectation being linear it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the expectation being linear it's
+going to be nicely add up so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be nicely add up so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be nicely add up so you're
+going to add up a bunch of zero B you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add up a bunch of zero B you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add up a bunch of zero B you're
+going to get still Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get still Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get still Zero
+Bar uh so uh intuitively do you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar uh so uh intuitively do you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar uh so uh intuitively do you have an
+idea of why we might uh decide to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of why we might uh decide to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of why we might uh decide to to
+have these blocks of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so
+uh I think the ANS to svis why you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the ANS to svis why you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the ANS to svis why you would
+decide to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do
+clusters uh that's because you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters uh that's because you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters uh that's because you want to
+be you want to be make sure that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you want to be make sure that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you want to be make sure that people
+do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not
+interfere uh yeah this depend somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere uh yeah this depend somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere uh yeah this depend somewhat
+on your population and the intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your population and the intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your population and the intervention
+you're using so if it's like a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using so if it's like a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using so if it's like a school
+based intervention it it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based intervention it it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based intervention it it doesn't make
+sense to look at a class within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to look at a class within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to look at a class within one
+class with class exactly so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with class exactly so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with class exactly so that's
+that's again a reason for why you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again a reason for why you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again a reason for why you would
+want to Cluster so in a lot of cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Cluster so in a lot of cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Cluster so in a lot of cases the
+natural unit of randomization will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural unit of randomization will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural unit of randomization will not
+be the individual either because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the individual either because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the individual either because of
+violation of suda or because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation of suda or because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation of suda or because the
+intervention is defined at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention is defined at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention is defined at the level of
+a cluster or because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster or because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster or because it's just
+politically logistically Etc not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically logistically Etc not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically logistically Etc not
+feasible to to to not do cluster those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to to to not do cluster those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to to to not do cluster those
+would be reasons why you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reasons why you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reasons why you would
+cluster that means uh take an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster that means uh take an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster that means uh take an entire
+cluster of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of people
+and uh uh and and randomize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and and randomize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and and randomize them
+together now what um stratifying which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now what um stratifying which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now what um stratifying which
+is creating kind of cells of xes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating kind of cells of xes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating kind of cells of xes and
+randomizing within is the almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing within is the almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing within is the almost the
+opposite of clustering right we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of clustering right we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of clustering right we create
+cells of people and we for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of people and we for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of people and we for example we
+could decide to stratify by Village for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decide to stratify by Village for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decide to stratify by Village for
+not for something where we worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for something where we worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for something where we worried about
+suda but for say a headache example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suda but for say a headache example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suda but for say a headache example we
+could stratify by by Village and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stratify by by Village and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stratify by by Village and then
+randomize so why would we like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize so why would we like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize so why would we like to do
+that as opposed to just randomize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as opposed to just randomize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as opposed to just randomize in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+no go ahead uh well I work on drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no go ahead uh well I work on drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no go ahead uh well I work on drug
+trials for M diseases and so like anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials for M diseases and so like anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials for M diseases and so like anyone
+Hospital might not enroll that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital might not enroll that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital might not enroll that many
+people so you don't want it to just buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so you don't want it to just buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so you don't want it to just buy
+half stand the first four people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half stand the first four people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half stand the first four people who
+come get a AA well if you don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come get a AA well if you don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come get a AA well if you don't get a
+fifth person that you haven't tried the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth person that you haven't tried the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth person that you haven't tried the
+control on anyone so you want to Cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control on anyone so you want to Cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control on anyone so you want to Cluster
+like within small groups instead of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like within small groups instead of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like within small groups instead of you
+might not your end is 20 but if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not your end is 20 but if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not your end is 20 but if you only
+end up in four you're kind of screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in four you're kind of screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in four you're kind of screwed
+for those other 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those other 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those other 16
+so uh I think that's absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I think that's absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I think that's absolutely right
+and let me give a marginal intuition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me give a marginal intuition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me give a marginal intuition to
+that the reason why you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason why you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason why you might want to
+Rize is that even though in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rize is that even though in expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rize is that even though in expectation
+it is true that the treatment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that the treatment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that the treatment and the
+control in expectation the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in expectation the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in expectation the potential
+outcut would be the same in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcut would be the same in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcut would be the same in any
+particular sample that you realize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sample that you realize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sample that you realize the
+potential outcome is whatever it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome is whatever it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome is whatever it would
+have been when the samples are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been when the samples are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been when the samples are not
+infinite when the samples are not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite when the samples are not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite when the samples are not very
+large the actual realization for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the actual realization for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the actual realization for a
+particular population it could be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular population it could be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular population it could be quite
+different than in fact and I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than in fact and I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than in fact and I think you
+you'll never know so you're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never know so you're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never know so you're going to try
+and make the if you think that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make the if you think that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make the if you think that there are
+variables that might affect potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that might affect potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that might affect potential
+outcome that might be correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome that might be correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome that might be correlated with
+potential outcome for example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome for example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome for example which
+hospital that they have been treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital that they have been treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital that they have been treated
+their age their gender Etc you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their age their gender Etc you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their age their gender Etc you're
+thinking let try and make our people as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking let try and make our people as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking let try and make our people as
+similar as possible on this U observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar as possible on this U observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar as possible on this U observable
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+by forcing the randomization to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by forcing the randomization to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by forcing the randomization to happen
+within people who have the similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within people who have the similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within people who have the similar
+characteristic that way we we can hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that way we we can hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that way we we can hope
+that their potential outcome is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their potential outcome is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their potential outcome is also
+similar in reality even though we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in reality even though we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in reality even though we know
+that in expectation it will similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in expectation it will similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in expectation it will similar
+forever so that is the that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so that is the that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so that is the that's exactly
+why you would you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you would you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you would you would
+stratify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here actually let me finish this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually let me finish this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually let me finish this and
+then we'll do the we'll do the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do the we'll do the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do the we'll do the uh the
+little empirical the empirical example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little empirical the empirical example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little empirical the empirical example I
+don't know which way it makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which way it makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which way it makes sense to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I might stop here we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I might stop here we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I might stop here we'll go back to
+we'll go back to that in a minute I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back to that in a minute I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back to that in a minute I want
+to spend the next seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend the next seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend the next seven
+minutes to talk about Gabriel this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about Gabriel this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about Gabriel this is
+Gabrielle and this is not a randomiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle and this is not a randomiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle and this is not a randomiz
+control trial but this is a question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial but this is a question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial but this is a question uh
+Gabrielle is a a student in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle is a a student in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle is a a student in the uh
+graduate student in the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student in the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student in the department of
+economics and I want to uh advertise his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and I want to uh advertise his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and I want to uh advertise his
+research on uh uh as an example of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on uh uh as an example of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on uh uh as an example of of
+something that not that he's done it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that not that he's done it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that not that he's done it you
+don't want to do it again but could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do it again but could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do it again but could be
+uh could be it's a nice visible research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be it's a nice visible research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be it's a nice visible research
+project that would that that that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that would that that that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that would that that that has a
+well- defined question is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined question is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined question is trying to
+answer and this is uh using Google Map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and this is uh using Google Map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and this is uh using Google Map
+uh API not IPA using Google Map um API
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh API not IPA using Google Map um API
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh API not IPA using Google Map um API
+to evaluate the causal effect of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate the causal effect of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate the causal effect of two
+congestion reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion reducing
+policies um on the website of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies um on the website of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies um on the website of the class
+you will see uh all of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see uh all of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see uh all of his
+code uh python codes to forgetting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh python codes to forgetting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh python codes to forgetting the
+data Etc so that's there will be little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Etc so that's there will be little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Etc so that's there will be little
+archive that you can study at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive that you can study at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive that you can study at your
+leisure to uh to as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure to uh to as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure to uh to as an
+example so Google has set up an API to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so Google has set up an API to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so Google has set up an API to
+uh access Google Maps uh so you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh access Google Maps uh so you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh access Google Maps uh so you can you
+don't have to to do your own web they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to to do your own web they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to to do your own web they
+have a tool to web to do the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tool to web to do the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tool to web to do the web
+scraping very easily uh it's mostly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping very easily uh it's mostly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping very easily uh it's mostly used
+by smartphone apps website Etc it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by smartphone apps website Etc it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by smartphone apps website Etc it's
+Google provides nice documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google provides nice documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google provides nice documentation
+libraries to access uh very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries to access uh very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries to access uh very simple
+access there's nothing complicated so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access there's nothing complicated so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access there's nothing complicated so in
+kind of two lines of code you can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two lines of code you can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two lines of code you can access
+Google Map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Map
+data uh it's a it's not very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh it's a it's not very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh it's a it's not very expensive
+uh the first uh 2,500 queries per days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first uh 2,500 queries per days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first uh 2,500 queries per days
+are free and and then it cost a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free and and then it cost a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free and and then it cost a dollar
+for 2,000 queries so even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2,000 queries so even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2,000 queries so even though it's
+mostly commercial researcher can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly commercial researcher can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly commercial researcher can also
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+advantage so one thing that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage so one thing that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage so one thing that you could
+ask Google Maps for example is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Google Maps for example is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Google Maps for example is the
+travel time uh between two places and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time uh between two places and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time uh between two places and um
+it takes into account so when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes into account so when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes into account so when you go
+onto Google Maps and you're getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto Google Maps and you're getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto Google Maps and you're getting an
+ETA for for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+travel it will take into account uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel it will take into account uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel it will take into account uh
+traffic conditions at different hours so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic conditions at different hours so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic conditions at different hours so
+the departure times now is a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the departure times now is a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the departure times now is a prediction
+based on the crowdsource live data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the crowdsource live data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the crowdsource live data from
+Google Android users as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Android users as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Android users as well as
+historical data on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data on that
+route so when you uh Googled the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route so when you uh Googled the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route so when you uh Googled the how
+long it was going to take you there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it was going to take you there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it was going to take you there is
+an algorithm that machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that machine learning
+algorithm that is trying to guess how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that is trying to guess how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that is trying to guess how
+long it's going to take you to to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's going to take you to to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's going to take you to to travel
+this time uh so for example on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time uh so for example on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time uh so for example on the uh
+you you ask for a particular route uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you ask for a particular route uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you ask for a particular route uh uh
+at 8:34 a.m. it's going to take you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 8:34 a.m. it's going to take you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 8:34 a.m. it's going to take you it's
+going to tell you how long it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how long it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how long it's going to
+take um to take you to do it uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take um to take you to do it uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take um to take you to do it uh there's
+no historical data you can't get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no historical data you can't get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no historical data you can't get uh
+through this API you can only get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this API you can only get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this API you can only get the
+predictions so what did uh what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions so what did uh what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions so what did uh what did
+Gabriel do so he was interested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabriel do so he was interested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabriel do so he was interested in a
+policy that was introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that was introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that was introduced
+uh that was introduced in uh first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was introduced in uh first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was introduced in uh first of
+between first and 15th January 2016 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between first and 15th January 2016 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between first and 15th January 2016 in
+Delhi uh which is the odd even policy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi uh which is the odd even policy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi uh which is the odd even policy so
+basically it says that that uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it says that that uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it says that that uh you can
+only uh drive on the day where um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh drive on the day where um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh drive on the day where um if you
+have an odd license split number it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an odd license split number it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an odd license split number it ends
+with an odd number you can only drive on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an odd number you can only drive on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an odd number you can only drive on
+odd days and if you have an even license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd days and if you have an even license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd days and if you have an even license
+split number you can only drive on even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split number you can only drive on even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split number you can only drive on even
+day and he is interested in the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and he is interested in the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and he is interested in the short
+run causal effect of that policy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run causal effect of that policy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run causal effect of that policy on
+travel time keep in mind short run is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time keep in mind short run is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time keep in mind short run is
+very important because of course in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important because of course in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important because of course in the
+long run people could uh decide to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run people could uh decide to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run people could uh decide to buy
+another car or something like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another car or something like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another car or something like that or
+buy a different license plate and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a different license plate and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a different license plate and uh um
+and and that would change the policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that would change the policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that would change the policies
+but so what did it do very simple uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what did it do very simple uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what did it do very simple uh uh
+15 days before he started quaring 93
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 days before he started quaring 93
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 days before he started quaring 93
+Roots every 20 minutes um and gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots every 20 minutes um and gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots every 20 minutes um and gets uh
+and so he basically set it up to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he basically set it up to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he basically set it up to run
+around Christmas time set it up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Christmas time set it up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Christmas time set it up to a
+little bit before Christmas set it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before Christmas set it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before Christmas set it up to
+run and and and collect all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and and and collect all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and and and collect all this
+information of the travel time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the travel time on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the travel time on this
+93 routes you here you have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 routes you here you have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 routes you here you have the the
+direction of the root and then uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the root and then uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the root and then uh what
+is the research project very simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the research project very simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the research project very simple it's
+the uh average travel time uh between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh average travel time uh between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh average travel time uh between uh
+uh for every every single for across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for every every single for across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for every every single for across all
+these roots for every single for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these roots for every single for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these roots for every single for every
+single day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single day in
+minutes and uh what is the causal effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and uh what is the causal effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and uh what is the causal effect
+of the OD even policy it is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the OD even policy it is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the OD even policy it is simply the
+difference between uh the two lines uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between uh the two lines uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between uh the two lines uh
+in this case what is this estimated of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what is this estimated of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what is this estimated of
+the causal effect of the aivant policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal effect of the aivant policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal effect of the aivant policy
+it's a difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a difference between these two
+lines you have a sense you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines you have a sense you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines you have a sense you know that
+maybe it does make sense um you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it does make sense um you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it does make sense um you have uh
+uh you have in the national holiday you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have in the national holiday you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have in the national holiday you
+have almost nobody traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost nobody traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost nobody traveling
+Etc here is another example that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc here is another example that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc here is another example that is
+potentially interested it's the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially interested it's the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially interested it's the yeah
+sorry before the red line is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry before the red line is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry before the red line is the the
+pilot has been enacted but when's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot has been enacted but when's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot has been enacted but when's the
+when is the a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is
+oiv this is the oiv period And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiv this is the oiv period And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiv this is the oiv period And this is
+the so sorry I told you that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so sorry I told you that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so sorry I told you that there was
+pre- time but in fact there is no pre-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- time but in fact there is no pre-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- time but in fact there is no pre-
+time here this is the OD event period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here this is the OD event period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here this is the OD event period
+And this is after it finished it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is after it finished it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is after it finished it's
+finished so during the OD event the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished so during the OD event the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished so during the OD event the time
+was long the time was shorter than after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was long the time was shorter than after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was long the time was shorter than after
+the OD event makes sense because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OD event makes sense because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OD event makes sense because you
+have fewer car on the roads so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer car on the roads so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer car on the roads so this is
+the odent period And this is the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odent period And this is the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odent period And this is the so the
+causal effect is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect is the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect is the difference between
+the two so it's about uh some minutes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so it's about uh some minutes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so it's about uh some minutes by
+the way during that time what he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way during that time what he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way during that time what he also
+did is he kept calling drivers during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is he kept calling drivers during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is he kept calling drivers during
+this during the by the time he kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this during the by the time he kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this during the by the time he kept
+calling driver regularly to ask them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling driver regularly to ask them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling driver regularly to ask them how
+how did you commute today he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did you commute today he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did you commute today he had a
+sample of driver that he got just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of driver that he got just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of driver that he got just before
+and he kept calling them to say how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he kept calling them to say how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he kept calling them to say how did
+you commute today to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you commute today to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you commute today to find out what
+people did instead so that's another set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did instead so that's another set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did instead so that's another set
+of questions that are potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions that are potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions that are potentially
+interesting but this one can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but this one can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but this one can be done
+from the comfort of your own office here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the comfort of your own office here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the comfort of your own office here
+is another traffic policy in Jakarta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another traffic policy in Jakarta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another traffic policy in Jakarta
+Jakarta has a tree in one policies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jakarta has a tree in one policies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jakarta has a tree in one policies that
+they use are during peak season so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use are during peak season so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use are during peak season so
+during peak hours so during peak hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during peak hours so during peak hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during peak hours so during peak hours
+during the day you can only um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day you can only um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day you can only um you can
+on some roads you can only travel if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some roads you can only travel if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some roads you can only travel if you
+have three people in uh three people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three people in uh three people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three people in uh three people in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+car and uh this is the travel time uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and uh this is the travel time uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and uh this is the travel time uh to
+on on this road for people depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this road for people depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this road for people depending on
+the time of the day and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the day and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the day and you can see that
+during the during the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the during the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the during the the the the the
+Restriction policy the travel time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction policy the travel time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction policy the travel time is
+lower in the place that in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in the place that in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in the place that in the in the
+road that has the policy that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road that has the policy that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road that has the policy that in the
+place that doesn't and then immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that doesn't and then immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that doesn't and then immediately
+after which is sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after which is sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after which is sort of interesting
+immediately after you have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after you have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after you have a huge
+increase in the travel time as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the travel time as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the travel time as soon as
+you leave the tree in one period you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave the tree in one period you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave the tree in one period you
+have a huge jump in the travel time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge jump in the travel time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge jump in the travel time so
+that's kind of another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of another example of
+something you can do again here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do again here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do again here on this
+line when the three in one is re stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when the three in one is re stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when the three in one is re stated
+in the afternoon immediately the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the afternoon immediately the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the afternoon immediately the moment
+you have the reinstatement of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the reinstatement of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the reinstatement of the three
+in one policy the travel time goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down thank you very much we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down thank you very much we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down thank you very much we will
+continue with air CS analyzing air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with air CS analyzing air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with air CS analyzing air
+Cities Power calculation and the like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cities Power calculation and the like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cities Power calculation and the like uh
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m41DWardioc.txt b/m41DWardioc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66d03b42155c3314555748b220d2e0a8a94b95a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m41DWardioc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14823 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh today what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh today what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh today what we want to do
+is is talk about something a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is talk about something a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is talk about something a much higher
+scale than what we've thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale than what we've thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale than what we've thought about
+through most of this semester and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through most of this semester and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through most of this semester and that's
+um that's probably by on in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's probably by on in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's probably by on in the sense
+that over the course of the semester we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the course of the semester we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the course of the semester we
+started with kind of enzyme kinetics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with kind of enzyme kinetics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with kind of enzyme kinetics or
+molecular binding kind of events and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular binding kind of events and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular binding kind of events and we
+slowly built our way up to larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly built our way up to larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly built our way up to larger and
+larger scales and now there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scales and now there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scales and now there's always
+this question about whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question about whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question about whether we're
+claiming that we really understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that we really understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that we really understand how
+the higher levels of organization kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher levels of organization kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher levels of organization kind
+of result from the lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of result from the lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of result from the lower level
+interactions and I'd say we definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and I'd say we definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and I'd say we definitely
+don't understand all of it uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand all of it uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand all of it uh so you
+shouldn't come away with that as as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't come away with that as as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't come away with that as as the
+notion but at least one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion but at least one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion but at least one thing that I
+think is fascinating about this area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is fascinating about this area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is fascinating about this area of
+systems biology is that much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology is that much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology is that much of the
+framework that we use to understand say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that we use to understand say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that we use to understand say
+molecular scale interactions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular scale interactions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular scale interactions or
+stochastic gene expression right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gene expression right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gene expression right so
+these Dynamics the smaller scale much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Dynamics the smaller scale much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Dynamics the smaller scale much of
+those ideas and such certainly transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ideas and such certainly transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ideas and such certainly transport
+up to these higher scales or translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to these higher scales or translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to these higher scales or translate
+up to the higher scales where in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the higher scales where in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the higher scales where in this
+case we're using kind of Master equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're using kind of Master equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're using kind of Master equation
+type formalisms to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type formalisms to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type formalisms to try to understand
+relative species abundance and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance and so I
+think part of what I like about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think part of what I like about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think part of what I like about this um
+this topic of uh neutral Theory versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic of uh neutral Theory versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic of uh neutral Theory versus
+Niche Theory and so forth in ecology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche Theory and so forth in ecology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche Theory and so forth in ecology is
+that you can just see how very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just see how very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just see how very very
+similar ideas that we applied for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar ideas that we applied for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar ideas that we applied for
+studying stochastic gene expression can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying stochastic gene expression can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying stochastic gene expression can
+also be used to try to understand why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be used to try to understand why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be used to try to understand why it
+is that some um some species are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some um some species are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some um some species are more
+common than others when you go and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common than others when you go and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common than others when you go and you
+count them in this case on an island uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them in this case on an island uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them in this case on an island uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Panama now the the to the subject is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panama now the the to the subject is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panama now the the to the subject is by
+its nature uh less experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nature uh less experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nature uh less experimentally
+focused than uh than much of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused than uh than much of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused than uh than much of what we've
+done over the course of the semester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done over the course of the semester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done over the course of the semester and
+that this is really a topic that tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is really a topic that tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is really a topic that tends
+to be a combination of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a combination of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a combination of uh of
+mathematical the with kind of careful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical the with kind of careful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical the with kind of careful uh
+you know counting of species in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know counting of species in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know counting of species in some
+different areas and try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas and try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas and try to understand
+what what that means but um but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what that means but um but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what that means but um but it's an
+area that there have been a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that there have been a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that there have been a number of
+physicists involved in over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists involved in over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists involved in over the last
+over the last 10 years and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years and I think that
+um it's fascinating because it does get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's fascinating because it does get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's fascinating because it does get
+to the heart of what we are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heart of what we are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heart of what we are looking for
+from a theory uh what kind of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a theory uh what kind of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a theory uh what kind of evidence
+do we use to support a theory or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we use to support a theory or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we use to support a theory or to
+refute it and I think it's uh so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refute it and I think it's uh so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refute it and I think it's uh so I think
+there are a lot of kind of very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of kind of very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of kind of very basic
+issues kind of about science that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues kind of about science that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues kind of about science that come
+up when we start thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when we start thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when we start thinking about this
+question of neutral the in ecology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of neutral the in ecology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of neutral the in ecology and
+and so and since it's a totally for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and since it's a totally for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and since it's a totally for many
+of us a totally new area that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us a totally new area that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us a totally new area that we don't
+know very much about you can kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much about you can kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much about you can kind of you
+can come to it with u with maybe fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come to it with u with maybe fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come to it with u with maybe fresh
+eyes and you don't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and you don't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and you don't have the same
+preconceptions that you would have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceptions that you would have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceptions that you would have for
+many other uh many other models that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other uh many other models that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other uh many other models that you
+might be more familiar with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more familiar with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more familiar with in the
+context of molecular cell biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of molecular cell biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of molecular cell biology
+okay right so the the basic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so the the basic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so the the basic question
+that we uh that we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh that we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh that we're going to try to
+talk about today is this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today is this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today is this is just the
+question of why is it that when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of why is it that when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of why is it that when you look
+out at the world you see that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the world you see that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the world you see that there are
+uh some species that seem to be abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some species that seem to be abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some species that seem to be abundant
+and some that seem to be rare right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some that seem to be rare right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some that seem to be rare right what
+is uh and are there are there patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and are there are there patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and are there are there patterns
+that are somehow Universal and what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are somehow Universal and what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are somehow Universal and what kind
+of uh what kind of Mo uh sort of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what kind of Mo uh sort of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what kind of Mo uh sort of lower
+scale processes might lead to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale processes might lead to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale processes might lead to the
+patterns that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that we
+observe and uh and I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and uh and I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and uh and I think that this
+this paper that that we read is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper that that we read is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper that that we read is I mean
+it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that
+it's uh well can somebody say what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh well can somebody say what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh well can somebody say what the
+actual contribu the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual contribu the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual contribu the scientific
+contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of
+contribution of this paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of this paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of this paper was
+um calculation they did a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um calculation they did a calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um calculation they did a calculation
+right and but it's and a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and but it's and a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and but it's and a little bit more
+specific than that what is it they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific than that what is it they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific than that what is it they came
+up with a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a closed
+form that's right so they they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's right so they they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's right so they they basically
+there's a there was a model this neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there was a model this neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there was a model this neutral
+Theory and ecology that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and ecology that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and ecology that we're going to
+explain or try to understand uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain or try to understand uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain or try to understand uh you can
+simulate the model but then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the model but then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the model but then there are
+possible issues associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible issues associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible issues associated with
+conversin or something of those although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversin or something of those although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversin or something of those although
+it's hard to believe that that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to believe that that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to believe that that's really
+such a concern right but you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a concern right but you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a concern right but you know but
+you know you can simulate that what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can simulate that what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can simulate that what what
+they did is they just showed that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they just showed that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they just showed that you
+could get a um an analytically kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a um an analytically kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a um an analytically kind of
+expression for it it's not a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for it it's not a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for it it's not a super
+analytic expression but at least it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic expression but at least it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic expression but at least it's
+not a straight up simulation right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a straight up simulation right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a straight up simulation right you
+you kind of numerically do something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of numerically do something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of numerically do something you
+know kind of you know integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of you know integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of you know integrate
+something as compared to doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as compared to doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as compared to doing the
+stochastic simulation uh and so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic simulation uh and so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic simulation uh and so it's not
+that that's yeah so it's not that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's yeah so it's not that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's yeah so it's not that that
+in and of itself is what you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and of itself is what you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and of itself is what you feel like
+should is it's not what we necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should is it's not what we necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should is it's not what we necessarily
+care so much about but I think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so much about but I think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so much about but I think that it's
+it still is just a nice short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is just a nice short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is just a nice short
+description of uh of the model and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of uh of the model and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of uh of the model and and
+of the assumptions that go into it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assumptions that go into it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assumptions that go into it and
+you get a little bit of a window into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a little bit of a window into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a little bit of a window into
+the debate that's going on between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate that's going on between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate that's going on between these
+two communities of the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two communities of the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two communities of the kind of the
+neutral Theory guys and the the niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral Theory guys and the the niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral Theory guys and the the niche
+Theory um Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory um Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory um Community
+okay all right now I want to um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now I want to um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now I want to um right so
+there's only one figure in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one figure in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one figure in this paper
+and and it's it's an example of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's it's an example of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's it's an example of the kind
+of data that we want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that we want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that we want to try to
+understand right so it's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so it's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so it's a there's a
+particular pattern in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pattern in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pattern in terms of the
+relative species abundance and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance and we want
+to understand what kind of um models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what kind of um models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what kind of um models
+might lead to uh to that observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lead to uh to that observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lead to uh to that observed
+pattern but given that there's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern but given that there's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern but given that there's just one
+figure in the paper we have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in the paper we have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in the paper we have to make sure
+that we understand exactly what is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand exactly what is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand exactly what is being
+plotted what I found from experience um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted what I found from experience um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted what I found from experience um
+and actually um even the email even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually um even the email even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually um even the email even the
+answer to the email question that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the email question that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the email question that was
+sent out I think is uh was incorrect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out I think is uh was incorrect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out I think is uh was incorrect on
+one of these things so we we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things so we we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things so we we'll talk
+about that some more so be beware uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that some more so be beware uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that some more so be beware uh we
+we we'll fig but I think it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'll fig but I think it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'll fig but I think it's actually
+surprisingly tricky to understand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly tricky to understand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly tricky to understand uh
+what this figure is saying okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this figure is saying okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this figure is saying okay but
+first of all can can somebody describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all can can somebody describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all can can somebody describe
+what U not what the figure is saying but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what U not what the figure is saying but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what U not what the figure is saying but
+just what the what the data is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the what the data is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the what the data is supposed
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and this this
+uh yeah where where did they get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah where where did they get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah where where did they get the
+data anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful Island EOS all right there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful Island EOS all right there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful Island EOS all right there's an
+island it's called BCI or borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island it's called BCI or borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island it's called BCI or borrow
+Colorado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Island okay yeah so it's a 50 hectare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island okay yeah so it's a 50 hectare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island okay yeah so it's a 50 hectare
+plot okay 50 hectare does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay 50 hectare does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay 50 hectare does anybody know
+what hectare is hectare a lot moreare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hectare is hectare a lot moreare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hectare is hectare a lot moreare
+yeah it's a lot more than a square meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a lot more than a square meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a lot more than a square meter
+uh yes indeed uh yeah I I guess is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes indeed uh yeah I I guess is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes indeed uh yeah I I guess is is
+this an is this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an is this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an is this an
+English unit of measure um you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English unit of measure um you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English unit of measure um you know this
+is the kind of thing that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of thing that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of thing that I have to
+Google but it's uh one hectare is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google but it's uh one hectare is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google but it's uh one hectare is equal
+to 10 4 M squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 4 M squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 4 M squar
+okay all right it's good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memorize right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's an exact I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's an exact I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's an exact I think I think
+it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an
+exact right yeah uh yeah so apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact right yeah uh yeah so apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact right yeah uh yeah so apparently
+it is a Metro right so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a Metro right so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a Metro right so the idea is that
+this you know if you take 100 meters by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know if you take 100 meters by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know if you take 100 meters by
+100 meters this is a hectare and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 meters this is a hectare and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 meters this is a hectare and there's
+50 of them right so if you come out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of them right so if you come out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of them right so if you come out it's
+about like a half a square kilometer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like a half a square kilometer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like a half a square kilometer to
+give you a sense of of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of of what we're
+talking about okay and and what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about okay and and what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about okay and and what do they
+do on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot all right really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot all right really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot all right really
+big okay yeah but and how do they decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay yeah but and how do they decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay yeah but and how do they decide
+which trees to count do they do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which trees to count do they do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which trees to count do they do they
+count every tree that that no just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the right I think that the way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right I think that the way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right I think that the way that they
+decide okay yeah we'll we okay so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide okay yeah we'll we okay so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide okay yeah we'll we okay so they
+count yeah does anybody remember how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count yeah does anybody remember how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count yeah does anybody remember how
+many trees were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counted right so there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,457
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees, trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this um in this 50 hectare plot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this um in this 50 hectare plot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this um in this 50 hectare plot and
+they assign them to want to they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assign them to want to they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assign them to want to they
+identify the species for each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the species for each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the species for each one of
+these 21,000 trees and they assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 21,000 trees and they assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 21,000 trees and they assigned
+them and they found there were 225
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they found there were 225
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they found there were 225
+distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species um right so this is really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um right so this is really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um right so this is really quite
+an amazing data set okay because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing data set okay because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing data set okay because I can
+tell you that I would not be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that I would not be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that I would not be able to do
+this okay all they have um you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay all they have um you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay all they have um you know this
+is you highly skilled biologists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you highly skilled biologists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you highly skilled biologists that
+can can distinguish 22 you know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can distinguish 22 you know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can distinguish 22 you know if they
+can identify these 225 that means they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify these 225 that means they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify these 225 that means they
+have to be able to identify other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to identify other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to identify other ones
+as well right they did it for 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well right they did it for 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well right they did it for 20,000
+trees and indeed uh B Colorado island is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and indeed uh B Colorado island is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and indeed uh B Colorado island is
+is one of the um the major uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the um the major uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the um the major uh
+Smithsonian research institutes uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smithsonian research institutes uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smithsonian research institutes uh that
+where they've been they've been tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've been they've been tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've been they've been tracking
+they do this like every five years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this like every five years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this like every five years or so
+where they do a census where they Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they do a census where they Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they do a census where they Cal
+they count all of the trees and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count all of the trees and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count all of the trees and they're
+also tracking many other um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tracking many other um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tracking many other um you know
+it's a many other it's not just trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a many other it's not just trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a many other it's not just trees
+right they do they're doing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they do they're doing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they do they're doing they're
+doing everything there plants what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything there plants what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything there plants what's
+that these are plants no I think uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are plants no I think uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are plants no I think uh they
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+do I I think yeah I mean so I actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I I think yeah I mean so I actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I I think yeah I mean so I actually I
+visited BCI and I it seemed like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited BCI and I it seemed like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited BCI and I it seemed like they
+were they were studying all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were studying all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were studying all sorts of
+things I me there were nice looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I me there were nice looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I me there were nice looking
+birds there once again in this census oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds there once again in this census oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds there once again in this census oh
+in this census it's only trees and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this census it's only trees and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this census it's only trees and and
+the way that they the way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they the way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they the way that they
+decide right so the the the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide right so the the the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide right so the the the way they
+decide which the trees do it's the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which the trees do it's the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which the trees do it's the ones
+that are more than 10 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more than 10 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more than 10 cm
+dbh anybody can guess what dbh might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean it's actually diameter at breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's actually diameter at breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's actually diameter at breast
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay diamer breast height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay diamer breast height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay diamer breast height
+right what they do is they they walk up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what they do is they they walk up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what they do is they they walk up
+to the tree with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tree with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tree with a
+ruler and then if it's larger than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and then if it's larger than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and then if it's larger than 10
+centimeters then they count it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters then they count it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters then they count it okay and
+you need to have some Threshold at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have some Threshold at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have some Threshold at the
+lower end otherwise you're in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower end otherwise you're in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower end otherwise you're in trouble
+right but and there were plenty of trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but and there were plenty of trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but and there were plenty of trees
+that satisfied this this requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfied this this requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfied this this requirement
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay now then what they do is they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now then what they do is they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now then what they do is they uh
+they they have for all these trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have for all these trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have for all these trees
+that's assigned to some uh some species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assigned to some uh some species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assigned to some uh some species
+okay now uh we want to know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh we want to know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh we want to know what that
+the the basic goal of this branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic goal of this branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic goal of this branch of
+biology or ecology is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or ecology is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or ecology is to try to
+understand uh where the pattern from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh where the pattern from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh where the pattern from
+this sort of data you know where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of data you know where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of data you know where it
+comes from or first describe it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from or first describe it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from or first describe it and then
+and then once you have a description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have a description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have a description of
+it then uh then you can you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then uh then you can you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then uh then you can you can try to
+understand what microscale processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what microscale processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what microscale processes
+might have might lead to the pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have might lead to the pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have might lead to the pattern and
+the pattern is what's plotted and figur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is what's plotted and figur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is what's plotted and figur
+one it's the only figure in the paper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's the only figure in the paper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's the only figure in the paper I
+have reconstructed a rough version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reconstructed a rough version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reconstructed a rough version of it
+here for you on the board but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you on the board but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you on the board but if you
+want a more accurate version you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a more accurate version you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a more accurate version you can
+look at your um you can look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your um you can look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your um you can look at your
+paper okay now we want to make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper okay now we want to make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper okay now we want to make sure we
+understand what the figure is saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the figure is saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the figure is saying so
+we will ask following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will ask following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will ask following
+question what is the most common number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is the most common number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is the most common number
+of individuals for a species in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals for a species in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals for a species in this
+data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+most common or SL frequent right number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common or SL frequent right number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common or SL frequent right number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+individuals um for a species to have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals um for a species to have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals um for a species to have um
+you know for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for a
+species um in this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um in this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um in this data
+set now it's it's maybe worth just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set now it's it's maybe worth just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set now it's it's maybe worth just
+saying something a little bit more right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something a little bit more right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something a little bit more right
+so you notice that they did they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you notice that they did they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you notice that they did they were
+not trying to count the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to count the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to count the total number of
+species altogether this is and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species altogether this is and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species altogether this is and in
+general all of this this field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general all of this this field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general all of this this field of
+relative species abundance and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance and try to
+understand them what they what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them what they what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them what they what you do is
+you typically take one trophic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically take one trophic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically take one trophic level
+right so some of the classic studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some of the classic studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some of the classic studies
+were of Beatles in the tames river right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of Beatles in the tames river right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of Beatles in the tames river right
+so you take some you know the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take some you know the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take some you know the idea is
+that you it's some set of species that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you it's some set of species that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you it's some set of species that
+you think are going to be interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think are going to be interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think are going to be interacting
+maybe competing with each other in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe competing with each other in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe competing with each other in some
+way in the sense that they're maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the sense that they're maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the sense that they're maybe
+eating related things and being eaten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating related things and being eaten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating related things and being eaten by
+related things right and so this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related things right and so this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related things right and so this case
+this is you know these are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know these are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know these are you know
+these are the trees on bar you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the trees on bar you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the trees on bar you know
+baral Island and you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baral Island and you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baral Island and you can imagine that
+this is um this is useful right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um this is useful right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um this is useful right and the
+sense that uh the fact that it's trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that uh the fact that it's trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that uh the fact that it's trees
+instead of something else means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of something else means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of something else means that you
+can uh actually track the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh actually track the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh actually track the individuals
+over time and when you go to the island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and when you go to the island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and when you go to the island
+what you see is that all the trees have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that all the trees have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that all the trees have
+they're they're wrapped by something tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're wrapped by something tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're wrapped by something tag
+and presumably they have some system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably they have some system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably they have some system to
+tell you which species that is so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you which species that is so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you which species that is so that
+you know they they keep records of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they keep records of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they keep records of
+everything right but question is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right but question is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right but question is what's
+the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common
+number of uh species of individuals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh species of individuals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh species of individuals for
+species in the data set do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in the data set do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in the data set do you
+understand what I'm trying to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it it's we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's we're going to do
+approximate so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate so we'll
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right or this can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determine we want to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine we want to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine we want to know what is the
+the mode of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode of this
+distribution of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the number of
+individuals for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals for each of these
+species do you understand the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species do you understand the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species do you understand the question
+all right I'm going to give you 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm going to give you 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm going to give you 20
+seconds to look at this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh oh we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh you know the TA always lets me down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you know the TA always lets me down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you know the TA always lets me down
+uh all right yeah so um all right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right yeah so um all right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right yeah so um all right yeah
+so you can uh you can do a b c d e all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can uh you can do a b c d e all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can uh you can do a b c d e all
+right are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready uh okay it might it might be oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh okay it might it might be oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh okay it might it might be oh
+yeah and you can just you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you can just you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you can just you can you can
+just do this if you you know but given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this if you you know but given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this if you you know but given
+this was the only figure on the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the only figure on the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the only figure on the paper
+and this is a basic property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a basic property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a basic property of the
+distribution I'm sure that you figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'm sure that you figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'm sure that you figured
+that out last night anyways right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out last night anyways right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out last night anyways right
+especially since it was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since it was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since it was one of the
+questions in the pre so you you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the pre so you you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the pre so you you you you
+presumably already thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably already thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably already thought about this
+question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right
+okay yes yes all right ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right so we got uh I'd say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got uh I'd say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got uh I'd say we
+got a lot of B's okay so it seems like B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of B's okay so it seems like B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of B's okay so it seems like B
+is the most uh all right uh all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most uh all right uh all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most uh all right uh all right so
+this we'll put a question mark here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll put a question mark here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll put a question mark here all
+right and um and what um all right can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um and what um all right can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um and what um all right can
+somebody uh verbally say why their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody uh verbally say why their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody uh verbally say why their
+neighbor said it was a that B that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor said it was a that B that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor said it was a that B that that
+the mode of the distribution is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30 yeah the tallest bar there is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 yeah the tallest bar there is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 yeah the tallest bar there is around
+30 okay that's a that's a very practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 okay that's a that's a very practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 okay that's a that's a very practical
+definition right so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so that's that's
+normally what we mean by the mode right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally what we mean by the mode right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally what we mean by the mode right
+there's a there's a slight problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a slight problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a slight problem in
+all this which is that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this which is that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this which is that this thing is
+plotted in a very kind of funny way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted in a very kind of funny way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted in a very kind of funny way
+right so if you look at the figure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you look at the figure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you look at the figure what
+you'll see is it's number of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is it's number of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is it's number of individuals
+and down here it says log 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale okay right
+now when we say the mode what we're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we say the mode what we're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we say the mode what we're what
+we're wondering about is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wondering about is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wondering about is that you know
+if you just take a you know the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just take a you know the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just take a you know the most
+typical kind of species of tree that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical kind of species of tree that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical kind of species of tree that's
+there how many individuals do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many individuals do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many individuals do we think
+there should be there right you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be there right you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be there right you know uh
+and and not okay of course this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not okay of course this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not okay of course this the
+typical is hard to Define right we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical is hard to Define right we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical is hard to Define right we can
+talk about mode median mean Etc right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about mode median mean Etc right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about mode median mean Etc right
+but the most common number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most common number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most common number of
+individuals for a species of a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals for a species of a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals for a species of a data set
+ends up not being 30 right it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up not being 30 right it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up not being 30 right it ends up
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay and we will try to reconstruct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we will try to reconstruct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we will try to reconstruct this
+right now okay because you have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay because you have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay because you have to do a
+little bit of digging to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of digging to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of digging to figure out what
+is being plotted here but it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being plotted here but it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being plotted here but it's not it's
+not the raw data the problem here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the raw data the problem here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the raw data the problem here is
+that this is on this log scale where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is on this log scale where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is on this log scale where the
+bins here are growing uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins here are growing uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins here are growing uh kind of
+geometrically or exponentially whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically or exponentially whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically or exponentially whatever
+with as you move to the right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with as you move to the right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with as you move to the right okay so
+over here this thing only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here this thing only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here this thing only
+contains one real bin and actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains one real bin and actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains one real bin and actually we're
+about to find it's half a bin which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to find it's half a bin which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to find it's half a bin which is
+even weirder whereas out here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even weirder whereas out here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even weirder whereas out here this is
+maybe 30 bins so all the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 bins so all the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 bins so all the number of
+species that we're going to put in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that we're going to put in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that we're going to put in this
+bin is everything between you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin is everything between you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin is everything between you know I
+don't know it's going to be around from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it's going to be around from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it's going to be around from
+you know 20 something up to 50 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 20 something up to 50 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 20 something up to 50 or so
+right so that the the number of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that the the number of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that the the number of you know
+the number of true bins that end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of true bins that end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of true bins that end up in
+each of these plotted bins is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these plotted bins is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these plotted bins is going to
+grow geometrically geometrically is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow geometrically geometrically is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow geometrically geometrically is we
+move to the right okay so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the right okay so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the right okay so this is a very
+funny transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny transform of the
+data okay and indeed I think it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay and indeed I think it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay and indeed I think it's always
+nice to just in life you always plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to just in life you always plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to just in life you always plot the
+raw data first and then what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw data first and then what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw data first and then what you can do
+is then you can do funny I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then you can do funny I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then you can do funny I mean there's
+a reason to plot plot it this way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason to plot plot it this way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason to plot plot it this way right
+because this is the this is where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the this is where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the this is where they
+get this idea that's that this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this idea that's that this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this idea that's that this might
+descri be described as a log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descri be described as a log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descri be described as a log normal
+right the idea is that if you take a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea is that if you take a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea is that if you take a log
+of the data then and then you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data then and then you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data then and then you you get
+something looks like a normal right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looks like a normal right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looks like a normal right but
+you always plot always plot the raw data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always plot always plot the raw data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always plot always plot the raw data
+first okay all right so let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay all right so let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay all right so let's try to
+figure out what the raw data look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like okay and now what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and now what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and now what we're going to do
+is we're going to have real scalings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to have real scalings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to have real scalings
+honest to goodness numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest to goodness numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest to goodness numbers
+okay so this is going to be now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to be now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to be now the
+number of species again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of species again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of species again
+still right so this is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still right so this is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still right so this is asking
+how many different species do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different species do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different species do we see
+with one member or with two members or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one member or with two members or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one member or with two members or
+with three four Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I don't know how far we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I don't know how far we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I don't know how far we're
+actually going to be able to get but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be able to get but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be able to get but
+uh in this one figure in our paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this one figure in our paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this one figure in our paper
+uh they tell us um what the histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they tell us um what the histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they tell us um what the histogram
+means right so the first histogram bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right so the first histogram bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right so the first histogram bar
+represents what they call 51 divided two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents what they call 51 divided two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents what they call 51 divided two
+right F1 was the number of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right F1 was the number of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right F1 was the number of species
+observed with one member right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed with one member right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed with one member right which
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that even this first plot bar is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even this first plot bar is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even this first plot bar is not the
+number of species observed with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of species observed with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of species observed with a single
+individual it's half of that okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual it's half of that okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual it's half of that okay you
+know I mean you can argue about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean you can argue about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean you can argue about the
+consistency of how these things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency of how these things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency of how these things should
+be but that's what this thing is plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but that's what this thing is plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but that's what this thing is plotted
+right so uh and it looks like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh and it looks like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh and it looks like it was
+nine here so this should be 18 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine here so this should be 18 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine here so this should be 18 okay so
+I'm going to put up here here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put up here here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put up here here's a
+20 and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 all right so here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what do they
+say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this
+bin represents uh F1 ID two plus 52 ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin represents uh F1 ID two plus 52 ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin represents uh F1 ID two plus 52 ID
+two right so they took the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right so they took the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right so they took the number of
+species where they saw just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species where they saw just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species where they saw just a single
+individual plus the number of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual plus the number of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual plus the number of species
+where they saw two individuals and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they saw two individuals and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they saw two individuals and they
+divided they added those and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided they added those and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided they added those and they
+divided by two that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two that's this
+number okay all right now we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay all right now we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay all right now we're not
+going to go through this whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this whole process
+because it's a little bit tiresome but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a little bit tiresome but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a little bit tiresome but I
+I will uh I've already done it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will uh I've already done it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will uh I've already done it for you
+okay so I'm going to plot a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to plot a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to plot a few of the
+things uh to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there all right so I calculate was 19 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so I calculate was 19 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so I calculate was 19 13
+9 6 okay it becomes ill determined once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 6 okay it becomes ill determined once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 6 okay it becomes ill determined once
+you get out here okay in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out here okay in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out here okay in the sense that
+we don't I we don't have enough it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't I we don't have enough it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't I we don't have enough it's not
+uniquely specified going from that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely specified going from that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely specified going from that to
+that as it has to be right um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as it has to be right um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as it has to be right um but I
+calculated it it's around five in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it it's around five in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it it's around five in here
+for a few and somewhere in here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few and somewhere in here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few and somewhere in here it's
+going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into
+four you know and then this might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you know and then this might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you know and then this might go
+down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to
+three okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay and
+then okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now if you look at this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you look at this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you look at this and the
+rapid rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+falloff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falloff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falloff
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+how do you think that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think that you're going to
+find any species that are more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find any species that are more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find any species that are more than that
+have more than 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individuals right okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals right okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals right okay we're going to
+vote okay you see this falling off all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote okay you see this falling off all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote okay you see this falling off all
+right so let's say that I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say that I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say that I just showed
+you this and I haven't yet C calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this and I haven't yet C calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this and I haven't yet C calculated
+the rest all right do we think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest all right do we think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest all right do we think that
+there's going to be any species with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be any species with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be any species with
+more than 20 individuals okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 individuals okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 individuals okay all right
+greater than 20 individuals question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 20 individuals question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 20 individuals question
+mark we have oh all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark we have oh all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark we have oh all right
+one is yes two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is yes two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is yes two is
+no all right it's gonna be yes no all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right it's gonna be yes no all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right it's gonna be yes no all
+right ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ready three two
+one all right so we got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got some
+twos all right so I'd say most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos all right so I'd say most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos all right so I'd say most people
+are saying no there's not look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying no there's not look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying no there's not look at this
+fall off there are not going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off there are not going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off there are not going to be any
+species with more than 20 individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with more than 20 individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with more than 20 individuals
+okay although we we you know we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay although we we you know we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay although we we you know we already
+know that there are more than more many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are more than more many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are more than more many
+species with more than 20 this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with more than 20 this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with more than 20 this so this
+this plot is useful for something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot is useful for something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot is useful for something right
+um that you can see that there are we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can see that there are we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can see that there are we we
+know exactly the number of species that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly the number of species that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly the number of species that
+have more than 20 individuals roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than 20 individuals roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than 20 individuals roughly
+right so okay those ones are all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay those ones are all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay those ones are all on
+these you know so you can see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know so you can see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know so you can see that there
+are hundreds of species with more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hundreds of species with more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hundreds of species with more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+right and indeed it looks like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and indeed it looks like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and indeed it looks like there
+were two or three species that had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two or three species that had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two or three species that had like
+more than a thousand individuals or 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand individuals or 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand individuals or 1500
+or whatever the cut off there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever the cut off there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever the cut off there
+was right okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right okay so this
+distribution starts out you know rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution starts out you know rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution starts out you know rather
+high but then Falls quickly and out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but then Falls quickly and out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but then Falls quickly and out here
+it's going to be very very sparse right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very very sparse right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very very sparse right
+so there's going to be a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a bunch of
+numbers in here where there's not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in here where there's not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in here where there's not any
+species in the histogram but then out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in the histogram but then out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in the histogram but then out
+there there's going to be one one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's going to be one one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's going to be one one right
+and indeed you have to go really far out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed you have to go really far out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed you have to go really far out
+because there's one species out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's one species out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's one species out there
+that has you know a couple thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has you know a couple thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has you know a couple thousand
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+indeed the mean number of species or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the mean number of species or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the mean number of species or
+sorry the mean number of individuals per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the mean number of individuals per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the mean number of individuals per
+species has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species has to
+be around 100 right we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around 100 right we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around 100 right we know how to
+calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a
+mean this divided by this is just short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this divided by this is just short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this divided by this is just short
+of 100 right so the mean number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100 right so the mean number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100 right so the mean number of
+individuals in the species is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the species is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the species is around
+100 the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 the mode
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+median all right well okay let's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median all right well okay let's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median all right well okay let's okay
+ready we we said we decided this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready we we said we decided this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready we we said we decided this was the
+mode okay where's the median going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay where's the median going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay where's the median going to be
+is it going to be one A B C D E ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to be one A B C D E ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to be one A B C D E ready
+three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two
+one all right yeah indeed this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right yeah indeed this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right yeah indeed this tells you
+pretty clearly where the median is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clearly where the median is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clearly where the median is the
+median this thing is indeed around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median this thing is indeed around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median this thing is indeed around the
+median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median
+right because you can say oh it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you can say oh it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you can say oh it's about
+the same numers either side right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same numers either side right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same numers either side right so the
+median is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median is around
+here all right and I told you where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right and I told you where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right and I told you where the
+mean was again do you guys remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean was again do you guys remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean was again do you guys remember
+where all right ready three two one mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all right ready three two one mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all right ready three two one mean
+oh no okay mean all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no okay mean all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no okay mean all right
+uh okay so this is a very very funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so this is a very very funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so this is a very very funny
+distribution I guess I want to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I guess I want to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I guess I want to highlight
+okay and it's I think it's not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's I think it's not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's I think it's not at all
+what you would have expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would have expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would have expected
+somehow right at least if if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow right at least if if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow right at least if if you had
+described this measurement process to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this measurement process to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this measurement process to me
+you know if you told me that you went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you told me that you went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you told me that you went to
+this island and you counted 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this island and you counted 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this island and you counted 20,000
+trees okay I don't know how many species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees okay I don't know how many species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees okay I don't know how many species
+I would have guessed but okay you're 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have guessed but okay you're 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have guessed but okay you're 20
+that's reasonable right but I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reasonable right but I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reasonable right but I would have
+guessed that you know it that well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed that you know it that well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed that you know it that well I
+would have guessed it would have looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have guessed it would have looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have guessed it would have looked
+something like this on a linear scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this on a linear scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this on a linear scale
+maybe right you know that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right you know that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right you know that it would be
+you know that there would be a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there would be a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there would be a bunch of
+them around 50 to 100 and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around 50 to 100 and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around 50 to 100 and some of them
+go a couple hundred some of them right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a couple hundred some of them right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a couple hundred some of them right I
+guess I would have thought that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I would have thought that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I would have thought that you know
+that the the mean mode median would all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the mean mode median would all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the mean mode median would all
+be kind of a more similar thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of a more similar thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of a more similar thing right
+but um but this is just not the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but this is just not the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but this is just not the way the
+world is okay it's not just on BCI right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is okay it's not just on BCI right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is okay it's not just on BCI right
+people have been for for hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been for for hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been for for hundreds of
+years have been um have been studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years have been um have been studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years have been um have been studying
+these distributions and things that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions and things that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions and things that look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this with extremely long taals I this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with extremely long taals I this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with extremely long taals I this is
+this is what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what people
+see okay now you can argue about exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay now you can argue about exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay now you can argue about exactly
+how fast it falls off and whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast it falls off and whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast it falls off and whether it's
+different a Mainland or an island but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a Mainland or an island but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a Mainland or an island but
+this basic feature that Rarity that rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic feature that Rarity that rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic feature that Rarity that rare
+species are common this seems to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are common this seems to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are common this seems to be just
+that's what you always see okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you always see okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you always see okay right so
+this is the thing that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that you have to
+remember rare species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common and I think that this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and I think that this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and I think that this is this is
+the basic surprising thing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic surprising thing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic surprising thing and this
+whole field and the ironic thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole field and the ironic thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole field and the ironic thing is that
+even after you know spending all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after you know spending all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after you know spending all this
+time reading about theories to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reading about theories to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reading about theories to describe
+these distributions it's still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions it's still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions it's still very
+possible and I would say based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and I would say based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and I would say based on the
+statistics this year and past years it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics this year and past years it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics this year and past years it's
+not just possible but it is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just possible but it is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just possible but it is the the
+standard outcome is that after reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard outcome is that after reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard outcome is that after reading
+this paper you do not realize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper you do not realize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper you do not realize that the
+the distribution looks like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution looks like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution looks like this right
+you somehow still think that it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow still think that it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow still think that it looks
+you kind of still think this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of still think this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of still think this is like a
+linear scale where there's a where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale where there's a where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale where there's a where the
+typical species right you know has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical species right you know has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical species right you know has this
+where the mean median mode are all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the mean median mode are all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the mean median mode are all about
+the same thing right so um so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing right so um so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing right so um so I guess
+always plot the raw data in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always plot the raw data in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always plot the raw data in an
+untransformed way there are theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untransformed way there are theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untransformed way there are theoretical
+reasons why it might be nice to plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why it might be nice to plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why it might be nice to plot it
+like this but be very careful about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but be very careful about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but be very careful about what
+you're doing because then you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing because then you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing because then you you're
+left with a mental image of a histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a mental image of a histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a mental image of a histogram
+that looks like this and um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this and um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this and um and that's
+very uh very dangerous yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly yeah know I understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah know I understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah know I understand what
+you're saying that maybe I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that maybe I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that maybe I guess
+it's it's just that there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just that there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just that there there's a
+qualitative aspect to the data which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative aspect to the data which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative aspect to the data which is
+that most species are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most species are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most species are very
+rare and and this is something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare and and this is something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare and and this is something that I
+think is surprising I think it's deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is surprising I think it's deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is surprising I think it's deep
+and it's something that you do not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something that you do not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something that you do not get
+realized mostes more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay well you know we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay well you know we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay well you know we can we can
+pick I mean the maybe the surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick I mean the maybe the surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick I mean the maybe the surprising
+thing is that just if you take you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that just if you take you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that just if you take you know
+the mean is 100 right and so I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is 100 right and so I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is 100 right and so I you know
+I would have thought you know and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have thought you know and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have thought you know and that
+if you bought number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species as a function of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species as a function of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species as a function of the number of
+individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+right number of species number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of species number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of species number right
+that if you know given those numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you know given those numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you know given those numbers I
+would have guessed okay here's 100 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have guessed okay here's 100 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have guessed okay here's 100 I
+would have guessed you know here's 50 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have guessed you know here's 50 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have guessed you know here's 50 so
+just to highlight this is a 150 this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to highlight this is a 150 this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to highlight this is a 150 this a
+linear scale I would have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale I would have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale I would have you
+know I would have guessed it look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I would have guessed it look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I would have guessed it look you
+know looks something like that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looks something like that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looks something like that maybe
+larger than rot n or something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than rot n or something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than rot n or something you know
+but what would that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SC right so so this thing would be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC right so so this thing would be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC right so so this thing would be kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+like I mean it would all be I mean all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean it would all be I mean all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean it would all be I mean all
+the weight would be in it would be it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight would be in it would be it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight would be in it would be it'
+be like all here plus a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like all here plus a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like all here plus a little bit on
+each of these right yeah but it's not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these right yeah but it's not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these right yeah but it's not I
+don't think it's actually that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's actually that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's actually that different
+from the only thing it's different is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the only thing it's different is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the only thing it's different is
+the tail on the left which is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail on the left which is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail on the left which is and the
+tail on the right yeah it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail on the right yeah it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail on the right yeah it's a little bit
+longer oh no it's a lot longer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer oh no it's a lot longer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer oh no it's a lot longer right
+because this thing that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing that all of the
+weight is between 50 and 150 right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is between 50 and 150 right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is between 50 and 150 right which
+means that all of the counts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that all of the counts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that all of the counts are
+basically going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to
+be well all the counts are going these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well all the counts are going these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well all the counts are going these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+basically because this thing comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because this thing comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because this thing comes out
+either way so in this case if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way so in this case if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way so in this case if you plot
+take that histogram put it on this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that histogram put it on this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that histogram put it on this kind
+of scale you end up with two bars up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale you end up with two bars up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale you end up with two bars up
+high nothing outside right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high nothing outside right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high nothing outside right so that's a
+very different distribution and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different distribution and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different distribution and it's not
+to say that this is a ridiculous thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this is a ridiculous thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this is a ridiculous thing
+to do it's just that the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's just that the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's just that the problem is that
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+mental image of what the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental image of what the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental image of what the distribution
+looks like is is ends up being incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like is is ends up being incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like is is ends up being incorrect
+in the sense that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you have a
+qualitatively different sense of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively different sense of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively different sense of what's
+of what's going on right and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on right and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on right and you know
+and it's really if you go up to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really if you go up to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really if you go up to 10
+species here right you know and 10 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species here right you know and 10 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species here right you know and 10 is
+way down here so you'd think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down here so you'd think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down here so you'd think there
+should be that that no I mean if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be that that no I mean if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be that that no I mean if this is
+your mental if this is what it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mental if this is what it looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mental if this is what it looked
+like there would be essentially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there would be essentially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there would be essentially no
+species with fewer than 10 individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with fewer than 10 individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with fewer than 10 individuals
+right but if you come over here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you come over here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you come over here and you
+add it up you right you take it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it up you right you take it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it up you right you take it's like
+mean of say 6 * 10 60 out of 200 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of say 6 * 10 60 out of 200 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of say 6 * 10 60 out of 200 you
+know so this is you know a quarter or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so this is you know a quarter or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so this is you know a quarter or a
+third of the species on this plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the species on this plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the species on this plot of
+land have fewer than 10 individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land have fewer than 10 individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land have fewer than 10 individuals
+right and 10 is really a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and 10 is really a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and 10 is really a very small
+number you know you know it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you know you know it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you know you know it's just it's
+just a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question
+of well rare species are common I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well rare species are common I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well rare species are common I guess
+I and I think that this this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I think that this this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I think that this this is I think
+it's a true description of of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a true description of of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a true description of of The
+observed distribution here and elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed distribution here and elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed distribution here and elsewhere
+and it's not something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not something that you
+appreciate or realize when you plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate or realize when you plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate or realize when you plot it
+in that way but you can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way but you can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way but you can get this
+information from that you you no I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from that you you no I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from that you you no I agree
+you can get it you can get it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it you can get it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it you can get it but you
+know but but it was only you know only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but but it was only you know only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but but it was only you know only
+10% of the group got it right the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of the group got it right the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of the group got it right the fact
+that you can get it I it's possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get it I it's possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get it I it's possible but
+but you you you don't get it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you you don't get it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you you don't get it that's
+that's a it's a practical statement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a it's a practical statement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a it's a practical statement uh
+yeah it's I'm Not Dead Set against this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's I'm Not Dead Set against this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's I'm Not Dead Set against this
+distribution it's just that it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's just that it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's just that it makes
+everybody think something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody think something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody think something that's not
+true right so if you think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right so if you think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right so if you think that that's
+okay then you know I can't help you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you know I can't help you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you know I can't help you no
+no I mean it's just I it's fine I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean it's just I it's fine I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean it's just I it's fine I mean
+it's it's okay but it's just you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's okay but it's just you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's okay but it's just you have to
+be careful is my only my only statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful is my only my only statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful is my only my only statement
+yeah and I I very much want you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I I very much want you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I I very much want you to take
+away at least I think because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away at least I think because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away at least I think because I think
+this is an accurate description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an accurate description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an accurate description of the
+data is that rare species are common and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that rare species are common and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that rare species are common and
+and as one of the readings I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as one of the readings I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as one of the readings I think it
+was in this paper or maybe a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this paper or maybe a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this paper or maybe a different
+one that I was reading um even Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I was reading um even Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I was reading um even Darwin
+when talking about this was uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when talking about this was uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when talking about this was uh he
+commented on this fact that Rarity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented on this fact that Rarity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented on this fact that Rarity of
+species is somehow a typical typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is somehow a typical typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is somehow a typical typical
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and common species are rare that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and common species are rare that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and common species are rare that's
+right right it's just this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right it's just this distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right it's just this distribution
+is hugely hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hugely hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hugely hugely
+skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so so this is the op the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so this is the op the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so this is the op the these
+are the measurements and this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the measurements and this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the measurements and this is kind of
+you can you can look at them in I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can look at them in I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can look at them in I think
+it's good to look at them in both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to look at them in both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to look at them in both of
+these ways because you can't I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ways because you can't I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ways because you can't I mean you
+can't even plot the data on this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even plot the data on this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even plot the data on this on
+linear scale right so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale right so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale right so that's a good
+reason for doing it uh but I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for doing it uh but I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for doing it uh but I I think
+it's good to to have both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to to have both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to to have both of these
+pictures in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay what we want to do is is talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we want to do is is talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we want to do is is talk about
+two classes of models that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of models that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of models that give
+something that's essentially this log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's essentially this log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's essentially this log
+normal distribution right so on a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution right so on a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution right so on a log
+scale it looks uh normally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it looks uh normally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it looks uh normally distributed
+approximately okay and uh those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately okay and uh those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately okay and uh those two
+models are going to be kind of a niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are going to be kind of a niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are going to be kind of a niche
+based model and a neutral model all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based model and a neutral model all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based model and a neutral model all
+right can can somebody in words explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can can somebody in words explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can can somebody in words explain
+what they maybe see as the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they maybe see as the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they maybe see as the difference
+between this Niche and the neutral kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this Niche and the neutral kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this Niche and the neutral kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well
+maybe all right every species is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all right every species is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all right every species is
+in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+one right in the niche Theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right in the niche Theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right in the niche Theory the
+species are different right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are different right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are different right so this is a
+it seems like a ridiculous statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like a ridiculous statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like a ridiculous statement
+right that I mean do you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that I mean do you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that I mean do you believe that
+species are different all right we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are different all right we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are different all right we can
+vote you know yes or no ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote you know yes or no ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote you know yes or no ready three two
+one yeah well okay well somebody's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah well okay well somebody's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah well okay well somebody's been
+convinced by the neutral Theory all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced by the neutral Theory all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced by the neutral Theory all
+right um yes so you know it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um yes so you know it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um yes so you know it's clear that
+that species are different and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that species are different and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that species are different and the
+question is which pattern in the data do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which pattern in the data do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which pattern in the data do
+you need to invoke differences in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to invoke differences in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to invoke differences in order
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+explain right and I think that one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain right and I think that one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain right and I think that one one
+maybe theme that's come out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe theme that's come out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe theme that's come out of this
+relative species abundance literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance literature
+and the debates between the neutral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the debates between the neutral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the debates between the neutral and
+the niche guys is just that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the niche guys is just that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the niche guys is just that this
+distribution is less informative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is less informative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is less informative of the
+microscale or you know individual kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscale or you know individual kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscale or you know individual kind
+of interactions it's less informative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interactions it's less informative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interactions it's less informative of
+of those interactions than you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those interactions than you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those interactions than you might
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+thought okay because uh multiple models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay because uh multiple models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay because uh multiple models
+can I think adequately you know explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I think adequately you know explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I think adequately you know explain
+such a pattern and in in all areas we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a pattern and in in all areas we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a pattern and in in all areas we
+have to remember that you make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember that you make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember that you make an
+observation and you write down a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and you write down a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and you write down a model
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+explains that observation right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains that observation right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains that observation right so what
+you do is you write down a model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you write down a model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you write down a model and
+what you and writing down a model what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you and writing down a model what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you and writing down a model what
+that means that you make some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you make some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you make some set of
+assumptions and then you look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and then you look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and then you look to see
+what happens in that model and if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in that model and if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in that model and if the if
+the model you know is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model you know is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model you know is consistent with
+the data that's that's that's good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's that's that's good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's that's that's good but
+it doesn't prove that the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't prove that the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't prove that the assumptions
+that went into the model are correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into the model are correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into the model are correct and
+this is a trivial statement I've said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a trivial statement I've said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a trivial statement I've said it
+before but you have to it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but you have to it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but you have to it's like you
+have to say you have to tell yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say you have to tell yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say you have to tell yourself
+this or remind yourself of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or remind yourself of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or remind yourself of this kind of
+once a month okay because it's just such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a month okay because it's just such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a month okay because it's just such
+an easy thing to forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right now the niche models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now the niche models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now the niche models
+indeed assume that uh that the species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed assume that uh that the species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed assume that uh that the species
+are different and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and that's that's
+reasonable uh because we think it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh because we think it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh because we think it's true
+but then of course there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then of course there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then of course there are many
+different ways of capturing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of capturing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of capturing those
+differences and then you have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and then you have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and then you have to decide
+whether uh the the assumptions there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh the the assumptions there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh the the assumptions there are
+reasonable or whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable or whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable or whether they're
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+essential we're going to uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential we're going to uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential we're going to uh in the
+context of the niche models we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the niche models we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the niche models we're going
+to think about uh the so-called broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh the so-called broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh the so-called broken
+stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models but um even more um even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but um even more um even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but um even more um even more
+concretely all right so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely all right so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely all right so basically you
+get log normal distributions when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get log normal distributions when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get log normal distributions when
+there's some sort of multiplicative type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of multiplicative type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of multiplicative type
+random process that's being added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random process that's being added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random process that's being added
+together okay so you get log you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so you get log you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so you get log you know
+you get normal distributions when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get normal distributions when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get normal distributions when you
+have um sums of random things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um sums of random things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um sums of random things going
+together right this is the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right this is the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right this is the central limit
+theorem but when you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but when you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but when you have um
+multiplicative kind of errors or random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative kind of errors or random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative kind of errors or random
+processes come together you can get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes come together you can get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes come together you can get you
+get log normal distributions and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get log normal distributions and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get log normal distributions and um and
+I want to highlight that that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to highlight that that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to highlight that that does not
+necessarily have to um tell you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to um tell you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to um tell you so much
+about U about the biology of it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U about the biology of it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U about the biology of it right
+because uh a classic situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh a classic situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh a classic situation where you
+get um where you get log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um where you get log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um where you get log normal
+distributions is if you take a if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions is if you take a if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions is if you take a if you
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stone and you crush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay you can do this experiment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay you can do this experiment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay you can do this experiment at
+home and then you um then you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and then you um then you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and then you um then you measure
+the mass distribution of the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fragments right the distribution of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments right the distribution of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments right the distribution of um
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mass is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normal okay right so just take take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal okay right so just take take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal okay right so just take take a
+stone you know grind it under your boot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone you know grind it under your boot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone you know grind it under your boot
+or hammer it do this you know some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hammer it do this you know some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hammer it do this you know some you
+know you know kind of just kind of rub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know kind of just kind of rub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know kind of just kind of rub
+it right in okay you'll get you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right in okay you'll get you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right in okay you'll get you'll get
+some distribution of fragments you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution of fragments you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution of fragments you can
+go for each of the fragments measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for each of the fragments measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for each of the fragments measure the
+mass and indeed um you end up getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and indeed um you end up getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and indeed um you end up getting a
+log normal distribution right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log normal distribution right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log normal distribution right because
+there's some sense that what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sense that what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sense that what's happening
+is that you're um you take a larger Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're um you take a larger Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're um you take a larger Mass
+you break it up randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break it up randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break it up randomly
+and then the resulting fragments at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the resulting fragments at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the resulting fragments at some
+rate each of them you break up randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate each of them you break up randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate each of them you break up randomly
+you know and the small ones are maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the small ones are maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the small ones are maybe
+kind of as likely to get broken up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as likely to get broken up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as likely to get broken up as
+the big ones so then the small ones can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big ones so then the small ones can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big ones so then the small ones can
+still get even smaller so you get U but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get even smaller so you get U but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get even smaller so you get U but
+then there's going to be at some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's going to be at some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's going to be at some rate
+some very large ones okay so such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very large ones okay so such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very large ones okay so such a
+process ends up I mean it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process ends up I mean it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process ends up I mean it's it's not
+biology okay um this is this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology okay um this is this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology okay um this is this is just
+something about the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the nature of the
+breaking up of the um of this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up of the um of this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up of the um of this physical
+object and indeed the basic idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and indeed the basic idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and indeed the basic idea behind
+many of the niche models that give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the niche models that give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the niche models that give you a
+l normal distribution is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l normal distribution is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l normal distribution is equivalent to
+um to crushing a stone and measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to crushing a stone and measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to crushing a stone and measuring the
+the resulting distribution okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting distribution okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting distribution okay and uh
+I'll describe what I mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll describe what I mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll describe what I mean by that
+typically what the broken stick models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what the broken stick models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what the broken stick models
+have they say there's some there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they say there's some there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they say there's some there's some
+resource uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource uh
+axis right this is a resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right this is a resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right this is a resource
+axis and this could be for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and this could be for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and this could be for example um
+where you're getting food from okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're getting food from okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're getting food from okay now
+we're gonna have to divide up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to divide up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to divide up this
+resource AIS among some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource AIS among some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource AIS among some number of
+different species and what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species and what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species and what we're going
+to assume is that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume is that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume is that the number of
+individuals in the species is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the species is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the species is um is
+proportional to the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length of the
+resource axis that it's able to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource axis that it's able to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource axis that it's able to capture
+okay and I want to make sure I find my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to make sure I find my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to make sure I find my
+notes right and this I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes right and this I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes right and this I I want to
+highlight this this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this this comes from
+MacArthur's you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MacArthur's you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MacArthur's you know this is
+MacArthur from in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1950s carth this is 1957 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s carth this is 1957 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s carth this is 1957 okay
+all right so we imagine there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we imagine there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we imagine there's this
+homogeneous resource axis we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous resource axis we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous resource axis we're going to
+break it up into end segments and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it up into end segments and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it up into end segments and uh
+this uh and the abundances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and the abundances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and the abundances are
+proportional to the length and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length and and the
+idea is that if this process if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that if this process if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that if this process if you just
+break this up randomly so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this up randomly so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this up randomly so let's say that
+you just draw n minus one lines randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just draw n minus one lines randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just draw n minus one lines randomly
+or n minus one points randomly here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n minus one points randomly here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n minus one points randomly here and
+you ask about okay now you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask about okay now you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask about okay now you have n
+species with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with n
+uh with right so n species with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with right so n species with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with right so n species with n
+different abundances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different abundances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different abundances
+okay the question is does that give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is does that give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is does that give a
+log normal okay so we'll say um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log normal okay so we'll say um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log normal okay so we'll say um okay
+we'll say n minus one random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points you understand what I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you understand what I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you understand what I mean you
+sample uniformly once s uniformly twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample uniformly once s uniformly twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample uniformly once s uniformly twice
+you do that n minus one times and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that n minus one times and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that n minus one times and now
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+n okay and then we say okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay and then we say okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay and then we say okay this is the
+first species has this many individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first species has this many individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first species has this many individuals
+the second has this one third has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second has this one third has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second has this one third has this
+one Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Etc
+right the question is does random points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the question is does random points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the question is does random points
+does that lead to a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normal all right yes and no let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal all right yes and no let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal all right yes and no let's think
+about this for 10 seconds n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for 10 seconds n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for 10 seconds n minus one
+random points log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution all right ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right so I'd say that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so I'd say that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so I'd say that we have a
+majority are saying no can somebody say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority are saying no can somebody say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority are saying no can somebody say
+why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is because it's because it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's because it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's because it's something
+else okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay that
+that's fair okay but uh but can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fair okay but uh but can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fair okay but uh but can you say
+qualitatively why it is that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively why it is that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively why it is that this is not
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work right that it's going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right that it's going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right that it's going to be very
+unusual that you get a very long Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual that you get a very long Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual that you get a very long Gap
+what about the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that I'm now I'm a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I'm now I'm a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I'm now I'm a little bit
+worried I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried I'm
+um I think that that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh all right well I'm gon to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right well I'm gon to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right well I'm gon to say that
+it's very you're not going to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very you're not going to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very you're not going to get this
+super long ones but I I think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super long ones but I I think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super long ones but I I think that you
+make I think that the the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I think that the the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I think that the the distribution
+of might still be um might still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of might still be um might still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of might still be um might still be
+peaked at it's short values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked at it's short values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked at it's short values
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+no random cuz what's true I mean cuz if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no random cuz what's true I mean cuz if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no random cuz what's true I mean cuz if
+if if we were just traveling along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we were just traveling along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we were just traveling along this
+resource axis and at a at a rate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource axis and at a at a rate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource axis and at a at a rate that's
+kind of exponentially distributed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exponentially distributed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exponentially distributed like
+Pon rate we just dropped our dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon rate we just dropped our dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon rate we just dropped our dropped
+points that's something very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that's something very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that's something very similar to
+what I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random no is that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random no is that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random no is that not
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+uh yeah all right I'm uh all right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah all right I'm uh all right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah all right I'm uh all right yeah
+I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I
+have okay I'm I'm a little bit worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay I'm I'm a little bit worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay I'm I'm a little bit worried
+that I'm I might be yeah I'm now I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I might be yeah I'm now I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I might be yeah I'm now I'm not
+100% confident depending on how I how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% confident depending on how I how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% confident depending on how I how I
+look at this I I get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I I get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I I get different
+distributions on the yeah but I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions on the yeah but I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions on the yeah but I think um
+the the first thing that you said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first thing that you said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first thing that you said you
+just say okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say okay I'm going to
+Pius yes is a different going theis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pius yes is a different going theis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pius yes is a different going theis and
+expon I I I agree it's different yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expon I I I agree it's different yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expon I I I agree it's different yeah
+know I'm um I don't think that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm um I don't think that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm um I don't think that would be
+the IDE to simulate because you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IDE to simulate because you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IDE to simulate because you would be
+very likely to just get this giant thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely to just get this giant thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely to just get this giant thing
+at the end when you're finished what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end when you're finished what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end when you're finished what you
+could do you could go along you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you could go along you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you could go along you could
+drop one or points yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinks yeah and I because I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks yeah and I because I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks yeah and I because I think that
+the probility distribution does grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probility distribution does grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probility distribution does grow
+right I think that I I'm going to side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that I I'm going to side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that I I'm going to side
+with you uh and say all right so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you uh and say all right so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you uh and say all right so we've
+decided that there are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that there are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that there are not going to be
+as many short sticks and there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many short sticks and there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many short sticks and there's not
+going to be as many long sticks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as many long sticks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as many long sticks as
+compared to a log normal do we agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a log normal do we agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a log normal do we agree
+with that okay all right so okay so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that okay all right so okay so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that okay all right so okay so at
+least we agree that it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we agree that it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we agree that it's not going to be
+a log normal right so you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log normal right so you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log normal right so you're not going
+to get this huge variation of some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this huge variation of some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this huge variation of some very
+long sticks and some very short ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sticks and some very short ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sticks and some very short ones
+okay now the question is uh what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question is uh what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question is uh what kind of
+how how would you change this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how would you change this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how would you change this sort of
+model in order to generate a a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in order to generate a a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in order to generate a a log
+normal and and the answer is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and and the answer is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and and the answer is that what
+you have to do is you have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is you have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is you have to have some
+sort what is called some Niche hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort what is called some Niche hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort what is called some Niche hierarchy
+or some some hierarchical breaking just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some hierarchical breaking just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some hierarchical breaking just
+like what led to the stone giving a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what led to the stone giving a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what led to the stone giving a log
+normal is that you have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal is that you have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal is that you have to have some
+successive process of of breaking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive process of of breaking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive process of of breaking things
+okay so this is what they call some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what they call some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what they call some
+hierarchy model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and and the key thing is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequential okay right you you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential okay right you you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential okay right you you have your
+resource access and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource access and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource access and you
+first have you have some rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first have you have some rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first have you have some rule for
+breaking it up you know it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it up you know it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it up you know it could be that
+you just could be you just sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just could be you just sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just could be you just sample
+uniformity or some some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity or some some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity or some some other
+probability distribution but the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution but the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution but the idea is
+that you have and and the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have and and the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have and and the way that you
+might think about this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about this is uh
+via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay well just everything up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well just everything up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well just everything up on the
+board is so nice and useful I feel bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is so nice and useful I feel bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is so nice and useful I feel bad
+uh getting rid of it okay um this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting rid of it okay um this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting rid of it okay um this thing
+is not true so I don't mind erasing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true so I don't mind erasing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true so I don't mind erasing it
+all right so let's imagine uh uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's imagine uh uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's imagine uh uh let's
+imagine some bird community in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forest and we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest and we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest and we're going to think about
+where is it that the birds are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it that the birds are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it that the birds are are
+getting their grub or their their food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their grub or their their food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their grub or their their food
+to eat okay bird Community right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat okay bird Community right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat okay bird Community right so you
+might first okay well in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might first okay well in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might first okay well in this in this
+Axis or the now the axis is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axis or the now the axis is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axis or the now the axis is somehow
+vertical you could divide them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical you could divide them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical you could divide them up
+into the ground uh the ground foragers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ground uh the ground foragers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ground uh the ground foragers
+as compared to the the tree foragers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to the the tree foragers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to the the tree foragers
+okay in terms of where where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in terms of where where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in terms of where where they're
+getting their food okay and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their food okay and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their food okay and you know the
+ex well how much of the food is on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex well how much of the food is on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex well how much of the food is on each
+s oh well we'll say you know 30% is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s oh well we'll say you know 30% is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s oh well we'll say you know 30% is on
+the ground 70% on the tree or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground 70% on the tree or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground 70% on the tree or you know
+there's some right so this is all on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some right so this is all on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some right so this is all on the
+stick distribution you know you cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick distribution you know you cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick distribution you know you cut the
+stick in some way or you break the stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in some way or you break the stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in some way or you break the stick
+in some way okay but then within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way okay but then within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way okay but then within the
+tree foragers you'd say okay well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree foragers you'd say okay well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree foragers you'd say okay well the
+resources might be separated and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources might be separated and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources might be separated and this
+and this is really like speciation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really like speciation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really like speciation a
+species this is the niche they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species this is the niche they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species this is the niche they the
+species are focusing on different niches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are focusing on different niches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are focusing on different niches
+okay so you say oh well some are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you say oh well some are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you say oh well some are going
+to focus on the trunk some will focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on the trunk some will focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on the trunk some will focus on
+branches okay and again this part this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches okay and again this part this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches okay and again this part this
+part of the stick is now broken or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the stick is now broken or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the stick is now broken or
+divided among different uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided among different uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided among different uh different
+resource locations with some amount but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource locations with some amount but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource locations with some amount but
+then also you this there you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also you this there you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also you this there you you're
+going to get speciation in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get speciation in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get speciation in different
+directions here because there's both um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions here because there's both um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions here because there's both um
+the surface I know if you have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface I know if you have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface I know if you have ever
+eaten grubs but there's the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten grubs but there's the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten grubs but there's the surface
+grubs and then there's also the um sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grubs and then there's also the um sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grubs and then there's also the um sub
+bark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grubs
+okay right and so you kind of do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and so you kind of do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and so you kind of do this
+process multiple times right where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process multiple times right where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process multiple times right where you
+you kind of pick different branches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of pick different branches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of pick different branches and
+you break them to divide up the niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break them to divide up the niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break them to divide up the niche
+and then you end up with a log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you end up with a log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you end up with a log normal
+type distribution right this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type distribution right this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type distribution right this has
+something this is some similar process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this is some similar process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this is some similar process
+to the to the crushing of the stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the crushing of the stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the crushing of the stone
+because the idea is that the stone is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the idea is that the stone is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the idea is that the stone is is
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+sequential uh breaks of of the stone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential uh breaks of of the stone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential uh breaks of of the stone so
+the stone first breaks into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stone first breaks into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stone first breaks into you know
+maybe simply two or could be three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe simply two or could be three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe simply two or could be three you
+know the first there's one breaking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first there's one breaking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first there's one breaking and
+then one of them is broken more so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of them is broken more so given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of them is broken more so given
+this process you end up getting a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process you end up getting a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process you end up getting a log
+normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution
+yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also I guess question break you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I guess question break you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I guess question break you assume
+that uniform break it yeah so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uniform break it yeah so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uniform break it yeah so there
+there are yeah yeah so people have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are yeah yeah so people have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are yeah yeah so people have a lot
+of work has gone into the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work has gone into the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work has gone into the question of
+how it is you should break the stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is you should break the stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is you should break the stick
+right so if you given that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you given that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you given that you have this
+tree forging stick and and people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree forging stick and and people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree forging stick and and people you
+know they you know so and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they you know so and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they you know so and in particular
+what I on a practical level is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I on a practical level is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I on a practical level is what they
+do is they ask well what probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they ask well what probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they ask well what probability
+distribution gives you the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution gives you the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution gives you the best
+agreement with the data right do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with the data right do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with the data right do you
+know is it uniform or is it oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it uniform or is it oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it uniform or is it oh it's
+broken like this or is it you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken like this or is it you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken like this or is it you know and
+in some cases people say well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases people say well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases people say well it's
+actually tilted on one side because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tilted on one side because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tilted on one side because um
+you know if if there's some process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if there's some process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if there's some process that
+um well in the context of of succession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well in the context of of succession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well in the context of of succession
+and some other uh environments there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other uh environments there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other uh environments there's
+an idea that if species first gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea that if species first gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea that if species first gets
+somewhere they can kind of monopolize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere they can kind of monopolize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere they can kind of monopolize a
+larger fraction of the resources than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger fraction of the resources than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger fraction of the resources than if
+it's divided kind of you know equally at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided kind of you know equally at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided kind of you know equally at
+some beginning and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beginning and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beginning and that's going to
+affect what this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect what this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect what this probability
+distribution is when you break each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is when you break each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is when you break each one
+uh but you know there's always this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know there's always this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know there's always this
+question about how how well these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how how well these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how how well these
+Notions I mean how constrained are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions I mean how constrained are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions I mean how constrained are the
+Notions and and so forth and I I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions and and so forth and I I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions and and so forth and I I'm I'm
+agnostic on that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you yes although there it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you yes although there it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you yes although there it's just
+that if you do this process you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do this process you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do this process you know
+it's like a central limit theorem type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a central limit theorem type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a central limit theorem type
+result so you have to do it enough times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so you have to do it enough times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so you have to do it enough times
+so that you get to some limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get to some limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get to some limiting
+distribution and then you could keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then you could keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then you could keep on
+doing it but then it's in the end we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it but then it's in the end we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it but then it's in the end we all
+we say is that species abundance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say is that species abundance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say is that species abundance is
+proportional to the size right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the size right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the size right so we
+we're going to scale ultimately by to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to scale ultimately by to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to scale ultimately by to
+get the correct number of individuals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the correct number of individuals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the correct number of individuals so
+it's not that it's just you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that it's just you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that it's just you have to do
+it some reasonable number time so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some reasonable number time so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some reasonable number time so that
+that the randomness kind of washes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the randomness kind of washes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the randomness kind of washes out
+and you end up approaching that limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up approaching that limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up approaching that limiting
+Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior
+okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay and indeed I I just want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and indeed I I just want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and indeed I I just want to mention
+uh a major result in this field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a major result in this field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a major result in this field in
+that the um these Niche type models um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um these Niche type models um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um these Niche type models um
+successfully explained or predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully explained or predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully explained or predicted
+another uh another pattern that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh another pattern that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh another pattern that had been
+observed which is the so-called species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed which is the so-called species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed which is the so-called species
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationships okay so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships okay so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships okay so this is just
+saying that let's say here we we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that let's say here we we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that let's say here we we looked
+at 50 hectares and we asked how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 50 hectares and we asked how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 50 hectares and we asked how many
+species were there right 225 species and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species were there right 225 species and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species were there right 225 species and
+50 hectares now the question is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 hectares now the question is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 hectares now the question is if
+instead of looking at at 50 hectares we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at at 50 hectares we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at at 50 hectares we
+instead of we instead looked at 500 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of we instead looked at 500 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of we instead looked at 500 okay
+do you think that the number of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that the number of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that the number of species
+we observed would have gone up up stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observed would have gone up up stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observed would have gone up up stay
+the same or gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or gone
+down up same down ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down up same down ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down up same down ready three two
+one up up right if you look at a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up up right if you look at a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up up right if you look at a larger
+area I mean the you expect to see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I mean the you expect to see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I mean the you expect to see more
+species in a larger area right um so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in a larger area right um so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in a larger area right um so and
+and people like people really do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people like people really do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people like people really do this
+they they look in some area you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they look in some area you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they look in some area you know
+going from say they take a meter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from say they take a meter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from say they take a meter and
+they count all the species and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count all the species and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count all the species and then they
+go and they okay here's 100 meters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and they okay here's 100 meters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and they okay here's 100 meters and
+they count the species and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count the species and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count the species and then they
+right and they they ask okay how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they they ask okay how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they they ask okay how many
+how many species do you see as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many species do you see as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many species do you see as a
+function of the area and what what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the area and what what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the area and what what they
+what people have found is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have found is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have found is the number of
+species You observe it is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species You observe it is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species You observe it is something
+like it's proportional to the area to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's proportional to the area to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's proportional to the area to
+some power where Z is around u a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power where Z is around u a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power where Z is around u a
+quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and of course the area goes as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course the area goes as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course the area goes as some
+R SAR so if you wanted to you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R SAR so if you wanted to you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R SAR so if you wanted to you could say
+goes as the square root of the radius I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as the square root of the radius I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as the square root of the radius I
+whatever um but the number of species in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um but the number of species in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um but the number of species in
+in some area it grows but it grows in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some area it grows but it grows in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some area it grows but it grows in a
+manner that is less than linear does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner that is less than linear does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner that is less than linear does
+that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make
+sense it definitely makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it definitely makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it definitely makes sense that
+it's less than linear right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than linear right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than linear right because
+linear would be that that they were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear would be that that they were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear would be that that they were that
+you sample a bunch of species here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sample a bunch of species here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sample a bunch of species here and
+then you look at another identical plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you look at another identical plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you look at another identical plot
+you get some other species and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some other species and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some other species and it would
+saying that oh that you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that oh that you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that oh that you really don't
+expect any of those species to overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect any of those species to overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect any of those species to overlap
+right that would be a weird world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be a weird world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be a weird world right
+so it very much makes sense that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it very much makes sense that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it very much makes sense that uh that
+this is that this is less than one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this is less than one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this is less than one of
+course it doesn't it didn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it doesn't it didn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it doesn't it didn't have to be
+this power law but um one thing that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power law but um one thing that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power law but um one thing that has
+been discovered around the world is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered around the world is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered around the world is that
+power laws are very interesting but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power laws are very interesting but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power laws are very interesting but once
+again many different microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again many different microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again many different microscopic
+processes can lead to power loss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can lead to power loss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can lead to power loss the
+niche models have successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche models have successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche models have successfully
+predicted or explained why it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted or explained why it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted or explained why it might have
+the scaling but it turns out that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling but it turns out that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling but it turns out that uh
+that neutral models can also predict it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neutral models can also predict it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neutral models can also predict it
+and it may just that lots of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may just that lots of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may just that lots of lots of
+spatially explicit models will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially explicit models will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially explicit models will give you
+some power law type scaling that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power law type scaling that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power law type scaling that that
+looks kind of like this right uh so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of like this right uh so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of like this right uh so once
+again it's a question of how convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a question of how convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a question of how convinced
+you should be about microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be about microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be about microscopic
+processes based on being able to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes based on being able to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes based on being able to explain
+some data and I think it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data and I think it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data and I think it's just it's
+it's one thing the best cure for U for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing the best cure for U for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing the best cure for U for
+this this danger of assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this danger of assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this danger of assuming that the
+microscopic assumptions are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic assumptions are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic assumptions are correct
+because the model is able to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the model is able to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the model is able to explain
+something is that if you can find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is that if you can find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is that if you can find some
+other very different set of microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other very different set of microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other very different set of microscopic
+assumptions that also explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that also explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that also explain the
+patterns then then then it becomes clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then then then it becomes clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then then then it becomes clear
+that you have to take everything with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to take everything with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to take everything with a
+grain of salt right and that's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt right and that's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt right and that's I think
+part of what's been very valuable about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what's been very valuable about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what's been very valuable about
+this uh about the neutral Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh about the neutral Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh about the neutral Theory
+contribution to this field this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to this field this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to this field this just
+come from like you assume that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individuals yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals yeah so
+um yeah so the cas is that I've you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so the cas is that I've you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so the cas is that I've you so
+there there are multiple derivations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are multiple derivations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are multiple derivations of
+this so it's a little bit confusing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's a little bit confusing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's a little bit confusing um
+but I I you know there there are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I you know there there are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I you know there there are well
+okay yeah so the models that I well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so the models that I well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so the models that I well for
+example the the um the neutral models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the the um the neutral models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the the um the neutral models
+that I've seen that that lead to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've seen that that lead to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've seen that that lead to these
+patterns still yeah they they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns still yeah they they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns still yeah they they basically
+have the the individuals randomly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the individuals randomly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the individuals randomly you
+know either with sex or without sex kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either with sex or without sex kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either with sex or without sex kind
+of you know diffusing around and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know diffusing around and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know diffusing around and then
+they divide you know and then this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they divide you know and then this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they divide you know and then this you
+know and then you you can explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then you you can explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then you you can explicitly
+just do the do the spa different spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the do the spa different spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the do the spa different spaces
+and see that you get a scaling right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that you get a scaling right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that you get a scaling right so
+it's it seems to be a surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emergent feature of many of these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent feature of many of these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent feature of many of these models
+uh yeah so it once again it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so it once again it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so it once again it may be
+something that tells us less about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells us less about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells us less about
+biology than it does about math or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology than it does about math or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology than it does about math or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right any other questions about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any other questions about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any other questions about about
+this kind of the base notion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of the base notion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of the base notion of this
+Niche hierarchy type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+okay all right so I want to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I want to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I want to I want to
+spend some time talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time talking about this
+neutral in ecology just because and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral in ecology just because and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral in ecology just because and and
+you know the math in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the math in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the math in particular the
+derivation of this particular close form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this particular close form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this particular close form
+solution is not really so interesting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is not really so interesting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is not really so interesting or
+relevant but but I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but but I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but but I think it's very
+important to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand what the
+assumptions are in the model and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are in the model and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are in the model and um and
+and maybe also something about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe also something about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe also something about the the
+circumstances in which we think that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances in which we think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances in which we think that it
+should apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so the the basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the the basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the the basic idea is
+is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we
+have what we hope is um some meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+community that is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that is large
+okay and then we have an island so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we have an island so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we have an island so this
+has to do with this theory of Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with this theory of Island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with this theory of Island
+biogeography all right we have uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogeography all right we have uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogeography all right we have uh we
+have an island over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an island over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an island over
+here and in the context of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in the context of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in the context of of the
+nomenclature of this paper with there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature of this paper with there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature of this paper with there's
+some uh Community size uh size J here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh Community size uh size J here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh Community size uh size J here
+this tells us about the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us about the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us about the number of
+individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay and they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and they're they're
+distributed across some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across some number of
+species okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species okay
+now the um the neutral Theory the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the um the neutral Theory the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the um the neutral Theory the key
+thing is that we assume that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that we assume that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that we assume that all
+individuals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identical right once again and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right once again and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right once again and it's not
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+neutral theorist believe that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral theorist believe that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral theorist believe that this is
+true it's that they think that it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's that they think that it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's that they think that it may be
+sufficient to explain the patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to explain the patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to explain the patterns that
+are observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right and when we say that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and when we say that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and when we say that all
+individuals are identical what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are identical what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are identical what we mean
+is that the demographic parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the demographic parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the demographic parameters are
+the same okay birth death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay birth death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay birth death
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+okay um and and it's even a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and and it's even a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and and it's even a stronger
+assumption in some ways that that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in some ways that that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in some ways that that it's
+assuming that the individuals are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the individuals are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the individuals are the
+same the species are the same and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the species are the same and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the species are the same and there
+are no interactions within the species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no interactions within the species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no interactions within the species
+as well so there's none of this no Aly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so there's none of this no Aly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so there's none of this no Aly
+effect or no specific competition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or no specific competition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or no specific competition right
+so the birth death rates are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the birth death rates are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the birth death rates are going to be
+independent of everything okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of everything okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of everything okay which is
+an amazingly parsimonious model and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazingly parsimonious model and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazingly parsimonious model and it's
+kind of amazing you can get anything out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazing you can get anything out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazing you can get anything out
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um all right and then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right and then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right and then we have a
+migration uh rate and M it's a migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration uh rate and M it's a migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration uh rate and M it's a migration
+it's either a rate or probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either a rate or probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either a rate or probability
+depending how you think about it rate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how you think about it rate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how you think about it rate or
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+M and can somebody remind us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and can somebody remind us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and can somebody remind us
+what um how how we how we handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distrib yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect yeah right so what what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect yeah right so what what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect yeah right so what what we're
+going to do is we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're basically
+gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+um we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going
+to pick a random individual here each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a random individual here each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a random individual here each
+cycle this is kind of like a Moran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle this is kind of like a Moran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle this is kind of like a Moran
+process we're going to pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we're going to pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we're going to pick an
+individual here and we're going to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual here and we're going to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual here and we're going to kill
+him okay and then what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him okay and then what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him okay and then what we're going to do
+is with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with probability
+M replace that individual with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M replace that individual with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M replace that individual with one
+member of The Meta community at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of The Meta community at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of The Meta community at random
+right so the the the rate of coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the the rate of coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the the rate of coming from
+here will be proportional to the species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will be proportional to the species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will be proportional to the species
+abundance in the metac community okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance in the metac community okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance in the metac community okay
+and with a probability of 1 minus M what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with a probability of 1 minus M what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with a probability of 1 minus M what
+we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to
+replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that
+individual with another individual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual with another individual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual with another individual in
+the um in the island okay now the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um in the island okay now the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um in the island okay now the math
+is kind of you know it gets hairy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of you know it gets hairy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of you know it gets hairy and
+complicated but the basic notion is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but the basic notion is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but the basic notion is is
+really quite simple okay you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite simple okay you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite simple okay you have a
+metac community distribution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metac community distribution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metac community distribution which is
+going to end up being the so-call Fisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up being the so-call Fisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up being the so-call Fisher
+log Series in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model uh and um this describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh and um this describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh and um this describes the
+species abundance on the metac community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species abundance on the metac community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species abundance on the metac community
+but then on the island we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then on the island we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then on the island we're just going
+to assume that there's birth death that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that there's birth death that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that there's birth death that
+occurs over here at some rate but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs over here at some rate but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs over here at some rate but we
+don't have to hardly even think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to hardly even think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to hardly even think about
+that because it's just it's over it's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's just it's over it's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's just it's over it's we
+just run from the stand point of say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run from the stand point of say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run from the stand point of say a
+simulation or we just run multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation or we just run multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation or we just run multiple
+cycles of this where that we have J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles of this where that we have J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles of this where that we have J
+individuals and we always have J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and we always have J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and we always have J
+individuals because it's like the Moran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals because it's like the Moran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals because it's like the Moran
+process at every time point we kill one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at every time point we kill one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at every time point we kill one
+individual we replace it with somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual we replace it with somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual we replace it with somebody
+either from the same Community or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the same Community or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the same Community or from
+the uh or from the island okay now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh or from the island okay now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh or from the island okay now and
+you can imagine that uh in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that uh in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that uh in the in the
+limit of m going to zero what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of m going to zero what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of m going to zero what's going to
+happen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+island yeah so you'll end up with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island yeah so you'll end up with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island yeah so you'll end up with just
+one species just because this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one species just because this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one species just because this is this is
+just random gen like gen gentic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random gen like gen gentic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random gen like gen gentic like
+drift it's eological drift where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift it's eological drift where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift it's eological drift where one
+species will take over whereas if m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species will take over whereas if m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species will take over whereas if m is
+large then it somehow ends it's more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then it somehow ends it's more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then it somehow ends it's more of
+a reflection of the um of the meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reflection of the um of the meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reflection of the um of the meta
+Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right are there any questions about
+what this model is looking like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now yes this is a very very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yes this is a very very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yes this is a very very good
+question yes so we'll we'll do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes so we'll we'll do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes so we'll we'll do this in
+just a moment because this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important all right but I I don't want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right but I I don't want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right but I I don't want I
+want to say just a couple things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say just a couple things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say just a couple things about
+um about this this model right so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about this this model right so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about this this model right so when I
+read this paper what I imagined is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this paper what I imagined is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this paper what I imagined is that
+it really looked like this that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really looked like this that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really looked like this that this was
+this was Panama and that you know 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Panama and that you know 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Panama and that you know 30
+kilometers off the coast there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers off the coast there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers off the coast there was this
+island BCI B Colorado Island but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island BCI B Colorado Island but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island BCI B Colorado Island but uh
+that's not maybe an accurate description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not maybe an accurate description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not maybe an accurate description
+of what the real system looks like does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the real system looks like does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the real system looks like does
+anybody know where BCI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know where BCI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know where BCI is
+H yeah so it is in Panama but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H yeah so it is in Panama but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H yeah so it is in Panama but it's not
+off the coast of Panama I guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the coast of Panama I guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the coast of Panama I guess that's
+that was my original can yeah it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my original can yeah it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my original can yeah it's in
+the canal right so it's an island that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canal right so it's an island that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canal right so it's an island that
+was created when they made the Panama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created when they made the Panama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created when they made the Panama
+Canal okay so this thing was not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal okay so this thing was not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal okay so this thing was not always
+an island it's been an island for a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an island it's been an island for a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an island it's been an island for a 100
+years right and it's in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right and it's in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right and it's in the middle of
+the canal right and they actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canal right and they actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canal right and they actually have
+cougars that swim back and forth from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cougars that swim back and forth from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cougars that swim back and forth from
+the mainland you know so you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mainland you know so you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mainland you know so you know it
+does make you know but it it does make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make you know but it it does make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make you know but it it does make
+you wonder of what you know whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wonder of what you know whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wonder of what you know whether this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+I mean it's just that it's it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's just that it's it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's just that it's it's much
+more strongly coupled to the mainland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly coupled to the mainland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly coupled to the mainland
+than I would have than I I imagined when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I would have than I I imagined when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I would have than I I imagined when
+I read this paper at first okay uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read this paper at first okay uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read this paper at first okay uh I
+don't know what that means for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that means for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that means for all of
+this but uh certainly what you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh certainly what you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh certainly what you you
+expect this to be a more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this to be a more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this to be a more or less
+appropriate model depending on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate model depending on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate model depending on this
+because of course if you went and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course if you went and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course if you went and you
+sampled 50 hectares here you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled 50 hectares here you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled 50 hectares here you wouldn't
+believe that it should have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it should have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it should have that the
+same distribution you'd believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution you'd believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution you'd believe it
+should be more like the Fisher log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be more like the Fisher log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be more like the Fisher log
+series and then um and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then um and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then um and there's some
+evidence that things are tilted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that things are tilted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that things are tilted in the
+way that you would expect and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you would expect and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you would expect and we'll talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+but um you know It's Tricky and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know It's Tricky and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know It's Tricky and of
+course you have to decide you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to decide you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to decide you know and
+all this stuff oh what do you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff oh what do you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff oh what do you mean by
+free parameters and actually it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free parameters and actually it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free parameters and actually it seems
+like people can't count we'll we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people can't count we'll we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people can't count we'll we'll talk
+about this in a moment too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in a moment too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in a moment too but
+um yeah because of course constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah because of course constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah because of course constructing
+the model there's some sense of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model there's some sense of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model there's some sense of free
+parameters that you have there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that you have there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that you have there right
+because we could have said oh it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we could have said oh it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we could have said oh it's just
+going to be the Fisher log series or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the Fisher log series or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the Fisher log series or we
+could have said oh it's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said oh it's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said oh it's going to be an
+island or we could have said oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island or we could have said oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island or we could have said oh there's
+another Island out here you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Island out here you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Island out here you know and
+then that that would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that that would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that that would be another
+distribution right and not all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right and not all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right and not all these
+things introduce more free parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things introduce more free parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things introduce more free parameters
+necessarily because you could say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because you could say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because you could say oh
+this is the same migration R I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same migration R I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same migration R I know you
+could do something right but but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do something right but but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do something right but but they
+are cons they are going to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cons they are going to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cons they are going to lead to
+different distributions and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distributions and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distributions and you have
+that freedom and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that freedom and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that freedom and you're trying to
+explain the data so it gets it gets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the data so it gets it gets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the data so it gets it gets into
+a lot of uh there are a lot of judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uh there are a lot of judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uh there are a lot of judgment
+calls in this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls in this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls in this business
+right okay but let let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay but let let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay but let let's talk about the
+Fisher log series because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+um so so the the the model is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the the the model is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the the the model is very
+similar to what we did for the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we did for the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we did for the master
+equation the context of gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the context of gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the context of gene expression
+and the number of mRNA right so did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of mRNA right so did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of mRNA right so did the
+was the equilibrium or steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the equilibrium or steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the equilibrium or steady state
+distribution of mRNA in a Cell was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mRNA in a Cell was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mRNA in a Cell was that
+a fisher log series there yes or no all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fisher log series there yes or no all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fisher log series there yes or no all
+right 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 5
+Seconds was the MRNA steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seconds was the MRNA steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seconds was the MRNA steady state
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+distribution was it a Fisher log series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution was it a Fisher log series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution was it a Fisher log series
+ready three two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no what was it it's a Pon right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no what was it it's a Pon right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no what was it it's a Pon right and
+you guys should review what all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys should review what all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys should review what all these
+distributions are when you get them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are when you get them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are when you get them and
+so forth so what was the difference why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so what was the difference why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so what was the difference why
+is it that um you know we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that um you know we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that um you know we have some
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+P2 right this could be Mr or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 right this could be Mr or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 right this could be Mr or it could be
+number of individuals in some species uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals in some species uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals in some species uh
+with some birth and death rates what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some birth and death rates what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some birth and death rates what was
+the key difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key difference between
+the MRNA model which led to a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MRNA model which led to a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MRNA model which led to a this
+distribution becoming Plus on and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution becoming Plus on and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution becoming Plus on and the
+model that we just studied here where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we just studied here where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we just studied here where it
+became a Fisher log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series and I I and I should maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and I I and I should maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and I I and I should maybe I'll
+write down what the Fisher log series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what the Fisher log series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what the Fisher log series is
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is the expected number of species with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expected number of species with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expected number of species with n
+individuals on The Meta Community it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals on The Meta Community it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals on The Meta Community it was
+the Fisher log species there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fisher log species there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fisher log species there was some
+Theta x to the N / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what's the key difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right the birth and death rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right the birth and death rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right the birth and death rates are
+both propor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both propor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both propor
+exactly in the Fisher log Series right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in the Fisher log Series right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in the Fisher log Series right
+so what we have is that b 0 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is that b 0 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is that b 0 and what
+should we what should we call b z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we what should we call b z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we what should we call b z in
+this in the in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well right now we're thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right now we're thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right now we're thinking about the
+metac community right speciation B 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metac community right speciation B 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metac community right speciation B 0 is
+speciation which we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation which we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation which we're going to assume
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+constant right in this model do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right in this model do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right in this model do we have
+speciation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation on the
+island no right the assumption is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island no right the assumption is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island no right the assumption is that
+the island is small enough that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island is small enough that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island is small enough that the rate
+of speciation is just negligible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speciation is just negligible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speciation is just negligible right
+so speciation plays a role in forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so speciation plays a role in forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so speciation plays a role in forming
+the um forming The Meta Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um forming The Meta Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um forming The Meta Community
+distribution but it doesn't play a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it doesn't play a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it doesn't play a role
+on the island in in the model right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the island in in the model right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the island in in the model right so
+this is species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is species
+but then what we assume is that B1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what we assume is that B1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what we assume is that B1 here
+is equal to some fundamental rate B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some fundamental rate B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some fundamental rate B
+time n but B times in this case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n but B times in this case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n but B times in this case one
+right so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broadly BN is equal to some birth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly BN is equal to some birth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly BN is equal to some birth rate
+times n right this is saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n right this is saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n right this is saying that the
+individuals can give birth to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals can give birth to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals can give birth to other
+individuals right now we're not assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals right now we're not assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals right now we're not assuming
+anything about sexual reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about sexual reproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about sexual reproduction
+necessarily or not we're just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily or not we're just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily or not we're just saying
+that the the kind of rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the kind of rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the kind of rates are
+proportional to the numbers right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the numbers right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the numbers right so if
+you have twice as many individuals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have twice as many individuals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have twice as many individuals the
+birth rate will be twice as large okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth rate will be twice as large okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth rate will be twice as large okay
+this is reasonable and similarly the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reasonable and similarly the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reasonable and similarly the um
+all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is
+p uh is this P okay this is PN and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh is this P okay this is PN and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh is this P okay this is PN and this
+is PN plus one right right so this is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PN plus one right right so this is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PN plus one right right so this is D
+of n + 1 is equal to some death rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n + 1 is equal to some death rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n + 1 is equal to some death rate
+time n + one right so each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n + one right so each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n + one right so each individual
+just has some rate of dying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has some rate of dying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has some rate of dying it's
+exponentially distributed this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially distributed this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially distributed this again
+makes sense right key difference is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right key difference is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right key difference is yeah
+what was the key difference between our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the key difference between our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the key difference between our
+mRNA model from before they gave the pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA model from before they gave the pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA model from before they gave the pon
+and this model that gives the fishal log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this model that gives the fishal log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this model that gives the fishal log
+series well so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exteral Perfect yeah so the in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exteral Perfect yeah so the in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exteral Perfect yeah so the in both
+cases the death rate is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the death rate is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the death rate is proportional to
+the number of either mRNA or individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of either mRNA or individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of either mRNA or individuals
+right however in the Mr model what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right however in the Mr model what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right however in the Mr model what we
+assume is there's some just constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is there's some just constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is there's some just constant
+rate of transcription so constant rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of transcription so constant rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of transcription so constant rate
+per unit time of making more mras just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time of making more mras just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time of making more mras just
+because there's more mRNA doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's more mRNA doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's more mRNA doesn't mean
+that you're going to get more mRNA right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to get more mRNA right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to get more mRNA right
+but you know uh here we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know uh here we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know uh here we assume that the
+be the birth rate is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the birth rate is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the birth rate is proportional to the
+number okay so that's that's what leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so that's that's what leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so that's that's what leads
+to the difference right so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the difference right so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the difference right so this is one
+of the few other cases that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few other cases that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few other cases that you can
+simply solve the master equation and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply solve the master equation and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply solve the master equation and get
+an equilibrium distribution and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium distribution and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium distribution and it's the
+same thing that we do from just always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that we do from just always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that we do from just always
+right where we say okay you just at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where we say okay you just at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where we say okay you just at at
+steady state the probability um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state the probability um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state the probability um the
+fluxes or whatever equal and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes or whatever equal and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes or whatever equal and you know so
+you get that oh P1 should be equal to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that oh P1 should be equal to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that oh P1 should be equal to p
+0 um and then we have a b0 divid D1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 um and then we have a b0 divid D1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 um and then we have a b0 divid D1 and
+more broadly we end up getting we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broadly we end up getting we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broadly we end up getting we just
+cycle through that the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle through that the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle through that the probability of
+being in the end State it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the end State it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the end State it's going to be
+some P0 and then we have to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some P0 and then we have to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some P0 and then we have to basically
+it's going to be B 0 divided by D1 B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be B 0 divided by D1 B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be B 0 divided by D1 B1
+divid D2 D2 D3 dot do dot up to BN minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid D2 D2 D3 dot do dot up to BN minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid D2 D2 D3 dot do dot up to BN minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+DN and indeed if we just plug in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN and indeed if we just plug in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN and indeed if we just plug in what
+these things are equal to we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are equal to we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are equal to we end up
+getting uh there's a p to the zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh there's a p to the zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh there's a p to the zero the
+fundamental birth over death to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental birth over death to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental birth over death to the nth
+power and then we just are left with a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and then we just are left with a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and then we just are left with a 1
+over n because we're going to have a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n because we're going to have a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n because we're going to have a two
+here and a two here and those cancel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a two here and those cancel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a two here and those cancel a
+three here and a three here and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here and a three here and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here and a three here and those
+cancel we're just left with the end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel we're just left with the end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel we're just left with the end the
+end finally okay so this is um so this X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end finally okay so this is um so this X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end finally okay so this is um so this X
+over there is uh then in this model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there is uh then in this model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there is uh then in this model the
+ratio of the birth and death rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the birth and death rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the birth and death rates
+okay so which one is larger is it A1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so which one is larger is it A1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so which one is larger is it A1 is
+it u b is greater than D or is it B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it u b is greater than D or is it B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it u b is greater than D or is it B2
+that b is less than D all right think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b is less than D all right think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b is less than D all right think
+about this for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for five
+seconds do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds do you think
+that birth rates should be larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that birth rates should be larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that birth rates should be larger than
+death rates or death rates should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rates or death rates should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rates or death rates should be
+larger than birth rates or do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than birth rates or do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than birth rates or do they have
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal okay ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay ready three two
+one all right so we got a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got a number
+of all right so we have some it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all right so we have some it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all right so we have some it's kind
+of distributed one and twos all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distributed one and twos all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distributed one and twos all right
+let's go ahead and well it's maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and well it's maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and well it's maybe not
+that deep not deep enough can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deep not deep enough can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deep not deep enough can somebody
+say why they neighbor thinks it's one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say why they neighbor thinks it's one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say why they neighbor thinks it's one or
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+other yeah people are actually turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yeah people are actually turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yeah people are actually turning
+to their neighbor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their neighbor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their neighbor and
+think yeah maybe a justification for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah maybe a justification for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah maybe a justification for one
+or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other
+yeah this parameter iser than one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this parameter iser than one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this parameter iser than one this
+distrib is notmal right right so if B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib is notmal right right so if B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib is notmal right right so if B
+over D is greater than one so if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D is greater than one so if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D is greater than one so if x is
+greater than one then this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one then this distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one then this distribution
+blows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows
+up right then it gets more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right then it gets more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right then it gets more and more
+likely to have all these larger numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have all these larger numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have all these larger numbers
+right um okay but then if B is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay but then if B is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay but then if B is less than
+D shouldn't everybody be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D shouldn't everybody be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D shouldn't everybody be
+extinct no and the answer can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct no and the answer can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct no and the answer can somebody
+else say why it is that it's okay for B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else say why it is that it's okay for B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else say why it is that it's okay for B
+to be less than D I mean shouldn't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than D I mean shouldn't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than D I mean shouldn't if
+birth rates are less than death rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth rates are less than death rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth rates are less than death rates
+should never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extinct because there's a rate B exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct because there's a rate B exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct because there's a rate B exactly
+so there's a finite rate of speciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a finite rate of speciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a finite rate of speciation
+so it's true that every species will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's true that every species will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's true that every species will go
+extinct okay but the U but because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct okay but the U but because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct okay but the U but because we
+have a constant influx of new species we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant influx of new species we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant influx of new species we
+end up with this distribution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this distribution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this distribution that's
+this Fisher log series okay now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fisher log series okay now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fisher log series okay now if you
+plot the Fisher log series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the Fisher log series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the Fisher log series
+it's it looks a bit like this okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it looks a bit like this okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it looks a bit like this okay but
+we um let's think about it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um let's think about it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um let's think about it a little bit
+is is this does the Fisher log series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this does the Fisher log series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this does the Fisher log series
+does it fall off a faster or slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it fall off a faster or slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it fall off a faster or slower than
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fer
+Falls okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls okay a
+faster okay this is in this direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay this is in this direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay this is in this direction or
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slower then um the the island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower then um the the island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower then um the the island
+distribution okay because you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay because you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay because you can see
+that this falls off off pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rapidly ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly ready
+maybe three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right I want everybody okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right I want everybody okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right I want everybody okay it's
+if I guess okay so there are some Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I guess okay so there are some Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I guess okay so there are some Fair
+number of people that uh are are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people that uh are are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people that uh are are not
+don't want to make a guess okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to make a guess okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to make a guess okay it's
+it's indeed it's going to be faster can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indeed it's going to be faster can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indeed it's going to be faster can
+somebody say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is it going to be because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it going to be because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it going to be because of the
+one of n i mean the one over n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of n i mean the one over n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of n i mean the one over n is
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+relevant um of course the other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant um of course the other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant um of course the other um
+without the one over end then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the one over end then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the one over end then we just
+have sort of a geometric series and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a geometric series and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a geometric series and the
+the log normal is not just a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log normal is not just a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log normal is not just a geometric
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so
+this that's right so This falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know this would be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this would be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this would be kind of
+exponentially and this is faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and this is faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and this is faster than
+exponentially right and indeed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially right and indeed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially right and indeed this
+makes sense based on the model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense based on the model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense based on the model because
+this community the reason that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community the reason that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community the reason that it has
+some uh very very uh abundant species is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh very very uh abundant species is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh very very uh abundant species is
+partly because it gets migration from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it gets migration from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it gets migration from
+the Abundant species here okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Abundant species here okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Abundant species here okay right so
+this is a very This falls off pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very This falls off pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very This falls off pretty
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+right but th those frequent species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but th those frequent species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but th those frequent species
+still can play a pretty important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can play a pretty important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can play a pretty important role
+in the Island community because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Island community because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Island community because the the
+migration rate is is influenced by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration rate is is influenced by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration rate is is influenced by this
+large um large numbers and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um large numbers and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um large numbers and the other
+thing is of course that the the rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is of course that the the rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is of course that the the rare
+species are going to often go extinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are going to often go extinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are going to often go extinct
+you know so there's some I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so there's some I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so there's some I mean the
+Distribution on the island is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on the island is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on the island is some
+complicated process of the Dynamics go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process of the Dynamics go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process of the Dynamics go
+on here plus sampling from here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here plus sampling from here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here plus sampling from here but
+there's a sense that it's biased towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense that it's biased towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense that it's biased towards
+it's not just a reflection of the medic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a reflection of the medic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a reflection of the medic
+Community because it's biased the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community because it's biased the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community because it's biased the the
+migration rate is sampled towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration rate is sampled towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration rate is sampled towards the
+Abundant species so these the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abundant species so these the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abundant species so these the the
+migration of these species ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration of these species ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration of these species ends up
+playing a major role in pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a major role in pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a major role in pushing the
+distribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to the
+right so you have much more frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have much more frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have much more frequent
+abundant species on the island on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant species on the island on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant species on the island on the
+island as compared to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island as compared to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island as compared to the the
+mainland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainland
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well I I'm sure they have on this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I'm sure they have on this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I'm sure they have on this I
+me there there there have many and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there there there have many and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there there there have many and I'd
+say that uh I think the the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh I think the the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh I think the the statement
+that there's a faster falloff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a faster falloff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a faster falloff on
+mainlands that on the islands I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainlands that on the islands I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainlands that on the islands I think is
+is borne out by the data uh and I but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is borne out by the data uh and I but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is borne out by the data uh and I but I
+don't know if if trees on the Panama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if if trees on the Panama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if if trees on the Panama
+side of the canal are actually better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the canal are actually better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the canal are actually better
+described by the Fisher log series as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the Fisher log series as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the Fisher log series as
+compared to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this
+though question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drift or well I mean thing is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift or well I mean thing is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift or well I mean thing is that this
+this also has the diffusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also has the diffusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also has the diffusive
+drift right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um sense that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sense that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sense that really
+pushes well I I mean I think you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes well I I mean I think you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes well I I mean I think you need
+both the diffusive drift and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the diffusive drift and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the diffusive drift and the the
+migration but I think that the the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration but I think that the the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration but I think that the the fact
+that the migration is from the mainland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the migration is from the mainland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the migration is from the mainland
+and its bias towards those abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its bias towards those abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its bias towards those abundant
+things I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think is
+is is necessary or important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is necessary or important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is necessary or important
+yeah I guess just in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess just in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess just in terms of
+distinguishing between the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing between the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing between the and the
+neutral model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral model
+so as applied to the mainland does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as applied to the mainland does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as applied to the mainland does the
+nich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nich
+model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um
+predict also a log normal because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict also a log normal because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict also a log normal because it
+seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discuss ah yeah that's a that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss ah yeah that's a that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss ah yeah that's a that's a good
+question uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah in this whole area I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah in this whole area I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah in this whole area I mean it's
+it's a little bit empirical and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit empirical and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit empirical and you know
+the niche I mean the fact that the niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the niche I mean the fact that the niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the niche I mean the fact that the niche
+model kind of predicts this like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model kind of predicts this like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model kind of predicts this like this
+broken stick thing predicts a log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken stick thing predicts a log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken stick thing predicts a log normal
+uh right and that they didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and that they didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and that they didn't say
+anything about Islands there right u i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about Islands there right u i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about Islands there right u i
+me I guess even I think Fischer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I guess even I think Fischer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I guess even I think Fischer's
+original log series he used it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original log series he used it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original log series he used it to
+describe uh I think that was maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh I think that was maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh I think that was maybe the
+Beatles on the tames but his original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beatles on the tames but his original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beatles on the tames but his original
+data set where he got the where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set where he got the where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set where he got the where the
+Fisher log series was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher log series was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher log series was supposed to
+describe it over um as it was sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it over um as it was sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it over um as it was sampled
+better and better it eventually started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better it eventually started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better it eventually started
+looking more and more like a log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking more and more like a log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking more and more like a log normal
+anyways uh you know because it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways uh you know because it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways uh you know because it's it's
+hard to get the S I mean it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get the S I mean it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get the S I mean it's easy to
+see the frequent species cuz you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the frequent species cuz you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the frequent species cuz you know
+you see them right but the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them right but the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them right but the the the the
+the this tail can actually be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this tail can actually be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this tail can actually be very hard
+to see right because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see right because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see right because you have to
+find the the individuals right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the the individuals right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the the individuals right
+um yeah so I think it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so I think it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so I think it's a good question
+of to what degree each of the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to what degree each of the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to what degree each of the models
+really predicts one thing on one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really predicts one thing on one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really predicts one thing on one place
+and another and you know thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another and you know thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another and you know thing is
+there's always the tweaks of each model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the tweaks of each model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the tweaks of each model
+that adjust things so I I think it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adjust things so I I think it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adjust things so I I think it's I
+think it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+muddy um all right but the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy um all right but the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy um all right but the one thing
+that I I want to highlight that so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I want to highlight that so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I want to highlight that so there
+there was a lot of debates then between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of debates then between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of debates then between
+these different models and each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different models and each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different models and each of the
+models have some fit they have red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models have some fit they have red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models have some fit they have red and
+black kind of you know there's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black kind of you know there's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black kind of you know there's one that
+kind of goes like this and another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes like this and another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes like this and another one
+that kind of goes like that and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of goes like that and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of goes like that and they're
+not labeled because they look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not labeled because they look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not labeled because they look the same
+um and um and you can you can argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and you can you can argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and you can you can argue
+about Ki squares and everything but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Ki squares and everything but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Ki squares and everything but I
+think it's it's irrelevant they both fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's irrelevant they both fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's irrelevant they both fit
+the data fine um and the other I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data fine um and the other I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data fine um and the other I mean
+just the sampling of kind of like rud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sampling of kind of like rud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sampling of kind of like rud
+end sampling you know if you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end sampling you know if you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end sampling you know if you expect to
+see 10 species then you know if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 10 species then you know if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 10 species then you know if you go
+and you actually do sampling you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually do sampling you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually do sampling you expect
+to have kind of a root n on each one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have kind of a root n on each one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have kind of a root n on each one so
+I mean the error bars I think around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the error bars I think around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the error bars I think around
+this are are consistent with all with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are are consistent with all with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are are consistent with all with
+both models I'd say that the exercise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both models I'd say that the exercise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both models I'd say that the exercise of
+asking of trying to distinguish those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking of trying to distinguish those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking of trying to distinguish those
+models based on fit to such data set I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models based on fit to such data set I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models based on fit to such data set I
+think is um is hopeless from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is um is hopeless from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is um is hopeless from the
+beginning okay um now and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay um now and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay um now and then you can
+talk about the number of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the number of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the number of parameters
+right and if you read these two papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you read these two papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you read these two papers
+they both say that they have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both say that they have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both say that they have fewer
+number of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of free
+parameters right um and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right um and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right um and you know it's
+hard to believe that there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to believe that there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to believe that there could be a
+disagreement about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement about this um
+but but you know it comes you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know it comes you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know it comes you know then
+you know it's like oh well what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like oh well what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like oh well what what do
+you call a free parameter but and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call a free parameter but and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call a free parameter but and then
+you know like what they say oh any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like what they say oh any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like what they say oh any given
+RSA data set contains information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA data set contains information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA data set contains information about
+the local community size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local community size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local community size
+J okay so they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay so they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay so they say
+given that it's not a free parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that it's not a free parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that it's not a free parameter
+because it's that you put that in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's that you put that in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's that you put that in you
+know that's that's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's the number of
+individuals and then out comes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and then out comes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and then out comes your
+distribution right you say okay well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right you say okay well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right you say okay well all
+right that's fine if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's fine if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's fine if you don't want to
+call that a free parameter but then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a free parameter but then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a free parameter but then when
+you fit the log normal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit the log normal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit the log normal to this
+distribution the overall amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the overall amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the overall amplitude is
+also to give you the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to give you the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to give you the number of
+individuals in The Meta Community right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in The Meta Community right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in The Meta Community right
+so if you don't call J A free parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't call J A free parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't call J A free parameter
+in your in this in in this model then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in this in in this model then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in this in in this model then
+you can't call the amplitude of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't call the amplitude of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't call the amplitude of free
+parameter when you fit the log normal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter when you fit the log normal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter when you fit the log normal at
+least in in my opinion right uh yes so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in in my opinion right uh yes so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in in my opinion right uh yes so I
+think that they both have three right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they both have three right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they both have three right I
+you know because if you fit a log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because if you fit a log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because if you fit a log normal
+to this you you have the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this you you have the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this you you have the overall
+amplitude that's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that's the number of
+individuals and then you have the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and then you have the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and then you have the mean
+well the mean and then the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the mean and then the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the mean and then the standard
+deviation or whatever right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation or whatever right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation or whatever right so you're
+it's from that standpoint I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from that standpoint I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from that standpoint I think
+they're the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same okay
+yeah impose do they impose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplitude still well the the normal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude still well the the normal yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude still well the the normal yeah
+no that's say it's a parameter right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's say it's a parameter right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's say it's a parameter right I
+mean the normalized log normal you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the normalized log normal you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the normalized log normal you know
+integrate and goes to one but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and goes to one but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and goes to one but then you
+have some measured number of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some measured number of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some measured number of individuals
+on the in your sample and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the in your sample and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the in your sample and then you have
+to multiply by that to give you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by that to give you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by that to give you right
+but like is that what they do when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like is that what they do when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like is that what they do when they
+do their yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their yeah yeah
+yeah also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah also
+aeter right I I think that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeter right I I think that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeter right I I think that you know you
+can argue about whether this is a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue about whether this is a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue about whether this is a free
+parameter or not but I think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter or not but I think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter or not but I think that you
+can just put it as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put it as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put it as the number of
+individuals you know you know and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you know you know and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you know you know and it's
+not going to affect anything right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to affect anything right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to affect anything right you
+could actually have it be a fit you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually have it be a fit you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually have it be a fit you know
+a free you know this but this gets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free you know this but this gets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free you know this but this gets into
+this question about what's what cones a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question about what's what cones a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question about what's what cones a
+free parameter or not and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free parameter or not and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free parameter or not and you know and
+actually there there is some subtlety to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there there is some subtlety to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there there is some subtlety to
+this but I think at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I think at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I think at the end of the
+day you know if you fit the log nor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you know if you fit the log nor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you know if you fit the log nor I
+mean the log normal is not going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the log normal is not going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the log normal is not going to look
+like this you have to you you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you have to you you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you have to you you basically
+put in the number of individuals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the number of individuals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the number of individuals that
+you measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah I mean you know I mean the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah I mean you know I mean the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah I mean you know I mean the M
+you know they got they've huge numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they got they've huge numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they got they've huge numbers
+of pages have have been written about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages have have been written about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages have have been written about
+comparing these things U I think at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing these things U I think at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing these things U I think at some
+point it comes down to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it comes down to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it comes down to this
+philosophical question about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical question about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical question about what you
+think constitutes a null model and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think constitutes a null model and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think constitutes a null model and this
+gets to be much more subtle and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be much more subtle and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be much more subtle and I think
+different reasonable people can disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasonable people can disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasonable people can disagree
+about whether the null model that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether the null model that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether the null model that you
+want you need to reject should be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you need to reject should be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you need to reject should be this
+neutral model or if it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral model or if it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral model or if it should be a
+niche-based model or maybe it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche-based model or maybe it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche-based model or maybe it's just
+that there's some multiplicative type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some multiplicative type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some multiplicative type
+process that's going on it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's going on it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's going on it gives you
+distributions that look like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that look like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that look like this and
+you need other kinds of information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need other kinds of information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need other kinds of information to
+try to distinguish those things and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to distinguish those things and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to distinguish those things and in
+particular I'd say that it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'd say that it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'd say that it's really the
+dynamic information in which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic information in which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic information in which these
+models have strikingly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models have strikingly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models have strikingly different
+predictions and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and then you can
+reject neutral type models right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject neutral type models right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject neutral type models right because
+the neutral models predict that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral models predict that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral models predict that these
+species that are abundant are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that are abundant are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that are abundant are just
+transiently abundant and they should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently abundant and they should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently abundant and they should go
+away right whereas the niche based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right whereas the niche based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right whereas the niche based
+models would say oh they're really fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models would say oh they're really fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models would say oh they're really fixed
+and indeed in many cases the Abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed in many cases the Abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed in many cases the Abundant
+species kind of stick around longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species kind of stick around longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species kind of stick around longer than
+you would expect from a neutral model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect from a neutral model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect from a neutral model so
+of course the neutral model is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the neutral model is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the neutral model is not true
+okay uh in the sense you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh in the sense you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh in the sense you know different
+individuals are different but it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are different but it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are different but it's uh
+it's important to highlight that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to highlight that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to highlight that even
+such a uh minimal model can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a uh minimal model can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a uh minimal model can give you
+striking patterns that are similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking patterns that are similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking patterns that are similar to
+what You observe uh in nature all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what You observe uh in nature all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what You observe uh in nature all right
+so I think we're out of time so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we're out of time so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we're out of time so with
+that I think we'll quit but uh it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we'll quit but uh it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we'll quit but uh it's been
+a pleasure having you guys for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pleasure having you guys for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pleasure having you guys for the
+semester and if you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and if you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and if you have any questions
+about any systems biology things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any systems biology things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any systems biology things in the
+future uh please you know email me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh please you know email me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh please you know email me I'm
+happy to meet up all right good luck on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to meet up all right good luck on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to meet up all right good luck on
+the final
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mL40Mi5euyA.txt b/mL40Mi5euyA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e632e2208aa1efd6d0233aa5e2518817273cadf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mL40Mi5euyA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Shu miyagawa I teach at MIT and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Shu miyagawa I teach at MIT and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Shu miyagawa I teach at MIT and I'm
+the executive producer of star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executive producer of star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executive producer of star
+Festival in this brief presentation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival in this brief presentation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival in this brief presentation I
+want to tell you about star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about star
+Festival star Festival is a multi-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival star Festival is a multi-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival star Festival is a multi-linear
+program which we created at MIT myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which we created at MIT myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which we created at MIT myself
+and a large team of people who work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a large team of people who work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a large team of people who work on
+different parts of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star Festival is a model by which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Festival is a model by which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Festival is a model by which you
+tell your own personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell your own personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell your own personal
+history who am I this is who I am and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history who am I this is who I am and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history who am I this is who I am and I
+want you to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it as you will see it is a way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you will see it is a way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you will see it is a way in which
+you represent a variety of things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you represent a variety of things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you represent a variety of things about
+your own life your parents your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own life your parents your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own life your parents your
+home and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and so
+forth the content of star Festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the content of star Festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the content of star Festival
+itself is about my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is about my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is about my own
+life I was born in Japan and I was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I was born in Japan and I was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I was born in Japan and I was there
+until I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I was
+10 and then I came to the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and then I came to the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and then I came to the United States
+with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my
+family and as an adult I went back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and as an adult I went back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and as an adult I went back to
+Japan with a question who am I am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan with a question who am I am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan with a question who am I am I
+Japanese or am I American or am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese or am I American or am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese or am I American or am I
+Japanese and American I really didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese and American I really didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese and American I really didn't
+know and I needed to have the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I needed to have the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I needed to have the answer to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so I created star festival with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I created star festival with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I created star festival with
+this team from MIT in order to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this team from MIT in order to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this team from MIT in order to try to
+answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the
+question so star Festival is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so star Festival is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so star Festival is a very
+personal history about me and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal history about me and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal history about me and also a
+very personal look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very personal look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very personal look at
+Japan my own personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Japan I would like to now show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan I would like to now show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan I would like to now show you some
+things from SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from SAR
+Festival if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival if you look at the
+screen uh we came right into the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen uh we came right into the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen uh we came right into the middle
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+show uh this is the PDA or personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show uh this is the PDA or personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show uh this is the PDA or personal
+digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+assistant the PDA is what I took with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant the PDA is what I took with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant the PDA is what I took with me
+to Japan to record things about Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Japan to record things about Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Japan to record things about Japan
+about my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my own
+life you can see that it has uh a screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you can see that it has uh a screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you can see that it has uh a screen
+here lots of buttons and uh lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here lots of buttons and uh lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here lots of buttons and uh lots of
+things that you can click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can click on
+here the idea always is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea always is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea always is that it's a
+personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+Journey so I'm going to begin by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey so I'm going to begin by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey so I'm going to begin by showing
+you a very personal look at my hometown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very personal look at my hometown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very personal look at my hometown
+a bus ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bus ride continues for a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus ride continues for a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus ride continues for a few more
+minutes the uh the point about this bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes the uh the point about this bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes the uh the point about this bus
+ride is that there's no uh talking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride is that there's no uh talking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride is that there's no uh talking it
+doesn't tell you this is my hometown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you this is my hometown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you this is my hometown and
+this is Japan and so forth it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Japan and so forth it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Japan and so forth it gives you
+lots of visual cues that you use in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of visual cues that you use in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of visual cues that you use in my
+personal journey to see what Japan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal journey to see what Japan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal journey to see what Japan is
+like on a very personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on a very personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on a very personal
+level next I want to show you my home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is where I grew up in Katka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is where I grew up in Katka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is where I grew up in Katka
+Japan rasa is about uh 1 hour by train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan rasa is about uh 1 hour by train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan rasa is about uh 1 hour by train
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+Tokyo and you can see that this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tokyo and you can see that this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tokyo and you can see that this is a a
+room kind of cluttered there's a TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room kind of cluttered there's a TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room kind of cluttered there's a TV
+there's some familiar things uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some familiar things uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some familiar things uh there's
+a uh a buddh Shrine uh Buddhist temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a buddh Shrine uh Buddhist temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a buddh Shrine uh Buddhist temple
+here and you can tour around my home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can tour around my home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can tour around my home and
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+things as you look around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things I wanted to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I wanted to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I wanted to capture
+with star Festival is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with star Festival is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with star Festival is the notion of
+change that people and countries change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that people and countries change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that people and countries change
+and here's an example of someone in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an example of someone in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an example of someone in my
+own neighborhood the model shop man uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own neighborhood the model shop man uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own neighborhood the model shop man uh
+where everything around him has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything around him has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything around him has changed
+except him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after the end of World War II people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the end of World War II people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the end of World War II people
+were saying Japan was defeated by the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying Japan was defeated by the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying Japan was defeated by the us
+because we were behind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were behind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were behind in
+science so I started the shop thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so I started the shop thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so I started the shop thinking
+that I could help young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could help young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could help young
+people that's why the way I conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's why the way I conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's why the way I conduct
+business might be a bit different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others but the children used to yes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but the children used to yes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but the children used to yes back
+then I spent a lot of time playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I spent a lot of time playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I spent a lot of time playing with
+kids hoping I could help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about
+nowadays it's not the same these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays it's not the same these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays it's not the same these
+days children don't make plastic models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days children don't make plastic models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days children don't make plastic models
+anymore children don't do it children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore children don't do it children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore children don't do it children
+these days aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days aren't
+interested models aren't popular anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested models aren't popular anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested models aren't popular anymore
+especially the more complex models I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the more complex models I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the more complex models I
+carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry
+really for the most part they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for the most part they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for the most part they play
+Electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronic
+something something like video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kids play video games but this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids play video games but this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids play video games but this model
+shopman continues to sell these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopman continues to sell these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopman continues to sell these very
+comp complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp complicated
+models the next site I'd like to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the next site I'd like to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the next site I'd like to show
+you is a site where I explore father son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a site where I explore father son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a site where I explore father son
+relationship because I wanted to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship because I wanted to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship because I wanted to really
+understand what it it is like for a son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it it is like for a son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it it is like for a son
+uh and a father to relate to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every year we pick a theme this year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year we pick a theme this year's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year we pick a theme this year's
+theme is movie stars and the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme is movie stars and the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme is movie stars and the star
+Festival these are all from amercan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival these are all from amercan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival these are all from amercan
+movies we like our rup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies we like our rup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies we like our rup
+movies everything's made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand we own professionals so every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we own professionals so every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we own professionals so every year
+there are things that go well and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that go well and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that go well and other
+things that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we want to
+improve I may be exaggerating a bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve I may be exaggerating a bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve I may be exaggerating a bit but
+every year we gain more knoow about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year we gain more knoow about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year we gain more knoow about how
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my father started it but he died 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my father started it but he died 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my father started it but he died 19
+years ago at first I wasn't sure if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago at first I wasn't sure if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago at first I wasn't sure if I
+wanted to continue it but gradually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to continue it but gradually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to continue it but gradually it
+became more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fun the next site is uh where we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun the next site is uh where we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun the next site is uh where we look at
+mother door a relationship in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+culture do you worry about the Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture do you worry about the Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture do you worry about the Next
+Generation your child's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation your child's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation your child's
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+generation no she works for a company so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation no she works for a company so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation no she works for a company so
+it's not so hard we hope for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so hard we hope for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so hard we hope for our
+children's happiness more than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's happiness more than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's happiness more than our
+own I wouldn't want her to suffer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own I wouldn't want her to suffer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own I wouldn't want her to suffer like
+me it's okay now but when I was younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's okay now but when I was younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's okay now but when I was younger
+I cried at night when no one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cried at night when no one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cried at night when no one was
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking Mrs Tanaka who you just saw was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking Mrs Tanaka who you just saw was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking Mrs Tanaka who you just saw was
+the only woman that we found at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only woman that we found at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only woman that we found at the the
+fish Warf where we were uh looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish Warf where we were uh looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish Warf where we were uh looking for
+someone to interview and uh she gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to interview and uh she gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to interview and uh she gave us
+this fascinating story of what it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fascinating story of what it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fascinating story of what it's like
+for uh a mother uh to worry about her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh a mother uh to worry about her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh a mother uh to worry about her
+daughter in this time of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the final site I like to show you is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final site I like to show you is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final site I like to show you is the
+star Festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Festival
+site every town has a festival of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site every town has a festival of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site every town has a festival of some
+sort and my hometown has the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and my hometown has the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and my hometown has the star
+Festival the star Festival is an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival the star Festival is an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival the star Festival is an old
+Chinese myth it's the Rome and Juliet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese myth it's the Rome and Juliet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese myth it's the Rome and Juliet of
+Asia a boy and a girl fall in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia a boy and a girl fall in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia a boy and a girl fall in love
+from the wrong sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wrong sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wrong sides of the
+tracks their families are upset and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks their families are upset and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks their families are upset and so
+they toss the boy and the girl into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they toss the boy and the girl into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they toss the boy and the girl into two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+constellations thinking that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellations thinking that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellations thinking that they would
+never never meet again and unbeknownst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never meet again and unbeknownst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never meet again and unbeknownst
+to the families the two constellations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the families the two constellations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the families the two constellations
+come together in July of every year on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together in July of every year on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together in July of every year on
+the seventh day of the seventh month as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventh day of the seventh month as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventh day of the seventh month as
+the myth goes and so star Festival is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth goes and so star Festival is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth goes and so star Festival is to
+celebrate their coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate their coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate their coming together
+in my hometown the star Festival is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my hometown the star Festival is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my hometown the star Festival is a
+very big festival and among many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big festival and among many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big festival and among many many
+things that uh uh that you find in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh uh that you find in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh uh that you find in the
+festival they are Queens star Festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festival they are Queens star Festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festival they are Queens star Festival
+Queens so let me show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ohe k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well I hope you got some idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I hope you got some idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I hope you got some idea of
+what the star Festival C Ram is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the star Festival C Ram is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the star Festival C Ram is like
+like keep in mind that the CD ROM is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keep in mind that the CD ROM is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keep in mind that the CD ROM is
+about Japan but the reason why I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Japan but the reason why I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Japan but the reason why I did
+this was because I had to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was because I had to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was because I had to answer the
+question who am I am I Japanese or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who am I am I Japanese or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who am I am I Japanese or
+American the whole idea of star Festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American the whole idea of star Festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American the whole idea of star Festival
+is that it's a model by which you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a model by which you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a model by which you tell
+your own story so once you look at star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own story so once you look at star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own story so once you look at star
+Festival then you can think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival then you can think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival then you can think about the
+question that you want to have answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you want to have answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you want to have answered
+and the the question May be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the question May be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the question May be the same
+thing that that I ask myself who am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that I ask myself who am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that I ask myself who am I
+okay but it may be some other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it may be some other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it may be some other question
+there are lots of people using star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of people using star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of people using star
+Festival all through the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival all through the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival all through the United States
+and even abroad and there are lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even abroad and there are lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even abroad and there are lots and
+lots of questions that people are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of questions that people are asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of questions that people are asking
+and they're using this star Festival as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're using this star Festival as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're using this star Festival as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+model finally another thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model finally another thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model finally another thing that's
+important is that all of these stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that all of these stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that all of these stories
+that are generated as a result of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are generated as a result of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are generated as a result of using
+star Festival as a model become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Festival as a model become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Festival as a model become a
+communal communal story so people share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal communal story so people share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal communal story so people share
+what they what they uh create with star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they uh create with star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they uh create with star
+Festival so there are stories about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival so there are stories about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival so there are stories about
+Chinese Americans there are stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese Americans there are stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese Americans there are stories
+about Latino Americans and on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Latino Americans and on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Latino Americans and on and on
+that's a very important part of star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important part of star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important part of star
+Festival just as I'm sharing my story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival just as I'm sharing my story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival just as I'm sharing my story
+with you I would like for you to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you I would like for you to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you I would like for you to share
+your story with me and with others who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your story with me and with others who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your story with me and with others who
+are doing exactly the same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing exactly the same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing exactly the same thing that
+you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be
+doing well I hope you'll enjoy using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well I hope you'll enjoy using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well I hope you'll enjoy using
+star festival and do let me know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star festival and do let me know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star festival and do let me know the
+question that you're trying to answer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mLV-LEonxOE.txt b/mLV-LEonxOE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1be28329eea186eadf4b1d64b08746811c33829b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mLV-LEonxOE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to extend
+this notion of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of information
+into the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so proteins you remember are the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proteins you remember are the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proteins you remember are the polymer
+of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amino acids
+and they have quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have quite a lot of
+similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities
+in their notion of information coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their notion of information coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their notion of information coding
+than the nucleic acids do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the nucleic acids do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the nucleic acids do
+they have a kind of a backbone and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a kind of a backbone and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a kind of a backbone and then
+they have information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have information
+that is associated with the backbone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is associated with the backbone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is associated with the backbone
+when we write proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write proteins
+we designate n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we designate n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we designate n
+or nh2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nh2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nh2 or
+amino as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino as one
+end of the protein molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the protein molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the protein molecule
+and then we write amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we write amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we write amino acid
+one joined two amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one joined two amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one joined two amino acid
+two amino acid three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two amino acid three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two amino acid three
+and then we have c or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c-o-o-h or carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-o-o-h or carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-o-o-h or carboxy
+and that would be at the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be at the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be at the other end
+okay the amino acids are joined together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the amino acids are joined together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the amino acids are joined together
+by a peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a peptide bond
+covalent bonds between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds between
+the amino group and the carboxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino group and the carboxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino group and the carboxyl group
+of the amino acids and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amino acids and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amino acids and this
+nc bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nc bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nc bond
+will form a kind of a backbone similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will form a kind of a backbone similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will form a kind of a backbone similar
+to the nucleic acids not the same at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nucleic acids not the same at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nucleic acids not the same at all
+but the notion is similar as i'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the notion is similar as i'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the notion is similar as i'll show
+you in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a moment
+the amino acid order is relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid order is relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid order is relative
+to the two ends of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two ends of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two ends of the molecule
+so there is polarity to proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is polarity to proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is polarity to proteins
+that is based on the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is based on the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is based on the amino
+and carboxy ends and is also based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carboxy ends and is also based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carboxy ends and is also based on
+the amino acid order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid order
+and we can draw a parallel again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can draw a parallel again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can draw a parallel again to
+nucleic acid structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid structure
+the carboxy amino acid is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxy amino acid is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxy amino acid is the last
+added and the next one will add on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and the next one will add on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and the next one will add on to
+the carboxy end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that the carboxy end has the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the carboxy end has the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the carboxy end has the last
+amino acid added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid added
+and the next adds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next adds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next adds to
+this carboxy end a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carboxy end a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carboxy end a little
+compressed down there but let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed down there but let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed down there but let's go to
+the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide
+the first thing i want to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i want to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i want to show you is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+proteins have got two different ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins have got two different ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins have got two different ends
+an amino end and a carboxy end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino end and a carboxy end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino end and a carboxy end
+with the amino acids arrayed between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amino acids arrayed between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amino acids arrayed between
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+and then if we look at the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we look at the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we look at the protein
+polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+two different amino acids here glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different amino acids here glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different amino acids here glycine
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+aluminine i've circled the alpha carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminine i've circled the alpha carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminine i've circled the alpha carbon
+on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these
+join together to make a peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join together to make a peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join together to make a peptide bond
+which i've circled in blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've circled in blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've circled in blue and
+leaving a free amino end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a free amino end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a free amino end
+on the first amino acid of the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first amino acid of the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first amino acid of the polymer
+and a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a free
+carboxyl end on the last amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxyl end on the last amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxyl end on the last amino acid
+and if a new one were to add this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a new one were to add this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a new one were to add this is
+just a dipeptide this very tiny protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a dipeptide this very tiny protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a dipeptide this very tiny protein
+if the next amino acid were to add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the next amino acid were to add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the next amino acid were to add it
+would add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add
+where i've arrowed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've arrowed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've arrowed the
+incoming next amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we write proteins we write with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write proteins we write with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write proteins we write with the
+three or the one letter amino acid code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or the one letter amino acid code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or the one letter amino acid code
+we always and this has another parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always and this has another parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always and this has another parallel
+to nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nucleic acids
+we always write the amino end and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always write the amino end and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always write the amino end and the
+carboxy end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy end
+you never get too old to write the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get too old to write the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get too old to write the amino
+acid and the carboxy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and the carboxy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and the carboxy as
+the carboxy end onto a protein so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxy end onto a protein so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxy end onto a protein so here
+i've got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a couple
+of example peptides little tiny proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example peptides little tiny proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example peptides little tiny proteins
+with their amino and carboxy ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their amino and carboxy ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their amino and carboxy ends
+indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+and here again the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here again the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here again the direction of
+polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the order of the amino acids is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the amino acids is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the amino acids is the
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+the polarity of the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarity of the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarity of the amino acid
+chain the n and the cns shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain the n and the cns shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain the n and the cns shows
+the first to the last amino acid added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to the last amino acid added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to the last amino acid added
+and the direction to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction to read the
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+if we compare the proteins and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compare the proteins and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compare the proteins and the
+nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids
+there is an order of monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an order of monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an order of monomers
+that can be read in a defined direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be read in a defined direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be read in a defined direction
+and that defined direction is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that defined direction is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that defined direction is the
+information in the nucleic acids it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the nucleic acids it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the nucleic acids it's
+the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order
+of the nucleotides from five prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleotides from five prime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleotides from five prime to
+three prime in the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime in the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime in the proteins
+it's the order of amino acids from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the order of amino acids from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the order of amino acids from the
+free amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free amino
+to the free carboxy terminus and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the free carboxy terminus and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the free carboxy terminus and so for
+your last assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last assignment
+i'd like you to go and practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to go and practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to go and practice
+looking at protein polarity and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at protein polarity and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at protein polarity and how you
+write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+and which is the first and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is the first and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is the first and the last
+amino acid
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nXZ6nspBVGw.txt b/nXZ6nspBVGw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84ee6f85f586475f177de44165e103abe403ccdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nXZ6nspBVGw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we were where we are um I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were where we are um I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were where we are um I've been
+out last week I went to a conference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out last week I went to a conference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out last week I went to a conference so
+you had two your first two lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had two your first two lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had two your first two lectures on
+dop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and
+diffusion uh given by the TA and uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh given by the TA and uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh given by the TA and uh here
+we are on lecture number 10 uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on lecture number 10 uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on lecture number 10 uh we're
+going to talk about uh some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about uh some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about uh some more
+advanced models for dope and diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced models for dope and diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced models for dope and diffusion
+and uh last week you also had your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh last week you also had your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh last week you also had your
+homework uh number three handed out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh number three handed out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh number three handed out so
+hopefully you've all started on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you've all started on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you've all started on that
+you're using Supreme for your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using Supreme for your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using Supreme for your homework
+um get used to running Supreme because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get used to running Supreme because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get used to running Supreme because
+we that homework is due uh this Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that homework is due uh this Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that homework is due uh this Thursday
+and then next Tuesday you'll have we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then next Tuesday you'll have we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then next Tuesday you'll have we'll
+have another homework homework number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another homework homework number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another homework homework number
+four going out which is also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four going out which is also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four going out which is also going to
+use the the process Supreme for and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the the process Supreme for and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the the process Supreme for and uh
+more you know more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know more sophisticated
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+okay so um as I mentioned today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um as I mentioned today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um as I mentioned today's
+lecture is essentially the third lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is essentially the third lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is essentially the third lecture
+out of a number that are on dope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a number that are on dope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a number that are on dope and
+diffusion and profile measurement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and profile measurement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and profile measurement uh
+last couple of lectures uh Maggie talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of lectures uh Maggie talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of lectures uh Maggie talked
+about uh the relatively quote unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the relatively quote unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the relatively quote unquote
+simple cases of constant diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cases of constant diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cases of constant diffusivity
+diffusivity does not change in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity does not change in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity does not change in space
+basically throughout the sample um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically throughout the sample um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically throughout the sample um that
+applies when you have a low doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies when you have a low doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies when you have a low doping
+concentration we'll talk today about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration we'll talk today about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration we'll talk today about
+what happens when that assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when that assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when that assumption is
+broken uh such as when you're diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken uh such as when you're diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken uh such as when you're diffusing
+The Well of a seos so it's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Well of a seos so it's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Well of a seos so it's relatively
+low doping concentration say 10 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low doping concentration say 10 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low doping concentration say 10 of the
+18th or less or less and we also saw you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th or less or less and we also saw you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th or less or less and we also saw you
+saw last time that you can design a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time that you can design a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time that you can design a a
+diffused layer based on a sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused layer based on a sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused layer based on a sheet
+resistance requirement as a as a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance requirement as a as a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance requirement as a as a device
+engineer you might be told you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you might be told you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you might be told you need a
+diffuse layer such and such a thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse layer such and such a thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse layer such and such a thickness
+and it should have so so many uh ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should have so so many uh ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should have so so many uh ohms
+per square sheet resistance you saw how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square sheet resistance you saw how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square sheet resistance you saw how
+you could use some of the urban curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use some of the urban curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use some of the urban curves
+or you can use numerical techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can use numerical techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can use numerical techniques to
+design uh a diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh a diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh a diffused
+layer last time also on Thursday Maggie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer last time also on Thursday Maggie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer last time also on Thursday Maggie
+introduced a relatively simple but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a relatively simple but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a relatively simple but very
+powerful method for doing numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method for doing numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method for doing numerical
+Solutions you know there's only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions you know there's only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions you know there's only about
+three or four cases for diffusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four cases for diffusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four cases for diffusion that
+you can solve analytically and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve analytically and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve analytically and of course
+we try to give you some of those in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to give you some of those in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to give you some of those in the
+homework but most of the time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework but most of the time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework but most of the time you have
+to do it numerically and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it numerically and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it numerically and this is a very
+simple technique it's called the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple technique it's called the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple technique it's called the finite
+difference uh algorithm it's slow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh algorithm it's slow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh algorithm it's slow it's
+not actually what's used in Supreme 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually what's used in Supreme 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually what's used in Supreme 4
+Supreme 4 is was more sophisticated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 is was more sophisticated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 is was more sophisticated than
+that but if you were stuck on a desert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if you were stuck on a desert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if you were stuck on a desert
+island and all you had was a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island and all you had was a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island and all you had was a computer
+with you you could write your own finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you you could write your own finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you you could write your own finite
+difference technique in in about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference technique in in about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference technique in in about you
+know three or four minutes and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three or four minutes and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three or four minutes and you could
+solve diffusion problem like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve diffusion problem like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve diffusion problem like that
+numerically even if you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically even if you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically even if you didn't have
+Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme
+4 um Maggie also talked about that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 um Maggie also talked about that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 um Maggie also talked about that you
+need to modify fixed law for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to modify fixed law for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to modify fixed law for something
+called electric field effects electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called electric field effects electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called electric field effects electric
+fields that are induced um these can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that are induced um these can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that are induced um these can
+enhance the effect of diffusivity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the effect of diffusivity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the effect of diffusivity of a
+high concentration species so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration species so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration species so you have a
+high concentration of arsenic let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration of arsenic let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration of arsenic let's say
+diffusing it can actually uh in the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing it can actually uh in the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing it can actually uh in the low
+concentration of brwn background its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of brwn background its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of brwn background its
+diffusivity can be enhanced by up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity can be enhanced by up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity can be enhanced by up to a
+factor of two uh due to this electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two uh due to this electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two uh due to this electric
+field effect uh but even more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field effect uh but even more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field effect uh but even more of an
+enhancement can be obtained more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement can be obtained more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement can be obtained more than a
+factor of two very dramatic um diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two very dramatic um diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two very dramatic um diffusion
+of those species of lower concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those species of lower concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those species of lower concentration
+so she showed an example with a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she showed an example with a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she showed an example with a low
+Boron concentration that was constant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron concentration that was constant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron concentration that was constant at
+the beginning of the diffused profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the diffused profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the diffused profile
+and then diffusing arsenic into it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then diffusing arsenic into it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then diffusing arsenic into it and
+then after the diffusion it actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after the diffusion it actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after the diffusion it actually had
+moved even though the profile was flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved even though the profile was flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved even though the profile was flat
+that cannot be that's non-f ficking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot be that's non-f ficking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot be that's non-f ficking
+diffusion fix law would say once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion fix law would say once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion fix law would say once the
+profile's flat no diffusion so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile's flat no diffusion so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile's flat no diffusion so that's
+due to the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the electric field
+effect so that's kind of what we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that's kind of what we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that's kind of what we went
+over what you went over last week today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what you went over last week today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what you went over last week today
+I want to cover uh three items U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cover uh three items U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cover uh three items U
+concentration dependent diffusion cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependent diffusion cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependent diffusion cuz
+this is really prevalent in Silicon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really prevalent in Silicon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really prevalent in Silicon um
+especially in making uh mosfets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in making uh mosfets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in making uh mosfets
+segregation interfacial dope and pileup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation interfacial dope and pileup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation interfacial dope and pileup
+and and starting to look at an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and starting to look at an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and starting to look at an atomic
+scale model of dope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale model of dope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale model of dope and
+diffusion okay let's go on to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion okay let's go on to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion okay let's go on to slide
+number two uh and this uh plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two uh and this uh plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two uh and this uh plot
+introduces so-called familyy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces so-called familyy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces so-called familyy level
+effects or concentration dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or concentration dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or concentration dependent
+diffusion and it's a cartoon plot but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and it's a cartoon plot but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and it's a cartoon plot but it
+shows concentration on a log scale on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows concentration on a log scale on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows concentration on a log scale on
+the on the y- axis versus depth um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the y- axis versus depth um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the y- axis versus depth um and
+there are a couple of solutions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of solutions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of solutions here
+look at this one starting of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one starting of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one starting of the surface
+concentration of 10 18th going down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of 10 18th going down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of 10 18th going down here
+in red this is a complimentary error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red this is a complimentary error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red this is a complimentary error
+function just like we learned uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just like we learned uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just like we learned uh a
+couple of lectures ago when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures ago when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures ago when you have a
+constant surface concentration if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant surface concentration if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant surface concentration if you
+have a higher surface concentration say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher surface concentration say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher surface concentration say
+up in mid 10 of 20 this red curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in mid 10 of 20 this red curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in mid 10 of 20 this red curve here
+dotted curve shows what a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted curve shows what a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted curve shows what a a
+complimentary air function would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary air function would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary air function would look
+like well what we actually find when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well what we actually find when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well what we actually find when we
+do diffusions of a number of dopin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do diffusions of a number of dopin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do diffusions of a number of dopin and
+silicon that's not what they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon that's not what they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon that's not what they look like
+in high concentration they don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high concentration they don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high concentration they don't look
+like this red curve they look more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this red curve they look more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this red curve they look more like
+um the blue curve or the green one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the blue curve or the green one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the blue curve or the green one uh
+they have a much flatter top and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a much flatter top and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a much flatter top and they
+have a much more abrupt drop off um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much more abrupt drop off um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much more abrupt drop off um and
+this tends to occur when the doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tends to occur when the doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tends to occur when the doping
+concentration is greater than n ni so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is greater than n ni so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is greater than n ni so n
+much much greater than ni so here's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much greater than ni so here's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much greater than ni so here's n
+the concentration of arsenic let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of arsenic let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of arsenic let's say
+if this is arsenic is 210 of 20 up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is arsenic is 210 of 20 up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is arsenic is 210 of 20 up here
+at this point and ni is is few1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point and ni is is few1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point and ni is is few1 to the
+18th so orders of magnitude larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th so orders of magnitude larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th so orders of magnitude larger than
+ni you see this that the complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni you see this that the complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni you see this that the complimentary
+error function does not yield the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error function does not yield the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error function does not yield the
+correct profile it's more box life like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct profile it's more box life like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct profile it's more box life like
+than it would be and by the way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it would be and by the way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it would be and by the way here
+this little dash line horizontal line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little dash line horizontal line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little dash line horizontal line uh
+shows you where ni is so clearly over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you where ni is so clearly over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you where ni is so clearly over
+this portion of the profile um n is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this portion of the profile um n is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this portion of the profile um n is much
+much greater than um ni so at high dopen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater than um ni so at high dopen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater than um ni so at high dopen
+concentrations we observe for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations we observe for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations we observe for a lot of
+the dopin in Silicon that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopin in Silicon that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopin in Silicon that the
+diffusivity appears to be larger than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity appears to be larger than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity appears to be larger than it
+is at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at low
+concentrations and so um what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and so um what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and so um what this means
+is that fix equation have to be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that fix equation have to be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that fix equation have to be solved
+numerically since basically what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically since basically what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically since basically what we're
+finding what we see is that diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding what we see is that diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding what we see is that diffusivity
+is no longer a constant uh throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer a constant uh throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer a constant uh throughout
+the sample in fact it depends upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample in fact it depends upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample in fact it depends upon the
+local doping concentration at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local doping concentration at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local doping concentration at each point
+so at each point along this profile from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at each point along this profile from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at each point along this profile from
+here here here and here the diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here here and here the diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here here and here the diffusivity
+is is is is a slightly different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is is a slightly different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is is a slightly different number
+and in fact according to this uh is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact according to this uh is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact according to this uh is for
+the blue curve is proportional to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue curve is proportional to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue curve is proportional to the to
+the ratio of n over n i and of course n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of n over n i and of course n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of n over n i and of course n
+Over N is changing as I walk down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N is changing as I walk down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N is changing as I walk down this
+profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile
+so there's no way I can do an analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no way I can do an analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no way I can do an analytic
+solution every point in space I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution every point in space I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution every point in space I need to
+apply a different diffusion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a different diffusion coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a different diffusion coefficient
+that's what we mean by not not equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by not not equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by not not equals to
+a constant so um in that case remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant so um in that case remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant so um in that case remember
+this was a fixed second law when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a fixed second law when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a fixed second law when I
+cannot pull the D out of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot pull the D out of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot pull the D out of the partial
+derivative so partial C partial T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so partial C partial T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so partial C partial T is
+equal to the first derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the first derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the first derivative with
+respect to X of this product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X of this product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X of this product the
+diffusivity of the dopent the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity of the dopent the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity of the dopent the effect of
+diffusivity times partial C partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times partial C partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times partial C partial X
+where now da effective I should WR here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now da effective I should WR here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now da effective I should WR here
+is actually a function of X in this High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a function of X in this High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a function of X in this High
+concentration case so I cannot pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration case so I cannot pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration case so I cannot pull it
+out of the of the derivative I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the of the derivative I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the of the derivative I have to
+solve it uh most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it uh most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it uh most likely
+numerically okay so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically okay so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically okay so that's an
+introduction to what people see how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to what people see how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to what people see how do
+we explain this effect well uh as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explain this effect well uh as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explain this effect well uh as you
+might imagine um people explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine um people explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine um people explain this
+dependence on the family level basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on the family level basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on the family level basically
+it's a dependence on doping or family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dependence on doping or family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dependence on doping or family
+level uh B based on concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh B based on concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh B based on concentrations of
+Point defects uh we saw uh several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defects uh we saw uh several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defects uh we saw uh several
+chapters ago if I move the family level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters ago if I move the family level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters ago if I move the family level
+up and down in the band Gap so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down in the band Gap so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down in the band Gap so if I
+increase the doping uh above ni that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the doping uh above ni that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the doping uh above ni that I
+changed dramatically in fact you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed dramatically in fact you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed dramatically in fact you had a
+homework problem that was you last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem that was you last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem that was you last week
+you saw when you went to a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw when you went to a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw when you went to a high
+concentration that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that the total
+concentration of vacancies went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of vacancies went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of vacancies went up
+because some of the charged vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the charged vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the charged vacancies
+went up uh okay more vacancies if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up uh okay more vacancies if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up uh okay more vacancies if you
+need vacancies for diffusion makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need vacancies for diffusion makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need vacancies for diffusion makes sense
+the diffusivity would go up so this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity would go up so this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity would go up so this um
+basically uh we saw that charge Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh we saw that charge Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh we saw that charge Point
+defects obey the same statistics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects obey the same statistics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects obey the same statistics as
+shallow donors and acceptors in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow donors and acceptors in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow donors and acceptors in fact we
+wrote equations in chapter 3 we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote equations in chapter 3 we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote equations in chapter 3 we wrote
+down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these
+equations um for the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um for the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um for the concentration of
+any charge Point defect here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any charge Point defect here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any charge Point defect here here's the
+concentration of vacancies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of vacancies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of vacancies that are
+single negatively charged we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single negatively charged we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single negatively charged we can write
+it in terms of the neutral vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of the neutral vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of the neutral vacancy
+concentration which is only a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration which is only a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration which is only a function
+of temperature times this exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature times this exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature times this exponential of
+eiry minus EV minus okay so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eiry minus EV minus okay so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eiry minus EV minus okay so it's the
+distance between the fmy level here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the fmy level here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the fmy level here and
+this um this energy uh defect energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this energy uh defect energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this energy uh defect energy
+level EV minus that distance that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level EV minus that distance that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level EV minus that distance that whole
+thing to the KT um so as I move the fmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the KT um so as I move the fmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the KT um so as I move the fmy
+level up and down I can exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up and down I can exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up and down I can exponentially
+increase or decrease uh and we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or decrease uh and we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or decrease uh and we can write
+the same kind of equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of equations for
+interstitials so as you can imagine then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials so as you can imagine then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials so as you can imagine then
+we're going to use this idea to to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this idea to to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this idea to to say
+that the diffusivity which depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diffusivity which depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diffusivity which depends
+directly on these concentrations if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on these concentrations if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on these concentrations if
+you're diffusing with Point defects must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're diffusing with Point defects must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're diffusing with Point defects must
+then depend on the familyy level and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then depend on the familyy level and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then depend on the familyy level and use
+that to explain the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to explain the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to explain the concentration
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+so I just want to derive now here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to derive now here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to derive now here on
+shown on slide four of your handouts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on slide four of your handouts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on slide four of your handouts um
+an explicit expression for the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit expression for the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit expression for the charge
+defect concentration this times in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect concentration this times in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect concentration this times in terms
+of carrier concentration on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carrier concentration on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carrier concentration on the last
+slide if we just go back one second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide if we just go back one second here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide if we just go back one second here
+it's it's it's um implicit in here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's um implicit in here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's um implicit in here I'm
+going to show you the carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you the carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you the carrier
+concentration is embedded in here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is embedded in here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is embedded in here uh
+right now you don't see it explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you don't see it explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you don't see it explicitly
+but but I want to make an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I want to make an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I want to make an expression
+where where we can see the dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where we can see the dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where we can see the dependence on
+N over n i directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N over n i directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N over n i directly
+and we'll do this for a particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do this for a particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do this for a particular case
+and then we'll generalize it so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll generalize it so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll generalize it so um this
+is a little bit hard to see the font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit hard to see the font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit hard to see the font
+size is a little small but what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is a little small but what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is a little small but what this is
+saying is from the last slide we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is from the last slide we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is from the last slide we just
+saw that the uh concentration of um cv+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that the uh concentration of um cv+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that the uh concentration of um cv+
+is equal to the neutral concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the neutral concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the neutral concentration of
+vacancies or the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies or the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies or the concentration of
+neutral vacancies times this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral vacancies times this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral vacancies times this exponential
+EV plus minus E fmy over KT so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV plus minus E fmy over KT so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV plus minus E fmy over KT so um that's
+and this is our band diagram remember e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our band diagram remember e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our band diagram remember e
+subv here is the Valance band uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subv here is the Valance band uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subv here is the Valance band uh
+position EC is the conduction band this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position EC is the conduction band this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position EC is the conduction band this
+unfortunately the notation is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the notation is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the notation is a little
+bit uh unfortunate it's awfully similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh unfortunate it's awfully similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh unfortunate it's awfully similar
+but EV plus is the energy level in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but EV plus is the energy level in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but EV plus is the energy level in the
+band gap of the single positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap of the single positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap of the single positively
+charged vacancy okay it's it's EV plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged vacancy okay it's it's EV plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged vacancy okay it's it's EV plus
+it's not the valance band The valance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the valance band The valance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the valance band The valance
+band energy is just e andb for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band energy is just e andb for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band energy is just e andb for the
+valance band energy um the midgap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valance band energy um the midgap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valance band energy um the midgap
+position here is called EI which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here is called EI which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here is called EI which is
+shown by thist dash line the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown by thist dash line the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown by thist dash line the family
+level in this particular example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in this particular example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in this particular example is
+given right here by EF so those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given right here by EF so those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given right here by EF so those are all
+the relevant energies so I want to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant energies so I want to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant energies so I want to now
+take this expression this ev+ minus efy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this expression this ev+ minus efy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this expression this ev+ minus efy
+and expand it out in terms of um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expand it out in terms of um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expand it out in terms of um some
+other uh relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh relevant
+quantities so this ev+ minus efy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so this ev+ minus efy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so this ev+ minus efy that's
+actually just the distance between here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the distance between here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the distance between here
+and here from this point here to here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here from this point here to here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here from this point here to here so
+it's equal to this this Vector this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to this this Vector this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to this this Vector this a
+value but you can also write a is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you can also write a is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you can also write a is just
+the sum of D plus C minus B right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of D plus C minus B right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of D plus C minus B right just
+add up D plus c subtract B that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up D plus c subtract B that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up D plus c subtract B that's equal
+to the energy distance uh a and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy distance uh a and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy distance uh a and so you
+can take each one of these terms d c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take each one of these terms d c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take each one of these terms d c and
+b and write down write down quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and write down write down quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and write down write down quantities
+for them for example D this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them for example D this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them for example D this distance
+right here is just EI minus E FY okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is just EI minus E FY okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is just EI minus E FY okay so
+I can write D like that c is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write D like that c is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write D like that c is just the
+valance band energy EV V minus EI so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valance band energy EV V minus EI so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valance band energy EV V minus EI so
+we've written that and subtracting off b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written that and subtracting off b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written that and subtracting off b
+b is just EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is just EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is just EV
+minus uh um EV the valance band energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh um EV the valance band energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh um EV the valance band energy
+minus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um
+ev+ so if if you want to look at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev+ so if if you want to look at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev+ so if if you want to look at in
+terms of those distances I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of those distances I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of those distances I think that
+helps you can also recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you can also recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you can also recognize that
+mathematically all we really did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically all we really did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically all we really did in this
+equation is we added and subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is we added and subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is we added and subtracted
+quantities from the same side so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities from the same side so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities from the same side so we
+haven't changed anything but we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed anything but we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed anything but we we've
+rearranged the terms in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged the terms in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged the terms in a way that's
+going to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become
+useful then you can just rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful then you can just rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful then you can just rearrange this
+here um where you substitut it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um where you substitut it in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um where you substitut it in here
+um an EG over two for EI right so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an EG over two for EI right so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an EG over two for EI right so I've
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+rearranged so it's the same quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged so it's the same quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged so it's the same quantities
+we talked about so if I substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about so if I substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about so if I substitute this
+in this expression right here into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this expression right here into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this expression right here into the
+argument uh on the top of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh on the top of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh on the top of the the
+numerator of this exponential this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator of this exponential this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator of this exponential this is
+what we get we get something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get we get something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get we get something that looks
+like this cv+ is the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this cv+ is the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this cv+ is the neutral
+concentration of vacancies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of vacancies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of vacancies the
+concentration of neutral vacancies times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of neutral vacancies times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of neutral vacancies times
+this exponential times another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential times another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential times another uh
+somewhat more complicated looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more complicated looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more complicated looking
+exponential so we've just rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so we've just rearranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so we've just rearranged
+these energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy
+quantities but I've done it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities but I've done it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities but I've done it in a
+particular way and the reason we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way and the reason we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way and the reason we've done
+it we factored out this EI minus EF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we factored out this EI minus EF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we factored out this EI minus EF is
+because that is directly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is directly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is directly that
+exponential of that is directly related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of that is directly related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of that is directly related
+to n over ni that's why we we wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n over ni that's why we we wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n over ni that's why we we wrote it
+in terms of this expression because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this expression because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this expression because in
+fact you know that the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know that the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know that the electron
+concentration divided by ni is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration divided by ni is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration divided by ni is just
+exponentially dependent on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially dependent on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially dependent on the the
+distance between the family level and EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the family level and EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the family level and EI
+that's that's something that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's something that we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's something that we learned
+from chapter one so that over KT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from chapter one so that over KT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from chapter one so that over KT the
+exponential of that over KT that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of that over KT that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of that over KT that's just
+n/ n i so I have something in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ n i so I have something in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ n i so I have something in this
+equation that looks just like that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that looks just like that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that looks just like that so in
+fact if I invert this n i Over N just e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I invert this n i Over N just e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I invert this n i Over N just e
+the EI minus E fmy over KT just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EI minus E fmy over KT just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EI minus E fmy over KT just
+inverting that so this expression right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting that so this expression right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting that so this expression right
+here this exponential I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this exponential I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this exponential I'm going to be
+able to put in a term ni I over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to put in a term ni I over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to put in a term ni I over n
+replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pors in fact that's exactly um what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pors in fact that's exactly um what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pors in fact that's exactly um what we
+do here uh in this equation that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here uh in this equation that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here uh in this equation that's in
+the red box we can write then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red box we can write then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red box we can write then the
+concentration of v+ as ni I over n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of v+ as ni I over n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of v+ as ni I over n times
+the the concentration of neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concentration of neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concentration of neutral
+vacancies times one more exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies times one more exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies times one more exponential
+Factor this e to the minus and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor this e to the minus and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor this e to the minus and then this
+everything in in the in the curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in in the in the curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in in the in the curly
+brackets well let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets well let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets well let's look at the
+numerator here of what's in curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator here of what's in curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator here of what's in curly
+brackets this EEG over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets this EEG over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets this EEG over
+two uh if I expand this out there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh if I expand this out there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh if I expand this out there's a
+negative sign in here I I've used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign in here I I've used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign in here I I've used this
+sort of simple um mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simple um mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simple um mathematical
+expression here EG over2 plus ev+ minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here EG over2 plus ev+ minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here EG over2 plus ev+ minus
+the valance band energy well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valance band energy well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valance band energy well just
+rearranging that's ev+ minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging that's ev+ minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging that's ev+ minus this
+quantity here the veence band energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here the veence band energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here the veence band energy
+plus EG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus EG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus EG
+over2 well that is just EI what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 well that is just EI what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 well that is just EI what's in
+parentheses right what's right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses right what's right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses right what's right here is
+just the definition of the midgap point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the definition of the midgap point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the definition of the midgap point
+EI the intrinsic energy um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI the intrinsic energy um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI the intrinsic energy um so this
+numerator up here in this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator up here in this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator up here in this exponential
+can be written as EV plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as EV plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as EV plus minus
+EI well then the exponential of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI well then the exponential of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI well then the exponential of that
+whole thing over KT that's just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing over KT that's just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing over KT that's just equal to
+um the essentially the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the essentially the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the essentially the concentration of
+the uh intrinsic concentration uh of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh intrinsic concentration uh of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh intrinsic concentration uh of uh
+v+ of uh positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v+ of uh positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v+ of uh positively charged
+vacancies so basically what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so basically what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so basically what happens is
+this this expression in the rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this expression in the rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this expression in the rectangular
+uh red box shows me that I can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh red box shows me that I can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh red box shows me that I can write the
+concentration of v+ um under extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of v+ um under extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of v+ um under extrinsic
+conditions I can write it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I can write it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I can write it as the
+concentration of v+ under intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of v+ under intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of v+ under intrinsic
+conditions time n I over n so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions time n I over n so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions time n I over n so I
+immediately have factored out the doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately have factored out the doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately have factored out the doping
+dependence and so if I substitute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and so if I substitute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and so if I substitute in
+here well it's it's a simple if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well it's it's a simple if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well it's it's a simple if I
+substitute in here Nal n i this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in here Nal n i this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in here Nal n i this term
+just goes to one and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes to one and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes to one and then the
+concentration is just the intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is just the intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is just the intrinsic
+concentration but if I were to pump ni I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration but if I were to pump ni I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration but if I were to pump ni I
+way up or n way up let's say I make n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up or n way up let's say I make n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up or n way up let's say I make n
+very large this number becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large this number becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large this number becomes very
+small and the concentration of v+ goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and the concentration of v+ goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and the concentration of v+ goes
+down alternatively I can make n very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down alternatively I can make n very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down alternatively I can make n very
+small by going to very heavy P type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small by going to very heavy P type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small by going to very heavy P type
+material say I make n's very small that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material say I make n's very small that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material say I make n's very small that
+pumps up this number this whole quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps up this number this whole quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps up this number this whole quantity
+um and so in ptype material this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so in ptype material this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so in ptype material this
+concentration is going to be very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is going to be very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is going to be very high
+it's the exact same equation we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the exact same equation we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the exact same equation we just
+learned that you did in your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that you did in your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that you did in your homework
+problem where you were manipulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you were manipulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you were manipulating the
+energy levels um and subtracting uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels um and subtracting uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels um and subtracting uh all
+these energy differences in the band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy differences in the band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy differences in the band Gap
+the only difference is now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is now we have a
+more convenient way of remembering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient way of remembering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient way of remembering it
+and of writing it in terms of the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of writing it in terms of the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of writing it in terms of the ratio
+of the dopen concentration to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dopen concentration to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dopen concentration to the
+intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic
+concentration and that's going to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that's going to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that's going to that's
+very convenient uh we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient uh we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient uh we're thinking about
+these concentration dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concentration dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concentration dependent
+effects so if we go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so if we go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so if we go on to slide number
+five um then basically what I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um then basically what I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um then basically what I've just
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+down is uh that we can write CV plus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is uh that we can write CV plus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is uh that we can write CV plus as
+ni Over N times the concentration under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni Over N times the concentration under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni Over N times the concentration under
+intrinsic conditions or if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic conditions or if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic conditions or if you want to
+invert this it's a little bit easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this it's a little bit easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this it's a little bit easier to
+think it either in terms of p over ni or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it either in terms of p over ni or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it either in terms of p over ni or
+n over ni you can just write n i Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over ni you can just write n i Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over ni you can just write n i Over N
+well you know what n is right um p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know what n is right um p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know what n is right um p and
+product is always equal to n^2 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is always equal to n^2 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is always equal to n^2 so you
+can write n as being equal to n i s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write n as being equal to n i s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write n as being equal to n i s over
+P so if we want to write it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so if we want to write it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so if we want to write it in terms of
+the majority carrier given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority carrier given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority carrier given this
+expression then I can substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then I can substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then I can substitute for
+this lower n in the denominator ni s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower n in the denominator ni s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower n in the denominator ni s
+over p and what I end up with is p over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p and what I end up with is p over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p and what I end up with is p over
+ni times that concentration so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni times that concentration so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni times that concentration so clearly
+the concent CV plus goes up in heavily P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concent CV plus goes up in heavily P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concent CV plus goes up in heavily P
+type material and that's kind of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type material and that's kind of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type material and that's kind of what we
+know it's saying mathematically what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's saying mathematically what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's saying mathematically what we
+knew intuitively um EV plus is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew intuitively um EV plus is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew intuitively um EV plus is down here
+when I make the material very heavily P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I make the material very heavily P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I make the material very heavily P
+type I bring the fir level down towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type I bring the fir level down towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type I bring the fir level down towards
+that and as that distance decreases I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and as that distance decreases I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and as that distance decreases I'm
+going to pump up the concentration of v+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacancies and in fact it's directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies and in fact it's directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies and in fact it's directly
+proportional to P over ni similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to P over ni similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to P over ni similarly for
+the double positively charged I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double positively charged I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double positively charged I can
+write it as CV Plus+ is equal to P over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as CV Plus+ is equal to P over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as CV Plus+ is equal to P over
+n i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i
+squ turns out there's a square quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ turns out there's a square quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ turns out there's a square quantity
+in there um CV minus is what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there um CV minus is what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there um CV minus is what we just
+derived is n over ni times the intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is n over ni times the intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is n over ni times the intrinsic
+con concentration of CV minus uh and CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con concentration of CV minus uh and CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con concentration of CV minus uh and CV
+double minus depends uh similarly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double minus depends uh similarly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double minus depends uh similarly with
+the n/ n i^ s so in general you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n/ n i^ s so in general you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n/ n i^ s so in general you could
+write a general uh using this derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a general uh using this derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a general uh using this derivation
+uh sort of um a general rule that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of um a general rule that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of um a general rule that the
+concentration of any vacancy in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of any vacancy in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of any vacancy in any
+charge State r r could be sereral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge State r r could be sereral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge State r r could be sereral for
+neutral it could be um plus one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral it could be um plus one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral it could be um plus one minus
+one that concentration under extr of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that concentration under extr of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that concentration under extr of
+conditions is just n over n to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is just n over n to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is just n over n to the minus
+r times the concentration of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r times the concentration of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r times the concentration of that
+species under intrinsic conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species under intrinsic conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species under intrinsic conditions so
+all this is saying that's a generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is saying that's a generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is saying that's a generalized
+term is that the the Char concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is that the the Char concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is that the the Char concentrations
+of charge Point defects and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge Point defects and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge Point defects and of course
+the total Point defect populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total Point defect populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total Point defect populations
+increase or decrease directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or decrease directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or decrease directly
+proportional to n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n over
+ni so with all this mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni so with all this mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni so with all this mathematical
+mulation what it boils down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulation what it boils down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulation what it boils down to
+physically if it doens diffuse uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically if it doens diffuse uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically if it doens diffuse uh using
+these Point defects the VAC charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Point defects the VAC charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Point defects the VAC charge
+vacancies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies are
+intitial then the diffusivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intitial then the diffusivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intitial then the diffusivity of the
+pair that is of the dopent and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair that is of the dopent and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair that is of the dopent and the
+charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged
+vacancy or intertial is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy or intertial is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy or intertial is proportional to
+the point defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point defect
+concentration uh then the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh then the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh then the total
+diffusivity will follow these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity will follow these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity will follow these same
+Trends so um if I as the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends so um if I as the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends so um if I as the concentration
+of vacancies goes up because I'm moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vacancies goes up because I'm moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vacancies goes up because I'm moving
+the familyy level up very high so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familyy level up very high so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familyy level up very high so I get
+let's say I get a lot more of these CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I get a lot more of these CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I get a lot more of these CV
+minuses total concentration of vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses total concentration of vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses total concentration of vacancies
+goes up if I have a diffuser I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up if I have a diffuser I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up if I have a diffuser I have
+diffuser like animony that diffuses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser like animony that diffuses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser like animony that diffuses with
+vacancies then you expect its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies then you expect its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies then you expect its
+diffusivity to be to be enhanced because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity to be to be enhanced because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity to be to be enhanced because
+it has more vacancies around it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has more vacancies around it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has more vacancies around it to
+diffuse with and it should be enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse with and it should be enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse with and it should be enhanced
+according to This n over ni expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to This n over ni expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to This n over ni expression
+so the higher I make n overni the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the higher I make n overni the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the higher I make n overni the more
+of these vacancies the more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vacancies the more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vacancies the more the
+diffusion coefficient should go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient should go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient should go up
+that's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument so what evidence do we have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so what evidence do we have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so what evidence do we have of
+this let me show you some experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me show you some experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me show you some experimental
+data which indicates uh although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which indicates uh although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which indicates uh although it
+doesn't tell you that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you that there are
+vacancies or inter ials involved but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies or inter ials involved but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies or inter ials involved but at
+least indicates these dependencies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least indicates these dependencies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least indicates these dependencies uh
+make some sense um uh the FY level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sense um uh the FY level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sense um uh the FY level
+dependence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that
+is and uh here's some experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and uh here's some experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and uh here's some experiments
+they're called isoconcentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called isoconcentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called isoconcentration
+experiments and you'll see in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and you'll see in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and you'll see in a moment
+while we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we call them
+isoconcentration um indicating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoconcentration um indicating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoconcentration um indicating the
+dependence of of the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of of the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of of the diffusion
+coefficient on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on the
+concentration so you might have um Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so you might have um Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so you might have um Boron
+10 diffusing in a boron 11 background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 diffusing in a boron 11 background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 diffusing in a boron 11 background
+for example and so just let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and so just let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and so just let's take a
+look at what we mean by this this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we mean by this this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we mean by this this is an
+isoconcentration diffusion experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoconcentration diffusion experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoconcentration diffusion experiment so
+we if we were to plot concentration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we were to plot concentration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we were to plot concentration of a
+species as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species as a function of
+depth what we do is we put two species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth what we do is we put two species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth what we do is we put two species
+in the sample the first one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sample the first one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sample the first one is a
+background species which I've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background species which I've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background species which I've shown here
+by this Orange Box or this constant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this Orange Box or this constant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this Orange Box or this constant uh
+concentration profile in this region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration profile in this region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration profile in this region so
+this could be my b11 so it's Bon 11 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be my b11 so it's Bon 11 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be my b11 so it's Bon 11 it
+sets the fmy level to a constant value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the fmy level to a constant value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the fmy level to a constant value
+in this in this one region right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this one region right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this one region right because
+it's it's a high concentration of doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a high concentration of doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a high concentration of doping
+it's ptype so it defines p over ni and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ptype so it defines p over ni and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ptype so it defines p over ni and
+then underneath that at a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then underneath that at a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then underneath that at a smaller
+concentration I could put Boron 11 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration I could put Boron 11 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration I could put Boron 11 which
+is the dopant that I want to study I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dopant that I want to study I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dopant that I want to study I
+want to study its diffusion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study its diffusion coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study its diffusion coefficient
+so I do an diffusion experiment where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do an diffusion experiment where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do an diffusion experiment where I
+start with an initial profile a gum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an initial profile a gum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an initial profile a gum
+profile of born and let it diffuse all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile of born and let it diffuse all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile of born and let it diffuse all
+of it in a background concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in a background concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in a background concentration of
+high concentration Bor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration Bor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration Bor on
+10 okay I measure the diffusivity now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay I measure the diffusivity now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay I measure the diffusivity now I
+go again and take another sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go again and take another sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go again and take another sample and
+this time I put a higher concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I put a higher concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I put a higher concentration
+of B10 again constant in space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B10 again constant in space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B10 again constant in space but
+higher than it was in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than it was in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than it was in the previous
+sample and what you see is that the dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and what you see is that the dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and what you see is that the dope
+the diffusion of a dopent of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of a dopent of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of a dopent of low
+concentration dopent is is more enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dopent is is more enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dopent is is more enhanced
+now and you keep doing this ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you keep doing this ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you keep doing this ISO
+concentration you keep putting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you keep putting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you keep putting in this
+box-like profile as the background at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box-like profile as the background at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box-like profile as the background at
+higher and higher concentrations and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher concentrations and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher concentrations and you
+measure each sample and you measure its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure each sample and you measure its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure each sample and you measure its
+diffusivity um so the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity um so the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity um so the nice thing about
+that is the profiles remain gaan because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the profiles remain gaan because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the profiles remain gaan because
+in Space the diffusion of the um of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Space the diffusion of the um of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Space the diffusion of the um of the
+dopant in any one of these regions is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant in any one of these regions is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant in any one of these regions is a
+constant now as long as you stay inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now as long as you stay inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now as long as you stay inside
+The Orange Box it's just higher than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Orange Box it's just higher than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Orange Box it's just higher than it
+would be in the absence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the absence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the absence of the
+background doping so it makes analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background doping so it makes analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background doping so it makes analysis
+of the profiles a lot easier you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the profiles a lot easier you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the profiles a lot easier you can
+still get um gy diffusion so people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get um gy diffusion so people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get um gy diffusion so people have
+done these type of of background uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these type of of background uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these type of of background uh
+concentration studies where they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration studies where they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration studies where they move
+the thermy level let them down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermy level let them down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermy level let them down with
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+species in fact here is some data I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in fact here is some data I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in fact here is some data I took
+from a literature on on slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a literature on on slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a literature on on slide number
+seven from Mark laws work published back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven from Mark laws work published back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven from Mark laws work published back
+in 1993 so it's it's about 10 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1993 so it's it's about 10 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1993 so it's it's about 10 years old
+now where they did just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where they did just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where they did just
+that um they had a background um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um they had a background um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um they had a background um
+concentration of anti dopen that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of anti dopen that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of anti dopen that they
+they created uh with say Arsenic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created uh with say Arsenic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created uh with say Arsenic and
+then they look at diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they look at diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they look at diffusion of
+phosphorus underneath it um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus underneath it um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus underneath it um the the
+family level was constant in each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family level was constant in each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family level was constant in each one of
+these samples they got this triangle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples they got this triangle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples they got this triangle and
+they got say uh they electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got say uh they electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got say uh they electron
+concentration was 10 of a 19th here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration was 10 of a 19th here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration was 10 of a 19th here
+going all the way up to low 10 of a 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all the way up to low 10 of a 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all the way up to low 10 of a 20
+and then they extracted the diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they extracted the diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they extracted the diffusivity
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+phosphorus as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus as a function of the
+background electron concentration uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background electron concentration uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background electron concentration uh and
+in fact you see these this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you see these this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you see these this is the
+experimental values diffusivity going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental values diffusivity going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental values diffusivity going up
+very rapidly when you get above about oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly when you get above about oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly when you get above about oh
+um say mid10 to the 18th this was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say mid10 to the 18th this was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say mid10 to the 18th this was at
+1,000° well what is NI equal to at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000° well what is NI equal to at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000° well what is NI equal to at a
+th000 anybody remember the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 anybody remember the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 anybody remember the homework
+roughly about about mid 10 to 18 in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly about about mid 10 to 18 in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly about about mid 10 to 18 in that
+range so you see that's exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so you see that's exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so you see that's exactly what's
+happening the privity is a constant this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the privity is a constant this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the privity is a constant this
+was the calculated um this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the calculated um this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the calculated um this is the this
+is the um calculated sort of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um calculated sort of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um calculated sort of theoretical
+line um where they use this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um where they use this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um where they use this type of
+expression so the effect of diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so the effect of diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so the effect of diffusivity
+was given by a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given by a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given by a constant
+d0 plus D minus * n n i plus D minus * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d0 plus D minus * n n i plus D minus * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d0 plus D minus * n n i plus D minus * n
+n i s so there's three terms here um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i s so there's three terms here um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i s so there's three terms here um and
+what this equation tells you is well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this equation tells you is well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this equation tells you is well if
+I plug in N equal n i then it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug in N equal n i then it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug in N equal n i then it becomes a
+constant okay at ni or below this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay at ni or below this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay at ni or below this whole
+thing goes to a constant number and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes to a constant number and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes to a constant number and so
+if you go below ni indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go below ni indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go below ni indeed the
+diffusivity is approaching a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is approaching a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is approaching a constant
+here just looks like it's about 1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just looks like it's about 1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just looks like it's about 1 and a
+half time 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half time 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half time 10us
+14th as I crank up n Over N this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th as I crank up n Over N this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th as I crank up n Over N this term
+right here starts to take over n over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here starts to take over n over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here starts to take over n over n
+i and you see an increase and I crank up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and you see an increase and I crank up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and you see an increase and I crank up
+and over ey even higher see here I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over ey even higher see here I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over ey even higher see here I get
+it a factor of 10 or 20 this n over n i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a factor of 10 or 20 this n over n i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a factor of 10 or 20 this n over n i
+squ kicks in and then indeed you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ kicks in and then indeed you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ kicks in and then indeed you see
+this um this sort of square dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this sort of square dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this sort of square dependence
+so this is based on experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is based on experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is based on experimental data
+and it fits this type of empirical fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fits this type of empirical fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fits this type of empirical fit
+quite well now what are these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well now what are these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well now what are these numbers
+what is the meaning of d0 D minus or D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of d0 D minus or D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of d0 D minus or D
+minus well we don't really know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well we don't really know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well we don't really know the
+meaning but what we assigned the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning but what we assigned the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning but what we assigned the meaning
+to is we we would presume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is we we would presume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is we we would presume that this
+coefficient D minus has something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient D minus has something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient D minus has something to do
+with the diffusivity of the pair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the diffusivity of the pair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the diffusivity of the pair of the
+dopant with the single negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant with the single negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant with the single negatively
+charged Point defect whatever it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged Point defect whatever it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged Point defect whatever it should
+be so it could be the the pair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so it could be the the pair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so it could be the the pair of the
+phosphorus pairing with v minus so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus pairing with v minus so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus pairing with v minus so that
+diffusivity value has to do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity value has to do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity value has to do with that
+pair diffusivity this term here has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair diffusivity this term here has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair diffusivity this term here has to
+do with the uh the pairing of the dopent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the uh the pairing of the dopent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the uh the pairing of the dopent
+with the vble minus or if you believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the vble minus or if you believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the vble minus or if you believe in
+interstitials the I double minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials the I double minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials the I double minus
+whichever these experiments don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever these experiments don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever these experiments don't tell
+you whether it's a dope whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether it's a dope whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether it's a dope whether it's a
+vacancy or interstitial enhancing it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy or interstitial enhancing it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy or interstitial enhancing it all
+it says is at some point the effect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says is at some point the effect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says is at some point the effect it
+has uh the the concentration that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh the the concentration that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh the the concentration that point
+defect um depends on the FM level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect um depends on the FM level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect um depends on the FM level
+because it's charged so as I move the FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's charged so as I move the FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's charged so as I move the FM
+level up by increasing n Over N the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up by increasing n Over N the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up by increasing n Over N the
+diffusivity overall goes up according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity overall goes up according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity overall goes up according to
+n overni that's basically what it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n overni that's basically what it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n overni that's basically what it tells
+us so those are those are the types some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so those are those are the types some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so those are those are the types some
+one type of experiment people have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of experiment people have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of experiment people have uh
+used to observe these so-called family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to observe these so-called family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to observe these so-called family
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+effects so what we do based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so what we do based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so what we do based on this
+experiments shown on on slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments shown on on slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments shown on on slide number
+eight um we write the diffusive in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight um we write the diffusive in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight um we write the diffusive in terms
+of the local carer concentration at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the local carer concentration at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the local carer concentration at each
+point in space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space in the
+sample so here's an example equation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so here's an example equation two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so here's an example equation two
+shows you the case for an N type dopin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the case for an N type dopin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the case for an N type dopin a
+convenient way to write it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way to write it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way to write it as the
+effective diffusivity of a a could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective diffusivity of a a could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective diffusivity of a a could be
+the um arsic or or phosphorus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um arsic or or phosphorus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um arsic or or phosphorus or
+whatever is a constant d0 plus D minus *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is a constant d0 plus D minus *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is a constant d0 plus D minus *
+n/ n i plus D minus n over n 2 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ n i plus D minus n over n 2 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ n i plus D minus n over n 2 so we
+write that type of expression and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that type of expression and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that type of expression and we
+write a very much analogous type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a very much analogous type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a very much analogous type of
+expression for ptype doens but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for ptype doens but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for ptype doens but now the
+dependency is on P Over N I uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency is on P Over N I uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency is on P Over N I uh so
+presumably this term here this D+ refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably this term here this D+ refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably this term here this D+ refers
+to the diffusion of the dopent maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the diffusion of the dopent maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the diffusion of the dopent maybe
+Boron with a single positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron with a single positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron with a single positively charged
+vacancy for example so as I increase p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy for example so as I increase p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy for example so as I increase p
+over ni that v+ concentration goes way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over ni that v+ concentration goes way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over ni that v+ concentration goes way
+up and so does the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusivity um so again we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity um so again we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity um so again we talked about
+which each one of these D's corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which each one of these D's corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which each one of these D's corresponds
+to so again if I if I'm under intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so again if I if I'm under intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so again if I if I'm under intrinsic
+conditions that I have an antip OPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that I have an antip OPI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that I have an antip OPI
+where intrinsic means p n n i that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where intrinsic means p n n i that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where intrinsic means p n n i that's a
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+intrinsic but I just substitute in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic but I just substitute in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic but I just substitute in here
+for n and I and you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n and I and you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n and I and you see that the
+diffusivity is indeed a constant it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is indeed a constant it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is indeed a constant it's a
+sum of three three numbers but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of three three numbers but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of three three numbers but it's a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+number it just just depend doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it just just depend doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it just just depend doesn't
+depend on the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the local
+concentration uh when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intrinsic so and each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic so and each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic so and each individual
+diffusivity this D to the r power or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity this D to the r power or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity this D to the r power or if
+you want to call it it's not really to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to call it it's not really to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to call it it's not really to a
+power it's just a symbol uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's just a symbol uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's just a symbol uh a
+superscripted symbol that tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscripted symbol that tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscripted symbol that tells you the
+charge data the point defect each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge data the point defect each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge data the point defect each one of
+these diffusivities is exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diffusivities is exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diffusivities is exponentially
+activated you can write it in arenus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated you can write it in arenus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated you can write it in arenus
+type fashion so D is equal to D do0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type fashion so D is equal to D do0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type fashion so D is equal to D do0 this
+is using the Supreme sort of you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the Supreme sort of you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the Supreme sort of you should
+learn this because you'll use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this because you'll use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this because you'll use your
+homework of the Supreme sort of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework of the Supreme sort of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework of the Supreme sort of notation
+any diffusivity is d do0 That's The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any diffusivity is d do0 That's The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any diffusivity is d do0 That's The
+pre-exponential Times e the minus d. e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential Times e the minus d. e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential Times e the minus d. e
+that's the um exp that's the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the um exp that's the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the um exp that's the activation
+energy divided by KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy divided by KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy divided by KT
+so each one of these terms has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each one of these terms has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each one of these terms has this
+exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activated so um sometimes this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated so um sometimes this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated so um sometimes this equation
+equation number two here is Rewritten uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation number two here is Rewritten uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation number two here is Rewritten uh
+in a slightly different fashion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly different fashion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly different fashion people
+like to talk about these parameters beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about these parameters beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about these parameters beta
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+gamma beta is defined as the ratio of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma beta is defined as the ratio of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma beta is defined as the ratio of D
+minus to d0 so it's that ratio and Gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to d0 so it's that ratio and Gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to d0 so it's that ratio and Gamma
+is defined as the ratio of D minus to d0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as the ratio of D minus to d0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as the ratio of D minus to d0
+so when I make that definition then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I make that definition then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I make that definition then I
+can rewrite equation two in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite equation two in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite equation two in this
+fashion uh the effect of diffusivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion uh the effect of diffusivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion uh the effect of diffusivity is
+Da star where this is under um intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Da star where this is under um intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Da star where this is under um intrinsic
+conditions and you factor that out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and you factor that out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and you factor that out and
+it's 1+ beta n/ n i plus gamma n over i^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1+ beta n/ n i plus gamma n over i^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1+ beta n/ n i plus gamma n over i^
+s / 1 + beta plus gamma so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s / 1 + beta plus gamma so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s / 1 + beta plus gamma so it's just
+another mathematical formulation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mathematical formulation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mathematical formulation uh
+people sometimes like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes like to think about
+these beta and gamma terms the ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beta and gamma terms the ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beta and gamma terms the ratios of
+the of the diffusivities rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the diffusivities rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the diffusivities rather than the
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+numbers for a ptype open in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for a ptype open in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for a ptype open in this
+equation you would just replace the N by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you would just replace the N by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you would just replace the N by
+P basically uh for a ptype do and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P basically uh for a ptype do and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P basically uh for a ptype do and then
+the beta and gamma are redefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta and gamma are redefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta and gamma are redefined
+according to uh the appropriate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to uh the appropriate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to uh the appropriate uh
+positively charged um diffusivities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged um diffusivities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged um diffusivities so
+again this is the quote unquote fmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the quote unquote fmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the quote unquote fmy
+model when you run Supreme four as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model when you run Supreme four as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model when you run Supreme four as
+you'll do for your next homework set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do for your next homework set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do for your next homework set and
+you use a fmy model you're invoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a fmy model you're invoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a fmy model you're invoking
+these type of concentration dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of concentration dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of concentration dependence
+um on the uh on the diffusivity for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the uh on the diffusivity for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the uh on the diffusivity for the
+dopin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go ahead so if we go on to slide uh 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead so if we go on to slide uh 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead so if we go on to slide uh 11
+just to show you I've taken from table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you I've taken from table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you I've taken from table
+uh 7-5 in the text these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 7-5 in the text these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 7-5 in the text these are the
+quantities this is the way we write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities this is the way we write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities this is the way we write the
+diusivity and these are the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diusivity and these are the quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diusivity and these are the quantities
+that are in this equation there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in this equation there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in this equation there's the
+pre-exponential factor D do0 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential factor D do0 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential factor D do0 and then
+there's the um activation energy um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the um activation energy um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the um activation energy um so
+just here are some examples um the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here are some examples um the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here are some examples um the first
+two rows refer to uh the uh d0o term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows refer to uh the uh d0o term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows refer to uh the uh d0o term uh
+both the pre-exponential in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the pre-exponential in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the pre-exponential in the
+activation energy um and the last row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy um and the last row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy um and the last row
+couple of rows referred to the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of rows referred to the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of rows referred to the double
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+term so just from looking at this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so just from looking at this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so just from looking at this chart
+um just let's say we take the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just let's say we take the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just let's say we take the case of
+arsic and these are numbers I took out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsic and these are numbers I took out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsic and these are numbers I took out
+of your text and some of these are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your text and some of these are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your text and some of these are also
+used in Supreme um based on looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in Supreme um based on looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in Supreme um based on looking at
+this chart um people have fit data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart um people have fit data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart um people have fit data to
+Arsenic and what can you say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic and what can you say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic and what can you say about the
+different types of Point defects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of Point defects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of Point defects that
+arsenic supposedly diffus uses with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic supposedly diffus uses with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic supposedly diffus uses with what
+are they based on if if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they based on if if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they based on if if there's no
+number in the chart then there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the chart then there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the chart then there's nothing
+been observed for that so so AR diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been observed for that so so AR diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been observed for that so so AR diffuses
+with what types of Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what types of Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what types of Point
+defects single negatively charged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects single negatively charged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects single negatively charged and
+and neutral just because there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutral just because there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutral just because there's nothing
+else filled in in the chart um so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else filled in in the chart um so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else filled in in the chart um so people
+have observed for arsenic primarily an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have observed for arsenic primarily an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have observed for arsenic primarily an N
+over ni dependence for phosphorus how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over ni dependence for phosphorus how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over ni dependence for phosphorus how
+about phosphorus what is it diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about phosphorus what is it diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about phosphorus what is it diffused
+with based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with based on this
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+got neutral single and and double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got neutral single and and double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got neutral single and and double
+negatively charged so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged so there's there's
+three terms and I I showed you that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms and I I showed you that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms and I I showed you that when
+we saw Mark Law's data he had those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw Mark Law's data he had those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw Mark Law's data he had those
+three charms um he fit the the Arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three charms um he fit the the Arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three charms um he fit the the Arsenic
+dat the phosphorus data back on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dat the phosphorus data back on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dat the phosphorus data back on slide
+seven he fit this to a three term type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven he fit this to a three term type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven he fit this to a three term type
+of model so these three terms come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of model so these three terms come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of model so these three terms come from
+experiments like the one that he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay um so these are the family models H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so these are the family models H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so these are the family models H
+for extrinsic diffusion so when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for extrinsic diffusion so when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for extrinsic diffusion so when n is
+greater than n i or when p is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than n i or when p is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than n i or when p is greater
+than I um we use these uh types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I um we use these uh types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I um we use these uh types of
+equations and this is what's used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and this is what's used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and this is what's used in
+your process simulator Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 okay let's go on to page number 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay let's go on to page number 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay let's go on to page number 10 so
+on on slide number 10 I just want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on slide number 10 I just want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on slide number 10 I just want to go
+over um a little example just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um a little example just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um a little example just to give
+you a feel for how these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for how these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for how these numbers
+work the example asks you to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the example asks you to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the example asks you to calculate
+the effective diffusion coefficient at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective diffusion coefficient at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective diffusion coefficient at a
+th000 deg for two different box shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 deg for two different box shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 deg for two different box shaped
+arsenic profiles so they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic profiles so they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic profiles so they're going to
+they're going to give you an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to give you an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to give you an easy
+profile it' be a box like thing um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile it' be a box like thing um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile it' be a box like thing um and
+there are two different ones uh one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different ones uh one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different ones uh one is
+doped at 10 the 18th and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped at 10 the 18th and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped at 10 the 18th and the other
+profile is doped at 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is doped at 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is doped at 10 of
+20 um so the first thing you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 um so the first thing you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 um so the first thing you need to do
+when you're calculating any of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're calculating any of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're calculating any of these is
+figure out for at the temperature you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for at the temperature you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for at the temperature you're
+at what is NI because everything varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what is NI because everything varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what is NI because everything varies
+if you're less than ni ni or below then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're less than ni ni or below then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're less than ni ni or below then
+you have a constant diffusivity and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a constant diffusivity and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a constant diffusivity and you
+just set plug in for n n equals ni uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set plug in for n n equals ni uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set plug in for n n equals ni uh
+right if you're above ni then the N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're above ni then the N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're above ni then the N is
+equal to um the essentially whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to um the essentially whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to um the essentially whatever the
+dopent concentration is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent concentration is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent concentration is because it's
+being controlled extrinsically by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being controlled extrinsically by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being controlled extrinsically by the
+dopent concentration the cars come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent concentration the cars come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent concentration the cars come
+primarily from the dopin so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily from the dopin so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily from the dopin so in this
+example we calculate ni to be about 710
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we calculate ni to be about 710
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we calculate ni to be about 710
+the 18th um so if I have a dopen profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th um so if I have a dopen profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th um so if I have a dopen profile
+that's at 1 E8 well that's much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at 1 E8 well that's much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at 1 E8 well that's much less
+than ni then what is n n is equal to ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ni then what is n n is equal to ni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ni then what is n n is equal to ni
+right the intrinsic carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the intrinsic carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the intrinsic carrier
+concentration uh because that's uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh because that's uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh because that's uh just
+due to the thermal Act activation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the thermal Act activation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the thermal Act activation of the
+breaking of bonds so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of bonds so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of bonds so if you just
+substitute in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in here
+d0 which we got from the prior um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d0 which we got from the prior um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d0 which we got from the prior um this
+is the numbers we get from the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the numbers we get from the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the numbers we get from the prior
+table on the on the prior slide and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table on the on the prior slide and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table on the on the prior slide and D
+minus and again n over n i is one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and again n over n i is one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and again n over n i is one so
+this term is just being multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is just being multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is just being multiplied by
+one there's a one here in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's a one here in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's a one here in front of it
+add those up and you get a number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those up and you get a number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those up and you get a number that's
+about four 1.4 * 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four 1.4 * 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four 1.4 * 10us
+15 cim s per second again we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 cim s per second again we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 cim s per second again we should be
+aware of the units so you say okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the units so you say okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the units so you say okay this
+when I use the table and I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use the table and I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use the table and I use the
+two-term model this is what I get now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-term model this is what I get now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-term model this is what I get now a
+sanity check on that value might be when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check on that value might be when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check on that value might be when
+we were talking earlier in in um chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking earlier in in um chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking earlier in in um chapter
+uh 7 we talked about intrinsic diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 7 we talked about intrinsic diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 7 we talked about intrinsic diffusion
+and we didn't give a two-term model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't give a two-term model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't give a two-term model we
+just gave a constant diffusivity number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave a constant diffusivity number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave a constant diffusivity number
+which was obtained by fitting a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was obtained by fitting a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was obtained by fitting a single
+activation energy to that to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy to that to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy to that to those
+expressions so the question is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions so the question is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions so the question is when I
+use this two-term model how does my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this two-term model how does my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this two-term model how does my
+number compare to the case when I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number compare to the case when I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number compare to the case when I use
+the single term uh model that's shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single term uh model that's shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single term uh model that's shown in
+table 7-3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table 7-3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table 7-3
+and in table 73 you were given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in table 73 you were given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in table 73 you were given this
+number here uh this sort of exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here uh this sort of exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here uh this sort of exponential
+dependence uh the activation energy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence uh the activation energy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence uh the activation energy if
+we want to sort of average out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to sort of average out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to sort of average out these
+activation energies you were given was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energies you were given was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energies you were given was
+3.99 and the pre-exponential was 9.17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.99 and the pre-exponential was 9.17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.99 and the pre-exponential was 9.17
+well when you calculate that out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you calculate that out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you calculate that out of a
+th000 you get about 1.48 * 10- 15 very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 you get about 1.48 * 10- 15 very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 you get about 1.48 * 10- 15 very
+very close so again at a sanity check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close so again at a sanity check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close so again at a sanity check
+this two-term model is not screwing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two-term model is not screwing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two-term model is not screwing up
+your intrinsic diffusion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intrinsic diffusion coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intrinsic diffusion coefficient
+you're getting exactly what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting exactly what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting exactly what you would
+have gotten had you gone back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten had you gone back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten had you gone back to the
+simpler table and the subw Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler table and the subw Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler table and the subw Cal
+calculation in table 7-3 but now we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in table 7-3 but now we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in table 7-3 but now we if
+we do the next part how about for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the next part how about for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the next part how about for the
+case where the profile is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2020 uh well at20 what do you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 uh well at20 what do you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 uh well at20 what do you know well
+you know n is much much greater than ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know n is much much greater than ni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know n is much much greater than ni
+so n over ni is large that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n over ni is large that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n over ni is large that means the
+concentration of single negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of single negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of single negatively
+charged Point defect c v minus goes way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged Point defect c v minus goes way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged Point defect c v minus goes way
+up so the diffusivity should be enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so the diffusivity should be enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so the diffusivity should be enhanced
+so uh now solve write that same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh now solve write that same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh now solve write that same equation
+here's the first term the d0o term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the first term the d0o term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the first term the d0o term
+doesn't change right because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change right because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change right because it's not
+multiplied by anything this is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by anything this is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by anything this is the um
+the D minus term but what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D minus term but what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D minus term but what it's
+multiplied by here is n over n i which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by here is n over n i which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by here is n over n i which
+is a big number 10 the 20 over 7 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big number 10 the 20 over 7 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big number 10 the 20 over 7 10 the
+18th that's more than an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th that's more than an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th that's more than an order of
+magnitude uh fact it's uh it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude uh fact it's uh it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude uh fact it's uh it's two
+orders of magnitude so you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude so you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude so you're you're
+really pumping up this term so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pumping up this term so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pumping up this term so now what
+do you get 1.6 * 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get 1.6 * 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get 1.6 * 10us
+14th so the highly dope layer has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th so the highly dope layer has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th so the highly dope layer has a
+tenfold higher diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenfold higher diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenfold higher diffusivity
+diffusion coefficient in the extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient in the extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient in the extrinsic
+material so it'll be diffusing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so it'll be diffusing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so it'll be diffusing with a
+diffusivity that's 10 times greater um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity that's 10 times greater um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity that's 10 times greater um
+and uh that's exactly how these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's exactly how these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's exactly how these these
+calculations go now if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations go now if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations go now if you have the
+concentration changing in space at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration changing in space at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration changing in space at every
+single single point on the profile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single single point on the profile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single single point on the profile the
+the computer has to keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer has to keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer has to keep track of the
+diffusivity value at every single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity value at every single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity value at every single point
+and apply that correct diffusivity value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply that correct diffusivity value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply that correct diffusivity value
+when it's doing the the calculation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's doing the the calculation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's doing the the calculation uh
+of of the um of a diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the um of a diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the um of a diffusion
+profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile
+okay so let's go on to slide 12 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go on to slide 12 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go on to slide 12 so
+basically the consequence of this from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the consequence of this from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the consequence of this from a
+practical point of view is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical point of view is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical point of view is that the
+profiles are very steep they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles are very steep they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles are very steep they have
+they're sort of flat topped and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of flat topped and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of flat topped and they
+fall off rapidly and why is that well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off rapidly and why is that well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off rapidly and why is that well if
+I'm if I'm working walking my way along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm working walking my way along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm working walking my way along
+this profile first of all I'm much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this profile first of all I'm much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this profile first of all I'm much much
+greater than ni if I over over a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than ni if I over over a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than ni if I over over a factor
+of 10 and the diffusivity here is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 and the diffusivity here is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 and the diffusivity here is it's a
+large number so that means it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number so that means it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number so that means it's going to
+when you're high when you're above in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're high when you're above in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're high when you're above in
+over n you're going to be diffusing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n you're going to be diffusing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n you're going to be diffusing very
+fast so these guys get over to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so these guys get over to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so these guys get over to the right
+very quickly but as I start to to go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly but as I start to to go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly but as I start to to go um
+to my concentration starts to drop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my concentration starts to drop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my concentration starts to drop at
+the diffusion front when I get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion front when I get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion front when I get close to
+N equals ni diffusivity is dropping like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals ni diffusivity is dropping like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals ni diffusivity is dropping like
+a rocket right because n Over N is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket right because n Over N is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket right because n Over N is going
+down as I move down this profile in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as I move down this profile in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as I move down this profile in fact
+n over ni is only one here so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over ni is only one here so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over ni is only one here so what's
+happening is um the diffusivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is um the diffusivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is um the diffusivity is
+falling off very rapidly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling off very rapidly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling off very rapidly at the
+diffusion front so tends to make a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion front so tends to make a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion front so tends to make a very
+sharp abrupt uh profile there because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp abrupt uh profile there because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp abrupt uh profile there because as
+as you walk down here diffus coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you walk down here diffus coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you walk down here diffus coefficient
+is going way down it's slowing down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going way down it's slowing down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going way down it's slowing down so
+you get these box likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these box likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these box likee
+profiles a box-like profile originating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles a box-like profile originating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles a box-like profile originating
+from again this assumption was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from again this assumption was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from again this assumption was that you
+have a constant Source surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant Source surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant Source surface
+concentration of arsenic or whatever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of arsenic or whatever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of arsenic or whatever uh
+in the you know so that the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you know so that the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you know so that the surface
+concentration is about 51 the 20 instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is about 51 the 20 instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is about 51 the 20 instead
+of getting the complimentary error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting the complimentary error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting the complimentary error
+function which is here you get a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is here you get a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is here you get a more
+box-like uh profile and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box-like uh profile and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box-like uh profile and that's exactly
+because of the uh of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh of the concentration
+dependence to the diff diffusivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence to the diff diffusivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence to the diff diffusivity and
+people observe you observe these all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people observe you observe these all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people observe you observe these all the
+time when you do arsenic sore strains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you do arsenic sore strains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you do arsenic sore strains
+it's never it never looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never it never looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never it never looks like a
+complimentary air function it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary air function it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary air function it's always
+very box-like and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why um besides Source drains actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um besides Source drains actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um besides Source drains actually
+you can see this um we always talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this um we always talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this um we always talk about
+moset but um if you're uh doing bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moset but um if you're uh doing bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moset but um if you're uh doing bipolar
+technology making npn structur you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology making npn structur you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology making npn structur you see
+the exact the same kind of um same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact the same kind of um same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact the same kind of um same kind
+of issues and here's an example um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues and here's an example um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues and here's an example um on
+the left I'm showing a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left I'm showing a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left I'm showing a starting
+structure for for an npn bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for for an npn bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for for an npn bipolar
+transistor so this is a plot on on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor so this is a plot on on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor so this is a plot on on a
+semilog scale of concentration as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semilog scale of concentration as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semilog scale of concentration as a
+function of distance into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of distance into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of distance into the
+device and um what it is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and um what it is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and um what it is is the
+collector down here is lightly doped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector down here is lightly doped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector down here is lightly doped
+around 10 of the 16th n type with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 of the 16th n type with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 of the 16th n type with
+phosphorus here's the base we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus here's the base we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus here's the base we're
+assuming the base was grown by epitaxial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the base was grown by epitaxial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the base was grown by epitaxial
+crystal growth we'll talk later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal growth we'll talk later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal growth we'll talk later in the
+class what that is in the course U but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what that is in the course U but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what that is in the course U but
+it has a very abrupt constant doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a very abrupt constant doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a very abrupt constant doping
+profile like this it's about a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile like this it's about a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile like this it's about a th000
+anstrom and then you deposit a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom and then you deposit a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom and then you deposit a layer of
+n plus Poly silic on top and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus Poly silic on top and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus Poly silic on top and that gives
+you this High arsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this High arsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this High arsic
+concentration and what you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and what you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and what you're interested
+in is uh and kneeling this to drive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is uh and kneeling this to drive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is uh and kneeling this to drive in
+the Arsenic a little ways into the Epi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic a little ways into the Epi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic a little ways into the Epi
+into the into the um base uh for th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the um base uh for th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the um base uh for th000
+Dees for 30 minutes and you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dees for 30 minutes and you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dees for 30 minutes and you want to see
+what the profile looks like well on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the profile looks like well on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the profile looks like well on the
+right uh I'm showing the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I'm showing the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I'm showing the Supreme
+simulation that includes both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that includes both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that includes both the
+electric field effects that Maggie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field effects that Maggie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field effects that Maggie
+talked about last time as well as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time as well as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time as well as this
+concentration or F level effect and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or F level effect and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or F level effect and you
+can see what that looks like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what that looks like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what that looks like here's
+again concentration versus distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again concentration versus distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again concentration versus distance and
+look at the Arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Arsenic
+profile here it is in the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile here it is in the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile here it is in the poly
+relatively constant and it's indeed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively constant and it's indeed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively constant and it's indeed very
+box-like it doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box-like it doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box-like it doesn't look like a
+complimentary error function it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary error function it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary error function it's almost
+constant and then shuts off very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then shuts off very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then shuts off very quickly
+right here that's due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that's due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that's due to the
+concentration dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependent
+diffusivity um here's a here's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity um here's a here's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity um here's a here's the uh
+Boron profile it's kind of gaussian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron profile it's kind of gaussian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron profile it's kind of gaussian is
+sort of but it has this little uh dip in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of but it has this little uh dip in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of but it has this little uh dip in
+it right here this divot uh right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right here this divot uh right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right here this divot uh right where
+the Arsenic right where the pan Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic right where the pan Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic right where the pan Junction
+the metallurgical Junction in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metallurgical Junction in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metallurgical Junction in and
+happens and in fact this this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and in fact this this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and in fact this this little
+divot is due to the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divot is due to the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divot is due to the electric field
+effect which significantly impacts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which significantly impacts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which significantly impacts the
+profile the Bon profile near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile the Bon profile near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile the Bon profile near the
+junction remember electric field here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction remember electric field here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction remember electric field here is
+gener being generated by mostly by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gener being generated by mostly by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gener being generated by mostly by this
+rapidly decreasing arsenic concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly decreasing arsenic concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly decreasing arsenic concentration
+and the Bon feels that and gets um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Bon feels that and gets um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Bon feels that and gets um
+diffusion gets modified there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion gets modified there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion gets modified there's no way
+you would calculate this by hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would calculate this by hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would calculate this by hand you
+would come up with anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come up with anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come up with anything like that
+but this is exactly what is simulated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is exactly what is simulated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is exactly what is simulated in
+a numerical simulator and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical simulator and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical simulator and this is what
+people measure uh by by Sims and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people measure uh by by Sims and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people measure uh by by Sims and things
+so you really need numerical simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really need numerical simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really need numerical simulation
+to accurately model modern devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accurately model modern devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accurately model modern devices
+bipolar be they uh mosfets or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar be they uh mosfets or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar be they uh mosfets or any other
+other type of device uh because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of device uh because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of device uh because of these
+high concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects okay so let me go on to talk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay so let me go on to talk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay so let me go on to talk so
+we've talked about the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the electric field
+effect and the high concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the high concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the high concentration and
+what happens um there's another effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens um there's another effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens um there's another effect
+when we get to an inter face that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to an inter face that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to an inter face that we're
+going to need need to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need need to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need need to take into
+account uh that's going to be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh that's going to be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh that's going to be important
+in determining practical profiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in determining practical profiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in determining practical profiles and
+this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called
+segregation um we know that dopin have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation um we know that dopin have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation um we know that dopin have
+different solubilities in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solubilities in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solubilities in different
+materials so let's say I have a dopen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so let's say I have a dopen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so let's say I have a dopen
+and it's coming up against an oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's coming up against an oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's coming up against an oxide
+layer you know it's in Silicon and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you know it's in Silicon and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you know it's in Silicon and and
+then there's an oxide layer right next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's an oxide layer right next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's an oxide layer right next
+door uh next to uh could have two layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door uh next to uh could have two layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door uh next to uh could have two layers
+right next door could be silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next door could be silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next door could be silicon and
+nitride or whatever silicon nitride um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride or whatever silicon nitride um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride or whatever silicon nitride um
+but they have different solubilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have different solubilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have different solubilities and
+so they tend to redistribute across an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they tend to redistribute across an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they tend to redistribute across an
+interface between two materials uh until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between two materials uh until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between two materials uh until
+something called the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the chemical potential
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+same um and basically uh the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um and basically uh the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um and basically uh the ratio of
+the equilibrium dop concentration on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium dop concentration on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium dop concentration on
+each side of the interface is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side of the interface is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side of the interface is the
+segregation coefficient so we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficient so we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficient so we've already
+seen segregation coefficients we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen segregation coefficients we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen segregation coefficients we talked
+about it in chapter three on crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in chapter three on crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in chapter three on crystal
+growth we defined a segregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth we defined a segregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth we defined a segregation
+coefficient kot with respect to crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient kot with respect to crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient kot with respect to crystal
+growth to be the concentration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth to be the concentration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth to be the concentration in the
+solid of the open say the bond or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid of the open say the bond or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid of the open say the bond or the
+Arsenic divided by the concentration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic divided by the concentration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic divided by the concentration in
+the liquid phase so there we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid phase so there we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid phase so there we had an
+interface one was the same material it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface one was the same material it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface one was the same material it
+was silicon it's just in one case it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was silicon it's just in one case it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was silicon it's just in one case it was
+Liquid other case it was ins solid we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liquid other case it was ins solid we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liquid other case it was ins solid we
+can we can do this exact same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can do this exact same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can do this exact same thing we
+can define a segregation coefficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a segregation coefficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a segregation coefficient in
+general between two materials material a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general between two materials material a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general between two materials material a
+and material B and this segregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and material B and this segregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and material B and this segregation
+coefficient K k0 or it may be the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient K k0 or it may be the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient K k0 or it may be the sub
+subscript May indicate which two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript May indicate which two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript May indicate which two
+materials maybe from Silicon to silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials maybe from Silicon to silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials maybe from Silicon to silicon
+dioxide whatever um is in General is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide whatever um is in General is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide whatever um is in General is the
+concentration in material B divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in material B divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in material B divided by
+the concentration in material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration in material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration in material
+a just the ratio so given long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just the ratio so given long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just the ratio so given long enough
+time if you were to put some dopen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you were to put some dopen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you were to put some dopen in
+this material and let it and heat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material and let it and heat it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material and let it and heat it up
+and let it move around it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let it move around it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let it move around it's going to
+arrange itself so that the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange itself so that the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange itself so that the ratio of the
+concentrations on either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations on either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations on either side of the
+interface is exactly K k0 uh if k0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is exactly K k0 uh if k0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is exactly K k0 uh if k0 is
+one then it'll arrange itself to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then it'll arrange itself to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then it'll arrange itself to have
+the same concentration at that inter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concentration at that inter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concentration at that inter on
+either side if K 0 is 10 it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side if K 0 is 10 it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side if K 0 is 10 it's going to
+want to have a factor of 10 difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a factor of 10 difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a factor of 10 difference
+in concentration going from Material B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentration going from Material B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentration going from Material B
+up to up to material a so there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to up to material a so there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to up to material a so there is this
+different solubility causes this um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solubility causes this um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solubility causes this um sort
+of equilibrium uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equilibrium uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equilibrium uh um uh
+segregation okay when I'm calculating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation okay when I'm calculating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation okay when I'm calculating in
+Supreme when I'm calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme when I'm calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme when I'm calculating the
+interface flux what's the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface flux what's the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface flux what's the boundary
+condition at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the
+interface uh well you saw if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh well you saw if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh well you saw if you're
+inside a given material you saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a given material you saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a given material you saw last
+time in the finite difference case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the finite difference case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the finite difference case if
+you're inside silicon one given material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inside silicon one given material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inside silicon one given material
+you could use your neighboring con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use your neighboring con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use your neighboring con
+concentrations to figure out a flux to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations to figure out a flux to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations to figure out a flux to
+either side um it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side um it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side um it's a little bit
+different if you have an interface flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you have an interface flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you have an interface flux
+in fact what you write is that right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what you write is that right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what you write is that right at
+this interface between A and B the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interface between A and B the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interface between A and B the flux
+F to the right is equal to now we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to the right is equal to now we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to the right is equal to now we don't
+use a diffusion coefficient it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a diffusion coefficient it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a diffusion coefficient it's equal
+to a transport interface transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a transport interface transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a transport interface transport
+coefficient H which has units of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient H which has units of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient H which has units of length
+per unit time in in for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time in in for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time in in for example
+centimeters per second gives you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters per second gives you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters per second gives you an idea
+how fast this thing is going to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast this thing is going to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast this thing is going to reach
+its equilibrium uh concentration it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its equilibrium uh concentration it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its equilibrium uh concentration it's
+age time this ratio time this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age time this ratio time this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age time this ratio time this quantity
+CA minus CB over K where again K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA minus CB over K where again K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA minus CB over K where again K is
+defined according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined according to
+this so if you just look at this flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you just look at this flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you just look at this flux
+equation for a moment what is it saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a moment what is it saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a moment what is it saying
+well it says if let's say h is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says if let's say h is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says if let's say h is some
+reasonable value uh if CA is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable value uh if CA is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable value uh if CA is much much
+different the concentration on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the concentration on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the concentration on this side
+then CB over k u this difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then CB over k u this difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then CB over k u this difference is
+going to be a large number there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a large number there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a large number there's going
+to be a big flux so it's going to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a big flux so it's going to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a big flux so it's going to it's
+going to allow flux to flow um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow flux to flow um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow flux to flow um basically
+until until CA approaches CB over K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until until CA approaches CB over K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until until CA approaches CB over K and
+then the flux goes to zero um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the flux goes to zero um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the flux goes to zero um so it's
+going to force then the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force then the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force then the concentration
+profile across that interface to be Peg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile across that interface to be Peg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile across that interface to be Peg
+to have a difference a ratio that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a difference a ratio that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a difference a ratio that's
+equal to K KN and how rapidly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K KN and how rapidly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K KN and how rapidly it
+approaches that equilibrium well that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that equilibrium well that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that equilibrium well that'll
+be given to a certain extent by what H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given to a certain extent by what H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given to a certain extent by what H
+value you use for it because at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you use for it because at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you use for it because at each
+time step you have a flux that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step you have a flux that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step you have a flux that's equal
+to ca minus CB over kot times the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ca minus CB over kot times the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ca minus CB over kot times the H
+value if H is very small it'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if H is very small it'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if H is very small it'll take a
+long time to reach the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to reach the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to reach the equilibrium
+segregated condition if H is very rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated condition if H is very rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated condition if H is very rapid
+fat High um then it reaches that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat High um then it reaches that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat High um then it reaches that very
+quickly so H is a measure of how easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so H is a measure of how easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so H is a measure of how easily
+the species is transported across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface so a very common thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so a very common thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so a very common thing that
+you will see happening um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see happening um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see happening um when you
+anneal Wafers or when you grow oxides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anneal Wafers or when you grow oxides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anneal Wafers or when you grow oxides is
+segregation at an interface between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation at an interface between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation at an interface between
+silicon and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dioxide um and so let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide um and so let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide um and so let's look at that
+case uh by the way I should say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh by the way I should say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh by the way I should say that
+segregation coefficients the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficients the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficients the ratio of
+some species on one side of an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some species on one side of an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some species on one side of an interface
+to another material the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another material the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another material the other side of
+the interface it sounds trivial but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface it sounds trivial but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface it sounds trivial but it's
+actually in practice it's very hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in practice it's very hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in practice it's very hard you
+might say well why don't you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well why don't you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well why don't you just use
+Sims this profile through the sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sims this profile through the sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sims this profile through the sample and
+measure the concentration in on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the concentration in on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the concentration in on this
+side and concentration on that side well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and concentration on that side well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and concentration on that side well
+a lot of techniques like Sims near an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of techniques like Sims near an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of techniques like Sims near an
+interface they don't perform very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface they don't perform very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface they don't perform very well
+because as you get close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as you get close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as you get close to the
+interface you're changing the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface you're changing the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface you're changing the material
+and The Sputter rate starts to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and The Sputter rate starts to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and The Sputter rate starts to change
+all the assumptions that that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assumptions that that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assumptions that that you need
+to make in Sims tend to be uh degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make in Sims tend to be uh degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make in Sims tend to be uh degraded
+to a certain extent so it it you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent so it it you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent so it it you would
+think we have perfect numbers for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have perfect numbers for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have perfect numbers for this
+but we don't we have rough numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't we have rough numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't we have rough numbers and
+these are the rough numbers that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the rough numbers that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the rough numbers that are in
+Supreme they are the K values of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme they are the K values of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme they are the K values of course
+are adjustable and you can adjust them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are adjustable and you can adjust them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are adjustable and you can adjust them
+to fit your whatever your experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit your whatever your experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit your whatever your experiments
+show but K not so the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show but K not so the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show but K not so the ratio of the
+concentration of the dop in Silicon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the dop in Silicon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the dop in Silicon to
+that in silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in silicon
+dioxide for Boron it's less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide for Boron it's less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide for Boron it's less than one
+it's. 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's. 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's. 3
+uh so what that means is that Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what that means is that Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what that means is that Boron
+wants to go into the oxide layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to go into the oxide layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to go into the oxide layers
+concentration in the Silicon will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the Silicon will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the Silicon will be
+lower so Brawn tends to be def depleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so Brawn tends to be def depleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so Brawn tends to be def depleted
+in the Silicon uh and higher in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Silicon uh and higher in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Silicon uh and higher in the
+oxide arsenic the N type dopin are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide arsenic the N type dopin are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide arsenic the N type dopin are just
+the opposite they tend to segregate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite they tend to segregate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite they tend to segregate into
+the Silicon so they pile up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon so they pile up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon so they pile up at the
+silicon and they're lower in the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and they're lower in the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and they're lower in the oxide
+and this is giving them a ratio of 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is giving them a ratio of 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is giving them a ratio of 10 of
+course it also depends on temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it also depends on temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it also depends on temperature so
+you need to take that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take that into
+account so in fact if we go to slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so in fact if we go to slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so in fact if we go to slide um
+16 uh we can see an example of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 uh we can see an example of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 uh we can see an example of this um
+these are some Supreme simulations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some Supreme simulations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some Supreme simulations and
+what's been done here in the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been done here in the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been done here in the upper left
+you're seeing the simulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the simulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the simulation of the
+oxidation of a uniformly dope substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of a uniformly dope substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of a uniformly dope substrate
+so initially it was uniformly doped so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially it was uniformly doped so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially it was uniformly doped so
+the concentration of boron at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of boron at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of boron at the
+surface was was all the same uh say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface was was all the same uh say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface was was all the same uh say uh
+10 to the 18 throughout the entire wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 18 throughout the entire wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 18 throughout the entire wafer
+from the surface all the way through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the surface all the way through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the surface all the way through and
+you take that and you put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that and you put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that and you put it in a
+furnace and you oxidize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace and you oxidize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace and you oxidize it
+well where you can see where the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where you can see where the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where you can see where the oxide
+was grown all of a sudden the B has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was grown all of a sudden the B has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was grown all of a sudden the B has a
+profile to it and it's a little hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile to it and it's a little hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile to it and it's a little hard to
+tell the profile from these Contours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the profile from these Contours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the profile from these Contours
+each Contour each color represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Contour each color represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Contour each color represents a
+different Boron concentration but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Boron concentration but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Boron concentration but if you
+want to take a cut right through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a cut right through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a cut right through the
+center this is what the brwn looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center this is what the brwn looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center this is what the brwn looks like
+um there's there's a um certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's a um certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's a um certain
+concentration of brwn in the oxide here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of brwn in the oxide here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of brwn in the oxide here
+around six or 7 * 10 17th then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around six or 7 * 10 17th then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around six or 7 * 10 17th then there's a
+drop there's a factor of three drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop there's a factor of three drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop there's a factor of three drop
+because again we said the segre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we said the segre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we said the segre
+segregation coefficient was about3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficient was about3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficient was about3 and
+it's depleted somewhat in the Silicon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's depleted somewhat in the Silicon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's depleted somewhat in the Silicon so
+it it's come down in the Silicon U as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's come down in the Silicon U as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's come down in the Silicon U as
+because there's been an interface flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's been an interface flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's been an interface flux
+the concentration originally in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration originally in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration originally in the
+oxide was Zero the concentration in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide was Zero the concentration in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide was Zero the concentration in here
+was about 10 the 18th in the bulk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 10 the 18th in the bulk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 10 the 18th in the bulk and
+there's been a flux from the Silicon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a flux from the Silicon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a flux from the Silicon to
+the oxide because in equilibrium it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide because in equilibrium it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide because in equilibrium it
+wants to set this ratio to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to set this ratio to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to set this ratio to be equal to
+three um and so you see this depleted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um and so you see this depleted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um and so you see this depleted uh
+um Boron concentration in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Boron concentration in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Boron concentration in the in the
+Silicon how about end type dopus well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon how about end type dopus well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon how about end type dopus well
+aric and phosphorus we said their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aric and phosphorus we said their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aric and phosphorus we said their
+segregation coefficient is 10 so um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficient is 10 so um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficient is 10 so um it's
+a positive number so they actually tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive number so they actually tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive number so they actually tend
+to pile up at the interface and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pile up at the interface and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pile up at the interface and they're
+very they're low concentration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very they're low concentration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very they're low concentration in the
+oxide so they tend to segregate into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so they tend to segregate into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so they tend to segregate into the
+Silicon um this arsenic profile looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon um this arsenic profile looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon um this arsenic profile looks a
+little steeper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little steeper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little steeper than
+phosphorus uh because it has a slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus uh because it has a slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus uh because it has a slower
+diffusivity so it's not getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so it's not getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so it's not getting to the
+interface um you know it's not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um you know it's not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um you know it's not able to
+diffuse across the interface or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse across the interface or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse across the interface or
+transport across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport across
+um as rapidly because the delivery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as rapidly because the delivery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as rapidly because the delivery of
+the Arsenic from the bulk is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic from the bulk is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic from the bulk is a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+slower so there's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so there's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so there's an example of
+segregation uh that happens um uh during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation uh that happens um uh during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation uh that happens um uh during
+an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process so that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that's something that's
+Incorporated in Supreme and is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in Supreme and is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in Supreme and is very
+commonly observed um the next sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly observed um the next sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly observed um the next sort of
+interfacial effect that I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial effect that I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial effect that I'll talk about
+um interfacial dopin pileup be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interfacial dopin pileup be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interfacial dopin pileup be be
+careful this is not equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful this is not equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful this is not equilibrium
+segregation this gets a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation this gets a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation this gets a little tricky
+cuz we just talked about the across an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz we just talked about the across an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz we just talked about the across an
+interface the the doping concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the the doping concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the the doping concentration
+being different this is actually piling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being different this is actually piling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being different this is actually piling
+up right at the interface so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right at the interface so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right at the interface so it's a
+little bit different it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different it's it's a
+monolayer type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolayer type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolayer type
+effect um and particularly as Junctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um and particularly as Junctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um and particularly as Junctions
+become shallow it's observed that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become shallow it's observed that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become shallow it's observed that some
+of the dopants pile up in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dopants pile up in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dopants pile up in this very
+narrow interfacial layer uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow interfacial layer uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow interfacial layer uh at the
+interface between oxide and silicon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between oxide and silicon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between oxide and silicon um
+this pile up is separate from and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pile up is separate from and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pile up is separate from and is
+larger than the normal equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the normal equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the normal equilibrium
+segregation that might occur during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation that might occur during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation that might occur during a
+kneeling so just as an example if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kneeling so just as an example if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kneeling so just as an example if this
+is the oxide to the left the Silicon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the oxide to the left the Silicon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the oxide to the left the Silicon to
+the right normal segregation would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right normal segregation would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right normal segregation would would
+give you a little height difference like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little height difference like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little height difference like
+this this interfacial pileup gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this interfacial pileup gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this interfacial pileup gives you a
+height that's difference that's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height that's difference that's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height that's difference that's even
+larger and it's just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and it's just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and it's just at the
+interface and it integrates to some dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and it integrates to some dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and it integrates to some dose
+the it may be as thin as a monolayer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it may be as thin as a monolayer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it may be as thin as a monolayer uh
+but it can actually um the interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can actually um the interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can actually um the interface is
+essentially acting as a sink for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially acting as a sink for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially acting as a sink for the
+dopin and it can trap up to about uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin and it can trap up to about uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin and it can trap up to about uh 10
+15 per square at that interface that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 per square at that interface that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 per square at that interface that's a
+pretty big number if I consider that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big number if I consider that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big number if I consider that I
+might only be implanting 2 * 10 the 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might only be implanting 2 * 10 the 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might only be implanting 2 * 10 the 15th
+Arsenic and I implant it right near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic and I implant it right near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic and I implant it right near the
+surface lot that ARS get sucked up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface lot that ARS get sucked up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface lot that ARS get sucked up right
+into the interface and never become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the interface and never become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the interface and never become
+electrically active um so when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically active um so when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically active um so when people
+were implanting the arsic really deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were implanting the arsic really deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were implanting the arsic really deep
+into the substrate nobody noticed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the substrate nobody noticed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the substrate nobody noticed it
+because the concentration near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the concentration near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the concentration near the
+surface was low but now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface was low but now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface was low but now that we have
+shallow implants a lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow implants a lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow implants a lot of people are
+finding that their dopants are sucked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that their dopants are sucked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that their dopants are sucked up
+into that interface um and so they lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that interface um and so they lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that interface um and so they lose
+a lot of effective dose that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of effective dose that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of effective dose that they would
+have expected to have so people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected to have so people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected to have so people uh
+Supreme 4 now includes an interfacial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 now includes an interfacial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 now includes an interfacial
+segregation module to model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation module to model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation module to model this
+effect in fact on slide 18 it show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in fact on slide 18 it show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in fact on slide 18 it show some
+data um of what happens here I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um of what happens here I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um of what happens here I'm left
+this from kavi um iedm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from kavi um iedm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from kavi um iedm
+1998 uh this is concentration of arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 uh this is concentration of arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 uh this is concentration of arsenic
+as a function of depth and the Asen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of depth and the Asen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of depth and the Asen
+plant that is shown here in blue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that is shown here in blue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that is shown here in blue with
+the boxes and this is the um an Neal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boxes and this is the um an Neal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boxes and this is the um an Neal
+under the rapid thermal anal 1050 for 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the rapid thermal anal 1050 for 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the rapid thermal anal 1050 for 30
+seconds there's a thin oxide layer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds there's a thin oxide layer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds there's a thin oxide layer by
+the way that was on the surface he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that was on the surface he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that was on the surface he was
+using as a cap when he did the seal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as a cap when he did the seal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as a cap when he did the seal and
+then he stripped the oxide before doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he stripped the oxide before doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he stripped the oxide before doing
+the Sims and this is the red layer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sims and this is the red layer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sims and this is the red layer the
+red uh profile if you integrate it its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh profile if you integrate it its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh profile if you integrate it its
+area where its dose is only six times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where its dose is only six times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where its dose is only six times 10
+of the 14th so 30% of the arc was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 14th so 30% of the arc was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 14th so 30% of the arc was
+lost um now he had an oxide cap there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost um now he had an oxide cap there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost um now he had an oxide cap there
+hoping to keep the arsic in the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to keep the arsic in the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to keep the arsic in the sample
+hoping to keep the arsic from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to keep the arsic from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to keep the arsic from
+evaporating it didn't evaporate it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating it didn't evaporate it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating it didn't evaporate it got
+stuck at the interface and then was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck at the interface and then was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck at the interface and then was
+stripped off with ehf so he prevented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped off with ehf so he prevented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped off with ehf so he prevented
+evaporation but um it's it is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation but um it's it is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation but um it's it is a problem
+and in fact if you go on the um Sim St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you go on the um Sim St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you go on the um Sim St
+at the right he tried to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right he tried to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right he tried to understand what
+was going on uh what he saw If he if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on uh what he saw If he if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on uh what he saw If he if he
+did not do the HF dip after the rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not do the HF dip after the rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not do the HF dip after the rapid
+thermal andal he saw this red profile so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal andal he saw this red profile so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal andal he saw this red profile so
+indeed in the oxide right near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in the oxide right near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in the oxide right near the
+interface and again Sim doesn't resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and again Sim doesn't resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and again Sim doesn't resolve
+the interface very well they saw a pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface very well they saw a pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface very well they saw a pile
+up uh in that in that interfacial region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh in that in that interfacial region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh in that in that interfacial region
+and that's where all that extra dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where all that extra dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where all that extra dose
+went then when you strip the oxide of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went then when you strip the oxide of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went then when you strip the oxide of
+course the everything piled up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the everything piled up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the everything piled up at the
+interface is gone and you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is gone and you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is gone and you end up with
+with a lot much lower dose so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot much lower dose so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot much lower dose so it's not
+very well understood but you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well understood but you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well understood but you can imagine
+this is very important for sore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important for sore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important for sore
+strains if we go on slide number um 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains if we go on slide number um 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains if we go on slide number um 19
+in fact if we look at right near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if we look at right near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if we look at right near the
+channel we implant these very shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel we implant these very shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel we implant these very shallow
+Junctions called the source and drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions called the source and drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions called the source and drain
+extensions uh sometimes call the tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions uh sometimes call the tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions uh sometimes call the tips
+these Junctions say are on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Junctions say are on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Junctions say are on the order of
+500 enrum or less maybe 300 Anum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 enrum or less maybe 300 Anum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 enrum or less maybe 300 Anum so
+they're very very shallow so you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very shallow so you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very shallow so you need a
+very shallow implant right near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very shallow implant right near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very shallow implant right near the
+surface and L and behold what's above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and L and behold what's above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and L and behold what's above
+that implant of course is an oxide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implant of course is an oxide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implant of course is an oxide so
+you have an interface between silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an interface between silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an interface between silicon
+and oxide and a lot of dopant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxide and a lot of dopant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxide and a lot of dopant right
+right underneath there so you will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right underneath there so you will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right underneath there so you will go
+ahead you'll you'll design your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead you'll you'll design your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead you'll you'll design your your
+Source drain extension with to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source drain extension with to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source drain extension with to give you
+the right sheet resistance and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right sheet resistance and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right sheet resistance and then you
+go measure it and you find out it's half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go measure it and you find out it's half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go measure it and you find out it's half
+or it's it's twice what the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's it's twice what the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's it's twice what the sheet
+resistance you would design because half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance you would design because half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance you would design because half
+your dose has segregated to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dose has segregated to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dose has segregated to that
+interface where it's not electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface where it's not electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface where it's not electrically
+active so it sounds like a subtle effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active so it sounds like a subtle effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active so it sounds like a subtle effect
+but it's actually extremely important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually extremely important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually extremely important um
+particularly when you need low sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you need low sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you need low sheet
+resistance um contacts uh to the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance um contacts uh to the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance um contacts uh to the channel
+it's very annoying that half of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very annoying that half of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very annoying that half of your
+dopin gets sucked up by that oxide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin gets sucked up by that oxide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin gets sucked up by that oxide so
+it's just a fact of life and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a fact of life and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a fact of life and something
+you need to take into account Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take into account Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take into account Supreme
+does have empirical models of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have empirical models of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have empirical models of course you
+know you have to adjust all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to adjust all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to adjust all the
+coefficients to to fit your particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data okay so those are some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so those are some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so those are some special
+effects that I wanted to include and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that I wanted to include and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that I wanted to include and
+when we talk about Doper diffusion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about Doper diffusion um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about Doper diffusion um
+and now I want to go on and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to go on and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to go on and talk about
+atomic scale mod everything we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic scale mod everything we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic scale mod everything we've talked
+about so far has been except for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far has been except for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far has been except for uh
+several lectures ago has been really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lectures ago has been really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lectures ago has been really um
+the macroscopic diffusion we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroscopic diffusion we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroscopic diffusion we defined
+fixed law you added electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed law you added electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed law you added electric field
+effects and fmy level effects um but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and fmy level effects um but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and fmy level effects um but a
+lot of effects especially those like OED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of effects especially those like OED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of effects especially those like OED
+oxidation enhanc diffusion and Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation enhanc diffusion and Ted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation enhanc diffusion and Ted
+Transit enhanced diffusion um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit enhanced diffusion um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit enhanced diffusion um they're
+action at a distance they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action at a distance they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action at a distance they're very
+important experimentally but they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important experimentally but they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important experimentally but they cannot
+be explained by these simple macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explained by these simple macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explained by these simple macroscopic
+models so we really want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so we really want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so we really want to look at
+Doper diffusion as best as we can um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doper diffusion as best as we can um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doper diffusion as best as we can um at
+the level of the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the atomic
+scale and here is a way of of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and here is a way of of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and here is a way of of doing that
+uh showing you on slide 21 um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing you on slide 21 um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing you on slide 21 um there are
+two different mechanisms pictured on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different mechanisms pictured on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different mechanisms pictured on
+this slide one that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide one that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide one that we've talked about
+we haven't really gone through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really gone through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really gone through the
+specifics of it but we we've hinted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of it but we we've hinted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of it but we we've hinted at
+this vacancy assisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vacancy assisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vacancy assisted
+mechanism so imagine this chem equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so imagine this chem equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so imagine this chem equation
+I have a dopent a could be arsenic bom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a dopent a could be arsenic bom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a dopent a could be arsenic bom
+whatever um and it gets it's it's paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um and it gets it's it's paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um and it gets it's it's paired
+with a vacancy right nearby and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vacancy right nearby and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vacancy right nearby and it goes
+into a pair an AV pair AV pair what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pair an AV pair AV pair what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pair an AV pair AV pair what do
+we mean by pair well they would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by pair well they would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by pair well they would they
+maintain within a lattice constant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain within a lattice constant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain within a lattice constant or
+two of each other there's this pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each other there's this pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each other there's this pair and
+they move as a pair throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move as a pair throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move as a pair throughout the
+lattice so how can that happen well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so how can that happen well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so how can that happen well um
+you can imagine this let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this let's say this is
+my first time step here's a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first time step here's a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first time step here's a vacancy
+right here here's a dopen atom pictured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here here's a dopen atom pictured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here here's a dopen atom pictured
+in the the light and the Silicon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the light and the Silicon atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the light and the Silicon atoms
+are all the dark black so this dopent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the dark black so this dopent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the dark black so this dopent
+here may exchange sight with the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here may exchange sight with the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here may exchange sight with the vacancy
+okay the dopent moves to this vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the dopent moves to this vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the dopent moves to this vacancy
+site the vacancy moves up there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the vacancy moves up there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the vacancy moves up there all
+right fine well if they just switch back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right fine well if they just switch back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right fine well if they just switch back
+they haven't moved anywhere they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't moved anywhere they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't moved anywhere they're just
+switching back and forth that doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching back and forth that doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching back and forth that doesn't do
+you any good but imagine I I move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any good but imagine I I move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any good but imagine I I move the
+dopa to this point the vacancy moves up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopa to this point the vacancy moves up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopa to this point the vacancy moves up
+there now all of a sudden this vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now all of a sudden this vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now all of a sudden this vacancy
+is sitting here it can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting here it can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting here it can move
+independently for a second of the dopen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently for a second of the dopen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently for a second of the dopen
+and exchange with this neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchange with this neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchange with this neighboring
+silicon atom so now I have a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon atom so now I have a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon atom so now I have a vacancy
+here and a silicon atom here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a silicon atom here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a silicon atom here and the
+vacancy can move over here so all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy can move over here so all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy can move over here so all of a
+sudden now the vacancy is sitting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden now the vacancy is sitting over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden now the vacancy is sitting over
+here now again next to that dopin atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now again next to that dopin atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now again next to that dopin atom
+now I can exchange with it so just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can exchange with it so just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can exchange with it so just by
+moving the vacancy around sort of in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the vacancy around sort of in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the vacancy around sort of in in
+a circular motion around this open atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular motion around this open atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular motion around this open atom
+and exchanging sights with it um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchanging sights with it um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchanging sights with it um the the
+vacancy and the Silicon can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy and the Silicon can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy and the Silicon can essentially
+move as a pair gradually through the lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move as a pair gradually through the lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move as a pair gradually through the lce
+and it's much easier to do that than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's much easier to do that than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's much easier to do that than if
+you imagine there was no vacancy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine there was no vacancy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine there was no vacancy there
+and every time the dopin had to move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time the dopin had to move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time the dopin had to move it
+had to break the bonds um you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to break the bonds um you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to break the bonds um you don't need
+to do that when you have a vacancy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that when you have a vacancy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that when you have a vacancy so
+this pairing of the of the vacancies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pairing of the of the vacancies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pairing of the of the vacancies is
+is uh believed to be a very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh believed to be a very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh believed to be a very efficient
+mechanism for dopin to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for dopin to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for dopin to move in
+silic um you can do something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silic um you can do something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silic um you can do something similar
+with interstitials or interstitial C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interstitials or interstitial C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interstitials or interstitial C
+assistant mechanisms so here I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant mechanisms so here I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant mechanisms so here I have the
+chouth equation a dopen A plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chouth equation a dopen A plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chouth equation a dopen A plus
+interstitial forms an AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial forms an AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial forms an AI
+pair and well how can this assist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and well how can this assist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and well how can this assist the
+fusion well here again my pink atom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion well here again my pink atom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion well here again my pink atom here
+is the dopen here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dopen here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dopen here's an
+interstitial it can come along and kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial it can come along and kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial it can come along and kick
+out the dopen aaty make it interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dopen aaty make it interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dopen aaty make it interstitial
+and and uh help it get moving that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh help it get moving that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh help it get moving that way
+or here's an interstitial C what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's an interstitial C what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's an interstitial C what is that
+here is a um a silicon atom sharing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a um a silicon atom sharing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a um a silicon atom sharing a
+laty with another silicon atom um it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laty with another silicon atom um it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laty with another silicon atom um it can
+then start to share with a dopen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then start to share with a dopen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then start to share with a dopen atom
+and then the dopen atom can move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the dopen atom can move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the dopen atom can move along
+and share with the next bonded silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share with the next bonded silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share with the next bonded silicon
+atom and so it can move along perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and so it can move along perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and so it can move along perhaps
+the bond direction as an interstitial c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond direction as an interstitial c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond direction as an interstitial c
+as two objects um sort of sharing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two objects um sort of sharing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two objects um sort of sharing the
+same lattice site so either intertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lattice site so either intertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lattice site so either intertial
+excess hanging around or vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess hanging around or vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess hanging around or vacancies
+hanging around either one these Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging around either one these Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging around either one these Point
+defects can assist with a motion of AD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects can assist with a motion of AD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects can assist with a motion of AD
+open in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lattice so um we're going to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so um we're going to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so um we're going to make some
+inferences about mechanisms I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about mechanisms I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about mechanisms I think we
+talked about this a little bit last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this a little bit last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this a little bit last time
+or a couple of lectures ago when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a couple of lectures ago when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a couple of lectures ago when we
+talked about stacking fults and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about stacking fults and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about stacking fults and
+oxidation this is a picture of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation this is a picture of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation this is a picture of local
+oxidation so over on the right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation so over on the right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation so over on the right I'm
+having oxidation take place on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having oxidation take place on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having oxidation take place on the left
+I'm underneath the nitride so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm underneath the nitride so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm underneath the nitride so there's no
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+and what people say I see is that deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people say I see is that deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people say I see is that deep
+in the substrate underneath where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the substrate underneath where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the substrate underneath where you're
+oxidizing you see that oxidation induc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing you see that oxidation induc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing you see that oxidation induc
+stacking folds remember we said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking folds remember we said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking folds remember we said they
+grow underneath a region where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow underneath a region where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow underneath a region where there's
+oxidizing underneath a region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing underneath a region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing underneath a region where
+there's no oxidation they they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no oxidation they they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no oxidation they they don't
+they stay constant so it's believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay constant so it's believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay constant so it's believed that
+oxidation injects from the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation injects from the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation injects from the surface
+injects interstitials into the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injects interstitials into the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injects interstitials into the bulk
+which AIDS the the growth of stacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which AIDS the the growth of stacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which AIDS the the growth of stacking
+faults and also can diff enhance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults and also can diff enhance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults and also can diff enhance the
+diffusion of of doin like B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of of doin like B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of of doin like B
+now similarly it's also been found if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now similarly it's also been found if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now similarly it's also been found if I
+took this starting wafer and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this starting wafer and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this starting wafer and instead of
+putting in an oxidizing furnace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in an oxidizing furnace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in an oxidizing furnace and
+growing an oxide I put it in a furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing an oxide I put it in a furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing an oxide I put it in a furnace
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ammonia and I grow over here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and I grow over here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and I grow over here in this
+region on the right I would grow silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region on the right I would grow silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region on the right I would grow silicon
+nitride so I'm nitriding I'm thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride so I'm nitriding I'm thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride so I'm nitriding I'm thermally
+nitriding I'm reacting silicon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitriding I'm reacting silicon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitriding I'm reacting silicon with
+ammonia people have found that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia people have found that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia people have found that this
+actually has the opposite effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has the opposite effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has the opposite effect that
+Boron diffusion is and stacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron diffusion is and stacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron diffusion is and stacking
+faults actually shrink so people believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults actually shrink so people believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults actually shrink so people believe
+that thermal tration injects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thermal tration injects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thermal tration injects
+vacancies so um by these inferences by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so um by these inferences by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so um by these inferences by
+observation of stacking folds and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of stacking folds and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of stacking folds and things
+so the nice thing now is if I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nice thing now is if I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nice thing now is if I do an
+experiment I can inject Ox um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I can inject Ox um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I can inject Ox um
+interstitials by oxidizing in one region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials by oxidizing in one region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials by oxidizing in one region
+I can tend to take the wafer or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tend to take the wafer or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tend to take the wafer or another
+wafer and put it in a furnace with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and put it in a furnace with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and put it in a furnace with
+ammonia and inject vacancies and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and inject vacancies and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and inject vacancies and I can
+see what happens to the dopant profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens to the dopant profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens to the dopant profiles
+under these different injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these different injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these different injection
+conditions and then therefore decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then therefore decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then therefore decide
+does the dopent diffuse faster with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the dopent diffuse faster with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the dopent diffuse faster with
+interstitials well then it must tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials well then it must tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials well then it must tend to
+diffuse with interstitial pairs um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse with interstitial pairs um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse with interstitial pairs um so
+there's a way to make an inference about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to make an inference about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to make an inference about
+the diffusion mechanism using oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion mechanism using oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion mechanism using oxidation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitridation so there's been a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitridation so there's been a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitridation so there's been a number of
+experiments that have been done over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that have been done over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that have been done over the
+years uh last 20 years and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh last 20 years and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh last 20 years and some of them
+were shown here on on the results on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shown here on on the results on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shown here on on the results on
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+23 and uh what people have seen over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and uh what people have seen over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and uh what people have seen over the
+years is that Boron and phosphorus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is that Boron and phosphorus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is that Boron and phosphorus and
+to a little bit certain extent arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a little bit certain extent arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a little bit certain extent arsenic
+they have enhanced diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have enhanced diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have enhanced diffusion
+coefficients um under the influence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients um under the influence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients um under the influence of
+thermooxidation so during a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermooxidation so during a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermooxidation so during a thermal
+oxidation the blur and the phosphorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation the blur and the phosphorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation the blur and the phosphorous
+diffusivity tend to go up antimony is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity tend to go up antimony is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity tend to go up antimony is
+just the opposite it slows down compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the opposite it slows down compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the opposite it slows down compared
+to inert when you're in an oxidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inert when you're in an oxidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inert when you're in an oxidizing
+condition um so here's just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um so here's just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um so here's just an example
+of um a couple of a plot on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um a couple of a plot on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um a couple of a plot on the left
+axis is concentration versus depth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is concentration versus depth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is concentration versus depth and
+so here's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of
+antimony um animony was diffused and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimony um animony was diffused and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimony um animony was diffused and
+this this profile here um without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this profile here um without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this profile here um without any
+dots on it is the inner case and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots on it is the inner case and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots on it is the inner case and if you
+look at the junction depth for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the junction depth for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the junction depth for the case
+where it was diffusing under oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was diffusing under oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was diffusing under oxidation
+it's actually shallower so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually shallower so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually shallower so there was
+less diffusion of the animony when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less diffusion of the animony when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less diffusion of the animony when you
+diffused it in in the furnace the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused it in in the furnace the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused it in in the furnace the same
+temperature but under oxidizing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but under oxidizing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but under oxidizing uh
+ambient Boron is just the opposite look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Boron is just the opposite look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Boron is just the opposite look
+at Boron this is the um inner case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Boron this is the um inner case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Boron this is the um inner case for
+Boron The Junction depth here is about4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron The Junction depth here is about4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron The Junction depth here is about4
+microns when you when you diffuse it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns when you when you diffuse it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns when you when you diffuse it um
+with oxidation going on above it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oxidation going on above it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oxidation going on above it again
+it's not touching the Boron the ox is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not touching the Boron the ox is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not touching the Boron the ox is
+taking place up high in the sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place up high in the sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place up high in the sample the
+Boron um would has a junction depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron um would has a junction depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron um would has a junction depth
+about 08 so it's dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 08 so it's dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 08 so it's dramatically
+enhanced um the idea is that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced um the idea is that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced um the idea is that on
+oxidation increases the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation increases the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation increases the concentration of
+interstitials silicon interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials silicon interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials silicon interstitials
+CI and it decreases CV from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI and it decreases CV from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI and it decreases CV from their
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+values so from this I would conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so from this I would conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so from this I would conclude
+that Boron diffuses with I with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Boron diffuses with I with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Boron diffuses with I with
+interstitials because I put more I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials because I put more I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials because I put more I in
+the sample it goes faster and animony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample it goes faster and animony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample it goes faster and animony
+diffuses probably more with vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses probably more with vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses probably more with vacancies
+because when I decrease the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I decrease the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I decrease the vacancy
+population by injecting a lot of excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population by injecting a lot of excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population by injecting a lot of excess
+interstitials animony slows down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials animony slows down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials animony slows down so
+animon must favor diffusion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animon must favor diffusion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animon must favor diffusion with
+vacancies so it's by these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so it's by these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so it's by these types of
+experiments injecting uh Ox um intertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments injecting uh Ox um intertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments injecting uh Ox um intertial
+oxide oxidation or uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide oxidation or uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide oxidation or uh thermal
+nitridation to inject vacancies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitridation to inject vacancies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitridation to inject vacancies that
+people try to figure out uh what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to figure out uh what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to figure out uh what is the
+um what is the mechanism of the dopant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusion so let's go on to slide 24 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so let's go on to slide 24 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so let's go on to slide 24 uh
+um and in fact the interesting thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in fact the interesting thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in fact the interesting thing the
+injected interstitial level depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected interstitial level depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected interstitial level depends on
+the generation rate at the at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation rate at the at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation rate at the at the at the
+very interface between the oxide and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interface between the oxide and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interface between the oxide and the
+Silicon uh and the recombination rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon uh and the recombination rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon uh and the recombination rate at
+that interface so there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface so there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface so there's certain
+generation rate of these interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation rate of these interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation rate of these interstitials
+and certain number that combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain number that combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain number that combine
+recombine those that don't go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombine those that don't go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombine those that don't go into the
+bulk and in fact the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk and in fact the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk and in fact the concentration of
+excess of interstitials depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of interstitials depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of interstitials depends on the
+oxidation rate it's what people find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation rate it's what people find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation rate it's what people find
+which is interesting so if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting so if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting so if I if I
+oxidize faster at a given temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize faster at a given temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize faster at a given temperature
+I'm going to get a a higher um oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get a a higher um oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get a a higher um oxidation
+uh uh interstitial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh interstitial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh interstitial uh
+concentration um so for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration um so for example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration um so for example if I
+plot the interstitial super saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the interstitial super saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the interstitial super saturation
+ratio and this is the ratio of C divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and this is the ratio of C divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and this is the ratio of C divided
+by CI star where CI star means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by CI star where CI star means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by CI star where CI star means the
+concentration of interstitials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of interstitials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of interstitials in
+equilibrium so that's in a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so that's in a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so that's in a neutral
+ambient without any perturbing due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient without any perturbing due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient without any perturbing due to
+oxidation uh and I look at this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh and I look at this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh and I look at this ratio
+the dash line is for wet o O2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dash line is for wet o O2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dash line is for wet o O2 and the
+solid is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid is for
+dry well we know the oxidation weight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry well we know the oxidation weight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry well we know the oxidation weight in
+in water in wet O2 was a lot faster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water in wet O2 was a lot faster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water in wet O2 was a lot faster so
+see the whole uh dash line is higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole uh dash line is higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole uh dash line is higher so
+if I really really wanted to enhance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I really really wanted to enhance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I really really wanted to enhance the
+diffusion of of boron what would I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of of boron what would I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of of boron what would I do I
+I could put it in the substrate and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could put it in the substrate and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could put it in the substrate and I
+would subject the substrate to wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would subject the substrate to wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would subject the substrate to wet
+oxidation at a given temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation at a given temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation at a given temperature and
+that would really boost up I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would really boost up I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would really boost up I can make
+the Boron diffuse a lot faster in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron diffuse a lot faster in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron diffuse a lot faster in
+generally you want to slow things down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you want to slow things down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you want to slow things down
+um so so um this as you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so um this as you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so um this as you can see this
+depends primarily upon temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends primarily upon temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends primarily upon temperature
+there's a little influence of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little influence of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little influence of of of the
+uh wet versus dry but the big influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wet versus dry but the big influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wet versus dry but the big influence
+here is on temperature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is on temperature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is on temperature and the
+interstitial super saturation ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial super saturation ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial super saturation ratio is
+much larger at low oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger at low oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger at low oxidation
+temperatures that's because CI star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures that's because CI star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures that's because CI star is
+going down rapidly um while you continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down rapidly um while you continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down rapidly um while you continue
+to inject a lot of interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject a lot of interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject a lot of interstitial
+CI um so we expect the enhancement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI um so we expect the enhancement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI um so we expect the enhancement in
+diffusion or diffusivity to be small at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or diffusivity to be small at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or diffusivity to be small at
+high temperatures like at 1200 uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperatures like at 1200 uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperatures like at 1200 uh the
+super saturation ratio is only a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super saturation ratio is only a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super saturation ratio is only a factor
+of two but to be large at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two but to be large at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two but to be large at low
+temperature say 800 very large where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say 800 very large where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say 800 very large where you
+can get ratios of 10 or 100 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get ratios of 10 or 100 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get ratios of 10 or 100 100 times
+faster diffusion than you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster diffusion than you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster diffusion than you would get
+under equilibrium non oxidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under equilibrium non oxidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under equilibrium non oxidizing
+conditions so this tells us where OED or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so this tells us where OED or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so this tells us where OED or
+o is going to be most uh prevalent at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is going to be most uh prevalent at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is going to be most uh prevalent at
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures so how do people model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so how do people model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so how do people model the
+interstitial and vacancy components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial and vacancy components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial and vacancy components of
+these uh of diffusion well here's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh of diffusion well here's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh of diffusion well here's again
+I just want to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to show you some
+experimental data uh some Sims plots uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data uh some Sims plots uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data uh some Sims plots uh
+with both Arsenic and animon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both Arsenic and animon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both Arsenic and animon in the
+sample at the same time so um the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample at the same time so um the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample at the same time so um the um the
+red here is uh shown under inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red here is uh shown under inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red here is uh shown under inert
+conditions so no oxidation you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so no oxidation you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so no oxidation you can see
+the Arsenic is abrupt if you oxidize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic is abrupt if you oxidize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic is abrupt if you oxidize it
+the Arsenic diffuses a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic diffuses a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arsenic diffuses a little
+faster so it's being influenced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so it's being influenced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so it's being influenced by the
+interstitials animony at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials animony at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials animony at the same time
+um under inner conditions uh is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um under inner conditions uh is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um under inner conditions uh is a little
+broader than but if you oxidize it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than but if you oxidize it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than but if you oxidize it it
+maintains it diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains it diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains it diffuses
+less um so here's OED oxidation enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less um so here's OED oxidation enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less um so here's OED oxidation enhanced
+diffusion of arsenic taking place at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of arsenic taking place at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of arsenic taking place at the
+same time as o oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time as o oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time as o oxidation
+diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of
+animon um so both types of Point defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animon um so both types of Point defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animon um so both types of Point defects
+intertial and vacancies are important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertial and vacancies are important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertial and vacancies are important in
+diffusing uh diffusing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Silicon so what people do is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so what people do is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so what people do is it's
+somewhat empirical but it works is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat empirical but it works is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat empirical but it works is you
+say that the dopin diffused with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the dopin diffused with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the dopin diffused with a
+certain fraction F sub I of interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain fraction F sub I of interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain fraction F sub I of interstitial
+type diffusion and a certain fraction f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type diffusion and a certain fraction f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type diffusion and a certain fraction f
+subz f subv which is just 1 minus fi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz f subv which is just 1 minus fi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz f subv which is just 1 minus fi of
+vacancy type so we're just going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy type so we're just going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy type so we're just going to a
+portion for any given dopent we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion for any given dopent we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion for any given dopent we're going
+to say well you know X percent or X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well you know X percent or X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well you know X percent or X
+fraction F by fraction is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction F by fraction is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction F by fraction is associated
+with it moving with interstitials um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it moving with interstitials um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it moving with interstitials um so
+we write in a very generalized form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write in a very generalized form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write in a very generalized form the
+FIV of any dope of Da is Da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FIV of any dope of Da is Da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FIV of any dope of Da is Da
+star Where Da star is the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Where Da star is the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Where Da star is the normal
+equilibrium diffusivity measured under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium diffusivity measured under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium diffusivity measured under
+inert conditions no oxidation no thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert conditions no oxidation no thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert conditions no oxidation no thermal
+nitridation we're not perturbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitridation we're not perturbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitridation we're not perturbing the
+surface in any way so that's da star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in any way so that's da star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in any way so that's da star
+times this quantity F subi which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this quantity F subi which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this quantity F subi which is a
+number between 0 and one time CI over CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 and one time CI over CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 and one time CI over CI
+Star Plus f subv * CV over C star CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Plus f subv * CV over C star CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Plus f subv * CV over C star CV
+star again the star means equilibrium no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star again the star means equilibrium no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star again the star means equilibrium no
+oxidation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation or
+nidation so you can see I can enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nidation so you can see I can enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nidation so you can see I can enhance
+the diffusivity just by enhancing C C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity just by enhancing C C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity just by enhancing C C
+over CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI
+star assuming f subi is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star assuming f subi is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star assuming f subi is greater than
+zero so if I have a dop like Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if I have a dop like Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if I have a dop like Boron
+people believe f subi is one if I pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe f subi is one if I pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe f subi is one if I pump
+up CI over CI star then I get a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up CI over CI star then I get a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up CI over CI star then I get a great
+enhancement proportional to CI over CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement proportional to CI over CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement proportional to CI over CI
+star in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in the
+diffusivity so again oxidation injects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so again oxidation injects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so again oxidation injects
+interstitial so it's going to raise CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial so it's going to raise CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial so it's going to raise CI
+over CI star and it reduces vacancy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star and it reduces vacancy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star and it reduces vacancy so
+this goes down CB over C CB Star by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes down CB over C CB Star by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes down CB over C CB Star by a
+recombination maist and nitritation does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination maist and nitritation does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination maist and nitritation does
+exactly the opposite so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the opposite so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the opposite so this is the
+mathematical formulation we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulation we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulation we can use to
+express these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express these
+observations and in fact you go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and in fact you go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and in fact you go on to
+slide 27 people have tried to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 27 people have tried to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 27 people have tried to measure
+they've measured the enhancement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've measured the enhancement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've measured the enhancement of the
+diffusion or the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or the diffusion
+under different conditions and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under different conditions and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under different conditions and these are
+the F subi and F subv values that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F subi and F subv values that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F subi and F subv values that people
+uh that are roughly in Supreme so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are roughly in Supreme so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are roughly in Supreme so what
+do we see well for Boron fsab is one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see well for Boron fsab is one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see well for Boron fsab is one so
+saying it it INF it diffuses entirely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it it INF it diffuses entirely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it it INF it diffuses entirely by
+interstitials um so that's roughly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials um so that's roughly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials um so that's roughly what
+people believe phosphorus is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe phosphorus is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe phosphorus is close to
+one AR stick which is our most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one AR stick which is our most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one AR stick which is our most popular
+end typed open unfortunately is mixed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end typed open unfortunately is mixed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end typed open unfortunately is mixed it
+diffuses both by intertial mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses both by intertial mechanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses both by intertial mechanism and
+by a vacancy mechanism animon is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vacancy mechanism animon is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vacancy mechanism animon is just
+the opposite entirely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite entirely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite entirely by
+vacancies um so these epsa numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies um so these epsa numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies um so these epsa numbers of
+course you can modify them at will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can modify them at will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can modify them at will in
+the simulator but these are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator but these are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator but these are the ones
+that are programmed in uh into the into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are programmed in uh into the into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are programmed in uh into the into
+Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 so let's go on to slide 28 um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so let's go on to slide 28 um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so let's go on to slide 28 um again
+this is this General formulation for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this General formulation for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this General formulation for how
+we write the diffusivity in terms of Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the diffusivity in terms of Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the diffusivity in terms of Fi
+Fi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fi and
+FV how does this actually relate to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FV how does this actually relate to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FV how does this actually relate to our
+previous description we keep making now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous description we keep making now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous description we keep making now
+that I've made the model more atomistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've made the model more atomistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've made the model more atomistic
+how does it actually relate back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it actually relate back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it actually relate back to the
+more macroscopic uh description well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more macroscopic uh description well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more macroscopic uh description well
+this is the macroscopic way we wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the macroscopic way we wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the macroscopic way we wrote it
+right we said da effective is just da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we said da effective is just da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we said da effective is just da
+zero uh some number times e minus CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh some number times e minus CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh some number times e minus CA
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+KT well I can rewrite this expression on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT well I can rewrite this expression on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT well I can rewrite this expression on
+top under inner conditions inner meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top under inner conditions inner meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top under inner conditions inner meaning
+um CI over CI star is one CV over CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CI over CI star is one CV over CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CI over CI star is one CV over CV
+star is one so there's no oxidation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is one so there's no oxidation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is one so there's no oxidation or
+nitridation then da is just the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitridation then da is just the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitridation then da is just the sum of
+two terms the diffusivity of the paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms the diffusivity of the paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms the diffusivity of the paired
+species AI plus the diffusivity of SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species AI plus the diffusivity of SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species AI plus the diffusivity of SP
+paired species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired species
+AV and in fact I can break this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AV and in fact I can break this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AV and in fact I can break this down
+even further where I write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further where I write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further where I write this
+diffusivity of the paired AI as a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity of the paired AI as a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity of the paired AI as a little
+D diffusivity of AI times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D diffusivity of AI times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D diffusivity of AI times the
+concentration of c c of of these uh AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of c c of of these uh AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of c c of of these uh AI
+pairs divided by CA plus a comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs divided by CA plus a comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs divided by CA plus a comparable
+expression analogous uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression analogous uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression analogous uh for
+vacancies so what this is saying is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so what this is saying is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so what this is saying is I
+can sum up the diffusivity and if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sum up the diffusivity and if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sum up the diffusivity and if I just
+look at this one term it's looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one term it's looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one term it's looking like
+the diffusivity of the pair say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity of the pair say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity of the pair say the
+dopant paired with the interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant paired with the interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant paired with the interstitials
+times the ratio of its concentration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the ratio of its concentration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the ratio of its concentration to
+the total concentration of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total concentration of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total concentration of the of the
+Arsenic or whatever the delant is so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic or whatever the delant is so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic or whatever the delant is so if
+I make this go up then this will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make this go up then this will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make this go up then this will go up
+so at an atomistic level we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at an atomistic level we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at an atomistic level we can sort of
+um decompose this effect of diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decompose this effect of diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decompose this effect of diffusivity
+into these two different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanisms uh so let's go on to slide 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms uh so let's go on to slide 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms uh so let's go on to slide 29
+and and say there's another way people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and say there's another way people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and say there's another way people
+can look at these uh atomist atomistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at these uh atomist atomistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at these uh atomist atomistic
+scale re reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale re reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale re reactions and
+diffusions and people do it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusions and people do it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusions and people do it through a
+chemical reaction if you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction if you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction if you're familiar
+with chemistry this makes sense to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chemistry this makes sense to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chemistry this makes sense to you
+if you're not you think why am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not you think why am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not you think why am I going
+to all this effort when I can express it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all this effort when I can express it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all this effort when I can express it
+mathematically a little bit differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically a little bit differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically a little bit differently
+but what we say is the um a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we say is the um a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we say is the um a reaction
+where a substitutional dopen atom a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a substitutional dopen atom a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a substitutional dopen atom a
+interacts with an interstitial silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with an interstitial silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with an interstitial silicon
+atom to form a mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to form a mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to form a mobile
+species so this simple reaction says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so this simple reaction says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so this simple reaction says
+that a substitutional plus I goes to AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a substitutional plus I goes to AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a substitutional plus I goes to AI
+now the important thing to realize about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing to realize about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing to realize about
+this equation is that on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is that on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is that on the left hand
+side a and I are both immobile so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side a and I are both immobile so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side a and I are both immobile so a is
+immobile by itself we're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobile by itself we're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobile by itself we're assuming that
+anytime the atom the the Arsenic or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime the atom the the Arsenic or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime the atom the the Arsenic or the
+BN is substitutional amatus at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN is substitutional amatus at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN is substitutional amatus at high
+temperature it can't move that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it can't move that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it can't move that the only
+way it can become mobilized is when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it can become mobilized is when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it can become mobilized is when it's
+in a pair form with an a right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pair form with an a right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pair form with an a right next to
+an i or next to a vacancy if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i or next to a vacancy if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i or next to a vacancy if you want to
+do it in terms of vacancies so the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in terms of vacancies so the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in terms of vacancies so the um
+the subal species themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subal species themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subal species themselves are
+immobile only as a pair are they IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobile only as a pair are they IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobile only as a pair are they IM
+mobile and this is what the bottle is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile and this is what the bottle is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile and this is what the bottle is is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+saying so it can actually be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so it can actually be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so it can actually be used to
+explain a lot of different phenomena at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of different phenomena at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of different phenomena at
+a distance that people have observed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance that people have observed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance that people have observed um
+for example if you have an interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you have an interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you have an interstitial
+super saturation so you pump up eye a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super saturation so you pump up eye a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super saturation so you pump up eye a
+lot this is going to drive more dopin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot this is going to drive more dopin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot this is going to drive more dopin
+atoms into the mile state by Shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms into the mile state by Shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms into the mile state by Shifting
+the equation to the right and enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation to the right and enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation to the right and enhance
+the dop and diffusivity and that's OED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dop and diffusivity and that's OED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dop and diffusivity and that's OED
+so example uh if you're a chemist and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example uh if you're a chemist and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example uh if you're a chemist and I
+tell you I flood the the the react I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I flood the the the react I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I flood the the the react I I
+flood the Silicon with a lot of IE well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood the Silicon with a lot of IE well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood the Silicon with a lot of IE well
+this reaction tends to get if we we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction tends to get if we we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction tends to get if we we add
+more ey this reaction gets pushed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ey this reaction gets pushed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ey this reaction gets pushed to the
+right so I form more pairs if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I form more pairs if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I form more pairs if I have
+more pairs arsenic can diffuse more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pairs arsenic can diffuse more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pairs arsenic can diffuse more
+readily or be the dopent and you get OED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily or be the dopent and you get OED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily or be the dopent and you get OED
+now the interesting thing um is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interesting thing um is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interesting thing um is that uh
+there can this equation also predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can this equation also predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can this equation also predicts
+some effects even under inert conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effects even under inert conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effects even under inert conditions
+so uh this this can indicate that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this this can indicate that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this this can indicate that the
+interior of the Silicon can be will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior of the Silicon can be will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior of the Silicon can be will be
+injected by this mle AI species as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected by this mle AI species as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected by this mle AI species as it
+diffuses in and that's going to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses in and that's going to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses in and that's going to drive
+the equation to the left to this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation to the left to this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation to the left to this way
+releasing interstitials in the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing interstitials in the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing interstitials in the interior
+when the doit regains substitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the doit regains substitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the doit regains substitutional
+position so interestingly this chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so interestingly this chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so interestingly this chemical
+reaction tells us that silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction tells us that silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction tells us that silicon
+interstitials can be pumped into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials can be pumped into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials can be pumped into the
+interior of the sample by dopen defusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior of the sample by dopen defusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior of the sample by dopen defusion
+so for example let's say I have arsic it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's say I have arsic it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's say I have arsic it
+diffuses in by pairs it it finds its way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses in by pairs it it finds its way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses in by pairs it it finds its way
+and settles into a certain position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and settles into a certain position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and settles into a certain position
+where it's now substitutional and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's now substitutional and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's now substitutional and then
+what happens these interstitials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens these interstitials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens these interstitials are
+released so all of a sudden the Arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released so all of a sudden the Arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released so all of a sudden the Arsenic
+is carried in with it all these excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carried in with it all these excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carried in with it all these excess
+interstitials there's a bunch of inters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials there's a bunch of inters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials there's a bunch of inters
+released they could then impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released they could then impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released they could then impact the
+dopent uh the diffusion of a dopent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent uh the diffusion of a dopent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent uh the diffusion of a dopent
+nearby and in fact that'sa that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby and in fact that'sa that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby and in fact that'sa that's
+exactly what happens um in this profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens um in this profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens um in this profile
+of on page 30 of phosphorus uh for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on page 30 of phosphorus uh for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on page 30 of phosphorus uh for years
+it was observed that high concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was observed that high concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was observed that high concentration
+phosphorus had a kink and a tail this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus had a kink and a tail this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus had a kink and a tail this
+Kink region here and then at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kink region here and then at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kink region here and then at lower
+concentrations they had a long tail it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations they had a long tail it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations they had a long tail it
+was into the um substrate and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was into the um substrate and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was into the um substrate and people
+thought up all kinds of mechanisms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought up all kinds of mechanisms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought up all kinds of mechanisms to
+explain this well one mechanism in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this well one mechanism in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this well one mechanism in terms
+of this chemical equilibrium formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this chemical equilibrium formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this chemical equilibrium formulation
+that we that we're talking about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we're talking about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we're talking about today
+is to say all right the phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say all right the phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say all right the phosphorus
+diffuses with interstitials so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses with interstitials so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses with interstitials so they
+diffuse as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse as a
+pair um and then eventually phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair um and then eventually phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair um and then eventually phosphorus
+finds to substitutional site it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds to substitutional site it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds to substitutional site it stays
+there and then it's going to release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it's going to release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it's going to release
+them into the bulk so all of a sudden I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the bulk so all of a sudden I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the bulk so all of a sudden I
+have um a flux here I have a flux of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um a flux here I have a flux of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um a flux here I have a flux of in
+of of a pair then I get a flux of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a pair then I get a flux of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a pair then I get a flux of extra
+interstitials uh this in turn enhances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials uh this in turn enhances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials uh this in turn enhances
+the tail diffusivity of the phosphorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail diffusivity of the phosphorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail diffusivity of the phosphorous
+Pro profile so the reason the tail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro profile so the reason the tail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro profile so the reason the tail is
+enhanced people believe is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced people believe is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced people believe is because the
+phosphorus itself is pumping in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus itself is pumping in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus itself is pumping in a a
+whole bunch of interstitials and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of interstitials and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of interstitials and then
+releasing them somewhere down in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing them somewhere down in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing them somewhere down in in in
+this dip um so that's a that's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dip um so that's a that's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dip um so that's a that's a way to
+use this to explain qualitatively um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to explain qualitatively um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to explain qualitatively um the
+the tail region of phosphorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail region of phosphorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail region of phosphorous
+diffusion um on slide 31 there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um on slide 31 there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um on slide 31 there's a
+famous effect people called emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous effect people called emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous effect people called emitter
+push again they thought of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push again they thought of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push again they thought of lots of
+reasons to explain this what is emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to explain this what is emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to explain this what is emitter
+push well when you're making a bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push well when you're making a bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push well when you're making a bipolar
+transistor you have a high concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor you have a high concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor you have a high concentration
+emitter could be phosphorus or Arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter could be phosphorus or Arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter could be phosphorus or Arsenic
+and then you have um a more lightly dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have um a more lightly dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have um a more lightly dope
+base and then you had a more lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and then you had a more lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and then you had a more lightly
+dope collector what people observed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope collector what people observed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope collector what people observed is
+wherever the emitter the phosphorus was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the emitter the phosphorus was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the emitter the phosphorus was
+being diffused right underneath it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being diffused right underneath it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being diffused right underneath it the
+bwn base was pushed out almost like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bwn base was pushed out almost like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bwn base was pushed out almost like the
+emitter was pushing pushing the bwn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter was pushing pushing the bwn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter was pushing pushing the bwn
+faster to diffuse faster far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to diffuse faster far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to diffuse faster far away from
+the emitter over here it didn't diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter over here it didn't diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter over here it didn't diffuse
+quite so much but underneath it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite so much but underneath it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite so much but underneath it it
+diffused quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused quite a
+bit and again there were a lot of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and again there were a lot of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and again there were a lot of models
+people came up with to explain this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people came up with to explain this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people came up with to explain this well
+again people could say that this High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again people could say that this High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again people could say that this High
+concentration of phosphorus is pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of phosphorus is pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of phosphorus is pumping
+interstitials cuz p and I are diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials cuz p and I are diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials cuz p and I are diffusing
+together so the interstitials themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so the interstitials themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so the interstitials themselves
+are being carried in in towards the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being carried in in towards the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being carried in in towards the base
+uh we get a high super saturation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get a high super saturation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get a high super saturation of
+these interstitials they get released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interstitials they get released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interstitials they get released
+when the uh phosphorus stops diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the uh phosphorus stops diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the uh phosphorus stops diffusing
+and they're released into the Bon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're released into the Bon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're released into the Bon
+base um this excess interstitials then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base um this excess interstitials then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base um this excess interstitials then
+enhances the Boron diffusivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances the Boron diffusivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances the Boron diffusivity and
+causes it to push in because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes it to push in because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes it to push in because we know
+that we're boron has an F subi of one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're boron has an F subi of one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're boron has an F subi of one so
+this is an interesting effect we said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting effect we said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting effect we said we
+can inject interstitials by oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inject interstitials by oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inject interstitials by oxidation
+and enhanced brwn we can also inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enhanced brwn we can also inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enhanced brwn we can also inject
+interstitials by other processes just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials by other processes just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials by other processes just by
+the presence nearby of a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence nearby of a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence nearby of a high
+concentration diffusion of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration diffusion of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration diffusion of another
+species like phosphorus so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species like phosphorus so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species like phosphorus so this is
+called Full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Full
+coupling full coupling means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling full coupling means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling full coupling means that the
+diffusion of the dopin is affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of the dopin is affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of the dopin is affected by
+the interstitials and likewise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstitials and likewise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstitials and likewise the
+fusion of the interstitials is affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion of the interstitials is affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion of the interstitials is affected
+by the presence of dopin and where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the presence of dopin and where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the presence of dopin and where those
+interstitials end up in your wafer they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials end up in your wafer they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials end up in your wafer they
+could impact some other process so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could impact some other process so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could impact some other process so that
+that's what they mean by full coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they mean by full coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they mean by full coupling
+in Supreme model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so if we go on to slide 32 um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we go on to slide 32 um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we go on to slide 32 um again
+uh this is that same equation I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is that same equation I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is that same equation I showed
+before and if you're a chemist and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and if you're a chemist and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and if you're a chemist and you
+assume chemical equilibrium between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume chemical equilibrium between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume chemical equilibrium between
+these dopant a and the defects I you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dopant a and the defects I you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dopant a and the defects I you can
+write a law of mass action that says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a law of mass action that says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a law of mass action that says the
+concentration of the product C of AI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the product C of AI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the product C of AI is
+just a constant in any given temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant in any given temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant in any given temperature
+of the the uh the multiply or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh the multiply or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh the multiply or the
+product of of the reactants CA time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of of the reactants CA time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of of the reactants CA time
+CI so you can actually write this uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI so you can actually write this uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI so you can actually write this uh in
+a chemical sort of equation and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical sort of equation and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical sort of equation and then the
+neat thing is given this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat thing is given this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat thing is given this relationship
+that it's just the product of CA * CI I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just the product of CA * CI I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just the product of CA * CI I
+can apply fixed first law to this mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply fixed first law to this mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply fixed first law to this mobile
+species so if I want to differentiate C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so if I want to differentiate C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so if I want to differentiate C
+A by DX so this is fix first law it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A by DX so this is fix first law it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A by DX so this is fix first law it says
+the flux of the mobile pair is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux of the mobile pair is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux of the mobile pair is just some
+constant times the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the concentration
+gradient of the mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the mobile
+pair well I can now apply the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair well I can now apply the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair well I can now apply the chain rule
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+this and apply the chain rule I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and apply the chain rule I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and apply the chain rule I can see
+that the flux of AI depends on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flux of AI depends on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flux of AI depends on some
+diffusivity times a term that goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times a term that goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times a term that goes like
+the gradient of the Arsenic or the dopen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of the Arsenic or the dopen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of the Arsenic or the dopen
+plus a term that goes like the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a term that goes like the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a term that goes like the gradient
+in the interstitials so what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interstitials so what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interstitials so what this is
+saying is that gradients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that gradients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that gradients in the
+defects as well as gradients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects as well as gradients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects as well as gradients in the
+dopin cause dopen diffusion when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin cause dopen diffusion when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin cause dopen diffusion when we
+talked about fixed law earlier we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about fixed law earlier we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about fixed law earlier we said
+well we have gradient of Arsenic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have gradient of Arsenic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have gradient of Arsenic and
+that's gradient of arsenic is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gradient of arsenic is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gradient of arsenic is what
+drives the diffusion well not only will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the diffusion well not only will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the diffusion well not only will
+a gradient of arsenic but somehow if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient of arsenic but somehow if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient of arsenic but somehow if you
+by some other mechanism a gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other mechanism a gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other mechanism a gradient of
+interstitials that will also Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials that will also Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials that will also Drive
+diffusion so there's a hidden term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so there's a hidden term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so there's a hidden term and
+that's because we're doing a pair model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we're doing a pair model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we're doing a pair model
+we're saying that arsenic or Boron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying that arsenic or Boron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying that arsenic or Boron or
+whatever has to uh diffuse by means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever has to uh diffuse by means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever has to uh diffuse by means of
+pairing and so it gives you this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing and so it gives you this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing and so it gives you this extra
+term and there are a lot of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and there are a lot of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and there are a lot of interesting
+ways you can accidentally create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can accidentally create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can accidentally create
+gradients of interstitials not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients of interstitials not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients of interstitials not even
+realizing it and then end up driving dop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing it and then end up driving dop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing it and then end up driving dop
+and diffusion at a faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate so on on page 33 this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so on on page 33 this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so on on page 33 this is actually
+I'm not going to derive this but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to derive this but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to derive this but this is
+the actual overall flux equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual overall flux equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual overall flux equation that
+you would that Supreme uses and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would that Supreme uses and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would that Supreme uses and it's
+disgusting your text it's a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting your text it's a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting your text it's a fairly
+complicated you say that the total Flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you say that the total Flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you say that the total Flux
+Of Bor and interstitial pairs is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of Bor and interstitial pairs is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of Bor and interstitial pairs is the
+product of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all these
+terms well there are C we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms well there are C we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms well there are C we can look at
+the terms and make sense out of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms and make sense out of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms and make sense out of them
+this DBI star that's just the inert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DBI star that's just the inert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DBI star that's just the inert the
+star indicates inert low concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star indicates inert low concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star indicates inert low concentration
+diffusion driven by the dop and gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion driven by the dop and gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion driven by the dop and gradient
+the usual good old fix diffusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual good old fix diffusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual good old fix diffusion and
+then all the rest are correcting factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the rest are correcting factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the rest are correcting factors
+in these large parentheses we see as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these large parentheses we see as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these large parentheses we see as the
+high concentration effects due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration effects due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration effects due to the
+fmy level so that's what this beta time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy level so that's what this beta time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy level so that's what this beta time
+is Du to um the um interstitial super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Du to um the um interstitial super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Du to um the um interstitial super
+saturation CI over CI star again if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation CI over CI star again if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation CI over CI star again if I
+inject interstitials we know that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject interstitials we know that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject interstitials we know that will
+cause um an enhancement in diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause um an enhancement in diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause um an enhancement in diffusivity
+and this term over here at the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term over here at the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term over here at the very end
+partial partial X of the Lin of p over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial X of the Lin of p over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial X of the Lin of p over
+ni that's the electric field effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni that's the electric field effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni that's the electric field effect so
+all these are lumped together in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are lumped together in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are lumped together in order
+to calculate the total flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me just summarize um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just summarize um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just summarize um we
+talked about fmy level effects they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about fmy level effects they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about fmy level effects they
+apply U they're important when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply U they're important when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply U they're important when the
+carrier concentration is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration is greater than
+ni uh the diffusivity is dependent upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni uh the diffusivity is dependent upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni uh the diffusivity is dependent upon
+the local carrier concentration that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local carrier concentration that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local carrier concentration that's
+either determined by the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either determined by the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either determined by the diffusion
+species itself or by the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species itself or by the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species itself or by the background
+doping whichever is higher and we tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping whichever is higher and we tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping whichever is higher and we tend
+to get diffusivities of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get diffusivities of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get diffusivities of this
+form this this sort of uh formulation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this this sort of uh formulation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this this sort of uh formulation um
+this leads to very box- likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to very box- likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to very box- likee
+profiles we talked about segregation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles we talked about segregation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles we talked about segregation at
+the oxide interface it determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide interface it determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide interface it determines the
+boundary conditions Boron segregates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions Boron segregates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions Boron segregates
+into the oxide it's depleted from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the oxide it's depleted from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the oxide it's depleted from the
+silicon aric and phosphorus pile up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon aric and phosphorus pile up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon aric and phosphorus pile up uh
+they go out of the oxide and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go out of the oxide and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go out of the oxide and they go
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+Silicon there's also interfacial dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon there's also interfacial dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon there's also interfacial dope
+and pile up which is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pile up which is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pile up which is different from
+segregation at the oxide silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation at the oxide silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation at the oxide silicon
+interface and this results in dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and this results in dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and this results in dramatic
+dose loss particularly for shallow sour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose loss particularly for shallow sour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose loss particularly for shallow sour
+strains uh we know from OE we know OED o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains uh we know from OE we know OED o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains uh we know from OE we know OED o
+and growth and shrinkage of stacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growth and shrinkage of stacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growth and shrinkage of stacking
+Falls can be explained by this atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls can be explained by this atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls can be explained by this atomic
+scale diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale diffusion
+picture heard um we said that Bor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture heard um we said that Bor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture heard um we said that Bor and
+phosphor diffus primarily with intertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor diffus primarily with intertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor diffus primarily with intertial
+and ammonia primarily by vacancy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ammonia primarily by vacancy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ammonia primarily by vacancy this
+has been determined by a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been determined by a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been determined by a lot of
+experiments um and if we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um and if we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um and if we use this
+chemical equation formula for dope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equation formula for dope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equation formula for dope and
+defect interaction it can explain a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect interaction it can explain a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect interaction it can explain a lot
+of action at a distance effects like OED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of action at a distance effects like OED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of action at a distance effects like OED
+phosphorous tail emiter push things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorous tail emiter push things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorous tail emiter push things that
+people had a hard time explaining for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had a hard time explaining for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had a hard time explaining for
+many years um so that's about all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years um so that's about all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years um so that's about all I have
+to say today I know it's a pretty dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say today I know it's a pretty dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say today I know it's a pretty dense
+lecture um but uh and we'll finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um but uh and we'll finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um but uh and we'll finish up
+chapter 7 uh on Thursday and Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 7 uh on Thursday and Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 7 uh on Thursday and Thursday
+remember your homework is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Du
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nvcvALTXiKY.txt b/nvcvALTXiKY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49336a24ba2c419b67a3770f95369b5a635711ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nvcvALTXiKY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great day for a forum and a concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great day for a forum and a concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great day for a forum and a concert
+we're so glad you're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so glad you're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so glad you're here
+this is the second of our first of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second of our first of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second of our first of a
+Kind winter festival and we are so happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind winter festival and we are so happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind winter festival and we are so happy
+that you are able to join us for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are able to join us for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are able to join us for the
+Forum and for hopefully for the concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forum and for hopefully for the concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forum and for hopefully for the concert
+and for dinner this evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for dinner this evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for dinner this evening
+I would like to introduce our host to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to introduce our host to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to introduce our host to
+the evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evening
+Peter child will be the moderator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter child will be the moderator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter child will be the moderator for
+the panel and he will let you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel and he will let you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel and he will let you know who
+our special guests are thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our special guests are thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our special guests are thank you very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you Marcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Marcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Marcus
+um so my name is Peter child I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so my name is Peter child I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so my name is Peter child I'm a
+professor of Music here at MIT it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of Music here at MIT it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of Music here at MIT it's my
+great pleasure to welcome you to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pleasure to welcome you to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pleasure to welcome you to MIT
+those of you that are our guests for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that are our guests for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that are our guests for
+this second Forum in the winter festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second Forum in the winter festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second Forum in the winter festival
+and forums that focus on issues of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forums that focus on issues of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forums that focus on issues of music
+and relationship to time hosted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationship to time hosted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationship to time hosted by the
+Boston chamber music society and the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston chamber music society and the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston chamber music society and the MIT
+music and Theater Arts faculty uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and Theater Arts faculty uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and Theater Arts faculty uh there
+are as you can see there are three of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as you can see there are three of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as you can see there are three of us
+uh who will be speaking to you today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who will be speaking to you today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who will be speaking to you today and
+we're I'm very happy to have been joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I'm very happy to have been joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I'm very happy to have been joined
+by two very distinguished colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two very distinguished colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two very distinguished colleagues
+from our sister institution across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our sister institution across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our sister institution across the
+river the New England Conservatory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river the New England Conservatory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river the New England Conservatory of
+Music we have Deborah Stein who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Music we have Deborah Stein who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Music we have Deborah Stein who will
+speak first and she is on the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak first and she is on the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak first and she is on the music
+theory faculty at the New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory faculty at the New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory faculty at the New England
+Conservatory and she is the author of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conservatory and she is the author of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conservatory and she is the author of
+several distinguished books and articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several distinguished books and articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several distinguished books and articles
+uh on the subject of Music Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the subject of Music Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the subject of Music Theory and
+Analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis
+and Bruce brubecker who is a Pianist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bruce brubecker who is a Pianist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bruce brubecker who is a Pianist and
+also the author of articles about music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the author of articles about music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the author of articles about music
+and the chair of the piano faculty at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chair of the piano faculty at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chair of the piano faculty at
+the New England Conservatory so it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New England Conservatory so it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New England Conservatory so it's my
+pleasure to welcome you as you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to welcome you as you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to welcome you as you know we
+were we were to have been four today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we were to have been four today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we were to have been four today uh
+unfortunately the fourth panel member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the fourth panel member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the fourth panel member
+Martin Marx uh had a deaf in the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin Marx uh had a deaf in the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin Marx uh had a deaf in the family
+and could not be with us so we greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could not be with us so we greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could not be with us so we greatly
+regret his absence today particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret his absence today particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret his absence today particularly
+because as you will experience a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as you will experience a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as you will experience a little
+bit in this this forum but especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in this this forum but especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in this this forum but especially
+tonight we're featuring a movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight we're featuring a movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight we're featuring a movie that
+Mighty mugs helped curate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mighty mugs helped curate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mighty mugs helped curate for the
+national film preservation Foundation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national film preservation Foundation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national film preservation Foundation as
+part of several box sets of silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of several box sets of silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of several box sets of silent
+movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies
+um that were produced and distributed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that were produced and distributed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that were produced and distributed by
+Sony Marty marks is uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony Marty marks is uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony Marty marks is uh one of the
+world's foremost Authorities on silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's foremost Authorities on silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's foremost Authorities on silent
+music Movie music so we miss him greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Movie music so we miss him greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Movie music so we miss him greatly
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+um so again we'll first hear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again we'll first hear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again we'll first hear from
+Deborah and then from Bruce and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deborah and then from Bruce and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deborah and then from Bruce and then a
+little bit from me thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit from me thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit from me thank you
+good afternoon I was asked to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon I was asked to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon I was asked to talk about
+music and memory which is really quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and memory which is really quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and memory which is really quite a
+daunting task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting task
+so I thought I would begin by giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought I would begin by giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought I would begin by giving
+some definitions of music and of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some definitions of music and of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some definitions of music and of memory
+and we'll start by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start by talking about
+well first of all let me say I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all let me say I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all let me say I'm going
+to focus my energies mostly on vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus my energies mostly on vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus my energies mostly on vocal
+Repertory the German league principally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Repertory the German league principally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Repertory the German league principally
+and 19th century German romantic music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 19th century German romantic music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 19th century German romantic music
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+my interest in vocal music is in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my interest in vocal music is in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my interest in vocal music is in part
+because there's a text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a text
+that often will refer to a memory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often will refer to a memory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often will refer to a memory or
+conjure up a memory also I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjure up a memory also I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjure up a memory also I think that's
+a singing voice is best able to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singing voice is best able to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singing voice is best able to move
+inward to The Poets most intimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward to The Poets most intimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward to The Poets most intimate
+lyricism and so you'll get to hear some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyricism and so you'll get to hear some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyricism and so you'll get to hear some
+very wonderful pieces they're short but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wonderful pieces they're short but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wonderful pieces they're short but
+they're very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very beautiful
+music is a temporal art that flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is a temporal art that flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is a temporal art that flows
+through time in basically two ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time in basically two ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time in basically two ways the
+first way I could call linear music it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way I could call linear music it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way I could call linear music it
+has a linear trajectory you begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a linear trajectory you begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a linear trajectory you begin
+someplace and you move forward in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace and you move forward in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace and you move forward in time
+such music has a clear sense of a goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such music has a clear sense of a goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such music has a clear sense of a goal
+so you would move toward a phrase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would move toward a phrase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would move toward a phrase and
+then you would move toward another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would move toward another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would move toward another
+phrase and it's a kind of a temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and it's a kind of a temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and it's a kind of a temporal
+Journey if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey if you will
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the um one of the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um one of the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um one of the types of
+um metaphors we use it's a linear music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um metaphors we use it's a linear music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um metaphors we use it's a linear music
+is like becoming you're constantly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like becoming you're constantly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like becoming you're constantly on
+the move to get to some place to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move to get to some place to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move to get to some place to be
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+now the opening of a song by Hugo wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the opening of a song by Hugo wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the opening of a song by Hugo wolf
+called for borgenheit or obscurity a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called for borgenheit or obscurity a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called for borgenheit or obscurity a set
+of poem of America and he this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poem of America and he this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poem of America and he this would be
+an example of a linear piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a linear piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a linear piece
+the poem is about a secluded poet who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poem is about a secluded poet who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poem is about a secluded poet who
+was torn between his outer and inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was torn between his outer and inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was torn between his outer and inner
+worlds of both happiness and despair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds of both happiness and despair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds of both happiness and despair
+the opening line sets uh resignation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening line sets uh resignation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening line sets uh resignation in
+the poet the text is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poet the text is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poet the text is something like
+leave me world let me be leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave me world let me be leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave me world let me be leave this
+heart with bliss and agony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart with bliss and agony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart with bliss and agony
+we're going to stay in this opening key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to stay in this opening key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to stay in this opening key
+we will have a base pedal which gives it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have a base pedal which gives it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have a base pedal which gives it
+a certain sense of calm and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense of calm and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense of calm and then we will
+have a clear sense of moving first to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clear sense of moving first to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clear sense of moving first to a
+half Cadence and then to a an authentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Cadence and then to a an authentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Cadence and then to a an authentic
+Cadence could we have track number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadence could we have track number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadence could we have track number one
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to us today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way that music unfolds in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that music unfolds in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that music unfolds in time
+is called non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called non-linear
+it is basically instead of moving ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is basically instead of moving ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is basically instead of moving ahead
+you basically move in a circular fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically move in a circular fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically move in a circular fashion
+um it's a kind of like creating a ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a kind of like creating a ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a kind of like creating a ripple
+in a temporal Pond you have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a temporal Pond you have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a temporal Pond you have a sense of
+moving around ever widening circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around ever widening circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around ever widening circles
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it is you could think of it as a being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you could think of it as a being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you could think of it as a being
+rather than becoming so you were in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than becoming so you were in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than becoming so you were in this
+sort of static place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of static place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of static place
+um another song by wolf called in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another song by wolf called in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another song by wolf called in
+blumenter from the Italian leader book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blumenter from the Italian leader book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blumenter from the Italian leader book
+collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+the text is if I should die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text is if I should die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text is if I should die
+shroud my limbs in flowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shroud my limbs in flowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shroud my limbs in flowers
+here the weary poet welcomes death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the weary poet welcomes death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the weary poet welcomes death
+within a form of tonal stasis the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a form of tonal stasis the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a form of tonal stasis the base
+reiterates a petal throughout and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterates a petal throughout and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterates a petal throughout and the
+vocal line keeps coming back to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal line keeps coming back to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal line keeps coming back to the same
+almost always to the same chord so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always to the same chord so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always to the same chord so you
+have a sense of moving forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense of moving forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense of moving forward
+I shouldn't have said that moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't have said that moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't have said that moving
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+and not really getting anywhere what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not really getting anywhere what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not really getting anywhere what's
+happening of course is that the poet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening of course is that the poet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening of course is that the poet is
+moving inward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving inward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving inward
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is memory
+the process of remembering takes many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of remembering takes many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of remembering takes many
+forms from consciously attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms from consciously attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms from consciously attempting to
+recall something to being drawn in by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall something to being drawn in by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall something to being drawn in by a
+memory by a sight a sound a smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory by a sight a sound a smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory by a sight a sound a smell
+a thought in all cases we leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought in all cases we leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought in all cases we leave the
+present and return to the Past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and return to the Past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and return to the Past
+a memory might involve a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory might involve a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory might involve a number of
+experiences or actions an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences or actions an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences or actions an entire
+spectrum of emotions and psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of emotions and psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of emotions and psychological
+States from Pleasant recollection or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States from Pleasant recollection or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States from Pleasant recollection or
+Nostalgia to intense contemplation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nostalgia to intense contemplation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nostalgia to intense contemplation or
+rumination to wrenching nightmares that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rumination to wrenching nightmares that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rumination to wrenching nightmares that
+leave one traumatized and alienated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave one traumatized and alienated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave one traumatized and alienated
+in all cases such memories occur within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all cases such memories occur within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all cases such memories occur within
+a cessation of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in effect present time stands still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect present time stands still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect present time stands still
+while we allow a past to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we allow a past to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we allow a past to become
+temporarily present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the impulse toward expressing memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse toward expressing memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse toward expressing memories
+really flourished in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really flourished in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really flourished in the 19th century
+Germany where German Romanticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany where German Romanticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany where German Romanticism
+evolved from the confines of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved from the confines of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved from the confines of the
+Enlightenment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enlightenment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enlightenment
+the writers such as the Schlegel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writers such as the Schlegel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writers such as the Schlegel
+Brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers
+ETA Hoffman novales proposed a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ETA Hoffman novales proposed a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ETA Hoffman novales proposed a new
+lyricism in novels and poetry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyricism in novels and poetry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyricism in novels and poetry that
+captured and savored emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured and savored emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured and savored emotions
+and complexities of The Human Experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complexities of The Human Experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complexities of The Human Experience
+the protagonist's goal was not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protagonist's goal was not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protagonist's goal was not just to
+seek love and happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek love and happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek love and happiness
+rather it was to experience indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather it was to experience indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather it was to experience indeed
+relish the vast array of emotions within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relish the vast array of emotions within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relish the vast array of emotions within
+that search most of which were unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that search most of which were unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that search most of which were unhappy
+the search was usually futile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search was usually futile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search was usually futile
+most Romantics wanted love that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Romantics wanted love that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Romantics wanted love that was
+illusory or lost and it was the Yearning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusory or lost and it was the Yearning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusory or lost and it was the Yearning
+For What could not be that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For What could not be that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For What could not be that was the
+poetic focus and this is the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic focus and this is the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic focus and this is the critical
+point for us today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indeed the German romantic poet came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the German romantic poet came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the German romantic poet came
+closest to love or to any form of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to love or to any form of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to love or to any form of human
+connection through the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection through the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection through the act of
+remembering or fantasizing what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering or fantasizing what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering or fantasizing what was
+essentially unattainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially unattainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially unattainable
+many composers are compelled to depict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many composers are compelled to depict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many composers are compelled to depict
+memory because of an extra musical Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because of an extra musical Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because of an extra musical Force
+poetic text that conjures up a memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic text that conjures up a memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic text that conjures up a memory in
+the art song or a drama that recalls a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art song or a drama that recalls a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art song or a drama that recalls a
+past in an opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past in an opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past in an opera
+purely instrumental music also creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely instrumental music also creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely instrumental music also creates a
+suspension of time and place where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension of time and place where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension of time and place where a
+memory might occur where a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory might occur where a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory might occur where a musical
+diversion occurs and where a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion occurs and where a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion occurs and where a musical
+idea returns not for formal reasons like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea returns not for formal reasons like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea returns not for formal reasons like
+a reprise or recapitulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reprise or recapitulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reprise or recapitulation
+but as a remembrance of Music previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a remembrance of Music previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a remembrance of Music previously
+heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+a wonderful example of this occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful example of this occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful example of this occurs in
+the piano music of Robert Schumann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano music of Robert Schumann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano music of Robert Schumann
+on his Papillon Opus II miniature piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his Papillon Opus II miniature piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his Papillon Opus II miniature piano
+pieces of 1831 opens with a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of 1831 opens with a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of 1831 opens with a brief
+introduction followed by a waltz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction followed by a waltz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction followed by a waltz
+the wall seems to start as if in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall seems to start as if in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall seems to start as if in the
+middle suggesting a glimpse or a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle suggesting a glimpse or a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle suggesting a glimpse or a memory
+of a dance and let's listen band three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This Waltz then recurs in a later piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Waltz then recurs in a later piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Waltz then recurs in a later piece
+by Schumann from his Carnival of 1834-35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Schumann from his Carnival of 1834-35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Schumann from his Carnival of 1834-35
+and let's listen to that right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's listen to that right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's listen to that right away
+number four please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I like doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This Waltz returns within a depiction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Waltz returns within a depiction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Waltz returns within a depiction of
+the temp tempestuous side of Schumann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temp tempestuous side of Schumann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temp tempestuous side of Schumann
+which was called florist on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was called florist on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was called florist on
+well you can think of the repetition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can think of the repetition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can think of the repetition of
+the walls here as some kind of allusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls here as some kind of allusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls here as some kind of allusion
+to an earlier piano piece or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an earlier piano piece or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an earlier piano piece or we can
+think of it as a kind of a memory of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a kind of a memory of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a kind of a memory of a
+previous time that was captured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time that was captured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time that was captured in
+Papillon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Papillon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Papillon
+in addition the juxtaposition of part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition the juxtaposition of part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition the juxtaposition of part of
+the walls with the port within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls with the port within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls with the port within the
+portrait of floristin suggests that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of floristin suggests that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of floristin suggests that the
+recollection of the walls is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection of the walls is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection of the walls is
+struggling to emerge so what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to emerge so what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to emerge so what's happening
+sort of over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over time
+which is a very different type of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very different type of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very different type of memory
+another factor that contributes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor that contributes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor that contributes to the
+sense of the fleeting memory here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the fleeting memory here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the fleeting memory here is
+that the walls always recurs as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the walls always recurs as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the walls always recurs as a
+fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment
+a German romantic notion where a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a German romantic notion where a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a German romantic notion where a musical
+segment like the sculptured torso or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment like the sculptured torso or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment like the sculptured torso or the
+picture painting of ruins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture painting of ruins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture painting of ruins
+conveys a romantic ideas of incompletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveys a romantic ideas of incompletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveys a romantic ideas of incompletion
+and irresolution of time suspended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and irresolution of time suspended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and irresolution of time suspended
+these fragments Force One to imagine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fragments Force One to imagine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fragments Force One to imagine or
+to remember that whole that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that whole that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that whole that are
+represented by the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do composers create the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do composers create the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do composers create the temporal
+space and also the sense of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and also the sense of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and also the sense of distance
+for these various sorts of memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these various sorts of memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these various sorts of memories
+well there are several ways to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are several ways to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are several ways to do this
+I'm going to accomplish on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to accomplish on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to accomplish on something
+that I'm calling slippage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm calling slippage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm calling slippage
+into that easy you start someplace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that easy you start someplace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that easy you start someplace and
+you slip into a different realm or world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slip into a different realm or world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slip into a different realm or world
+and easing into a dream or memory state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easing into a dream or memory state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easing into a dream or memory state
+slippage into memory is beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippage into memory is beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippage into memory is beautifully
+exemplified in a super setting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplified in a super setting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplified in a super setting of
+gerta's poem erstefer loose or first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gerta's poem erstefer loose or first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gerta's poem erstefer loose or first
+love in this poem The Poet is miserable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in this poem The Poet is miserable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in this poem The Poet is miserable
+in the present and Longs for that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present and Longs for that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present and Longs for that first
+love oh if we could have but one hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love oh if we could have but one hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love oh if we could have but one hour of
+that first love back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first love back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first love back
+later in the poem we go back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the poem we go back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the poem we go back into the
+present and then we return it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and then we return it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and then we return it back
+repeating oh where where is that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating oh where where is that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating oh where where is that first
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+see the terrible dichotomy of present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the terrible dichotomy of present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the terrible dichotomy of present
+and past is created in Schubert in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and past is created in Schubert in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and past is created in Schubert in
+several ways and this is very common one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several ways and this is very common one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several ways and this is very common one
+way is by having two different keys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is by having two different keys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is by having two different keys that
+are very closely related in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very closely related in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very closely related in this case
+it begins in F minor and goes to a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins in F minor and goes to a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins in F minor and goes to a flat
+major which are very close relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major which are very close relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major which are very close relationships
+he also uses two modes the minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also uses two modes the minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also uses two modes the minor
+representing the miserable present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the miserable present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the miserable present and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+major mode representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major mode representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major mode representing
+the happiness of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the happiness of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the happiness of the past
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we begin in the key of the present F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin in the key of the present F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin in the key of the present F
+minor the poet slips effortlessly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor the poet slips effortlessly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor the poet slips effortlessly into
+the memory in a flood major the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory in a flood major the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory in a flood major the first
+two phrases end with cadences and a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phrases end with cadences and a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phrases end with cadences and a flat
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+in an effort to intensify the longing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an effort to intensify the longing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an effort to intensify the longing
+then gertope brings back as to Schubert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gertope brings back as to Schubert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gertope brings back as to Schubert
+the present pain depicted back in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present pain depicted back in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present pain depicted back in F
+minor so you'll hear this shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor so you'll hear this shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor so you'll hear this shift
+and we end that phrase and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end that phrase and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end that phrase and a half
+Cadence where the singer pauses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadence where the singer pauses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadence where the singer pauses in
+anguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anguish
+the poet then Retreats back into memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poet then Retreats back into memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poet then Retreats back into memory
+and the vocal line ends in the key of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vocal line ends in the key of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vocal line ends in the key of A
+flat major ends in memory the piano part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat major ends in memory the piano part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat major ends in memory the piano part
+then comes in and ends back in F minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes in and ends back in F minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes in and ends back in F minor
+this amazing song in that you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing song in that you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing song in that you basically
+have two distinct endings and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two distinct endings and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two distinct endings and two
+distinctly different keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly different keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly different keys
+if we could hear that please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beautiful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another example from Schubert is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example from Schubert is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example from Schubert is his
+famous late Piano Sonata and B-flat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous late Piano Sonata and B-flat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous late Piano Sonata and B-flat of
+Schubert's last year of Life 1828
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schubert's last year of Life 1828
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schubert's last year of Life 1828
+it illustrates from my mind an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it illustrates from my mind an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it illustrates from my mind an
+instrumental song without words that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental song without words that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental song without words that is
+there's no text but there is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no text but there is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no text but there is a beautiful
+state of meditation and recollection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of meditation and recollection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of meditation and recollection
+very early on the kind of slippage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early on the kind of slippage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early on the kind of slippage
+occurs through A disruption where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs through A disruption where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs through A disruption where our
+attention is arrested momentarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is arrested momentarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is arrested momentarily
+and we move into a new world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we move into a new world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we move into a new world
+the opening theme is contemplative a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening theme is contemplative a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening theme is contemplative a
+self-contained chorale-like piece it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained chorale-like piece it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained chorale-like piece it has
+in the middle register it's very calm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle register it's very calm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle register it's very calm it
+has very clear cadences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very clear cadences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very clear cadences
+um after the second Cadence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after the second Cadence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after the second Cadence
+Schubert signals a shift with a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schubert signals a shift with a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schubert signals a shift with a base
+Trill that leads us into the key of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trill that leads us into the key of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trill that leads us into the key of
+g-flat major which is not the close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-flat major which is not the close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-flat major which is not the close
+relationship you heard in the Schubert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you heard in the Schubert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you heard in the Schubert
+song but is actually quite dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song but is actually quite dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song but is actually quite dramatically
+far away from the opening B-flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the opening B-flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the opening B-flat
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we we slip into this and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we slip into this and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we slip into this and then what
+ensues is this beautiful section where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensues is this beautiful section where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensues is this beautiful section where
+the opening theme is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening theme is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening theme is kind of
+reinterpreted as a memory in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreted as a memory in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreted as a memory in this new
+key and you'll hear that it sounds quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and you'll hear that it sounds quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and you'll hear that it sounds quite
+non-linear it sounds there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear it sounds there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear it sounds there's a there's a
+pedal tone and you feel like we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedal tone and you feel like we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedal tone and you feel like we've been
+transported into a different place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported into a different place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported into a different place
+and just so you'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just so you'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just so you'll know
+once the memory is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the memory is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the memory is over
+um Schubert starts to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Schubert starts to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Schubert starts to increase the
+Rhythm and eventually we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm and eventually we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm and eventually we have a
+disintegration of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration of that
+memory segment and we go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory segment and we go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory segment and we go back to the
+opening theme which then leads in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening theme which then leads in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening theme which then leads in a
+linear very linear fashion to a new key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear very linear fashion to a new key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear very linear fashion to a new key
+in a new theme please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+disintegrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wanted to go but I'm running a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to go but I'm running a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to go but I'm running a little
+bit late I wanted to conclude my remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit late I wanted to conclude my remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit late I wanted to conclude my remarks
+with a song by Charles Ives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a song by Charles Ives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a song by Charles Ives
+from 1897
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1897
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1897
+this is a song that's called Memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a song that's called Memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a song that's called Memories
+and it's actually instead of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually instead of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually instead of being a
+slipping from one place to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping from one place to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping from one place to the other
+it's two very distinctly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two very distinctly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two very distinctly different
+memories juxtaposed and the first which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories juxtaposed and the first which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories juxtaposed and the first which
+is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called
+um these are despite what are memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are despite what are memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are despite what are memories
+of a young girl and it's being sung by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a young girl and it's being sung by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a young girl and it's being sung by a
+woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman
+this first memory is called very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first memory is called very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first memory is called very
+pleasant a very typical eyes type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant a very typical eyes type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant a very typical eyes type of
+title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title
+um and the young girl is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the young girl is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the young girl is full of
+excitement and eagerness because she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement and eagerness because she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement and eagerness because she's
+going to the Opera and this is all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the Opera and this is all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the Opera and this is all that
+excitement that comes as you're waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement that comes as you're waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement that comes as you're waiting
+for the curtain to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the curtain to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the curtain to rise
+as soon as the curtain arises then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as the curtain arises then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as the curtain arises then she
+gets shifted into a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets shifted into a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets shifted into a very different
+memory which is US calls rather sad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory which is US calls rather sad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory which is US calls rather sad and
+here she hears a tune that reminds her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she hears a tune that reminds her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she hears a tune that reminds her
+of her uncle and the song is more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her uncle and the song is more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her uncle and the song is more like a
+wistful Melancholy memory that I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wistful Melancholy memory that I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wistful Melancholy memory that I believe
+is even more poignant because it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even more poignant because it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even more poignant because it comes
+on the heels of this excitement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the heels of this excitement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the heels of this excitement about
+going to the Opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ecstasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seemed to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you Deborah Stein and now Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+John Cage might have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Cage might have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Cage might have said
+time is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is time
+as he did say sounds are sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he did say sounds are sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he did say sounds are sounds
+of course what he really said is before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what he really said is before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what he really said is before
+studying music men are men and sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying music men are men and sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying music men are men and sounds
+are sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sounds
+he was riffing on what he said die sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was riffing on what he said die sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was riffing on what he said die sets
+titaro Suzuki said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titaro Suzuki said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titaro Suzuki said
+Hunter Suzuki said before studying Zen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunter Suzuki said before studying Zen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunter Suzuki said before studying Zen
+men or men and mountains are mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men or men and mountains are mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men or men and mountains are mountains
+while studying Zen Things become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while studying Zen Things become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while studying Zen Things become
+confused one doesn't know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused one doesn't know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused one doesn't know exactly what
+is waden which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is waden which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is waden which is which
+after studying Zen men or men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after studying Zen men or men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after studying Zen men or men and
+mountains are mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains are mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains are mountains
+so John Cage might have said time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so John Cage might have said time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so John Cage might have said time is
+time as he did say sounds are sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as he did say sounds are sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as he did say sounds are sounds
+and as Jacques lacal said on television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Jacques lacal said on television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Jacques lacal said on television
+I always speak the truth never the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always speak the truth never the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always speak the truth never the whole
+truth because there's no way to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth because there's no way to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth because there's no way to say it
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Khan doesn't put it this way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Khan doesn't put it this way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Khan doesn't put it this way but
+it's a matter of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have sometimes said music is the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have sometimes said music is the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have sometimes said music is the sound
+of time passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time passing
+but what do we signify with such words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do we signify with such words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do we signify with such words
+time passing I lost track of time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passing I lost track of time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passing I lost track of time I
+wasted time ran out of time saved time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted time ran out of time saved time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted time ran out of time saved time
+it's about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about time
+that was timely take your time be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was timely take your time be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was timely take your time be sure
+to allow enough time since time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow enough time since time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow enough time since time
+immemorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immemorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immemorial
+we say he learned to tell time but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say he learned to tell time but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say he learned to tell time but we
+also say time will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say time will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say time will tell
+time's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's up
+time flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time flies
+in 1967 Marshall mcluhan's the medium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1967 Marshall mcluhan's the medium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1967 Marshall mcluhan's the medium is
+the message message was published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message message was published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message message was published
+in this iconic text we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this iconic text we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this iconic text we find
+ours is a brand new world of all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours is a brand new world of all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours is a brand new world of all at
+onceness that's one word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onceness that's one word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onceness that's one word
+time has ceased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has ceased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has ceased
+space has vanished we now live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has vanished we now live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has vanished we now live in a
+global village a simultaneous happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global village a simultaneous happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global village a simultaneous happening
+electric circuitry profoundly involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric circuitry profoundly involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric circuitry profoundly involves
+men with one another information pours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men with one another information pours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men with one another information pours
+upon us instantaneously and continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon us instantaneously and continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon us instantaneously and continuously
+as soon as information is acquired it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as information is acquired it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as information is acquired it is
+very rapidly replaced by still newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly replaced by still newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly replaced by still newer
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+our electrically configured world has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our electrically configured world has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our electrically configured world has
+forced us to move from the habit of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced us to move from the habit of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced us to move from the habit of data
+classification to the mode of pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification to the mode of pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification to the mode of pattern
+recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition
+we can no longer build serially block by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can no longer build serially block by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can no longer build serially block by
+block step by step because instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block step by step because instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block step by step because instant
+communication ensures that all factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication ensures that all factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication ensures that all factors
+of the environment and of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the environment and of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the environment and of experience
+coexist in a state of active interplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two years later in 1969 Kurt vonnegut's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years later in 1969 Kurt vonnegut's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years later in 1969 Kurt vonnegut's
+novel Slaughterhouse Five appeared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel Slaughterhouse Five appeared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel Slaughterhouse Five appeared and
+in it Vonnegut writes of his character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it Vonnegut writes of his character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it Vonnegut writes of his character
+Billy Pilgrim listen Billy Pilgrim has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Billy Pilgrim listen Billy Pilgrim has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Billy Pilgrim listen Billy Pilgrim has
+come unstuck in time Billy has gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come unstuck in time Billy has gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come unstuck in time Billy has gone to
+sleep a senile widower and awakened on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep a senile widower and awakened on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep a senile widower and awakened on
+his wedding day he has walked through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wedding day he has walked through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wedding day he has walked through a
+door in 1955 and come out another one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door in 1955 and come out another one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door in 1955 and come out another one in
+1941. he has gone back through that door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1941. he has gone back through that door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1941. he has gone back through that door
+to find himself in 1963. he has seen his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find himself in 1963. he has seen his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find himself in 1963. he has seen his
+birth and death many times he says and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and death many times he says and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and death many times he says and
+pays random visits to all the events in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays random visits to all the events in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays random visits to all the events in
+between he says Billy is in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between he says Billy is in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between he says Billy is in time
+he has no control over where he is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has no control over where he is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has no control over where he is going
+next and the trips aren't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and the trips aren't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and the trips aren't necessarily
+fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+have all characters in novels come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all characters in novels come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all characters in novels come
+unstuck in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstuck in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstuck in time
+Vonnegut is I believe only acknowledging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vonnegut is I believe only acknowledging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vonnegut is I believe only acknowledging
+what is applicable to our reading of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is applicable to our reading of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is applicable to our reading of any
+text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+we enter text variously it's polyvalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we enter text variously it's polyvalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we enter text variously it's polyvalent
+we would not equate how much time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would not equate how much time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would not equate how much time we
+take in reading a group of words with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in reading a group of words with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in reading a group of words with
+the amount of time that such a passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time that such a passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time that such a passage
+that those words in a book might signify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those words in a book might signify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those words in a book might signify
+why should we do that in music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frank kermode considers what he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank kermode considers what he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank kermode considers what he calls
+Concord fictions in his text the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord fictions in his text the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord fictions in his text the sense
+of an ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an ending
+a Concord fiction is a construct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Concord fiction is a construct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Concord fiction is a construct that
+may resemble and allow us to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may resemble and allow us to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may resemble and allow us to make sense
+of our experience of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our experience of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our experience of life
+I would suggest The Divine Comedy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suggest The Divine Comedy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suggest The Divine Comedy or
+perhaps the Bible Christos wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the Bible Christos wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the Bible Christos wrapped
+reichstag or cages 433.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reichstag or cages 433.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reichstag or cages 433.
+conquered fictions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquered fictions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquered fictions all
+cremode writes men like poets rush into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cremode writes men like poets rush into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cremode writes men like poets rush into
+the midst in medius race where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midst in medius race where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midst in medius race where they are
+born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born
+they also die in ladies Rebus and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also die in ladies Rebus and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also die in ladies Rebus and to
+make sense of their spam they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of their spam they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of their spam they need
+fictive Concords with Origins and ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictive Concords with Origins and ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictive Concords with Origins and ends
+such as give meaning to lives and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as give meaning to lives and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as give meaning to lives and to
+poems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems
+the end they imagine will reflect their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end they imagine will reflect their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end they imagine will reflect their
+irreductibly intermediary preoccupations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreductibly intermediary preoccupations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreductibly intermediary preoccupations
+they fear it and as far as we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fear it and as far as we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fear it and as far as we can see
+have always done so the end is a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always done so the end is a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always done so the end is a figure
+for their own deaths so perhaps are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their own deaths so perhaps are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their own deaths so perhaps are all
+ends in fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in fiction
+and I say in music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say in music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say in music
+so indeed here we are in the middle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed here we are in the middle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed here we are in the middle in
+medius race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medius race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medius race
+car mode goes on to discuss what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car mode goes on to discuss what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car mode goes on to discuss what he
+calls Avon that's a-e-v-u-m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls Avon that's a-e-v-u-m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls Avon that's a-e-v-u-m
+Aquinas had to invent this third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aquinas had to invent this third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aquinas had to invent this third order
+of duration kermode writes distinct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of duration kermode writes distinct from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of duration kermode writes distinct from
+Time and Eternity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time and Eternity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time and Eternity
+Saint Thomas called this third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saint Thomas called this third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saint Thomas called this third order
+avam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avam
+the formerly absolute distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formerly absolute distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formerly absolute distinction
+between Time and Eternity in Christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Time and Eternity in Christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Time and Eternity in Christian
+thought between nunk moves with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought between nunk moves with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought between nunk moves with its
+beginning and end and nunchstands the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and end and nunchstands the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and end and nunchstands the
+perfect possession of endless life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect possession of endless life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect possession of endless life
+eternity acquired a third intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eternity acquired a third intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eternity acquired a third intermediate
+order based on the peculiar betwixt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order based on the peculiar betwixt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order based on the peculiar betwixt and
+between position of angels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between position of angels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between position of angels this
+conquered fiction had uses outside its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquered fiction had uses outside its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquered fiction had uses outside its
+immediate context it helped one to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate context it helped one to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate context it helped one to think
+about the sense that men sometimes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sense that men sometimes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sense that men sometimes have
+of participating in an order of duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of participating in an order of duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of participating in an order of duration
+other than that of the nunc moves Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that of the nunc moves Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that of the nunc moves Our
+Lives such are those moments which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lives such are those moments which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lives such are those moments which
+Augustine calls the moments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine calls the moments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine calls the moments of the
+Soul's attention less grandly they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soul's attention less grandly they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soul's attention less grandly they are
+moments of what psychologists call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of what psychologists call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of what psychologists call
+temporal integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal integration
+when Augustine recited his Psalm he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Augustine recited his Psalm he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Augustine recited his Psalm he
+found in it a figure for the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in it a figure for the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in it a figure for the integration
+of past and present and future which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of past and present and future which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of past and present and future which
+seemed to defy successive time and isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to defy successive time and isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to defy successive time and isn't
+that what Dante calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the point at which all times are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which all times are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which all times are present
+kermode continues avam is a mode in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kermode continues avam is a mode in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kermode continues avam is a mode in
+which things can be Perpetual without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things can be Perpetual without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things can be Perpetual without
+being Eternal it contains beings with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Eternal it contains beings with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Eternal it contains beings with
+freedom of choice and immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of choice and immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of choice and immutable
+substance in a creation which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance in a creation which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance in a creation which is in
+other respects determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other respects determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other respects determined
+although these beings are out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although these beings are out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although these beings are out of time
+their acts have a before and an after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their acts have a before and an after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their acts have a before and an after
+avam you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avam you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avam you might say
+is the time order of novels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time order of novels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time order of novels
+and I would say Avon is the time order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say Avon is the time order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say Avon is the time order
+of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music
+kermode says characters and novels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kermode says characters and novels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kermode says characters and novels are
+independent of time and succession but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of time and succession but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of time and succession but
+may and usually do seem to operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may and usually do seem to operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may and usually do seem to operate in
+time and succession the avam coexists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and succession the avam coexists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and succession the avam coexists
+with temporal events at the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temporal events at the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temporal events at the moment of
+occurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence
+and let me propose events or ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me propose events or ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me propose events or ideas in
+musical compositions are independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical compositions are independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical compositions are independent of
+time and succession but may and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and succession but may and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and succession but may and usually
+do seem to operate in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do seem to operate in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do seem to operate in time and
+succession their avam coexists with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession their avam coexists with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession their avam coexists with
+temporal events at the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal events at the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal events at the moment of
+occurrence music and each piece of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence music and each piece of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence music and each piece of music
+is a conquered fiction and in making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a conquered fiction and in making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a conquered fiction and in making
+music we do make time Audible and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music we do make time Audible and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music we do make time Audible and we
+explain our experience of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain our experience of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain our experience of life
+certainly in films we have learned not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in films we have learned not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in films we have learned not
+to expect a congruence we know that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect a congruence we know that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect a congruence we know that time
+does not equal time inside and outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal time inside and outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal time inside and outside
+of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film
+the rare films where a lengthy event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rare films where a lengthy event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rare films where a lengthy event
+does occupy real time nuke moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does occupy real time nuke moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does occupy real time nuke moves
+are notable events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are notable events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are notable events
+I'm thinking of those boiling potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking of those boiling potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking of those boiling potatoes
+in Chantal ackerman's Jean Del Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Chantal ackerman's Jean Del Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Chantal ackerman's Jean Del Mar
+about 45 minutes of boiling potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 45 minutes of boiling potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 45 minutes of boiling potatoes
+compared to our customary sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our customary sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our customary sense of
+filmic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmic time
+that is an aberration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 1988 John Cage said at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1988 John Cage said at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1988 John Cage said at Harvard
+I can get my ears closer to it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get my ears closer to it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get my ears closer to it when
+something is being done than when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is being done than when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is being done than when
+something is being said even with words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is being said even with words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is being said even with words
+so much music goes up and down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much music goes up and down in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much music goes up and down in a
+melodic way reaching a high point and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodic way reaching a high point and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodic way reaching a high point and a
+low point and coming to rest and in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low point and coming to rest and in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low point and coming to rest and in so
+doing seems to be saying something other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing seems to be saying something other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing seems to be saying something other
+music doesn't do that so much if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music doesn't do that so much if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music doesn't do that so much if it were
+saying something it seems to be saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something it seems to be saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something it seems to be saying
+it over and over to such an extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and over to such an extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and over to such an extent that
+you think that nothing's being said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that nothing's being said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that nothing's being said but
+something's being done because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's being done because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's being done because you can
+hear it being done and you can notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it being done and you can notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it being done and you can notice
+variations in it as it's being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in it as it's being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in it as it's being done
+isn't that a description of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that a description of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that a description of what is
+sometimes today called process music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes today called process music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes today called process music
+minimalist music that has a high degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist music that has a high degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist music that has a high degree
+of repetition in it music where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repetition in it music where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repetition in it music where the
+listener is predominantly noticing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener is predominantly noticing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener is predominantly noticing the
+changes in the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the material
+no linear thinking only pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no linear thinking only pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no linear thinking only pattern
+recognition mcluhan said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition mcluhan said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition mcluhan said
+and isn't cage making a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isn't cage making a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isn't cage making a distinction
+between this something's being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this something's being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this something's being done
+music this process music and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music this process music and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music this process music and the
+teleological narrative music that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleological narrative music that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleological narrative music that we
+know in texts written by traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in texts written by traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in texts written by traditional
+composers mozarts Beethoven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers mozarts Beethoven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers mozarts Beethoven
+bronze or Elliott Carter The Beatles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronze or Elliott Carter The Beatles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronze or Elliott Carter The Beatles or
+Peter child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter child
+although commentators have sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although commentators have sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although commentators have sometimes
+explained minimalist music as a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained minimalist music as a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained minimalist music as a reaction
+to the high complexity of mid-20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the high complexity of mid-20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the high complexity of mid-20th
+century art music it could be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century art music it could be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century art music it could be seen
+minimalist music that is could be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist music that is could be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist music that is could be seen
+as a far greater change a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a far greater change a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a far greater change a change in
+musical time keeping or a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical time keeping or a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical time keeping or a change in
+musical time signification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical time signification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical time signification
+gone is the Paradigm of narration gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone is the Paradigm of narration gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone is the Paradigm of narration gone
+is the steady model of beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the steady model of beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the steady model of beginning and
+middle and end we occupy the Middle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and end we occupy the Middle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and end we occupy the Middle with
+minimalism and in music this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism and in music this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism and in music this probably
+has a lot to do with the declining or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot to do with the declining or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot to do with the declining or at
+least the reclining authority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the reclining authority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the reclining authority of the
+composer of the composer as a creator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer of the composer as a creator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer of the composer as a creator of
+the composer as God supplying beginnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composer as God supplying beginnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composer as God supplying beginnings
+and endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and endings
+the end we are in medius race and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we are in medius race and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we are in medius race and
+minimalist music or at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist music or at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist music or at least some
+minimalist music acknowledges our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist music acknowledges our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist music acknowledges our
+position in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the middle
+often in the middlemost piece and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the middlemost piece and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the middlemost piece and I'm
+thinking of Philip glass's mad rush but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of Philip glass's mad rush but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of Philip glass's mad rush but
+there are many examples we could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many examples we could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many examples we could be
+simultaneously aware of two experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously aware of two experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously aware of two experiences
+of time in that music there is a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in that music there is a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in that music there is a slow
+moving harmonic progression underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving harmonic progression underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving harmonic progression underneath
+with a very highly repetitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very highly repetitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very highly repetitive and
+figurative surface of busyness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurative surface of busyness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurative surface of busyness
+it's not that much different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that much different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that much different than the
+sense we might have traveling down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we might have traveling down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we might have traveling down the
+highway in a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway in a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway in a car
+look out the front window and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out the front window and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out the front window and you see
+that the Prudential Building is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Prudential Building is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Prudential Building is very
+very gradually very slowly getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gradually very slowly getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gradually very slowly getting
+closer and closer but look out the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer but look out the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer but look out the side
+window and you see that the landscape is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and you see that the landscape is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and you see that the landscape is
+whizzing by very rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whizzing by very rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whizzing by very rapidly
+well hearing music does require time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hearing music does require time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hearing music does require time but
+the clock measured time that passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock measured time that passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock measured time that passes
+while listening to music does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while listening to music does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while listening to music does not
+necessarily equal the time that music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily equal the time that music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily equal the time that music
+might signify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's only a very rare piece of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a very rare piece of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a very rare piece of visual
+art even very clearly representational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art even very clearly representational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art even very clearly representational
+art in which the physical dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art in which the physical dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art in which the physical dimension of
+the work equals the space that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work equals the space that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work equals the space that is
+represented by the work in Landscapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the work in Landscapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the work in Landscapes
+the signified space is often much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signified space is often much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signified space is often much
+greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+Frederick Church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick Church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick Church
+at The Other Extreme there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at The Other Extreme there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at The Other Extreme there are
+conspicuously oversized representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspicuously oversized representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspicuously oversized representations
+coloss oldenburg's close pin the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloss oldenburg's close pin the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloss oldenburg's close pin the lead
+books of Anselm kiefer's census rodan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of Anselm kiefer's census rodan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of Anselm kiefer's census rodan's
+figure of Balzac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of Balzac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of Balzac
+Visual Alert visual art allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual Alert visual art allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual Alert visual art allows us to
+experience space variously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience space variously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience space variously
+today some post-production artists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today some post-production artists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today some post-production artists have
+discovered previously unimagined space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered previously unimagined space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered previously unimagined space
+within older art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within older art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within older art
+they've scrutinized our icons troping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've scrutinized our icons troping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've scrutinized our icons troping
+through technology often and revealing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through technology often and revealing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through technology often and revealing a
+landscape within a still life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape within a still life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape within a still life
+tropin can be seen as remodeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tropin can be seen as remodeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tropin can be seen as remodeling
+sometimes a building within or a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a building within or a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a building within or a new
+annexing on to something that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annexing on to something that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annexing on to something that remains
+time has passed since the making of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has passed since the making of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has passed since the making of the
+primary edifice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary edifice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary edifice
+I want you to hear now just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to hear now just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to hear now just a little bit
+of laith Ina's nine beat stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laith Ina's nine beat stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laith Ina's nine beat stretch
+this is music that elongates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is music that elongates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is music that elongates it
+stretches out a recording of Beethoven's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches out a recording of Beethoven's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches out a recording of Beethoven's
+Ninth Symphony so that the piece lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ninth Symphony so that the piece lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ninth Symphony so that the piece lasts
+24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours
+we're going to hear just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to hear just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to hear just a little bit of
+the slow movement everything happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slow movement everything happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slow movement everything happens at
+real pitch and events like the entry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real pitch and events like the entry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real pitch and events like the entry of
+the many players in the violin section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many players in the violin section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many players in the violin section
+on a strong note are revealed to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a strong note are revealed to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a strong note are revealed to contain
+previously unheard complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously unheard complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously unheard complexity
+surface activity over a very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface activity over a very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface activity over a very slow
+underlying motion of change Beethoven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying motion of change Beethoven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying motion of change Beethoven
+has become minimalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of you might know Douglas Gordon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might know Douglas Gordon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might know Douglas Gordon's
+24-hour psycho which is a 24-hour long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-hour psycho which is a 24-hour long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-hour psycho which is a 24-hour long
+version of Alfred Hitchcock's film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Alfred Hitchcock's film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Alfred Hitchcock's film
+psycho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psycho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psycho
+a cliched gesture of later 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliched gesture of later 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliched gesture of later 20th century
+pop music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop music
+is the Fade Out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Fade Out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Fade Out
+if there's no possibility anymore of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no possibility anymore of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no possibility anymore of
+satisfying conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying conclusions
+where is that future affirming third on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that future affirming third on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that future affirming third on
+the top Cadence of Beethoven's fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top Cadence of Beethoven's fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top Cadence of Beethoven's fourth
+piano concerto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano concerto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano concerto
+if cadences lack sincerity today then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cadences lack sincerity today then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cadences lack sincerity today then
+what possibilities are there for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what possibilities are there for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what possibilities are there for an
+ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending
+it doesn't anymore convince us to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't anymore convince us to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't anymore convince us to write
+read or utter the end with the Fade Out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read or utter the end with the Fade Out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read or utter the end with the Fade Out
+technology at least offered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology at least offered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology at least offered the
+electronic equivalent of the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic equivalent of the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic equivalent of the band
+walking off over the hill into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking off over the hill into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking off over the hill into the
+distance lontano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance lontano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance lontano
+in the absence of a convincing wrap-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of a convincing wrap-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of a convincing wrap-up
+or finale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or finale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or finale
+one can only stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you Bruce and Deborah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Bruce and Deborah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Bruce and Deborah and
+when I was asked to participate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was asked to participate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was asked to participate in this
+panel that has to do with a an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel that has to do with a an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel that has to do with a an overall
+Festival related to the question of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival related to the question of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival related to the question of time
+but with a special a specific sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a special a specific sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a special a specific sort of
+reference to the issue of memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to the issue of memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to the issue of memory in
+relation to time into music my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to time into music my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to time into music my first
+thought was to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was to think about the
+importance of memory in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of memory in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of memory in relation to
+musical hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical hearing
+and particularly the kind of hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly the kind of hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly the kind of hearing
+that's oriented to understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oriented to understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oriented to understanding and
+decoding if you like as we listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding if you like as we listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding if you like as we listen
+musical forms and musical structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical forms and musical structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical forms and musical structures and
+so I'd like to begin by reading two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to begin by reading two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to begin by reading two
+short quotations from a text by Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short quotations from a text by Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short quotations from a text by Paul
+hinderman 20th Century composer Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinderman 20th Century composer Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinderman 20th Century composer Paul
+hinderman actually it's a book called A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinderman actually it's a book called A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinderman actually it's a book called A
+composer's World which is the book form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer's World which is the book form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer's World which is the book form
+of his Elliott Norton lectures Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his Elliott Norton lectures Bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his Elliott Norton lectures Bruce
+mentioned the John Cage lectures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the John Cage lectures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the John Cage lectures from
+1988 of course number of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 of course number of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 of course number of very
+distinguished composers have given those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished composers have given those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished composers have given those
+lectures over time but in any case he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures over time but in any case he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures over time but in any case he
+hand him was interested in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand him was interested in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand him was interested in different
+kinds of musical listening one of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of musical listening one of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of musical listening one of which
+he put He characterized as intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put He characterized as intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put He characterized as intellectual
+listening and he came up with the phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and he came up with the phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and he came up with the phrase
+to describe that kind of listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe that kind of listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe that kind of listening
+co-construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-construction
+not too short quotations that I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too short quotations that I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too short quotations that I'd like
+to read to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read to you
+while listening to the musical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while listening to the musical structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while listening to the musical structure
+as it unfolds before his ears he meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it unfolds before his ears he meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it unfolds before his ears he meaning
+The Listener is mentally constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Listener is mentally constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Listener is mentally constructing
+parallel to it and simultaneously with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to it and simultaneously with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to it and simultaneously with
+it a mirrored image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a mirrored image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a mirrored image
+registering the compositions components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering the compositions components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering the compositions components
+as they reach him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they reach him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they reach him
+he tries to match them with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tries to match them with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tries to match them with their
+corresponding parts of his mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding parts of his mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding parts of his mental
+construction and I have to apologize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and I have to apologize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and I have to apologize for
+the 1950s sexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s sexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s sexist
+presumption that all listeners were male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumption that all listeners were male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumption that all listeners were male
+at this time it's hard to read that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time it's hard to read that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time it's hard to read that but
+it's obviously it's a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obviously it's a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obviously it's a matter of
+convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention
+or hear the listener merely surmises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hear the listener merely surmises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hear the listener merely surmises the
+composition's presumable course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition's presumable course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition's presumable course and
+Compares it with the image of a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compares it with the image of a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compares it with the image of a musical
+structure which after a former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which after a former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which after a former
+experience he had stored away in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience he had stored away in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience he had stored away in his
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+in both cases the more closely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases the more closely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases the more closely the
+external musical impression approaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external musical impression approaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external musical impression approaches a
+perfect coincidence with his mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect coincidence with his mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect coincidence with his mental
+expectation of the composition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the composition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the composition the
+greater will be his aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater will be his aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater will be his aesthetic
+satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction
+this sensation consists of the sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sensation consists of the sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sensation consists of the sounding
+stimulus which reaches the listener's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus which reaches the listener's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus which reaches the listener's
+ear and his active transformation of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear and his active transformation of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear and his active transformation of it
+into musical meaning by matching it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into musical meaning by matching it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into musical meaning by matching it with
+a known musical image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a known musical image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a known musical image
+so this is the idea is that that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the idea is that that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the idea is that that we we
+store images of what musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store images of what musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store images of what musical
+possibilities are particularly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are particularly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are particularly with
+regard to form with regard to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to form with regard to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to form with regard to the
+unfolding Deborah mentioned different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding Deborah mentioned different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding Deborah mentioned different
+kinds of musical time linear versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of musical time linear versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of musical time linear versus
+cyclical time but in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical time but in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical time but in whatever
+way and music where the music progresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and music where the music progresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and music where the music progresses
+in a linear fashion or a cyclical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear fashion or a cyclical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear fashion or a cyclical
+fashion and of course some music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and of course some music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and of course some music
+managers combine both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers combine both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers combine both
+uh in order for us to perceive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order for us to perceive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order for us to perceive and
+appreciate that of course memory is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that of course memory is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that of course memory is a
+rather crucial component so he's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather crucial component so he's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather crucial component so he's really
+he's really kind of in a way getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's really kind of in a way getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's really kind of in a way getting at
+that and he develops the uh relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and he develops the uh relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and he develops the uh relationship
+between musical listening of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between musical listening of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between musical listening of this kind
+he calls it co-construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls it co-construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls it co-construction
+and memory a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and memory a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and memory a little bit more
+specifically later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically later on
+we recognize he says as a prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recognize he says as a prerequisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recognize he says as a prerequisite
+for the listener's active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the listener's active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the listener's active
+co-construction the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-construction the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-construction the essential
+possibility of foreseeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of foreseeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of foreseeing and
+anticipating the musical structure as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating the musical structure as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating the musical structure as it
+arises in the performance or at least if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in the performance or at least if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in the performance or at least if
+the composition is utterly new to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition is utterly new to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition is utterly new to the
+recipient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient
+is being given a chance to conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being given a chance to conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being given a chance to conjecture
+with a high degree of probability its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a high degree of probability its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a high degree of probability its
+presumable cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumable cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumable cause
+a musical structure which is due to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musical structure which is due to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musical structure which is due to its
+uh which due to its extreme novelty does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which due to its extreme novelty does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which due to its extreme novelty does
+not in the listener's mind summon up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the listener's mind summon up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the listener's mind summon up any
+Recollections of former experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recollections of former experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recollections of former experiences
+or which incessantly disappoints his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which incessantly disappoints his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which incessantly disappoints his
+constructive expectations will prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive expectations will prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive expectations will prevent
+his creative cooperation and I like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his creative cooperation and I like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his creative cooperation and I like very
+much the idea that listening by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the idea that listening by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the idea that listening by the way
+is a creative cooperation that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a creative cooperation that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a creative cooperation that it's a
+participation that is listeners we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation that is listeners we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation that is listeners we
+participate with the performance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate with the performance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate with the performance with
+the composers in a creative kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composers in a creative kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composers in a creative kind of a
+contract in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract in order
+The Listener cannot adjust his sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Listener cannot adjust his sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Listener cannot adjust his sense of
+proportion to the unfolding structure he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to the unfolding structure he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to the unfolding structure he
+loses the feeling for his position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses the feeling for his position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses the feeling for his position in
+the sounding terrain he does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounding terrain he does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounding terrain he does not
+recognize the significance of the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the significance of the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the significance of the single
+structural members in reference to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural members in reference to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural members in reference to an
+entity he even loses the feeling for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity he even loses the feeling for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity he even loses the feeling for the
+coherence of these members and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence of these members and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence of these members and by the
+way I think all of us have had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think all of us have had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think all of us have had the
+experience of hearing an unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of hearing an unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of hearing an unfamiliar
+music of one kind or another and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music of one kind or another and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music of one kind or another and just
+not being able to gather it for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being able to gather it for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being able to gather it for that
+music either sounding incoherent or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music either sounding incoherent or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music either sounding incoherent or or
+if it's a music of an unfamiliar culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a music of an unfamiliar culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a music of an unfamiliar culture
+somehow all the same even though we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow all the same even though we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow all the same even though we know
+that musics of other of any culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that musics of other of any culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that musics of other of any culture
+cannot possibly be all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot possibly be all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot possibly be all the same
+for the lesson of music goes astray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lesson of music goes astray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lesson of music goes astray
+disappears in chaos it deteriorates into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears in chaos it deteriorates into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears in chaos it deteriorates into
+the mere amorphous assembly of sound it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mere amorphous assembly of sound it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mere amorphous assembly of sound it
+was before it entered the zone of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before it entered the zone of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before it entered the zone of of
+active cooperation in the listener's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active cooperation in the listener's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active cooperation in the listener's
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+so whatever uh mode of whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever uh mode of whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever uh mode of whatever it is
+that the listener is being invited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the listener is being invited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the listener is being invited to
+co-construct that is to say whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-construct that is to say whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-construct that is to say whatever
+kinds of musical structures are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of musical structures are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of musical structures are being
+presented by the composers or musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by the composers or musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by the composers or musical
+forms are unfolding for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms are unfolding for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms are unfolding for the
+listener in any degree whatsoever to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener in any degree whatsoever to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener in any degree whatsoever to be
+able to uh to correspond to Cooperators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh to correspond to Cooperators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh to correspond to Cooperators
+as hinderman would have it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hinderman would have it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hinderman would have it in that
+unfolding in a creative way as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding in a creative way as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding in a creative way as a
+listener the listener's memory must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener the listener's memory must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener the listener's memory must be
+actively engaged not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively engaged not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively engaged not necessarily
+not necessarily a conscious memory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a conscious memory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a conscious memory I
+don't think listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think listening
+ought to be or certainly doesn't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be or certainly doesn't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be or certainly doesn't need to
+be an anxious sort of process of of am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an anxious sort of process of of am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an anxious sort of process of of am I
+getting this am I remember oh did I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this am I remember oh did I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this am I remember oh did I hear
+that before but but at least at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before but but at least at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before but but at least at some
+level possibly at an unconscious level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level possibly at an unconscious level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level possibly at an unconscious level
+memory is always going to play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is always going to play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is always going to play an
+important role now there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role now there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role now there are lots of
+different ways and analysts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and analysts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and analysts and
+theorists like Deborah will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists like Deborah will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists like Deborah will
+engage in all sorts of different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in all sorts of different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in all sorts of different ways of
+of describing musical continuities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describing musical continuities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describing musical continuities
+musical forms and musical structures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical forms and musical structures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical forms and musical structures but
+what I'm going to do now is to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do now is to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do now is to talk to
+you a bit about one of the pieces that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bit about one of the pieces that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bit about one of the pieces that's
+on the program tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the program tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the program tonight
+namely the so-called American quintet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the so-called American quintet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the so-called American quintet of
+Dvorak Opus 97 and I'm going to invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dvorak Opus 97 and I'm going to invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dvorak Opus 97 and I'm going to invite
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+some members have been lurking in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some members have been lurking in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some members have been lurking in the in
+the wings some members of the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings some members of the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings some members of the Boston
+chamber music Society are going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber music Society are going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber music Society are going to help
+me with this presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the late 19th century classical vein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 19th century classical vein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 19th century classical vein
+rather similar to Brahms from whom he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather similar to Brahms from whom he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather similar to Brahms from whom he
+learned a great Dylan whom he whom he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a great Dylan whom he whom he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a great Dylan whom he whom he
+admired a great deal who was very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admired a great deal who was very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admired a great deal who was very much
+interested in Reviving and developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in Reviving and developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in Reviving and developing
+the classical forms and the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical forms and the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical forms and the classical
+forms by and large are with the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms by and large are with the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms by and large are with the possible
+exception of the theme and variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of the theme and variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of the theme and variations
+are a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a linear
+sort of unfold in a linear fashion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unfold in a linear fashion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unfold in a linear fashion to
+use uh Deborah's um uh phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh Deborah's um uh phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh Deborah's um uh phrase
+um however the voice act like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um however the voice act like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um however the voice act like a lot of
+19th century composers following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century composers following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century composers following the
+examples sort of foreshadowed by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples sort of foreshadowed by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples sort of foreshadowed by by
+Beethoven became also interested in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven became also interested in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven became also interested in a in
+a more circular process sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more circular process sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more circular process sometimes called
+cyclical form in which thematic ideas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical form in which thematic ideas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical form in which thematic ideas or
+motifs themes recur either in obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs themes recur either in obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs themes recur either in obvious
+immediately identifiable ways from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately identifiable ways from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately identifiable ways from one
+movement for the next or in slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement for the next or in slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement for the next or in slightly
+modified ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified ways
+and uh so what I'm going to focus upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so what I'm going to focus upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so what I'm going to focus upon
+in terms of the structural unfolding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the structural unfolding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the structural unfolding of
+uh duojak's quintet is this aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh duojak's quintet is this aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh duojak's quintet is this aspect of
+form in his music not in Sonata former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in his music not in Sonata former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in his music not in Sonata former
+esteemer variations well that's aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esteemer variations well that's aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esteemer variations well that's aspect
+the cyclical form the motivic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclical form the motivic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclical form the motivic
+recurrences motivic unities that occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences motivic unities that occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences motivic unities that occur
+in the piece and these motivic unities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the piece and these motivic unities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the piece and these motivic unities
+are actually rather closely linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually rather closely linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually rather closely linked to
+his interest in the pentatonic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his interest in the pentatonic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his interest in the pentatonic scale
+um the pentatonic scale uh is the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the pentatonic scale uh is the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the pentatonic scale uh is the scale
+that's roughly equivalent to the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly equivalent to the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly equivalent to the scale
+that you get if you play all the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get if you play all the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get if you play all the black
+notes at the piano and I wonder if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes at the piano and I wonder if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes at the piano and I wonder if one
+of our musicians would be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our musicians would be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our musicians would be willing to
+play for us a any one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for us a any one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for us a any one of those
+pentatonic scales that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Pentatonix yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pentatonix yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pentatonix yeah
+one of the things that's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's interesting is
+is why project became so particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why project became so particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why project became so particularly
+interested in this scale when he came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this scale when he came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this scale when he came to
+America and that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and that's an interesting
+subject and and won the Press we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and and won the Press we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and and won the Press we could
+go into when uh when there's time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into when uh when there's time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into when uh when there's time for
+some questions but for now we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions but for now we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions but for now we'll just
+take it as read that he did became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it as read that he did became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it as read that he did became
+particularly interested in in and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested in in and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested in in and uh the
+pentatonic tale and it records in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic tale and it records in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic tale and it records in the
+American pieces quite a bit and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American pieces quite a bit and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American pieces quite a bit and it
+recurs in each of the movements of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurs in each of the movements of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurs in each of the movements of this
+string of the screen Quintet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of the screen Quintet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of the screen Quintet
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so you'll hear as a kind of a cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you'll hear as a kind of a cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you'll hear as a kind of a cyclic
+reference back themes that use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference back themes that use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference back themes that use the
+pentatonic scale and not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale and not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale and not just the
+pentatonic scale but a particular Con in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale but a particular Con in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale but a particular Con in
+many cases a particular configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases a particular configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases a particular configuration
+within the pentatonic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the pentatonic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the pentatonic scale
+and what I'd like to ask if I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'd like to ask if I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'd like to ask if I may
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is uh is if one of the one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is if one of the one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is if one of the one of our
+Fiddlers Jennifer maybe if if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiddlers Jennifer maybe if if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiddlers Jennifer maybe if if you would
+be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing
+do you have this in front of you oh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have this in front of you oh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have this in front of you oh if
+you'd be willing to just play for us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be willing to just play for us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be willing to just play for us the
+First theme of the first movement just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First theme of the first movement just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First theme of the first movement just
+as it's written in the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so actually what what I've shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so actually what what I've shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so actually what what I've shown in
+the bottom bit there is that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom bit there is that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom bit there is that actually
+he's using two pentatonic scales in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's using two pentatonic scales in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's using two pentatonic scales in
+succession and then in that phrase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession and then in that phrase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession and then in that phrase and
+now what I'd like to ask the Queen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'd like to ask the Queen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'd like to ask the Queen's
+head to do is to play that theme in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head to do is to play that theme in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head to do is to play that theme in
+context so if you would quintet I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so if you would quintet I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so if you would quintet I'd like
+you to play measures from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to play measures from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to play measures from the very
+beginning of the piece which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the piece which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the piece which actually
+precedes example but you'll hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes example but you'll hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes example but you'll hear the
+tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune
+uh in a in a slow introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a in a slow introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a in a slow introduction
+um through measure 39 if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+the next musical example example number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next musical example example number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next musical example example number
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+somebody's just giving me a point of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's just giving me a point of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's just giving me a point of it
+I'm not sure I'm going to be able to oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I'm going to be able to oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I'm going to be able to oh
+there it is thank you theme two uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is thank you theme two uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is thank you theme two uh it is
+it's it's from the same movement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's from the same movement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's from the same movement the
+same first movement it's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same first movement it's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same first movement it's the second
+theme but in a different key so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme but in a different key so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme but in a different key so
+therefore uses a different pentatonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uses a different pentatonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uses a different pentatonic
+scale and with different uh Harmony so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and with different uh Harmony so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and with different uh Harmony so
+Jennifer if you would just play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jennifer if you would just play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jennifer if you would just play the
+musical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical example
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you and if we can now hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and if we can now hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and if we can now hear the
+whole thing measures 63 through 81.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you now if you look again at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you now if you look again at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you now if you look again at this
+example what I've shown underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what I've shown underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what I've shown underneath the
+tunes is not just the pentatonic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunes is not just the pentatonic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunes is not just the pentatonic scale
+but a particular grouping within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a particular grouping within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a particular grouping within that
+pentatonic scale which has which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale which has which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale which has which the
+voice out gives particular prominence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice out gives particular prominence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice out gives particular prominence
+too and it requires so strikingly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and it requires so strikingly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and it requires so strikingly that
+it helps anchor the music and also our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps anchor the music and also our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps anchor the music and also our
+memory of these themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of these themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of these themes
+as an identifying point and so he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an identifying point and so he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an identifying point and so he he
+particularly emphasizes the notes uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly emphasizes the notes uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly emphasizes the notes uh a
+whole step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole step
+a minor third about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who who step minor third minor third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who step minor third minor third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who step minor third minor third
+whole step and then minor third below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole step and then minor third below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole step and then minor third below
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you look at these two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at these two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at these two examples
+that we just heard each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just heard each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just heard each of them
+prominently features those intervals at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominently features those intervals at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominently features those intervals at
+the beginning helping to Anchor our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning helping to Anchor our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning helping to Anchor our
+memory and how and identify these themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and how and identify these themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and how and identify these themes
+as being closely related to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being closely related to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being closely related to one another
+the next musical example as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next musical example as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next musical example as you can see
+looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh again features that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again features that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again features that
+concatenation of four notes or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation of four notes or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation of four notes or three
+intervals and it's from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and it's from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and it's from the second
+movement so Jennifer if you could play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so Jennifer if you could play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so Jennifer if you could play
+a musical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and
+now the the music as a whole measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the music as a whole measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the music as a whole measures
+one through twenty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through twenty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through twenty of the
+second movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is great isn't it great having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great isn't it great having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great isn't it great having a
+whole wonderful Queen said to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole wonderful Queen said to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole wonderful Queen said to be a
+musical examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical examples
+I could get used to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could get used to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could get used to this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+fourth example is from this again from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth example is from this again from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth example is from this again from
+the same movement is the second theme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same movement is the second theme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same movement is the second theme of
+the second movement and once again yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second movement and once again yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second movement and once again yet
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+pentatonic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale
+uh so Jennifer if you play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you and uh let's see if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and uh let's see if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and uh let's see if you could
+play for as measures 41 through 60.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+thank you the third movement is a theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you the third movement is a theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you the third movement is a theme
+in variation and as I said as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variation and as I said as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variation and as I said as I
+intimated before this would be a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimated before this would be a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimated before this would be a kind of
+one of the classical forms that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the classical forms that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the classical forms that I think
+veers a little bit more towards cyclical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veers a little bit more towards cyclical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veers a little bit more towards cyclical
+form or the circular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form or the circular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form or the circular form
+circular time more than linear time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular time more than linear time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular time more than linear time one
+of the useful anchors for our memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the useful anchors for our memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the useful anchors for our memories
+as we listen to the theme and variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we listen to the theme and variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we listen to the theme and variation
+is to try to hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to hear the
+the uh the cycles of each um variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the cycles of each um variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the cycles of each um variation
+as it as it unfolds but again I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it as it unfolds but again I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it as it unfolds but again I'm just
+focusing on the pentatonic aspect now he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the pentatonic aspect now he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the pentatonic aspect now he
+mostly shuns the pentatonic uh thematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly shuns the pentatonic uh thematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly shuns the pentatonic uh thematic
+material in the theme and variations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the theme and variations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the theme and variations of
+this piece except at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece except at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece except at the beginning of
+the second variation where he features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second variation where he features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second variation where he features
+the segment of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segment of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segment of the um
+pentatonic scale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale that
+that Pro that prominently features those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pro that prominently features those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pro that prominently features those
+intervals that I talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that I talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that I talked about before
+so here's the the musical example by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the the musical example by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the the musical example by
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now the music in context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last example is from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last example is from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last example is from the last
+movement from the finale it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement from the finale it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement from the finale it's the the
+second theme of this movement and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theme of this movement and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theme of this movement and once
+again a pentatonic a theme based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a pentatonic a theme based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a pentatonic a theme based on the
+pentatonic scale and if uh so Jennifer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale and if uh so Jennifer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scale and if uh so Jennifer
+if you just play the tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pieces of the whole width repeats I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces of the whole width repeats I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces of the whole width repeats I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now this one I'm going to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this one I'm going to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this one I'm going to switch
+gears and we didn't actually lose one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears and we didn't actually lose one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears and we didn't actually lose one of
+our players I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our players I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our players I think uh
+because I'm going to spend the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to spend the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to spend the rest of
+the remainder of my time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of my time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of my time talking about
+another piece on the program so might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece on the program so might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece on the program so might be
+taking my own piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking my own piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking my own piece
+and I mentioned to you before that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mentioned to you before that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mentioned to you before that our
+unfortunately I'm happily missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately I'm happily missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately I'm happily missing
+panelists has been involved in curating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists has been involved in curating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists has been involved in curating
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+several boxed sets of silent movies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several boxed sets of silent movies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several boxed sets of silent movies with
+music he himself is a gifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music he himself is a gifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music he himself is a gifted
+former on the piano and accompanies many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former on the piano and accompanies many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former on the piano and accompanies many
+of these movies himself but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these movies himself but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these movies himself but in some
+cases he commissioned composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases he commissioned composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases he commissioned composers
+particularly MIT composers I was lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly MIT composers I was lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly MIT composers I was lucky
+enough to be one my colleague Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be one my colleague Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be one my colleague Charles
+Shadle who's in the audience was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadle who's in the audience was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadle who's in the audience was another
+and several others participated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several others participated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several others participated as
+commission composers writing music for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission composers writing music for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission composers writing music for
+movies that are part of that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that are part of that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that are part of that are that
+have been preserved and restored and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been preserved and restored and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been preserved and restored and
+reissued in this box set the movies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reissued in this box set the movies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reissued in this box set the movies from
+the early part of the 20th century and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early part of the 20th century and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early part of the 20th century and
+the movie that for which I wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie that for which I wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie that for which I wrote the
+music is called skyscraper Symphony and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is called skyscraper Symphony and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is called skyscraper Symphony and
+skyscraper which is why I ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyscraper which is why I ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyscraper which is why I ended up with
+a string quartet called Simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string quartet called Simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string quartet called Simple it's
+called a symphony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a symphony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a symphony
+um and uh the movie completes from 1929
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the movie completes from 1929
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the movie completes from 1929
+and it's directed by a director called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's directed by a director called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's directed by a director called
+Robert Flory who was well known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Flory who was well known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Flory who was well known as a
+film director at that time but is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film director at that time but is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film director at that time but is best
+known probably for having been the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known probably for having been the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known probably for having been the first
+film director to have directed the Marx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film director to have directed the Marx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film director to have directed the Marx
+Brothers in the Coconuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers in the Coconuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers in the Coconuts
+uh but this uh project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this uh project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this uh project
+this particular movie is a is in a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular movie is a is in a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular movie is a is in a much
+more experimental vein it's a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experimental vein it's a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experimental vein it's a sort of an
+abstract uh choreography of the tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract uh choreography of the tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract uh choreography of the tall
+buildings of Manhattan and I was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings of Manhattan and I was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings of Manhattan and I was very
+experimental for its day for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental for its day for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental for its day for instance
+you'll see there's a lot of handheld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there's a lot of handheld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there's a lot of handheld
+camera work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera work uh
+and and uh images from a handheld camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh images from a handheld camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh images from a handheld camera
+and actually this predates the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this predates the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this predates the the
+existence of of handheld cameras so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of of handheld cameras so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of of handheld cameras so he
+was really kind of experimenting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really kind of experimenting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really kind of experimenting with
+that possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possibility
+but the issue of memory in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the issue of memory in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the issue of memory in relation to
+the music that I composed uh for this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music that I composed uh for this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music that I composed uh for this uh
+piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+um had a was rather a special one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um had a was rather a special one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um had a was rather a special one
+because the commission came in 2003. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the commission came in 2003. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the commission came in 2003. I
+wrote the music in 2003 and it's a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the music in 2003 and it's a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the music in 2003 and it's a movie
+about the tall buildings of Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tall buildings of Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tall buildings of Manhattan
+and in 2003 the memories of 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 2003 the memories of 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 2003 the memories of 2001
+were still and as they are still today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still and as they are still today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still and as they are still today
+but they were even more fresh in 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were even more fresh in 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were even more fresh in 2003
+than than they are today and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than they are today and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than they are today and so there
+was for me a a this deeply influenced I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for me a a this deeply influenced I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for me a a this deeply influenced I
+think the way I reacted to this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way I reacted to this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way I reacted to this to this
+film in terms of the kind of music that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in terms of the kind of music that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in terms of the kind of music that
+I wrote for it and uh you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote for it and uh you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote for it and uh you'll see that
+when you hopefully you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hopefully you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hopefully you'll be able to
+come to the concert tonight and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the concert tonight and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the concert tonight and and
+you'll see the whole movie and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the whole movie and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the whole movie and uh it's
+likely that you won't recognize many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that you won't recognize many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that you won't recognize many of
+the buildings many of the iconic tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings many of the iconic tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings many of the iconic tour
+buildings of modern Manhattan haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings of modern Manhattan haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings of modern Manhattan haven't
+been built yet the the Empire State uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been built yet the the Empire State uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been built yet the the Empire State uh
+and the Chrysler Building for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Chrysler Building for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Chrysler Building for example
+have not yet been built and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not yet been built and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not yet been built and of course
+the World Trade Center had not yet been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Trade Center had not yet been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Trade Center had not yet been
+built it's very much it's a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it's very much it's a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it's very much it's a sort of an
+optimistic movie and it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic movie and it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic movie and it ends
+uh rather optimistically and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather optimistically and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather optimistically and with a
+certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of
+forward-looking vigor uh to the Future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking vigor uh to the Future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking vigor uh to the Future
+uh because looking to the future with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because looking to the future with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because looking to the future with
+images of construction and viewing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of construction and viewing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of construction and viewing this
+movie from the remove of the present day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie from the remove of the present day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie from the remove of the present day
+and particularly that in 2003 there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly that in 2003 there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly that in 2003 there was
+a tremendous irony in this because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous irony in this because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous irony in this because of
+course I was extremely conscious of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I was extremely conscious of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I was extremely conscious of what
+Robert Florey could not have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Florey could not have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Florey could not have been
+conscious of which is actually what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of which is actually what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of which is actually what that
+future held so the idea of of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future held so the idea of of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future held so the idea of of looking
+forward into an unknown future and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward into an unknown future and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward into an unknown future and the
+inter intersection of that with memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter intersection of that with memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter intersection of that with memory
+had a particularly uh poignant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a particularly uh poignant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a particularly uh poignant uh
+significance to me in composing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance to me in composing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance to me in composing the
+music for this film and very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music for this film and very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music for this film and very much
+affected the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected the the the
+um the character and the sentiment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the character and the sentiment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the character and the sentiment of
+the music so what I'm going to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music so what I'm going to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music so what I'm going to ask the
+quartet To to do is play for you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartet To to do is play for you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartet To to do is play for you the the
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+uh three minutes of the movie uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three minutes of the movie uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three minutes of the movie uh so you
+can get a sense of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a sense of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a sense of what the
+orientation of the music of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the music of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the music of some of the
+music is by the way it gives a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is by the way it gives a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is by the way it gives a little
+bit of a false impression because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a false impression because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a false impression because the
+the movie does begin with in a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie does begin with in a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie does begin with in a rather
+magisterial fashion which is reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magisterial fashion which is reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magisterial fashion which is reflected
+in the music and it actually has comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the music and it actually has comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the music and it actually has comic
+elements that are also reflecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are also reflecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are also reflecting the
+music none of which you will hear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music none of which you will hear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music none of which you will hear in
+this uh in this concluding section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in this concluding section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in this concluding section and
+you'll also notice that for me at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also notice that for me at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also notice that for me at that
+time I think it might have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think it might have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think it might have done it
+differently now but the concluding image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently now but the concluding image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently now but the concluding image
+of construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of construction
+in the movie was was uh one that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the movie was was uh one that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the movie was was uh one that had a
+sort of a rather Sinister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a rather Sinister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a rather Sinister
+um Association for me and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Association for me and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Association for me and so that's
+you'll you'll hear that that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll hear that that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll hear that that's also
+reflected in the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask questions or make comments of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions or make comments of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions or make comments of any
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+do you feel moved to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I actually have a question how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I actually have a question how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I actually have a question how did
+you do the Beethoven I mean how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the Beethoven I mean how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the Beethoven I mean how is that
+done by maintaining a pitch oh well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by maintaining a pitch oh well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by maintaining a pitch oh well I
+first of all I didn't do it uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I didn't do it uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I didn't do it uh it's a
+artist named Inga Inge you could go look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist named Inga Inge you could go look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist named Inga Inge you could go look
+at his website I believe there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his website I believe there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his website I believe there's a
+continuous webcast with a piece going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous webcast with a piece going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous webcast with a piece going on
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+seriously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and
+it's done with the kind of software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done with the kind of software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done with the kind of software that
+is now common in every Studio which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now common in every Studio which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now common in every Studio which
+allows the speed of a passage of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the speed of a passage of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the speed of a passage of music
+to be altered without altering pits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be altered without altering pits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be altered without altering pits so
+it's not like the old days where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like the old days where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like the old days where we had
+a physical tape and it would change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical tape and it would change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical tape and it would change the
+pitch it doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch it doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch it doesn't happen
+so it's quite it's quite a routine thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's quite it's quite a routine thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's quite it's quite a routine thing
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was just a recording about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was just a recording about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was just a recording about uh
+real time it is an actual recording of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time it is an actual recording of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time it is an actual recording of
+the Ninth Symphony uh yes I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ninth Symphony uh yes I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ninth Symphony uh yes I don't think
+I can say what recording it is but yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say what recording it is but yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say what recording it is but yes
+it is a specific recording that he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a specific recording that he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a specific recording that he took
+and slowed down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they all have a lot of rests and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have a lot of rests and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have a lot of rests and the
+modern stuff doesn't tend to why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern stuff doesn't tend to why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern stuff doesn't tend to why is this
+is there something missing and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something missing and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something missing and even if
+you go like as much as pop music pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go like as much as pop music pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go like as much as pop music pop
+music doesn't have any silent screws at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music doesn't have any silent screws at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music doesn't have any silent screws at
+all in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in it
+so the question for those of you sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question for those of you sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question for those of you sitting
+at the back and and I'm going to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back and and I'm going to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back and and I'm going to repeat
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and make a desperate effort to see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a desperate effort to see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a desperate effort to see if I
+can't think of an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think of an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think of an answer
+because because it's a tricky one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's a tricky one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's a tricky one
+the question is is uh it's Dawn I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is uh it's Dawn I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is uh it's Dawn I know
+doing so it's gone asks well I've played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so it's gone asks well I've played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so it's gone asks well I've played
+a lot of classical music and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of classical music and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of classical music and there's a
+lot of rests in classical music but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of rests in classical music but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of rests in classical music but in
+modern music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern music
+there aren't as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't as many
+as me um why is that actually I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as me um why is that actually I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as me um why is that actually I would
+just challenge the assumptions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just challenge the assumptions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just challenge the assumptions of the
+question and I know some of the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I know some of the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I know some of the music
+that you've played there's lots of rests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've played there's lots of rests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've played there's lots of rests
+in Pierre Luna for instance that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pierre Luna for instance that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pierre Luna for instance that you're
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+so not so much in contemporary thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not so much in contemporary thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not so much in contemporary thing or
+or like in pop music or in contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like in pop music or in contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like in pop music or in contemporary
+pop music I couldn't speak to and Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop music I couldn't speak to and Bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop music I couldn't speak to and Bruce
+you'll have some ideas about this one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some ideas about this one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some ideas about this one of
+the things that that one I mean Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that that one I mean Bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that that one I mean Bruce
+you know obviously there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know obviously there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know obviously there's so many
+different things that come under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that come under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that come under the
+having a modern music music I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a modern music music I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a modern music music I think that
+that really you know attract attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really you know attract attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really you know attract attempts to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to kind of shape musical sound into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of shape musical sound into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of shape musical sound into
+forms in something like a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms in something like a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms in something like a traditional
+way probably I would venture to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way probably I would venture to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way probably I would venture to think
+does fit it does feature rest as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does fit it does feature rest as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does fit it does feature rest as much as
+as uh or you know in the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh or you know in the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh or you know in the same kind of
+ways and to the same effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and to the same effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and to the same effect the
+classical music does but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical music does but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical music does but of course the
+process music that uh Bruce mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process music that uh Bruce mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process music that uh Bruce mentioned
+frequently doesn't yeah I remember an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently doesn't yeah I remember an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently doesn't yeah I remember an
+occasion a few years ago when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion a few years ago when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion a few years ago when I was
+making a recording of music by Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a recording of music by Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a recording of music by Philip
+Glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glass
+in a hall where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hall where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hall where
+um I've played often enough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've played often enough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've played often enough uh
+conventional chamber music and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional chamber music and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional chamber music and it's a
+hall where there's a slight problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall where there's a slight problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall where there's a slight problem
+about the noisiness of the ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the noisiness of the ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the noisiness of the ventilation
+system and that in the recording of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that in the recording of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that in the recording of the
+pieces by glass which we did which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces by glass which we did which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces by glass which we did which were
+some 40 minutes of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 40 minutes of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 40 minutes of music
+the noise of the air conditioning was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise of the air conditioning was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise of the air conditioning was
+never a problem because the the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a problem because the the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a problem because the the fact
+that there were absolutely no silences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were absolutely no silences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were absolutely no silences
+anywhere except at the very ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere except at the very ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere except at the very ends of
+pieces allowed us to pretty much ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces allowed us to pretty much ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces allowed us to pretty much ignore
+the ventilation system at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventilation system at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventilation system at the same
+sessions I was also doing some pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions I was also doing some pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions I was also doing some pieces of
+cage and it was absolutely impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage and it was absolutely impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage and it was absolutely impossible
+uh because there were so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there were so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there were so many
+I I don't quite know how to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't quite know how to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't quite know how to describe
+them now I'm going to say empty spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now I'm going to say empty spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now I'm going to say empty spaces
+but I don't think that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think that's a very good
+description there were places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description there were places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description there were places where
+there wasn't any apparent sound and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't any apparent sound and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't any apparent sound and and
+uh and well of course there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and well of course there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and well of course there was an
+apparent sound and it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent sound and it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent sound and it was the
+ventilation so that that really became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation so that that really became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation so that that really became a
+very big difficulty in editing so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big difficulty in editing so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big difficulty in editing so you're
+right of course there's some kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of course there's some kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of course there's some kinds of
+music which don't have many rest but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music which don't have many rest but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music which don't have many rest but I'm
+thinking about the example we heard from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the example we heard from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the example we heard from
+the dvorakman Ted I mean you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dvorakman Ted I mean you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dvorakman Ted I mean you know if you
+think about that very interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that very interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that very interesting uh
+example you showed I think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you showed I think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you showed I think it's the
+second variation I mean well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second variation I mean well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second variation I mean well there
+aren't any silences there either right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any silences there either right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any silences there either right I
+mean the whole texture is filled up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the whole texture is filled up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the whole texture is filled up with
+dizziness uh in fact I was thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dizziness uh in fact I was thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dizziness uh in fact I was thinking that
+that moment reminded me a lot of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment reminded me a lot of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment reminded me a lot of my
+description of glass uh you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of glass uh you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of glass uh you know in the
+sense that one is aware of a long-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that one is aware of a long-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that one is aware of a long-range
+progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress
+which is occurring in the theme but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is occurring in the theme but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is occurring in the theme but at
+the same time there's this other sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time there's this other sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time there's this other sense
+of time passing uh and I I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time passing uh and I I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time passing uh and I I have a
+feeling that might be I'm gonna go way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that might be I'm gonna go way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that might be I'm gonna go way
+out and say it might be a peculiarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and say it might be a peculiarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and say it might be a peculiarly
+American Quality because I heard it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Quality because I heard it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Quality because I heard it in
+your piece too and so I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your piece too and so I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your piece too and so I you know I
+wonder if there isn't something about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if there isn't something about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if there isn't something about is
+it something about the vastness of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something about the vastness of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something about the vastness of our
+landscape even that it encourages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape even that it encourages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape even that it encourages that
+kind of of music making I mean it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of music making I mean it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of music making I mean it's very
+much a part of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a part of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a part of the 20th century
+vocabulary uh of you know this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary uh of you know this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary uh of you know this idea of
+something that happens slowly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens slowly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens slowly and
+something meanwhile that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something meanwhile that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something meanwhile that's happening
+rapidly simultaneously and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly simultaneously and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly simultaneously and I think it
+probably has a lot to do with the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has a lot to do with the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has a lot to do with the way we
+experience Our Lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience Our Lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience Our Lives
+um so I don't know I mean I suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't know I mean I suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't know I mean I suppose you
+could hear it in Haydn's creation too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hear it in Haydn's creation too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hear it in Haydn's creation too
+I'm just thinking about it now but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just thinking about it now but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just thinking about it now but you
+know there probably are other much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there probably are other much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there probably are other much
+earlier examples as well but um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier examples as well but um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier examples as well but um you know
+I was thinking about the examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about the examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about the examples that
+Deborah offered which I think were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deborah offered which I think were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deborah offered which I think were
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part
+um well at least in the first thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well at least in the first thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well at least in the first thing in
+the First full song and I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First full song and I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First full song and I mean that
+seemed to me to be a more oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to me to be a more oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to me to be a more oh
+uni-layered experience of time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uni-layered experience of time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uni-layered experience of time you know
+so I I'm not even sure whether the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I'm not even sure whether the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I'm not even sure whether the idea
+of making these distinctions between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making these distinctions between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making these distinctions between one
+experience at a time and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at a time and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at a time and another
+experience of time are is really such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of time are is really such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of time are is really such a
+good idea because it feels to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea because it feels to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea because it feels to me that
+it's really just the proportions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just the proportions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just the proportions between
+these many ways of experiencing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many ways of experiencing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many ways of experiencing time
+that change so obviously we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change so obviously we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change so obviously we're all
+constantly aware of many ways of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly aware of many ways of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly aware of many ways of time
+passing and of course the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing and of course the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing and of course the way
+the music enters our memory is how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music enters our memory is how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music enters our memory is how that
+process is affected so it it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is affected so it it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is affected so it it's it's not
+a simple question of saying oh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple question of saying oh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple question of saying oh this is a
+kind of music where time passes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of music where time passes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of music where time passes and
+here's the kind of music where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the kind of music where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the kind of music where it
+doesn't uh because that's too simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh because that's too simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh because that's too simple
+I I would say I agree with that it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would say I agree with that it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would say I agree with that it seems
+to me that it's a useful dichotomy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that it's a useful dichotomy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that it's a useful dichotomy yeah
+but they're but there are ends of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're but there are ends of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're but there are ends of a
+spectrum rather than yeah it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum rather than yeah it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum rather than yeah it's hard to
+think of any example where you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any example where you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any example where you would you
+know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean
+I'm trying to think of pieces um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to think of pieces um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to think of pieces um
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well classical oriented pieces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well classical oriented pieces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well classical oriented pieces that
+don't have many rests that tend to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have many rests that tend to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have many rests that tend to move
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I think there's a whole categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think there's a whole categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think there's a whole categories
+in there of kind of Perpetual mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there of kind of Perpetual mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there of kind of Perpetual mobile
+pieces uh you know which uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces uh you know which uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces uh you know which uh you know
+which is another thing that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another thing that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another thing that I was
+thinking about uh I'm sure you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh I'm sure you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh I'm sure you've
+thought about this but you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this but you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this but you know one
+thing we haven't said so far is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we haven't said so far is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we haven't said so far is that I
+don't think time can ever be separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think time can ever be separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think time can ever be separated
+from space you can't have time without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from space you can't have time without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from space you can't have time without
+space and you know the Ancients realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you know the Ancients realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you know the Ancients realize
+this right away I mean it's been a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right away I mean it's been a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right away I mean it's been a part
+of our our thinking forever and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our our thinking forever and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our our thinking forever and uh
+I think that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's very
+significant of the way music exists too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant of the way music exists too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant of the way music exists too
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in fact a lot of times what we take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a lot of times what we take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a lot of times what we take to
+be and I think hindemith actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and I think hindemith actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and I think hindemith actually
+discusses this in those lectures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses this in those lectures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses this in those lectures but
+what we take to be a kind of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we take to be a kind of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we take to be a kind of experience
+of time might also be thought of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time might also be thought of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time might also be thought of as a
+kind of sense we have of traveling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sense we have of traveling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sense we have of traveling you
+know because I I think that that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I I think that that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I I think that that that is
+something that comes into it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes into it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes into it I mean
+hindiman talks for example in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindiman talks for example in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindiman talks for example in that
+lecture about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about how
+um you know when you're experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know when you're experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know when you're experiencing
+musical emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical emotion
+um that you experience the changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you experience the changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you experience the changes of
+emotion so quickly that they can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion so quickly that they can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion so quickly that they can't be
+real emotions he says because just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real emotions he says because just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real emotions he says because just
+within one or two phrases you're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one or two phrases you're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one or two phrases you're happy
+and then you're sad and you'd have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're sad and you'd have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're sad and you'd have to be
+schizophrenic to feel that way so uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic to feel that way so uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic to feel that way so uh he
+says he says that it's because of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says he says that it's because of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says he says that it's because of what
+you're talking about that it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about that it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about that it's a kind of
+remembered emotion it's not quite a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered emotion it's not quite a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered emotion it's not quite a real
+emotion but what I would say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion but what I would say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion but what I would say is that
+it's through the agency of music that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's through the agency of music that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's through the agency of music that
+we're able to travel quicker through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to travel quicker through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to travel quicker through
+those those feelings that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those feelings that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those feelings that we have in
+real life which take up a lot of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life which take up a lot of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life which take up a lot of time so
+uh but then he also Likens it to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then he also Likens it to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then he also Likens it to what
+it's like to remember a trip and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like to remember a trip and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like to remember a trip and that's
+where the space analog comes in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the space analog comes in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the space analog comes in you know
+he says you know you can sit in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says you know you can sit in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says you know you can sit in your
+chair and remember being in Berlin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair and remember being in Berlin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair and remember being in Berlin and
+then you know in five minutes you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know in five minutes you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know in five minutes you were
+you know now you're in Venice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now you're in Venice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now you're in Venice and
+obviously that doesn't happen of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that doesn't happen of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that doesn't happen of course
+that happens in films as I mentioned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in films as I mentioned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in films as I mentioned so
+we we're accustomed to that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're accustomed to that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're accustomed to that kind of
+transubstantiation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transubstantiation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transubstantiation but
+um it it's often I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it's often I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it's often I think in the
+perception of music it's it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of music it's it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of music it's it's a little
+difficult to separate time from space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to separate time from space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to separate time from space in
+that way so you know we can say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so you know we can say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so you know we can say we're
+talking about the way time passes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the way time passes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the way time passes but
+we're actually talking about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually talking about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually talking about a lot of
+other things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a residence between the music and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a residence between the music and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a residence between the music and the
+images as the skyscrapers changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images as the skyscrapers changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images as the skyscrapers changed
+from sunlight to Shadow to shade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sunlight to Shadow to shade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sunlight to Shadow to shade
+reflecting the sun's movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the sun's movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the sun's movement
+as one perceives skyscrapers in a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one perceives skyscrapers in a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one perceives skyscrapers in a city
+and uh I don't know if I felt more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I don't know if I felt more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I don't know if I felt more of it
+but I really felt the writing it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really felt the writing it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really felt the writing it when
+you were looking high up to the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were looking high up to the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were looking high up to the building
+and then the darkness as you confronted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the darkness as you confronted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the darkness as you confronted
+the shading shadow of buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shading shadow of buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shading shadow of buildings
+reflecting one another could you come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting one another could you come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting one another could you come on
+well so the question is the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the question is the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the question is the question
+really has to do in Broad terms I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has to do in Broad terms I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has to do in Broad terms I would
+say but with I the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but with I the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but with I the relationship between
+the music and the film particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music and the film particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music and the film particularly the
+musical images and the film images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical images and the film images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical images and the film images and
+the relationship of light and Shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship of light and Shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship of light and Shadow
+in the images as compared to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the images as compared to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the images as compared to in the
+music and you know I lived with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and you know I lived with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and you know I lived with that
+movie for some time before I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie for some time before I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie for some time before I tried to
+develop a musical conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a musical conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a musical conception
+for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+so and and the the idea of of that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and the the idea of of that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and the the idea of of that was
+there were really two aspects of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were really two aspects of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were really two aspects of that
+you know hinderman talks about from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hinderman talks about from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hinderman talks about from a
+listening point of view intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening point of view intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening point of view intellectual
+listening versus emotional listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening versus emotional listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening versus emotional listening
+well there were two aspects of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there were two aspects of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there were two aspects of my
+composing there was the intellectual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing there was the intellectual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing there was the intellectual and
+there was the emotional the intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the emotional the intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the emotional the intellectual
+bit had to do with what I perceived to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit had to do with what I perceived to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit had to do with what I perceived to
+be the structure of the movie and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the structure of the movie and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the structure of the movie and the
+structure of the movie is what gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the movie is what gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the movie is what gave me
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh the structure of the music and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the structure of the music and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the structure of the music and you'll
+see the the movie particularly has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the movie particularly has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the movie particularly has it
+has sections it has large sections it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sections it has large sections it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sections it has large sections it
+has phrases it very much has K pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has phrases it very much has K pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has phrases it very much has K pieces
+usually articulated by fade in fade outs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually articulated by fade in fade outs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually articulated by fade in fade outs
+and fade back fadens and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fade back fadens and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fade back fadens and so forth and
+not just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just uh
+not only are the the phrases in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are the the phrases in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are the the phrases in the
+music articulated by beginnings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music articulated by beginnings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music articulated by beginnings and
+endings but they're also articulated By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings but they're also articulated By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings but they're also articulated By
+changes in tone By changes in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in tone By changes in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in tone By changes in in
+emotional quality and so I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional quality and so I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional quality and so I was really
+listen you know absorbing that and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen you know absorbing that and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen you know absorbing that and very
+much trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much trying to
+react to it in the music that I wrote so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to it in the music that I wrote so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to it in the music that I wrote so
+to this to the extent that it succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this to the extent that it succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this to the extent that it succeeded
+that you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know then
+hopefully you would feel that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you would feel that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you would feel that there was
+a correspondence between the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correspondence between the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correspondence between the music
+and the movie thank you for the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the movie thank you for the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the movie thank you for the question
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+I'm um completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm um completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm um completely
+narrative neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative neuroscience
+but I have experienced on many occasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have experienced on many occasions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have experienced on many occasions
+a jingle stuck in my mind which I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a jingle stuck in my mind which I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a jingle stuck in my mind which I guess
+you could say was memory and music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say was memory and music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say was memory and music
+interplaying in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplaying in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplaying in some way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sometimes I guess you would think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I guess you would think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I guess you would think that
+would be pleasurable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pleasurable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pleasurable because
+conjure up something that you remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjure up something that you remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjure up something that you remembered
+the musical phrase but often it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical phrase but often it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical phrase but often it's it's
+quite frustrating because you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite frustrating because you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite frustrating because you can't get
+it out of your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of your head
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what do you make of that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you make of that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you make of that in terms of
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ability to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and memory with music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and memory with music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and memory with music
+those guys are good that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are good that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are good that's what I'm
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+I I think that it's an interesting idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think that it's an interesting idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think that it's an interesting idea
+I was thinking about it as you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about it as you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about it as you were
+speaking about memory that I'm sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about memory that I'm sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about memory that I'm sure it's
+pretty clear to everybody that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear to everybody that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear to everybody that um
+everything that happens in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that happens in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that happens in our
+experience does get recorded in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience does get recorded in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience does get recorded in our
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+and so in a sense I mean the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a sense I mean the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a sense I mean the whole
+notion of even recording that we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of even recording that we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of even recording that we often
+are quite fixated on when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite fixated on when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite fixated on when we talk about
+music in the 20th century but recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music in the 20th century but recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music in the 20th century but recording
+has always existed I mean it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has always existed I mean it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has always existed I mean it just
+existed in some other formats you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in some other formats you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in some other formats you know
+it was going on chemically up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going on chemically up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going on chemically up here and
+our ability to access that memory may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ability to access that memory may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ability to access that memory may
+not be exactly the same as what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be exactly the same as what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be exactly the same as what we can
+do with a with a sound recording but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a with a sound recording but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a with a sound recording but
+nonetheless the experiences are recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless the experiences are recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless the experiences are recorded
+so yes some of them seem to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes some of them seem to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes some of them seem to be more
+easily recallable or more indelible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily recallable or more indelible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily recallable or more indelible and
+the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that
+happens with musical material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with musical material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with musical material
+very multi-elected so I mean some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very multi-elected so I mean some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very multi-elected so I mean some of
+it's just repetition but it isn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just repetition but it isn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just repetition but it isn't always
+that is it because sometimes you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it because sometimes you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it because sometimes you could
+just hear something once or twice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hear something once or twice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hear something once or twice and
+it's just so so stuck in there I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so so stuck in there I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so so stuck in there I think
+people use the word ear worms down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the word ear worms down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the word ear worms down
+to describe those things you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe those things you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe those things you can also
+think that memory on the different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that memory on the different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that memory on the different types
+of memory if you remember a jingle as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory if you remember a jingle as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory if you remember a jingle as
+you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying
+um it could be Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever the jingle was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the jingle was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the jingle was about
+it could be that it could be the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that it could be the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that it could be the memory
+of the visuals that you have if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the visuals that you have if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the visuals that you have if it's
+something on TV for instance on radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on TV for instance on radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on TV for instance on radio
+some other sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sounds
+there was definitely a play on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was definitely a play on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was definitely a play on
+your perception we haven't really talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perception we haven't really talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perception we haven't really talked
+much about perception today which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about perception today which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about perception today which is a
+major issue with memory how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major issue with memory how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major issue with memory how do you
+perceive things I've suggested ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive things I've suggested ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive things I've suggested ways that
+you might perceive things as memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might perceive things as memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might perceive things as memories
+other people might perceive them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people might perceive them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people might perceive them very
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+which is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fine
+so it is true too isn't it that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is true too isn't it that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is true too isn't it that we all
+carry within us a kind of repertoire of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry within us a kind of repertoire of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry within us a kind of repertoire of
+music that we know in some way and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that we know in some way and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that we know in some way and I
+don't know do you ever just find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know do you ever just find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know do you ever just find
+yourself singing some particular phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself singing some particular phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself singing some particular phrase
+of music or thinking of a phrase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music or thinking of a phrase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music or thinking of a phrase of
+music and you know I find that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and you know I find that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and you know I find that that
+experience in life I mean it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in life I mean it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in life I mean it actually
+offers a kind of cinematic experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers a kind of cinematic experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers a kind of cinematic experience
+because you know suddenly you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know suddenly you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know suddenly you're in a
+particular place and it's now juxtaposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular place and it's now juxtaposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular place and it's now juxtaposed
+with the music in your mind which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the music in your mind which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the music in your mind which you
+know why is it that particular music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why is it that particular music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why is it that particular music
+that comes to you I don't know but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes to you I don't know but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes to you I don't know but but
+it does happen all the time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does happen all the time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does happen all the time it's
+probably happening right now as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably happening right now as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably happening right now as opposed
+to somebody here I can I can also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody here I can I can also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody here I can I can also say
+that for composer that unconsciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for composer that unconsciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for composer that unconsciously
+recalled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalled
+musical memory can be very treacherous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical memory can be very treacherous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical memory can be very treacherous
+and there was uh I I wouldn't care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was uh I I wouldn't care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was uh I I wouldn't care to
+share any of my own anecdotes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share any of my own anecdotes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share any of my own anecdotes from this
+but but Al Kim used to tell a uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but Al Kim used to tell a uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but Al Kim used to tell a uh an
+anecdote a rather scary anecdote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote a rather scary anecdote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote a rather scary anecdote about
+this about a beautiful piece that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about a beautiful piece that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about a beautiful piece that he
+worked for it's a permanent a solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for it's a permanent a solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for it's a permanent a solo
+uncompanied violin piece that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompanied violin piece that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompanied violin piece that had a
+rather lovely diatonic concluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather lovely diatonic concluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather lovely diatonic concluding
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+and he discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he discovered
+after he had completed the piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he had completed the piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he had completed the piece that
+this music was actually the music on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this music was actually the music on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this music was actually the music on a
+from a musical box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a musical box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a musical box
+that was owned by his infant daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was owned by his infant daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was owned by his infant daughter
+right that was played to his infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was played to his infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was played to his infant
+daughter that had just got lodged in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter that had just got lodged in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter that had just got lodged in his
+memory record in the music and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory record in the music and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory record in the music and the the
+horrific part of this or the treacherous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific part of this or the treacherous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific part of this or the treacherous
+part of the story is that the music was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the story is that the music was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the story is that the music was
+still copyrighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a you know but that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a you know but that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a you know but that probably
+happens that seems to disclose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that seems to disclose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that seems to disclose a
+weakness of our system of intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness of our system of intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness of our system of intellectual
+property more than any fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property more than any fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property more than any fault
+artistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically
+unhappily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappily
+have one I'll try for one more question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes
+so you know one of the interesting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know one of the interesting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know one of the interesting what
+you know that voice I came to America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that voice I came to America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that voice I came to America
+was invited to head to teach at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invited to head to teach at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invited to head to teach at the
+national Conservatory in New York but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national Conservatory in New York but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national Conservatory in New York but I
+don't recalled the national Conservatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recalled the national Conservatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recalled the national Conservatory
+in New York and at that there he met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York and at that there he met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York and at that there he met
+Harry Burley who was an African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry Burley who was an African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry Burley who was an African-American
+composer who was very much very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer who was very much very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer who was very much very
+instrumental in preserving and promoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental in preserving and promoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental in preserving and promoting
+African-American Spirituals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American Spirituals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American Spirituals and the
+other thing that the voice Act was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that the voice Act was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that the voice Act was asked
+to do was to sort of make Pro to propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was to sort of make Pro to propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was to sort of make Pro to propose
+what might constitute an American music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might constitute an American music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might constitute an American music
+you know what how might American Music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what how might American Music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what how might American Music
+set itself up as a as a style you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set itself up as a as a style you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set itself up as a as a style you know
+as a national style and separate itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a national style and separate itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a national style and separate itself
+from European music so because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from European music so because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from European music so because of this
+is this relationship with Harry Burley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this relationship with Harry Burley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this relationship with Harry Burley
+and uh his General his interest in folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh his General his interest in folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh his General his interest in folk
+music in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposed that American composers ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed that American composers ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed that American composers ought
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+try to find a way to base their music on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a way to base their music on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a way to base their music on
+their own indigenous folk music so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own indigenous folk music so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own indigenous folk music so he
+was interested in American Native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in American Native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in American Native
+American music to the extent that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American music to the extent that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American music to the extent that it was
+known but it was especially interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known but it was especially interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known but it was especially interested
+in African-American spirituals many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in African-American spirituals many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in African-American spirituals many of
+which uh use a a pentatonic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh use a a pentatonic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh use a a pentatonic scale
+single Sweet Chariot Coming For To Carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Sweet Chariot Coming For To Carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Sweet Chariot Coming For To Carry
+Me Home sing Low Sweet chariots all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Me Home sing Low Sweet chariots all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Me Home sing Low Sweet chariots all
+pentatonic and so there's there appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic and so there's there appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic and so there's there appear
+you know it appears to be it appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it appears to be it appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it appears to be it appears to
+have been stimulated by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been stimulated by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been stimulated by that
+relationship to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to explore
+pentatonic scales more uh extensively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scales more uh extensively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentatonic scales more uh extensively in
+his American music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his American music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his American music
+than before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I went to concluding remarks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I went to concluding remarks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I went to concluding remarks you
+will by now know that you've been given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will by now know that you've been given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will by now know that you've been given
+a survey to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey to fill in
+um we are very very eager to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are very very eager to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are very very eager to have you
+please fill in that survey give share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please fill in that survey give share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please fill in that survey give share
+your responses to this uh Forum with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your responses to this uh Forum with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your responses to this uh Forum with us
+um and also those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also those of you
+um who made dinner reservations uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who made dinner reservations uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who made dinner reservations uh the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um dinner will be and you'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dinner will be and you'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dinner will be and you'll have an
+opportunity to talk further with us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to talk further with us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to talk further with us and
+with some of the musicians that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the musicians that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the musicians that you've
+just heard play are on the third floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just heard play are on the third floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just heard play are on the third floor
+of the Student Center which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Student Center which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Student Center which is just
+across the way from here uh so the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the way from here uh so the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the way from here uh so the third
+floor of the Student Center is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of the Student Center is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of the Student Center is where
+you'll be able to pick up your dinner if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to pick up your dinner if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to pick up your dinner if
+you didn't make a reservation but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't make a reservation but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't make a reservation but you
+would like to buy one anyway there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to buy one anyway there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to buy one anyway there are a
+few extras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few extras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few extras
+so thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/or6C4yBk_SY.txt b/or6C4yBk_SY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c94b9a48fd7eb1ea20d9c1bdd904de3d835639eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/or6C4yBk_SY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so are we ready to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we ready to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we ready to go
+any questions on 1806 5 so it will be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on 1806 5 so it will be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on 1806 5 so it will be as
+I said before a mixture of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before a mixture of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before a mixture of linear
+algebra and math questions along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and math questions along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and math questions along with
+online using the material ok so I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online using the material ok so I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online using the material ok so I'm in
+this first week or two reviewing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first week or two reviewing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first week or two reviewing the
+highlights of linear algebra and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights of linear algebra and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights of linear algebra and I've
+reached this point to remember well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached this point to remember well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached this point to remember well so
+we I just said two words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I just said two words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I just said two words about
+multiplying matrices by using column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying matrices by using column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying matrices by using column
+times row as a as a way to do it and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times row as a as a way to do it and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times row as a as a way to do it and now
+I want to illustrate that by the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to illustrate that by the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to illustrate that by the five
+key factorizations of matrices okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key factorizations of matrices okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key factorizations of matrices okay so
+what are they and do you recognize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they and do you recognize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they and do you recognize them
+everybody uses those letters in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses those letters in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses those letters in fact
+those some of those letters like lu or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some of those letters like lu or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some of those letters like lu or
+QR would be the most used matlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR would be the most used matlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR would be the most used matlab
+commands in linear algebra so a April Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands in linear algebra so a April Lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands in linear algebra so a April Lu
+I'll maybe say something I'll develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll maybe say something I'll develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll maybe say something I'll develop
+today but it's about elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solving linear systems so that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving linear systems so that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving linear systems so that's always
+the start of a linear algebra course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of a linear algebra course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of a linear algebra course but
+I it will go fast here I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it will go fast here I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it will go fast here I just want to
+show you a different way to get to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a different way to get to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a different way to get to L
+times u lower triangular times upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u lower triangular times upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u lower triangular times upper
+triangular probably you've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular probably you've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular probably you've seen that
+those triangular matrices so do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those triangular matrices so do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those triangular matrices so do you know
+what QR is what's QR about these squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what QR is what's QR about these squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what QR is what's QR about these squares
+is the big application the factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the big application the factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the big application the factorization
+so what kind of a matrix gets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what kind of a matrix gets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what kind of a matrix gets that
+letter Q orthogonal the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter Q orthogonal the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter Q orthogonal the columns are
+orthogonal often orthonormal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal often orthonormal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal often orthonormal so
+orthogonal means they're perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal means they're perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal means they're perpendicular
+to each other and or so normal means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and or so normal means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and or so normal means
+they're unit vectors so that that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unit vectors so that that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unit vectors so that that is so
+so Q often represents a matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Q often represents a matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Q often represents a matrix with
+orthonormal columns so so you we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal columns so so you we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal columns so so you we could
+say gram-schmidt if you want to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gram-schmidt if you want to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gram-schmidt if you want to remember
+a couple of old-timers who whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of old-timers who whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of old-timers who whose
+algorithm produces Q and R how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm produces Q and R how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm produces Q and R how about
+this one this is really a central one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this is really a central one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this is really a central one in
+math pure math applied math everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math pure math applied math everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math pure math applied math everywhere
+applications so S stands for symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so S stands for symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so S stands for symmetric
+so this is a special factorization for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a special factorization for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a special factorization for
+symmetric matrices and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices and you can see that
+it's symmetric this lambda is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric this lambda is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric this lambda is the
+diagonal eigenvalue matrix always lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal eigenvalue matrix always lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal eigenvalue matrix always lambda
+for 4i ghen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 4i ghen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 4i ghen values
+q is like that q different q of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is like that q different q of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is like that q different q of course
+that q you can find sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that q you can find sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that q you can find sort of just
+straight forward from gram-schmidt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight forward from gram-schmidt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight forward from gram-schmidt this
+q involved has the eigenvectors so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q involved has the eigenvectors so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q involved has the eigenvectors so you
+don't find eigenvectors without some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find eigenvectors without some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find eigenvectors without some
+extra work okay so that's eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra work okay so that's eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra work okay so that's eigenvectors
+yeah so that would be worth expanding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that would be worth expanding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that would be worth expanding so
+here are the eigenvectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the eigenvectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the eigenvectors of
+of the matrix sn2 them normalized here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix sn2 them normalized here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix sn2 them normalized here
+are the eigenvalues lambda 1 to lambda n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues lambda 1 to lambda n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues lambda 1 to lambda n
+and here are the eigenvectors now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the eigenvectors now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the eigenvectors now
+transposed okay so remind me of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed okay so remind me of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed okay so remind me of the
+great fact about two facts I guess one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fact about two facts I guess one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fact about two facts I guess one
+fact about the eigenvalues and one fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about the eigenvalues and one fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about the eigenvalues and one fact
+about the eigenvectors this is like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the eigenvectors this is like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the eigenvectors this is like an
+important fact in a statement in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact in a statement in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact in a statement in linear
+algebra what is what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra what is what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra what is what do we know about
+the eigenvectors oh well i guess i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors oh well i guess i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors oh well i guess i'm
+giving it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it away
+the eigenvectors are orthogonal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors are orthogonal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors are orthogonal that's
+very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important
+make some matrices well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some matrices well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some matrices well they're
+beautiful matrices they're the kings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful matrices they're the kings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful matrices they're the kings of
+linear algebra Q's are the queens in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra Q's are the queens in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra Q's are the queens in my
+opinion orthogonal matrices are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion orthogonal matrices are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion orthogonal matrices are the
+queens of symmetric matrices are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queens of symmetric matrices are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queens of symmetric matrices are the
+king so so these are orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king so so these are orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king so so these are orthonormal
+eigenvectors and the key point an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and the key point an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and the key point an
+important point that's implicit here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point that's implicit here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point that's implicit here is
+there are n of them there's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n of them there's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n of them there's a complete
+set the matrix can be diagonalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the matrix can be diagonalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the matrix can be diagonalized and
+those well what's special about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those well what's special about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those well what's special about the
+eigenvalues other matrices could be Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues other matrices could be Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues other matrices could be Q
+lambda Q transpose but symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Q transpose but symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Q transpose but symmetric
+matrices are something additional about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are something additional about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are something additional about
+lambda so they're all real so eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so they're all real so eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so they're all real so eigen
+values are real and eigen vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are real and eigen vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are real and eigen vectors are
+orthonormal can be chosen orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal can be chosen orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal can be chosen orthonormal
+can be chosen I just have to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be chosen I just have to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be chosen I just have to say okay
+good good good oh now maybe I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good good oh now maybe I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good good oh now maybe I'll use
+that as an example of matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an example of matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an example of matrix
+multiplication so let me just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so let me just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so let me just do that
+here simple matrix multiplications but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here simple matrix multiplications but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here simple matrix multiplications but
+it makes the point so Q lambda Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the point so Q lambda Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the point so Q lambda Q
+transpose okay well what was my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay well what was my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay well what was my point
+about matrix multiplication let me be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matrix multiplication let me be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matrix multiplication let me be
+it really involved two matrices here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really involved two matrices here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really involved two matrices here I
+unfortunately have three so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately have three so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately have three so I'm gonna
+have to squeeze lambda in with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to squeeze lambda in with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to squeeze lambda in with one of
+the cubes too to see it nicely as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubes too to see it nicely as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubes too to see it nicely as two
+matrices so they just do that yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so they just do that yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so they just do that yeah there
+now I've made two matrices that was easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've made two matrices that was easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've made two matrices that was easy
+okay now what's the rule and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what's the rule and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what's the rule and in the
+first notes this was a and this was B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first notes this was a and this was B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first notes this was a and this was B
+and when you multiply two matrices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you multiply two matrices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you multiply two matrices the
+rule is this is columns of Q lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is this is columns of Q lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is this is columns of Q lambda
+times rows of Q transpose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times rows of Q transpose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times rows of Q transpose I'm
+multiplying columns by rows and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying columns by rows and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying columns by rows and so it's
+a column vector times a row vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column vector times a row vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column vector times a row vector and
+that gives us a matrix so each and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a matrix so each and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a matrix so each and it's
+a special matrix what so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special matrix what so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special matrix what so this is a
+column this is a row and when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column this is a row and when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column this is a row and when I multiply
+n by 1 times 1 by n I get an N by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by 1 times 1 by n I get an N by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by 1 times 1 by n I get an N by n
+matrix and it's pretty special and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it's pretty special and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it's pretty special and what
+is the special fact about I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the special fact about I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the special fact about I'm sort of
+recalling from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling from last time
+what's special about a column times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about a column times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about a column times a
+row it's rank is special it's rank is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it's rank is special it's rank is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it's rank is special it's rank is 1
+it all its column space well the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all its column space well the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all its column space well the only
+column around is this one so all columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column around is this one so all columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column around is this one so all columns
+are multiples of this guy all rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiples of this guy all rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiples of this guy all rows are
+multiples of this guy as we could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of this guy as we could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of this guy as we could see
+from an example so they just do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an example so they just do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an example so they just do an
+example 1 2 times 3 4 to take a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 1 2 times 3 4 to take a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 1 2 times 3 4 to take a random
+example so that would give us 3 4 6 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that would give us 3 4 6 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that would give us 3 4 6 8
+I'm sure enough the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure enough the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure enough the columns are
+multiples of 1 2 the rows are multiples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 1 2 the rows are multiples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 1 2 the rows are multiples
+of 3 4 and the rank is 1 okay so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 4 and the rank is 1 okay so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 4 and the rank is 1 okay so those
+are the building blocks now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the building blocks now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the building blocks now I want to
+build something so here we go so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something so here we go so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something so here we go so this is
+a sum of rank some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of rank some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of rank some
+of Rank 1 sum of column times row so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rank 1 sum of column times row so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rank 1 sum of column times row so I
+take column 1 times Row 1 that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take column 1 times Row 1 that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take column 1 times Row 1 that's my
+first thing in the sum so column 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing in the sum so column 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing in the sum so column 1 of
+that so you see I had to sneak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you see I had to sneak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you see I had to sneak the
+lambda end to have just just two factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda end to have just just two factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda end to have just just two factors
+so what's column 1 of Q lambda oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's column 1 of Q lambda oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's column 1 of Q lambda oh that's
+a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question
+so column 1 of Q is Q 1 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so column 1 of Q is Q 1 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so column 1 of Q is Q 1 the first
+eigenvector but now I I'm multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector but now I I'm multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector but now I I'm multiplying by
+this diagonal matrix do you see in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal matrix do you see in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal matrix do you see in your
+mind what's the first column of Q lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just think about that a second so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about that a second so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about that a second so here's
+we can steal any little corner for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can steal any little corner for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can steal any little corner for for
+for a matrix ok so here's Q 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a matrix ok so here's Q 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a matrix ok so here's Q 1 and the
+rest of the columns and then here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the columns and then here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the columns and then here's
+lambda 1 and that's Q lambda so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 and that's Q lambda so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 and that's Q lambda so I'm
+putting those together and I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting those together and I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting those together and I'm asking
+what's the first column of the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first column of the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first column of the answer
+and you see how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's Q 1 lambda 1 exactly that lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Q 1 lambda 1 exactly that lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Q 1 lambda 1 exactly that lambda 1
+will multiply Q 1 these other lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will multiply Q 1 these other lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will multiply Q 1 these other lambdas
+multiplied later columns so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied later columns so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied later columns so the first
+column is lambda 1 times Q 1 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is lambda 1 times Q 1 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is lambda 1 times Q 1 right so
+that's it's the first guy lambda 1 Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's the first guy lambda 1 Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's the first guy lambda 1 Q 1
+and then the first row of this will be Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the first row of this will be Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the first row of this will be Q
+1 transpose that's the first guy in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 transpose that's the first guy in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 transpose that's the first guy in our
+sum of N Things and let me put the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of N Things and let me put the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of N Things and let me put the next
+one in the last 1 lambda 2 Q 2 Q 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the last 1 lambda 2 Q 2 Q 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the last 1 lambda 2 Q 2 Q 2
+transpose and lambda n qn QN transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's really a nice way to write to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a nice way to write to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a nice way to write to
+break up the product Q lambda Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the product Q lambda Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the product Q lambda Q
+transpose this is called the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this is called the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this is called the spectral
+theorem so that's the symmetric that's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so that's the symmetric that's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so that's the symmetric that's s
+that's s there is that so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's s there is that so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's s there is that so that's the
+we've broken up s into rank one pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've broken up s into rank one pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've broken up s into rank one pieces
+that's that's like a constant theme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's like a constant theme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's like a constant theme and
+these write one pieces are quite special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these write one pieces are quite special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these write one pieces are quite special
+because they're symmetric Q 1 Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're symmetric Q 1 Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're symmetric Q 1 Q 1
+transpose will be symmetric and oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose will be symmetric and oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose will be symmetric and oh so
+can we so so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we so so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we so so let's just
+I follow the rule for multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I follow the rule for multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I follow the rule for multiplying
+matrices but maybe I could just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but maybe I could just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but maybe I could just check
+that it's the right thing that it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the right thing that it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the right thing that it came
+out right so what do I mean by checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so what do I mean by checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so what do I mean by checking
+I guess I'll just check about s times Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'll just check about s times Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'll just check about s times Q
+1 so look at if this thing times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so look at if this thing times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so look at if this thing times the
+first eigenvector and what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first eigenvector and what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first eigenvector and what do I get
+ok so you'll like this so there's I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so you'll like this so there's I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so you'll like this so there's I've
+split up s into a sum of Rank 1 pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up s into a sum of Rank 1 pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up s into a sum of Rank 1 pieces
+and that splitting is you see it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that splitting is you see it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that splitting is you see it all
+over it's really showing you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it's really showing you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it's really showing you what the
+pieces of the symmetric matrix are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the symmetric matrix are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the symmetric matrix are and
+now I'm just gonna check that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm just gonna check that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm just gonna check that that's a
+correct correct formula for s so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct correct formula for s so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct correct formula for s so I'll
+multiply it by Q 1 and I'm hoping to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by Q 1 and I'm hoping to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by Q 1 and I'm hoping to get
+the right thing and what do I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and what do I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and what do I actually
+get if I multiply this whole business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if I multiply this whole business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if I multiply this whole business
+times Q 1 I get lambda 1 Q 1 Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Q 1 I get lambda 1 Q 1 Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Q 1 I get lambda 1 Q 1 Q 1
+transpose that's the first guy times by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that's the first guy times by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that's the first guy times by
+Q 1 plus right I'm multiplying this by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 plus right I'm multiplying this by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 plus right I'm multiplying this by Q
+1 and this first term gave me that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this first term gave me that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this first term gave me that and
+what does the next term give me put put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the next term give me put put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the next term give me put put
+me out of my misery here it's uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out of my misery here it's uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out of my misery here it's uh I'm
+looking for this thing to simplify like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this thing to simplify like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this thing to simplify like
+mad okay so what's the second term when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad okay so what's the second term when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad okay so what's the second term when
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+supply this guy by q1 what do I get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply this guy by q1 what do I get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply this guy by q1 what do I get zero
+that's right that's what we want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's what we want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's what we want and
+when I multiply the last guy by q1 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply the last guy by q1 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply the last guy by q1 I get
+0 because the Q's are orthogonal so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 because the Q's are orthogonal so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 because the Q's are orthogonal so this
+is all I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all I get
+and then so I don't need this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so I don't need this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so I don't need this plus
+anymore that's it and then what can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore that's it and then what can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore that's it and then what can I do
+to improve that or is that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve that or is that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve that or is that a little
+somewhat repetitive formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat repetitive formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat repetitive formula for the
+answer what do I want to do finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what do I want to do finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what do I want to do finally I
+want to remember that the Q's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remember that the Q's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remember that the Q's are
+normalized their unit vectors so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized their unit vectors so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized their unit vectors so what
+does that tell me here to one principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell me here to one principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell me here to one principal
+q1 transpose times Q 1 this is just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 transpose times Q 1 this is just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 transpose times Q 1 this is just what
+it sits so that's what normalized means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits so that's what normalized means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits so that's what normalized means
+that the length squared is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the length squared is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the length squared is the length
+the length of the vector squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the vector squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the vector squared and
+it's 1 so I can cancel that term and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 so I can cancel that term and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 so I can cancel that term and I'm
+getting the right answer that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right answer that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right answer that's all I
+that's all this was about I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all this was about I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all this was about I was just
+checking and wanted to see how it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking and wanted to see how it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking and wanted to see how it would
+fall out and it falls right out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out and it falls right out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out and it falls right out that
+this formula is the correct matrix s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is the correct matrix s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is the correct matrix s
+because it's got the right eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got the right eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got the right eigenvectors
+qs and it's got the right eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qs and it's got the right eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qs and it's got the right eigenvalues
+lambda so it's got to be the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so it's got to be the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so it's got to be the right
+matrix yes is that ok that's a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first example to see how this splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example to see how this splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example to see how this splitting
+into rank ones gives you back what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into rank ones gives you back what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into rank ones gives you back what you
+expect easily enough it gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect easily enough it gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect easily enough it gives you the
+information you expect okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you expect okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you expect okay so that's
+the symmetric eigen value picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric eigen value picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric eigen value picture for
+symmetric matrices and we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices and we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices and we'll see it
+again it's it's well all five of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's it's well all five of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's it's well all five of these
+are big are important I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are big are important I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are big are important I don't know if
+you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this
+but it's going to be a foundational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to be a foundational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to be a foundational
+factorization for this course and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization for this course and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization for this course and for
+all of data science do you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of data science do you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of data science do you know it's
+named so what does it mean first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named so what does it mean first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named so what does it mean first of all
+just just a comment on this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just a comment on this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just a comment on this and then
+we'll save it for a couple of weeks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll save it for a couple of weeks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll save it for a couple of weeks so
+this U is actually an orthogonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U is actually an orthogonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U is actually an orthogonal matrix
+and so is V so it has it has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is V so it has it has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is V so it has it has two
+orthogonal matrices so that's why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices so that's why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices so that's why people
+called them U and V rather than q1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them U and V rather than q1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them U and V rather than q1 and
+q2 which was like too much just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q2 which was like too much just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q2 which was like too much just get
+subscripts so orthogonal times diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts so orthogonal times diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts so orthogonal times diagonal
+times orthogonal let me say orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times orthogonal let me say orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times orthogonal let me say orthogonal
+diagonal or sonogram and 1806 would as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal or sonogram and 1806 would as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal or sonogram and 1806 would as
+of now reach this topic because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of now reach this topic because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of now reach this topic because it's
+jumped up in importance and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped up in importance and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped up in importance and it's called
+singular value decomposition well those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition well those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition well those
+are long words or everybody calls it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long words or everybody calls it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long words or everybody calls it the
+SVD the singular value decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD the singular value decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD the singular value decomposition
+the point is it's it's the it works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it's it's the it works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it's it's the it works for
+every matrix rectangular matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every matrix rectangular matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every matrix rectangular matrices
+there's no issue of does it have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no issue of does it have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no issue of does it have enough
+eigenvectors or not that's an issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors or not that's an issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors or not that's an issue here
+well it's an issue here not every matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an issue here not every matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an issue here not every matrix
+has got enough eigenvectors to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got enough eigenvectors to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got enough eigenvectors to make that
+work every matrix that one works because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work every matrix that one works because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work every matrix that one works because
+instead of one set of eigenvectors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one set of eigenvectors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one set of eigenvectors it's
+got two matrices two different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two matrices two different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two matrices two different sets of
+singular vectors oh we'll we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors oh we'll we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors oh we'll we'll see that
+that's that's important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's important okay
+so that's a that's really a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that's really a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that's really a quick
+overview of fundamental factorizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of fundamental factorizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of fundamental factorizations
+and I'd like to say just another word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like to say just another word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like to say just another word
+about elimination a equal Lu and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about elimination a equal Lu and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about elimination a equal Lu and then
+we'll leave it leave it alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave it leave it alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave it leave it alone
+so elimination yeah do you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elimination yeah do you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elimination yeah do you remember that
+that first the beginning of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first the beginning of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first the beginning of linear
+algebra when you're solving ax equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra when you're solving ax equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra when you're solving ax equal B
+you do these row operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these row operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these row operations
+can I just what I want to say is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just what I want to say is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just what I want to say is all
+those row operations that you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those row operations that you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those row operations that you that you
+do are perfectly expressed by L times U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are perfectly expressed by L times U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are perfectly expressed by L times U
+and so that that's a key point in 1806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that that's a key point in 1806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that that's a key point in 1806
+but I have a different way to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a different way to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a different way to look at it
+so that's what I wanted to show you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to show you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to show you I
+have a I want to show you a sum of rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a I want to show you a sum of rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a I want to show you a sum of rank
+one's a row times column it fits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a row times column it fits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a row times column it fits in
+today so so I just like to see why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so so I just like to see why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so so I just like to see why does
+a matrix invertible this is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix invertible this is a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix invertible this is a square
+matrix now and invertible and it factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now and invertible and it factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now and invertible and it factors
+if all goes well with elimination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all goes well with elimination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all goes well with elimination and
+the pivots are nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivots are nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivots are nonzero
+it factors into lower triangular times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it factors into lower triangular times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it factors into lower triangular times
+upper triangular so that's a key step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular so that's a key step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular so that's a key step
+that that is that MATLAB would do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is that MATLAB would do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is that MATLAB would do with
+lvo event would produce those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lvo event would produce those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lvo event would produce those two
+factors now I want to do them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors now I want to do them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors now I want to do them in a
+column times row way which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column times row way which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column times row way which I just
+realized late was there was a neat way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized late was there was a neat way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized late was there was a neat way
+to do it so can I take a matrix and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so can I take a matrix and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so can I take a matrix and do
+elimination how big a matrix shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination how big a matrix shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination how big a matrix shall I
+take two by two you say you three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two by two you say you three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two by two you say you three by
+three somebody not convinced totally by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three somebody not convinced totally by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three somebody not convinced totally by
+two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two
+let me do it two by two and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do it two by two and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do it two by two and then if you
+want if you really want a three by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you really want a three by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you really want a three by three
+yellow I'll do it okay here's two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow I'll do it okay here's two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow I'll do it okay here's two by two
+two four three seven how's that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two four three seven how's that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two four three seven how's that okay so
+what is yeah so let's remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is yeah so let's remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is yeah so let's remember what
+elimination does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination does
+it subtracts a multiple of that row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it subtracts a multiple of that row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it subtracts a multiple of that row from
+that one to get two to three and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one to get two to three and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one to get two to three and the
+multiple is two so it knocks out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple is two so it knocks out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple is two so it knocks out the
+four two threes or six so it leaves a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four two threes or six so it leaves a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four two threes or six so it leaves a 1
+and we're oh yeah thanks for allowing me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're oh yeah thanks for allowing me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're oh yeah thanks for allowing me
+to do two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two by two
+I've already done it now I've reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already done it now I've reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already done it now I've reached
+you so here's a and here's you the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so here's a and here's you the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so here's a and here's you the upper
+triangular guy with the pivots on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular guy with the pivots on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular guy with the pivots on the
+diagonal good and then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+express that step in matrix language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that step in matrix language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that step in matrix language and
+the right answer is L times u so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer is L times u so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer is L times u so the
+right answer is that this that this a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer is that this that this a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer is that this that this a is
+so I'll just erase that letter U is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just erase that letter U is L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just erase that letter U is L
+times u so what is L L is the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u so what is L L is the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u so what is L L is the lower
+triangular guy and it has there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular guy and it has there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular guy and it has there the
+number that you used here and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you used here and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you used here and what was
+that I subtracted two of that row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I subtracted two of that row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I subtracted two of that row from
+this so I wanted to there so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I wanted to there so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I wanted to there so that would
+be I would call that a multiplier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I would call that a multiplier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I would call that a multiplier I
+multiplied Row one by two subtracted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied Row one by two subtracted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied Row one by two subtracted to
+get that zero and for a two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that zero and for a two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that zero and for a two by two
+example I was finished okay now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I was finished okay now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I was finished okay now I want
+to see this so there's L times U what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this so there's L times U what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this so there's L times U what
+happened I would like to see how L times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I would like to see how L times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I would like to see how L times
+u comes out of this row a column times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u comes out of this row a column times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u comes out of this row a column times
+row so let me start let me think again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so let me start let me think again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so let me start let me think again
+what so the really the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so the really the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so the really the point of
+elimination what was why did we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination what was why did we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination what was why did we do this
+in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+because here we had two coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we had two coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we had two coupled
+equations they were a couple together we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they were a couple together we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they were a couple together we
+couldn't solve them instantly that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve them instantly that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve them instantly that step
+of elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elimination
+juice me two down here in this corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice me two down here in this corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice me two down here in this corner
+one equation that I've eliminated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation that I've eliminated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation that I've eliminated the
+first unknown X from the second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first unknown X from the second equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first unknown X from the second equation
+so the second equation is zero X plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second equation is zero X plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second equation is zero X plus 1
+y equal right hand side and I solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equal right hand side and I solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equal right hand side and I solve it
+immediately okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately okay
+so how did I get to that one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did I get to that one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did I get to that one by one
+problem with these guys removed well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with these guys removed well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with these guys removed well
+yeah just right can I write here the my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just right can I write here the my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just right can I write here the my
+parallel way to think of it in it two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel way to think of it in it two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel way to think of it in it two by
+two is pretty small I admit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is pretty small I admit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is pretty small I admit okay
+so I start with two three four seven I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start with two three four seven I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start with two three four seven I
+want to split it in two I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to split it in two I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to split it in two I want to get
+the first row and column in one piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row and column in one piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row and column in one piece
+something goes there and the other piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes there and the other piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes there and the other piece
+is something there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something there okay
+that's what elimination has done it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what elimination has done it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what elimination has done it's
+taken the original matrix its splitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the original matrix its splitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the original matrix its splitted
+these are both ranked one so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both ranked one so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both ranked one so let's just
+first of all you could tell me what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you could tell me what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you could tell me what goes
+in that blank space in the first rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that blank space in the first rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that blank space in the first rank
+one matrix so what can I say this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one matrix so what can I say this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one matrix so what can I say this in
+words the first stage of elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the first stage of elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the first stage of elimination
+pulls off from a so a is some big matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls off from a so a is some big matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls off from a so a is some big matrix
+it pulls off from a it takes account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pulls off from a it takes account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pulls off from a it takes account of
+the first column and row so it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column and row so it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column and row so it it it
+writes a as here we go as a first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say column 1 Row 1 plus plus the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say column 1 Row 1 plus plus the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say column 1 Row 1 plus plus the easy
+part the easy part will be a matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the easy part will be a matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the easy part will be a matrix with
+all zeros there Oh zeroes there and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros there Oh zeroes there and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros there Oh zeroes there and here
+I have a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a 2
+can I call it a - this is my way now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I call it a - this is my way now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I call it a - this is my way now to
+think about what elimination is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what elimination is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what elimination is really
+doing it's starting with an N by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's starting with an N by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's starting with an N by n
+matrix it's pulling off a rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's pulling off a rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's pulling off a rank one
+matrix which has gets that column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which has gets that column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which has gets that column and
+that row correct and it gets whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row correct and it gets whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row correct and it gets whatever it
+has in here and then the rest of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in here and then the rest of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in here and then the rest of what's
+in there is a - you see that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there is a - you see that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there is a - you see that we've done
+that here the first step got the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here the first step got the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here the first step got the first
+row and column correct and if it's rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and column correct and if it's rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and column correct and if it's rank
+one what number goes there six six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what number goes there six six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what number goes there six six and
+then this is the rest this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the rest this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the rest this is what we
+have one size smaller to work on and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one size smaller to work on and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one size smaller to work on and it
+looks like it was seven six has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it was seven six has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it was seven six has been
+used so it's a one that's really I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so it's a one that's really I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so it's a one that's really I want
+to think of this rank one matrix as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of this rank one matrix as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of this rank one matrix as the
+first column of L times the first row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of L times the first row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of L times the first row of
+U and then this guy is the second column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and then this guy is the second column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and then this guy is the second column
+of L times the second row of U I'm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L times the second row of U I'm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L times the second row of U I'm okay
+I haven't presented this proof in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't presented this proof in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't presented this proof in the
+class before and for two-by-two it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class before and for two-by-two it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class before and for two-by-two it's
+looking like overkill to me I mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like overkill to me I mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like overkill to me I mean like
+why you don't have to do all that deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you don't have to do all that deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you don't have to do all that deep
+thinking to get to get pieces but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to get to get pieces but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to get to get pieces but my
+idea is that it gives the breakdown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that it gives the breakdown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that it gives the breakdown and
+this of course is by our column times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course is by our column times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course is by our column times
+row rule that's Lu so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row rule that's Lu so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row rule that's Lu so we're we're
+starting with a and we're breaking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a and we're breaking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a and we're breaking it up
+into Lu where Lu the first piece of Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Lu where Lu the first piece of Lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Lu where Lu the first piece of Lu
+is the first column times row and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first column times row and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first column times row and then
+the next pieces are the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next pieces are the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next pieces are the rest of the
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+and though was get broken down the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though was get broken down the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though was get broken down the next
+stage of elimination would break if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of elimination would break if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of elimination would break if I
+had a 3x3 this stage peeled off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a 3x3 this stage peeled off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a 3x3 this stage peeled off the
+first column in row then the next stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column in row then the next stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column in row then the next stage
+would peel off the second the new second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would peel off the second the new second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would peel off the second the new second
+column in row and the third stage would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in row and the third stage would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in row and the third stage would
+have the third column in rows just last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the third column in rows just last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the third column in rows just last
+pivot does this make any sense to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot does this make any sense to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot does this make any sense to you
+you could email me and say it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could email me and say it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could email me and say it's not that
+great but I think it's to see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but I think it's to see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but I think it's to see that the
+final result of elimination is L times U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result of elimination is L times U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result of elimination is L times U
+is it's there's a little magic in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's there's a little magic in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's there's a little magic in in
+seeing what you're doing and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you're doing and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you're doing and I think
+this is a way to see what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way to see what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way to see what you're doing
+that you're you're peeling off a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're peeling off a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're peeling off a first
+part to leave a second part like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to leave a second part like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to leave a second part like that
+then the second part you would peel off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second part you would peel off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second part you would peel off
+the second column times the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column times the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column times the second row
+may be divided by the pivot to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be divided by the pivot to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be divided by the pivot to make it
+correct and that would that would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and that would that would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and that would that would put
+something in the rest of the box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the rest of the box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the rest of the box and
+then a three would be the rest of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a three would be the rest of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a three would be the rest of that
+box okay I'm stopping here I'm glad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box okay I'm stopping here I'm glad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box okay I'm stopping here I'm glad you
+let me do 2x2 since I see that 3x3 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do 2x2 since I see that 3x3 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do 2x2 since I see that 3x3 would
+it would have ruined the day yeah okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have ruined the day yeah okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have ruined the day yeah okay a
+question or let me pause for a minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or let me pause for a minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or let me pause for a minute so
+I've talked about these factorizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one we won't see again this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we won't see again this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we won't see again this one we
+will see big-time and this one we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see big-time and this one we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see big-time and this one we will
+and this one we will yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one we will yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one we will yeah yeah
+2 3 & 5 are the ones that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 & 5 are the ones that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 & 5 are the ones that we're really
+gonna see a lot of questions or thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see a lot of questions or thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see a lot of questions or thoughts
+or okay I guess I want to tell you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or okay I guess I want to tell you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or okay I guess I want to tell you now
+to complete today's moving forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete today's moving forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete today's moving forward in
+this subject the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject the fundamental theorem of
+linear algebra the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra the fundamental theorem
+of linear algebra okay ready for that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra okay ready for that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra okay ready for that or
+you may have seen it already because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen it already because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen it already because
+it's like the highlight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the highlight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the highlight of
+of this subject of the basic ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this subject of the basic ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this subject of the basic ideas in
+this subject right and then maybe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject right and then maybe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject right and then maybe I can
+after I'd tell you that theorem people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I'd tell you that theorem people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I'd tell you that theorem people
+around the world send me homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world send me homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world send me homework
+problems to do now you would think any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to do now you would think any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to do now you would think any
+sensible professor would never do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible professor would never do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible professor would never do those
+problems like he would say it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like he would say it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like he would say it's your
+problem but I get carried away and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I get carried away and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I get carried away and I
+solve them sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them sometimes
+so one came from India last week and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one came from India last week and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one came from India last week and it
+involved the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the fundamental theorem of
+linear algebra whoever teaching it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra whoever teaching it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra whoever teaching it there
+really was on on the ball and well I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was on on the ball and well I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was on on the ball and well I'll
+tell you that problem after after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that problem after after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that problem after after the
+fundamental theorem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem okay
+fundamental theorem it's about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem it's about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem it's about four
+subspaces so I invented the name four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so I invented the name four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so I invented the name four
+fundamental subspaces so can i list the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces so can i list the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces so can i list the
+four subspaces fundamental basis well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four subspaces fundamental basis well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four subspaces fundamental basis well we
+know one of them already the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of them already the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of them already the column
+space so for a matrix we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so for a matrix we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so for a matrix we're given a
+matrix a that's M by end of rank R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a that's M by end of rank R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a that's M by end of rank R
+that's our that's our normal starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our that's our normal starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our that's our normal starting
+point so what are those four subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what are those four subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what are those four subspaces
+and how are they related and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how are they related and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how are they related and what's
+their dimension and what what those a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dimension and what what those a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dimension and what what those a
+key fact okay we already know the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key fact okay we already know the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key fact okay we already know the column
+space column space of the matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space column space of the matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space column space of the matrix and
+actually we already know the row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we already know the row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we already know the row space
+of a matrix and we have the notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix and we have the notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix and we have the notation for
+that column space of a transpose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column space of a transpose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column space of a transpose and
+what is the dimension so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the dimension so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the dimension so that was the
+key point in the first lecture anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point in the first lecture anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point in the first lecture anybody
+who missed the first lecture should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who missed the first lecture should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who missed the first lecture should go
+back to the notes of one point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the for the thinking that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the thinking that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the thinking that goes into
+the dimension equals what which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension equals what which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension equals what which of those
+three numbers do I want to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers do I want to is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers do I want to is the
+dimension of the column space are or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the column space are or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the column space are or and
+what can I say about our right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say about our right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say about our right away
+compared to M&M yeah less or equal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to M&M yeah less or equal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to M&M yeah less or equal or
+could I couldn't have more independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I couldn't have more independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I couldn't have more independent
+columns than I have columns so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns than I have columns so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns than I have columns so I've got
+n columns so our our of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n columns so our our of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n columns so our our of them are
+independent so our is somewhere less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so our is somewhere less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so our is somewhere less or
+equal hopefully equal to n what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal hopefully equal to n what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal hopefully equal to n what about
+the dimension of the row space how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension of the row space how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension of the row space how many
+independent rows as the matrix got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent rows as the matrix got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent rows as the matrix got our
+thank you that's that's the great fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's that's the great fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's that's the great fact
+with a new proof less time in section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new proof less time in section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new proof less time in section
+1.1 that those have the same dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 that those have the same dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 that those have the same dimension
+same dimension which is you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same dimension which is you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same dimension which is you know it's
+you think okay you look at a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think okay you look at a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think okay you look at a simple
+example it's true but you know if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's true but you know if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's true but you know if you if
+you're given a matrix that's fifty by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a matrix that's fifty by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a matrix that's fifty by
+hundred really the fact that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred really the fact that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred really the fact that those
+hundred columns have the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred columns have the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred columns have the same number of
+independent ones as those 50 rows that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent ones as those 50 rows that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent ones as those 50 rows that's
+that's like great okay now the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like great okay now the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like great okay now the other
+spaces are the null space of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are the null space of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are the null space of the matrix
+in of a and just to make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of a and just to make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of a and just to make everything
+naturally symmetric a null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally symmetric a null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally symmetric a null space of a
+transpose those are the last two those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose those are the last two those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose those are the last two those
+are the four fundamental subspaces which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four fundamental subspaces which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four fundamental subspaces which
+you've seen and they're even on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen and they're even on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen and they're even on the
+cover of the linear algebra textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of the linear algebra textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of the linear algebra textbook
+okay so what's the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the set of solutions to ax equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of solutions to ax equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of solutions to ax equals zero
+right no space is all solutions to ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no space is all solutions to ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no space is all solutions to ax
+equals e so the null space has vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e so the null space has vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e so the null space has vector
+these vectors in the XS the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors in the XS the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors in the XS the null space
+isn't taken from the matrix the row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't taken from the matrix the row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't taken from the matrix the row of
+the row space in the column space those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space in the column space those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space in the column space those
+those numbers are sitting in the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers are sitting in the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers are sitting in the matrix
+the null space and the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space and the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space and the null space of a
+transpose are solutions to the word null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose are solutions to the word null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose are solutions to the word null
+is reflecting the fact that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reflecting the fact that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reflecting the fact that that's a
+zero and that's what makes it a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's what makes it a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's what makes it a space
+now can you just let me just ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can you just let me just ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can you just let me just ask you to
+think again what's implied when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think again what's implied when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think again what's implied when I say
+when I use the word space a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use the word space a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use the word space a space of
+vectors I can add yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I can add yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I can add yeah
+so so you I can do the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you I can do the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you I can do the most important
+operations of linear algebra in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of linear algebra in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of linear algebra in that
+space I can add two vectors here let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I can add two vectors here let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I can add two vectors here let me
+just add them so here I'll have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add them so here I'll have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add them so here I'll have a vector
+X and let me say another another one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and let me say another another one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and let me say another another one a
+vector Y then I do addition I follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Y then I do addition I follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Y then I do addition I follow the
+rules I see that this can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I see that this can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I see that this can be written as
+ax plus y is zero plus zero so what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax plus y is zero plus zero so what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax plus y is zero plus zero so what have
+I learned I've learned that if X is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned I've learned that if X is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned I've learned that if X is in
+the null space and Y is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space and Y is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space and Y is in the null
+space then X plus y so the null space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then X plus y so the null space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then X plus y so the null space is
+as you said closed meaning I don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you said closed meaning I don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you said closed meaning I don't go
+outside it if X is in it and Y is in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it if X is in it and Y is in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it if X is in it and Y is in it
+then the sum is in it and similarly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sum is in it and similarly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sum is in it and similarly from
+ax equals zero I get to a times C x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals zero I get to a times C x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals zero I get to a times C x
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+it's just multiplied by C by a number C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just multiplied by C by a number C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just multiplied by C by a number C
+so those two facts that that means I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those two facts that that means I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those two facts that that means I can
+do linear algebra I can multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linear algebra I can multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linear algebra I can multiply by
+numbers and I can add in other words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I can add in other words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I can add in other words I
+can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take
+linear combinations that's what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations that's what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations that's what you do
+with vectors and the point is if i do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vectors and the point is if i do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vectors and the point is if i do it
+if i take combinations of two null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take combinations of two null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take combinations of two null space
+guys I'm still in the null space okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I'm still in the null space okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I'm still in the null space okay so
+that's the point of the null space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well now so now part of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now so now part of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now so now part of the fundamental
+theorem is to figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is to figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is to figure out how many
+independent vectors are in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent vectors are in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent vectors are in the null
+space how many solutions independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space how many solutions independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space how many solutions independent
+solutions does that system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions does that system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions does that system of equations
+have so that'll be the dimension and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so that'll be the dimension and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so that'll be the dimension and I
+have to ask you what it is let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask you what it is let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask you what it is let me draw a
+picture while you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture while you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture while you're thinking about
+those spaces it's fantastic to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spaces it's fantastic to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spaces it's fantastic to have
+these beautiful clean boards okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful clean boards okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful clean boards okay so
+here's my picture of the row space rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my picture of the row space rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my picture of the row space rows
+that's the column space of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the column space of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the column space of a transpose
+and here's my picture of the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's my picture of the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's my picture of the null space
+of a and that's the solutions to ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and that's the solutions to ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and that's the solutions to ax
+equals zero and why have I put these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and why have I put these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and why have I put these two
+together and these two together so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and these two together so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and these two together so the
+other pair will be the column space C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pair will be the column space C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pair will be the column space C of
+a and null space of a transpose so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and null space of a transpose so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and null space of a transpose so there
+are the four spaces where their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four spaces where their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four spaces where their
+relationship is the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is the fundamental theorem
+of linear algebra so first of all what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra so first of all what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra so first of all what
+sorry so I have an M by n matrix so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so I have an M by n matrix so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so I have an M by n matrix so that
+tells me that my rows a typical row has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that my rows a typical row has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that my rows a typical row has
+n components right I look at an M by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n components right I look at an M by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n components right I look at an M by n
+matrix let's do it two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix let's do it two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix let's do it two by three
+matrix so if I look at the row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so if I look at the row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so if I look at the row space
+this is M and this is n so so I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M and this is n so so I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M and this is n so so I see
+three the rows have length three and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the rows have length three and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the rows have length three and of
+course they multiply the X's which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they multiply the X's which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they multiply the X's which also
+has length 3 X 1 X 2 X 3 that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length 3 X 1 X 2 X 3 that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length 3 X 1 X 2 X 3 that's why
+these are together because they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are together because they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are together because they're both
+in n-dimensional space then why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n-dimensional space then why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n-dimensional space then why are
+these together because the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together because the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together because the columns are
+in two dimensional space for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensional space for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensional space for this
+example and null space of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and null space of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and null space of a transpose
+would be just two components like y 1 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just two components like y 1 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just two components like y 1 y
+2 to give zeros so do you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to give zeros so do you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to give zeros so do you see that this
+is are these guys are in RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are these guys are in RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are these guys are in RN
+so that's the first like get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first like get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first like get things
+straight 2 spaces in RN 2 spaces in RM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now then what am I going to ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then what am I going to ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then what am I going to ask about
+these spaces I guess I already started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces I guess I already started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces I guess I already started
+asking and didn't wait for an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking and didn't wait for an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking and didn't wait for an answer
+their dimension so this has dimension R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dimension so this has dimension R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dimension so this has dimension R
+and what's the dimension how many this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the dimension how many this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the dimension how many this
+is really such a key fact if I have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really such a key fact if I have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really such a key fact if I have M
+equations ax equals zero and if R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations ax equals zero and if R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations ax equals zero and if R of
+those equations are independent how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations are independent how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations are independent how many
+solutions so the dimension of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so the dimension of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so the dimension of the space
+is going to tell me how many solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to tell me how many solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to tell me how many solutions
+to X into two M equations but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X into two M equations but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X into two M equations but really
+only are genuine independent equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are genuine independent equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are genuine independent equations
+in in this system ax equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this system ax equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this system ax equals zero
+how many so can I ask the question again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many so can I ask the question again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many so can I ask the question again
+and I want the answer in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want the answer in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want the answer in terms of
+M and n are so I have I really have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and n are so I have I really have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and n are so I have I really have our
+equations if I look at a x equals 0 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if I look at a x equals 0 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if I look at a x equals 0 it
+looks like M separate equations but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like M separate equations but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like M separate equations but but
+M minus R of those are just copies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M minus R of those are just copies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M minus R of those are just copies or
+combinations of others so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of others so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of others so there are
+independent equations so what how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent equations so what how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent equations so what how many
+of I got and that's what I'm gonna write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I got and that's what I'm gonna write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I got and that's what I'm gonna write
+in here yeah so yeah so X has X has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here yeah so yeah so X has X has n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here yeah so yeah so X has X has n
+components and there are real you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and there are real you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and there are real you know
+active equations that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active equations that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active equations that they have to
+satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy
+and that leaves n minus R that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leaves n minus R that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leaves n minus R that's the key
+point that's the key point that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's the key point that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's the key point that there
+are n components of X and unknowns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n components of X and unknowns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n components of X and unknowns in
+unknowns and there are are constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and there are are constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and there are are constraints
+independent constraints so the those n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent constraints so the those n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent constraints so the those n
+you get if I want to satisfy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get if I want to satisfy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get if I want to satisfy those
+constraints that knocks out dimension R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that knocks out dimension R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that knocks out dimension R
+and leaves and minus R so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaves and minus R so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaves and minus R so that's the
+dimension here and the beauty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension here and the beauty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension here and the beauty of the
+account is that those two numbers add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is that those two numbers add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is that those two numbers add up
+to n everybody's accounted for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n everybody's accounted for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n everybody's accounted for every
+vector has a piece in the row space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector has a piece in the row space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector has a piece in the row space and
+a piece in the null space and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece in the null space and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece in the null space and that's
+there was two pieces give you back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was two pieces give you back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was two pieces give you back the
+vector do you see that that's just nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector do you see that that's just nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector do you see that that's just nice
+that the numbers come out right and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numbers come out right and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numbers come out right and of
+course they come out right here too you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they come out right here too you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they come out right here too you
+could say just transpose a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say just transpose a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say just transpose a matrix and
+write it right the same thing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it right the same thing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it right the same thing again
+what's the dimension of the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals the column space of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the column space of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the column space of the matrix
+has dimension R right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has dimension R right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has dimension R right
+and the row this this guy is left out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the row this this guy is left out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the row this this guy is left out of
+some linear algebra books as if it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear algebra books as if it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear algebra books as if it like
+it doesn't belong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't belong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't belong but
+and they clear that you know without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they clear that you know without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they clear that you know without it
+everything is of only 3/4 ders done we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is of only 3/4 ders done we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is of only 3/4 ders done we
+have to have this guy and it's dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this guy and it's dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this guy and it's dimension
+is Emma - yeah it's yeah that count is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Emma - yeah it's yeah that count is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Emma - yeah it's yeah that count is
+just for a transpose what this count was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for a transpose what this count was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for a transpose what this count was
+for a yeah so we've got those dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a yeah so we've got those dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a yeah so we've got those dimensions
+are n minus R R and M - yeah you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n minus R R and M - yeah you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n minus R R and M - yeah you you
+know you'll have known this but we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll have known this but we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll have known this but we need
+to see it once again in 2018 before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it once again in 2018 before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it once again in 2018 before we
+start using it now is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using it now is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using it now is that the
+fundamental theorem is that all all - it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem is that all all - it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem is that all all - it
+is no there's another piece to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no there's another piece to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no there's another piece to the
+fundamental theorem which is sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem which is sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem which is sort of you
+could say the the geometry here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the the geometry here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the the geometry here I have a
+subspace here I have a subspace of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace here I have a subspace of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace here I have a subspace of this
+big n-dimensional space so I visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big n-dimensional space so I visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big n-dimensional space so I visualize
+those subspaces as some kind of a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subspaces as some kind of a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subspaces as some kind of a plane
+an R dimensional plane and an N minus R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R dimensional plane and an N minus R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R dimensional plane and an N minus R
+dimensional plane and I want to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional plane and I want to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional plane and I want to see how
+are those two planes connected how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those two planes connected how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those two planes connected how are
+those two claims connected and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two claims connected and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two claims connected and let me
+get a piece of the blank piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a piece of the blank piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a piece of the blank piece of the
+board to remember the final step right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board to remember the final step right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board to remember the final step right
+so we've got dimensions R and n - R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got dimensions R and n - R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got dimensions R and n - R and
+then over here R and M minus R okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over here R and M minus R okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over here R and M minus R okay this
+is for the rows this is for the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the rows this is for the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the rows this is for the null
+space so this has the rows in it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so this has the rows in it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so this has the rows in it this
+has the null the solutions to ax equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the null the solutions to ax equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the null the solutions to ax equals
+zero what is the beautiful geometry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is the beautiful geometry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is the beautiful geometry that
+how do you visualize those two spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you visualize those two spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you visualize those two spaces
+how do you visualize let me take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you visualize let me take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you visualize let me take an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+but a B 1 2 4 2 4 8 sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a B 1 2 4 2 4 8 sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a B 1 2 4 2 4 8 sorry about that
+you see it's a hooked up example so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's a hooked up example so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's a hooked up example so this
+is 2 by 3 so there n is 3 what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 by 3 so there n is 3 what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 by 3 so there n is 3 what's in the
+null space of this matrix can I can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of this matrix can I can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of this matrix can I can you
+see a vector that solves a x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a vector that solves a x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a vector that solves a x equals 0
+and in fact how many will there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact how many will there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact how many will there be
+what's yeah what's our for this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's yeah what's our for this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's yeah what's our for this matrix
+just tell me all the good stuff for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me all the good stuff for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me all the good stuff for that
+example M is 2 and is 3 and R is 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example M is 2 and is 3 and R is 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example M is 2 and is 3 and R is 1 1
+everybody sees one for the rank the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees one for the rank the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees one for the rank the rows
+are dependent it's there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent it's there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent it's there's only one
+independent row the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent row the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent row the columns are
+dependent there's only like every column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent there's only like every column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent there's only like every column
+is a multiple of one - it's a rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a multiple of one - it's a rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a multiple of one - it's a rank one
+matrix ok what about it so it's row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix ok what about it so it's row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix ok what about it so it's row
+space has dimension 1 and it's null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has dimension 1 and it's null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has dimension 1 and it's null
+space has dimension 2 2 so cuz n minus R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has dimension 2 2 so cuz n minus R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has dimension 2 2 so cuz n minus R
+will be 2 so I'm looking for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 2 so I'm looking for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 2 so I'm looking for a couple of
+vectors that both give 0 I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that both give 0 I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that both give 0 I believe
+they're I think I've only got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're I think I've only got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're I think I've only got one
+independent row there so I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent row there so I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent row there so I should be
+able to find two different vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find two different vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find two different vectors that
+are that solve ax equals 0 so what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that solve ax equals 0 so what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that solve ax equals 0 so what's a
+solution to ax equals 0 0 91 0 minus 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to ax equals 0 0 91 0 minus 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to ax equals 0 0 91 0 minus 2 1
+yeah that works and what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that works and what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that works and what's an
+independent solution for 0 I don't throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent solution for 0 I don't throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent solution for 0 I don't throw
+me off for 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me off for 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me off for 0 and
+- one yeah that looks good that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one yeah that looks good that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one yeah that looks good that looks
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+and then the claim is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the claim is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the claim is that every
+solution would be a combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution would be a combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution would be a combination of those
+two and that this is how many there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that this is how many there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that this is how many there are
+and now it's the geometry I'm completing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's the geometry I'm completing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's the geometry I'm completing
+so we have like two minutes left in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have like two minutes left in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have like two minutes left in this
+lecture you just have to tell me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you just have to tell me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you just have to tell me how
+what's the relation between the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relation between the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relation between the these
+guys in the row space and that guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in the row space and that guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in the row space and that guy in
+the null space what's the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space what's the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space what's the relation
+between the rows of a and the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the rows of a and the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the rows of a and the solutions
+to ax equals zero between if you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ax equals zero between if you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ax equals zero between if you see it
+if you saw that vector in that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you saw that vector in that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you saw that vector in that vector
+well a times X is zero now so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a times X is zero now so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a times X is zero now so what does
+that tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell us
+well what do we see for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do we see for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do we see for the for the
+relation between 1 2 4 and 0 - 2 1 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between 1 2 4 and 0 - 2 1 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between 1 2 4 and 0 - 2 1 they
+are orthogonal terrific yes orthogonal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal terrific yes orthogonal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal terrific yes orthogonal I
+test by the dot product 0 - 4 4 add to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test by the dot product 0 - 4 4 add to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test by the dot product 0 - 4 4 add to 0
+yes so so the and that's a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so so the and that's a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so so the and that's a completely
+general fact when I look at ax equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general fact when I look at ax equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general fact when I look at ax equals 0
+it's telling me that X is orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling me that X is orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling me that X is orthogonal to
+the rows did you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows did you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows did you see that
+you just put it in again here if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put it in again here if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put it in again here if I look
+at ax a has a bunch of rows X has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ax a has a bunch of rows X has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ax a has a bunch of rows X has one
+column and I get zeros that's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and I get zeros that's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and I get zeros that's the point
+of the null space and that equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the null space and that equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the null space and that equation is
+just say that Row 1 is orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that Row 1 is orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that Row 1 is orthogonal
+because that's the dot product of Row 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the dot product of Row 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the dot product of Row 1
+with X so here's Row 1 Row 2 over 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X so here's Row 1 Row 2 over 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X so here's Row 1 Row 2 over 3 and
+Row 4 with X the rows with X and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row 4 with X the rows with X and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row 4 with X the rows with X and I get
+zeros so the point is then these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so the point is then these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so the point is then these two
+spaces are at 90 degree angles that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are at 90 degree angles that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are at 90 degree angles that's a
+really a neat picture of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a neat picture of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a neat picture of the four
+subspaces and these two are for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and these two are for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and these two are for the same
+reason at 90 degree angles off in M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason at 90 degree angles off in M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason at 90 degree angles off in M
+dimensional space so this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space so this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space so this is this is the
+fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem
+of linear algebra to see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra to see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra to see that the
+dimensions come out right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions come out right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions come out right and the
+geometry comes out right yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry comes out right yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry comes out right yeah and then
+now next time following the notes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now next time following the notes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now next time following the notes and I
+have a few more copies of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few more copies of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few more copies of the of the
+hand that one hand out will we'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that one hand out will we'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that one hand out will we'll move
+on quickly next week to eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quickly next week to eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quickly next week to eigenvalues and
+positive definite matrices good this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices good this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices good this is
+really linear algebra moving on
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qSKhcFEpHcE.txt b/qSKhcFEpHcE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..437ea854207fac977ba006eac5f061cdbd101f1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qSKhcFEpHcE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+shed some light on a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed some light on a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed some light on a chemical
+demonstration I like to call anatomy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I like to call anatomy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I like to call anatomy of
+a glow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glow
+stick. There are many different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick. There are many different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick. There are many different kinds of
+chemical reactions. Some absorb energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions. Some absorb energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions. Some absorb energy
+and some release energy. Some release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some release energy. Some release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some release energy. Some release
+energy as heat and others as light. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as heat and others as light. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as heat and others as light. And
+when a reaction produces light, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a reaction produces light, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a reaction produces light, the
+process is called chemoluminescence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's watch MIT's Dr. John Dolan, his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's watch MIT's Dr. John Dolan, his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's watch MIT's Dr. John Dolan, his
+assistant Shannon, and volunteers Sarah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant Shannon, and volunteers Sarah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant Shannon, and volunteers Sarah,
+Katherine, and Trevor. They're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katherine, and Trevor. They're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katherine, and Trevor. They're going to
+show us some chemuminescence at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show us some chemuminescence at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show us some chemuminescence at the
+Cambridge Science Festival. So, not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Science Festival. So, not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Science Festival. So, not all
+reactions have this ability to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions have this ability to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions have this ability to produce
+light. And so, we have to use some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. And so, we have to use some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. And so, we have to use some very
+special chemicals um in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special chemicals um in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special chemicals um in order to do
+this. And we have some light sticks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And we have some light sticks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And we have some light sticks that
+I broke apart here. If you guys just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I broke apart here. If you guys just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I broke apart here. If you guys just
+want to take these solutions, just hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take these solutions, just hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take these solutions, just hold
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carefully. And so in a light stick,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. And so in a light stick,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. And so in a light stick,
+usually there's actually hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's actually hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's actually hydrogen
+peroxide and it oxidizes different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and it oxidizes different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and it oxidizes different
+chemicals. Oh, yeah. You can just face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals. Oh, yeah. You can just face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals. Oh, yeah. You can just face
+the audience. That's cool. And it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience. That's cool. And it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience. That's cool. And it'll
+oxidize different chemicals depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize different chemicals depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize different chemicals depending on
+what color you want to give off light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color you want to give off light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color you want to give off light.
+All right. So, just pour one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, just pour one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, just pour one solution
+together. It doesn't matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. It doesn't matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. It doesn't matter which
+way. And there we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And there we go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And there we go.
+Okay. Beautiful. Beautiful. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Beautiful. Beautiful. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Beautiful. Beautiful. All right.
+So, in each of these, we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in each of these, we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in each of these, we have a
+different chemical that gets oxidized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemical that gets oxidized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemical that gets oxidized to
+give us a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a different
+color. All right. Thank you guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much. So, how does a reaction produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. So, how does a reaction produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. So, how does a reaction produce
+light? Let's start with two molecules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light? Let's start with two molecules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light? Let's start with two molecules.
+Let's call them A and B. They react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call them A and B. They react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call them A and B. They react to
+produce C and D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce C and D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce C and D.
+Energy that's produced in the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy that's produced in the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy that's produced in the reaction
+causes the electrons in D to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the electrons in D to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the electrons in D to become
+excited. As the electrons relax back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited. As the electrons relax back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited. As the electrons relax back
+down, they give off energy as light. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, they give off energy as light. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, they give off energy as light. So
+basically, chemical energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, chemical energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, chemical energy is
+transformed into light energy. This all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into light energy. This all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into light energy. This all
+happens in one step as the reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in one step as the reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in one step as the reaction is
+progressing. Here's what's happening.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is the energy level of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the energy level of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the energy level of our
+reactants A and B. When they react, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants A and B. When they react, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants A and B. When they react, they
+form C and D in its excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form C and D in its excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form C and D in its excited
+state. Now, to relax back down to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. Now, to relax back down to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. Now, to relax back down to where
+it needs to be, D emits energy as light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be, D emits energy as light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be, D emits energy as light.
+Now, there's a different amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there's a different amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there's a different amount of
+energy in our reactants than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in our reactants than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in our reactants than our
+products. So, that's why these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. So, that's why these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. So, that's why these two
+energy levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are
+different. All right? So, in Dr. Dolan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. All right? So, in Dr. Dolan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. All right? So, in Dr. Dolan's
+experiment, each volunteer has a cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment, each volunteer has a cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment, each volunteer has a cup
+containing a different chemical and adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a different chemical and adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a different chemical and adds
+hydrogen peroxide to each cup. And each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide to each cup. And each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide to each cup. And each
+cup glows a different color, red, blue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup glows a different color, red, blue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup glows a different color, red, blue,
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+green. This happens because the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green. This happens because the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green. This happens because the hydrogen
+peroxide is oxidizing each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide is oxidizing each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide is oxidizing each of the
+different chemicals. So oxidation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemicals. So oxidation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemicals. So oxidation is the
+chemical reaction that will ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction that will ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction that will ultimately
+cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the
+chemoluminescence. So why did each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemoluminescence. So why did each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemoluminescence. So why did each of
+these chemicals glow a different color?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chemicals glow a different color?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chemicals glow a different color?
+Well, it's because they each emitted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's because they each emitted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's because they each emitted a
+different amount of energy and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of energy and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of energy and energy
+equals color. So let's think of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals color. So let's think of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals color. So let's think of it in
+terms of a rainbow spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the amount of energy increases as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the amount of energy increases as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the amount of energy increases as you
+move up the spectrum. So red is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up the spectrum. So red is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up the spectrum. So red is lower
+energy than blue. So if the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than blue. So if the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than blue. So if the difference
+between the ground state and the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ground state and the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ground state and the excited
+state is small, there's a smaller amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is small, there's a smaller amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is small, there's a smaller amount
+of energy released and the light is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy released and the light is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy released and the light is on
+the redder side of the spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the redder side of the spectrum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the redder side of the spectrum.
+Conversely, if that gap is larger,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conversely, if that gap is larger,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conversely, if that gap is larger,
+there's more energy released, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more energy released, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more energy released, so the
+light is on the bluer side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is on the bluer side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is on the bluer side of the
+spectrum. And this chemoluminescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. And this chemoluminescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. And this chemoluminescence
+chemistry has practical uses beyond glow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry has practical uses beyond glow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry has practical uses beyond glow
+sticks that light up a good party. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks that light up a good party. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks that light up a good party. We
+also use reactions like these to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use reactions like these to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use reactions like these to create
+flares that don't get too hot in use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flares that don't get too hot in use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flares that don't get too hot in use of
+emergency situations. And nature uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency situations. And nature uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency situations. And nature uses
+chemoluminescence, too. If you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemoluminescence, too. If you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemoluminescence, too. If you've ever
+seen a firefly light up at night or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a firefly light up at night or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a firefly light up at night or an
+angler fish hunt for prey, you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angler fish hunt for prey, you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angler fish hunt for prey, you've seen
+bioluminescence, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioluminescence, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioluminescence, which is
+chemoluminescence in a biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemoluminescence in a biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemoluminescence in a biological
+system. It's the exact same principle as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. It's the exact same principle as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. It's the exact same principle as
+the chemical reactions that Dr. Dolan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reactions that Dr. Dolan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reactions that Dr. Dolan
+showed us. Hope you enjoyed the video.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed us. Hope you enjoyed the video.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed us. Hope you enjoyed the video.
+I'll see you next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you next time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you next time.
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qh5lSHCBiRs.txt b/qh5lSHCBiRs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38606517ab19c947e9275bd11969270256d80c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qh5lSHCBiRs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2515 @@
+OK, good morning.
+So today we are going to,
+
+as I mentioned last week,
+we've started the part of the
+
+course where we are doing more
+things having to do with design
+
+than purely analysis.
+Today, we're actually going to
+
+do analysis, but it's the type
+of analysis that leads to really
+
+interesting design issues.
+And we're going to follow it up
+
+on Wednesday with an application
+of the methods we're going to
+
+learn today with a really
+interesting and practical
+
+problem.
+So we're talking today about
+
+amortized analysis.
+And I want to motivate this
+
+topic by asking the question,
+how large should a hash table
+
+be?
+So, how large should a hash
+
+table be?
+Any suggestions?
+
+You have got to make a hash
+table, how big should I make it?
+
+Let's say it's a simple hash
+table, resolving collisions with
+
+chaining.
+How big should it be?
+
+Twice as big as you need:
+OK, how big would that be?
+
+So, twice the number of
+elements, for example,
+
+OK.
+As I increase the size of a
+
+hash table, what happens to the
+search time?
+
+What happens to search time as
+I increase the size of the hash
+
+table?
+Yeah, but what does it,
+
+in general, do you?
+It decreases,
+
+right?
+OK, the bigger I make it,
+
+in fact, if I make it
+sufficiently large,
+
+then I essentially get a direct
+access table,
+
+and everything is worst-case,
+order one time.
+
+So in some sense,
+we'll get back to your answer
+
+in a minute.
+We should make it as large as
+
+possible, OK,
+so that the searching is cheap.
+
+The flipside of that is what?
+It takes a lot of space so I
+
+should make it as small as
+possible so as not to waste
+
+space.
+So I want it big,
+
+and the happy medium,
+as we've discussed in our
+
+analysis, is to make it order n
+size for n items,
+
+OK, because making it larger
+than order n,
+
+the payoff in search time is
+not worth the extra amount of
+
+space that you are paying.
+OK, or at least you can view it
+
+that way.
+OK, however,
+
+this begs the question,
+which is, how do I make it,
+
+if I start out with a hash
+table, and I don't know how many
+
+elements are going to be hashed
+into it?
+
+OK, how big should I make it?
+OK, so what if we don't know --
+
+-- in advance?
+OK, what if we don't know n?
+
+OK, so the solution to this
+problem turns out it's fairly
+
+elegant?
+It's a strategy called dynamic
+
+tables.
+OK, and the idea is that
+
+whenever the table gets too many
+elements in it,
+
+gets too full,
+OK, so the idea is --
+
+-- OK, and we say that says the
+table overflows,
+
+OK, we grow it and make a
+bigger table.
+
+So, for hashing,
+although there's going to be no
+
+point at which you could say
+that it overflows in the sense
+
+that it wouldn't be functional
+at least if it was done with
+
+chaining.
+There would be,
+
+by the way, if you were doing
+it with open addressing.
+
+But let's say with chaining,
+when it gets too big,
+
+say, as many elements as the
+size of the table,
+
+what we do is we grow the
+table.
+
+So, the way we do that as we
+allocate using,
+
+in a language like C,
+it's called Malloc,
+
+or in a language like Java
+called New, a larger table.
+
+So, we create a larger table.
+We move the items from the old
+
+table to the new.
+And then, we free the old
+
+table.
+So, let's do an example.
+
+So, let's say I have,
+over here, a table of size one,
+
+and it's empty to begin with.
+And I do an insert.
+
+So what I do is stick it in the
+table.
+
+It fits.
+OK, so here,
+
+I'm not going to do it with
+hashing.
+
+I'm just going to do it as if I
+just had a table that I was
+
+filling up with elements to
+abstract the problem.
+
+But it would work with hashing.
+It would work with any kind of
+
+fixed size data structure.
+I insert again,
+
+oops, doesn't fit.
+I get an overflow.
+
+OK, so what I do is I create a
+new, actually,
+
+I'm going to need a little more
+space than that.
+
+I create a new table of size
+two, doubling the size.
+
+And, I copy the old value into
+the new.
+
+I freed this one,
+and now I can insert item two.
+
+So, I do it again.
+I get another overflow.
+
+So now, I make a table of size
+four.
+
+I copied these guys in,
+and then I insert my number
+
+three.
+I do insert here.
+
+I do five.
+I guess I should be using ditto
+
+marks.
+That would be a lot smarter.
+
+Whoops, what am I doing?
+I overflow.
+
+And now, I make one of size
+eight, OK, copy these over,
+
+and now I can insert five.
+And I can do six,
+
+seven, etc.,
+OK?
+
+Does everybody understand the
+basic idea?
+
+So, whenever I overflow,
+I'm going to create a table of
+
+twice the size.
+OK, so let's do a quick
+
+analysis of this.
+So, we have a sequence of n
+
+insertion operations.
+OK, what is the worst-case cost
+
+of one insert operation?
+What's the worst case for any
+
+one of these?
+Yeah, it's order n,
+
+whatever the overhead is of
+copying; if we counted it as
+
+one, it would be basically n or
+n plus one because we've got to
+
+copy all those.
+OK, so it's order n.
+
+So therefore,
+if I have n of those,
+
+so the worst-case cost of n
+inserts is equal to n times
+
+order n, which is order n^2.
+
+Any questions?
+Does that make sense?
+
+Raise hands.
+
+Yeah, not all of them can be
+worst-case, good.
+
+And in fact,
+this is totally wrong analysis.
+
+Just because one can be
+worst-case order n doesn't mean
+
+n are necessarily order n.
+OK, so this is totally wrong
+
+analysis.
+n inserts, in fact,
+
+take order n time in the worst
+case.
+
+OK, it doesn't take order n^2.
+So, the analysis is correct up
+
+to the point where we set the
+worst-case of one insert was
+
+order n.
+Therefore, that's the wrong
+
+step.
+OK, whenever you see bugs in
+
+proofs, you want to know,
+which step is the one that
+
+failed so you can make sure that
+you don't have a confusion
+
+there?
+So, let's do the proper
+
+analysis, OK?
+So let's let c_i be the cost of
+
+the i'th insert.
+OK, so that's equal to i,
+
+if i minus one is an exact
+power of two.
+
+And it's one otherwise.
+OK, so as I was going through
+
+here, it was only when I
+inserted something where the
+
+previous one had been the exact
+power of two,
+
+because that was my table size.
+That's when I got the overflow
+
+and had to do all that copying.
+And otherwise,
+
+the cost, for example,
+for inserting six,
+
+was just one.
+I just inserted it.
+
+Does everybody see that?
+So, let's actually make a
+
+little table here so we can see
+this a little bit more clearly.
+
+OK, so here's i,
+and in the size of the table at
+
+step i, and the cost at step i.
+OK, so let's see,
+
+the size of i,
+let's see, at step one it was
+
+one.
+At step two,
+
+it was two.
+And at step three,
+
+that's when,
+to get three in the table,
+
+we had to double the size here.
+So, this is four,
+
+and four, it fit.
+And then five,
+
+it had to bump up to eight.
+And then, six,
+
+it was eight.
+Seven, it was eight.
+
+Eight, it was eight.
+And nine, it bumps up to 16,
+
+16, etc.
+So that's the size.
+
+And let's take a look at what
+the cost was.
+
+So, the cost here was one,
+OK, to insert one.
+
+The cost here was,
+I had to copy one,
+
+and then insert one.
+So, the cost was two.
+
+Here, I had to copy two and
+insert one.
+
+So, the cost was three.
+Here, I had to just insert one.
+
+So, the cost was one.
+Here, I had to copy four and
+
+insert one.
+So, the cost was five.
+
+Excuse me?
+I think it is.
+
+Yeah, see, it's i cost.
+The cost for five is i,
+
+OK, is five if this is a power
+of two.
+
+OK, one, one,
+and now we paid nine,
+
+and then one again.
+So that's the cost we are
+
+paying.
+It's a little bit easier to see
+
+what the costs are if I break
+them down.
+
+OK, so let's just redraw this
+as two values because there is
+
+always the cost for inserting
+the one thing that I want to
+
+insert.
+And now, the residual amount
+
+that I have to pay is I have to
+pay one here.
+
+I've got to pay two additional,
+four additional,
+
+eight additional.
+That makes the pattern a little
+
+bit easier to see.
+OK, this is the cost of copying
+
+versus the cost of just doing
+the actual insert,
+
+OK?
+Now, if you're taking notes,
+
+leave some space here because
+I'm going to come back to this
+
+table later.
+OK, so leave a little bit of
+
+space because I'm going to come
+back and add some more things at
+
+there at a later time.
+OK, so, I can then just add up
+
+the cost of n inserts.
+That's just the sum,
+
+I equals one to n of c_i,
+which is equal to,
+
+well, by this analysis it is
+essentially n because that's
+
+what this thing adds up to plus
+I just have to add the powers of
+
+two up to but not exceeding
+whatever my n was.
+
+So, if I do my algebra properly
+there, that's up to the floor of
+
+log n minus one,
+OK, of two to the J.
+
+So, I'm just adding up all the
+powers of two up to that aren't
+
+going to exceed my n.
+And, this is what type of
+
+series?
+That's geometric.
+
+That's geometric,
+so it is bounded by its largest
+
+term.
+Its largest term is two to the
+
+ceiling; it's dominated by its
+largest term,
+
+two to the ceiling of log n
+minus one, which is,
+
+at most, n.
+OK, and then all the other
+
+terms at up to,
+at most, n.
+
+So this is actually less than
+or equal to 3n,
+
+which is order n as we want it
+to show.
+
+OK, that's algebra.
+OK, so, thus,
+
+the average cost per insert is
+theta of n over n,
+
+which is theta one.
+So, the average cost of an
+
+insert is order one,
+which is what we would like it
+
+to be especially if we're
+building hash tables.
+
+Even though sometimes you have
+to pay a big price with
+
+amortized over the previous
+insertions that we've done,
+
+so that the overall cost of n
+operations is order n.
+
+And that's the notion of
+amortized analysis,
+
+OK, that if I look at a
+sequence of operations,
+
+I can spread the cost out over
+a whole bunch of operations,
+
+so that the average cost is
+order n.
+
+So, if we sort of summarize
+that, OK, OK,
+
+with basically an amortized
+analysis, we analyze a sequence
+
+of operations to show that the
+average cost per operation is
+
+small, even though one
+operation, or several,
+
+even, may be expensive.
+OK, there's no probability.
+
+Even though we're doing it with
+averages, there's no probability
+
+going on.
+OK, what you do probability,
+
+and you are looking at means,
+there's averages.
+
+OK, here's average,
+but there's no probability
+
+going on.
+It's average performance in the
+
+worst case because n operations
+take me a constant amount of
+
+time per operation in the worst
+case.
+
+n operations take me order n
+time.
+
+OK, each operation takes order
+one time, OK,
+
+but it's amortized over the n
+operations, OK?
+
+Yeah, question?
+Yes.
+
+Yes, yes, you can mix,
+but you don't have to.
+
+Yeah, but the point is that the
+basic amortized analysis is
+
+actually saying something very
+strong.
+
+It's giving you worst-case
+bounds, but over a sequence as
+
+opposed to looking at each
+individual element of the
+
+sequence.
+Now, there are three types of
+
+amortized arguments that appear
+in the literature.
+
+Maybe there are more.
+At one point,
+
+there were two.
+And then, a third one was
+
+developed.
+So, maybe there's a fourth.
+
+The first one is an aggregate,
+what's called an aggregate
+
+analysis.
+And this is what we just saw,
+
+OK, where basically you just
+analyze, what do the n
+
+operations take?
+OK, and then we're going to see
+
+two more today.
+One is called an accounting
+
+argument, and the other is a
+potential argument.
+
+These two are more precise
+because they allocate specific
+
+amortized costs to each
+operation.
+
+So, one of the things about the
+aggregate analysis is that you
+
+can't really say what the
+amortized cost of a single
+
+operation is easily.
+You can in this case.
+
+You can say it's order one,
+OK?
+
+But, in the accounting and
+potential arguments,
+
+it gives you a much more
+precise way of characterizing
+
+what an amortized cost of a
+particular operation is.
+
+So, let's pitch in and look at
+the accounting method as our
+
+first method.
+So, these we're going to go
+
+through the exact same example.
+In some sense,
+
+this example,
+the easiest argument to make is
+
+the aggregate analysis.
+OK, so we're going get into
+
+arguments that,
+in some sense,
+
+see more complicated.
+But it turns out that these
+
+methods are more powerful in
+many circumstances.
+
+OK, and so I want to do it in a
+simple situation where you have
+
+some sort of appreciation of the
+fact that you can look at any
+
+particular problem and approach
+it from different ways.
+
+OK, so the accounting method is
+putting yourself in the position
+
+of a financial accountant.
+So what you do is we are going
+
+to charge the i'th operation a
+fictitious amortized cost.
+
+We'll call it c hat sub i,
+where we are going to use the
+
+abstraction that $1 pays for one
+unit of work.
+
+There's Time manipulating the
+data structure or whatever.
+
+OK, so the idea is you charge
+the cost.
+
+You say, this operation will
+cost you $5 or whatever.
+
+OK, and that phi is consumed to
+perform the operation,
+
+but there may be some unused
+part.
+
+So, if there's any unused
+amount, it's going to be stored
+
+in the bank for use by later
+operations.
+
+So the idea is that if the phi
+that is being paid,
+
+the c_i hat phi,
+isn't sufficient to pay for
+
+performing the operation,
+then you take money out of the
+
+bank to pay for it.
+OK, and so you don't get
+
+arrested, what's the property
+that you've got to have?
+
+You've got to have the bank
+balance.
+
+What about the bank balance?
+What mathematical fact has to
+
+hold the bank balance?
+Yeah, it better be greater than
+
+or equal to zero,
+right?
+
+Most people are familiar with
+that.
+
+So, the bank balance must not
+go negative.
+
+In other words,
+the amortized costs minus the
+
+costs of the operations up to
+that point have to always be
+
+enough to pay for all the
+operations that you're doing.
+
+Otherwise, you're borrowing on
+the future.
+
+In amortized analysis,
+we don't borrow on the future,
+
+at least not on the simple ones
+that we are doing here.
+
+OK, so that means we must have
+that the sum,
+
+I equals one to n of c_i,
+the true costs,
+
+therefore, if the balance is
+not going to ever go negative,
+
+must be bounded above by the
+amortized costs for all n.
+
+OK, for the bank balance not to
+go negative, if I add up the
+
+true costs, it's got to be the
+case that I can always pay for
+
+them.
+This is what I'm charging.
+
+This is what it actually costs
+me.
+
+So, it better be the case that
+whatever I've actually had to
+
+pay to operate on that data
+structure, that's what this is,
+
+better be covered by the amount
+that I've been charging people
+
+for the use of that data
+structure up to that point.
+
+And that's got to be true for
+all n.
+
+But notice that this now gives
+me a way of charging a
+
+particular operation a certain
+amount.
+
+So, the total amortized costs
+provide an upper bound on the
+
+total true costs.
+Total amortized costs are an
+
+upper bound on the true costs.
+Any question about this?
+
+That we'll do the example of
+the dynamic table using this
+
+methodology.
+OK, so, back to the dynamic
+
+table.
+OK, so what we're going to do
+
+in this case is we're going to
+charge an amortized cost of $3
+
+for the i'th insert for all i.
+And the idea is that $1 is
+
+going to pay for an immediate
+insert, and $2 is going to be
+
+stored for doubling the table.
+And, it needs to be expanded.
+
+When the table doubles,
+of the stored dollars,
+
+we'll use one dollar to move a
+recent item, I'll call it,
+
+and one dollar we'll move an
+old item.
+
+So, let's do the example.
+So, imagine that I'm in this
+
+situation where I have a table
+of size eight,
+
+and I just doubled my table.
+So I have four items of the
+
+table.
+What I'm going to do is have no
+
+dollars in my table.
+So, along comes an insertion of
+
+item number five.
+I charge $3 for it.
+
+$1 lets me put the item in the
+table, and I have $2 left over.
+
+So let me store those $2 in the
+slot corresponding to where that
+
+item is.
+Now, item six comes in.
+
+Once again, $1,
+charge $3, $1 is paid for the
+
+insert, $2 left over,
+I'm going to play $2.
+
+Let me put it down there,
+and so forth.
+
+The next one comes in,
+$2, $2 leftover,
+
+and now the ninth item comes
+in.
+
+So, I double the size of my
+table.
+
+OK, and now I copy all of these
+guys and to all of these here.
+
+And what happens?
+Look at that:
+
+I've got $8,
+and I've got eight items that
+
+have to be copied.
+Perfect.
+
+OK, so one of these dollars
+pays for one of the ones that
+
+was inserted in the last round,
+and one of them pays for an old
+
+one.
+OK, and so, I copy them in,
+
+and now, none of those guys
+have any money.
+
+And the ninth guy comes in:
+he has $2 left over.
+
+And then, we keep going on.
+OK, so you see that by that
+
+argument, if I charge everybody
+$3, OK, I can always handle all
+
+of the table doubling,
+the charges for the table
+
+doubling because the inductive
+invariant that I've maintained
+
+is that after it doubles,
+there's nothing in the bank
+
+account.
+And now, I put in $2.
+
+Well then, I can pay,
+and I'm now left in the same
+
+situation.
+OK, and it's the case that the
+
+bank balance never goes
+negative.
+
+So that's a really important
+invariant to verify.
+
+And so, therefore,
+the sum of the true costs,
+
+or the amortized costs,
+upper bound the sum of the true
+
+costs.
+And, since the sum of the
+
+amortized cost,
+here, is, if I go i equals one
+
+to n, OK, this is 3n.
+So, the point is,
+
+now I bounded the sum of the
+true costs by 3n.
+
+OK, so let's go back to this
+table here, and look to see what
+
+happens, OK, if I put in c_i
+hat, and the bank balance.
+
+OK, so in fact,
+so the first thing I do is
+
+insert; I charge $3,
+right, and I do an insert.
+
+How much do I have left?
+I'm going to have $2.
+
+It turns out I'm actually going
+to charge $2 and have only $1
+
+left.
+OK, so I'm actually going to
+
+under charge the first guy.
+I'm going to show you that it
+
+works if I charge everybody $3.
+Except the first guy:
+
+I charge $2.
+I can actually save a little
+
+bit on number one.
+OK, that for this guy I'm going
+
+to charge $3.
+OK, what's the size of my bank
+
+balance when I'm done?
+Well, I have to copy one guy.
+
+He's all paid for,
+so I have $2 left.
+
+OK, people with me?
+OK, the next guy:
+
+I charge $3.
+Actually, I'm going to charge
+
+all these guys $3.
+OK, so here now I basically get
+
+to, I've got a table of size
+four.
+
+So, I basically have,
+I have to copy,
+
+oh, when I insert the third
+guy, I've got to copy two guys.
+
+That'll use up that,
+so I'll have only $2 left in
+
+the table after I've inserted
+him.
+
+OK, now I insert the fourth
+guy, OK, and that's a good one
+
+because now I've built up a
+balance here of $4 because I
+
+didn't have to copy anybody.
+OK, now I insert the fifth guy.
+
+I've got to copy four items.
+So that expends that balance.
+
+I have, then,
+two left.
+
+OK, and then here basically I
+add two to it.
+
+And then at this point,
+I use it all up and go back to
+
+two, etc.
+OK, so you see one of the
+
+things I want you to notice is I
+could have charged three here.
+
+And then I would've had an
+extra dollar lying around
+
+throughout here.
+It wouldn't have mattered.
+
+It still would be upper bounded
+by 3n.
+
+OK, so the idea is that
+different schemes for charging
+
+amortized costs can work.
+They don't all have to be the
+
+same.
+It's not like when you do in
+
+amortized analysis that there is
+one scheme that will work.
+
+I could have charged $4 to
+everybody.
+
+And it would have worked.
+But it turns out,
+
+I couldn't have charged two
+dollars for everybody.
+
+If I charged $2 for everybody,
+my balance would go negative,
+
+OK?
+My balance would go negative,
+
+but I can charge three dollars,
+and that will work.
+
+OK, four, five,
+six, I could charge that.
+
+The bound that I would get
+would be simply a looser bound.
+
+Instead of it being less than
+or equal to 3n,
+
+it would be less than or equal
+to 4n or 5n, or what have you.
+
+But if I tried to do 2n,
+it wouldn't have worked because
+
+I wouldn't have enough money
+left to copy everything.
+
+What would happen is I would
+have only $1 in this,
+
+and then when it came time to
+table double,
+
+I would need to copy eight
+guys.
+
+And I'd only have built up a
+bank account of $4,
+
+sorry, if I charged $2 and had
+$1 left over.
+
+OK, so to actually make these
+things work out,
+
+you have to play a little bit,
+OK, see what works,
+
+see what doesn't work.
+OK, no algorithmic formulas for
+
+algorithm design.
+OK, good.
+
+In the book,
+you can read about table
+
+contraction.
+What happens when you start
+
+deleting elements?
+Now you want to make the table
+
+be smaller.
+Now, you have to be very
+
+careful because unless you put,
+who remembers from physics,
+
+hysteresis?
+Vaguely?
+
+A couple people?
+OK, you have to worry about
+
+hysteresis.
+OK, if you're not careful,
+
+if whenever it gets to be less
+than a power of two,
+
+you go in the half,
+you can find that you're
+
+thrashing.
+So, you need to make it so that
+
+there is some memory in the
+system so that you only collapse
+
+after you've done a sufficient
+number of deletions,
+
+OK, and so forth.
+And the book has analysis of
+
+the more general case.
+OK, so any questions about the
+
+accounting method?
+Accounting method is really
+
+very cute, OK,
+very cute.
+
+And, it's the one most students
+prefer to do,
+
+OK?
+They usually hate the next one
+
+until they learn it.
+Once they learn it,
+
+they say, ooh,
+that's cool.
+
+OK, but to start out with,
+it takes a little bit more
+
+intestinal fortitude,
+OK?
+
+But it's amazing.
+Good potential arguments are
+
+really sweet.
+And we are going to see one
+
+next time, so you'll definitely
+want to review and make sure you
+
+understand it before Wednesday's
+lecture because Wednesday's
+
+lecture, we're going to assume
+we understand potential method.
+
+OK, so let's do,
+enough advertisement.
+
+I think the potential method is
+one of the beautiful results in
+
+algorithmic analysis,
+OK, just beautiful result,
+
+beautiful set of techniques.
+OK, and it's also,
+
+just in terms of,
+I mean, what do you aspire:
+
+to be a bookkeeper or to be a
+physicist?
+
+OK, so, the idea is we don't
+want to be bankers.
+
+We want to be physicists.
+
+And so, this bank account,
+we are going to say about the
+
+potential energy of the dynamics
+that that we are analyzing.
+
+OK, because,
+why?
+
+It delivers up work just like a
+spring does, for example,
+
+OK, when you study potential
+energy, or putting something up
+
+high and having gravity pull it
+down.
+
+We convert dynamic to
+potential, and that's exactly
+
+what we're going to be doing
+here, and it's similar
+
+mathematics except that in our
+case it turns out to be discrete
+
+mathematics rather than
+continuous math for most of it.
+
+So here's the framework for the
+potential method.
+
+So, we start with some data
+structure, D_0,
+
+and operation i transforms D_(i
+- 1) into D_i.
+
+So, we view the operation on
+the data structure as a mapping,
+
+mapping one data structure to
+another data structure,
+
+the one from before to the one
+after.
+
+OK, already it's nicely
+mathematical.
+
+OK, and of course,
+the costs of operation i
+
+remains at c_i.
+
+And, now what we are going to
+do is define the potential
+
+function, phi,
+which maps the set of data
+
+structures into the reals.
+So, associated with every data
+
+structure, now,
+is a potential,
+
+OK, a real-valued potential,
+often integer potential such
+
+that phi of D_0 is equal to
+zero.
+
+So, the initial potential is
+zero, and phi of D_i is greater
+
+than or equal to zero for all i.
+So, potential can never be
+
+nonnegative, just like the bank
+account because the potential is
+
+essentially representing the
+bank account,
+
+if you will,
+in the accounting method.
+
+OK, so we always want the
+potential to be nonnegative.
+
+Now, actually,
+there are times where you use
+
+potential functions where you
+violate both of these
+
+properties.
+There's some really interesting
+
+potential arguments which don't
+violate like these,
+
+but for the simple ones we're
+going to be doing in this class,
+
+we'll just assume that these
+tend to be true.
+
+OK, but we will actually see
+some times where phi of D_0
+
+isn't zero, it doesn't matter.
+OK, but generally this is what
+
+we are going to assume in the
+type of potential function
+
+argument that we are going to be
+doing.
+
+OK, so I just want to let you
+know that there are bigger,
+
+there is a bigger space of
+potential function arguments
+
+than the one that I'm showing
+you here.
+
+OK, so then,
+under this circumstance,
+
+we define the amortized cost
+c_i hat with respect to phi as,
+
+and this is one of these
+formulas that if you can't
+
+remember it, definitely put it
+down on your crib sheet for the
+
+final.
+OK, so c_i hat is equal to c_i
+
+plus phi of D_i minus phi of D_i
+minus one.
+
+OK, so this is the change in
+potential difference.
+
+And, let's call it delta phi i
+for shorthand.
+
+OK, and let's see what it means
+to have --
+
+-- in the different
+circumstances.
+
+So, if delta of phi i is
+greater than zero,
+
+OK, so if this is greater than
+zero, then what's the
+
+relationship between c_i hat and
+c_i?
+
+This is greater than zero.
+Yeah, c_i hat is then greater
+
+than c_i, OK?
+Then, c_i hat is greater than
+
+c_i.
+And what does that mean?
+
+That means when I do operation
+I, I charged more than it cost
+
+me to do the operation.
+So, the extra amount that I
+
+charged beyond what I actually
+used is being put into the bank,
+
+OK, is being stored as
+potential energy.
+
+So, op I stores work in the
+data structure for later.
+
+Similarly, if delta phi i is
+less than zero,
+
+then c_i hat is less than c_i.
+And so, the data structure
+
+delivers up work --
+
+-- to help pay for op I,
+OK, for operation I.
+
+So, if it's less than zero,
+that means that my change in
+
+potential, that means my bank
+account went down as a result,
+
+and so therefore,
+what happens was the data
+
+structure provided work to be
+done in order,
+
+because the true cost was
+bigger than the amortized cost.
+
+So, if you think about it,
+the difference between looking
+
+at it from the potential
+function point of view versus
+
+the accounting point of view,
+the accounting point of view,
+
+you sort of say,
+here is what my amortized cost
+
+will be.
+Now let me analyze my bank
+
+account, make sure it never went
+negative.
+
+In some sense,
+in the potential function
+
+argument, you're saying,
+here's what my bank account is
+
+all the time.
+Now let me analyze what the
+
+amortized costs are.
+So, that's sort of the
+
+difference in approaches.
+One is you are sort of
+
+specifying the bank account.
+The other, you're specifying
+
+the amortized costs.
+So, we look at the,
+
+why is it that this is a
+reasonable way to proceed?
+
+Well, let's look at the total
+amortized cost of n operations.
+
+OK, that's just the sum,
+i equals one to n of c_i hat.
+
+That's the total amortized
+cost.
+
+And that's equal to,
+but substitution,
+
+just substitute c_i hat for
+this formula.
+
+OK, so that's c_i plus phi of
+D_i minus phi of D_i minus one.
+
+OK, and that's equal to c_i.
+And now, what happens when I
+
+sum up these terms?
+What happens when some of these
+
+terms?
+What's the mathematical term we
+
+use?
+It telescopes.
+
+OK, every term on the left is
+added in once when it's I,
+
+and subtract it out when it's I
+minus one, except for the first
+
+and last terms.
+The term for n is only added
+
+in, and the term for zero is
+only subtracted out.
+
+OK, so that's because it
+telescopes.
+
+OK, so this term is what?
+What property do we know of
+
+this?
+It's greater than or equal to
+
+zero.
+And this one equals zero.
+
+So, therefore,
+this is greater than or equal
+
+to c_i.
+And thus, the amortized costs
+
+are an upper bound on the true
+costs, which is what we want.
+
+Some of the amortized costs is
+an upper bound up on the sum of
+
+the true costs.
+OK, but here,
+
+the way that we define the
+amortized costs was by first
+
+defining the potential function.
+OK, so the potential function
+
+is sort of, as I said,
+the difference between the
+
+accounting and the potential
+method is, do you specify the
+
+bank account or do you specify
+the cost?
+
+OK, do you specify the
+potential energy at any point,
+
+or do you specify the cost at
+any point?
+
+OK, but in any case,
+you get, this bound,
+
+also this math is nicer math.
+I like telescopes.
+
+OK, so the amortized costs
+upper bound the true costs.
+
+OK, let's do table doubling
+over here.
+
+So, to analyze this,
+we have to define our
+
+potential.
+OK, if anybody can guess this
+
+off the top of their head,
+they're better than I am.
+
+I struggled with this for
+probably easily a couple hours
+
+to get it right,
+OK, because I'm not too smart.
+
+OK, that's a potential function
+I'm going to use,
+
+OK, 2i minus two to the ceiling
+of log i.
+
+And, we're going to assume that
+two to the ceiling of log of
+
+zero is equal to zero,
+because that's what it is in
+
+the limit.
+For log of zero,
+
+this becomes minus infinity,
+so, two to the minus infinity
+
+is zero.
+So, that's just going to be a
+
+mathematical convenience.
+Assume that.
+
+OK, so where did I get this
+from?
+
+I played around.
+I looked at that sequence that
+
+I have erased and I said,
+OK, because reversing,
+
+there are some problems for
+which defining a potential
+
+function is fairly easy.
+But, defining the amortized
+
+costs is hard,
+OK, to define the accounting.
+
+So, for this one,
+the accounting method is,
+
+I would say,
+an easier method to use.
+
+However, I'm going to show you
+that you still can do it with
+
+potential method if you come up
+with the right potential.
+
+So, intuitively,
+this is basically what's left
+
+in the bank account at the I'th
+operation because I've put in 2i
+
+things into the bank,
+and I've subtracted out this
+
+many, essentially,
+from table doublings,
+
+OK, up to that point,
+OK?
+
+So, first let's observe,
+what is phi of D_0?
+
+Zero.
+So, that's good.
+
+And, the phi of D_i is greater
+than or equal to zero.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Why is that?
+
+So, what's the biggest that
+ceiling of log i could be?
+
+Ceiling of log i is either log
+i or log i quantity plus one,
+
+OK?
+So, the biggest it is,
+
+is log i plus one.
+If it's log i plus one,
+
+two to the log i plus one,
+it's just 2i.
+
+That's the biggest it could be,
+right?
+
+So, two, the log of i,
+plus one, is just,
+
+let's do it the other way,
+is i times two,
+
+OK, i for that part,
+two for that part.
+
+OK, so that the biggest it
+could be.
+
+OK, or it's just log of i.
+So, either this is going to be
+
+2i minus i or 2i minus 2i.
+In either case,
+
+it's bigger than zero,
+OK?
+
+So, those are the two
+properties I need for this to be
+
+a well-defined potential
+function.
+
+Now, that doesn't say that the
+amortized costs are going to be
+
+satisfied the property that
+things are going to be cheap,
+
+OK, that I'm going to be able
+to do my analysis and get the
+
+kind of bounds I want.
+But, it sets up to say,
+
+yes, I've satisfied the syntax
+of having a proper potential
+
+function.
+So, let's just do a quick
+
+example here just to see what
+this means.
+
+So, imagine that I am in the
+situation where I have eight,
+
+did I do that right,
+OK, yeah, eight slots,
+
+and say six of them are full.
+So then, phi by this is going
+
+to be 2i.
+That's two times six minus two
+
+to the 2i.
+What's that?
+
+Sorry, minus two to the ceiling
+of log i.
+
+So, i is six,
+right, so log of i is log of
+
+six.
+The ceiling of it is three.
+
+So, that's minus 2^3,
+which is eight.
+
+So, that's 12 minus eight.
+That's four.
+
+And if you think about this in
+the accounting method,
+
+these would be zeros,
+and these would be twos,
+
+right, for the accounting
+method if we do the same thing,
+
+because this is halfway
+through, right,
+
+all zeros, and that we add two
+for each one that we're going
+
+in.
+So, I function is,
+
+in fact, telling me what the
+actual cost is.
+
+OK, everybody with me?
+OK, so that's what we mean by
+
+this particular potential
+function.
+
+OK, so now let's add up the
+amortized cost of the i'th
+
+insert.
+
+OK, so that's the amortized
+cost of the i'th insert,
+
+just by definition.
+OK, and now that's equal to,
+
+well, what is c_i?
+Do we still have that written
+
+down somewhere,
+or have we erased that at this
+
+point?
+I think we erased it.
+
+Well, we can write it down
+again.
+
+It is i if i minus one is an
+exact power of two.
+
+And, it's one otherwise.
+That's c_i.
+
+That's this term,
+plus, and now phi of D_i:
+
+so, what is that?
+phi of D_i is this business,
+
+2i minus two ceiling of log i
+minus 2i minus one minus two
+
+ceiling of log of I minus one.
+OK, so that's the amortized
+
+cost.
+That's a nice,
+
+pretty formula,
+right?
+
+OK, let's hope it simplifies a
+little.
+
+OK, so that's equal to,
+well, we have the i and the one
+
+here, if, etc.,
+that business,
+
+plus, OK, well,
+we have some things we can
+
+cancel here, right?
+So here, we have 2i minus 2i.
+
+That cancels.
+And then we have what's left
+
+over here is a minus two.
+So, that's a plus two.
+
+And now, I have minus this term
+plus this term.
+
+That's a lot prettier.
+OK, it's still a mess.
+
+We've got to case analysis.
+Why is it suggestive of a case
+
+analysis?
+We have a case.
+
+OK, so let's do a case
+analysis.
+
+OK, so case one,
+I minus one is an exact power
+
+of two.
+So then, c_i hat is equal to,
+
+well, c_i is now just i.
+That's that case.
+
+And then we have the rest
+there, plus two,
+
+minus two, ceiling of log i
+minus two ceiling of log of i
+
+minus one.
+OK, and that's equal to i plus
+
+two.
+Well, let's see.
+
+If I minus one is an exact
+power of two,
+
+what is this term?
+i minus one is an exact power
+
+of two.
+Plus, thank you,
+
+sorry about that.
+
+It's good to have students,
+let me say, because,
+
+boy, my math is so bad.
+This is actually why I end up
+
+being a pretty good theoretician
+is because I don't ever trust
+
+what I've written down.
+And so, I write it down in a
+
+way that I can verify it because
+otherwise I just am not smart
+
+enough to carry through five
+equations in a row and expect
+
+that everyone is going to be
+transformed appropriately.
+
+OK, so you write it down.
+So I always write it down so I
+
+can verify it.
+And that fortunately has the
+
+side benefit that other people
+can understand what I've done as
+
+well.
+OK, so what is this one?
+
+This is two to the log of i
+minus one because the ceiling,
+
+if this is an exact power of
+two, right, then ceiling of log
+
+of i minus one is just log of i
+minus one.
+
+So, this is two to the log of i
+minus one, which is i minus one,
+
+right?
+Yeah?
+
+OK.
+OK, if it's an exact power of
+
+two, then the log is an integer,
+right?
+
+So, taking the ceiling,
+it doesn't matter,
+
+get rid of the ceiling.
+OK, this one,
+
+however, is not an exact power
+of two.
+
+But what is it?
+It's just one more than this
+
+guy.
+We know that i minus one is not
+
+an exact power of two,
+so it's going to be the next
+
+bigger one.
+OK, so that means this is what?
+
+So, it's going to be,
+how do these two compare?
+
+How much bigger is this one
+than this one?
+
+It's twice the size.
+We know what this one is.
+
+OK, or it can reason it from
+first principles.
+
+This is going to be the log of
+i minus one plus one.
+
+OK, and so then you can reduce
+it to this.
+
+So, you've got to think about
+those floors and ceilings,
+
+right?
+It's like, what's happening in
+
+the round off there?
+OK, so now we can simplify
+
+this.
+OK, so what do we have here?
+
+We have, OK,
+so if I multiply this through,
+
+I have an i plus two minus 2i
+plus two plus i minus one.
+
+I know a lot of you,
+probably 90% of you will do
+
+this step.
+You will go directly from this
+
+step to the last step.
+And that's where 30% of you,
+
+or some number,
+will get it wrong.
+
+OK, so let me encourage you to
+do that step.
+
+OK, it's easier to find your
+bugs if you take it slow.
+
+Actually, taking it slow is
+faster in the long run.
+
+It's hard to teach young
+stallions, or phillies,
+
+or whatever,
+OK?
+
+Just take it easy.
+Just patience,
+
+just do it slow,
+get it right.
+
+It's actually faster.
+OK, everybody knows the
+
+tortoise and hare story.
+Yeah, yeah, yeah,
+
+OK, but nobody believes it.
+OK, so now here we have 2i
+
+here, an i here,
+and an i here.
+
+And then, that leaves us with
+two plus two minus one,
+
+equals three.
+Awesome, awesome.
+
+OK, amortized cost is three
+when i minus one is an exact
+
+power of two.
+OK, case two.
+
+OK, i minus one is not an exact
+power of two.
+
+So then we have c_i hat is
+equal to, now instead of i it's
+
+one plus, and then the two minus
+two to the ceiling of log i plus
+
+two to the ceiling of log of i
+minus one.
+
+OK, now what can somebody tell
+me about these two terms in the
+
+case where i minus one is not an
+exact power of two?
+
+What are they?
+Equal.
+
+Why is that?
+Yeah, the ceiling is going to
+
+do the same thing to both,
+going to take it up to the same
+
+integer.
+So these two things are equal,
+
+which means this is equal to
+three.
+
+OK, so therefore,
+n inserts, OK,
+
+so now I say,
+oh, the amortized cost is three
+
+for every operation for every
+insert.
+
+So therefore,
+n inserts costs,
+
+well, the amortized cost of
+each is three.
+
+So n of them,
+the amortized cost is 3n.
+
+That's an upper bound on the
+worst-case true costs.
+
+So, n inserts costs order n in
+the worst case.
+
+OK, there is a bug in this
+analysis.
+
+It's a minor bug.
+It's the one I pointed out
+
+before the first insert has
+amortized cost of two,
+
+and not three.
+I didn't actually deal with
+
+that one carefully enough.
+OK, so that's an exercise to
+
+just go and look to see where it
+is that that happens and how you
+
+show that, in fact,
+the amortized cost of the first
+
+one is two, OK,
+where that shows up.
+
+OK, so to summarize,
+actually let me summarize over
+
+here, conclusions about
+amortized analysis.
+
+So amortized costs provide a
+clean abstraction for data
+
+structure performance.
+So, what I can tell somebody,
+
+so suppose I built a dynamic
+table, for example,
+
+OK.
+It's easier to say,
+
+in terms of your own
+performance modeling,
+
+it costs a constant amount of
+time for each insert.
+
+As long as you don't care about
+real-time behavior,
+
+but only the aggregate
+behavior, that's a great
+
+abstraction for the performance
+Rather than saying it's got
+
+that complicated thing which
+sometimes cost you a lot,
+
+how do they reason about that?
+But you could say every
+
+operation costs me order one,
+that's really simple.
+
+But they have to understand,
+it's order one in an amortized
+
+sense, OK.
+So, if they do have a real-time
+
+constraint to make,
+amortized doesn't cut it.
+
+OK, but for many problems,
+it's perfectly good.
+
+It lets me explain it rather
+simply.
+
+OK, we will see some other data
+structures that have amortized
+
+costs where different operations
+have different amortized costs.
+
+And the nice thing about that
+is I just add up,
+
+what's the cost of all my
+different operations,
+
+OK, where there is a different
+cost for each operation?
+
+Some will be log n.
+Some will be order one,
+
+or whatever.
+Add them up:
+
+that's an upper bound on the
+true costs.
+
+OK: tremendous simplification
+in abstracting and reasoning
+
+about those complicated data
+structures.
+
+OK, now, so this is probably,
+this is huge.
+
+OK, abstraction,
+you know, computer science,
+
+what teach you through four
+years of undergraduate,
+
+and another year if you go on
+to M.Eng., and then if you get a
+
+Ph.D., it's another 15 years or
+whatever it takes to get a Ph.D.
+
+OK, all you teach about is
+abstraction: abstraction,
+
+abstraction,
+abstraction.
+
+So, this is a powerful
+abstraction: quite good.
+
+Now, we learned three methods.
+In general, any method can be
+
+used.
+You can convert one to the
+
+other.
+But each has situations where
+
+it is arguably simplest or most
+precise.
+
+So, any of the methods can be
+used.
+
+However, you must learn all of
+them, OK, because there are
+
+going to be some situations
+where you need one,
+
+where it's better to do one,
+better to do another.
+
+If you're reading in the
+literature, you want to know
+
+these different ways of doing
+it.
+
+And that means that even though
+you may get really comfortable
+
+with accounting,
+OK, in an exam,
+
+or whatever,
+I may say solve this with a
+
+potential function argument.
+So, you want to be comfortable
+
+with all the methods,
+OK.
+
+Last point is that,
+in fact, different potential
+
+functions or accounting costs
+may yield different bounds.
+
+OK, so when you do an amortized
+analysis, there's nothing to say
+
+that one set of costs is better
+than another.
+
+So, just as an example,
+OK, in any data structure
+
+generally that supports delete,
+I can amortize all the deletes
+
+against the inserts.
+So, in general,
+
+what I could do is say deletes
+are free, OK,
+
+and charge twice as much for
+each insert.
+
+OK, charging enough when I do
+the insert to amortize it
+
+against the delete.
+That you could do with an
+
+accounting method.
+You can also do it with a
+
+potential method,
+the potential,
+
+then, being the number of items
+that I actually have in my data
+
+structure times the cost of the
+delete for each of those items.
+
+OK, so the point is that I can
+allocate costs in different
+
+ways.
+Or I could have amortized costs
+
+which are equal to the true
+costs.
+
+So, there are different ways
+that I could assign amortized
+
+costs.
+There is no one way,
+
+OK, and choosing different ones
+may yield different bounds.
+
+It may not, but it may yield
+different bounds.
+
+OK, generally it does yield
+different ones.
+
+OK, next time:
+an amazing use of potential
+
+functions.
+OK, the stuff is cool,
+
+but let me tell you,
+Wednesday's lecture:
+
+amazing.
+Amazing the type of analysis we
+
+are going to be able to do.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qtGHKiAROig.txt b/qtGHKiAROig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74ec1939b58af6ab8eac655dea5c2613c128388d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qtGHKiAROig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're going to continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to continue with
+genetics and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and we're going to talk about
+the rules or laws of inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules or laws of inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules or laws of inheritance
+I expect that many if not all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect that many if not all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect that many if not all of you
+have been exposed to these rules before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been exposed to these rules before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been exposed to these rules before
+and so what I really want to do today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I really want to do today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I really want to do today is
+make the connection between these laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection between these laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection between these laws
+and the behavior of chromosomes such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the behavior of chromosomes such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the behavior of chromosomes such
+that when you're thinking about genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're thinking about genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're thinking about genetics
+and inheritance pattern you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inheritance pattern you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inheritance pattern you're thinking
+about chromosomes undergoing meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chromosomes undergoing meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chromosomes undergoing meiosis
+okay and I want to start just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to start just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to start just to make
+the point that there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that there are a number of
+human traits and human diseases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human traits and human diseases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human traits and human diseases that
+show clear sort of inheritance patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show clear sort of inheritance patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show clear sort of inheritance patterns
+and what's shown up here is what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's shown up here is what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's shown up here is what's known
+as a pedigree okay so this is a pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pedigree okay so this is a pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pedigree okay so this is a pedigree
+I'll just block this off I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just block this off I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just block this off I'm showing you
+a pedigree which shows relationships and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pedigree which shows relationships and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pedigree which shows relationships and
+a family tree and so what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family tree and so what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family tree and so what you can see
+what these symbols denote are if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these symbols denote are if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these symbols denote are if you
+have a open box that is an unaffected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a open box that is an unaffected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a open box that is an unaffected
+male and so openbox is an unaffected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male and so openbox is an unaffected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male and so openbox is an unaffected
+male and what I mean by unaffected is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male and what I mean by unaffected is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male and what I mean by unaffected is
+and usually it means they don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually it means they don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually it means they don't have the
+disease that we're talking about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that we're talking about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that we're talking about okay
+circles represent females and so an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles represent females and so an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles represent females and so an open
+circle would be an unaffected female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and finally if you have one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally if you have one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally if you have one of these
+symbols either male or female and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols either male or female and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols either male or female and it's
+shaded in that by convention represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded in that by convention represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded in that by convention represents
+an affected individual so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affected individual so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affected individual so that's an
+individual that has the disease or trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that has the disease or trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that has the disease or trait
+so this is an affected individual okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an affected individual okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an affected individual okay
+so this is an example of a disease that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a disease that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a disease that
+you've already heard about from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already heard about from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already heard about from
+Professor Imperioli this is a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Imperioli this is a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Imperioli this is a family
+tree that's indicative of a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that's indicative of a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that's indicative of a type of
+inheritance that's seen in families with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance that's seen in families with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance that's seen in families with
+a disease called phenylketonuria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease called phenylketonuria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease called phenylketonuria
+okay and you'll remember from Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you'll remember from Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you'll remember from Professor
+and Perry Ali's lecture this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Perry Ali's lecture this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Perry Ali's lecture this is a
+disease where there's a mutation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease where there's a mutation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease where there's a mutation or
+allele in which there's a defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele in which there's a defective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele in which there's a defective
+enzyme that can't process the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that can't process the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that can't process the amino acid
+female v + O alanine and so patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female v + O alanine and so patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female v + O alanine and so patients
+with this disorder have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this disorder have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this disorder have to be very
+careful about their diet such that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about their diet such that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about their diet such that they
+don't in take too much phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't in take too much phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't in take too much phenylalanine
+okay and what you see about this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you see about this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you see about this this
+trait or disease is that it's skipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait or disease is that it's skipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait or disease is that it's skipping
+multiple generations and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple generations and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple generations and then it
+manifests itself down here I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself down here I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself down here I'm not
+getting any arrow so I'm just gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any arrow so I'm just gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any arrow so I'm just gonna use
+this pointer here so here you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pointer here so here you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pointer here so here you see there
+are several individuals there's a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several individuals there's a male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several individuals there's a male
+and a female with the disease and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a female with the disease and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a female with the disease and its
+results from a relationship between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from a relationship between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from a relationship between two
+first cousins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cousins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cousins
+so only in this case does the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only in this case does the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only in this case does the disease
+sort of appear and you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of appear and you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of appear and you can think of this
+as a recessive trait in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a recessive trait in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a recessive trait in this case it's
+autosomal recessive so for PKU this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autosomal recessive so for PKU this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autosomal recessive so for PKU this is
+exhibiting what's a type of inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting what's a type of inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting what's a type of inheritance
+known as autosomal recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason that it's recessive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that it's recessive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that it's recessive is
+because if an individual just has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if an individual just has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if an individual just has one
+copy of a functional enzyme then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a functional enzyme then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a functional enzyme then they
+don't have the disease okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the disease okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the disease okay so you can
+see there's only individuals that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's only individuals that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's only individuals that have
+both defective versions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both defective versions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both defective versions which are
+labeled lowercase a here that exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled lowercase a here that exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled lowercase a here that exhibit
+the disease okay so in the case of PKU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease okay so in the case of PKU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease okay so in the case of PKU
+lowercase a represents the defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase a represents the defective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase a represents the defective
+enzyme and uppercase a denotes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and uppercase a denotes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and uppercase a denotes a
+functional enzyme now it's not shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional enzyme now it's not shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional enzyme now it's not shown
+here but it's possible that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's possible that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's possible that our
+ancestors sort of like above this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors sort of like above this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors sort of like above this
+parental generation also exhibited this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental generation also exhibited this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental generation also exhibited this
+disease such that there would be a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease such that there would be a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease such that there would be a sign
+that this is being inherited across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is being inherited across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is being inherited across
+generations so that's not as obvious in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations so that's not as obvious in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations so that's not as obvious in
+this disorder because it's a very rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disorder because it's a very rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disorder because it's a very rare
+genetic disorder but more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic disorder but more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic disorder but more common
+disorders such as colorblindness show a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders such as colorblindness show a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders such as colorblindness show a
+more clear clear inheritance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clear clear inheritance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clear clear inheritance from
+generation to generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to generation
+so um is anyone anyone here colorpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um is anyone anyone here colorpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um is anyone anyone here colorpoint
+I asked just to know how to set up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked just to know how to set up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked just to know how to set up my
+slides as well no one's colorblind okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides as well no one's colorblind okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides as well no one's colorblind okay
+we have a that's good then you'll all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a that's good then you'll all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a that's good then you'll all
+see the difference between the image on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference between the image on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference between the image on
+the left on the image on the right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left on the image on the right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left on the image on the right so if
+you have normal vision that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have normal vision that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have normal vision that's what you
+see on the left from this fruit stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the left from this fruit stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the left from this fruit stand
+but for those that are missing the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for those that are missing the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for those that are missing the red
+photo pigment in your cone cells you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo pigment in your cone cells you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo pigment in your cone cells you're
+you exhibit colorblindness and you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exhibit colorblindness and you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exhibit colorblindness and you had
+this fruit stand would look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fruit stand would look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fruit stand would look like the
+image on the right okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the right okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the right okay so this is a
+clear example of an inherited trait in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear example of an inherited trait in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear example of an inherited trait in
+humans and this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and this is an example of
+inheritance pattern that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern that would be
+similar to human color blindness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to human color blindness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to human color blindness and
+here you can see a clear example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see a clear example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see a clear example where
+you have an affected individual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an affected individual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an affected individual and
+affected Mal here that now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected Mal here that now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected Mal here that now has
+five daughters none of which exhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five daughters none of which exhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five daughters none of which exhibit the
+phenotype or disease but several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype or disease but several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype or disease but several of
+those daughters give rise to progeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those daughters give rise to progeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those daughters give rise to progeny
+sons that have the disease okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sons that have the disease okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sons that have the disease okay so in
+this case you see this trait skips a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you see this trait skips a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you see this trait skips a
+generation but essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but essentially the
+grandfather here has passed on the trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather here has passed on the trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather here has passed on the trait
+to his grandsons okay and so color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his grandsons okay and so color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his grandsons okay and so color
+blindness is a little bit different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness is a little bit different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness is a little bit different from
+PKU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKU
+not only in the fact that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in the fact that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in the fact that it's more
+frequent so it's about 10% of mouths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent so it's about 10% of mouths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent so it's about 10% of mouths
+exhibit color blindness in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit color blindness in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit color blindness in the
+population but also you see with PKU you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but also you see with PKU you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but also you see with PKU you
+had both a female and a male affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had both a female and a male affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had both a female and a male affected
+and in this case you're seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you're seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you're seeing a
+preponderance of affected males which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preponderance of affected males which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preponderance of affected males which
+seems to be not random okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be not random okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be not random okay
+and so this colorblindness exhibits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this colorblindness exhibits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this colorblindness exhibits a
+different type of inheritance pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of inheritance pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of inheritance pattern
+which is known as sex linked recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to come back to this
+inheritance pattern at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern at the end of the
+lecture because it's actually this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because it's actually this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because it's actually this type
+of inheritance pattern which helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance pattern which helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance pattern which helped
+researchers about a hundred years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers about a hundred years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers about a hundred years ago
+make the connection between the unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection between the unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection between the unit of
+heredity the gene and chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heredity the gene and chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heredity the gene and chromosomes
+okay so we'll talk about a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll talk about a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll talk about a another
+example of this type of inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this type of inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this type of inheritance
+pattern at the end okay so for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern at the end okay so for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern at the end okay so for today
+what we're going to talk about is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about is we're
+gonna start with some of the basic laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start with some of the basic laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start with some of the basic laws
+of autosomal inheritance and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of autosomal inheritance and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of autosomal inheritance and so we're
+gonna talk about Greg Ulm regor Mendel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about Greg Ulm regor Mendel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about Greg Ulm regor Mendel
+and his seminal studies in the pea plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his seminal studies in the pea plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his seminal studies in the pea plant
+and then towards the end of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then towards the end of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then towards the end of the lecture
+we're going to talk about sex linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about sex linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about sex linkage
+and I'm going to tell you about work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to tell you about work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to tell you about work
+done in fruit flies and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in fruit flies and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in fruit flies and specifically
+their eye color trait which led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eye color trait which led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eye color trait which led to the
+linkage between the behavior of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage between the behavior of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage between the behavior of genes
+and the behavior of chromosomes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the behavior of chromosomes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the behavior of chromosomes okay so
+that's what we have in store for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first I'm gonna tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I'm gonna tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I'm gonna tell you a
+little bit about what enabled Mendel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what enabled Mendel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what enabled Mendel's
+theory I guess I could start over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory I guess I could start over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory I guess I could start over here
+so what enabled Mendel's theory and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what enabled Mendel's theory and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what enabled Mendel's theory and I
+presume that most of you have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume that most of you have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume that most of you have heard
+about Mendel before so there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mendel before so there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mendel before so there might be a
+little bit of a reminder for you but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a reminder for you but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a reminder for you but I
+also hope that we kind of make a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hope that we kind of make a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hope that we kind of make a very
+clear connection connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear connection connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear connection connection between
+Mendel's theory and the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's theory and the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's theory and the behavior of
+chromosomes so Mendel did his seminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes so Mendel did his seminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes so Mendel did his seminal
+studies using the pea plant and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies using the pea plant and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies using the pea plant and one
+aspect of pea plant biology that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of pea plant biology that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of pea plant biology that was
+really essential for Mendel's theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really essential for Mendel's theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really essential for Mendel's theory is
+that you can both self pollinate pea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can both self pollinate pea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can both self pollinate pea
+plants meaning you can take the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants meaning you can take the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants meaning you can take the male
+gametes from a pea plant and made it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes from a pea plant and made it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes from a pea plant and made it to
+the female gametes from the same pea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the female gametes from the same pea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the female gametes from the same pea
+plant so it's entirely within the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so it's entirely within the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so it's entirely within the same
+plant okay so you can self pollinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant okay so you can self pollinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant okay so you can self pollinate
+meaning you do a cross you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you do a cross you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you do a cross you basically
+cross a plant to itself which obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross a plant to itself which obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross a plant to itself which obviously
+we can't do with humans you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do with humans you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do with humans you can't do
+with many organisms or you can cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many organisms or you can cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many organisms or you can cross
+pollinate meaning you take the the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollinate meaning you take the the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollinate meaning you take the the male
+gamete from one plant and you combine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamete from one plant and you combine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamete from one plant and you combine it
+with the female gamete from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the female gamete from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the female gamete from a different
+plant okay and as we go through Mendel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant okay and as we go through Mendel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant okay and as we go through Mendel's
+experiments you'll see how this was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you'll see how this was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you'll see how this was used
+to define the rules of inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another property of the of the pea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property of the of the pea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property of the of the pea
+plants and something that Mendel took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and something that Mendel took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and something that Mendel took
+advantage of was he chose traits of pea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of was he chose traits of pea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of was he chose traits of pea
+plants that exhibit exhibited a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that exhibit exhibited a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that exhibit exhibited a very
+clear dominant or recessive phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear dominant or recessive phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear dominant or recessive phenotype
+okay you sure I'm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you sure I'm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you sure I'm okay
+so he used visible traits visible traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he used visible traits visible traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he used visible traits visible traits
+with a very clear dominance or recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very clear dominance or recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very clear dominance or recessive
+nasai and if we go back to our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasai and if we go back to our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasai and if we go back to our example
+of PKU you can see how this human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PKU you can see how this human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PKU you can see how this human
+disorder the genes that determine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder the genes that determine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder the genes that determine this
+disorder the alleles have a very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder the alleles have a very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder the alleles have a very clear
+dominance or recessive miss on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance or recessive miss on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance or recessive miss on the
+dominant allele is often odd denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant allele is often odd denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant allele is often odd denoted
+with a capital letter in this case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capital letter in this case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capital letter in this case for
+PKU we used capital letter a or the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKU we used capital letter a or the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKU we used capital letter a or the in
+this case the disease allele was lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the disease allele was lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the disease allele was lower
+cased heir a and that's recessive and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cased heir a and that's recessive and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cased heir a and that's recessive and if
+an allele has dominance what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allele has dominance what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allele has dominance what that
+essentially means is that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means is that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means is that being
+homozygous for the dominant allele is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous for the dominant allele is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous for the dominant allele is
+equivalent to having just one copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to having just one copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to having just one copy of
+that allele okay and so I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allele okay and so I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allele okay and so I think if you
+think of the PKU example this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the PKU example this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the PKU example this is very
+clear because the the disease phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear because the the disease phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear because the the disease phenotype
+results from a defective enzyme right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from a defective enzyme right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from a defective enzyme right so
+if you just have one copy of the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just have one copy of the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just have one copy of the enzyme
+that's functional then the the human can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's functional then the the human can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's functional then the the human can
+have wild-type or normal function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wild-type or normal function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wild-type or normal function okay
+so in order to really lack function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to really lack function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to really lack function of
+this enzyme you need to be homozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme you need to be homozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme you need to be homozygous
+for the non-functional allele okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the non-functional allele okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the non-functional allele okay so
+you need to not have any normal copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to not have any normal copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to not have any normal copy of
+that enzyme because if you just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzyme because if you just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzyme because if you just have one
+copy of that enzyme you're okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of that enzyme you're okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of that enzyme you're okay because
+you have an enzyme that's functional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an enzyme that's functional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an enzyme that's functional and
+will carry out that function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will carry out that function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will carry out that function in the
+cells of your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the last point I want to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last point I want to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last point I want to make is
+that Mendel did his experiments starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mendel did his experiments starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mendel did his experiments starting
+with what are known as pure breeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what are known as pure breeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what are known as pure breeding
+lines okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so
+started with pure breeding lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with pure breeding lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with pure breeding lines and
+what I mean by pure breeding are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by pure breeding are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by pure breeding are these
+are lines that if you take these plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lines that if you take these plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lines that if you take these plants
+and just self cross them over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just self cross them over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just self cross them over and over
+again generation to generation they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again generation to generation they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again generation to generation they will
+only give rise to plants with traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give rise to plants with traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give rise to plants with traits
+that reflect the parental generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflect the parental generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflect the parental generation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so there's basically no variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's basically no variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's basically no variation and
+you'll see in just a moment that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in just a moment that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in just a moment that another
+way to denote pure breeding means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to denote pure breeding means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to denote pure breeding means that
+for a certain trait you have an allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain trait you have an allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain trait you have an allele
+combination which is homozygous okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination which is homozygous okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination which is homozygous okay so
+another way to think of pure breeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think of pure breeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think of pure breeding
+lines are these are plants that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are these are plants that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are these are plants that have a
+homozygous allele composition homozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous allele composition homozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous allele composition homozygous
+meaning that either they have two copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that either they have two copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that either they have two copies
+of one allele or two copies of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one allele or two copies of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one allele or two copies of the other
+allele okay okay I just want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele okay okay I just want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele okay okay I just want to make the
+point that Mendel had to overcome a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that Mendel had to overcome a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that Mendel had to overcome a
+number of hurdles in order to get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hurdles in order to get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hurdles in order to get these
+results and Mendel is not exactly you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and Mendel is not exactly you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and Mendel is not exactly you're
+sort of like you know clear clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like you know clear clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like you know clear clear
+example of the success story okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the success story okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the success story okay so
+Mendel applied to get a teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel applied to get a teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel applied to get a teaching
+certificate in University and he failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate in University and he failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate in University and he failed
+out okay and I'll quote one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay and I'll quote one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay and I'll quote one of
+instructive his instructors who said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive his instructors who said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive his instructors who said I
+quote he lacks in sight and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote he lacks in sight and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote he lacks in sight and the
+requisite clarity of knowledge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisite clarity of knowledge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisite clarity of knowledge okay
+so that guy feels stupid so next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that guy feels stupid so next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that guy feels stupid so next so
+Mendel did his experiments and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel did his experiments and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel did his experiments and and the
+significance of his work was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of his work was never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of his work was never
+recognized throughout his lifetime he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized throughout his lifetime he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized throughout his lifetime he
+did his experiments in the 1850s and 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did his experiments in the 1850s and 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did his experiments in the 1850s and 60s
+he died in 1884 he died not knowing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died in 1884 he died not knowing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died in 1884 he died not knowing at
+all what the significance of his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what the significance of his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what the significance of his work
+was because his work was then found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because his work was then found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because his work was then found
+again in the early 1900s by the likes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the early 1900s by the likes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the early 1900s by the likes of
+Thomas Hunt Morgan and others and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Hunt Morgan and others and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Hunt Morgan and others and they
+made the connection between Mendel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the connection between Mendel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the connection between Mendel's
+laws of inheritance and chromosomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of inheritance and chromosomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of inheritance and chromosomes and
+it was really then that Mendel became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really then that Mendel became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really then that Mendel became
+the father of genetics right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father of genetics right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father of genetics right because
+then then there was a physical model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then there was a physical model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then there was a physical model for
+how inheritance was working and but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how inheritance was working and but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how inheritance was working and but he
+died before that happened right so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died before that happened right so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died before that happened right so he
+didn't realize that he was the success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize that he was the success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize that he was the success
+that we now know him to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we now know him to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we now know him to be another
+interesting story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting story
+he started his work with mice he wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started his work with mice he wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started his work with mice he wanted
+to like breed mice with different coat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like breed mice with different coat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like breed mice with different coat
+colors but he got in trouble with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors but he got in trouble with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors but he got in trouble with with
+his bishop because his bishop didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his bishop because his bishop didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his bishop because his bishop didn't
+approve him of promoting sex among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve him of promoting sex among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve him of promoting sex among these
+mice luckily his bishop doesn't didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice luckily his bishop doesn't didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice luckily his bishop doesn't didn't
+take a plant biology course because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a plant biology course because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a plant biology course because of
+course plants also have sex but he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course plants also have sex but he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course plants also have sex but he had
+to under come a number of hurdles but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to under come a number of hurdles but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to under come a number of hurdles but he
+took advantage of his garden and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took advantage of his garden and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took advantage of his garden and I was
+talking to someone in my lab the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to someone in my lab the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to someone in my lab the other
+day and she said you know what's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and she said you know what's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and she said you know what's great
+about Mendel he had a garden and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mendel he had a garden and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mendel he had a garden and he just
+didn't put it on Instagram so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put it on Instagram so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put it on Instagram so you know
+he used his garden to his advantage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used his garden to his advantage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used his garden to his advantage and
+so with his modest garden he came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with his modest garden he came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with his modest garden he came up
+with what are now known as the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what are now known as the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what are now known as the rules of
+inheritance and I'll start with Mendel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance and I'll start with Mendel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance and I'll start with Mendel's
+first law so Mendel's first law is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law so Mendel's first law is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law so Mendel's first law is that
+every adult has a pair of genes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every adult has a pair of genes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every adult has a pair of genes for a
+given trait and these are now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given trait and these are now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given trait and these are now what we
+refer to as alleles and we now refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as alleles and we now refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as alleles and we now refer to
+them as genes as well Mendel did not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as genes as well Mendel did not use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as genes as well Mendel did not use
+the term gene he just had these abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term gene he just had these abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term gene he just had these abstract
+sort of units of heredity okay so his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of units of heredity okay so his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of units of heredity okay so his
+first law states that every adult has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law states that every adult has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law states that every adult has
+two sort of units of heredity they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sort of units of heredity they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sort of units of heredity they can
+be different and that they split during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different and that they split during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different and that they split during
+the formation of the gametes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of the gametes okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of the gametes okay and
+the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that
+Gami will have a given allele or a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gami will have a given allele or a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gami will have a given allele or a given
+unit is equal probability okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is equal probability okay so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is equal probability okay so what I
+hope you can see is that this law which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you can see is that this law which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you can see is that this law which
+is stated up there is a direct result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stated up there is a direct result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stated up there is a direct result of
+the segregation of homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segregation of homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segregation of homologous
+chromosomes during meiosis 1 ok Mendel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes during meiosis 1 ok Mendel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes during meiosis 1 ok Mendel
+did not know that but now looking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not know that but now looking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not know that but now looking back
+we can see how this manifests itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see how this manifests itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see how this manifests itself and
+so during metaphase during meiosis 1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during metaphase during meiosis 1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during metaphase during meiosis 1 you
+recall that the homologous chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the homologous chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the homologous chromosomes
+here line up at the metaphase plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here line up at the metaphase plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here line up at the metaphase plate and
+they line up opposite each other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they line up opposite each other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they line up opposite each other such
+that some of the gametes will get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the gametes will get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the gametes will get the
+capital Y allele shown here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y allele shown here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y allele shown here and the
+other half of the gametes will get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half of the gametes will get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half of the gametes will get this
+lower case Y allele okay so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower case Y allele okay so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower case Y allele okay so there's a
+50% probability of a gammy either having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% probability of a gammy either having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% probability of a gammy either having
+one or the other okay and of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other okay and of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other okay and of course in
+meiosis one this is referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis one this is referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis one this is referred to as a
+reduction older vision because the Hama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction older vision because the Hama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction older vision because the Hama
+homologs are split and so the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologs are split and so the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologs are split and so the genetic
+content of the gametes are divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the gametes are divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the gametes are divided into
+half okay so Mendel's first law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so Mendel's first law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so Mendel's first law the
+evidence for it were the results of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for it were the results of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for it were the results of a
+what is known as a monohybrid cross okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is known as a monohybrid cross okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is known as a monohybrid cross okay
+so Mendel did what is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mendel did what is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mendel did what is known as a
+monohybrid cross where he took pea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monohybrid cross where he took pea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monohybrid cross where he took pea
+plants that pure bred for two were pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that pure bred for two were pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that pure bred for two were pure
+breeding for two different traits well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding for two different traits well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding for two different traits well
+one was their pea color so his yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was their pea color so his yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was their pea color so his yellow
+peas versus green peas and he made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas versus green peas and he made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas versus green peas and he made a
+hybrid where he takes a yellow plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid where he takes a yellow plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid where he takes a yellow plant
+that arises from yellow peas and crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arises from yellow peas and crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arises from yellow peas and crosses
+it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a
+and from green pea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from green pea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from green pea okay
+and this is known as the parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is known as the parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is known as the parental
+generation and so the result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and so the result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and so the result of this
+cross is that all of the peas were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross is that all of the peas were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross is that all of the peas were
+yellow so a hundred percent this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow so a hundred percent this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow so a hundred percent this this
+cross results and eat a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross results and eat a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross results and eat a hundred percent
+yellow peas this is known as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow peas this is known as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow peas this is known as the first
+filial generation or the f1 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filial generation or the f1 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filial generation or the f1 okay and
+that should indicate to you which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should indicate to you which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should indicate to you which of
+these traits is dominant because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these traits is dominant because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these traits is dominant because if you
+take yellow peas and you cross it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yellow peas and you cross it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yellow peas and you cross it to
+green peas and you get yellow peas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green peas and you get yellow peas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green peas and you get yellow peas that
+means that the trait for yellow peas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the trait for yellow peas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the trait for yellow peas is
+dominant okay so for the rest of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant okay so for the rest of this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant okay so for the rest of this I
+will denote the gene allele that confers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will denote the gene allele that confers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will denote the gene allele that confers
+yellow peas as capital y and the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow peas as capital y and the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow peas as capital y and the gene
+allele that encodes for green peas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele that encodes for green peas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele that encodes for green peas is
+lowercase Y and you see what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase Y and you see what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase Y and you see what I'm doing
+here is I'm putting the phenotype and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I'm putting the phenotype and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I'm putting the phenotype and
+describing the phenotype there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the phenotype there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the phenotype there which is
+just what the trait is that manifests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the trait is that manifests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the trait is that manifests in
+the organism but the genotype which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism but the genotype which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism but the genotype which is
+the combination of alleles of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of alleles of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of alleles of in the
+organism I'm showing beneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism I'm showing beneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism I'm showing beneath the
+phenotype okay and if these gene alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype okay and if these gene alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype okay and if these gene alleles
+are splitting during gamete formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are splitting during gamete formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are splitting during gamete formation
+and then recombining during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then recombining during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then recombining during the
+formation of a new plant then in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a new plant then in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a new plant then in this
+case this hybrid plant is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this hybrid plant is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this hybrid plant is going to be
+it's going to have one allele that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have one allele that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have one allele that's
+capital y and one allele that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y and one allele that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y and one allele that's
+lowercase Y and because these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase Y and because these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase Y and because these two
+alleles are different this situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles are different this situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles are different this situation is
+known as heterozygous so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as heterozygous so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as heterozygous so this is a
+heterozygous plant you can think of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous plant you can think of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous plant you can think of sort
+of pure breeding being analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pure breeding being analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pure breeding being analogous to
+homozygous because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous because if you
+cross yellow pea plant to itself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross yellow pea plant to itself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross yellow pea plant to itself you
+will only get back yellow peas so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only get back yellow peas so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only get back yellow peas so it
+breeds true you can think of a hybrid as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeds true you can think of a hybrid as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeds true you can think of a hybrid as
+being equivalent to heterozygous because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equivalent to heterozygous because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equivalent to heterozygous because
+there are two gene alleles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two gene alleles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two gene alleles okay
+so then what Mendel did is he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what Mendel did is he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what Mendel did is he didn't
+stop there he self he self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there he self he self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there he self he self
+crossed or self pollinated he's f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed or self pollinated he's f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed or self pollinated he's f1
+plants and looked at the resulting seeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and looked at the resulting seeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and looked at the resulting seeds
+and so in f2 generation what he found is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in f2 generation what he found is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in f2 generation what he found is
+that he got back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he got back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he got back
+both the parental phenotypes so 70% 75%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the parental phenotypes so 70% 75%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the parental phenotypes so 70% 75%
+of the progeny were yellow had yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the progeny were yellow had yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the progeny were yellow had yellow
+peas and 25% had green peas okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas and 25% had green peas okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas and 25% had green peas okay so
+there's this three-to-one ratio here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this three-to-one ratio here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this three-to-one ratio here
+okay now we can think of this if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we can think of this if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we can think of this if we
+think about this in terms of Mendel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in terms of Mendel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in terms of Mendel's
+first law where there's a segregation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law where there's a segregation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law where there's a segregation of
+these alleles during the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alleles during the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alleles during the formation of
+gametes and there's an equal probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes and there's an equal probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes and there's an equal probability
+of having either one of these alleles if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having either one of these alleles if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having either one of these alleles if
+we think about this cross here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about this cross here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about this cross here these
+plants both the male and female side are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants both the male and female side are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants both the male and female side are
+producing gametes that are either big Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing gametes that are either big Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing gametes that are either big Y
+or little Y so this would be the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or little Y so this would be the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or little Y so this would be the female
+here and so because they're separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so because they're separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so because they're separating
+and there's there's a 1/2 probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's there's a 1/2 probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's there's a 1/2 probability of
+having either the capital y or little Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having either the capital y or little Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having either the capital y or little Y
+allele for the male and there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele for the male and there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele for the male and there's also a
+1/2 probability of having either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 probability of having either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 probability of having either of
+these alleles for the female okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alleles for the female okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alleles for the female okay so if
+you look at the possible combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the possible combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the possible combination of
+gametes that could give rise to the f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes that could give rise to the f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes that could give rise to the f2
+generation you have some that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation you have some that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation you have some that will be
+pure breed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure breed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure breed
+yellow okay and the probability here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow okay and the probability here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow okay and the probability here
+would be the joint probability of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the joint probability of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the joint probability of having
+this gammy and this gammy which is 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gammy and this gammy which is 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gammy and this gammy which is 1/4
+you then have two classes here that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then have two classes here that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then have two classes here that have
+one copy of the dominant allele and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of the dominant allele and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of the dominant allele and one
+copy of the recessive allele all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the recessive allele all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the recessive allele all right
+so these will have the same genotype and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will have the same genotype and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will have the same genotype and
+these three will have the same phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three will have the same phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three will have the same phenotype
+they'll all be yellow peas right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll all be yellow peas right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll all be yellow peas right and so
+if you add up the probabilities of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add up the probabilities of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add up the probabilities of all
+three of these you can see that 3/4 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these you can see that 3/4 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these you can see that 3/4 will
+be yellow so 3/4 of the progeny will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yellow so 3/4 of the progeny will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yellow so 3/4 of the progeny will
+have the yellow phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the yellow phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the yellow phenotype
+and you can see that another quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that another quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that another quarter of
+the progeny have the chance of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progeny have the chance of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progeny have the chance of getting
+two copies of the recessive allele and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies of the recessive allele and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies of the recessive allele and
+therefore will be green ok so just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore will be green ok so just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore will be green ok so just by
+considering this as a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering this as a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering this as a probability
+problem which is what Mendel did you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is what Mendel did you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is what Mendel did you can
+explain the ratios of the progeny that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the ratios of the progeny that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the ratios of the progeny that
+Mendel observed in his crosses okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel observed in his crosses okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel observed in his crosses okay and
+I want to point out the parallels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to point out the parallels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to point out the parallels
+between this simple cross with peak with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this simple cross with peak with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this simple cross with peak with
+our peas and the inheritance pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our peas and the inheritance pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our peas and the inheritance pattern
+shown by PKU or phenylketonuria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown by PKU or phenylketonuria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown by PKU or phenylketonuria
+so notice here you have green peas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice here you have green peas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice here you have green peas in
+the parental generation but Greenpeace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental generation but Greenpeace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental generation but Greenpeace
+skips a generation and only appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skips a generation and only appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skips a generation and only appears
+again in a subsequent generation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in a subsequent generation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in a subsequent generation okay so
+that's a lot like PKU right where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot like PKU right where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot like PKU right where you
+can see there's multiple generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's multiple generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's multiple generations
+that go by where the trait doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go by where the trait doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go by where the trait doesn't
+manifest itself but then it pops up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest itself but then it pops up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest itself but then it pops up
+again in that later generation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in that later generation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in that later generation where you
+have inbreeding in this family okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inbreeding in this family okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inbreeding in this family okay so
+there there's a clear connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a clear connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a clear connection between
+the results that Mendel got in cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results that Mendel got in cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results that Mendel got in cases of
+human disease okay now we're gonna go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human disease okay now we're gonna go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human disease okay now we're gonna go on
+and talk about Mendel's second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Mendel's second law which is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mendel's second law which is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mendel's second law which is often
+referred to as the law of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the law of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the law of independent
+assortment and another fortuitous thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assortment and another fortuitous thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assortment and another fortuitous thing
+in thinking about Mendel's experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about Mendel's experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about Mendel's experimental
+design and set up which was fortuitous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and set up which was fortuitous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and set up which was fortuitous
+he didn't know it at the time he chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't know it at the time he chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't know it at the time he chose
+traits that actually were present on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits that actually were present on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits that actually were present on
+different chromosomes of the pea plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chromosomes of the pea plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chromosomes of the pea plant
+okay so the traits didn't exhibit what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the traits didn't exhibit what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the traits didn't exhibit what
+is now known as linkage where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now known as linkage where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now known as linkage where they're
+physically connected on the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically connected on the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically connected on the chromosome
+okay so this law of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this law of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this law of independent
+assortment can also be explained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assortment can also be explained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assortment can also be explained by
+thinking about how chromosomes behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how chromosomes behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how chromosomes behave
+during meiosis where the alignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during meiosis where the alignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during meiosis where the alignment of
+homologous chromosomes chromosomes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes chromosomes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes chromosomes at
+the metaphase plate of meiosis one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metaphase plate of meiosis one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metaphase plate of meiosis one is
+essentially random okay so if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially random okay so if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially random okay so if we take a
+look at this example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this example here
+you can see I've drawn one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see I've drawn one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see I've drawn one particular
+configuration for the chromosomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for the chromosomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for the chromosomes and
+I'm using sort of one gene pair here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using sort of one gene pair here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using sort of one gene pair here and
+another gene allele pair here and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gene allele pair here and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gene allele pair here and so if
+the chromosomes were aligned this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes were aligned this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes were aligned this way
+then when they segregate during meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they segregate during meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they segregate during meiosis
+one you'd get two classes of gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you'd get two classes of gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you'd get two classes of gametes
+some that are capital y capital R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are capital y capital R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are capital y capital R and
+another class that's lowercase Y and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class that's lowercase Y and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class that's lowercase Y and R
+okay so that's one possibility but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one possibility but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one possibility but
+what's equally probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's equally probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's equally probable
+during the alignment of chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the alignment of chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the alignment of chromosomes
+during meiosis one is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during meiosis one is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during meiosis one is that the
+chromosomes line up like this so rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes line up like this so rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes line up like this so rather
+than having the the dominant alleles all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having the the dominant alleles all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having the the dominant alleles all
+on one side of the metaphase plate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side of the metaphase plate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side of the metaphase plate you
+the dominant allele for one homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant allele for one homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant allele for one homologous
+pair on one side and the other dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair on one side and the other dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair on one side and the other dominant
+alleles on the other side okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles on the other side okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles on the other side okay so how
+they arranged how these homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arranged how these homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arranged how these homologous
+chromosomes arranged during meiosis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes arranged during meiosis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes arranged during meiosis is
+totally random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random
+okay and if they arranged like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if they arranged like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if they arranged like this
+you'd get alternative types of gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get alternative types of gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get alternative types of gametes
+you get gametes that are uppercase Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get gametes that are uppercase Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get gametes that are uppercase Y
+lowercase R and lowercase Y uppercase R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase R and lowercase Y uppercase R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase R and lowercase Y uppercase R
+okay so this law of an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this law of an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this law of an independent
+assortment is can be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assortment is can be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assortment is can be completely
+explained by the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by the behavior of the
+chromosomes during meiosis one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes during meiosis one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes during meiosis one okay so
+now I'm going to take you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to take you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to take you through the
+experiment that will illustrate this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that will illustrate this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that will illustrate this and
+this type of experiment is what is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of experiment is what is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of experiment is what is known
+as a dihybrid cross and so a dihybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a dihybrid cross and so a dihybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a dihybrid cross and so a dihybrid
+cross is now a cross where you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross is now a cross where you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross is now a cross where you're taking
+plants that differ in two traits rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that differ in two traits rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that differ in two traits rather
+than just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just one
+okay so dye stands for two and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so dye stands for two and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so dye stands for two and in this
+case we're going to consider both pea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to consider both pea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to consider both pea
+color again the pea colors are yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color again the pea colors are yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color again the pea colors are yellow
+and green but now we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green but now we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green but now we're also going to
+consider P shape so you can have peas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider P shape so you can have peas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider P shape so you can have peas
+that are round and peas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are round and peas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are round and peas that are
+wrinkled all right I'm gonna make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled all right I'm gonna make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled all right I'm gonna make use of
+this board again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's consider the round wrinkled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider the round wrinkled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider the round wrinkled
+case if you set up a cross between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you set up a cross between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you set up a cross between a
+plant that was from a round seed and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that was from a round seed and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that was from a round seed and a
+plant that was from a wrinkled seed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that was from a wrinkled seed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that was from a wrinkled seed and
+let's say the round phenotype or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the round phenotype or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the round phenotype or the
+round allele is dominant what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round allele is dominant what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round allele is dominant what would you
+expect to see in the f1 so you have yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see in the f1 so you have yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see in the f1 so you have yes
+Carlos you'd see all round exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos you'd see all round exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos you'd see all round exactly right
+okay so let's go through now this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go through now this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go through now this cross
+so we're gonna have a parental cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna have a parental cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna have a parental cross
+where Mendel took two pure breeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Mendel took two pure breeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Mendel took two pure breeding
+lines one of them is has yellow round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines one of them is has yellow round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines one of them is has yellow round
+peas and he crossed the plant from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas and he crossed the plant from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas and he crossed the plant from a
+yellow round pea with a plant that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow round pea with a plant that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow round pea with a plant that was
+derived from a green wrinkled pea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from a green wrinkled pea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from a green wrinkled pea okay
+and we already know yellow is dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already know yellow is dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already know yellow is dominant
+and as Carla Carlos just pointed out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Carla Carlos just pointed out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Carla Carlos just pointed out if
+round is dominant then you'd expect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round is dominant then you'd expect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round is dominant then you'd expect all
+the peas to be round as well so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peas to be round as well so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peas to be round as well so in the
+f1 generation what you get what Mendel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 generation what you get what Mendel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 generation what you get what Mendel
+found is you have a hundred percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is you have a hundred percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is you have a hundred percent of
+the progeny that are yellow round piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then similar to the monohybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then similar to the monohybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then similar to the monohybrid
+cross Mendel self crossed this these f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Mendel self crossed this these f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Mendel self crossed this these f1
+plants and by self crossing them he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and by self crossing them he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and by self crossing them he
+observed a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he observed a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he observed a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he observed a number of different
+classes of progeny so he got back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of progeny so he got back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of progeny so he got back the
+parental types yellow round he also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental types yellow round he also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental types yellow round he also got
+back this other parental type green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this other parental type green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this other parental type green
+wrinkled okay so these because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled okay so these because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled okay so these because these
+were the same combination of traits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same combination of traits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same combination of traits that
+were present in at least one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were present in at least one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were present in at least one of the
+original parents are known as parentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original parents are known as parentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original parents are known as parentals
+their parental they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parental they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parental they have the same
+parental phenotype as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental phenotype as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental phenotype as one of the
+original parents but what Mendel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original parents but what Mendel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original parents but what Mendel
+observed was two other classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed was two other classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed was two other classes of
+progeny which were different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny which were different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny which were different
+combinations of these traits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these traits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these traits that
+weren't present in the original parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't present in the original parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't present in the original parental
+generation so those were yellow wrinkled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so those were yellow wrinkled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so those were yellow wrinkled
+peas and green round piece so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas and green round piece so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas and green round piece so you'll
+notice that this combination of traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this combination of traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this combination of traits
+yellow and wrinkled is not one of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and wrinkled is not one of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and wrinkled is not one of not
+present in the parental generation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the parental generation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the parental generation this
+is all f2 this is f2 continued you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all f2 this is f2 continued you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all f2 this is f2 continued you also
+see green and round we're not present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see green and round we're not present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see green and round we're not present in
+the parental generation so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental generation so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental generation so these are
+referred to as being non parental so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as being non parental so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as being non parental so
+these this non parental class is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this non parental class is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this non parental class is a
+unique combination of traits that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique combination of traits that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique combination of traits that wasn't
+present in the original parents ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the original parents ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the original parents ok and
+what Mendel noted was that in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mendel noted was that in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mendel noted was that in these
+dihybrid crosses he always got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihybrid crosses he always got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihybrid crosses he always got a
+stereotypic ratio of 9 to 3 to 3 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypic ratio of 9 to 3 to 3 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypic ratio of 9 to 3 to 3 to 1
+for these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different
+classes of combinations of traits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to think about the
+probability what what leads to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability what what leads to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability what what leads to this
+characteristic ratio and again we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic ratio and again we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic ratio and again we can
+think about this just in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this just in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this just in terms of
+probabilities and these different gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and these different gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and these different gene
+pairs segregating independently of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs segregating independently of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs segregating independently of each
+other so we already talked about for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so we already talked about for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so we already talked about for a
+monohybrid cross for p color 3/4 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monohybrid cross for p color 3/4 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monohybrid cross for p color 3/4 of the
+progeny is yellow right because they at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny is yellow right because they at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny is yellow right because they at
+least have one dominant allele for color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least have one dominant allele for color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least have one dominant allele for color
+and 1/4 are green okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1/4 are green okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1/4 are green okay so the
+probability of having this phenotype is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of having this phenotype is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of having this phenotype is
+3/4 the probability of being green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 the probability of being green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 the probability of being green is
+1/4 and you can consider peed shape as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 and you can consider peed shape as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 and you can consider peed shape as
+just a sin just a separate monohybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sin just a separate monohybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sin just a separate monohybrid
+cross where the round the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross where the round the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross where the round the dominant
+phenotype is also going to be present at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype is also going to be present at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype is also going to be present at
+3/4 probability so three quarters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 probability so three quarters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 probability so three quarters are
+going to be round and 1/4 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be round and 1/4 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be round and 1/4 is going to be
+wrinkled okay so now if we just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled okay so now if we just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled okay so now if we just consider
+these different classes of progeny here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different classes of progeny here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different classes of progeny here
+we can consider two monohybrid crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can consider two monohybrid crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can consider two monohybrid crosses
+and what's the joint probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the joint probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the joint probability of
+being both yellow and round ok so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being both yellow and round ok so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being both yellow and round ok so the
+joint probability of being yellow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint probability of being yellow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint probability of being yellow and
+round is 3/4 times 3/4 so if we have 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round is 3/4 times 3/4 so if we have 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round is 3/4 times 3/4 so if we have 3/4
+times 3/4 that's going to equal 9/16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3/4 that's going to equal 9/16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3/4 that's going to equal 9/16
+okay now if we consider yellow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we consider yellow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we consider yellow and
+wrinkled that's the joint probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled that's the joint probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled that's the joint probability of
+3/4 and 1/4 so this probability is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 and 1/4 so this probability is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 and 1/4 so this probability is being
+3/4 times 1/4 which is equal to 3/16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 times 1/4 which is equal to 3/16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 times 1/4 which is equal to 3/16
+green and round is similar it's 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and round is similar it's 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and round is similar it's 1/4
+probability of being green and a 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being green and a 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being green and a 3/4
+probability of being round so again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being round so again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being round so again you
+have 1/4 times 3/4 which equals to 3/16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1/4 times 3/4 which equals to 3/16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1/4 times 3/4 which equals to 3/16
+and the least probable class is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the least probable class is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the least probable class is being
+homozygous recessive for both allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive for both allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive for both allele
+alleles because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles because there's a
+1/4 probability of being recessive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 probability of being recessive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 probability of being recessive for
+each so the joint probability of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so the joint probability of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so the joint probability of having
+all recessive alleles as 1/4 times 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all recessive alleles as 1/4 times 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all recessive alleles as 1/4 times 1/4
+or 1/16 okay so you could draw a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1/16 okay so you could draw a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1/16 okay so you could draw a massive
+punnett square and also derive this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punnett square and also derive this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punnett square and also derive this but
+really you can just consider it as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can just consider it as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can just consider it as two
+separate monohybrid crosses and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate monohybrid crosses and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate monohybrid crosses and then
+just calculate joint probabilities okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate joint probabilities okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate joint probabilities okay
+any questions on Mendel before I move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on Mendel before I move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on Mendel before I move on
+I'll just point out one thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just point out one thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just point out one thing about
+Mendel's second law this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's second law this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's second law this is this is a
+rule that I'm gonna break now in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that I'm gonna break now in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that I'm gonna break now in just a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+and this law of independent assortment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this law of independent assortment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this law of independent assortment
+assumes that there is no linkage in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that there is no linkage in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that there is no linkage in an
+other war in other words it seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other war in other words it seeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other war in other words it seeing this
+type of inheritance pattern really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of inheritance pattern really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of inheritance pattern really
+depends on the two genes not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the two genes not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the two genes not being
+physically connected to each other on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically connected to each other on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically connected to each other on
+the chromosome okay now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome okay now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome okay now we're going to
+talk about fruit flies and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about fruit flies and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about fruit flies and specifically
+we're going to talk about a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a certain
+trait in fruit flies which is their eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait in fruit flies which is their eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait in fruit flies which is their eye
+color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+I brought some pets to class today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought some pets to class today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought some pets to class today and
+so we're going to talk about the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about the white
+mutant phenotype where the fruit flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant phenotype where the fruit flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant phenotype where the fruit flies
+have a white eye color so I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a white eye color so I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a white eye color so I have three
+pairs of vials here and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vials here and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vials here and one of them
+there's the white mutant and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the white mutant and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the white mutant and you're
+gonna see that has white eyes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that has white eyes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that has white eyes and then
+there's also a corresponding sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a corresponding sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a corresponding sort of
+normal red-eyed flies and the other vial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal red-eyed flies and the other vial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal red-eyed flies and the other vial
+so I'll just pass these around hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just pass these around hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just pass these around hopefully
+there's enough light that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough light that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough light that you can see
+the eye color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're able to see the eye color Jeremy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to see the eye color Jeremy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to see the eye color Jeremy
+is yeah you might have to come up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah you might have to come up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah you might have to come up to the
+board lights at the end of class if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board lights at the end of class if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board lights at the end of class if you
+want to see it really well okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see it really well okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see it really well okay so we're
+gonna fast forward from Mendel now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fast forward from Mendel now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fast forward from Mendel now and
+talk about researchers who picked up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about researchers who picked up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about researchers who picked up on
+Mendel's work in the early 1900s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's work in the early 1900s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's work in the early 1900s and
+specifically I'm going to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically I'm going to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically I'm going to tell you about
+research done in the lab of Thomas Hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research done in the lab of Thomas Hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research done in the lab of Thomas Hunt
+Morgan who had a fly lab at Columbia so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan who had a fly lab at Columbia so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan who had a fly lab at Columbia so
+we're going to talk about Thomas Hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Thomas Hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Thomas Hunt
+Morgan and actually we're gonna focus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan and actually we're gonna focus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan and actually we're gonna focus a
+lot on work done in Morgan's lab in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot on work done in Morgan's lab in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot on work done in Morgan's lab in the
+next couple lectures because it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple lectures because it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple lectures because it turns
+out his lab also made the first genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out his lab also made the first genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out his lab also made the first genetic
+map and we'll talk about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and we'll talk about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and we'll talk about that in
+Friday's lecture so what the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture so what the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture so what the type of
+inheritance that Morgan defined is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance that Morgan defined is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance that Morgan defined is what
+is now known as sex-linked inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where a given trait isn't a sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a given trait isn't a sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a given trait isn't a sorting
+independently of an organism sex but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of an organism sex but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of an organism sex but is
+somehow connected to it okay and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow connected to it okay and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow connected to it okay and I want
+to sort of return your attention to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of return your attention to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of return your attention to this
+example of human color blindness where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of human color blindness where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of human color blindness where
+there appears to be some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appears to be some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appears to be some sort of
+connection between the disease phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the disease phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the disease phenotype
+in this case colorblindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case colorblindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case colorblindness
+and the gender of the individuals right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gender of the individuals right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gender of the individuals right
+so you see this disease is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this disease is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this disease is only
+affecting males okay and this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting males okay and this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting males okay and this type of
+inheritance pattern while observed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern while observed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern while observed in
+humans was really explained by work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans was really explained by work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans was really explained by work done
+in flies on this white mutant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flies on this white mutant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flies on this white mutant that
+you're carrying and through the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're carrying and through the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're carrying and through the class
+okay so sex-linked inheritance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sex-linked inheritance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sex-linked inheritance the
+explanation for that is this is a trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for that is this is a trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for that is this is a trait
+that's carried by a special type of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's carried by a special type of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's carried by a special type of a
+chromosome known as a sex chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so fortunately for us flies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fortunately for us flies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fortunately for us flies like
+humans have a similar set or we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have a similar set or we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have a similar set or we have
+male flies and humans have an X in a Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male flies and humans have an X in a Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male flies and humans have an X in a Y
+chromosome okay so it's the inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome okay so it's the inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome okay so it's the inheritance
+kind of is similar between flies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of is similar between flies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of is similar between flies and
+humans when considering sex linkage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans when considering sex linkage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans when considering sex linkage and
+females have two x's okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females have two x's okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females have two x's okay so the
+presence of these sex chromosomes was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of these sex chromosomes was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of these sex chromosomes was
+known in the fly and it was known that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in the fly and it was known that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in the fly and it was known that
+if a fly had an X in a Y chromosome it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a fly had an X in a Y chromosome it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a fly had an X in a Y chromosome it
+would be a male fly and if a fly had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a male fly and if a fly had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a male fly and if a fly had two
+x chromosomes it would be a female fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x chromosomes it would be a female fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x chromosomes it would be a female fly
+and normally normal flies have red eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but Morgan's lab was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Morgan's lab was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Morgan's lab was interested in
+variation in organisms and they searched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in organisms and they searched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in organisms and they searched
+and searched for flies that had abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and searched for flies that had abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and searched for flies that had abnormal
+characteristics or traits and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or traits and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or traits and what they
+found in Morgan's lab was a mutant fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Morgan's lab was a mutant fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Morgan's lab was a mutant fly
+it was a spontaneous mutant but this fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a spontaneous mutant but this fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a spontaneous mutant but this fly
+had white eyes and it was male so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had white eyes and it was male so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had white eyes and it was male so they
+find found a single white-eyed male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find found a single white-eyed male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find found a single white-eyed male
+which they continued to study for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they continued to study for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they continued to study for some
+time so they sort of defined some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so they sort of defined some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so they sort of defined some of the
+rules of its inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what Morgan and his lab did was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Morgan and his lab did was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Morgan and his lab did was they
+set up a set of crosses that that look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a set of crosses that that look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a set of crosses that that look a
+lot like Mendel's crosses okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like Mendel's crosses okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like Mendel's crosses okay so you
+have a white-eyed male they took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a white-eyed male they took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a white-eyed male they took a
+white-eyed male and they crossed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white-eyed male and they crossed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white-eyed male and they crossed this
+white-eyed male to a red-eyed female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if you cross a white-eyed male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you cross a white-eyed male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you cross a white-eyed male
+to a red-eyed female what Mendel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a red-eyed female what Mendel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a red-eyed female what Mendel the
+result was actually similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result was actually similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result was actually similar to what
+Mendel had predicted which is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel had predicted which is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel had predicted which is that a
+hundred percent of the Flies had red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent of the Flies had red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent of the Flies had red
+eyes okay so that's similar what to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes okay so that's similar what to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes okay so that's similar what to what
+you would expect from a monohybrid cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect from a monohybrid cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect from a monohybrid cross
+where red eyes is dominant so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where red eyes is dominant so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where red eyes is dominant so I'm going
+to refer to the red-eyed allele as an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refer to the red-eyed allele as an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refer to the red-eyed allele as an X
+with a capital R and the white eyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capital R and the white eyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capital R and the white eyed
+allele is an X with a lowercase R okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele is an X with a lowercase R okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele is an X with a lowercase R okay
+because this gene is present on the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this gene is present on the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this gene is present on the X
+chromosome but it's not present on the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome but it's not present on the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome but it's not present on the Y
+chromosome okay so the Y chromosome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome okay so the Y chromosome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome okay so the Y chromosome is
+really small and so the X chromosome has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small and so the X chromosome has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small and so the X chromosome has
+all of its genes are basically present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its genes are basically present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its genes are basically present
+in one copy in the mouth okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one copy in the mouth okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one copy in the mouth okay and that's
+gonna manifest itself in that sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna manifest itself in that sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna manifest itself in that sex
+linkage okay so then they took this f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage okay so then they took this f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage okay so then they took this f1
+generation where you have red eyed males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation where you have red eyed males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation where you have red eyed males
+and they crossed siblings so they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they crossed siblings so they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they crossed siblings so they did a
+sibling cross the one failing of flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling cross the one failing of flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling cross the one failing of flies
+as a genetic system is you can't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a genetic system is you can't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a genetic system is you can't they
+can't self cross you have to have a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't self cross you have to have a male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't self cross you have to have a male
+and a female so they crossed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a female so they crossed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a female so they crossed two
+individuals in this f1 generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in this f1 generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in this f1 generation and
+what they found again similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found again similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found again similar to what
+Mendel would predict is that 75% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel would predict is that 75% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel would predict is that 75% of the
+Flies had red eyes and 25% had white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flies had red eyes and 25% had white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flies had red eyes and 25% had white
+eyes so this is behaving a lot like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes so this is behaving a lot like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes so this is behaving a lot like like
+the yellow trait in peas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow trait in peas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow trait in peas right
+except that all of the white eyed flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that all of the white eyed flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that all of the white eyed flies
+in this f2 generation all of these white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this f2 generation all of these white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this f2 generation all of these white
+I had felt when I'd flies were male so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had felt when I'd flies were male so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had felt when I'd flies were male so
+only the males were getting this trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the males were getting this trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the males were getting this trait
+of white eyes okay and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of white eyes okay and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of white eyes okay and you can see that
+that's very much reminiscent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very much reminiscent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very much reminiscent of
+colorblindness where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorblindness where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorblindness where you have a
+grandfather that has white eyes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather that has white eyes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather that has white eyes right
+and the grandfather is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the grandfather is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the grandfather is essentially
+passing on this trait to his grandsons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing on this trait to his grandsons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing on this trait to his grandsons
+okay so this pattern of inheritance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this pattern of inheritance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this pattern of inheritance that
+happens in the fly is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the fly is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the fly is very similar to
+that that happens in humans okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that happens in humans okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that happens in humans okay so now
+let's think about how this if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how this if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how this if we can
+explain this by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this by thinking about
+chromosomes segregating so if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes segregating so if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes segregating so if we think
+about the this f1 generation we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the this f1 generation we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the this f1 generation we have
+red-eyed males or actually let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red-eyed males or actually let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red-eyed males or actually let's do the
+parental cross first where we have white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental cross first where we have white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental cross first where we have white
+eyed males and we have red-eyed females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all of the females are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the females are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the females are going to get
+their X from their dad and they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their X from their dad and they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their X from their dad and they're going
+to get a wild type copy of this gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a wild type copy of this gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a wild type copy of this gene
+from their mom so all the females are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their mom so all the females are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their mom so all the females are
+heterozygous for the white gene so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for the white gene so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for the white gene so I'm
+gonna call it the white gene because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call it the white gene because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call it the white gene because
+that's what it's called and flies if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's called and flies if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's called and flies if you
+when they name the genes based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they name the genes based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they name the genes based on the
+mutant phenotype so if you mutate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant phenotype so if you mutate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant phenotype so if you mutate it and
+it results in white eyed flies then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it results in white eyed flies then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it results in white eyed flies then they
+call it the white gene all the males are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the white gene all the males are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the white gene all the males are
+gonna have a functional copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a functional copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a functional copy of the
+white gene and thus all of these f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white gene and thus all of these f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white gene and thus all of these f1
+flies are red-eyed okay so now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies are red-eyed okay so now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies are red-eyed okay so now these
+siblings are mated all the females are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings are mated all the females are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings are mated all the females are
+heterozygous for this gene the males all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for this gene the males all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for this gene the males all
+have a functional copy of the gene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a functional copy of the gene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a functional copy of the gene so
+they're going to make gametes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to make gametes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to make gametes that are
+either a functional X that's functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a functional X that's functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a functional X that's functional
+for this I color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this I color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this I color
+or the y-chromosome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the y-chromosome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the y-chromosome okay
+so now what you see is that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what you see is that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what you see is that all of the
+females are going to get this normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females are going to get this normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females are going to get this normal
+copy of the gene from dad and thus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the gene from dad and thus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the gene from dad and thus are
+gonna have red eyes whereas half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have red eyes whereas half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have red eyes whereas half the
+nails are gonna get a functional copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nails are gonna get a functional copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nails are gonna get a functional copy
+from mom and therefore have red eyes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mom and therefore have red eyes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mom and therefore have red eyes but
+the other half of the males are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half of the males are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half of the males are going to
+get this non-functional variant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this non-functional variant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this non-functional variant that
+can't produce red pigment and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't produce red pigment and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't produce red pigment and therefore
+are going to be white okay so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be white okay so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be white okay so this here
+is your white class and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your white class and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your white class and you can see
+because males only have one X chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because males only have one X chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because males only have one X chromosome
+the only class of progeny that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only class of progeny that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only class of progeny that's going
+to be white eyed here are those males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be white eyed here are those males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be white eyed here are those males
+that occur with a quarter of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay one thing I want you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one thing I want you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one thing I want you to think about
+over the next couple days and I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple days and I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple days and I'll I'll
+sort of take you through it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take you through it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take you through it at the
+beginning of next lecture is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of next lecture is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of next lecture is what would
+happen if you set up a reciprocal cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you set up a reciprocal cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you set up a reciprocal cross
+here right what if you made it red I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right what if you made it red I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right what if you made it red I'd
+males to white I'd female okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males to white I'd female okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males to white I'd female okay and I
+want you to tell me what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to tell me what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to tell me what you expect
+would result so my question for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result so my question for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result so my question for next
+Friday is what if you took red eyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday is what if you took red eyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday is what if you took red eyed
+males and mated it to white eyed females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want you to think about this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to think about this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to think about this and I
+want you to think how this is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think how this is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think how this is different
+from Mendel's experiment what if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mendel's experiment what if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mendel's experiment what if you did
+a reciprocal reciprocal cross for let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reciprocal reciprocal cross for let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reciprocal reciprocal cross for let's
+say the P color how would these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the P color how would these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the P color how would these two
+different crosses compare with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different crosses compare with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different crosses compare with each
+other okay and we'll talk about that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and we'll talk about that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and we'll talk about that at
+the beginning of Friday's lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of Friday's lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of Friday's lecture and
+we'll also talk about the first genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also talk about the first genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also talk about the first genetic
+map which was actually created by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which was actually created by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which was actually created by an
+undergraduate so stay tuned for that see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate so stay tuned for that see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate so stay tuned for that see
+you on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rM3shFQyieU.txt b/rM3shFQyieU.txt
new file mode 100644
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+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
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+
+PROFESSOR: So this week
+the last final
+
+topic we were taught--
+
+we're really going to talk
+about in class is dynamic
+
+programming, so who can tell
+me what the key idea in
+
+dynamic programming is?
+
+AUDIENCE: A way of
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Instead of optimization tools,
+you can use [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Sort of.
+
+The key idea is that you don't
+want to repeat computations
+
+that you've already
+done before.
+
+So you want to find a way to
+only do everything once.
+
+So it's a form of laziness.
+
+There are two key attributes for
+a problem though that need
+
+to exist for it to be solvable
+with dynamic programming.
+
+Can someone tell me
+what those are?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's optimal
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+The local optimization
+has those.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's overlapping
+sub-properties.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+You had all the right words,
+just not in the right order.
+
+An optimal substructure.
+
+OK.
+
+Can you describe the first
+one, or any one?
+
+AUDIENCE: You get to the end
+solution [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So when they say
+overlapping sub-problems, it
+
+means that we can take the big
+problem and we can break it
+
+down to a slightly smaller
+instance of the same problem.
+
+And then we can use the solution
+to that smaller
+
+sub-problem in the solution
+to our bigger problem.
+
+And then optimal substructure
+is closely related.
+
+It's saying that if we get an
+optimal solution for one of
+
+those sub-problems, then we can
+use that optimal solution
+
+for the optimal solution
+of the big problem.
+
+Does that make sense
+to everyone?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+It's closely related.
+
+And so it's--
+
+yeah, it's closely related
+but not exactly the same.
+
+So to start off, we're going to
+do kind of a function that
+
+we're all familiar with,
+is Fibonacci, right.
+
+We've seen this one a billion
+times before.
+
+And so it's pretty obvious
+where the overlapping
+
+sub-problems are.
+
+The solution to f of N is
+f of N minus 1, and f
+
+of N minus 2, right?
+
+And so if I combine the
+solutions to these two
+
+instances of Fibonacci, I get
+the solution for the big
+
+instance of Fibonacci right?
+
+So on the screen, you have
+an example function.
+
+You've all seen this before.
+
+And so what I'm just going to
+do is I'm going to run this
+
+Fibonacci function from 0 to 30,
+or N equals 29 actually.
+
+And we're going to
+look at how many
+
+steps it takes to execute.
+
+When we get to Fibonacci of 29,
+it takes about 1.6 million
+
+steps to compute the value.
+
+And if we take a look
+at a plot here--
+
+so the y-axis is semi-log, the
+blue dots represent the actual
+
+number of steps that the
+function took, so the number
+
+of times that it had to perform
+the computation.
+
+And then the blue solid line
+represents 2 to the N. The red
+
+line is the golden ratio to
+the N, which is the tight
+
+bound for this version
+of Fibonacci.
+
+And then the green line is a
+plot of a quadratic function.
+
+So nothing really surprising
+there.
+
+It's pretty inefficient, and
+we established that before.
+
+So we could make this more
+efficient with dynamic
+
+programming, right?
+
+Let's draw out the call
+tree for f of 5.
+
+Doing a lot of writing.
+
+OK.
+
+So if you look at this, we see
+that in a lot of places, we're
+
+repeating computations.
+
+So we repeat f of
+2 three times.
+
+We also repeat f of 3, this
+computation, twice.
+
+The idea behind dynamic
+programming is that instead of
+
+repeating these computations
+over and over again, we're
+
+just going to compute
+them once.
+
+So if we look at the
+implementation of this
+
+recursive Fibonacci, we see that
+the first recursive call
+
+is going down this
+side of the tree.
+
+And so the upshot
+is that this--
+
+all the values from f5, f4, f3,
+f2, f1, f0, they all get
+
+computed before any
+of these branches.
+
+So what we can do is instead of
+recomputing f2 and f2 here,
+
+we can just compute it here.
+
+Save off this value somewhere
+in some sort of a brain, and
+
+do the same thing for f3,
+and f4, but that's
+
+not going to matter.
+
+So when we get to the second
+recursive call, say when we're
+
+calling Fibonacci of 3, we
+compute f of 2, get f of 1, we
+
+come back up to Fibonacci
+of 4, right?
+
+The next recursive call is going
+to be to Fibonacci of 2.
+
+But since we've already computed
+it, and we've saved
+
+it off in a brain, we can just
+look up this value instead of
+
+doing all the computation
+again.
+
+So when you have a very small
+tree like this, right, it's
+
+not a huge benefit.
+
+But if you have like a lot, like
+f of 100, this is going
+
+to make a huge difference.
+
+Is anyone lost?
+
+OK.
+
+So why don't we take a look--
+
+So this is an implementation
+of Fib that has an extra
+
+parameter called memo.
+
+And memo is the brain
+I'm talking about.
+
+This is where we're going to
+stash those computed values so
+
+we don't have to compute
+them again.
+
+And when it initially comes in,
+if memo is none, that is,
+
+we haven't passed in a
+dictionary or if it's like the
+
+first call to this function,
+then it's going to set a key
+
+of 0 to 0 and key of 1 to 1.
+
+Those correspond to f of 0 and
+f of 1, right, actually.
+
+No one pointed that out?
+
+All right.
+
+So, now it's going to--
+
+after it does that
+initialization, it's going to
+
+come down to this if statement,
+and it's going to
+
+check for whether or
+not N is in memo.
+
+What this is actually
+asking is, have we
+
+seen this number before?
+
+When we've been computing this
+number, the big Fibonacci
+
+number, right?
+
+So if it's down here, and it's
+looking at f of 2, it's
+
+asking, have I seen Fibonacci
+of 2 when I've done this
+
+computation before?
+
+And if it's in this tree, then
+the answer is yes because it's
+
+seen it down here.
+
+If it hasn't seen it though,
+it's got to do the work.
+
+So it's got to actually do
+the recursive calls.
+
+And this is when it travels
+down this left
+
+branch of the tree.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+And all we're going to do
+is store it off here.
+
+And then at the end,
+we just return
+
+whatever's in our memory.
+
+So why don't we take a look
+at how this runs.
+
+So remember, this is 1.6
+million with the old
+
+implementation, and
+now it's only 57.
+
+And in fact, it's linear and
+exactly 2 to the N minus 1, or
+
+2 times N minus 1.
+
+Everyone follow that?
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's not too
+much we could do.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+It saves a lot of
+work for you.
+
+Because as soon as it--
+
+so let's say that it's computed
+f of 4, this entire
+
+sub-tree here.
+
+As soon as it sees f of 3, it's
+going to look in it's
+
+brain, and you've already seen
+f of 3, and it says, I've
+
+already seen this, so I don't
+need to do all this
+
+computation here.
+
+I don't need to do all these
+recursive calls.
+
+I just have to return whatever's
+in the dictionary.
+
+That's where your
+savings come in.
+
+So let's take a look
+at another example.
+
+The point is, you can have some
+really huge savings if
+
+you write your code right.
+
+So let's look at a different
+problem.
+
+Let's say that I have a robot.
+
+And this robot is positioned
+on the grid.
+
+Let's say that it has N rows,
+and N columns, or M columns.
+
+Your robot is starting
+out here, and it
+
+wants to get here.
+
+Your robot though is very
+stupid, and it can go only
+
+down and to the right.
+
+The question is, how many unique
+paths are there from
+
+the top left square to the
+bottom right square, given
+
+those constraints?
+
+If you try and do this
+analytically, you'll probably
+
+hurt yourself.
+
+The easier way to do it, or
+at least I think so, is to
+
+realize that in order to get to
+g, there's only two places
+
+that it can come from.
+
+It can come from here, it can
+come from here, right.
+
+So the total number of unique
+paths coming into g are the
+
+total number of unique paths
+coming into this guy, and the
+
+total number of unique paths
+coming into this guy.
+
+So there's your overlapping
+sub-problems, right, and also
+
+your optimal substructure.
+
+If I can figure out these
+numbers, then I can figure out
+
+this number, right.
+
+So--
+
+and then these guys, the
+same condition applies.
+
+If I know these two numbers,
+then I can
+
+figure out this number.
+
+If I know these two numbers,
+then I can
+
+figure out this number.
+
+So one implementation--
+
+well, one other thing.
+
+If I get down to this case where
+I have a 1 by M grid,
+
+how many different ways
+are there to get
+
+from here to here?
+
+One, right?
+
+And then same thing
+for M by N right?
+
+So the first crack at this,
+here's a recursive function.
+
+All we're going to do is, if
+we only have 1 row or 1
+
+column, we return 1.
+
+Otherwise, we're going to look
+for the number of robot paths
+
+in an N minus 1 by M matrix and
+then the number of paths
+
+in an N by M minus 1 matrix.
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+We're going to do this
+on a 14 by 14 grid.
+
+And this will take
+a few seconds.
+
+OK.
+
+So there's a lot.
+
+10 million unique paths, and it
+took about 20 million steps
+
+to figure it out.
+
+So we're going to pull the same
+trick for this problem
+
+that we did for Fibonacci.
+
+We're going to memorize, or
+memoize, the different paths
+
+or the different solutions,
+except our key is going to be
+
+a little different.
+
+It's just going to be N and M.
+
+So again, if we have--
+
+well, again, if N and M
+is not memo, then we
+
+need to compute it.
+
+If either is 1, then we
+remember it as 1.
+
+And if they're both greater than
+1, then we're going to
+
+look at the number of paths
+in N minus 1 by M, and N
+
+times M minus 1.
+
+And then we also know
+that the solutions
+
+are symmetric, right.
+
+So it's going to be the same for
+an N by M and an M by N.
+
+And just return the solution.
+
+So let's try this out.
+
+We get the same answer, but it
+only takes 104 steps to do it.
+
+So it's a pretty huge
+savings there.
+
+So the other--
+
+this is an example
+of a top-down
+
+dynamic programming solution.
+
+We looked at the big problem,
+and we broke it down into two
+
+smaller problems.
+
+We looked at those two smaller
+sub-problems, we broke them
+
+down into two smaller
+sub-problems a piece.
+
+We can also go from
+the bottom up.
+
+And we might want to do
+this for a reason that
+
+I'll show in a second.
+
+So I think I needed that.
+
+This is going to go from
+the bottom up.
+
+So instead of starting back here
+and asking how many ways
+
+I can get from these two guys,
+it's going to start at the
+
+beginning and ask how many
+ways I can get here.
+
+One, right.
+
+And then here let's imagine that
+we only have a 2 by 2.
+
+It's going to look at, again,
+the number of ways to get to
+
+the square to the left and
+to the square to the
+
+top, and add it here.
+
+Add it here.
+
+So what we're doing here--
+
+what we're doing in this version
+is we're growing a
+
+grid towards a solution.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+This just sets up a matrix.
+
+The top row is going to
+be initialized to 1.
+
+First column is going to be 1.
+
+And then for everything else,
+we're just going to add the
+
+row above and the column
+to the left.
+
+And return whatever's down in
+this lower right corner.
+
+So it gets the same solution,
+just in a different direction.
+
+So now you might want to do
+this because imagine if
+
+instead of 14, we had 1,400.
+
+So this should crash.
+
+Python has a maximum
+recursion depth.
+
+If you have too many recursive
+columns, it's going to tell
+
+you, I can't go that deep,
+and kick you out.
+
+So I have 1,400 rows
+and 1,400 columns,
+
+that's a lot of recursion.
+
+But if we do it iteratively,
+where we have no recursion,
+
+that's the number of unique
+paths, which is a pretty
+
+sizable number.
+
+And that's the number of columns
+we made, which for a
+
+1,400 by 1,400 matrix is
+not too bad, right.
+
+All right.
+
+So that was an easy one.
+
+So now we're going to go
+to little harder one.
+
+Everyone doing all right?
+
+OK.
+
+This is a counting
+change problem.
+
+The idea is, let's assume I have
+a currency with coins of
+
+a certain value.
+
+I'm not sure where I got the
+$0.27 from, but that's
+
+apparently the value for the
+coins in our currency.
+
+So the problem is--
+
+let's say that I have
+a sum total--
+
+the question is, how many
+different combinations of
+
+coins are there that
+equal total?
+
+The way to break this down
+is-- so does everyone
+
+understand the problem?
+
+So like if I say I want to
+give change $0.41 to a
+
+customer, then it's like a
+quarter, a dime, a nickel, and
+
+a penny, right?
+
+We can think of the problem
+in two ways.
+
+Well, we can break the problem
+down into two sub-problems by
+
+first considering what the total
+is-- what the number of
+
+combos would be if I use the
+largest coin in my set.
+
+We're using at least one
+of the largest coins.
+
+And then the other is the number
+of combinations if not
+
+using the largest coin.
+
+OK?
+
+So this turned, actually
+turns, into a nicer
+
+sub-problem, which is if I have
+total minus largest--
+
+so in this case, minus $0.27,
+what's the number of
+
+combinations for this
+sub-problem?
+
+You follow?
+
+And then this guy can be
+formulated as the number--
+
+so I still have total number
+of combinations.
+
+But then I take out the largest
+coin, so coins is now,
+
+instead of 1, instead of having
+$0.27 as the largest
+
+coin, now has $0.25 as
+the largest coin.
+
+Does that makes sense
+to people?
+
+And so the solution here to
+this big problem is the
+
+solution to--
+
+or is the sum of the
+solutions to this
+
+problem and In this problem.
+
+Make sense?
+
+All right.
+
+Why don't we take a look at
+the first version of this
+
+problem or this implementation.
+
+So we have three base cases.
+
+So the first base case is--
+
+well, first let me explain
+the function.
+
+So, total, that's the
+amount that we want.
+
+Coins--
+
+it's the set of coins
+in our currency.
+
+And I only have $0.05, $0.10,
+$0.25, and $0.27, so, oh well.
+
+The first thing we do is check
+to see if total is 0.
+
+That means that we're trying to
+figure out what combination
+
+of coins is equal to 0.
+
+And of course, there's only
+one combination of coins.
+
+There are no coins.
+
+So that actually is 1.
+
+This case--
+
+this is if we're trying a
+particular coin that's a
+
+little too large to fit
+into our total.
+
+So we wind up going below 0.
+
+That means we can't use that
+coin for this particular
+
+total, right.
+
+So there are no combinations
+that work for this.
+
+And then this last case is,
+if we're no longer using--
+
+if we have no more coins, and
+we still have stuff that we
+
+need to make up, like we still
+have some value in total, then
+
+that means that this particular
+combination that
+
+we're trying out also doesn't
+work, so we return 0.
+
+So that's this case, where we've
+taken out everything, so
+
+our set of coins is the
+empty set, is nothing.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So our first recursive call is
+looking for the number of ways
+
+without the last coin.
+
+That's this case.
+
+And all we're doing is we're
+passing in the total we got
+
+before, and all the coins except
+for the largest one, so
+
+the last one.
+
+So we're stricken one off
+for each recursive call.
+
+And then the second case here
+is if we do use at least one
+
+of the largest coins.
+
+In this case, we're just
+going to subtract
+
+that off the total.
+
+And we're going to pass
+in coins as is.
+
+Make sense?
+
+And then we just
+return the sum.
+
+OK.
+
+So not too bad.
+
+Everyone follow that code?
+
+All right.
+
+So this is without doing any
+memoization, it's just using
+
+recursion, breaking it down
+into two sub-problems and
+
+figuring out a solution.
+
+But now we're going to use
+dynamic programming to
+
+optimize this a little bit.
+
+So in this case, we have
+our little memoization
+
+dictionary--
+
+you notice a pattern here?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you have
+an infinite
+
+amount to supply those?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So you're assuming that you
+have an infinite number of
+
+$0.27 cent pieces, $0.25
+cent pieces, et cetera.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+just add 1's [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: And it's possible
+to get below 0.
+
+So let's see.
+
+This is all the same, right?
+
+No surprises there.
+
+But then what we're going to do
+is we're going to memoize
+
+on the total that we're trying
+to find and the largest
+
+value-- largest currency
+piece that we have.
+
+And if it's not in our
+dictionary, then we're going
+
+to compute it.
+
+And then once we get the
+solution, we're going to
+
+memoize it and return it.
+
+So let's see how this runs.
+
+It could've been by 4.
+
+That make sense to everyone?
+
+No questions?
+
+Wow.
+
+So now let's try a different
+formulation.
+
+This one's a little tricky.
+
+Let's imagine that
+I have a grid.
+
+And down the rows I have
+numbers up to total.
+
+OK, starting from 0.
+
+Across the columns, I have my
+different currency pieces.
+
+So the first two implementations
+we're going
+
+top down, now we're
+going bottom up.
+
+The way you read this is, if I
+have a total of 0, this is a
+
+number and my largest currency
+piece is $0.05, or $0.10, or
+
+$0.25, or $0.27, it's the number
+of coin combinations I
+
+have that will equal
+this total, right.
+
+So in this first row, that's
+my base case, right.
+
+And then down here, we know
+this is all going to be 0,
+
+because if I have
+no coin pieces--
+
+So now, the bottom-up way is,
+we're going to fill in this
+
+table here.
+
+So we're just going to iterate
+through all the totals that
+
+are possible.
+
+And for each total, we're going
+to iterate through all
+
+the largest coin
+denominations.
+
+Right?
+
+And then we're just going
+to do two checks.
+
+We're going to look at the
+current total we're looking
+
+at, so let's say that we're on
+row one, so our total is 1.
+
+And we're going to subtract the
+largest denomination of
+
+currency that we're
+looking at.
+
+We start out here.
+
+So we're going to subtract
+5 from total of 1.
+
+And that's less than 0.
+
+And when it's less than 0, all
+we're going to do is carry the
+
+number of combinations from the
+current total to the next
+
+smallest largest denomination.
+
+So if we're at 5 and we know
+we're less than 0, that means
+
+we're going to carry
+this value over.
+
+And we're now going to
+do the same thing
+
+for all these values.
+
+Now let's get to an
+interesting case.
+
+So now we're looking at
+a total of 5, OK?
+
+When our largest coin is $0.05
+and we subtract it from a
+
+total of 5, that's not
+less than 0, right?
+
+So that means we're going
+to go into the
+
+second branch of f statement.
+
+So again, the same thing.
+
+We're going to look at the
+number of ways with the
+
+largest coin.
+
+And to do that, we're going
+to use our table.
+
+We're going to look at the
+current total, which is 5,
+
+minus the largest coin
+that we're looking
+
+at, which is $0.05.
+
+So that's going to index us
+into this row because
+
+5 minus 5 is 0.
+
+And then we're going to
+look at the current
+
+coin, which is $0.05.
+
+So that's going to
+be 1, right?
+
+Well, I skipped a step.
+
+So we're going to get this
+value, right, so this is the
+
+number of ways with
+the largest coin.
+
+And then we're going to look at
+the number of ways without
+
+the last coin, so if this is
+the largest coin that we're
+
+looking at, then without it,
+this is all we have.
+
+So that's going to be 0.
+
+So 0 plus 1, that's 1.
+
+And then for 10--
+
+so again, this becomes 0.
+
+So the next interesting
+one is going to be 10.
+
+Is everyone following so
+far what we're doing?
+
+This would be 0.
+
+This is going to be 1 plus 0.
+
+And this is going
+to be 1 plus 1.
+
+Making sense?
+
+Make an error?
+
+No, OK.
+
+And then this is going to be
+0 Everyone get the idea?
+
+So we're just filling
+in this table.
+
+What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Here?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's only one
+way to make 10 plus 5.
+
+PROFESSOR: Because--
+
+the smallest--
+
+so if I had 1 here, like so I
+was using a one piece, then
+
+this would be 2.
+
+But because we only have
+5, there's only
+
+one way to make 10.
+
+Two 5's.
+
+Make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+because you can either use
+one 10 or two 5's.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if we're using
+the table that as--
+
+so you have $0.05 as the largest
+coin, so there's only
+
+one way of doing it using $0.05
+as the largest coin?
+
+How come that 1 doesn't go all
+the way across the row?
+
+Because if you have $0.25
+as the largest coin
+
+you could use $0.05's.
+
+PROFESSOR: You know what,
+you're right.
+
+Made an error.
+
+Actually, that would be 0.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+Yeah, but--
+
+what can I say?
+
+It can be confusing.
+
+To prove that this crazy thing
+works, let's run it.
+
+So let's expand this.
+
+Actually, I'm going
+to use this.
+
+So all three versions--
+
+what, did I make a mistake?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, it's just how
+you expanded the window.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, you like that?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's what we--
+
+well, like Tracy's quote is
+always really, really small.
+
+But.
+
+AUDIENCE: No worries.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a program
+called Divvy, if you're
+
+interested.
+
+I think it's like $10 on the
+Apps store or something, or
+
+maybe it's $5.00.
+
+It just allows you to do those
+little grid things, so if you
+
+have lots of windows
+and stuff--
+
+and if you need to increase
+your font size, that's a
+
+little bit more involved
+with Python.
+
+Anyway, so they all give the
+same output except for the
+
+number of steps that they take,
+so the initial one took
+
+855, the one with the
+memoization took 209 steps,
+
+and the one without memoization
+but from bottom up
+
+took only 337 steps, so--
+
+it's just-- it's three different
+ways of attacking
+
+the same problem.
+
+And objectively, the last two
+are better than the first one.
+
+We might think of cases where
+we would want to use say the
+
+table-based method over their
+recursion method.
+
+Like if we had like lots of
+combinations to explore or
+
+some kind of situation where
+you got into a really deep
+
+recursion that was too deep for
+Python to handle and we
+
+got kicked out like we did for
+the number of robot paths.
+
+So that would be kind of like a
+criteria for which algorithm
+
+you would choose
+over the other.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/s8XKzciLgak.txt b/s8XKzciLgak.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8ba877d099dfc4db197170eab1af5f08c3b1d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s8XKzciLgak.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay first of all I was in touch by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all I was in touch by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all I was in touch by
+email with George and he asked me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email with George and he asked me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email with George and he asked me to
+flash this up again which which was from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash this up again which which was from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash this up again which which was from
+a couple of lectures ago because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of lectures ago because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of lectures ago because he
+thought this was very critical and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was very critical and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was very critical and very
+important that you sort of understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you sort of understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you sort of understood
+what it says so I'm going to just say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says so I'm going to just say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says so I'm going to just say a
+few things about it I guess the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things about it I guess the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things about it I guess the first
+thing to note is that it it compares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that it it compares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that it it compares
+these two different cases coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different cases coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different cases coherent
+imaging and incoherent imaging and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and incoherent imaging and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and incoherent imaging and you
+see that apart from that these two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that apart from that these two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that apart from that these two the
+top half and the bottom half are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top half and the bottom half are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top half and the bottom half are really
+identical so you use the same method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so you use the same method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so you use the same method in
+in either case except that of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case except that of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case except that of course in
+the coherent case you're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent case you're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent case you're working with
+amplitudes whereas in the incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes whereas in the incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes whereas in the incoherent
+case you're working with intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're working with intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're working with intensities
+okay but apart from that it's identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but apart from that it's identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but apart from that it's identical
+so what it's saying is if you illuminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it's saying is if you illuminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it's saying is if you illuminate
+the thin transparency then you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thin transparency then you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thin transparency then you get a
+field on the far side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the far side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the far side of this
+transparency which goes into your into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency which goes into your into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency which goes into your into
+your optical system so this is his Gian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your optical system so this is his Gian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your optical system so this is his Gian
+and to calculate the image you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to calculate the image you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to calculate the image you can
+either do it by convolving that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do it by convolving that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do it by convolving that with a
+point spread function to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function to get the
+amplitude out or you can do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude out or you can do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude out or you can do it in the
+Fourier domain by Fourier transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier domain by Fourier transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier domain by Fourier transforming
+to get the object spectrum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the object spectrum and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the object spectrum and then
+multiplying it by a transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by a transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by a transfer function
+and then getting the the field out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then getting the the field out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then getting the the field out okay
+and then once you've got the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you've got the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you've got the field of
+course you can calculate the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can calculate the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can calculate the intensity
+from that just by doing the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that just by doing the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that just by doing the modulus
+square so the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so the difference between these
+two things is here we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things is here we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things is here we're working with
+amplitudes so we have a coherent point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes so we have a coherent point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes so we have a coherent point
+spread function and an amplitude trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function and an amplitude trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function and an amplitude trans
+trans transfer function whereas furring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans transfer function whereas furring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans transfer function whereas furring
+this one the in coherent case we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the in coherent case we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the in coherent case we have an
+intensity point spread function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity point spread function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity point spread function which is
+just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+modular square of this and here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular square of this and here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular square of this and here we have
+an optical transfer function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optical transfer function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optical transfer function which is
+the autocorrelation of this okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autocorrelation of this okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autocorrelation of this okay so so
+that's really all there is to to do or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really all there is to to do or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really all there is to to do or
+there is that you need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that you need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that you need to know about
+calculating images ok any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating images ok any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating images ok any questions
+about that so I'm just as I saw just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so I'm just as I saw just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so I'm just as I saw just
+flash that because George said he wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash that because George said he wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash that because George said he wanted
+me to and now we'll go on to where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to and now we'll go on to where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to and now we'll go on to where we
+got up to last time in the lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to last time in the lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to last time in the lecture so
+George suggested he sent me some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George suggested he sent me some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George suggested he sent me some more
+material for today and he also asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for today and he also asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for today and he also asked me
+to add some extra to it of my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some extra to it of my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some extra to it of my own
+material but I don't know how far we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but I don't know how far we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but I don't know how far we get
+with this the so we've got still got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this the so we've got still got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this the so we've got still got
+some left over from last time actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some left over from last time actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some left over from last time actually
+and then the bit that George sent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bit that George sent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bit that George sent you
+might be fed up by then but it anyway if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be fed up by then but it anyway if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be fed up by then but it anyway if
+we've still got some time and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've still got some time and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've still got some time and you're not
+fed up I'll carry on with some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed up I'll carry on with some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed up I'll carry on with some stuff
+that I put in there which is to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I put in there which is to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I put in there which is to do with
+focusing and but it might be you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing and but it might be you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing and but it might be you might
+think it said I sort of rather higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it said I sort of rather higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it said I sort of rather higher
+level than the rest of the course so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level than the rest of the course so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level than the rest of the course so you
+know this is not for that this bit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not for that this bit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not for that this bit that
+I've added is is not for examining or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added is is not for examining or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added is is not for examining or
+anything it's it's it's meant just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's it's it's meant just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's it's it's meant just for
+your interest anyway this is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interest anyway this is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interest anyway this is where we
+got up to the defocus RACF so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to the defocus RACF so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to the defocus RACF so there's
+this again you remember let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again you remember let's make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again you remember let's make it
+bigger what's going on I'm a I've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger what's going on I'm a I've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger what's going on I'm a I've gone
+the wrong thing I should that sorry I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thing I should that sorry I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thing I should that sorry I've
+got my glasses on I can't see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my glasses on I can't see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my glasses on I can't see what I'm
+doing and it's all in a different place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and it's all in a different place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and it's all in a different place
+from of course the the version of PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from of course the the version of PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from of course the the version of PDF
+that for the PowerPoint that I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the PowerPoint that I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the PowerPoint that I use
+anyway here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here we are
+the the D focus ATF so you remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the D focus ATF so you remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the D focus ATF so you remember we
+introduced this last time we said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this last time we said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this last time we said if
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+the focused objects then you can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focused objects then you can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focused objects then you can work
+out the imaging of it by using a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the imaging of it by using a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the imaging of it by using a an
+amplitude transfer function just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function just like
+before but it's not just the normal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it's not just the normal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it's not just the normal one
+it's modified by the effects of defocus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's modified by the effects of defocus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's modified by the effects of defocus
+what happens is that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that you have to
+multiply the transfer function by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the transfer function by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the transfer function by a
+complex exponential e to the I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential e to the I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential e to the I this
+thing it therefore becomes complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it therefore becomes complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it therefore becomes complex and
+you can divide that up into two parts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide that up into two parts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide that up into two parts a
+real part and an imaginary part the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and an imaginary part the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and an imaginary part the real
+part will image the real information of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will image the real information of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will image the real information of
+the objects which is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects which is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects which is basically the
+absorption of the objects and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption of the objects and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption of the objects and that's
+what this shows here the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this shows here the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this shows here the real part of
+that transfer function which is cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transfer function which is cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transfer function which is cosine
+of this thing and so this is the cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing and so this is the cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing and so this is the cutoff
+of the optical system here sorry no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the optical system here sorry no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the optical system here sorry no it
+isn't is it no sorry the cutoff I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't is it no sorry the cutoff I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't is it no sorry the cutoff I guess
+is some arbitrary place I guess it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some arbitrary place I guess it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some arbitrary place I guess it's not
+actually shown here but anyway the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown here but anyway the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown here but anyway the the
+fact is that as you change the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that as you change the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that as you change the amount of
+defocus this will be scaled accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defocus this will be scaled accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defocus this will be scaled accordingly
+relative to the cutoff of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the cutoff of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the cutoff of the of the
+transfer function right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function right so you can
+imagine if the transfer function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if the transfer function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if the transfer function was
+right in here you it would be almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in here you it would be almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in here you it would be almost as
+though it was the same as an in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was the same as an in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was the same as an in focus
+system and then as you as you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then as you as you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then as you as you make the
+the cutoff wider and wider relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutoff wider and wider relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutoff wider and wider relative to
+this cos curve you'll see you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cos curve you'll see you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cos curve you'll see you'll get
+more and more of these Wiggles so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of these Wiggles so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of these Wiggles so this
+was a case where it's not changing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a case where it's not changing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a case where it's not changing very
+much so there we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so there we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so there we are
+there's the region where it's nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the region where it's nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the region where it's nonzero
+and and so it's not changing very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so it's not changing very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so it's not changing very much
+in that region and so we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region and so we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region and so we said that
+corresponds to mild D focus and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to mild D focus and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to mild D focus and and then
+the next case we looked at was was now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next case we looked at was was now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next case we looked at was was now
+when it's got a lot of D focus all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's got a lot of D focus all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's got a lot of D focus all right
+so you can see here it starts really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here it starts really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here it starts really
+Wiggly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly
+remember I said this last time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said this last time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said this last time this is
+actually cause of this thing squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause of this thing squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause of this thing squared so
+that's why it doesn't look like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it doesn't look like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it doesn't look like an
+ordinary cos function because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary cos function because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary cos function because of that
+the x squared so it scales it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x squared so it scales it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x squared so it scales it in this
+nonlinear way and so here's the cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear way and so here's the cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear way and so here's the cutoff
+again in this case now in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this case now in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this case now in this case
+you've got some Wiggles and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some Wiggles and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some Wiggles and those
+Wiggles are going to lead to artifacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles are going to lead to artifacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles are going to lead to artifacts
+in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the image
+there's firstly because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's firstly because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's firstly because of the fact that
+this goes negative you can see that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes negative you can see that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes negative you can see that some
+spatial frequencies will be imaged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequencies will be imaged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequencies will be imaged with
+the wrong sign so it's just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong sign so it's just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong sign so it's just like you
+know if you've got a a Fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've got a a Fourier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've got a a Fourier series
+for let's say a square wave if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's say a square wave if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's say a square wave if you take
+the Fourier series for a square wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier series for a square wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier series for a square wave and
+you and you change the sign of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you change the sign of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you change the sign of some of
+those components it doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components it doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components it doesn't look like a
+square wave anymore right so you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave anymore right so you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave anymore right so you you get
+a very poor image in that case so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very poor image in that case so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very poor image in that case so this
+is really bad news for the image and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really bad news for the image and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really bad news for the image and and
+the other thing that George mentions up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that George mentions up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that George mentions up
+there is that of course there's regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that of course there's regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that of course there's regions
+where the value of the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the value of the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the value of the transfer function
+is very small so this spatial frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small so this spatial frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small so this spatial frequency
+here freeze them for example is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here freeze them for example is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here freeze them for example is not
+going to be imaged at all so you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be imaged at all so you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be imaged at all so you'll get
+some gaps in the in the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gaps in the in the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gaps in the in the response of the
+different transfer of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transfer of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transfer of spatial
+frequencies okay so the significance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay so the significance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay so the significance of
+depth of focus in imaging so here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of focus in imaging so here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of focus in imaging so here he
+shows a 4f system it shows here the NA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a 4f system it shows here the NA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a 4f system it shows here the NA
+in and the Na out and you remember of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the Na out and you remember of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the Na out and you remember of
+course that the as you change the na you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that the as you change the na you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that the as you change the na you
+also change the magnification you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also change the magnification you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also change the magnification you change
+the lateral magnification and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral magnification and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral magnification and you also
+change the longitudinal or axial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the longitudinal or axial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the longitudinal or axial
+magnification that goes as the na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification that goes as the na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification that goes as the na
+squared and so we define these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so we define these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so we define these two terms
+depth of field is basically the the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field is basically the the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field is basically the the D
+focus tolerance in the object space how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus tolerance in the object space how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus tolerance in the object space how
+far you can move the objects without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you can move the objects without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you can move the objects without it
+going too much out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too much out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too much out of focus
+and so this gives some some idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives some some idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives some some idea about
+the the value of that then the depths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the value of that then the depths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the value of that then the depths
+that depth of field is given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depth of field is given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depth of field is given by this
+lambda over 2 to na squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over 2 to na squared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over 2 to na squared right
+because the the you get this na squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the you get this na squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the you get this na squared
+because the longitudinal magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the longitudinal magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the longitudinal magnification
+also goes as na squared and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also goes as na squared and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also goes as na squared and then on the
+other side in the image side you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side in the image side you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side in the image side you have a
+depth of focus rather than a depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of focus rather than a depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of focus rather than a depth of
+field notice in the title he calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field notice in the title he calls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field notice in the title he calls it
+DOF which can mean either so depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOF which can mean either so depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOF which can mean either so depth of
+field depth of focus you'll find that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field depth of focus you'll find that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field depth of focus you'll find that of
+course lots in general terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course lots in general terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course lots in general terminology
+people often use these phrases almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often use these phrases almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often use these phrases almost
+interchangeably and are not very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably and are not very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably and are not very careful
+about using the right one for the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using the right one for the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using the right one for the right
+for the right space but this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the right space but this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the right space but this is what it
+really means depth of field is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means depth of field is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means depth of field is how much
+you can move the object depth of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move the object depth of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move the object depth of focus
+is how much you can move the screen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much you can move the screen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much you can move the screen here
+without it going out of focus right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it going out of focus right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it going out of focus right and
+you can see that the this is expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the this is expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the this is expressing
+the depth of focus now in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of focus now in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of focus now in terms of
+numerical aperture you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture you get the same
+expression but it's now this n a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but it's now this n a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but it's now this n a rather
+than that one and a couple of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one and a couple of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one and a couple of course the
+magnification also goes as na squared as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification also goes as na squared as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification also goes as na squared as
+well so so the the image of the bitless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so so the the image of the bitless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so so the the image of the bitless
+in focus here of the objects is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus here of the objects is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus here of the objects is of
+course the same as the depth of focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the same as the depth of focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the same as the depth of focus of
+the system all right they're all clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system all right they're all clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system all right they're all clear
+yeah good ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good ok
+yeah even though our derivation were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah even though our derivation were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah even though our derivation were
+character carried out for spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character carried out for spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character carried out for spatially
+coherent imaging exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent imaging exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent imaging exactly the same
+arguments you can use for the incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments you can use for the incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments you can use for the incoherent
+case right so the idea of a we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right so the idea of a we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right so the idea of a we showed
+that the focused amplitude transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the focused amplitude transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the focused amplitude transfer
+function in the same way you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the same way you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the same way you can also
+have a D focused OTF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and right so this what let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right so this what let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right so this what let's think of
+now what happens if we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if we've got some
+objects which has got some height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects which has got some height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects which has got some height
+variations here he's taking in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations here he's taking in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations here he's taking in the case
+of a surface and he's called this a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a surface and he's called this a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a surface and he's called this a two
+and a half the object I think he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half the object I think he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half the object I think he's
+probably called it that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably called it that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably called it that because I
+sometimes use that terminology I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes use that terminology I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes use that terminology I'm not
+the only one really I didn't invent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one really I didn't invent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one really I didn't invent it
+at all but people often use this two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but people often use this two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but people often use this two and
+a half D to represent something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half D to represent something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half D to represent something which is
+not a 2d object it's not flat it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a 2d object it's not flat it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a 2d object it's not flat it's got
+some depth but it's not a true 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some depth but it's not a true 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some depth but it's not a true 3d
+objects in that it's got no internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in that it's got no internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in that it's got no internal
+structure it's just a surface right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's just a surface right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's just a surface right so
+anyway in this case this is the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in this case this is the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in this case this is the object
+and this is its image and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is its image and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is its image and you can see
+that if if this object is quite deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if this object is quite deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if this object is quite deep
+it's going to be deeper than the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be deeper than the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be deeper than the depth
+of field of the system and so some parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of field of the system and so some parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of field of the system and so some parts
+of that are going to be out of focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that are going to be out of focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that are going to be out of focus and
+so this is a region for example which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a region for example which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a region for example which is
+a long way away from the focal plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way away from the focal plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way away from the focal plane and
+therefore it's going to be imaged out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to be imaged out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to be imaged out of
+focus and here here it corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and here here it corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and here here it corresponds to
+this region here and notice if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here and notice if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here and notice if you look
+at the this this image it's inverted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the this this image it's inverted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the this this image it's inverted in
+X but a distance you see that in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but a distance you see that in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but a distance you see that in in the
+Z Direction a distance which is move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Direction a distance which is move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Direction a distance which is move
+this way here is also moved this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way here is also moved this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way here is also moved this way
+here so there's no inversion in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's no inversion in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's no inversion in the in
+the Z direction I did I hear it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction I did I hear it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction I did I hear it's a
+question over there or is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question over there or is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question over there or is it just
+someone shuffling around no okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as George points out here what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as George points out here what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as George points out here what this
+means then for this particular object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then for this particular object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then for this particular object is
+the point spread function is not now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point spread function is not now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point spread function is not now
+spatially invariant right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially invariant right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially invariant right it's a
+spatially a shift variance PSF because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially a shift variance PSF because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially a shift variance PSF because
+different parts of this surface are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of this surface are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of this surface are
+going to experience a different point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to experience a different point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to experience a different point
+spread function because they might be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function because they might be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function because they might be in
+or out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or out
+focus so yeah and the under part just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus so yeah and the under part just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus so yeah and the under part just
+before like before at the part which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before like before at the part which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before like before at the part which is
+in focus is given by this depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus is given by this depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus is given by this depth of field
+which we just had before right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just had before right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just had before right so you
+can either think of it as a depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either think of it as a depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either think of it as a depth of
+field or a depth of focus the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or a depth of focus the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or a depth of focus the same
+expression right so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right so this is an example
+of this let's take an object which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this let's take an object which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this let's take an object which is a
+letter M I guess he didn't use MIT this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter M I guess he didn't use MIT this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter M I guess he didn't use MIT this
+time because he wants to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because he wants to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because he wants to use the same
+for each so that you can see how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each so that you can see how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each so that you can see how how
+each of them is affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is affected by the
+different point spread function so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point spread function so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point spread function so this
+is in the focal plane and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the focal plane and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the focal plane and then this is
+to depth of fields out of the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depth of fields out of the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depth of fields out of the focal
+plane this is for depth of fields out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this is for depth of fields out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this is for depth of fields out of
+the focal plane so when you image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal plane so when you image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal plane so when you image that
+you can see that it's going to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's going to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's going to become
+this one's going to be in focus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's going to be in focus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's going to be in focus it's
+still a bit blurred of course because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a bit blurred of course because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a bit blurred of course because of
+the the diffraction effects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the diffraction effects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the diffraction effects in the
+imaging so this is convolved with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging so this is convolved with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging so this is convolved with the
+point spread function of the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function of the coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function of the coherent
+optical system and and then this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical system and and then this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical system and and then this is for
+the the the two a defocused ones getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the two a defocused ones getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the two a defocused ones getting
+more and more out of focus so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more out of focus so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more out of focus so right now
+once we've got that blur what can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've got that blur what can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've got that blur what can we do
+about it and there's been quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and there's been quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and there's been quite a lot of
+papers that have looked at this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that have looked at this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that have looked at this question
+of whether you can actually undo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you can actually undo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you can actually undo the
+blur d blurring they call it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur d blurring they call it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur d blurring they call it or
+sometimes deconvolution because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes deconvolution because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes deconvolution because if you
+think of the blurring as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the blurring as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the blurring as being a
+convolution you want to do undo that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution you want to do undo that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution you want to do undo that you
+want to do a deconvolution so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a deconvolution so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a deconvolution so what we
+actually get there in the in the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get there in the in the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get there in the in the Fourier
+domain the spectrum of the image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the spectrum of the image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the spectrum of the image is
+equal to the spectrum of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the spectrum of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the spectrum of the object
+multiplied by some transfer function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by some transfer function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by some transfer function and
+this will be true whether it's coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be true whether it's coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be true whether it's coherent
+or incoherent in general there'd be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or incoherent in general there'd be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or incoherent in general there'd be the
+same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of
+facts but you'd have to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts but you'd have to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts but you'd have to work with
+intensities rather than add virtues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities rather than add virtues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities rather than add virtues and
+so what we say then is that if we this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we say then is that if we this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we say then is that if we this
+is the blurred thing so we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the blurred thing so we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the blurred thing so we can actually
+do blur it by just dividing by that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do blur it by just dividing by that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do blur it by just dividing by that to
+get rid of it so if we get our image we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it so if we get our image we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it so if we get our image we
+multiply by one over the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by one over the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by one over the transfer
+function and that gives us our D blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that gives us our D blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that gives us our D blurred
+version of the of the image so as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the of the image so as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the of the image so as he
+calls it here you can record it inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls it here you can record it inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls it here you can record it inverse
+filtering or sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering or sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering or sometimes called
+deconvolution but that is actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution but that is actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution but that is actually you
+know you probably you all thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you probably you all thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you probably you all thought of
+that can work as it sounds they ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can work as it sounds they ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can work as it sounds they ought to
+work and of course it doesn't work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course it doesn't work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course it doesn't work very
+well we're going to show a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to show a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to show a bit more
+about this in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in a minute
+in particular it really goes wrong if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it really goes wrong if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it really goes wrong if
+this thing goes to 0 obviously so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing goes to 0 obviously so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing goes to 0 obviously so you
+can't do very much about that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do very much about that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do very much about that and and
+then also if it goes to something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also if it goes to something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also if it goes to something which
+is even very small you have to amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even very small you have to amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even very small you have to amplify
+it by a lot and when you amplify you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by a lot and when you amplify you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by a lot and when you amplify you're
+going to amplify the noise so you'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to amplify the noise so you'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to amplify the noise so you'll end
+up with a noisy reconstruction after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a noisy reconstruction after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a noisy reconstruction after
+you've done that right so so this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that right so so this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that right so so this sort
+of inverse filtering invariably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inverse filtering invariably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inverse filtering invariably
+increases the noise in the image and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the noise in the image and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the noise in the image and so
+how can we get around that well we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we get around that well we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we get around that well we just
+get around the zero by making making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around the zero by making making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around the zero by making making
+making it so that there isn't a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it so that there isn't a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it so that there isn't a zero
+anymore so this is our new version and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so this is our new version and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so this is our new version and
+you can see that if if moon was 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if if moon was 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if if moon was 0 this
+would just become the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just become the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just become the same as before
+this is H times H star so the H stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is H times H star so the H stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is H times H star so the H stars
+will cancel and it's 1 over H right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel and it's 1 over H right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel and it's 1 over H right so
+so if if if this is big compared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if if this is big compared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if if this is big compared with
+that then it becomes the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then it becomes the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then it becomes the same as before
+but if this becomes small then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if this becomes small then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if this becomes small then we're
+just left with this and it avoids it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just left with this and it avoids it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just left with this and it avoids it
+blowing up and giving a infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing up and giving a infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing up and giving a infinite
+so yeah so if mu is not it reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so if mu is not it reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so if mu is not it reduces to
+the direct filter and we just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct filter and we just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct filter and we just described
+that that's not a good thing to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not a good thing to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not a good thing to do so
+the more noise there is there the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more noise there is there the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more noise there is there the the
+bigger you need to make this to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you need to make this to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you need to make this to avoid
+getting too much not noise in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting too much not noise in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting too much not noise in the in the
+image so okay so as the noise increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so okay so as the noise increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so okay so as the noise increases
+you would tend to increase the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would tend to increase the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would tend to increase the value of
+mu yeah so here it's saying that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu yeah so here it's saying that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu yeah so here it's saying that if the
+signal are noise both of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal are noise both of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal are noise both of a particular
+type of statistics then you can have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of statistics then you can have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of statistics then you can have you
+can find what the optimum value of MU is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find what the optimum value of MU is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find what the optimum value of MU is
+and we find then that it's equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find then that it's equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find then that it's equal to 1
+over the signal-to-noise ratio and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the signal-to-noise ratio and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the signal-to-noise ratio and and
+this is what's called a vena filter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's called a vena filter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's called a vena filter so
+this that this n Ruggiero tree comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that this n Ruggiero tree comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that this n Ruggiero tree comes
+down to be the same as of veena filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to be the same as of veena filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to be the same as of veena filter
+which you might have come across some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might have come across some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might have come across some of
+you in in other things right so so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in in other things right so so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in in other things right so so all
+you're doing really is you're amplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing really is you're amplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing really is you're amplifying
+the spatial frequencies that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial frequencies that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial frequencies that have been
+pushed down by the imaging process but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed down by the imaging process but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed down by the imaging process but
+if there's if they become smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's if they become smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's if they become smaller than
+the noise then you don't do that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise then you don't do that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise then you don't do that anymore
+right so he's going to give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he's going to give an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he's going to give an example
+of this so so this is the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so so this is the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so so this is the convolution
+using this chicken of regular lized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this chicken of regular lized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this chicken of regular lized
+inverse filter and yeah okay he's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse filter and yeah okay he's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse filter and yeah okay he's saying
+here that he's assuming he's assuming he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that he's assuming he's assuming he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that he's assuming he's assuming he
+knows the depth before he does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the depth before he does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the depth before he does this
+right so obviously that is something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so obviously that is something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so obviously that is something you
+wouldn't always necessarily know but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't always necessarily know but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't always necessarily know but he
+knows the depth therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the depth therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the depth therefore you can
+calculate what the what the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the what the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the what the transfer
+function was on the imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was on the imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was on the imaging
+died and therefore he knows what filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and therefore he knows what filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and therefore he knows what filter
+to inverse filter to apply in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inverse filter to apply in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inverse filter to apply in order to
+get the best reconstruction right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the best reconstruction right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the best reconstruction right and
+you can see that it works extremely well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it works extremely well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it works extremely well
+for this one this one is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one this one is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one this one is slightly
+blurred slightly a bit more blurred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred slightly a bit more blurred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred slightly a bit more blurred and
+you can see also that the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see also that the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see also that the background
+here or at least I can see on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or at least I can see on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or at least I can see on this
+screen but this one doesn't look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but this one doesn't look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but this one doesn't look very
+much the background is becoming not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the background is becoming not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the background is becoming not
+black anymore okay and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black anymore okay and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black anymore okay and this is what
+happens if you've got a noisy image if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you've got a noisy image if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you've got a noisy image if
+you add noise to the to the original to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add noise to the to the original to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add noise to the to the original to
+the image before you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image before you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image before you do the
+deconvolution now you see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution now you see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution now you see that that
+actually it's not working nearly so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not working nearly so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not working nearly so well
+and this one here you can't really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one here you can't really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one here you can't really make
+out what there is there right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what there is there right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what there is there right so this is
+showing that that these methods can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that that these methods can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that that these methods can work
+but you can see that there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that there are also
+limits to how well they can work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to how well they can work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to how well they can work and
+especially in the presence of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the presence of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the presence of noise
+actually I should mention that in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should mention that in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should mention that in of
+course in MIT in the Media Lab there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in MIT in the Media Lab there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in MIT in the Media Lab there's a
+lot of work going on on in this area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work going on on in this area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work going on on in this area of
+what they call computational photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call computational photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call computational photography
+which is all to do with changing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all to do with changing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all to do with changing the the
+properties of the camera in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the camera in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the camera in order to
+make it so that this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that this sort of
+reconstruction it is more efficient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction it is more efficient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction it is more efficient so
+it turns out that if you're clever about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that if you're clever about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that if you're clever about
+the design of the imaging system you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of the imaging system you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of the imaging system you can
+actually make it so that this all works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it so that this all works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it so that this all works
+a lot better but we weren't going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better but we weren't going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better but we weren't going into
+all that I'm sorry that I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that I'm sorry that I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that I'm sorry that I've got this
+wrong this one was the sorry this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong this one was the sorry this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong this one was the sorry this was
+the oh yeah that's right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh yeah that's right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh yeah that's right this is the
+image before you've done the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image before you've done the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image before you've done the inverse
+filtering and this is the image after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering and this is the image after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering and this is the image after
+you've done the inverse filtering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done the inverse filtering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done the inverse filtering so
+it's actually doing quite well this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually doing quite well this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually doing quite well this one
+here is is pretty well not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is pretty well not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is pretty well not very
+different from that and this one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that and this one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that and this one as
+before is is not as good but but doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is is not as good but but doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is is not as good but but doing
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+pretty well okay of course if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well okay of course if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well okay of course if you didn't
+know what the the the height of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the the the height of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the the the height of these
+things is then you might have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is then you might have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is then you might have to use
+some iterative algorithm in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some iterative algorithm in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some iterative algorithm in order to
+come up with the the best reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the the best reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the the best reconstruction
+you can imagine also that so this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine also that so this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine also that so this is for
+this so-called two and a half the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called two and a half the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called two and a half the object
+you could imagine an object which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine an object which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine an object which really
+did have structure inside itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have structure inside itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have structure inside itself so
+maybe these three M's would be on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these three M's would be on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these three M's would be on top of
+each other and semi-transparent and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and semi-transparent and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and semi-transparent and and
+then that the trick would be to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that the trick would be to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that the trick would be to try to
+actually produce a reconstruction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produce a reconstruction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produce a reconstruction of the
+3d object from the 3d image and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d object from the 3d image and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d object from the 3d image and there
+are there are actually computer packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are actually computer packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are actually computer packages
+that you can get to do just that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get to do just that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get to do just that very
+sort of thing okay so that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing okay so that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing okay so that was that was
+what we should have done and we now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should have done and we now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should have done and we now go
+on to today's lecture and so today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to today's lecture and so today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to today's lecture and so today's
+lecture is about first of all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is about first of all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is about first of all about
+polarization and which we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and which we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and which we've been
+talking about in the lab today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the lab today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the lab today so
+yesterday wasn't it so that's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday wasn't it so that's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday wasn't it so that's a bit
+topical and then George wrote these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topical and then George wrote these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topical and then George wrote these so
+so the bit that I've added extra is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bit that I've added extra is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bit that I've added extra is
+basically addressing these points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically addressing these points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically addressing these points here
+Effects of polarization on imaging in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effects of polarization on imaging in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effects of polarization on imaging in a
+microscope objective or a lens with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope objective or a lens with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope objective or a lens with a
+high numerical aperture so we start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high numerical aperture so we start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high numerical aperture so we start off
+with the polarization I'm not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the polarization I'm not sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the polarization I'm not sure what
+you said about polarization first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said about polarization first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said about polarization first of all
+but basically then the wave equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically then the wave equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically then the wave equation for
+in the electromagnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electromagnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electromagnetic field is
+basically a vector wave equation it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a vector wave equation it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a vector wave equation it's a
+function of electric field here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of electric field here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of electric field here and and
+we had then that the polarization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had then that the polarization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had then that the polarization is
+some function of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of the electric field
+and how the relationship between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the relationship between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the relationship between these
+depends on the sort of material and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the sort of material and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the sort of material and so
+this is giving some different examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is giving some different examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is giving some different examples
+the simple case is this one which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple case is this one which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple case is this one which which
+we did look at earlier is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did look at earlier is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did look at earlier is where the
+polarization is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is proportional to the
+electric field and you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and you remember that
+that D you get D by adding the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D you get D by adding the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D you get D by adding the piece of
+the e and so here this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e and so here this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e and so here this is called the
+electric susceptibility and P equals KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric susceptibility and P equals KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric susceptibility and P equals KY
+times e so if this is a constant this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e so if this is a constant this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e so if this is a constant this is
+just a linear relationship which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a linear relationship which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a linear relationship which is
+where how we described it before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where how we described it before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where how we described it before but
+there are two ways that that can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways that that can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways that that can break
+down in practice and usually actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in practice and usually actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in practice and usually actually
+for materials where it breaks down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for materials where it breaks down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for materials where it breaks down it
+breaks down for both at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down for both at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down for both at the same time
+unfortunately so it becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so it becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so it becomes very
+complicated but here we've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but here we've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but here we've written it
+with these two effects separately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two effects separately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two effects separately and
+this is this is where actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is where actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is where actually the
+relationship is still linear but P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is still linear but P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is still linear but P is
+related to e naught by a simple scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to e naught by a simple scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to e naught by a simple scalar
+relationship like this but by a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship like this but by a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship like this but by a tensor
+relationship so the direction of P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so the direction of P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so the direction of P is
+not in the same direction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the same direction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the same direction as the
+direction of e and so you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of e and so you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of e and so you've got this
+three by three matrix which describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three matrix which describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three matrix which describes
+the properties of the material right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the material right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the material right and
+this will depend on the on well for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will depend on the on well for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will depend on the on well for a
+isotropic material like a crystal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic material like a crystal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic material like a crystal or
+something like that it would depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it would depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it would depend on
+the crystal structure of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal structure of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal structure of course if
+you've got some complicated varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some complicated varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some complicated varying
+object then it can be all sorts of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object then it can be all sorts of even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object then it can be all sorts of even
+more complicated things and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated things and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated things and so that's
+the that's the the first case so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the the first case so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the the first case so that
+this is the way what this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way what this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way what this is what's
+going to lead to some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lead to some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lead to some interesting
+polarization effects as you put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization effects as you put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization effects as you put that
+electric field into a crystal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field into a crystal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field into a crystal for
+example and then this is the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then this is the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then this is the other one
+which is now looking at an isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now looking at an isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now looking at an isotropic
+material but non linear so this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but non linear so this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but non linear so this is now
+longer a constant and so what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a constant and so what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a constant and so what that means
+you can you could expand it as a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could expand it as a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could expand it as a power
+series and you can see that there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and you can see that there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and you can see that there might
+be some extra terms here this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some extra terms here this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some extra terms here this is what's
+called thicker effects there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called thicker effects there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called thicker effects there's
+effectively a susceptibility which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a susceptibility which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a susceptibility which is
+which is dependent on the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dependent on the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dependent on the intensity of
+the light which shines on it and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light which shines on it and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light which shines on it and and of
+course you might expect that there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you might expect that there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you might expect that there will
+be higher orders of this as well of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher orders of this as well of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher orders of this as well of
+course that these sorts of effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that these sorts of effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that these sorts of effects
+you're only going to excite these if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to excite these if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to excite these if you
+if you have a large value of AE you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a large value of AE you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a large value of AE you know
+it's a bit like if you imagine how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit like if you imagine how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit like if you imagine how this
+all comes about this comes about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all comes about this comes about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all comes about this comes about because
+your material is made up of atoms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material is made up of atoms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material is made up of atoms which
+are all bonded together and joined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all bonded together and joined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all bonded together and joined to
+each other with Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other with Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other with Springs
+right and when you apply the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when you apply the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when you apply the electric
+field it makes these atoms vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it makes these atoms vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it makes these atoms vibrate
+against the spring and if the vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the spring and if the vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the spring and if the vibrations
+are small then then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small then then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small then then it's going to
+satisfy Hookes law and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy Hookes law and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy Hookes law and it's going to be
+linear but if you increase the forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but if you increase the forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but if you increase the forcing
+term then the vibrations get bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then the vibrations get bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then the vibrations get bigger
+Hookes law breaks down and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law breaks down and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law breaks down and the and the
+vibrations become nonlinear that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations become nonlinear that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations become nonlinear that's the
+basic physics of what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic physics of what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic physics of what's going on here
+okay so so this is what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is what's called the
+Kerr if X there is actually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerr if X there is actually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerr if X there is actually another
+effect which george hasn't exist hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which george hasn't exist hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which george hasn't exist hasn't
+mentioned here there's another you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here there's another you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here there's another you see
+this is actually e cubed here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually e cubed here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually e cubed here but you
+can't have an effect where this is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have an effect where this is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have an effect where this is e
+squared which is called the what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is called the what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is called the what's it
+called the pockels effect I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the pockels effect I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the pockels effect I was really
+only asking because I had forgotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only asking because I had forgotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only asking because I had forgotten the
+word for a minute but my students here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for a minute but my students here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for a minute but my students here
+know that I'm always forgetting names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I'm always forgetting names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I'm always forgetting names
+and so I they usually come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I they usually come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I they usually come back
+eventually but did you see that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually but did you see that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually but did you see that what
+that did ah yeah it did this okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did ah yeah it did this okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did ah yeah it did this okay the
+relationship between the SEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the SEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the SEC
+susceptibility and the refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility and the refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility and the refractive index
+and and this is saying that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is saying that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is saying that the the
+phase delay depends on the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay depends on the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay depends on the polarization
+right and and this one the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and this one the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and this one the index of
+refraction depends on the intensity all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction depends on the intensity all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction depends on the intensity all
+right so this is nonlinear optics and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is nonlinear optics and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is nonlinear optics and as
+I say those last two effects very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say those last two effects very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say those last two effects very often
+come together right so this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together right so this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together right so this is now
+talking about polarization of light I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about polarization of light I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about polarization of light I
+think that probably George must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that probably George must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that probably George must have
+mentioned this to some degree earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this to some degree earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this to some degree earlier on
+but this is what this is showing then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what this is showing then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what this is showing then is
+a plane wave of light it's linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave of light it's linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave of light it's linearly
+polarized in the X direction sorry the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in the X direction sorry the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in the X direction sorry the Y
+direction this is taken as Y so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is taken as Y so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is taken as Y so the
+electric field is in the in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is in the in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is in the in the Y
+direction which actually means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which actually means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which actually means that the
+magnetic field is going to be in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is going to be in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is going to be in the X
+direction because they're at right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because they're at right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because they're at right
+angles with each arrow if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles with each arrow if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles with each arrow if you remember
+and you remember that so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember that so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember that so you can think
+of the wave propagating in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave propagating in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave propagating in two different
+ways one is to think of it at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is to think of it at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is to think of it at a certain
+instant of time so what we call here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant of time so what we call here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant of time so what we call here
+it's a snapshot and then we plot what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a snapshot and then we plot what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a snapshot and then we plot what
+happens as a function of Z so this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as a function of Z so this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as a function of Z so this is of
+course we have to do this because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have to do this because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have to do this because it's
+difficult to plot it against space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to plot it against space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to plot it against space and
+time at the same time because difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the same time because difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the same time because difficult
+to visualize what's going on so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize what's going on so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize what's going on so you can
+see here this electric field is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here this electric field is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here this electric field is always
+in the same plane and it's got a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same plane and it's got a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same plane and it's got a it's a
+maximum here it reduces it becomes zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum here it reduces it becomes zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum here it reduces it becomes zero
+it then increases in the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then increases in the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then increases in the negative
+direction and comes back to zero again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and comes back to zero again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and comes back to zero again
+and so on the side right so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on the side right so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on the side right so so this is
+linearly polarized light as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized light as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized light as a function
+of space and then this one shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space and then this one shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space and then this one shows the
+same thing as a function of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as a function of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as a function of time so
+we're looking at now at one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at now at one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at now at one particular
+value of positions N equals naught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of positions N equals naught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of positions N equals naught and
+we're looking at how this varies as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at how this varies as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at how this varies as a
+function of time exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time exactly the same
+diagram of course you probably saw when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of course you probably saw when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of course you probably saw when
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+when I had flicked their to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had flicked their to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had flicked their to the next
+slide it didn't change at all it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it didn't change at all it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it didn't change at all it just
+changed the the caption and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the the caption and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the the caption and this is what
+circular polarization does circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarization does circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarization does circular
+polarization you can see what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization you can see what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization you can see what this is
+trying to it looks a bit complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to it looks a bit complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to it looks a bit complicated
+here but what it's really doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what it's really doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what it's really doing is
+actually quite straightforward it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite straightforward it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite straightforward it's
+actually rotating this electric vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rotating this electric vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rotating this electric vector
+is rotating either with distance or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotating either with distance or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotating either with distance or with
+time according to which way you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time according to which way you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time according to which way you do the
+plot and the length of this line stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and the length of this line stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and the length of this line stays
+the same so this is what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so this is what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so this is what we mean by
+circular polarization and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarization and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarization and this is
+showing how actually you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how actually you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how actually you can think of
+circular polarization has been made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarization has been made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarization has been made up
+of two components one linearly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two components one linearly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two components one linearly polarized
+in this dial in the Y Direction one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this dial in the Y Direction one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this dial in the Y Direction one
+linearly polarized in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized in the X direction
+and you've so you can see that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've so you can see that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've so you can see that they're
+they're also out of phase by 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also out of phase by 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also out of phase by 90 degrees
+so you can see now that in at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see now that in at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see now that in at this
+distance Y a position this is plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Y a position this is plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Y a position this is plotted
+against said again here this one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against said again here this one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against said again here this one is a
+maximum this one is zero so the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum this one is zero so the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum this one is zero so the electric
+field is in the X direction and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is in the X direction and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is in the X direction and then as
+you go as you travel along this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go as you travel along this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go as you travel along this gets
+smaller but this gets bigger so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but this gets bigger so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but this gets bigger so at this
+position here the electric field is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here the electric field is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here the electric field is now
+polarized in the Y direction and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in the Y direction and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in the Y direction and then it
+got this one goes back down to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this one goes back down to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this one goes back down to zero
+again and this one gets bigger right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this one gets bigger right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this one gets bigger right so
+so this is exactly equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is exactly equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is exactly equivalent to the
+case that I showed before the circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that I showed before the circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that I showed before the circular
+polarized case I might add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized case I might add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized case I might add the
+elliptical polarization is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical polarization is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical polarization is where the
+amplitude of this component and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of this component and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of this component and this
+component are not equal so if that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component are not equal so if that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component are not equal so if that was
+the case it would gain you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case it would gain you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case it would gain you that you
+think of this electric field vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this electric field vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this electric field vector is
+rotating but the length of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating but the length of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating but the length of the vector
+would also change as it rotates and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also change as it rotates and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also change as it rotates and of
+course you can have two cases you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can have two cases you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can have two cases you can
+have it rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it rotating
+clockwise or you can have it rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise or you can have it rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise or you can have it rotating
+anti-clockwise so these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-clockwise so these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-clockwise so these are called
+left and right hand circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right hand circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right hand circular
+polarization okay so so this is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization okay so so this is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization okay so so this is showing
+like an end on view so this is it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an end on view so this is it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an end on view so this is it this
+is x and y so this thing is is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x and y so this thing is is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x and y so this thing is is pointing
+out towards you isn't it that means no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out towards you isn't it that means no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out towards you isn't it that means no
+it means no it means it's going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means no it means it's going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means no it means it's going away
+isn't it but is it right because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it but is it right because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it but is it right because that's
+it's it's it's a left handed coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's a left handed coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's a left handed coordinate
+system if that's the case because X oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if that's the case because X oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if that's the case because X oh
+no it's not no it's not no it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not no it's not no it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not no it's not no it's right
+it's right it's a right handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right it's a right handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right it's a right handed
+coordinate system okay yeah x cot X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system okay yeah x cot X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system okay yeah x cot X
+cross Y goes away from you right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Y goes away from you right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Y goes away from you right and so
+this is showing then end on what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing then end on what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing then end on what happens
+to this electric vector and the wonders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this electric vector and the wonders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this electric vector and the wonders
+of modern science of in fact in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern science of in fact in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern science of in fact in fact
+changed the circular polarization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the circular polarization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the circular polarization to
+electrical polarization without me doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical polarization without me doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical polarization without me doing
+anything right now so next is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right now so next is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right now so next is to
+introduce some sorry that's I missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some sorry that's I missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some sorry that's I missed
+that one there were lots of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one there were lots of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one there were lots of these things
+that my computer misinterpreted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my computer misinterpreted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my computer misinterpreted from
+Georgie's computer and I changed most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Georgie's computer and I changed most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Georgie's computer and I changed most of
+them but I miss one there that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I miss one there that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I miss one there that should
+say lambda over for plate I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say lambda over for plate I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say lambda over for plate I don't know
+what the difference is what he put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference is what he put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference is what he put in
+there do you know any did you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you know any did you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you know any did you know when
+he's put in there that make it go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's put in there that make it go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's put in there that make it go like
+that anyway he did this on his Mac so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway he did this on his Mac so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway he did this on his Mac so
+yeah yeah but it's a funny pond as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but it's a funny pond as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but it's a funny pond as well
+anyway and so this is showing a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and so this is showing a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and so this is showing a what
+would happen if you put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you put some
+birefringence a special birefringence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birefringence a special birefringence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birefringence a special birefringence
+material here which is what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here which is what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here which is what's called a
+lambda by 4 plate and what this does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda by 4 plate and what this does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda by 4 plate and what this does is
+it changes the relative phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes the relative phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes the relative phase of the
+components of electric electric field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of electric electric field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of electric electric field in
+two directions by a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two directions by a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two directions by a different
+mount as it transmits through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount as it transmits through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount as it transmits through the
+through the crystal and so if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the crystal and so if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the crystal and so if you if you
+arrange the orientation of it correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange the orientation of it correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange the orientation of it correctly
+relative to the light it has this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the light it has this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the light it has this effect
+of changing the linear polarization into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing the linear polarization into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing the linear polarization into
+circular polarization the way it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarization the way it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarization the way it really
+does that is that this you've said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that is that this you've said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that is that this you've said that
+this you can think of as being made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can think of as being made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can think of as being made up
+of two linearly polarized components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two linearly polarized components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two linearly polarized components and
+this you can always think of as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can always think of as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can always think of as being
+made up of two linearly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of two linearly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of two linearly polarized
+components as well 45 degrees so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components as well 45 degrees so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components as well 45 degrees so that so
+you just resolve that into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just resolve that into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just resolve that into two
+components right so the circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components right so the circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components right so the circular
+polarized you call you that you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized you call you that you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized you call you that you get that
+very simply by just changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simply by just changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simply by just changing the
+relative phase of those two linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative phase of those two linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative phase of those two linear
+polarized components that's how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized components that's how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized components that's how it works
+but I think here he's just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think here he's just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think here he's just trying to
+show you what it does and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what it does and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what it does and then the other
+important device that people use is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important device that people use is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important device that people use is a
+lambda by 2 plate and rather than a lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda by 2 plate and rather than a lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda by 2 plate and rather than a lamb
+but that lambda by 4 plate and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that lambda by 4 plate and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that lambda by 4 plate and that has
+the property of changing X polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property of changing X polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property of changing X polarized
+then a linearly polarized light into Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a linearly polarized light into Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a linearly polarized light into Y
+polarized light and again you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light and again you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light and again you can see
+how this is working by thinking in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is working by thinking in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is working by thinking in terms
+of resolving this into two components at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resolving this into two components at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resolving this into two components at
+45 degrees to it and then changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degrees to it and then changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degrees to it and then changing the
+relative sign maybe I should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sign maybe I should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sign maybe I should do that
+and this doesn't because this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this doesn't because this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this doesn't because this is it
+switched on so maybe I can just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched on so maybe I can just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched on so maybe I can just do that
+quickly so what I'm saying is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so what I'm saying is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so what I'm saying is that this
+you can think of it this you this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it this you this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it this you this this
+one you can think of as being resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can think of as being resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can think of as being resolved
+into these two components and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these two components and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these two components and then the
+crystal is then changing the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is then changing the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is then changing the relative
+phase of one of these relative to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of one of these relative to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of one of these relative to that
+making that and so now the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that and so now the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that and so now the polarization
+is like this right so so that's how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this right so so that's how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this right so so that's how it's
+working for the lambda by 4 plate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for the lambda by 4 plate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for the lambda by 4 plate what
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+during was it was changing the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during was it was changing the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during was it was changing the relative
+phase of this and this by 90 degrees not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of this and this by 90 degrees not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of this and this by 90 degrees not
+via 180 degrees which would give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via 180 degrees which would give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via 180 degrees which would give you a
+circular polarized life but in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarized life but in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarized life but in order to
+get this effect you have to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this effect you have to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this effect you have to get the
+right orientation of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right orientation of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right orientation of the of the
+polarization relative to the the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization relative to the the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization relative to the the crystal
+axes so that that part he hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes so that that part he hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes so that that part he hasn't
+actually said anything about here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said anything about here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said anything about here right
+the other thing maybe you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing maybe you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing maybe you'd be
+interested to know this of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to know this of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to know this of course if you
+put linearly polarized light in and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put linearly polarized light in and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put linearly polarized light in and get
+circularly polarized light out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized light out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized light out what
+would happen if you went the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you went the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you went the other way
+well in fact it does work the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact it does work the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact it does work the other way
+you can put in circularly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put in circularly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put in circularly polarized
+light and get out linearly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and get out linearly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and get out linearly polarized
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+alright so sorry you can you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so sorry you can you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so sorry you can you can do
+either of those two things the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those two things the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those two things the other
+thing that you might worry about is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might worry about is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might worry about is it's
+interesting that if we change if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that if we change if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that if we change if we
+change the phase of this light then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase of this light then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase of this light then it's
+going to change the phase of that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change the phase of that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change the phase of that light
+isn't it and yeah and maybe less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it and yeah and maybe less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it and yeah and maybe less
+I'm not leaving anywhere oh it's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not leaving anywhere oh it's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not leaving anywhere oh it's any
+more than that okay think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that okay think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that okay think about this
+okay yeah oh well there we saw I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah oh well there we saw I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah oh well there we saw I've
+already jumped the gun a bit so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already jumped the gun a bit so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already jumped the gun a bit so he's
+saying what happens here then so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what happens here then so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what happens here then so we've
+got incoming linearly polarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got incoming linearly polarized light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got incoming linearly polarized light
+the lambda by 4 plate what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda by 4 plate what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda by 4 plate what does the
+lambda by 4 plate do circular polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda by 4 plate do circular polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda by 4 plate do circular polarized
+so we've got circular polarized light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got circular polarized light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got circular polarized light on
+here it strikes a mirror and it reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it strikes a mirror and it reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it strikes a mirror and it reflects
+what what do we get after its reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we get after its reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we get after its reflected
+that's a bit hard now isn't it opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit hard now isn't it opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit hard now isn't it opposite
+circular right and then this gets back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular right and then this gets back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular right and then this gets back
+to here and it goes back through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and it goes back through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and it goes back through this
+birefringence plate so what what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birefringence plate so what what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birefringence plate so what what does it
+do same polarization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do same polarization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do same polarization is
+right it rotates 500 800 and 80 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it rotates 500 800 and 80 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it rotates 500 800 and 80 degrees
+okay it's as though actually had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's as though actually had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's as though actually had gone
+through a lambda by 2 plate then isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lambda by 2 plate then isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lambda by 2 plate then isn't
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah yeah sorry yeah you're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah sorry yeah you're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah sorry yeah you're quite
+right yeah yeah okay yeah okay wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah okay yeah okay wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah okay yeah okay wait
+everyone about that I guess the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone about that I guess the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone about that I guess the next
+thing is to say what would happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to say what would happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to say what would happen if you
+change that mirror by I phase conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that mirror by I phase conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that mirror by I phase conjugate
+mirror but maybe that's too difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror but maybe that's too difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror but maybe that's too difficult
+for us to think about okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to think about okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to think about okay and then
+remember that I think we had this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that I think we had this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that I think we had this before
+as well that when you when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well that when you when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well that when you when you have
+lights interfering the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights interfering the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights interfering the electric field
+it's only the parallel components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the parallel components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the parallel components of
+electric field that interfere so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field that interfere so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field that interfere so if
+you've got two waves where the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two waves where the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two waves where the electric
+fields are at right angles to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are at right angles to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are at right angles to each other
+then they don't interfere so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they don't interfere so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they don't interfere so this is
+showing this case here we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this case here we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this case here we've got two
+plane polarized waves that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane polarized waves that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane polarized waves that they're
+polarized right angles to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized right angles to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized right angles to each other and
+so they won't interfere and therefore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they won't interfere and therefore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they won't interfere and therefore if
+you look at the try to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the try to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the try to get an
+interference pattern you won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern you won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern you won't see
+anything in this case right so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this case right so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this case right so and and
+this is showing them in in in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing them in in in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing them in in in the same
+plane and then they would interfere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then they would interfere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then they would interfere and
+you would get some interference pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get some interference pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get some interference pattern
+with with maxima and minima like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with maxima and minima like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with maxima and minima like this
+right another interesting one I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right another interesting one I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right another interesting one I guess I
+might draw over here is what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might draw over here is what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might draw over here is what happens if
+you this is our screen and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is our screen and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is our screen and let's say
+we've got two waves coming in one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two waves coming in one let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two waves coming in one let's
+say is polarize like this and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is polarize like this and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is polarize like this and the other
+one is coming in here and is polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is coming in here and is polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is coming in here and is polarized
+like this you see so we've got these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you see so we've got these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you see so we've got these two
+waves coming in and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves coming in and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves coming in and you can see that
+their electric field vectors are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electric field vectors are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electric field vectors are at
+right angles to each other and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angles to each other and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angles to each other and so this
+is another example where they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another example where they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another example where they're not
+going to interfere right so you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere right so you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere right so you wouldn't
+see any interference fringes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any interference fringes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any interference fringes in this
+case so this corresponds to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so this corresponds to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so this corresponds to what's
+called P polarization so if we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called P polarization so if we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called P polarization so if we did this
+the opposite if we did it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite if we did it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite if we did it with the
+electric field in this direction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in this direction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in this direction and the
+other ones coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones coming in
+also with the electric field in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with the electric field in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with the electric field in this
+direction then you can see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then you can see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then you can see that these
+these are now in parallel directions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are now in parallel directions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are now in parallel directions and
+so you would see fringes where these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would see fringes where these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would see fringes where these two
+plane waves interfere right so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves interfere right so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves interfere right so I've
+drawn this for the particular case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn this for the particular case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn this for the particular case this
+is supposed to be 90 degrees right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay um that's oh that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um that's oh that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um that's oh that's all
+Georgie's material that was the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Georgie's material that was the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Georgie's material that was the end of
+George it didn't end with a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George it didn't end with a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George it didn't end with a particularly
+startling thing but so that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling thing but so that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling thing but so that's that
+that's that's so really the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's so really the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's so really the end of the
+the the course as George wrote it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course as George wrote it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course as George wrote it and
+but he did ask me as I say to do a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he did ask me as I say to do a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he did ask me as I say to do a bit
+more so what I think I do why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so what I think I do why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so what I think I do why don't we
+have a break now for five minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a break now for five minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a break now for five minutes and
+then I'll start again in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll start again in five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll start again in five minutes
+time so this is now going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is now going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is now going to be talking
+about focusing of light and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about focusing of light and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about focusing of light and I said
+before the this material I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the this material I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the this material I'm going to do
+now is just for interest it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is just for interest it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is just for interest it's not going
+to be examinable and if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be examinable and if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be examinable and if you're not
+interested you can go and have a cup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you can go and have a cup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you can go and have a cup of
+coffee instead I don't really mind but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee instead I don't really mind but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee instead I don't really mind but
+some people might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people might be interested in
+learning a bit more about focusing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a bit more about focusing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a bit more about focusing of
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so I was going to say a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I was going to say a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I was going to say a bit
+more about focusing of light and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about focusing of light and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about focusing of light and in
+particular some of the funny things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular some of the funny things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular some of the funny things that
+happen when you look at focusing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you look at focusing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you look at focusing of
+light with a microscope objective so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with a microscope objective so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with a microscope objective so the
+tight focusing of light and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight focusing of light and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight focusing of light and this is
+actually a picture of the intensity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a picture of the intensity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a picture of the intensity in
+the focal region of a lens not high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal region of a lens not high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal region of a lens not high
+numerical metin2 high numerical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical metin2 high numerical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical metin2 high numerical aperture
+in this case this is according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case this is according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case this is according to
+praxeological taken from born and Wolfe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praxeological taken from born and Wolfe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praxeological taken from born and Wolfe
+and it's it's similar but not identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's similar but not identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's similar but not identical
+to the one that George showed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that George showed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that George showed on the
+last lecture or the lecture before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture or the lecture before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture or the lecture before and
+so this is the focal plane this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the focal plane this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the focal plane this is the
+optic axis and of course what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic axis and of course what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic axis and of course what you're
+really seeing this is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seeing this is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seeing this is actually going to
+be radially symmetric so if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be radially symmetric so if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be radially symmetric so if you imagine
+this as being revolved around the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as being revolved around the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as being revolved around the axis
+you'd have the the shape of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the the shape of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the the shape of this
+complete surface and you can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete surface and you can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete surface and you can see what
+happens is so this is the focal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is so this is the focal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is so this is the focal plane
+where you've got the airy disc and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got the airy disc and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got the airy disc and then
+as you go out of focus then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go out of focus then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go out of focus then you start
+getting this strange sort of almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this strange sort of almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this strange sort of almost like
+a sort of butterfly shape and yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of butterfly shape and yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of butterfly shape and yeah so
+this calculation that's given in Bourne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation that's given in Bourne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation that's given in Bourne
+and Wolfe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wolfe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wolfe
+it first of all as I've said it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first of all as I've said it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first of all as I've said it's it's
+using this small angle approximation us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this small angle approximation us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this small angle approximation us
+assume that sine theta is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that sine theta is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that sine theta is the same as
+theta and it also makes an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and it also makes an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and it also makes an assumption
+which is called the Debye approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the Debye approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the Debye approximation
+and so I'll say a bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'll say a bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'll say a bit more about the
+Debye approximation a bit before I carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Debye approximation a bit before I carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Debye approximation a bit before I carry
+on I would say another thing I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I would say another thing I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I would say another thing I'd
+forgotten I'd put this in and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten I'd put this in and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten I'd put this in and that is
+that there was a really neat paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a really neat paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a really neat paper
+published way back in 1964 by McCutcheon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published way back in 1964 by McCutcheon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published way back in 1964 by McCutcheon
+where he showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he showed
+that you can postulate the idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can postulate the idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can postulate the idea the
+concepts of what he calls the 3d pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of what he calls the 3d pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of what he calls the 3d pupil
+and this is like a cap of a sphere where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like a cap of a sphere where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like a cap of a sphere where
+it's cut off with this at this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cut off with this at this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cut off with this at this angle
+alpha the angle of the lens and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the angle of the lens and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the angle of the lens and if you
+do love the 3d Fourier transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do love the 3d Fourier transform of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do love the 3d Fourier transform of this
+Dada you get back to that so isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dada you get back to that so isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dada you get back to that so isn't that
+neat so I guess if you think a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat so I guess if you think a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat so I guess if you think a bit more
+about it it's probably I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's probably I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's probably I think you can
+satisfy yourself that perhaps it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy yourself that perhaps it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy yourself that perhaps it's right
+this is in case space effectively then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in case space effectively then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in case space effectively then
+and what it's really saying is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's really saying is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's really saying is that the
+because the the light satisfies the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the light satisfies the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the light satisfies the wave
+equation and the modulus of K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the modulus of K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the modulus of K is
+constant and therefore it's the locus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and therefore it's the locus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and therefore it's the locus of
+this is the is is a sphere of radius K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the is is a sphere of radius K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the is is a sphere of radius K
+right so very simple so so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so very simple so so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so very simple so so like
+propagating this convergent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating this convergent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating this convergent light
+propagating will have a K vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating will have a K vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating will have a K vector which
+lies on the surface of this sphere so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies on the surface of this sphere so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies on the surface of this sphere so I
+just added that just because I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added that just because I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added that just because I thought
+people might find it a bit intriguing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might find it a bit intriguing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might find it a bit intriguing it
+you can sort of generalize a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of generalize a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of generalize a lot of
+imaging theory into 3d using this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging theory into 3d using this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging theory into 3d using this same
+sort of approach but I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of approach but I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of approach but I'm not going to
+say anything more about that now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything more about that now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything more about that now and
+what I'm going to do now is to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do now is to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do now is to talk
+about yeah that so this is this Debye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah that so this is this Debye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah that so this is this Debye
+approximation again you remember we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation again you remember we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation again you remember we said
+there's two ways of calculating to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two ways of calculating to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two ways of calculating to two
+different optical systems which give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different optical systems which give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different optical systems which give
+virtually the same or similar sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually the same or similar sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually the same or similar sort of
+results this one I look at first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results this one I look at first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results this one I look at first of all
+this is where you've got the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you've got the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you've got the aperture
+stop in the front focal plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop in the front focal plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop in the front focal plane of the
+lens this is a distance F this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens this is a distance F this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens this is a distance F this is a
+distance F and then in this plane here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance F and then in this plane here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance F and then in this plane here
+you will get the airy disc right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get the airy disc right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get the airy disc right so the
+pattern I described a couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern I described a couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern I described a couple of slides
+ago for the field in 3d space would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago for the field in 3d space would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago for the field in 3d space would be
+in this region here so in this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region here so in this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region here so in this place
+here you get Fran off a diffraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you get Fran off a diffraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you get Fran off a diffraction and
+then in the regions around it you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the regions around it you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the regions around it you get
+for an El diffraction but you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an El diffraction but you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an El diffraction but you can get
+quite similar results if you remember by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar results if you remember by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar results if you remember by
+using this sort of system so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this sort of system so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this sort of system so this is
+where the the aperture stop is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the aperture stop is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the aperture stop is not
+actually in the front focal plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the front focal plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the front focal plane of the
+lens but it actually in the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but it actually in the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but it actually in the plane of the
+lens or you could think another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens or you could think another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens or you could think another way of
+doing this experiment would be to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this experiment would be to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this experiment would be to get a
+convergent beam and place a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent beam and place a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent beam and place a circular
+aperture in that convergent beam so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture in that convergent beam so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture in that convergent beam so the
+question is what do you get in the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what do you get in the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what do you get in the focal
+region in that case and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in that case and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in that case and it turns out
+that if you if you satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you satisfy this
+condition that a squared over lambda Zed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that a squared over lambda Zed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that a squared over lambda Zed
+is very large where as a is a is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large where as a is a is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large where as a is a is this
+radius here this is called the Fran L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius here this is called the Fran L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius here this is called the Fran L
+number and if that quantity is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and if that quantity is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and if that quantity is very
+large it means that you what you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it means that you what you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it means that you what you'll get
+in this focal region is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this focal region is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this focal region is very similar to
+this actually there's a parabolic phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually there's a parabolic phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually there's a parabolic phase
+term that we described when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we described when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we described when we did the
+Fourier optics that makes it different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier optics that makes it different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier optics that makes it different
+but the intensity is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the intensity is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the intensity is going to be the
+same as for this case here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as for this case here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as for this case here right so
+these are two cases where you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two cases where you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two cases where you can get
+this to by approximation so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to by approximation so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to by approximation so in this case
+it's an its exact for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an its exact for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an its exact for this particular
+geometry in this case it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry in this case it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry in this case it's an
+approximation which is obeyed if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which is obeyed if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which is obeyed if this
+pronoun amber is very large and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun amber is very large and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun amber is very large and and then
+not that long ago people realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that long ago people realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that long ago people realized that
+this was an approximation an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an approximation an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an approximation an assumption
+that was made and there was a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made and there was a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made and there was a very nice
+paper published by Liam Wolfe so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper published by Liam Wolfe so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper published by Liam Wolfe so this
+paper here 1984 are quite a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here 1984 are quite a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here 1984 are quite a long time
+ago now but not that long but anyway as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago now but not that long but anyway as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago now but not that long but anyway as
+tight as as history goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight as as history goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight as as history goes
+Liam Wolfe and they they showed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liam Wolfe and they they showed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liam Wolfe and they they showed what
+would happen if this for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if this for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if this for now
+was not large but was of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not large but was of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not large but was of some
+intermediate value in this case N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value in this case N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value in this case N equals
+10 and so you see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and so you see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and so you see what happens
+is that this pattern has got distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this pattern has got distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this pattern has got distorted
+you can see that it's tending to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's tending to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's tending to sort of
+fan out and the physical explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan out and the physical explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan out and the physical explanation of
+that is that effectively the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that effectively the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that effectively the light is
+being deflected by the aperture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deflected by the aperture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deflected by the aperture and
+spreading because of the because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading because of the because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading because of the because of
+diffraction effects and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction effects and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction effects and that is
+superimposed on the focusing effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed on the focusing effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed on the focusing effect so
+they the lens is trying to focus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the lens is trying to focus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the lens is trying to focus the
+light down and the diffraction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light down and the diffraction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light down and the diffraction is
+tending to focus the light out and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tending to focus the light out and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tending to focus the light out and so
+you get a sort of balance between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a sort of balance between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a sort of balance between these
+two things and so in this focal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things and so in this focal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things and so in this focal plane
+here you get the same same intensity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you get the same same intensity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you get the same same intensity as
+you would if the Debye approximation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would if the Debye approximation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would if the Debye approximation was
+was valid but in the region elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was valid but in the region elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was valid but in the region elsewhere
+it's a bit different it's scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit different it's scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit different it's scaled
+according to some some sort of a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to some some sort of a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to some some sort of a fine
+transformation I think it probably would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation I think it probably would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation I think it probably would
+be or do you think what do you drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or do you think what do you drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or do you think what do you drink
+salad and but one it won't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad and but one it won't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad and but one it won't very
+interesting thing that happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that happens is that
+it turns out you can't really see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you can't really see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you can't really see it
+very well from this diagram but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well from this diagram but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well from this diagram but the
+maximum intense intensity is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum intense intensity is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum intense intensity is no longer
+in the focal plane no longer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the focal plane no longer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the focal plane no longer in the
+geometrical focal plane it shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical focal plane it shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical focal plane it shifted
+towards the aperture and that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the aperture and that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the aperture and that is called
+the focal shift effect and there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal shift effect and there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal shift effect and there's been
+a lot of papers that have been concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of papers that have been concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of papers that have been concerned
+with that and calculated what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and calculated what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and calculated what happens
+for lots of different cases right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots of different cases right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots of different cases right so
+that's the Debye approximation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Debye approximation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Debye approximation that
+shows what happens if it isn't true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what happens if it isn't true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what happens if it isn't true
+but now I'm going to go back and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm going to go back and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm going to go back and all the
+rest I'm going to carry on now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest I'm going to carry on now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest I'm going to carry on now is
+talking about what happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what happens if the
+paraxial approximation breaks down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial approximation breaks down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial approximation breaks down and
+but the Debye approximation is valid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Debye approximation is valid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Debye approximation is valid the
+case when that the by approximation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when that the by approximation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when that the by approximation is
+not valid and it's a high numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not valid and it's a high numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not valid and it's a high numerical
+aperture is very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is very complicated
+there have been very few papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been very few papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been very few papers that
+have treated that case anyway tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have treated that case anyway tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have treated that case anyway tight
+focusing of light we get light we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing of light we get light we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing of light we get light we put it
+into a microscope objective the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a microscope objective the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a microscope objective the light
+then you know a microscope objective a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know a microscope objective a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know a microscope objective a
+dry microscope objective might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry microscope objective might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry microscope objective might have a
+numerical aperture of 0.95 which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture of 0.95 which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture of 0.95 which means
+that the light is converging something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light is converging something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light is converging something
+maybe over 70 degrees relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe over 70 degrees relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe over 70 degrees relative to the
+axis so very you know you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so very you know you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so very you know you can't really
+think of 70 degrees as being a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of 70 degrees as being a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of 70 degrees as being a small
+angle I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle I guess
+so the normal Praxian approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the normal Praxian approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the normal Praxian approximations
+break down and this is some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down and this is some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down and this is some sort of
+areas where we might want to do this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where we might want to do this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where we might want to do this the
+one of course that I'm most interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of course that I'm most interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of course that I'm most interested
+in microscopy but also laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in microscopy but also laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in microscopy but also laser
+micromachining optical data storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromachining optical data storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromachining optical data storage
+optical lithography laser trapping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical lithography laser trapping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical lithography laser trapping and
+cooling looking at the physics of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling looking at the physics of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling looking at the physics of light
+atom interactions and a cavity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom interactions and a cavity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom interactions and a cavity in
+quantum electrodynamics so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum electrodynamics so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum electrodynamics so there's a lot
+of basic physics that's being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basic physics that's being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basic physics that's being done
+nowadays that uses this sort of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays that uses this sort of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays that uses this sort of these
+sort of principles so ok so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of principles so ok so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of principles so ok so this is how
+we model the light again we've got just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we model the light again we've got just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we model the light again we've got just
+like before we think of the aperture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before we think of the aperture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before we think of the aperture as
+being placed in the front focal plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being placed in the front focal plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being placed in the front focal plane of
+the lens of course the lens is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens of course the lens is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens of course the lens is very
+complicated it's got loads of pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's got loads of pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's got loads of pieces of
+glass in but we we think of it just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass in but we we think of it just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass in but we we think of it just as
+like a black box and we describe it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a black box and we describe it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a black box and we describe it just
+by this surface here which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this surface here which is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this surface here which is called the
+equivalent refractive locus and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent refractive locus and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent refractive locus and what
+that is is it's the locus of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is it's the locus of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is it's the locus of points
+where this ray and this ray intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this ray and this ray intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this ray and this ray intersect
+and and actually if you've got a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually if you've got a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually if you've got a well
+designed system that is satisfies what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed system that is satisfies what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed system that is satisfies what's
+called the sine condition this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the sine condition this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the sine condition this surface
+will be a sphere but I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a sphere but I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a sphere but I'm not going to go
+into the details of that I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the details of that I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the details of that I'm just going
+to assume it's a sphere in in what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume it's a sphere in in what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume it's a sphere in in what we
+come comes next so yet in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come comes next so yet in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come comes next so yet in this case
+you've practically got lots of plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've practically got lots of plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've practically got lots of plane
+waves incident in the focus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves incident in the focus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves incident in the focus but
+unlike the paraxial case we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the paraxial case we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the paraxial case we really have
+to take into account now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account now the
+polarization of these electric fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of these electric fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of these electric fields
+and add together the electric fields in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add together the electric fields in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add together the electric fields in
+the focal region and so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal region and so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal region and so this is what
+happens after the lights gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after the lights gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after the lights gone through
+the through the lens it starts off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the through the lens it starts off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the through the lens it starts off as
+building being plane polarized so in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building being plane polarized so in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building being plane polarized so in my
+diagram here the red represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here the red represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here the red represents the
+electric field say so we start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field say so we start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field say so we start off with
+the electric field being plane polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field being plane polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field being plane polarized
+in the vertical direction and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vertical direction and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vertical direction and then after
+it's gone through the lens the the Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone through the lens the the Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone through the lens the the Rays
+a focused on the focal point which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a focused on the focal point which is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a focused on the focal point which is at
+the center of this sphere but if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of this sphere but if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of this sphere but if you if
+you actually calculate what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually calculate what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually calculate what happens to
+the electric field vector this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field vector this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field vector this is what
+it does after you focus it the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does after you focus it the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does after you focus it the electric
+field lies on the surface of this sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lies on the surface of this sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lies on the surface of this sphere
+with this geometry that you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this geometry that you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this geometry that you see that
+these lines all go through a point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines all go through a point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines all go through a point on
+the far side of the sphere and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far side of the sphere and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far side of the sphere and the same
+is true for the magnetic field as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for the magnetic field as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for the magnetic field as well
+you can if you calculate what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you calculate what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you calculate what happens
+this is what you find happens and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you find happens and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you find happens and you
+can show that this is actually exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that this is actually exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that this is actually exactly
+the same field as you would get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same field as you would get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same field as you would get if you
+placed at the center an electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed at the center an electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed at the center an electric dipole
+along this axis and a magnetic dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this axis and a magnetic dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this axis and a magnetic dipole
+along the y axis so if you add together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the y axis so if you add together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the y axis so if you add together
+those fields you would get this and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fields you would get this and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fields you would get this and oh
+yeah and one more thing to say is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and one more thing to say is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and one more thing to say is you
+can see that if you if you if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if you if you if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if you if you if you've got
+a small aperture system lo na you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small aperture system lo na you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small aperture system lo na you're in
+this region here and you can see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here and you can see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here and you can see now
+it's becoming very close to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming very close to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming very close to being
+linearly polarized again it's only when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized again it's only when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized again it's only when
+you get to big angles that it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to big angles that it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to big angles that it starts
+becoming a bit more complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a bit more complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a bit more complicated so
+Richardson Wolfe in 1959 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richardson Wolfe in 1959 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richardson Wolfe in 1959 so this is the
+same EMA Worf who wrote the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in their paper I haven't got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their paper I haven't got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their paper I haven't got the
+referenced here I'm sorry but anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced here I'm sorry but anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced here I'm sorry but anyone
+remember what it was published here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it was published here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it was published here
+we've gotten no that doesn't matter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten no that doesn't matter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten no that doesn't matter it
+proceedings of the physical society I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceedings of the physical society I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceedings of the physical society I
+think maybe but anyway it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe but anyway it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe but anyway it doesn't matter
+you can easily find it on the way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily find it on the way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily find it on the way with
+you if you're after it they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're after it they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're after it they they they
+showed you you found it okay Proceedings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you you found it okay Proceedings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you you found it okay Proceedings
+of the Royal Society of London in 1959
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Royal Society of London in 1959
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Royal Society of London in 1959
+they showed that the the field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that the the field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that the the field in the
+focal region could be written in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal region could be written in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal region could be written in this
+form so rather than just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so rather than just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so rather than just have one
+diffraction integral we now end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction integral we now end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction integral we now end up with
+three for the three for the defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for the three for the defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for the three for the defining
+these three integrals and then these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three integrals and then these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three integrals and then these are
+these are the electric fields in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the electric fields in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the electric fields in the
+focal region written in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal region written in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal region written in terms of these
+integrals i want i know i 1 i 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals i want i know i 1 i 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals i want i know i 1 i 2 and
+these things are very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are very similar to the
+paraxial ray printer not normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial ray printer not normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial ray printer not normal
+practical one is a bit similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical one is a bit similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical one is a bit similar to this
+than the j0 and and this this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the j0 and and this this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the j0 and and this this is an
+extra bit which comes about because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bit which comes about because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bit which comes about because of
+the system satisfying the sign condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system satisfying the sign condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system satisfying the sign condition
+and i'll draw it for you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll draw it for you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll draw it for you what's
+happening basically if this is this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening basically if this is this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening basically if this is this at
+Appomattox sphere surface if you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appomattox sphere surface if you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appomattox sphere surface if you put in
+light plane polarized light into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light plane polarized light into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light plane polarized light into this
+system you can see if this is uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can see if this is uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can see if this is uniformly
+uniform intensity when it goes in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform intensity when it goes in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform intensity when it goes in you
+can see that the amount of energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the amount of energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the amount of energy that's
+gone into here and the amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into here and the amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into here and the amount of energy
+that's going to go into this angle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to go into this angle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to go into this angle which
+is very much bigger is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much bigger is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much bigger is going to be the
+same so you see what I'm saying so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so you see what I'm saying so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so you see what I'm saying so this
+amount of energy is going to be squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy is going to be squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy is going to be squeezed
+into this angle whereas this this amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this angle whereas this this amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this angle whereas this this amount
+of energy is going to be spread out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy is going to be spread out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy is going to be spread out over
+this angle so so this is produces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle so so this is produces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle so so this is produces this
+this factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and then you can calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you can calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you can calculate what
+happens so this is yes I'm sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so this is yes I'm sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so this is yes I'm sorry about
+let you see you write things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you see you write things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you see you write things like that
+not circularly symmetric but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not circularly symmetric but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not circularly symmetric but of course
+what I mean is that that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is that that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is that that this is not
+circularly symmetric this really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly symmetric this really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly symmetric this really should
+be a circle before the modern technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a circle before the modern technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a circle before the modern technology
+distorted it and and so rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted it and and so rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted it and and so rather than the
+normal area disk what you get is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal area disk what you get is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal area disk what you get is this
+elliptical focal spot like this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical focal spot like this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical focal spot like this and this
+is another calculation these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another calculation these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another calculation these are both
+from a couple of my papers this one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a couple of my papers this one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a couple of my papers this one is a
+really old paper 1977 really old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really old paper 1977 really old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really old paper 1977 really old and
+this one was from a bit more recent 1997
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was from a bit more recent 1997
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was from a bit more recent 1997
+so this was written with piece of Tarak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was written with piece of Tarak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was written with piece of Tarak
+when we came up here with a new way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we came up here with a new way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we came up here with a new way of
+calculating it where basically we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating it where basically we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating it where basically we look
+at the modal expansion of the field over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the modal expansion of the field over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the modal expansion of the field over
+the sphere and express it as a summer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere and express it as a summer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere and express it as a summer of
+these spherical harmonics the modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spherical harmonics the modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spherical harmonics the modes of
+the sphere and so this becomes a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere and so this becomes a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere and so this becomes a very
+actually a quite computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a quite computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a quite computationally
+efficient way of calculating things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way of calculating things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way of calculating things and
+this is for two systems then this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for two systems then this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for two systems then this is for
+an angle of pi by three so 60 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle of pi by three so 60 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle of pi by three so 60 degrees
+and this is for 90 degrees so this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is for 90 degrees so this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is for 90 degrees so this is if
+you if you're actually the limiting case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're actually the limiting case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're actually the limiting case
+when you're actually focusing a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually focusing a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually focusing a whole
+hemisphere of light onto the focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere of light onto the focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere of light onto the focus and
+you can see that the the sort of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the the sort of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the the sort of general
+shape stays much the same but it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape stays much the same but it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape stays much the same but it changes
+a bit as you change the aperture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit as you change the aperture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit as you change the aperture all
+right the other thing I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other thing I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other thing I was going to say
+a bit about is Bessel beams I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit about is Bessel beams I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit about is Bessel beams I don't
+don't think George did it did anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think George did it did anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think George did it did anything
+about vessel beings in the end but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vessel beings in the end but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vessel beings in the end but I did
+see it as a title on some on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it as a title on some on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it as a title on some on the the
+contents of some of the lectures as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of some of the lectures as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of some of the lectures as
+though it was just about to come but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was just about to come but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was just about to come but
+maybe I just missed it but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just missed it but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just missed it but anyway
+this is a concept that is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a concept that is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a concept that is quite
+interesting at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting at the moment
+basically there are three what three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are three what three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are three what three
+ways I'm showing here of doing it one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I'm showing here of doing it one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I'm showing here of doing it one is
+what happens if you put in your that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you put in your that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you put in your that
+this is the aperture stop of this lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the aperture stop of this lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the aperture stop of this lens
+and we put this sensual obstruction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put this sensual obstruction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put this sensual obstruction so
+that it becomes just an annular region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it becomes just an annular region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it becomes just an annular region
+and we make the width of this annulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make the width of this annulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make the width of this annulus
+very very narrow then remember we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very narrow then remember we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very narrow then remember we just
+in the last lecture we looked at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we looked at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we looked at what
+happens for this annular lens and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for this annular lens and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for this annular lens and we
+knew we know that what what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew we know that what what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew we know that what what happens is
+compared with the airy disc the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with the airy disc the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with the airy disc the central
+lobe gets narrower but the side lobes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe gets narrower but the side lobes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe gets narrower but the side lobes
+get bigger well it turns out that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger well it turns out that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger well it turns out that in the
+limiting case as this becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting case as this becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting case as this becomes very
+narrow you get the the the airy disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow you get the the the airy disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow you get the the the airy disc
+becomes given by this very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes given by this very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes given by this very simple
+expression just j0 squared where j0 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression just j0 squared where j0 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression just j0 squared where j0 is a
+vessel function so that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel function so that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel function so that's why it's
+called a Bessel beam and and it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Bessel beam and and it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Bessel beam and and it has this
+very nice property that actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice property that actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice property that actually this is
+this satisfies the wave equation so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this satisfies the wave equation so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this satisfies the wave equation so it's
+like a sort of mode of free space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sort of mode of free space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sort of mode of free space so
+this Bessel beam propagates with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bessel beam propagates with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bessel beam propagates with an
+infinite depth of focus it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite depth of focus it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite depth of focus it just
+propagates without spreading and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates without spreading and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates without spreading and so
+that's why these beams have become of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why these beams have become of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why these beams have become of
+quite a lot of interest actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of interest actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of interest actually that
+the concept is really quite old there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept is really quite old there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept is really quite old there
+was a device proposed by MacLeod in 1954
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a device proposed by MacLeod in 1954
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a device proposed by MacLeod in 1954
+for producing something rather simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for producing something rather simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for producing something rather simple
+similar which is called the oxy con an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar which is called the oxy con an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar which is called the oxy con an
+ACCI con is like a a conical piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACCI con is like a a conical piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACCI con is like a a conical piece of
+glass it's like a conical prism and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass it's like a conical prism and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass it's like a conical prism and you
+can see then that a prism reflects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see then that a prism reflects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see then that a prism reflects the
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+parallel like this and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel like this and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel like this and so you can see
+wherever you are along this axis you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you are along this axis you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you are along this axis you can
+see that what you'll see is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that what you'll see is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that what you'll see is like this
+coming at the same angle and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at the same angle and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at the same angle and so you can
+see from this how you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this how you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this how you get this
+that's the increased depth of focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the increased depth of focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the increased depth of focus of
+this system and another system was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and another system was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and another system was
+proposed again a long time ago by Dyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed again a long time ago by Dyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed again a long time ago by Dyson
+to do this not with a prism but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this not with a prism but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this not with a prism but with a
+diffractive optical structure so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffractive optical structure so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffractive optical structure so you
+make a sort of grating which is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sort of grating which is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sort of grating which is a bit
+like a zone plate except that a zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a zone plate except that a zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a zone plate except that a zone
+plate the Rings on his own plate go as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate the Rings on his own plate go as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate the Rings on his own plate go as R
+squared whereas sorry as the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared whereas sorry as the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared whereas sorry as the width of
+them the spacing goes as 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the spacing goes as 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the spacing goes as 1 over R
+squared whereas this one the the Rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared whereas this one the the Rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared whereas this one the the Rings
+are linearly spaced and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linearly spaced and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linearly spaced and in this case the
+because the the grating is linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the grating is linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the grating is linearly
+spaced all these rays go at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced all these rays go at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced all these rays go at the same
+angle and you'll get the same effects as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and you'll get the same effects as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and you'll get the same effects as
+this so so that's how you make Bessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so that's how you make Bessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so that's how you make Bessel
+beams so I've been interested in in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams so I've been interested in in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams so I've been interested in in them
+for a very long time and this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time and this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time and this is from
+another of paper of mine going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another of paper of mine going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another of paper of mine going back to
+1978 very little very long time ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978 very little very long time ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978 very little very long time ago and
+this this here was a one of the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this here was a one of the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this here was a one of the lines of
+that paper as it says a wave with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper as it says a wave with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper as it says a wave with zero
+order bessel function radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bessel function radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bessel function radial
+distribution propagates without change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution propagates without change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution propagates without change
+and so what this is showing is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what this is showing is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what this is showing is what
+happens if you instead of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you instead of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you instead of thinking of
+the the paraxial theory what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the paraxial theory what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the paraxial theory what happens to
+this vessel beam if it's not a paraxial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vessel beam if it's not a paraxial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vessel beam if it's not a paraxial
+case if you put say this annular mask in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you put say this annular mask in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you put say this annular mask in
+front of a high numerical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a high numerical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a high numerical aperture
+objective lens and this is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective lens and this is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective lens and this is what you get
+so this is for different angles 30 60 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for different angles 30 60 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for different angles 30 60 90
+as before I've even gone further here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before I've even gone further here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before I've even gone further here
+I've gone 220 and you might wonder what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gone 220 and you might wonder what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gone 220 and you might wonder what
+that can possibly mean except it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can possibly mean except it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can possibly mean except it means
+you can see that you could do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that you could do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that you could do it by
+using a mirror the parrot parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a mirror the parrot parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a mirror the parrot parabolic
+mirror that George Spota bats spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror that George Spota bats spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror that George Spota bats spoke
+about earlier so you could have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier so you could have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier so you could have you can
+have light coming in this way and say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have light coming in this way and say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have light coming in this way and say a
+narrow annular beam coming in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow annular beam coming in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow annular beam coming in here so
+this might correspond sides of this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might correspond sides of this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might correspond sides of this case
+and then 120 case would be when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 120 case would be when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 120 case would be when the
+lights coming in like this so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights coming in like this so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights coming in like this so you can
+actually get a bigger than 90 degrees by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a bigger than 90 degrees by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a bigger than 90 degrees by
+using a mirror sort of structure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a mirror sort of structure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a mirror sort of structure but
+anyway what you see that happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what you see that happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what you see that happens if the
+angle of the if the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the if the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the if the angle of the
+focusing is small then it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing is small then it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing is small then it's pretty
+similar to what I showed earlier for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what I showed earlier for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what I showed earlier for the
+for the full lens full aperture but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the full lens full aperture but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the full lens full aperture but as
+you make this angle bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make this angle bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make this angle bigger and bigger
+eventually very nasty things start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually very nasty things start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually very nasty things start
+happening this thing starts splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening this thing starts splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening this thing starts splitting
+into two spots rather than one and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two spots rather than one and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two spots rather than one and you
+can see that it does more and more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it does more and more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it does more and more of
+that as you make it even bigger and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you make it even bigger and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you make it even bigger and so
+this is a this is all assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is all assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is all assuming that
+we're putting a plane polarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting a plane polarized light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting a plane polarized light
+into the lens so what we the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lens so what we the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lens so what we the conclusion
+we come to is that putting plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come to is that putting plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come to is that putting plane
+polarized light into that lens is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light into that lens is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light into that lens is not
+really a good idea not good news and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good idea not good news and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good idea not good news and so
+this is explaining things a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is explaining things a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is explaining things a bit more
+first of all look at the the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all look at the the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all look at the the black
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+so these correspondent so a normal airy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these correspondent so a normal airy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these correspondent so a normal airy
+disc is this one and the this other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc is this one and the this other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc is this one and the this other one
+here corresponds to the narrow annulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here corresponds to the narrow annulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here corresponds to the narrow annulus
+so you can see this is the Bessel beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see this is the Bessel beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see this is the Bessel beam
+you can see it's sharpened up quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's sharpened up quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's sharpened up quite
+considerably but with some rather larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably but with some rather larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably but with some rather larger
+side lobes but then if you go to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lobes but then if you go to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lobes but then if you go to the the
+high n a case so this is calculating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high n a case so this is calculating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high n a case so this is calculating it
+for a numerical aperture of 1.4 so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a numerical aperture of 1.4 so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a numerical aperture of 1.4 so for
+an oil immersion objective and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oil immersion objective and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oil immersion objective and you'll
+find that for the annulus now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that for the annulus now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that for the annulus now it's
+actually no narrower than for the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no narrower than for the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no narrower than for the full
+lens so this affects the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so this affects the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so this affects the polarization
+effects are really basically getting rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are really basically getting rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are really basically getting rid
+of any advantage in this sharpening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any advantage in this sharpening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any advantage in this sharpening of
+the spot that we get in this case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot that we get in this case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot that we get in this case but
+there it turns out there is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it turns out there is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it turns out there is a way of
+getting round that and that is to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting round that and that is to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting round that and that is to not
+use plane polarized light going in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use plane polarized light going in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use plane polarized light going in and
+what we use instead is putting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we use instead is putting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we use instead is putting right
+radially polarized light we've if we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially polarized light we've if we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially polarized light we've if we put
+in a radially polarized light this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a radially polarized light this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a radially polarized light this
+corresponds to this magenta color so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this magenta color so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this magenta color so as
+it says here radial I've also called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says here radial I've also called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says here radial I've also called it
+here TM zero because it corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here TM zero because it corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here TM zero because it corresponds to a
+transverse magnetic mode I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse magnetic mode I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse magnetic mode I'll show you
+how that comes about in a minute and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that comes about in a minute and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that comes about in a minute and now
+you can see for that case we're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see for that case we're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see for that case we're back
+again to getting something very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to getting something very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to getting something very close to
+what you would get for the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get for the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get for the practical
+case so there's been a number of papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so there's been a number of papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so there's been a number of papers
+which have exploited using radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have exploited using radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have exploited using radially
+polarized input into your lens in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized input into your lens in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized input into your lens in order
+to get a smaller focal spot so yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a smaller focal spot so yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a smaller focal spot so yeah this
+is how it comes about why it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it comes about why it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it comes about why it's called
+transverse magnetic so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse magnetic so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse magnetic so this is this is
+radially polarized light sorry yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially polarized light sorry yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially polarized light sorry yeah the
+red is the electric field so that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is the electric field so that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is the electric field so that's in
+the radial direction if we add a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial direction if we add a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial direction if we add a small
+na it would just be still radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na it would just be still radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na it would just be still radially
+polarized but you can see that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized but you can see that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized but you can see that if you
+look on the complete sphere it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the complete sphere it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the complete sphere it's that's
+becoming like a light lines of longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming like a light lines of longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming like a light lines of longitude
+latitude on the sphere and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude on the sphere and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude on the sphere and you can see
+the magnetic field or these lines which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field or these lines which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field or these lines which
+are purely transverse so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are purely transverse so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are purely transverse so that's why we
+call it transverse magnetic and the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it transverse magnetic and the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it transverse magnetic and the zero
+corresponds to the fact it's the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the fact it's the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the fact it's the lowest
+order mode that's like that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order mode that's like that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order mode that's like that there's
+another case which is azimuthal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case which is azimuthal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case which is azimuthal
+polarization this is where the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization this is where the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization this is where the electric
+field goes like this and the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field goes like this and the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field goes like this and the magnetic
+field is like this so this corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is like this so this corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is like this so this corresponds
+to te but I'm not going to say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to te but I'm not going to say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to te but I'm not going to say anything
+more about that because that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that because that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that because that doesn't
+produce anything useful and yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce anything useful and yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce anything useful and yeah this is
+actually I said there are three ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I said there are three ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I said there are three ways of
+making these Bessel beams there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these Bessel beams there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these Bessel beams there's
+actually a fourth way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some people are together with me at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are together with me at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are together with me at the
+data storage Institute here in Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data storage Institute here in Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data storage Institute here in Singapore
+have been working on and this is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been working on and this is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been working on and this is to use
+a lens with some sort of binary optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens with some sort of binary optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens with some sort of binary optic
+structure and actually this was from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and actually this was from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and actually this was from a
+paper where we were simulating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper where we were simulating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper where we were simulating what
+happens if you put radially polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you put radially polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you put radially polarized
+light into this other system and use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into this other system and use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into this other system and use and
+you optimize this binary mask in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimize this binary mask in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimize this binary mask in order
+to get close to a Bessel V and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get close to a Bessel V and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get close to a Bessel V and these are
+the sort of results you get this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of results you get this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of results you get this is
+along the axis you can see that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the axis you can see that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the axis you can see that you get
+something which really propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which really propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which really propagates
+without spreading over quite a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without spreading over quite a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without spreading over quite a long
+distance right so you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right so you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right so you know this is
+showing how there are various ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how there are various ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how there are various ways of
+specifying how the performance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying how the performance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying how the performance of a
+focusing system and one way is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing system and one way is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing system and one way is is to
+calculate or measure the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate or measure the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate or measure the electric field
+at the focal point for a given amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the focal point for a given amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the focal point for a given amount of
+power going in and what you want of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power going in and what you want of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power going in and what you want of
+course is for the power of the focus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is for the power of the focus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is for the power of the focus to
+be the electric field at the focus to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the electric field at the focus to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the electric field at the focus to be
+as big as possible and so this ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as possible and so this ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as possible and so this ratio is
+this thing called F here and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called F here and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called F here and what this
+is showing is that this one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing is that this one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing is that this one here is
+actually for our our plane polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for our our plane polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for our our plane polarized
+light going in and showing what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light going in and showing what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light going in and showing what happens
+to this ratio as you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ratio as you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ratio as you increase the
+aperture of the lens and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of the lens and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of the lens and so you can see
+that as you increase the aperture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you increase the aperture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you increase the aperture of the
+lens so of course it focuses better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so of course it focuses better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so of course it focuses better and
+better and therefore the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and therefore the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and therefore the same amount of
+power getting going in you get a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power getting going in you get a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power getting going in you get a higher
+field at the focus so that's why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the focus so that's why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the focus so that's why it
+rises like this but it you see only gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises like this but it you see only gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises like this but it you see only gets
+to eventually the maximum it ever gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eventually the maximum it ever gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eventually the maximum it ever gets
+to is a half and the reason it gets to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is a half and the reason it gets to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is a half and the reason it gets to a
+half is because I showed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is because I showed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is because I showed that this
+polarization is actually equivalent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is actually equivalent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is actually equivalent so
+an electric dipole plus a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric dipole plus a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric dipole plus a magnetic
+dipole and so only half of the power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole and so only half of the power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole and so only half of the power is
+going into the electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the electric dipole
+and then and it's the electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and it's the electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and it's the electric dipole
+that gives an electric field at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives an electric field at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives an electric field at the
+centre the magnetic dipole gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centre the magnetic dipole gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centre the magnetic dipole gives a
+magnetic field at the center which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field at the center which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field at the center which we
+don't want so only half of the power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want so only half of the power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want so only half of the power is
+going into the right thing so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the right thing so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the right thing so that's why
+that does that and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that and then you can see
+there are another two curves here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are another two curves here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are another two curves here this
+one is our radially polarized light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is our radially polarized light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is our radially polarized light so
+you can see that it's very slow to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's very slow to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's very slow to get
+started here and that's because with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here and that's because with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here and that's because with the
+radial polarize distribution you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial polarize distribution you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial polarize distribution you've got
+very little power near the axis anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little power near the axis anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little power near the axis anyway
+so but eventually it starts taking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but eventually it starts taking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but eventually it starts taking off
+and you see that some angle here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that some angle here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that some angle here which
+is really quite big so this is 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really quite big so this is 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really quite big so this is 90
+degrees sent here somewhere so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees sent here somewhere so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees sent here somewhere so this is
+going to be maybe 80 degrees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be maybe 80 degrees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be maybe 80 degrees or
+something like that it overtakes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it overtakes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it overtakes the
+plane polarized one and becomes better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane polarized one and becomes better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane polarized one and becomes better
+but you can see there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see there's another one
+another curve here which is for just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another curve here which is for just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another curve here which is for just an
+electric dipole on its own so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole on its own so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole on its own so a
+transverse electric dipole so rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse electric dipole so rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse electric dipole so rather
+than try and give this field we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than try and give this field we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than try and give this field we just
+might try to get this polarization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might try to get this polarization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might try to get this polarization and
+if we do that then we see we do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do that then we see we do even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do that then we see we do even
+better so in this region here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so in this region here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so in this region here you can
+see this is doing better than either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is doing better than either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is doing better than either of
+these other two so this is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other two so this is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other two so this is what we call
+an electric dipole wave and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric dipole wave and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric dipole wave and this is what
+this looks like they this mixed dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like they this mixed dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like they this mixed dipole
+which is the electric plus a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the electric plus a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the electric plus a magnetic
+dipole is equal to an electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole is equal to an electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole is equal to an electric dipole
+plus a magnetic dipole so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a magnetic dipole so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a magnetic dipole so this is the
+electric dipole field so what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole field so what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole field so what we need to
+do is to make it so that after we focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to make it so that after we focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to make it so that after we focus
+the light the electric field of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light the electric field of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light the electric field of the
+focus light is on the surface along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus light is on the surface along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus light is on the surface along
+these lines like this basically you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines like this basically you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines like this basically you see
+that if you look in the region near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look in the region near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look in the region near the
+axis all these behave the same they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis all these behave the same they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis all these behave the same they're
+all going to be virtually linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to be virtually linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to be virtually linearly
+polarized it's only when you get so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized it's only when you get so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized it's only when you get so big
+apertures that these become different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures that these become different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures that these become different
+and so this is now looking up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is now looking up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is now looking up what
+happens with Bessel beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with Bessel beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with Bessel beams
+so this is the this is the the the soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the this is the the the soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the this is the the the soap
+what the so-called mixed dipole which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the so-called mixed dipole which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the so-called mixed dipole which is
+the plane polarization case for 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane polarization case for 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane polarization case for 30
+degrees 60 degrees 90 degrees 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees 60 degrees 90 degrees 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees 60 degrees 90 degrees 150
+degrees this is for the electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees this is for the electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees this is for the electric dipole
+case 30 degrees 60 degrees now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 30 degrees 60 degrees now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 30 degrees 60 degrees now you see
+here this is this is a bit better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is this is a bit better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is this is a bit better than
+this one and this one that this spot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one that this spot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one that this spot has
+divided into two but this one hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two but this one hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two but this one hasn't
+divided into two but it has got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two but it has got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two but it has got these
+rather large side those developed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather large side those developed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather large side those developed here
+and and then if you look at the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then if you look at the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then if you look at the this
+other curve that these other ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other curve that these other ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other curve that these other ones here
+this is what I called a te one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I called a te one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I called a te one so this
+is another mode I haven't mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another mode I haven't mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another mode I haven't mentioned
+before it's another te mode but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's another te mode but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's another te mode but it's the
+TE one rather than the T 0 and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TE one rather than the T 0 and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TE one rather than the T 0 and you can
+see this one actually is the same in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this one actually is the same in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this one actually is the same in all
+these diagrams it's independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagrams it's independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagrams it's independent of the
+angle there so you can see actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle there so you can see actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle there so you can see actually this
+one turns out to be slightly smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one turns out to be slightly smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one turns out to be slightly smaller
+than this one even and this shows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one even and this shows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one even and this shows what
+the TE one looks like this is te one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TE one looks like this is te one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TE one looks like this is te one so
+again the electric field is transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the electric field is transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the electric field is transverse
+but it's not going all the way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going all the way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going all the way around
+like te 0 it's going this way on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like te 0 it's going this way on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like te 0 it's going this way on this
+side and this way on this side so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this way on this side so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this way on this side so if you
+could make this polarization this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make this polarization this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make this polarization this would
+produce that results I just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that results I just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that results I just described
+there so this shows all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this shows all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this shows all these different
+types so so what do you have to put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so so what do you have to put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so so what do you have to put into
+the lens to get that so this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens to get that so this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens to get that so this is what you
+have to put into the lens so if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put into the lens so if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put into the lens so if you put
+in plane polarized light you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plane polarized light you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plane polarized light you get this
+what I call the mixed dipole case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call the mixed dipole case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call the mixed dipole case in
+order to get electric dipole polar eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get electric dipole polar eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get electric dipole polar eye
+polarization out you have to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization out you have to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization out you have to put in
+light that looks like this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that looks like this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that looks like this for the
+magnetic dipole it has to look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic dipole it has to look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic dipole it has to look like this
+see here it's going it's pointing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here it's going it's pointing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here it's going it's pointing in
+here is pointing out and for the TE one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is pointing out and for the TE one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is pointing out and for the TE one
+it's it's like azimuthal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like azimuthal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like azimuthal
+and for the tm-1 it's radio like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the tm-1 it's radio like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the tm-1 it's radio like this
+right so by altering the polarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so by altering the polarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so by altering the polarization of
+the light that goes into the lens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that goes into the lens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that goes into the lens you
+can you can generate all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can generate all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can generate all these different
+mode patterns and this is what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode patterns and this is what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode patterns and this is what it does
+this is calculating the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is calculating the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is calculating the area of the
+focal spot as a function of angle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal spot as a function of angle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal spot as a function of angle for
+all these different cases so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different cases so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different cases so here
+there's a whole range of them for a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole range of them for a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole range of them for a full
+lens full circular aperture and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens full circular aperture and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens full circular aperture and this is
+for a few different cases for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few different cases for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few different cases for the for
+the Bessel beam and you can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bessel beam and you can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bessel beam and you can see what
+happens is we want this area of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we want this area of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we want this area of course
+to be as small as possible and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as small as possible and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as small as possible and you can
+see that actually in this region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that actually in this region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that actually in this region here
+the electric dipole one is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric dipole one is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric dipole one is the smallest
+and then the TE one is the smallest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the TE one is the smallest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the TE one is the smallest and
+then eventually the radially one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the radially one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the radially one the
+radial one becomes the smallest but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial one becomes the smallest but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial one becomes the smallest but if
+this doesn't become bigger and until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't become bigger and until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't become bigger and until you
+get over a numerical aperture of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over a numerical aperture of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over a numerical aperture of point
+eight nine and then this is for the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nine and then this is for the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nine and then this is for the full
+circular case I've got lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular case I've got lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular case I've got lots of different
+cases here right this one corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here right this one corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here right this one corresponds to
+a paraboloid mirror this one corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paraboloid mirror this one corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paraboloid mirror this one corresponds
+to basically a different appetizer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically a different appetizer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically a different appetizer of
+the light which you can see it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light which you can see it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light which you can see it actually
+is doing better here than the others but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing better here than the others but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing better here than the others but
+eventually runs out of steam when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually runs out of steam when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually runs out of steam when you
+get to big angles so and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to big angles so and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to big angles so and you can see
+here the the TE case is the smallest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the TE case is the smallest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the TE case is the smallest and
+then eventually the radial case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the radial case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the radial case is the
+smallest after you get above a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest after you get above a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest after you get above a numerical
+aperture of 0.9 one right now the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of 0.9 one right now the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of 0.9 one right now the other
+thing you'll notice though about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you'll notice though about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you'll notice though about all
+those spots I was showing is they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spots I was showing is they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spots I was showing is they're all
+not symmetrical so what can we do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not symmetrical so what can we do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not symmetrical so what can we do to
+make them symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them symmetrical
+well this fits in a bit with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this fits in a bit with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this fits in a bit with what we
+were talking about before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before the
+polarization case the circular polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization case the circular polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization case the circular polarized
+the T te and the TM 0 are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T te and the TM 0 are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T te and the TM 0 are already
+circularly circularly symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly circularly symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly circularly symmetric
+rotationally symmetric this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally symmetric this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally symmetric this one
+corresponds to our normal radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to our normal radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to our normal radial
+polarization but these other ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization but these other ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization but these other ones we
+know that X polarized plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that X polarized plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that X polarized plus
+why polarize equals circular polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why polarize equals circular polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why polarize equals circular polarized
+so we can do similar sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do similar sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do similar sorts of things
+with these teas or the electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these teas or the electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these teas or the electric dipole
+polarizations we can add we can add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations we can add we can add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations we can add we can add one
+of them along the X with one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them along the X with one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them along the X with one of them
+along the Y with an eye there and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Y with an eye there and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Y with an eye there and that
+actually is now going to give something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is now going to give something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is now going to give something
+which is rotationally symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rotationally symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rotationally symmetric and
+actually if you think a lot more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you think a lot more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you think a lot more about
+it it corresponds so azimuthal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it corresponds so azimuthal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it corresponds so azimuthal
+polarization with a phase singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization with a phase singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization with a phase singularity
+with a vortex a phase vortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vortex a phase vortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vortex a phase vortex
+superimposed on it and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed on it and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed on it and this one
+corresponds to some elliptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to some elliptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to some elliptical
+polarization with a phase singularity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization with a phase singularity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization with a phase singularity so
+what do i mean by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by this
+this one azimuthal polarization with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one azimuthal polarization with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one azimuthal polarization with a
+facing clarity what I mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the and anywhere around here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and anywhere around here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and anywhere around here the the
+it's polarized in the azimuthal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's polarized in the azimuthal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's polarized in the azimuthal
+direction but as you go around here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but as you go around here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but as you go around here the
+phase changes from 0 writes around to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase changes from 0 writes around to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase changes from 0 writes around to 2
+pi plus no no no ok sorry it changes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi plus no no no ok sorry it changes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi plus no no no ok sorry it changes as
+you go around here it changes from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go around here it changes from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go around here it changes from 0 to
+2pi so where it gets back to here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pi so where it gets back to here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pi so where it gets back to here it
+matches up again but here it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches up again but here it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches up again but here it's actually
+changed by pi so it's effectively in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed by pi so it's effectively in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed by pi so it's effectively in the
+opposite direction right so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction right so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction right so that's what
+I mean by that there's a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that there's a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that there's a continuous
+phase variation as you go around there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase variation as you go around there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase variation as you go around there
+and and this one elliptical polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this one elliptical polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this one elliptical polarization
+with a face singularity what it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a face singularity what it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a face singularity what it means is
+that the light is anywhere on here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light is anywhere on here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light is anywhere on here it's
+like elliptically polarized like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like elliptically polarized like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like elliptically polarized like this
+say but at any any angle it will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but at any any angle it will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but at any any angle it will be a
+similar sort of ellipse but the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of ellipse but the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of ellipse but the phase
+change the phase of this ellipse will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase of this ellipse will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase of this ellipse will
+change with a face singularity as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with a face singularity as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with a face singularity as you go
+around in the circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what happens if you do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what happens if you do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what happens if you do that well
+this is what you get so this is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get so this is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get so this is looking
+at the cross-section for three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cross-section for three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cross-section for three different
+angles for all these different types and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles for all these different types and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles for all these different types and
+so that this is for Bessel beams again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is for Bessel beams again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is for Bessel beams again
+because they're the simplest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the simplest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the simplest to
+calculate so what we find is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so what we find is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so what we find is that for
+small angles the radially polarized is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angles the radially polarized is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angles the radially polarized is
+no good it turns out that the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good it turns out that the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good it turns out that the reason why
+radial polarization works actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial polarization works actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial polarization works actually is
+because sorry I should have said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sorry I should have said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sorry I should have said this
+earlier but I don't know why I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but I don't know why I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but I don't know why I didn't
+really why it works is because the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why it works is because the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why it works is because the light
+that comes down here has got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes down here has got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes down here has got some
+polarization in this direction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization in this direction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization in this direction here
+which means it's got a component in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's got a component in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's got a component in this
+longitudinal direction so so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal direction so so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal direction so so actually
+the radially polarized light put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radially polarized light put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radially polarized light put into
+the lens produces a longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens produces a longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens produces a longitudinal
+electric field in the focal region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the focal region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the focal region and
+that might seem very strange to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might seem very strange to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might seem very strange to people
+first of all you can actually generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you can actually generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you can actually generate a
+wave that's moving along which which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's moving along which which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's moving along which which has
+got a longitudinal electric field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a longitudinal electric field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a longitudinal electric field but
+that seems to be what is true and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be what is true and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be what is true and but
+the point is of course if this angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is of course if this angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is of course if this angle is
+small then this longitudinal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then this longitudinal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then this longitudinal component
+is going to be very weak and that is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be very weak and that is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be very weak and that is why
+this radially polarized one here doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radially polarized one here doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radially polarized one here doesn't
+work well because the transverse field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well because the transverse field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well because the transverse field
+is dominating over the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominating over the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominating over the longitudinal
+field but as you increase the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but as you increase the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but as you increase the aperture
+you see it gets better like that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it gets better like that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it gets better like that and and
+then I also show here the the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also show here the the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also show here the the electric
+dipole all of these are all the same on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole all of these are all the same on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole all of these are all the same on
+this for this small angle but they for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this small angle but they for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this small angle but they for
+the larger angles they become different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger angles they become different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger angles they become different
+and and this is showing how sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is showing how sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is showing how sorry this
+angle this that this arrow has moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this that this arrow has moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this that this arrow has moved
+itself for some reason other know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself for some reason other know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself for some reason other know why
+it's moved itself but this was supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moved itself but this was supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moved itself but this was supposed
+to be pointing to this blue line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pointing to this blue line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pointing to this blue line here
+and showing how in this case the TE one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing how in this case the TE one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing how in this case the TE one
+case is that is the narrowest it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is that is the narrowest it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is that is the narrowest it's
+actually even narrower than the radio in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even narrower than the radio in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even narrower than the radio in
+this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here
+with some rather slightly some bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some rather slightly some bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some rather slightly some bigger
+side lobes here and this shows also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lobes here and this shows also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lobes here and this shows also the
+electric dipole case as well and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole case as well and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole case as well and and
+this one showing how the plane polarised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one showing how the plane polarised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one showing how the plane polarised
+case is really very bad as we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is really very bad as we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is really very bad as we showed
+earlier once you get some really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier once you get some really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier once you get some really big
+angles and then this is comparing them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and then this is comparing them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and then this is comparing them a
+bit more this is actually plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more this is actually plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more this is actually plotting the
+normalized width of that rotationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized width of that rotationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized width of that rotationally
+symmetric spot that you get again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric spot that you get again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric spot that you get again for
+all these different cases and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different cases and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different cases and and
+showing so these are the cases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing so these are the cases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing so these are the cases that are
+full aperture these are the cases of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full aperture these are the cases of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full aperture these are the cases of a
+Bessel beam and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bessel beam and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bessel beam and you can see that
+actually it turns out that the TE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out that the TE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out that the TE
+annulus is the narrowest the TE Bessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annulus is the narrowest the TE Bessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annulus is the narrowest the TE Bessel
+beam and all the time for any angle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and all the time for any angle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and all the time for any angle it's
+always narrower than the radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always narrower than the radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always narrower than the radially
+polarized one and for these cases here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized one and for these cases here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized one and for these cases here
+for the full circular case the TE 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the full circular case the TE 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the full circular case the TE 1 is
+always narrower than the green one until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always narrower than the green one until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always narrower than the green one until
+you get to this point here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to this point here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to this point here which
+corresponds to a numerical aperture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a numerical aperture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a numerical aperture of
+0.98 which is higher than you would ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.98 which is higher than you would ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.98 which is higher than you would ever
+get to in any practical system so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to in any practical system so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to in any practical system so what
+this is all showing is that as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all showing is that as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all showing is that as I say
+putting plane polarized light in is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting plane polarized light in is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting plane polarized light in is not
+the optimum it turns out they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum it turns out they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum it turns out they're very
+often the optimum is can be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the optimum is can be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the optimum is can be different
+according to the circumstances but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the circumstances but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the circumstances but it
+can be this electric dipole polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be this electric dipole polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be this electric dipole polarization
+or it can be the radially polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be the radially polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be the radially polarized
+input or it can be the transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input or it can be the transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input or it can be the transverse
+electric and I think I yeah this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and I think I yeah this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and I think I yeah this is this
+is showing the strength of the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing the strength of the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing the strength of the side
+lobes and showing how you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes and showing how you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes and showing how you know the the
+electric the transverse electric might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric the transverse electric might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric the transverse electric might
+be narrower but it might have bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be narrower but it might have bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be narrower but it might have bigger
+side lobes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lobes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lobes
+so here the Rayleigh repolarized those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the Rayleigh repolarized those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the Rayleigh repolarized those
+smaller side lobes week aside those than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller side lobes week aside those than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller side lobes week aside those than
+the that's the te right so and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the te right so and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the te right so and there's
+our conclusions about this there so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conclusions about this there so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conclusions about this there so if
+you focus focus plane polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you focus focus plane polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you focus focus plane polarized
+you'll get a big focal spot so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a big focal spot so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a big focal spot so you can
+improve that by using readily polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve that by using readily polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve that by using readily polarized
+light and that comes about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and that comes about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and that comes about because
+you've got this strong longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this strong longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this strong longitudinal
+field on the axis but we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the axis but we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the axis but we find that
+electric dipole polarization actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole polarization actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole polarization actually
+gives a higher electric energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a higher electric energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a higher electric energy density
+of the focus as I showed earlier bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the focus as I showed earlier bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the focus as I showed earlier bit
+higher than you get with radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than you get with radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than you get with radial
+polarized light and then I showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light and then I showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light and then I showed that
+the TE the TE 1 mode polarization gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TE the TE 1 mode polarization gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TE the TE 1 mode polarization gives
+the smallest central low and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest central low and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest central low and it's
+smaller even than you get with radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller even than you get with radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller even than you get with radially
+polarized light and but the TE on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light and but the TE on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light and but the TE on its
+own is a symmetric but you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own is a symmetric but you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own is a symmetric but you can make a
+symmetric version of it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric version of it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric version of it which is
+equivalent so has a mouthfull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so has a mouthfull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so has a mouthfull
+polarization with a face singularity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's about it for what I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it for what I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it for what I was going to
+say about this so and so this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about this so and so this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about this so and so this is some
+finishing up the course with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up the course with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up the course with something
+which is really sort of ongoing research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really sort of ongoing research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really sort of ongoing research
+and something that I think there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that I think there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that I think there's a lot
+of people around the world working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people around the world working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people around the world working on
+these different problems and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different problems and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different problems and trying to
+optimize these systems to get the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize these systems to get the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize these systems to get the best
+possible focusing properties that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible focusing properties that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible focusing properties that you
+can get with a high in a lens and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get with a high in a lens and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get with a high in a lens and you
+know I mentioned before all the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mentioned before all the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mentioned before all the many
+different applications that this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications that this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications that this could
+be useful ok so I'm going to stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful ok so I'm going to stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful ok so I'm going to stop there
+questions any questions about this any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any questions about this any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any questions about this any
+questions about earlier there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about earlier there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about earlier there's lots of
+questions about this are there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this are there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this are there yeah
+maybe like there's a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like there's a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like there's a lot of information
+there I think you're probably all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think you're probably all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think you're probably all
+suffering from overload but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering from overload but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering from overload but but it's
+it's all very complicated actually but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all very complicated actually but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all very complicated actually but
+but but very beautiful as well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but very beautiful as well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but very beautiful as well I think
+it's it's it's it's nice physics I think
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tBBJ2TSTa1Q.txt b/tBBJ2TSTa1Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57da25127cadf811bd0c3a5c8578b24358fb8f2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tBBJ2TSTa1Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1577 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Well, I hope you're ready
+for second derivatives.
+
+We don't go higher than that
+in many problems, but the
+
+second derivative is
+an important--
+
+the derivative of the derivative
+is an important
+
+thing to know, especially in
+problems with maximum and
+
+minimum, which is the big
+application of derivatives, to
+
+locate a maximum or a minimum,
+and to decide which one it is.
+
+And I can tell you right away,
+locating a maximum, minimum,
+
+is the first derivative's job.
+
+The first derivative is 0.
+
+If I have a maximum or a
+minimum, and we'll have
+
+pictures, somewhere in the
+middle of my function I'll
+
+recognize by derivative
+equals 0.
+
+Slope equals 0, that the
+function is leveling off,
+
+either bending down or bending
+up, maximum or minimum.
+
+OK, and it's the second
+derivative that
+
+tells me which it is.
+
+The second derivative tells me
+the bending of the graph.
+
+OK, so we now will have
+three generations.
+
+The big picture of calculus
+started with two functions:
+
+the distance and the speed.
+
+And we discussed in detail the
+connection between them.
+
+How to recover the speed if we
+know the distance, take the
+
+derivative.
+
+Now comes the derivative of
+the speed, which in that
+
+language, in the
+distance-speed-time language,
+
+the second derivative is the
+acceleration, the rate at
+
+which your speed is changing,
+the rate at which you're
+
+speeding up or slowing down.
+
+And this is the way I
+would write that.
+
+If the speed is the
+first derivative--
+
+df dt--
+
+this is the way you write the
+second derivative, and you say
+
+d second f dt squared.
+
+d second f dt squared.
+
+OK, so that's you could say the
+physics example: distance,
+
+speed, acceleration.
+
+And I say physics because, of
+course, acceleration is the a
+
+in Newton's Law f equals ma.
+
+For a graph, like these graphs
+here, I won't especially use
+
+those physics words.
+
+I'll use graph words.
+
+So I would say function
+one would be the
+
+height of the graph.
+
+And in this case, that height is
+y equals x squared, so it's
+
+a simple parabola.
+
+Here would be the slope.
+
+I would use the word "slope"
+for the second function.
+
+And the slope of y equals x
+squared we know is 2x, so we
+
+see the slope increasing.
+
+And you see on this picture
+the slope is increasing.
+
+As x increases, I'm going
+up more steeply.
+
+Now, it's the second
+derivative.
+
+And what shall I call that?
+
+Bending.
+
+Bending is the natural
+word for the second
+
+derivative on a graph.
+
+And what do I--
+
+the derivative of 2x is 2, a
+constant, a positive constant,
+
+and that positive constant tells
+me that the slope is
+
+going upwards and that the
+curve is bending upwards.
+
+So in this simple case,
+we connect these three
+
+descriptions of our function.
+
+It's positive.
+
+It's slope is positive.
+
+And its second derivative--
+
+bending--
+
+is positive.
+
+And that gives us a function
+that goes like that.
+
+Now, let me go to a different
+function.
+
+Let me take a second example
+now, an example where not
+
+everything is positive.
+
+But let's make it familiar.
+
+Take sine x.
+
+So sine x starts
+out like that.
+
+So this is a graph of sine x up
+to 90 degrees, pi over 2,
+
+so that's y equals sine x.
+
+OK, what do you think
+about its slope?
+
+We know the derivative of sine
+x, but before we write it
+
+down, look at the graph.
+
+The slope is positive, right?
+
+But the slope actually
+starts out at 1.
+
+Better make it look a little
+more realistic.
+
+That's a slope of 1 there.
+
+So the slope starts at 1 and the
+slope drops to a slope of
+
+0 up there.
+
+So a slope of 1.
+
+I see here is a 1.
+
+Here I'm graphing y prime.
+
+dy dx I sometimes write as y
+prime, just because it's
+
+shorter, and particularly, it'll
+be shorter for a second
+
+derivative.
+
+So y prime, we know the
+derivative of sine x is cos x,
+
+which is pretty neat actually,
+that we start with a familiar
+
+function, and then we get its
+twin, its other half.
+
+And the cosine is the slope of
+the sine curve, and it starts
+
+at 1, a slope of 1, and it comes
+down to 0, as we know
+
+the cosine does.
+
+So that's a graph
+of the cosine.
+
+And now, of course, we have
+three generations.
+
+I'm going to graph
+y double prime.
+
+Let me put it up here. y double
+prime, the second
+
+derivative, the derivative
+of the cosine of x
+
+is minus sine x.
+
+OK, let's just--
+
+from the picture, what
+am I seeing here?
+
+I'm seeing a slope of 0.
+
+I'm taking now the slope
+of the slope.
+
+So here it starts at 0.
+
+The slope is downwards, so the
+second derivative is going to
+
+be negative.
+
+Oh, and it is negative,
+minus sign x.
+
+So the slope starts at 0 and
+ends at minus 1 because that
+
+now comes down at a
+negative slope.
+
+The slope is negative.
+
+I'm going downhill, and that's
+a graph of the second
+
+derivative.
+
+And which way is our
+function bending?
+
+It's bending down.
+
+As I go along, the slope
+is dropping.
+
+And I see that in
+the slope curve.
+
+It's falling.
+
+And I see it in the
+bending curve
+
+because I'm below 0 here.
+
+This is bending down, where
+that one was bending up.
+
+I could introduce the word
+convex for something that
+
+bends upwards, and bending down,
+I could introduce the
+
+word concave. But those
+are just words.
+
+The graphs are telling us much
+more than the words do.
+
+OK, so do you see that picture
+bending down, but going up?
+
+So the slope is positive here,
+but the second derivative, the
+
+slope is dropping.
+
+So the second derivative-- and
+you have to pay attention to
+
+keep them straight.
+
+The second derivative is telling
+us that the original
+
+one is bending down.
+
+OK, let me continue these graphs
+just a little beyond 90
+
+degrees, pi over 2, because
+you'll see something
+
+interesting.
+
+So what happens in the next
+part of the graph?
+
+So this is going--
+
+the sine curve, of course,
+
+continues on its way downwards.
+
+So the slope is going negative,
+as I know the cosine
+
+curve will do, as the cosine
+curve will come like that.
+
+The slope down to minus
+1, the slope--
+
+do you see here?
+
+The slope is negative, so on
+this slope graph, I'm below 0.
+
+And the slope is 0.
+
+Let me put a little mark at
+these points here, at these
+
+three points.
+
+Those are important points.
+
+In fact, that is a maximum,
+of course.
+
+The sine curve hits
+its maximum at 1.
+
+At that point when it hits its
+maximum, what's its slope?
+
+When you hit a maximum, you're
+not going up anymore.
+
+You haven't started down.
+
+The slope is 0 right there.
+
+What's the second derivative?
+
+What's the bending
+at a maximum?
+
+The bending tells you that the
+slope is going down, so the
+
+bending is negative.
+
+The bending is negative
+at a maximum.
+
+Good.
+
+OK, now I'm going to continue
+this sine curve for another 90
+
+degrees, the cosine curve, and
+I'll continue the bending
+
+curve, so I have minus sine
+x, which will go back up.
+
+OK, now what?
+
+Now what?
+
+And then, of course, it
+would continue along.
+
+OK, there's something
+interesting happening at 180
+
+degrees, at pi.
+
+Can I identify that point?
+
+So there's 180 degrees.
+
+Something's happening there.
+
+I don't see--
+
+I don't quite know how to say
+what yet, but something's
+
+happening there.
+
+It's got to show up here, and
+it has to show up here.
+
+So whatever is happening is
+showing up by a point where y
+
+double prime, the second
+derivative, is 0.
+
+That's my new little
+observation, not as big a deal
+
+as maximum or minimum.
+
+This was a max here.
+
+And we identified it as a max
+because the second derivative
+
+was negative.
+
+Now I'm interested
+in this point.
+
+Can you see what's happening
+at this point as far as
+
+bending goes?
+
+This curve is bending down.
+
+But when I continue, the
+bending changes to up.
+
+This is a point where
+the bending changes.
+
+The second derivative changes
+sign, and we see it here.
+
+Up to this square point,
+the bending is below 0.
+
+The bending is downwards
+as I come to here.
+
+But then there's something
+rather special that--
+
+you see, can I try to
+blow that point up?
+
+Here the bending is down, and
+there it turns to up, and
+
+right in there with the--
+
+this is called--
+
+so this is my final word
+to introduce--
+
+inflection point.
+
+Don't ask me why.
+
+An inflection point is a
+point where the second
+
+derivative is 0.
+
+And what does that mean?
+
+That means at that moment, it
+stopped bending down, and it's
+
+going to start bending up.
+
+The second derivative is
+passing through 0.
+
+The sign of bending
+is changing.
+
+It's changing from concave
+here to convex there.
+
+That's a significant
+point on the graph.
+
+Not as big a thing as
+the max or the min
+
+that we had over there.
+
+So let me draw one more example
+and identify all these
+
+different points.
+
+OK, so here we go.
+
+I drew it ahead of time because
+it's got a few loops,
+
+and I wanted to get
+it in good form.
+
+OK, here it is.
+
+This is my function: x cubed
+minus x squared.
+
+Well, before I look at the
+picture, what would be the
+
+first calculus thing I do?
+
+I take the derivative.
+
+y prime is the derivative of
+x cubed, is three x squared
+
+minus the derivative of x
+squared, which is 2x.
+
+And now today, I take the
+derivative of that.
+
+I take the second derivative,
+y double prime.
+
+So the second derivative is
+the derivative of this.
+
+x squared is going to give me
+2x, and I have a 3, so it's
+
+all together 6x.
+
+And minus 2x, the slope of
+that is minus 2, right?
+
+Cubic, quadratic, linear, and
+if I cared about y triple
+
+prime, which I don't,
+constant.
+
+And then the fourth derivatives
+and all the rest
+
+would be 0 for this case.
+
+OK, now somehow, those
+derivatives, those formulas
+
+for y, y prime, y double prime
+should tell me details about
+
+this graph.
+
+And the first thing I'm
+interested in and the most
+
+important thing is
+max and min.
+
+So let me set y prime to be--
+
+which is 3x squared minus 2x.
+
+I'll set it to be 0 because I
+want to look for max, or min.
+
+And I look for both at the same
+time by setting y prime
+
+equals 0, and then I find out
+which I've got by looking at y
+
+double prime.
+
+So let me set y prime to be 0.
+
+What are the solutions?
+
+Where are the points on the
+curve where it's stationary?
+
+It's not climbing and
+it's not dropping?
+
+Well, I see them on
+the curve here.
+
+That is a point where
+the slope is 0.
+
+And I see one down here.
+
+There is a point where the slope
+is 0, but I can find
+
+them with algebra.
+
+I solve 3x squared equals
+to 2x, and I see
+
+it's a quadratic equation.
+
+I expect to find two roots.
+
+One of them is x equals 0, and
+the other one is what?
+
+If I cancel those x's to find
+a non-zero, canceling those
+
+x's leaves me with 3x equals
+2 or x equals 2/3.
+
+Yeah, and that's what
+our graph shows.
+
+OK, now we can see on the
+graph which is a max
+
+and which is a min.
+
+And by the way, let
+me just notice, of
+
+course, this is the max.
+
+But let me just notice that
+it's what I would
+
+call a local maximum.
+
+It's not the absolute top of
+the function because the
+
+function later on is climbing
+off to infinity.
+
+This would be way a maximum
+in its neighborhood, so a
+
+maximum, and it's only
+a local max.
+
+And what do I expect to see at
+a maximum at x equals 0?
+
+I expect to see the slope 0 at
+x equals 0, which it is.
+
+Check.
+
+And at a maximum, I need to know
+the second derivative.
+
+OK, here's my formula.
+
+At x equals 0, I see y double
+prime if x is 0 is minus 2.
+
+Good.
+
+Negative second derivative tells
+me I'm bending down, as
+
+the graph confirms, and the
+place where the slope is 0 is
+
+a maximum and not a minimum.
+
+What about the other one?
+
+What about at x equals 2/3?
+
+At that point, y double prime,
+looking at my formula here for
+
+y double prime, is what?
+
+6 times 2/3 is 4 minus
+2 is plus 2.
+
+4 minus 2 is 2.
+
+So this will be--
+
+this is positive, so I'm
+expecting a min.
+
+At x equals 2/3, I'm
+expecting a min.
+
+And, of course, it is.
+
+And again, it's only
+a local minimum.
+
+The derivative can only tell
+you what's happening very,
+
+very close to that point.
+
+The derivative doesn't know that
+over here the function is
+
+going further down.
+
+So this is a min, and
+again, a local min.
+
+OK, those are maximum
+and minimum
+
+when we know the function.
+
+Oh yeah, I better do the
+inflection point.
+
+Do you remember what the
+inflection point is?
+
+The inflection point is when
+the bending changes from--
+
+up to here I see that
+bending down.
+
+From here, I see
+it bending up.
+
+So I will not be surprised if
+that's the point where the
+
+bending is changing, and 1/3
+is the inflection point.
+
+And now how do we find
+an inflection point?
+
+How do we identify this point?
+
+Well, y double prime
+was negative.
+
+y double prime was positive.
+
+At that point, y double
+prime is 0.
+
+This is an inflection point.
+
+And it is.
+
+At x equals to 1/3, I
+do have 6 times 1/3.
+
+2 subtract 2, I have 0.
+
+So that is truly an
+inflection point.
+
+And now I know all
+the essential
+
+points about the curve.
+
+And these are the quantities--
+
+oh!
+
+Say you're an economist. You're
+looking now at the
+
+statistics for the US economy
+or the world economy.
+
+OK, I suppose we're in a--
+
+we had a local maximum there,
+a happy time a little while
+
+ago, but it went downhill,
+right?
+
+If y is, say, the gross product
+for the world or gross
+
+national product,
+it started down.
+
+The slope of that curve
+was negative.
+
+The bending was even negative.
+
+It was going down faster
+all the time.
+
+Now, at a certain moment, the
+economy kept going down, but
+
+you could see some
+sign of hope.
+
+And what was the sign of hope?
+
+It was the fact that it
+started bending up.
+
+And probably that's where we are
+as I'm making this video.
+
+I suspect we're still going
+down, but we're bending up.
+
+And at some point, hopefully
+tomorrow, we'll hit minimum
+
+and start really up.
+
+So I don't know.
+
+I would guess we're somewhere
+in there, and
+
+I don't know where.
+
+If I knew where, mathematics
+would be even more useful than
+
+it is, which would
+be hard to do.
+
+OK, so that's an example
+of how the second
+
+derivative comes in.
+
+Now, I started by giving this
+lecture the title Max and Min
+
+and saying those are the biggest
+applications of the
+
+derivative.
+
+Set the derivative
+to 0 and solve.
+
+Locate maximum points,
+minimum points.
+
+That's what calculus is most--
+
+many of the word problems, most
+of the ones I see in use,
+
+involve derivative equals 0.
+
+OK, so let me take a
+particular example.
+
+So these were graphs, simple
+functions which I chose: sine
+
+x, x squared, x cubed
+minus x squared.
+
+Now let me tell you the problem
+because this is how
+
+math really comes.
+
+Let me tell you the problem, and
+let's create the function.
+
+OK, so much it's the problem
+I faced this
+
+morning and every morning.
+
+I live here.
+
+So OK, so here's home.
+
+And there is a-- the Mass Pike
+is the fast road to MIT.
+
+So let me put in the Mass Pike
+here, and let's say that's
+
+MIT, and I'm trying to get there
+as fast as possible.
+
+OK, so for part of the time, I'm
+going to have to drive on
+
+city streets.
+
+I do have to drive on city
+streets, and then I get to go
+
+on the Mass Pike, which is,
+let's say, twice as fast. The
+
+question is should I go directly
+over to the fast road
+
+and then take off?
+
+Let's take off on
+a good morning.
+
+The Mass Pike could be twice
+as slow, but let's assume
+
+twice as fast. Should
+I go straight over?
+
+Probably not.
+
+That's not the best way.
+
+I should probably pick up the
+Mass Pike on some road.
+
+I could go directly to MIT on
+the city streets at the slow
+
+rate, say 30 miles an hour or 30
+kilometers an hour and 60,
+
+so speeds 30 and 60
+as my speeds.
+
+OK, so now I should have
+put in some measure.
+
+Let's call that distance
+a, whatever it is.
+
+Maybe it's about three miles.
+
+And let me call--
+
+so that's the direct distance.
+
+If I just went direct to the
+turnpike, I would go a
+
+distance a at 30 miles
+an hour, and then
+
+I would go a distance--
+
+shall I call that b?--
+
+at 60.
+
+So that's one possibility.
+
+But I think it's not the best.
+
+I think better to--
+
+and you know better than me.
+
+I think I should probably
+angle over
+
+here and pick up this--
+
+my question is where should
+I join the Mass Pike.
+
+And let's--
+
+so we get a calculus problem,
+let's model it.
+
+Suppose that I can join it
+anywhere I like, not just at a
+
+couple of entrances.
+
+Anywhere.
+
+And the question is where?
+
+So calculus deals with the
+continuous choice of x.
+
+So that is the unknown.
+
+I could take that as
+the unknown x.
+
+That was a key step, of course,
+deciding what should
+
+be the unknown.
+
+I could also have taken this
+angle as an unknown, and that
+
+would be quite neat, too.
+
+But let me take that x.
+
+So this distance is
+then b minus x.
+
+So that's what I travel
+on the Mass Pike,
+
+so my time to minimize.
+
+I'm trying to minimize
+my time.
+
+OK, so on this Mass Pike when
+I travel at 60, I have
+
+distance divided by 60
+is the time, right?
+
+Am I remembering correctly?
+
+Let's just remember.
+
+Distance is speed times time.
+
+That's the one we know.
+
+And then if I divide by the
+speed, the time is the
+
+distance divided by the speed,
+the distance divided by the
+
+speed on the pike.
+
+And now I have the distance
+on the city streets.
+
+OK, so that speed is
+going to be 30.
+
+So the time is going to be a bit
+longer for the distance,
+
+and what is that distance?
+
+OK, that was a.
+
+This was x.
+
+Pythagoras is the great leveler
+of mathematics.
+
+That's the distance on
+the city streets.
+
+And now what do I do?
+
+I've got an expression
+for the time.
+
+This is the quantity I'm
+trying to minimize.
+
+I minimize it by taking its
+derivative and set the
+
+derivative to 0.
+
+Take the derivative and set
+the derivative to 0.
+
+So now this is where I use
+the formulas of calculus.
+
+So the derivative, now I'm ready
+to write the derivative,
+
+and I'll set it to 0.
+
+So the derivative of that, b is
+a constant, so I have minus
+
+1/60; is that OK?
+
+Plus whatever the derivative
+of this is.
+
+Well, I have 1/30.
+
+I always take the
+constant first.
+
+Now I have to deal with
+that expression.
+
+That is some quantity
+square root.
+
+The square root is the 1/2
+power, so I have 1/2 times
+
+this quantity to one
+lower power.
+
+That's the minus 1/2 power.
+
+That means that I still have a
+square root, but now it's a
+
+minus 1/2 power.
+
+It's down here.
+
+And then the chain rule says
+don't forget the derivative of
+
+what's inside, which is 2x.
+
+OK, depending on what order
+you've seen these videos and
+
+read text, you know the chain
+rule, or you see it now.
+
+It's a very, very valuable rule
+to find derivatives as
+
+the function gets complicated.
+
+And the thing to remember,
+there will be a proper
+
+discussion of the chain rule.
+
+It's so important.
+
+But you're seeing it here that
+the thing to remember is take
+
+also the derivative of what's
+inside the a squared plus x
+
+squared, and the derivative of
+the x squared is the 2x.
+
+OK, and that I have
+to set to 0.
+
+And, of course, I'm going
+to cancel the 2's, and
+
+I'll set it to 0.
+
+What does that mean
+"set to zero"?
+
+Here's something minus.
+
+Here's something plus.
+
+I guess what I really want
+is to make them equal.
+
+When the 1/60 equals this
+messier expression, at that
+
+point the minus term cancels
+the plus term.
+
+I get 0 for the derivative,
+so I'm looking for
+
+derivative equals 0.
+
+That's my equation now.
+
+OK, now I just have
+to solve it.
+
+All right, let's see.
+
+If I wanted to solve that,
+I would probably multiply
+
+through by 60.
+
+Can I do this?
+
+I'll multiply both
+sides by 60.
+
+That will cancel the 30 and
+leave an extra 2, so
+
+I'll have a 2x here.
+
+And let me multiply also by
+this miserable square root
+
+that's in the denominator
+to get it up there.
+
+I think that's what I've got.
+
+That's the same equation as
+this one, just simplified.
+
+Multiply through by 60.
+
+Multiply through by square
+root of a squared plus x
+
+squared, and it's
+looking good.
+
+All right, how am I going
+to solve that?
+
+Well, the only mess up
+is the square root.
+
+Get rid of that by squaring
+both sides.
+
+So now I square both sides,
+and I get a squared plus x
+
+squared, and the square
+of 2x is 4x squared.
+
+All right, now I have an
+equation that's way better.
+
+In fact, even better
+if I subtract x
+
+squared from both sides.
+
+My equation is telling
+me that a squared
+
+should be 3x squared.
+
+In other words, this
+good x is--
+
+now I'm ready to take the square
+root and find x itself.
+
+So put the 3 here.
+
+Take the square root.
+
+I'm getting a over the
+square root of 3.
+
+So there is a word problem, a
+minimum problem, where we had
+
+to create the function to
+minimize, which was the time,
+
+trying to get to work as
+quickly as possible.
+
+After naming the key quantity x,
+then taking the derivative,
+
+then simplifying, that's where
+the little work of calculus
+
+comes in, in the end getting
+something nice, solving it,
+
+and getting the answer a
+over square root of 3.
+
+So we now know what to do
+driving in if there's an
+
+entrance where we
+want to get it.
+
+And actually, it is a
+beautiful answer.
+
+If this is a over the square
+root of 3, this will turn out
+
+to be 30 degrees, pi over 6--
+
+I think.
+
+Yeah, I think that's right.
+
+So that's the conclusion
+from calculus.
+
+Drive at a 30-degree angle.
+
+Hope that there's a road
+going that way--
+
+sorry about that point--
+
+and join the turnpike.
+
+And probably the reason
+for that nice
+
+answer, 30 degrees, came--
+
+I can't help but imagine that
+because I chose 30 and 60
+
+here, a ratio of 1:2, and then
+somehow the fact that the sine
+
+of 30 degrees is 1/2,
+those two facts
+
+have got to be connected.
+
+So I change these 30 and 60
+numbers, I'll change my
+
+answer, but basically, the
+picture won't change much.
+
+And there's another little
+point to make to really
+
+complete this problem.
+
+It could have happened that the
+distance on the turnpike
+
+was very small and that
+this was a dumb move.
+
+That 30-degree angle could
+be overshooting
+
+MIT if MIT was there.
+
+So that's a case in which the
+minimum time didn't happen
+
+where the derivative
+bottomed out.
+
+If MIT was here, the good idea
+would be go straight for it.
+
+Yeah, the extra part on the
+turn-- you wouldn't drive on
+
+the turnpike at all.
+
+And that's a signal that somehow
+in the graph, which I
+
+didn't graph this function, but
+if I did, then this stuff
+
+would be locating the minimum
+of the graph.
+
+But this extra example where you
+go straight for MIT would
+
+be a case in which the minimum
+is at the end.
+
+And, of course, that
+could happen.
+
+You could have a graph that just
+goes down, and then it
+
+ends, so the minimum is there.
+
+Even though the graph looks like
+it's still going down,
+
+the graph ended.
+
+What can you do?
+
+That's the best point
+there is.
+
+OK, so that is a--
+
+can I recap this lecture
+coming first over here?
+
+So the lecture is about maximum
+and minimum, and we
+
+learned which it is by the
+second derivative.
+
+So then we had examples.
+
+There was an example of a
+minimum when the second
+
+derivative was positive.
+
+Here was an example of a local
+maximum when the second
+
+derivative was negative.
+
+Here with the sine and cosine,
+those are nice examples.
+
+And it takes some patience
+to go through them.
+
+I suggest you take another
+simple function, like start
+
+with cosine x.
+
+Find its maximum.
+
+Find its minimum.
+
+Find its inflection points so
+the inflection points are
+
+where the bending is 0 because
+it's changing from bending one
+
+way to bending the other way.
+
+We didn't need an inflection
+test--
+
+so actually, I didn't complete
+the lecture, because I didn't
+
+compute the second derivative
+and show that
+
+this was truly a minimum.
+
+I could have done that.
+
+I would have had to take the
+derivative of this, which
+
+would be one level messier,
+and look at its sign.
+
+I wouldn't have to
+set it to 0.
+
+I would be looking at the sign
+of the second derivative.
+
+And in this problem, it would
+be safely come out positive
+
+sign, meaning bending upwards,
+meaning that this point I've
+
+identified by all these steps
+was truly the minimum time,
+
+not a maximum.
+
+OK, that's a big part of
+important calculus
+
+applications.
+
+Thanks.
+
+NARRATOR: This has been
+a production of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and
+Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses, please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uX-D5Q_5v4A.txt b/uX-D5Q_5v4A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86d9322c58ac84340573185cac3b56dc12458db9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uX-D5Q_5v4A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Matt Suskind and for this game we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Matt Suskind and for this game we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Matt Suskind and for this game we
+are a team of eight people working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a team of eight people working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a team of eight people working on
+forecastbased financing which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecastbased financing which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecastbased financing which is a
+technique of using forecasts in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of using forecasts in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of using forecasts in order to
+make decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions about
+uh what to do in response to incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what to do in response to incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what to do in response to incoming
+disasters. Currently, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters. Currently, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters. Currently, a lot of
+techniques are we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are we're going to build
+long-term protection for cities in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term protection for cities in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term protection for cities in terms
+of dams or disaster preparedness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dams or disaster preparedness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dams or disaster preparedness or
+after disaster happens, we will react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after disaster happens, we will react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after disaster happens, we will react to
+the disaster. But there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disaster. But there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disaster. But there's not a lot of
+work done in terms of we see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done in terms of we see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done in terms of we see that there
+is a 50% chance of disaster within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 50% chance of disaster within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 50% chance of disaster within the
+next week. Let's start mobilizing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Let's start mobilizing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Let's start mobilizing to
+prepare for that. And part of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for that. And part of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for that. And part of the reason
+for that is because if the disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is because if the disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is because if the disaster
+doesn't happen, you end up wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen, you end up wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen, you end up wasting
+money. But if you actually do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. But if you actually do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. But if you actually do an
+analysis, you'll realize that the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, you'll realize that the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, you'll realize that the money
+that you waste is actually way less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you waste is actually way less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you waste is actually way less
+expensive than trying to make up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than trying to make up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than trying to make up for
+your lack of preparedness after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lack of preparedness after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lack of preparedness after the
+fact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So Paulo had come in from the Red Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Paulo had come in from the Red Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Paulo had come in from the Red Red
+Cross Red Crescent Climate Center and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross Red Crescent Climate Center and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross Red Crescent Climate Center and he
+pitched a couple of different concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched a couple of different concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched a couple of different concepts
+that they wanted games around in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wanted games around in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wanted games around in order
+to educate uh either members of the Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to educate uh either members of the Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to educate uh either members of the Red
+Cross or people out in the world who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross or people out in the world who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross or people out in the world who
+they wanted to show these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to show these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to show these different
+ideas to. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to. And so
+uh what he showed us was actually just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what he showed us was actually just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what he showed us was actually just a
+PowerPoint with a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint with a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint with a couple of different
+slides where on each slide was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides where on each slide was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides where on each slide was a
+different concept. Ours was forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concept. Ours was forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concept. Ours was forecast
+based financing, but then there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing, but then there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing, but then there were
+also ones like cholera or Ebola or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ones like cholera or Ebola or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ones like cholera or Ebola or uh
+preparing for heat waves, things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for heat waves, things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for heat waves, things like
+that. And so he gave us a quick pitch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so he gave us a quick pitch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so he gave us a quick pitch of
+this is what the concept is. This is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the concept is. This is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the concept is. This is who
+we want to educate with this and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to educate with this and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to educate with this and these
+are some of the characteristics that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the characteristics that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the characteristics that we
+think are really important. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are really important. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are really important. And we
+actually we weren't assigned to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we weren't assigned to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we weren't assigned to any
+topics. He put those topics up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics. He put those topics up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics. He put those topics up on the
+board and let teams form around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and let teams form around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and let teams form around them
+depending on what you were interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you were interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you were interested
+in. And so beyond just the idea of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And so beyond just the idea of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And so beyond just the idea of this
+is forecast-based financing and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forecast-based financing and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forecast-based financing and this is
+how it works and who we want to teach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works and who we want to teach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works and who we want to teach it
+to, we got no further instructions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, we got no further instructions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, we got no further instructions.
+Pablo did come in throughout the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo did come in throughout the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo did come in throughout the class
+to teach us a little bit more about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach us a little bit more about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach us a little bit more about who
+we would be talking to or to work over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be talking to or to work over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be talking to or to work over
+the ideas that we had been exploring,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas that we had been exploring,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas that we had been exploring,
+but on the whole we just got the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the whole we just got the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the whole we just got the general
+topic and came up with the game ideas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and came up with the game ideas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and came up with the game ideas on
+our own.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One of our biggest challenges was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of our biggest challenges was with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of our biggest challenges was with
+forecast based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast based
+financing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing.
+It's an understandable topic, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an understandable topic, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an understandable topic, but it's
+sort of abstract and it doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of abstract and it doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of abstract and it doesn't quite
+lend itself to a game. It's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend itself to a game. It's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend itself to a game. It's very easy to
+come up with. We're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with. We're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with. We're going to take
+forecastbased financing and like hide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecastbased financing and like hide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecastbased financing and like hide it
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+game, but that's not a fun game to play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, but that's not a fun game to play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, but that's not a fun game to play.
+So, a lot of our challenge was figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a lot of our challenge was figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a lot of our challenge was figuring
+out how are we going to work? How are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how are we going to work? How are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how are we going to work? How are we
+going to create a game around forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a game around forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a game around forecast
+based financing that explains the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing that explains the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing that explains the ideas
+that we want that teaches people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want that teaches people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want that teaches people
+something new and uh is a game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new and uh is a game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new and uh is a game that
+we're actually proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually proud
+of. Uh another compounding factor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. Uh another compounding factor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. Uh another compounding factor was
+that originally our target audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that originally our target audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that originally our target audience
+was policy makers which was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was policy makers which was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was policy makers which was a very
+difficult audience because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult audience because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult audience because they don't
+generally play games which meant that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally play games which meant that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally play games which meant that we
+are starting with trying to teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting with trying to teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting with trying to teach them
+everything from scratch. Whereas when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from scratch. Whereas when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from scratch. Whereas when
+you're uh creating for somebody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh creating for somebody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh creating for somebody who has
+experience with video games, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with video games, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with video games, you can
+take a lot of things for granted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of things for granted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of things for granted that
+they're going to know uh how to drag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to know uh how to drag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to know uh how to drag and
+drop things in order to change things or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop things in order to change things or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop things in order to change things or
+what the the various sort of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the various sort of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the various sort of design
+ideas you're using actually mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you're using actually mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you're using actually mean to
+them. So that was a big challenge for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So that was a big challenge for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So that was a big challenge for us
+was designing for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designing for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designing for this
+uh new new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new new uh
+consumer. And we also had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer. And we also had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer. And we also had a lot of
+design challenges with getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design challenges with getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design challenges with getting the
+forecast based financing game to work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast based financing game to work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast based financing game to work.
+And the way that we approached it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the way that we approached it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the way that we approached it at
+first was by creating a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was by creating a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was by creating a whole bunch of
+different prototypes of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prototypes of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prototypes of a lot of
+different types of games and trying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of games and trying them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of games and trying them
+out with people, seeing what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with people, seeing what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with people, seeing what they
+understood, what they liked about them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood, what they liked about them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood, what they liked about them,
+what didn't work, what they learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what didn't work, what they learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what didn't work, what they learned from
+them. uh which was really good in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. uh which was really good in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. uh which was really good in terms
+of exploring different ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploring different ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploring different ideas and
+learning more about the the subject area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more about the the subject area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more about the the subject area
+but it created a new difficulty and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it created a new difficulty and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it created a new difficulty and that
+we were all over the place for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all over the place for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all over the place for the first
+couple weeks of the project. Uh we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks of the project. Uh we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks of the project. Uh we got
+to the point about halfway through we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point about halfway through we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point about halfway through we
+had about 8 weeks to do this project I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 8 weeks to do this project I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 8 weeks to do this project I
+think and halfway through we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and halfway through we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and halfway through we still
+didn't uh end up with our final idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh end up with our final idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh end up with our final idea
+yet. Instead, we were exploring all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. Instead, we were exploring all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. Instead, we were exploring all
+these different ideas and pulling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different ideas and pulling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different ideas and pulling uh
+various parts of them in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various parts of them in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various parts of them in order to make
+our game. And then we realized that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game. And then we realized that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game. And then we realized that our
+game lacked a coherent vision. We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game lacked a coherent vision. We had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game lacked a coherent vision. We had
+been working on a couple prototypes. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working on a couple prototypes. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working on a couple prototypes. We
+didn't like any of them. It didn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like any of them. It didn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like any of them. It didn't feel
+like players had a connection to them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like players had a connection to them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like players had a connection to them,
+both in terms of, you know, what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of, you know, what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of, you know, what was
+happening in the game, but also a mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the game, but also a mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the game, but also a mental
+connection of I understand exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection of I understand exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection of I understand exactly
+what's happening here. So we decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here. So we decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here. So we decided to
+take everything we had learned and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take everything we had learned and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take everything we had learned and some
+of the systems we had built and package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the systems we had built and package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the systems we had built and package
+them into sort of a new UI which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into sort of a new UI which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into sort of a new UI which was
+this side view of the rising water which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side view of the rising water which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side view of the rising water which
+everybody just understood intuitively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody just understood intuitively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody just understood intuitively.
+You see a village, you see someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see a village, you see someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see a village, you see someone
+standing there and you see the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing there and you see the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing there and you see the water
+rising toward it and it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising toward it and it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising toward it and it doesn't matter
+who you are, you understand that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are, you understand that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are, you understand that this is
+something that's in danger and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's in danger and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's in danger and you're
+going to need to do something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to do something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to do something about the
+rising waters. Uh and once we hit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising waters. Uh and once we hit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising waters. Uh and once we hit on
+that idea, everything became much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea, everything became much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea, everything became much
+easier. Of course, there were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier. Of course, there were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier. Of course, there were still
+ideas we had to explain, uh, concepts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we had to explain, uh, concepts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we had to explain, uh, concepts we
+had to design into the game in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to design into the game in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to design into the game in an
+understandable way, but for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable way, but for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable way, but for the most
+part, the the game was actually there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, the the game was actually there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, the the game was actually there.
+The mechanics themselves didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The mechanics themselves didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The mechanics themselves didn't change
+very much between the prototype we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much between the prototype we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much between the prototype we had
+before and this idea of the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and this idea of the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and this idea of the rising
+waters, but just packaging it in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waters, but just packaging it in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waters, but just packaging it in a new
+design changed the game, the feel of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design changed the game, the feel of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design changed the game, the feel of it
+completely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, I had game design experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I had game design experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I had game design experience
+beforehand. So, I came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand. So, I came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand. So, I came in
+uh I like game design a lot. I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I like game design a lot. I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I like game design a lot. I was
+hoping to work more on that, but also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to work more on that, but also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to work more on that, but also to
+get some interesting games made. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some interesting games made. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some interesting games made. Um I
+think I did get some of that, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I did get some of that, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I did get some of that, but
+probably the thing I learned the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the thing I learned the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the thing I learned the most
+that I didn't expect coming in was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't expect coming in was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't expect coming in was just
+how to work with a team. Uh we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to work with a team. Uh we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to work with a team. Uh we're all
+busy MIT students and so we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy MIT students and so we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy MIT students and so we would have
+weeks where all of a sudden everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks where all of a sudden everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks where all of a sudden everybody
+would have a test and we could just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a test and we could just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a test and we could just like
+do we had no time to do anything else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we had no time to do anything else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we had no time to do anything else.
+And so it was a lot of learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it was a lot of learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it was a lot of learning how to
+work with people who are extremely busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with people who are extremely busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with people who are extremely busy
+and who have a lot on their plate. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who have a lot on their plate. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who have a lot on their plate. And
+so it's really easy for things to slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really easy for things to slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really easy for things to slip
+or things to get forgotten, fall through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things to get forgotten, fall through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things to get forgotten, fall through
+the cracks. So it taught me a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cracks. So it taught me a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cracks. So it taught me a lot about
+about project management basically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about project management basically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about project management basically and
+and solving problems as a team and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solving problems as a team and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solving problems as a team and
+learning how to get everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to get everybody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to get everybody.
+I don't want to say hurting cats because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to say hurting cats because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to say hurting cats because
+it's not like people didn't care, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like people didn't care, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like people didn't care, but
+it's just that we were so busy. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that we were so busy. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that we were so busy. It
+taught me how to work with these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me how to work with these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me how to work with these kind of
+busy people to get to where we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy people to get to where we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy people to get to where we needed to
+be.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v4ur5mna060.txt b/v4ur5mna060.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0089f4bc8ecfb6bde190c2505b46210a56d4ced5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v4ur5mna060.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2613 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+Today we're going to go
+beyond the way we've
+
+spoken about before.
+
+We've talked about how
+psychologists measure the
+
+mind, how neuroscientists
+interrogate the brain.
+
+And so now, we'll talk about the
+first human faculty that
+
+we'll consider in a series
+of faculties
+
+through the course, Vision--
+
+How We See.
+
+And for today's lecture, I got
+help from Melissa Troyer, one
+
+of your teaching assistants.
+
+So, one of the things we can
+think about is what are the
+
+purposes of vision?
+
+What do we use sight for?
+
+And we'll talk about that.
+
+Problems that the visual
+system has to overcome.
+
+What are the obstacles for
+vision to work accurately and
+
+efficiently?
+
+And how does the brain
+organization of vision serve
+
+the human capacity to see?
+
+So human perceptual abilities
+are amazing, as are perceptual
+
+abilities of many species
+in different areas.
+
+But humans can detect a candle
+30 miles away on
+
+a dark, clear night.
+
+They can detect cochlear
+displacements
+
+that's in your ear--
+
+equal to the width of
+a hydrogen atom.
+
+You can taste 1 teaspoon of
+sugar, even when it's mixed in
+
+two gallons of water.
+
+You can smell a drop of perfume
+diffused into the
+
+space of a three-bedroom
+apartment.
+
+So the human capacity to
+perceive the world in a highly
+
+sensitive way is remarkable.
+
+We're going to focus on vision
+specifically today.
+
+And think, what do we
+use vision for?
+
+Well, how does it serve us in
+dealing with the world?
+
+And researchers have thought
+about two major reasons that
+
+we see, two purposes
+of vision.
+
+One of them is object
+recognition.
+
+Recognizing things
+in the world.
+
+People we know, words
+we can read,
+
+chairs, tables, animals--
+
+all kinds of things that
+we see out there.
+
+And we need to know who they are
+or what they are in order
+
+to operate in the world.
+
+And the second one is a little
+bit different, navigation--
+
+getting around in the world.
+
+When you're running, when you're
+jumping, when you're
+
+reaching to grab something,
+you're not usually much
+
+interested in what something
+is, as where you're moving,
+
+where you need to move
+to avoid something
+
+being thrown at you.
+
+So two big purposes
+of vision--
+
+what things are and where they
+are, so you can navigate
+
+around quickly in the world.
+
+And when we think about purposes
+of vision, for what
+
+things are or where they are,
+psychologists and people
+
+working in computer vision have
+recognized a series of
+
+problems that our visual
+system has to solve.
+
+We have to link unique images.
+
+Because when we see something,
+it'll almost always look
+
+different from one perceptual
+moment to the next.
+
+We can see the same person,
+for example, but under
+
+different conditions of
+illumination, darkness or
+
+lightness or shadows, the angle
+we see them at, the
+
+distance we see them at, the
+expression on their face-- a
+
+smile or frown--
+
+shadows that might be being
+cast, occlusion, a thing
+
+blocking part of their face.
+
+And yet, we can recognize a
+person very well under all
+
+these circumstances.
+
+So what arrives in our
+eye is different from
+
+all of these views.
+
+But what we interpret them
+is all the same.
+
+That's a person I know.
+
+The same thing with letters.
+
+We can see letters in all kinds
+of fonts and all kinds
+
+of handwriting, and yet we can
+interpret what they are in a
+
+uniform way.
+
+Or body.
+
+We can see bodies of all kinds
+of different positions.
+
+But our visual system
+lets us know right
+
+away that it's a person.
+
+And so psychologists have tried
+to formalize these kinds
+
+of problems to ones
+of equivalents.
+
+So something is the same thing
+at different views.
+
+Generalization--
+
+something has a very
+different shape.
+
+Or impoverished input, where
+there's poor lighting or
+
+something's complicated.
+
+And you still figure
+out what it is.
+
+For getting around in the world
+or where things are in
+
+the world, you're moving
+through space
+
+and tracking things.
+
+And there's many sources
+of movement.
+
+Your eyes are constantly
+moving.
+
+Your head is moving.
+
+Your body is moving.
+
+And the world is moving.
+
+And you have to sort
+all those out.
+
+Run quickly.
+
+Jump [INAUDIBLE]
+
+world spatially.
+
+And so here's some examples.
+
+Here's a shape constancy
+problem.
+
+Here's two different
+versions of a cat.
+
+It's trivial for you to know
+that even though these things
+
+have different shapes, they
+represent the same thing.
+
+But that's an achievement of
+your visual system, to easily
+
+make that equivalence across
+two very different shapes.
+
+And we know, from computer
+vision, how hard these
+
+problems are.
+
+No computer vision system sees
+with anything like the
+
+generalized ability of
+a very young child.
+
+So our visual systems are so
+brilliant that psychologists
+
+and vision scientists really
+interrogate our visual system
+
+to figure out, how
+do we do it.
+
+If people didn't do this, we'd
+think it would be impossible
+
+to accomplish at all.
+
+Here's another example that's
+easily solved by people-- not
+
+so easily solved by machines.
+
+If you see something like a car
+at different angles, we
+
+know that's the same thing,
+pretty easily, even though,
+
+again, the information that
+arrives to our eyes is
+
+radically different.
+
+And the same thing can be said
+of something like all these
+
+different versions
+of the letter C.
+
+Radically different shapes.
+
+But we can readily interpret
+almost all them-- this one
+
+won't be too tough--
+
+as the letter C.
+
+So our visual system does
+this brilliantly.
+
+And also you get very
+impoverished views.
+
+A key might be covered by
+something, clothes on a hook.
+
+There might be a
+book over here.
+
+There might be a fire hydrant
+over here or a person.
+
+And yet, even though you get
+only partial information, it's
+
+relatively trivial to discover,
+for you, what it is
+
+you're looking at.
+
+Or you can see things like
+you've never seen before.
+
+The pink elephant, this odd
+picture, this striped ...
+
+you've never seen them before
+but it's not really ...
+
+So again, your visual system
+is just so brilliant at
+
+matching what it sees with what
+you know to figure out
+
+what's in front of you.
+
+So today we're going to talk
+about how our minds and brains
+
+allow us to see the
+world vision.
+
+And we'll talk about it in three
+parts; how philosophers
+
+and psychologists have thought
+about the idea of seeing; how
+
+when information first enters
+your eye-- your retina--
+
+which are set of layers in the
+back of the eye; how that
+
+retina's already organized to
+help you see the world; and
+
+how that information is then
+transported into the cortex,
+
+where higher-level processing
+lets you know where you are
+
+and what you're looking at.
+
+So the ideas about how we learn
+to see the world have
+
+their roots in philosophy.
+
+For example, John Locke is
+associated with the idea of
+
+the blank slate or
+tabula rosa.
+
+He said, "Let us suppose the
+mind to be a white paper void
+
+of any characters, without
+any ideas.
+
+How comes it to be furnished?
+
+Whence comes it by that vast
+store, which the busy and
+
+boundless fancy of man has
+painted on it with an almost
+
+endless variety?" Where do we
+get the information for how
+
+the world works when
+we look at it?
+
+And his answer to that
+was experience.
+
+That we notice things around us,
+and experience drives our
+
+understanding of the world.
+
+And that position that there's
+a blank slate and we learn
+
+objectively from the world
+around us has been called the
+
+Objectivist view.
+
+And maybe, that we see the world
+that we build up through
+
+experience, knowledge about how
+to accurately represent
+
+what's around us.
+
+The alternative you has
+emphasized how much our mind
+
+organizes what we see, instead
+of what's out there itself.
+
+And so Gestalt psychologists or
+Gestalt views on perception
+
+say, it's not what's out there
+in the world, but the way our
+
+mind organizes and believes
+what's out there.
+
+And these two things
+can come together.
+
+So for example, when you think
+about how you listen to a
+
+piano, music comes from
+piano the same way a
+
+pianist strikes chords.
+
+There's things out there in
+the world that you see.
+
+The piano has certain
+limitations.
+
+It can sound like somethings
+but not others.
+
+It can't be a clarinet.
+
+There's constraints in the world
+on what's possible to
+
+see what's out there.
+
+And our percepts are evoked
+by nature in this way.
+
+But they are personal and
+not a copy of nature.
+
+In the words, we each,
+individually, figure out
+
+what's going on there by
+our own experiences and
+
+interpretation.
+
+And they're exactly that-- an
+interpretation, not a simple
+
+mirroring or copy of nature.
+
+So I'm going to try and convince
+you of something that
+
+might not be obvious to people
+when they first think about
+
+it, that vision is an
+interpretation of the
+
+world around us.
+
+It's not simply a video camera
+or mirror, it's an active
+
+calculation of what's
+out there.
+
+And we see, through inference,
+what we believe that we see.
+
+And that visual illusions--
+
+and you've seen some before, and
+I'll show you some again--
+
+are not just illusions to trick
+people and confuse them.
+
+But they're demonstrations of a
+gap between what's actually
+
+out there in the world and
+how we interpret it.
+
+Most of the time we don't
+have illusions.
+
+We don't walk into walls.
+
+We don't misidentify people
+we know commonly.
+
+Because illusions are rare,
+because our minds and brains
+
+have evolved to interpret the
+world that's out there, and
+
+the system works so brilliantly
+coupled with the
+
+environment that we actually
+live in, that we
+
+don't think about it.
+
+So the person on the street
+says, well, what
+
+do I need to see?
+
+I open my eyes.
+
+But that's because our visual
+system works so brilliantly,
+
+effortlessly, and
+automatically.
+
+It's such a calculating machine
+that that's why it
+
+feels so simple.
+
+So here's one, small example.
+
+And I'll show you a number of
+visual illusions that show us
+
+how we're constantly
+interpreting even the most
+
+simple thing.
+
+So for example, here's
+two people.
+
+And we're not worried that this
+is one of the shortest
+
+men you've ever seen, because we
+know, through prospective,
+
+this person's standing
+back there.
+
+Even though, if they were
+standing right next to
+
+somebody, you'd worry about
+the size of that person.
+
+So we're constantly interpreting
+information by
+
+the context in which
+we see it.
+
+Here's another example of the
+choice of interpretations.
+
+You can see a vase.
+
+Or you can see two faces here. ,
+Usually it's hard for people
+
+to see them both
+simultaneously.
+
+They tend to flip
+back and forth.
+
+But you can choose the
+
+interpretation of what you see.
+
+So let me pick one example where
+people have studied a
+
+lot, which is the issue of
+brightness constancy.
+
+So here's the problem for
+the visual system.
+
+The ambient brightness, the
+brightness around us, varies
+
+in staggering ratios.
+
+When we're outdoors in the
+sun-- and even that's not
+
+constant, right?
+
+Sometimes it's a bright day.
+
+Sometimes it's a cloudy day.
+
+Sometimes we're indoors under
+bright conditions or less
+
+bright conditions.
+
+So huge changes in the
+ambient illumination.
+
+Or in shadows-- we'll make
+it even more complicated.
+
+That means in a purely
+measurement sense, in a purely
+
+physics sense, a piece of coal
+in sunlight reflects 10 times
+
+as much light as snow
+in the shade.
+
+So think about that
+for a moment.
+
+You're not disturbed if
+you see a piece of
+
+coal inside or outside.
+
+They both look, to you, like
+black, dark pieces of coal.
+
+And snow looks, pretty much, the
+same to you if it's inside
+
+or outside.
+
+But if you're visual system
+worked like a simple,
+
+objective light meter, you would
+conclude that the piece
+
+of coal in the sunlight is a
+much brighter thing-- in an
+
+objective sense--
+
+than snow in the shade.
+
+And yet, you never make that
+conclusion, because you're
+
+constantly, automatically,
+without effort, adjusting
+
+mentally for the ambient
+light condition.
+
+So we use brightness all the
+time to help us figure out is
+
+that a piece of coal
+or sunlight?
+
+But that brightness perception
+is constantly adjusted to
+
+interpret brightness in the
+context we're sitting in.
+
+And perceptual psychologists
+have worked on how people
+
+calculate this.
+
+So here's an example of a dark
+letter T. Again, the black T
+
+would be 10 times brighter
+outdoors than
+
+white paper is indoors.
+
+And yet, you're never
+bothered by that.
+
+You can read a newspaper or
+something else indoors or
+
+outdoors with equal these,
+because people are calculating
+
+the ratio of the ambient
+lighting--
+
+lower inside, much brighter
+outside, from the sun--
+
+and using that information to
+make inferences about the
+
+relative brightness of a
+stimulus they're looking at.
+
+And there's all kinds of
+examples or illusions that
+
+show us this.
+
+So for example, here, you detect
+a white tile in the
+
+shade and a gray tile
+in brightness.
+
+And that's how you
+interpret it.
+
+But that's because you're taking
+already into account--
+
+without even thinking about
+it for a moment--
+
+the fact that this is in the
+shadow, and this is in the
+
+bright light.
+
+You're right in your
+interpretation.
+
+But if we show a constant
+background, you could see that
+
+those two are actually identical
+in brightness.
+
+The same thing-- you could take
+a look at this cube and
+
+this cube as part of these
+Rubik's cubes.
+
+This looks orange.
+
+This looks brown.
+
+You're adjusting for light,
+as you make those
+
+interpretations.
+
+And if you make the background
+constant, you can see those
+
+are identical in color
+and luminance.
+
+So this shows you that we're
+constantly making these
+
+interpretations.
+
+Only these tricks of visual
+illusion make us realize that
+
+our inferences are occasionally
+wrong.
+
+But they're incredibly right
+almost all the time.
+
+So here's another example
+of taking a local
+
+luminance into account.
+
+So typically, people see
+this as a lighter gray.
+
+And this is a darker gray.
+
+Again, they're using the
+contrast that surrounds it to
+
+make that interpretation.
+
+Because if we give it a constant
+background, you can
+
+see that in an objective sense
+the two are identical.
+
+People use edges as a very
+powerful source of information
+
+to make these inferences.
+
+And you can see that
+in one moment.
+
+Because this boundary, here,
+is used to make judgments
+
+about the relative brightness
+around an object.
+
+So you just do this.
+
+The boundary disappears, and
+the two things look equally
+
+gray, one above the other.
+
+Or no less spectacular, but
+measured example, here's two
+
+different shades of gray.
+
+And if you're in a light meter,
+objectively looking at
+
+how much light is reflected from
+this, here that changes.
+
+This looks almost the
+same as this.
+
+But really, there's just
+a manipulation at the
+
+boundaries.
+
+Again, here's a light meter.
+
+Here's a boundary.
+
+So these two sides are
+really identical.
+
+It's just been manipulated
+by the boundary.
+
+And you can see that, because
+if you get rid of that
+
+boundary, now you can
+see that these two
+
+sides are equally bright.
+
+Another example, again, of how
+we're constantly using local
+
+information about brightness
+to make
+
+judgments about objects.
+
+Here, you see a picture
+of a woman.
+
+Here's her forehead.
+
+Here's her darker hair.
+
+But in fact, that's a judgment
+in interpretation.
+
+Because if we cover up the
+surrounding information, the
+
+hair is identical to the face.
+
+Here's some other illusions,
+not all about brightness.
+
+But, again, they're just
+reminders that what we see is
+
+constantly a calculation and an
+
+interpretation of many factors.
+
+So here's a fun spiral.
+
+You can see it zooming around,
+going from inner tightness and
+
+unwinding peripherally.
+
+And so we can add
+a dot to that.
+
+And now, we can let this travel
+around to the middle.
+
+You can see it's not quite
+making the middle.
+
+And we can try that again.
+
+Because in fact, in this
+picture, every line, every
+
+circle is a circle.
+
+And none of them are connected,
+one to the other.
+
+They just appear that way.
+
+This illusion, that Richard
+Gregory describes, was
+
+inspired because he saw a wall
+in a cafe that looked like it
+
+had not been well assembled
+by the person building it.
+
+As if they had been consuming
+something from the cafe as
+
+they built the wall.
+
+And bizarrely, having all kinds
+of lines that are not
+
+lined up, as you'd expect in
+
+well-constructed tiles on a wall.
+
+But in fact, every line, here,
+is perfectly straight.
+
+And you're interpreting the
+black and white edges to
+
+confuse you about the lining
+up across the horizontal.
+
+This is very striking.
+
+Here's Rubik's cubes that,
+again, now they're adding one
+
+more story into this,
+which is color.
+
+But we use that often in every
+day sight, of course, to make
+
+conclusions about things.
+
+And here, you can see the
+difference between, for
+
+example, this yellow cube
+and this brown cube.
+
+What did I want to do?
+
+You can see the difference
+between this brown cube--
+
+sorry, let me get my
+illusion correct--
+
+and this darker cube, lighter
+brown and darker brown.
+
+But if we cover those up,
+those are identical.
+
+And they're gray.
+
+Here's another one that shows
+you it's not just the color
+
+itself but the spatial
+location.
+
+So here's a pink circle, near
+the middle of this display.
+
+And here's a more orange one.
+
+So we're just simply going to
+expand those out and get it
+
+bigger and bigger.
+
+And as it's moving
+across your eye--
+
+even though, objectively, it
+remains pink and orange, or
+
+the things will lead you
+to you interpret that--
+
+as it gets big enough, the color
+difference disappears to
+
+your perception.
+
+And sometimes you can
+get-- and this is a
+
+very complicated one--
+
+illusions--
+
+I don't know if it's
+working for you--
+
+that these things are actually
+turning, even though none of
+
+them are moving at all.
+
+OK.
+
+And one last, simple example.
+
+Here's yellow on gray.
+
+Here's light gray on yellow.
+
+But in fact, these X's
+are identical.
+
+And you can see that when
+they meet here.
+
+So again, we're constantly
+interpreting color, shape,
+
+brightness, by things that
+are surrounding it.
+
+And everything is being the
+product of an interpretation,
+
+not what's out there in an
+objective sense of self.
+
+And so, if we think about this
+Objectivist view that that
+
+can't be right, that the limit
+of this objective view would
+
+be that everybody sees
+everything differently all the
+
+time, that would be a
+confusing world of
+
+hallucinations.
+
+We don't live there
+either, mostly.
+
+So we think it's the because
+there's a relationship between
+
+these, or a synthesis.
+
+We perceive only within limits
+of our nervous system.
+
+There's a way that
+we see the world.
+
+But the way that our nervous
+system computes and makes
+
+inferences about the world
+reflects many properties of
+
+the world that are efficient
+and accurate.
+
+So how do we get information
+into our brains to see?
+
+So, if you were to design a
+system that was hopelessly
+
+failed, the first thing you
+would do is think the visual
+
+system is going to fail.
+
+The first thing it does is it
+takes objects in the world and
+
+it flips them upside down-- and
+how they're perceived in
+
+the eye, the front of the eye,
+the back of the eye.
+
+Here's the retina.
+
+And the first place in your
+brain that sees something is
+
+in the back of your eye.
+
+You'd think you would put it
+in the front of your eye.
+
+And information bounces
+back into the
+
+deepest part of the eye.
+
+And then it comes out and leads
+through the optic nerve.
+
+You also know, from prior
+classes, that the world is
+
+organized by left and right
+visual fields, instead of the
+
+way we intuitively think
+about the world.
+
+Let's take a closer look
+at the retina.
+
+These layers of cells in your
+eye that begin vision.
+
+So light comes in and bounces
+through the back.
+
+And here are the rods and cones
+where vision begins.
+
+The cones are primarily
+near the fovea.
+
+The rods are primarily
+peripheral.
+
+And I'm reminding you, again, as
+the optic nerve leaves, it
+
+goes through the optic chiasm.
+
+The fibers get sorted out by
+whether they're having
+
+information from the left or
+right side of the world, and
+
+then enter the cortex
+that way.
+
+Within the retina, within your
+eye, here is a graphic of the
+
+different kinds of cells.
+
+Here's what the cells
+actually look like.
+
+And here's a blow up of these
+remarkable cones, these larger
+
+entities and the rods that you
+can see are very small, but
+
+many of them.
+
+And the big difference between
+rods and cones is that the
+
+rods are receptive to
+information at only one
+
+wavelength.
+
+They're effectively
+color blind.
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+But that's a good wavelength
+to pick up information, for
+
+example, in low light.
+
+The cones are selective for
+blue or red or green.
+
+That's the stuff of
+seeing color.
+
+But it doesn't operate too well,
+unless you have a pretty
+
+well illuminated situation.
+
+And the rods and cones have
+a striking physical
+
+organization.
+
+So here's the distribution
+of cones for color.
+
+Pretty much, all of them in the
+fovea in the middle part
+
+of the retina.
+
+And then the rods are spread
+out peripherally.
+
+So there's this big difference
+in where they're located.
+
+And another big difference is
+that the cones, the ones that
+
+respond to color, and that are
+in the middle of the fovea,
+
+have an almost one-to-one
+relationship between the
+
+receptors for color information
+and the neurons
+
+that leave the eye with
+information that
+
+will go into the brain.
+
+The rods have a many-to-one
+relationship.
+
+Many rods are contributing for a
+combined calculation of some
+
+kind to a single neuron
+that leaves the brain.
+
+So you can already see, at the
+very first moment of reception
+
+from the rods and from the cons,
+very different kinds of
+
+processes are being begun,
+as you begin to see.
+
+Two ideas have been very helpful
+for understanding how
+
+vision is organized
+in the brain--
+
+our receptive fields
+and retinotopy.
+
+Receptive fields are, simply,
+an area of external space.
+
+It's a physical spot
+in space in which a
+
+stimulus activates a neuron.
+
+So neurons, early in vision,
+will respond to specific
+
+locations in space when you're
+looking straightforward.
+
+One neuron might cover
+this area.
+
+Another neuron might cover
+that area and so forth.
+
+Retinotopy refers to topographic
+or spatial maps of
+
+visual space across
+a restricted
+
+region of the brain.
+
+And so, retinotopy keeps these
+receptive fields lined up.
+
+So if the neuron is seeing this
+spot, this retinotopic
+
+map, and so the next spot
+stays next to it.
+
+And the next spot stays
+next to it.
+
+So you can reconstruct what
+you see, based on a lot of
+
+very local glances at
+the environment.
+
+And then it travels from the
+eye, through the optic nerve,
+
+into something called the
+lateral geniculate nucleus.
+
+The nucleus is simply a
+collection of cells.
+
+This is part of the thalamus.
+
+And from there, the fibers will
+travel into the cortex to
+
+begin conscious visual
+perception.
+
+And you have one on the left
+and one in the right of the
+
+lateral geniculate nucleon.
+
+And if you look at
+this blown up--
+
+this is a sample from a monkey,
+but the human one
+
+looks very similar.
+
+You can see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+6 layers of cells in each
+
+lateral geniculate nucleus.
+
+The first two look a little
+bit different.
+
+If you look carefully, they're
+comprised of larger cells.
+
+The other four are comprised
+of smaller cells.
+
+So people describe the cell
+layer, made up of larger
+
+cells, as magnocellular--
+
+big cells.
+
+And the other four layers as
+parvocellular, or small cells.
+
+The mangocellular layers tend
+to have large cells.
+
+A lot of their information comes
+from the rods, the black
+
+and white elements, good for
+seeing in low vision.
+
+They have large receptive
+fields.
+
+They cover relatively
+large patches of the
+
+world for each neuron.
+
+Three times larger than the
+parvocellular ones, the
+
+neurons fire rapidly,
+transiently, are color blind.
+
+They're good in low contrast,
+low lighting.
+
+The parvocellular ones
+are smaller.
+
+They get a lot of their
+input from the cones.
+
+They have smaller receptive
+fields.
+
+They have slow, sustained
+responses.
+
+They don't turn on and
+off very quickly.
+
+They're wavelength sensitive.
+
+So they can respond to color.
+
+They operate best when things
+are very bright.
+
+They're unique to primates,
+and there are 10
+
+times more of them.
+
+But again, even before you get
+to the cortex, there's this
+
+huge organization between
+two modes or pathways of
+
+perception, so you
+can construct the
+
+world as you see it.
+
+And then we've gone over
+before that as you
+
+leave the nuclei --
+
+the lateral geniculate nuclei--
+then the next fiber
+
+pathway takes you into the
+primary visual cortex in the
+
+back of your brain.
+
+Now, vision is so important for
+primates and people, that
+
+when people estimate how much of
+the neocortex is devoted to
+
+different modalities, a common
+estimate is that about half of
+
+the brain is primarily
+devoted to vision--
+
+11% to touch, 3% to audition.
+
+These are ballpark estimates.
+
+But it shows you how visual we
+are with our fellow primates.
+
+There's many specialized
+areas within the
+
+human visual cortex.
+
+They estimated some years ago it
+was 32 distinct areas, each
+
+performing a different tasks,
+lots of specialization.
+
+And another fascinating aspect
+of vision is proliferation as
+
+we go up into higher stations
+of visual processing.
+
+So in one lateral geniculate
+nucleus in your brain-- and
+
+you have two of them, one on
+the left and one on the
+
+right-- you have about
+a million neurons.
+
+They will send information that
+will be interpreted by
+
+about 250 million neurons
+in your visual cortex.
+
+Those will communicate about
+400 million neurons in the
+
+next level of processing.
+
+And finally, there'll be
+something like 1.3 billion
+
+visual cortical neurons
+in the brain,
+
+overall, in a gross estimate.
+
+It's as if to discover what
+you're seeing, you're having
+
+larger and larger populations
+of neurons unpacking the
+
+mystery of what initially
+came into the brain very
+
+impoverished information, that's
+expanded to begin to
+
+understand what you need to
+perceive a face or a word or a
+
+physical movement.
+
+So a single lateral geniculate
+neuron, it could be estimated,
+
+will take 600 cortical neurons
+to interpret what this lateral
+
+geniculate neuron has
+been exposed to.
+
+Here's this area in the visual
+cortex, where the information
+
+arrives first into your brain
+and primary visual cortex.
+
+And when we think about cortex
+in perception, in several
+
+modalities, one of the striking
+things is how it's
+
+organized to achieve
+certain goals.
+
+So here, we're going to switch
+for a moment to the parts of
+
+your brain that move
+your body--
+
+motor cortex or that have
+your sense of touch.
+
+And when people stimulate these
+and look at what they're
+
+related to.
+
+For example, in patients
+undergoing treatment for
+
+epilepsy or an animal study--
+support this where you can do
+
+much more expensive
+experimentation--
+
+a very striking thing occurs,
+which is the number of neurons
+
+devoted to different parts of
+your body are radically
+
+different than your
+actual body size.
+
+So this funny looking,
+so-called homunculus
+
+represents how many neurons,
+for example, in your motor
+
+cortex are devoted to different
+parts of your body.
+
+So it turns out that we do
+incredible things with our
+
+hands, so we devote, it seems
+like, a tremendous amount of
+
+this area to the hand.
+
+That's what that
+looks so large.
+
+There's a reason we do
+handshaking and handwriting
+
+and typing with our hands
+and not with our hips.
+
+Because although our hips are
+physically larger than our
+
+hand, we devote an incredibly
+small number of
+
+neurons to do that.
+
+So it's a trick of the brain,
+given a certain limited size,
+
+to blow up its representation
+of what needs to be done
+
+brilliantly.
+
+And to reduce its representation
+of parts of the
+
+body that it doesn't have
+to do too much with.
+
+So what's blown up?
+
+Your hand?
+
+Things to do with your face,
+so that you can speak?
+
+Your tongue, because that has to
+accomplish a lot, in terms
+
+of speech, in terms of eating.
+
+And things like your toes
+and ankle are gypped of
+
+representation, because you
+don't do that much that's
+
+brilliance.
+
+There's a very clever strategy,
+by the brain, to
+
+devote the amount of neural
+resources to make that part of
+
+your body accomplish either
+very complicated things or
+
+very simple things.
+
+And if people on the outside
+looked like this--
+
+this is what they
+would look like.
+
+Giant hands, giant head, and
+a very shriveled up trunk.
+
+So that's not what we look like,
+but that's the way our
+
+brain represents us, our bodies,
+so that we could have
+
+fantastically complicated
+control of our hands and
+
+things having to do with speech
+around our mouth.
+
+It's different for different
+modalities.
+
+For hearing, things
+are organized
+
+by frequency, tonotopy.
+
+For vision, things are organized
+in two ways.
+
+Spatial relations
+are maintained.
+
+They have to be, so you know,
+as different neurons saw
+
+different receptive fields,
+how's that all kept up?
+
+Here's a kind of a rough
+experiment, where a monkey
+
+saw-- before it was, as they
+politely say, sacrificed--
+
+a display like this.
+
+This is the brain of the
+monkey, flattened out.
+
+And you can see it has this
+representation, like this.
+
+Now you could say, well,
+that's how we see.
+
+We line everything up.
+
+But this is not the part of our
+brain that we associate
+
+with conscious perception
+at all.
+
+But if you didn't keep the
+spatial information aligned
+
+correctly, you could never
+interpret things, in the end,
+
+correctly that go together, like
+different parts of a hand
+
+or different letters
+within a word.
+
+In humans, it's also in
+the back of the brain.
+
+It also keeps spatial
+information.
+
+But what do humans do,
+and other primates?
+
+They greatly expand the central
+part of vision.
+
+So here's the central part of
+vision, the so-called fovea,
+
+which is a small part of
+the visual display.
+
+Here is everything else that's
+in peripheral vision.
+
+So this is dark green,
+dark purple.
+
+But when it comes to the
+representation in the visual
+
+cortex, this small area
+of what we see
+
+becomes pretty large.
+
+It's way overrepresented.
+
+So just as the motor cortex over
+represents the hand, the
+
+visual cortex over represents
+the cone
+
+foveal part of the brain.
+
+So they can do much more
+examination, much more
+
+computation on that small
+foveated area.
+
+So that's why it matters,
+tremendously, where people put
+
+their eyes.
+
+Where they put their eyes is
+where neuromachinery is
+
+dedicated to do its most
+brilliant analysis.
+
+And peripheral regions, which
+are large, in vision, get
+
+relatively small
+representation.
+
+All we do, in the periphery,
+is notice if something is
+
+whizzing at our head.
+
+And for that, we don't need
+to be that sophisticated.
+
+Now, what do neurons
+communicate in
+
+primary visual cortex?
+
+Well, this is the, sort of,
+seminal Nobel Prize-winning
+
+work from Hubel and Wiesel, at
+Harvard, who discovered that
+
+what neurons respond to in
+primary visual cortex is the
+
+orientation of a piece of
+something like this.
+
+So here's a neuron that loves
+a little bit of a stimulus.
+
+You notice that disorientation?
+
+Here's each of these lines
+as of the neuron firing.
+
+It generalizes if a bar is close
+in orientation, it will
+
+still like it, somewhat.
+
+And if the bar moves away from
+its preferred orientation, it
+
+won't respond and all.
+
+So these neurons are coding
+something about local
+
+orientation of little lines.
+
+Those little lines will be
+assembled later on in the
+
+brain to represent a letter,
+a word, a book, a face, a
+
+chair, and so on.
+
+But these neurons simply know
+they're seeing a line of this
+
+angle or that angle that will
+be assembled later on for an
+
+entire conscious percept.
+
+And then that information will
+go from primary visual cortex,
+
+in two pathways, that have two
+quite different properties,
+
+but turn out to be the
+super-information processing
+
+pathways of your brain
+and my brain.
+
+So where do we first learn
+about this fundamental
+
+organization of how we see into
+two giant highways of
+
+information processing?
+
+Well, the first studies where we
+should study's in monkeys.
+
+And I'll show you work
+in humans as well.
+
+And the major discovery was
+this, that in our brains,
+
+there's a so-called where
+pathway that goes up in the
+
+brain into the parietal cortex
+and a what pathway that goes
+
+into temporal lobe
+or lower cortex.
+
+And if you make lesions in these
+different regions, one
+
+form of vision is spared
+and one is impaired
+
+in selective ways.
+
+So how did they discover this?
+
+So again, here's the
+big picture.
+
+Early visual processing
+information a what pathway to
+
+know what objects are a
+face, a word, a chair.
+
+Or where things are, that
+you might run to,
+
+grab, or jump over.
+
+So here was the experiment.
+
+It was pretty simple.
+
+Here were two food wells.
+
+And monkeys that were eager to
+get food would get rewarded,
+
+if they would pick the
+correct food well.
+
+They didn't see where the food
+was that was hidden, but they
+
+would get to pick one
+or the other.
+
+And in one task they would have
+to pick which food well
+
+is closer to the stimulus.
+
+That's a where task.
+
+Where is this located?
+
+That's the piece of information
+that will tell me
+
+where to get my food.
+
+And you can see, here's the
+performance of the animals,
+
+their errors.
+
+So it's good to be low.
+
+They are eager to
+get their food.
+
+But if the animal had a
+surgical lesion in the
+
+parietal cortex, the where
+pathway, they were very poor
+
+at performing this task.
+
+As if they couldn't appreciate
+the spatial relation between
+
+where the cylinder was located
+and the food well.
+
+On the other hand, monkeys who
+had lesions made in the
+
+temporal cortex were poor when
+they had to make this task.
+
+They would see two different
+objects.
+
+And they were taught that
+one always meant that's
+
+where the food is.
+
+Let's pretend it's
+the cylinder.
+
+So in order to know the correct
+answer, they would
+
+have to say, OK, is it next to
+this object or this object?
+
+That's a what discrimination.
+
+Is it a cylinder or a cube?
+
+And now, the temporal lobe
+lesions were the ones that
+
+affected performance.
+
+So it's as if one part of the
+brain tells you where things
+
+are, in vision--
+
+parietal lobe.
+
+And one tells you
+what they are--
+
+the temporal lobe.
+
+So that's lesion studies
+in monkeys.
+
+But there's very interesting
+things about when we look at
+
+what cells communicate in these
+two pathways that makes
+
+sense in what we understand to
+be the goals of these systems.
+
+So for example, in the where
+pathway, in the parietal
+
+cortex, many neurons pick up
+information from the fovea,
+
+the central part of vision.
+
+But the majority are sensitive
+to stimuli in the periphery.
+
+So if you imagine, a good
+thing to know if you're
+
+running, is in the periphery.
+
+Are there things coming at your
+head, things to avoid?
+
+You might grab something here,
+if you need to grab it there.
+
+You would want to have a lot of
+peripheral information for
+
+spatial things around you.
+
+And in fact, if a monkey was
+looking at this spot, which is
+
+away, entirely, from the
+stimulus, it would respond to
+
+both a large and small stimulus
+in the periphery
+
+quite strongly.
+
+So these neurons are responding
+to a pretty broad
+
+range of space where things
+could happen.
+
+Neurons in the what pathway
+have almost their entire
+
+responsiveness in the fovea.
+
+Because you know what something
+is, if you're
+
+reading a word and
+looking at it.
+
+If you're looking at a face,
+they're figuring out
+
+who the person is.
+
+So it's only responding, these
+kinds of neurons, to
+
+information in the center.
+
+But it has some very interesting
+properties, even
+
+at the level of singular
+neurons.
+
+So here's a depiction of an
+
+experiment, now, from a monkey.
+
+You're looking at a
+single neuron or
+
+small group of neurons.
+
+And you present something
+like a hand.
+
+And you can see that those
+neurons really like the hand.
+
+Now, don't forget, for a primary
+visual cortex, it just
+
+sees lines.
+
+It doesn't think about
+the entire objects.
+
+But by the time you get to the
+higher levels of vision, it's
+
+encoding an entire object.
+
+And then, you can do experiments
+that basically
+
+interrogate, what does this
+neuron discover in the world?
+
+What is it interested in?
+
+So if you turn the hand over,
+it's still very interested.
+
+You show it a less
+detailed hand.
+
+It's still very interested.
+
+Maybe a bit less, but it's
+still very interested.
+
+A hand, this way, where all
+the spatial relations have
+
+changed still recognizes
+a hand.
+
+It still recognizes a hand with
+a bit less enthusiasm.
+
+But now, a mitten, which kind
+of looks like a hand.
+
+That barely counts
+as a hand at all.
+
+That neuron has lost interest
+in coding that as a hand.
+
+And you're showed other
+things that have some
+
+similarity in shape.
+
+Because these all have
+four elements in
+
+them, like four fingers.
+
+This neuron's not responding
+at all.
+
+It's not that it has four
+things or lines.
+
+It's a hand.
+
+And then, you could even
+worry about things.
+
+Well, maybe this, because
+it's from a person.
+
+But if they see the face, this
+neuron doesn't care.
+
+So it's nothing about
+the gross shape
+
+or that it's a person.
+
+This neuron is specialized,
+foveally, for spotting a hand.
+
+And not only that, these kinds
+of neurons already have the
+
+properties we described that are
+big problems for vision.
+
+So here's a neuron that's
+responding to an upright face.
+
+And then it's responding if the
+face is turned on its side
+
+pretty well.
+
+The face is turned upside down,
+a little less well, but
+
+it's still responding
+to a face.
+
+If the face is distant,
+it's still responding.
+
+If the face changes expression,
+it's still
+
+responding.
+
+And if we put a green filter on
+it, so you have a Martian
+
+person, it's still responding.
+
+So all kinds of ways that a
+face changes in the world,
+
+this neuron is still firing.
+
+And interestingly, this neuron
+was firing for one of the
+
+experimenters.
+
+But it wasn't too interested
+in the other experimenter.
+
+So it's a neuron that's
+generalizing all the different
+
+views that you might
+have of a person.
+
+But it's responding to one
+neuron versus another.
+
+And there's been a lot
+of fun in monkey
+
+neurophysiology stuff.
+
+There's a so-called Jennifer
+Aniston cell, where
+
+researchers have discovered
+neurons, in monkeys, that seem
+
+to respond to Jennifer Aniston,
+for whatever reason.
+
+And other specific
+famous people.
+
+Although, not particularly
+meaningful to the primates.
+
+And of course, in human brain
+imaging, you can do tasks that
+
+emphasize what an object
+is or where it is.
+
+And corresponding to the monkey
+work, we see activation
+
+in this where pathway towards
+the parietal cortex.
+
+If you have to make a
+spatial judgment,
+
+where things are located.
+
+Or this lower temporal
+lobe, what pathway.
+
+You have to make a judgment
+about what object you're
+
+looking at.
+
+So that lines up in intact
+humans very much, with what we
+
+see in primates with
+invasive studies.
+
+So we're going to end today
+by discussing two kinds of
+
+lesions in humans and some
+spectacular impairments in the
+
+what or where pathways.
+
+So let me get you ready for
+these films for a moment.
+
+So one film you're going to see
+is the patient who has a
+
+great injury to the parts of
+the brain in the parietal
+
+cortex that serve our
+where system.
+
+So this is so-called Balint's
+syndrome, in the Neurology.
+
+These are bilateral injuries.
+
+That means on both sides
+of the brain, in
+
+the parietal region.
+
+They're pretty good at knowing
+what something is, because the
+
+temporal lobe pathway, the
+what pathway, is intact.
+
+But they have problems in
+knowing where things are,
+
+reaching for things, where to
+put their gaze, estimating
+
+distances, and navigation,
+in general.
+
+So I'll show you an example
+of a patient like this.
+
+And then the converse, a patient
+who has big problems
+
+in the what system.
+
+And we'll start with that.
+
+And I'll tell you just one last
+bit of information to
+
+think about.
+
+That the what and where
+distinction, sometimes, is not
+
+as complete in every way
+as you might imagine.
+
+And so, sometimes people have
+said, really, the where system
+
+is better described as not
+where things are, but the
+
+information you need for
+physical action in the world,
+
+which is very close to where.
+
+But it's a little
+bit different.
+
+And let me give you the kind
+of what type of information
+
+that the where system still
+seems to have in it.
+
+So here's a patient with
+extensive damage in the what
+
+system, in the lower parts
+of the brain and
+
+posteriorly for vision.
+
+Terrible perception of shapes
+and orientation of shapes.
+
+Very bad what ability.
+
+And she was asked, then, to
+reach with an envelope to a
+
+slot at different
+orientations.
+
+And what's striking is even
+though if her hand was a
+
+distance away-- so if she would
+have to think, what is
+
+the angle I would need
+to approach it with--
+
+she was terrible.
+
+When she actually moved her hand
+towards the slot, she was
+
+surprisingly good.
+
+So let me show you
+the feeling.
+
+So if this patient would have
+to put her hand so that this
+
+letter would fit into
+this slot--
+
+she was very poor at spatial
+relations and knowing what
+
+things were--
+
+she couldn't line
+them up at all.
+
+But now, they said, well, please
+put your hand out and
+
+just stick it in.
+
+And as her hand approaches it,
+she changes orientations and
+
+is correct.
+
+Because in order to do things,
+like to grab something--
+
+think about it.
+
+When you grab something, like a
+pencil or a cup, you need a
+
+little bit of knowledge
+to know what it is.
+
+You wouldn't grab things
+similarly, whether they could
+
+spill easily or be pointy
+or painful.
+
+A little bit what information
+helps you guide even something
+
+like a simple reaching, which
+is a special task.
+
+So it's not so much, maybe,
+that the where
+
+system is only where.
+
+But it has just enough
+information to guide actions
+
+in the world, which has a tiny
+bit of information about what
+
+things are that you're
+jumping over.
+
+If you're going to run into
+something, is it likely to be
+
+soft or hard.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vcDBNyKvLcs.txt b/vcDBNyKvLcs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdad30061d32b02b3257dff7647cc4135c4171e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vcDBNyKvLcs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2727 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So hello.
+
+Today I want to talk about, and
+I want to finish talking
+
+about, search algorithms.
+
+So last time we started to think
+about a framework within
+
+which to think about search and
+the important thing was to
+
+figure out a way to be
+systematic about it.
+
+So we figured out a way to
+organize the way we think
+
+about searching by
+way of a tree.
+
+Put all the possible places
+where we could be in the
+
+search, consider all the
+possible actions that we could
+
+take, so if we started it at
+A, there are two different
+
+actions we could've taken, we
+could have gone to B or D
+
+Think of the actions as the
+edges of the graph and then
+
+think about where we land.
+
+Then, by way of that graph,
+think about the shortest path
+
+to the goal.
+
+So that was the idea and the big
+outcome was order matters.
+
+So if we were to construct an
+agenda, which is the list of
+
+nodes that we are currently
+considering, if we started at
+
+A, we would start by putting
+A on the agenda.
+
+Then we would pop A out of the
+agenda and replace it with its
+
+children, its children
+are AB and AD.
+
+If the algorithm was replaced,
+the first node in the agenda
+
+by the children, the
+first node is AB.
+
+So then we would pop AB and
+replace it with its children,
+
+AB has children ACE, etc.
+
+And the result would be
+something that we call a depth
+
+first search, because what's
+happening is we're following
+
+line lines deeply before
+we look crosswise.
+
+And there's a million varieties
+of this that you
+
+could think of.
+
+You would get the same kind of
+algorithm if you replaced the
+
+last node by its children.
+
+Then you would start with A,
+replace it by its children,
+
+which is still B,D --
+
+but now expand D in terms
+of its children.
+
+Then you'd take the last trial,
+expand it and we would
+
+get another depth search.
+
+So the idea is whatever order
+you choose affects the
+
+solution that you find.
+
+Generally, we're interested in
+finding a search that locates
+
+the best, shortest path, and so
+a good method is to remove
+
+the first node from the
+agenda and add the
+
+children to the end.
+
+That's a cube-based ordering
+where the first out
+
+is the first in.
+
+Then if you imagine starting
+at A, replacing it by its
+
+children, B,D, take the first
+guy out-- that's AB--
+
+consider its children and put
+them at the end of the list.
+
+Then we go back and expand AD
+before we think about the
+
+children of AB and so the
+result-- if you just follow
+
+the red up here--
+
+the result of that search is
+what we call breadth first.
+
+So we systematically propagate
+down the search tree looking
+
+at short paths first.
+
+So that's the idea, the idea
+is search is easy, you
+
+organize it around one of
+these graphs and just
+
+systematically run through the
+search by keeping track of
+
+what we call the agenda, the
+nodes under consideration, and
+
+the only trick is that
+order matters.
+
+We found two useful orders last
+time, first in, first out
+
+and last in, first out, one of
+those giving depth first,
+
+which is generally
+not a good idea.
+
+The other giving breadth first,
+which is generally a
+
+much better idea.
+
+Today what I want to do is
+generalize that structure to
+
+take into account a much more
+flexible group of problems.
+
+That'll give rise to something
+we call uniform cost search
+
+and the other thing that
+I want to think about
+
+is, again, the order.
+
+By thinking about the order, we
+can drastically improve the
+
+efficiency of a search and
+that idea gives rise to
+
+something that we'll
+call heuristics.
+
+So the idea then that I want to
+look at first in terms of
+
+uniform cost search is the idea
+that so far, we've only
+
+looked at problems where
+the cost of each
+
+child is the same.
+
+We were only looking at how many
+children in total, how
+
+many generations did we have to
+go through to get from the
+
+starting point to the goal.
+
+That's an important class of
+problems, but it's by no means
+
+the only important class of
+problems and in fact, the most
+
+trivial problems you can think
+of don't fall into that class.
+
+So for example, imagine that
+what we were doing, so I
+
+motivated the entire problem
+last time in terms of
+
+searching for a path on
+a Manhattan Grid.
+
+So if I wanted to go from A to
+I, where all the distances are
+
+equal, then minimizing the
+number of generations,
+
+minimizing the number of
+intersections that I go
+
+through, will give rise
+to the best search.
+
+However, imagine that
+one particular node
+
+is way off the map.
+
+Then the number of generations
+that I go through is obviously
+
+not the right answer because
+there's a penalty for taking a
+
+path that goes through C because
+the distance between B
+
+and C is so much bigger than
+the distance, for example,
+
+from D to G.
+
+So the first thing that I want
+to look at is how do we
+
+incorporate that kind
+of new information
+
+into the search algorithm?
+
+So before I do that,
+think about how the
+
+breadth-first search--
+
+the thing we found last time
+that was the best--
+
+breadth-first search with
+dynamic programming --
+
+think about how it would
+approach the problem and think
+
+about as we go through step by
+step, what is it doing wrong?
+
+OK?
+
+So I'm going to go through
+an algorithm that is
+
+known not to work --
+
+with the idea that you're
+supposed to identify as I'm
+
+doing that what step
+was wrong.
+
+So imagine that I'm doing this
+and then I'm going to compare
+
+it in a moment to C
+being off the map.
+
+So if I do this problem with
+dynamic programming, I have to
+
+keep track of how many nodes I
+already visited and I have to
+
+keep track of all the nodes
+under consideration.
+
+The nodes under consideration is
+what we call the agenda and
+
+I will call the list of nodes
+that we're keeping track of
+
+for dynamic programming, I'll
+call that the visited list
+
+because we'll add nodes
+to the list.
+
+We'll add states to the
+list as we visit them.
+
+So we start out the algorithm
+with node A being on the
+
+agenda, we're trying to go to
+node I. And by the time I've
+
+started, I've already visited
+A. So the starting point is
+
+that the visited list has one
+element in at A, the agenda
+
+has one element in it, A. So the
+algorithm is going to be
+
+pop the first guy out of the
+agenda and add the children to
+
+the end, paying attention
+to the visited list.
+
+So pop A out of the agenda, the
+children of A are B and D.
+
+As I visit them, they get added
+to visited list, B and
+
+D. So I pop the first person
+out, that's AB.
+
+Then I want to think about the
+children of AB, that's ACE.
+
+A is already visited, so I don't
+need to add that again,
+
+but C and E are not, so I add
+them and add them to the
+
+visited last.
+
+Then I pop AD out, well
+the children are AEG.
+
+A and E are in the list already,
+G is not, so I end up
+
+adding G to the list.
+
+Next is to pop out C. The
+children of C are B and F. B
+
+was in the list, F was not
+so I add the trial that
+
+has F at the end.
+
+Then the next one is E.
+E has children BDFH.
+
+B,D,F, the only new one is H,
+then G. Take G out, the
+
+children of G are D and H but
+they're already in a visited
+
+list, so I don't need
+to worry about them.
+
+Then A,B,C,F, so F is this guy,
+C,E,I. CE I is not in the
+
+list, and that's my answer.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+once more, then you get
+
+another path that's
+equally short.
+
+So why is that not the
+correct answer?
+
+PROFESSOR: A slightly different
+algorithm might give
+
+me that solution.
+
+All that I'm tracing here, I'm
+trying to be consistent with
+
+the algorithm that we
+discussed last time.
+
+But that's a very good point.
+
+So the breadth-first search with
+dynamic programming is
+
+guaranteed to give
+you a solution
+
+that has minimum length.
+
+It's not guaranteed to give you
+a particular solution of
+
+minimum length.
+
+So when there exists multiple
+solutions with the same
+
+length, this search algorithm
+might to give you any of them,
+
+and that's an important
+thing to keep in mind.
+
+So with regard to the problem,
+I'm trying to think ahead.
+
+I'm trying to think ahead to
+where this C is off the map,
+
+it's over here someplace.
+
+So what I want to do is stop
+thinking about how many hops
+
+there were and start
+thinking about how
+
+many miles there are.
+
+The first thing I want you to
+notice is that this search
+
+pattern that we did created
+a visitation list.
+
+We visited the states
+in the order of
+
+increasing number of hops.
+
+That's obviously a good thing.
+
+If we can always keep in the
+agenda the smallest number of
+
+hops to the next place, and if
+we faithfully visit states
+
+starting at the minimum number
+and proceeding up, so we
+
+started with A, there's
+no hops in getting to
+
+A, so that's 0.
+
+In going from A to
+B, there's 1 hop.
+
+In going from A to
+D there's 1 hop.
+
+In going from A to B to C,
+ABC, there's 2 hops.
+
+So what the algorithm that
+we described last time--
+
+breadth-first with than dynamic
+programming does--
+
+is it visits the states
+in the order of
+
+increasing number of hops.
+
+That's obviously a good thing.
+
+OK so what's my next slide?
+
+I want to think about
+C being off the map.
+
+So what I'd like to do is think
+about what order would
+
+this algorithm visit
+number of miles?
+
+So If I think about replacing
+the metric in the bottom with
+
+the number of miles, whenever
+the different actions that can
+
+occur incur different costs.
+
+Think about what I'm saying.
+
+So I'm saying that if I were
+at B and I think about my
+
+children ACE, which action I
+take, go from B to A or go
+
+from B to C are go from B to A,
+which action I take incurs
+
+different cost.
+
+So what I want to do now is
+think about, change the focus
+
+from thinking about how many
+hops is it to thinking about
+
+how many miles is it.
+
+So now, if I replace
+the metric--
+
+so over here, the metric was
+how many hops, replace how
+
+many hops with how
+many miles--
+
+and what you see is that the
+algorithm is not picking up.
+
+It's not visiting the
+states in order of
+
+increasing path length.
+
+That's what's wrong.
+
+So what we'd like to do is
+modify the algorithm somehow
+
+so that it proceeds through the
+paths shortest to longest.
+
+So that's the goal.
+
+And that's pretty easy to do.
+
+The first thing we have to do
+is put that new information
+
+somewhere, and I've already
+alluded to the fact that the
+
+way to think about the new
+information is that it's
+
+associated with actions.
+
+It's not associated
+with states.
+
+States are where we go to in the
+diagram, like state E. The
+
+extra cost is not summarized in
+the state, the extra cost
+
+is summarized in the exact
+path that we took.
+
+And the way we'll think about
+that is incrementally.
+
+So we create the past by doing
+actions and each action has a
+
+different cost.
+
+So the first thing we do is
+associate this additional cost
+
+with the actions.
+
+Then we are looking for a search
+procedure that will
+
+enumerate the paths in the
+order of path cost.
+
+And the way to do that is to
+think about the basic ordering
+
+schemes that we had before,
+which were the stack, last in,
+
+first out versus the queue,
+first in, first out.
+
+What we'll do is we'll make a
+trivial modification to the
+
+idea of a queue and we'll call
+it a priority queue.
+
+So a priority queue is basically
+like a queue, except
+
+the things that are queued
+have priorities.
+
+So the idea will be that when
+you push at possible action,
+
+say I had actions A,B, or C --
+
+in addition to pushing them onto
+the queue, which is how
+
+we would have done breadth-first
+search, in
+
+addition to pushing them on the
+queue, I'll also associate
+
+with them a cost.
+
+So when I push A on the queue,
+the priority queue, I'll
+
+associate with that a cost,
+which I've arbitrarily said
+
+here, the cost is 3.
+
+When I push B, I'll associate
+a cost 6.
+
+When I push C, I'll associate a
+cost 1 so that when I do the
+
+first pop, what will come out
+will be the element that I
+
+pushed that has the smallest
+associated cost.
+
+That'll be a way that I can
+order then my search through
+
+the search tree in terms
+of the minimum costs.
+
+Is that clear?
+
+So the first time I do a pop,
+the element that pops out is
+
+the one with the least cost,
+which is this one, so I get C.
+
+C is then removed from the list
+and the second time I do
+
+it, when I do a pop, I pick out
+the one with the cost 3
+
+which is A. That's an easy
+modification to the schemes
+
+that we used before.
+
+Just like before, we can
+implement a priority queue
+
+with a list.
+
+Here we've put all the
+complication into popping.
+
+So we just push like we did
+before, just jam it in.
+
+So just add it to the
+end of the list.
+
+And we put the complication into
+pop, pop looks through
+
+the list and finds the
+one that has the
+
+biggest negative cost.
+
+That's just because we've got a
+utility routine that gave us
+
+the biggest.
+
+We want the smallest.
+
+We know that the costs are
+non-negative, so we implement
+
+the find the smallest by calling
+the routine find the
+
+biggest with a negative cost.
+
+So notice that all the new
+complication is in this pop
+
+routine, and if you think
+about it, pop is doing
+
+far too much work.
+
+The way this routine works,
+every time you do a pop, it
+
+goes through the whole
+list looking for
+
+something that is small.
+
+Obviously it ought to be able to
+keep track of progress that
+
+it's made in that previously.
+
+There are much better
+algorithms, but for the
+
+purpose of this illustration,
+we didn't bother with it.
+
+So this is not a very clever
+implementation.
+
+We're not trying to be clever,
+we're trying to
+
+illustrate the point.
+
+So if you were seriously try to
+do a big search, if you're
+
+writing code for Google, you
+would never do it this way.
+
+But the idea again is
+in abstraction.
+
+We're going to bury those
+details in the way the queue
+
+is implemented and then at the
+next higher level, we don't
+
+need to worry about
+those details.
+
+We'll abstract them away.
+
+Is that all clear?
+
+OK.
+
+So this then is the way we
+end up doing the search.
+
+So when we do the search, when
+we create a new node, the idea
+
+is going to be that we
+can generate a cost.
+
+Remember, nodes in the search
+tree summarize paths.
+
+Nodes are different from
+states, right?
+
+States are places that we can
+visit, nodes are paths.
+
+So the thing that we need to
+keep track of now in addition
+
+to what we did before, before we
+had the idea that nodes had
+
+states, they have a place
+where you are
+
+currently in the search.
+
+They have actions, which is
+which direction do you go next
+
+and they have parents and that
+was enough information to
+
+create and maintain
+a search tree.
+
+Now what we need to do is
+also keep track of cost.
+
+So we do that by adding
+instantiation time.
+
+When we create a new node, we
+have to also pass it what is
+
+the action cost.
+
+So in the previous example, the
+action cost would be the
+
+distance from B to C, for
+example, being 5, which is
+
+different from the distance
+between B to E, which is 1.
+
+So we have to associate at the
+time we create a node, what is
+
+the action cost associated
+with this new node.
+
+And then the node keeps track
+of the total path cost, so
+
+that's what the red
+stuff is doing.
+
+So it's a very small change to
+the code that we used for
+
+creating nodes in the previous
+two searches, and then we have
+
+to also change the way we do
+the basic search algorithm.
+
+And here too, the idea
+is pretty simple.
+
+It's almost exactly the same
+thing that we did before, with
+
+the idea that we substitute keep
+track of the agenda with
+
+a priority queue rather than
+with a queue or a stack.
+
+There's one more complication,
+and that is that in the past,
+
+we knew that all children
+added the same penalty.
+
+Because we only keeping track
+all of how many generations,
+
+how many hops are there to the
+current node, all children
+
+were in some sense created equal
+because we knew they all
+
+incurred one more hop.
+
+Here, because the children can
+have different associated
+
+action costs, we don't know at
+the time we've picked up the
+
+parent, we don't know at that
+time which child is going to
+
+end up being the shortest one.
+
+So previously, the goal test
+was performed when the
+
+children were pushed
+onto the agenda.
+
+Here we have to wait until we
+look at all of the children
+
+before we will know which child
+has the shortest length.
+
+And that just means that we take
+the goal test, which had
+
+been inside the 'for
+a in actions' loop.
+
+We have to factor that out and
+defer until the next time.
+
+So that's the only change
+to the algorithm
+
+that we need to make.
+
+So is that clear?
+
+So the idea is it's a pretty
+simple modification of the
+
+algorithm that we have so far,
+but it gives rise to a much
+
+more versatile kind of search.
+
+So last time we saw that there
+was really no good point for
+
+not doing the search, the
+breadth-first search with
+
+dynamic programming, we have
+the same thing here.
+
+So when you're doing the uniform
+costs search, there's
+
+no real good reason for not
+implementing that with dynamic
+
+programming, so we also want
+to think about the dynamic
+
+programming algorithm.
+
+So you remember in breadth-first
+search and in
+
+depth-first search, dynamic
+programming referred to the
+
+principle that the shortest path
+from X to Z through Y, so
+
+if you have a path from X to Z
+and you know it goes through
+
+Y, the shortest way you can get
+from X to Z through Y is
+
+to add the shortest path from
+X to Y to the shortest path
+
+from Y to Z.
+
+Sounds trivial, but it has a
+tremendous impact on the
+
+number of states that can be
+omitted from the search.
+
+Here, when we do the uniform
+cost search, we can do the
+
+same sort of thing but except
+that we run into the same sort
+
+of problem with not all
+paths from X to
+
+Y are created equally.
+
+We don't want to remember any
+random path from X to Y, we
+
+want to remember the best one,
+which means that in general,
+
+we're going to have to expand
+all of the children before
+
+we'll know which child gives
+the minimum length path.
+
+So that means that the dynamic
+programming principle that
+
+we'll use is to remember the
+state when it gets expanded,
+
+because it only gets expanded
+after its already being
+
+compared to its siblings.
+
+So wait until a state, wait
+until a path has been compared
+
+to all the siblings of that
+particular path before you
+
+consider it for dynamic
+programming.
+
+So we'll do that by not keeping
+track of states as
+
+they are visited, but instead
+keeping track of states as
+
+they are expanded.
+
+That's the same idea that we
+had to do when we had to
+
+reorder goal test.
+
+Defer the goal task until
+after you think
+
+about all the children.
+
+Defer putting it in the dynamic
+programming list until
+
+after you've looked at all the
+children and so that means
+
+that we think about expansions
+instead of visits.
+
+And so that looks like this.
+
+So just like we took the goal
+test outside the action list,
+
+in the previous breadth-first
+search we did the test goal
+
+state in this loop, here we
+defer it until we've looked at
+
+all the children and
+fetched the parent.
+
+So we defer it into the higher
+loop, we take it out of this
+
+moving into this and similarly,
+we take the dynamic
+
+programming memory.
+
+We now call it expanded to
+remind ourselves that what
+
+we're doing is keeping track
+of states after they were
+
+expanded, not after
+they were visited.
+
+And updating it again, not when
+we look at the individual
+
+actions, but only after
+we've decided which
+
+trial is the winner.
+
+OK?
+
+That's probably confusing.
+
+That's not important at this
+point, because I've written an
+
+example and hopefully by
+thinking through the example,
+
+you'll be able to see what the
+code is supposed to be doing.
+
+And then a good exercise is to
+go through the example, which
+
+will be posted on the web with
+all the gory details, and make
+
+sure that you can match
+up the search--
+
+the partial results of the
+search-- to the way the
+
+algorithm is written.
+
+OK?
+
+So now I want to do the
+problem of interest.
+
+Think about what if one of
+these nodes, one of the
+
+states, state C,
+is very distant
+
+relative to all the rest.
+
+How will the new search, the
+uniform cost search, work with
+
+this problem?
+
+So we do the same sort of
+thing we did before.
+
+Now we have an agenda to keep
+track of the nodes under
+
+consideration.
+
+We have a dynamic programming
+list that is going to be
+
+called expanded because we
+don't add to it until we
+
+expand states.
+
+It had previously been
+called visited.
+
+And we also keep track
+of the metric,
+
+which is the path costs.
+
+So if we start by putting node A
+on the agenda, its path cost
+
+is 0, because it doesn't cost
+anything to get there because
+
+that's where we started.
+
+And we haven't expanded
+anybody yet.
+
+So notice that the starting
+state is a little bit
+
+different here because we're
+keeping track of expanded.
+
+The expanded list started out
+with 0 elements in it.
+
+Previously where we were keeping
+track of visits, it
+
+started out knowing already
+what was going on with A.
+
+So now we expand A, think about
+A's children, B and D,
+
+put them on the agenda, and add
+A to the expanded list.
+
+We expanded A so it's time
+to add it to the dynamic
+
+programming list.
+
+Then also keep track of the
+costs of these paths.
+
+AB costs 1, AD costs 1.
+
+That's the end of
+the first pass.
+
+Now pop the first guy
+off the queue.
+
+Expand it, that means we're
+expanding the B state.
+
+We go from A to B, so we're
+going to expand B. B Has
+
+children A, C and E. A has
+already been expanded so we
+
+don't need to think
+about A anymore.
+
+C and E, so it was A, C and
+E, C and E have not been
+
+expanded, so I expand B to get
+these two and I associate
+
+their total path costs.
+
+So the path ABC, ABC has
+length 6 and the path
+
+ABE has length 2.
+
+Then I take the first one off
+the agenda again, that's AD.
+
+I expand AD, which is expanding
+D. Put that on the
+
+expanded list, on the dynamic
+programming was list.
+
+D has children A, E, G. A is
+already on the expanded list,
+
+so that means I have to worry
+about E and G. Those paths
+
+have length 2 and 2.
+
+That was the same so far
+as the previous search.
+
+Now I see something different.
+
+Because I'm using a priority
+queue, I skip ABC because
+
+that's just not the right
+one to do next.
+
+So ABC, I'm keeping track of
+with the priority queue.
+
+I know that that path
+is already length 6.
+
+It could end up being the
+optimum path, but at this
+
+phase of the search,
+it's not the one I
+
+should think of next.
+
+The one I should think of next
+is the shortest path.
+
+So what I'm trying to do is
+search the search tree in
+
+order of shortest path.
+
+So I skip the ABC because its
+path is long and the minimum
+
+length, so back up one.
+
+So in the priority queue idea,
+I want to extract from the
+
+queue the first item with the
+minimum length, so that's ABE.
+
+Everyone's with that?
+
+So then I want to expand E. E
+has children B, D, F, H. So B
+
+and D are here, F and
+H are not, so I add
+
+ABEFH to the agenda.
+
+Each of those have length 3.
+
+So what's the next guy
+out of the agenda?
+
+AUDIENCE: A and E.
+
+PROFESSOR: I need the first one
+with the smallest path,
+
+the smallest cost possible.
+
+The smallest cost possible is
+2, so ADE is the next guy.
+
+So I expand ADE, but I've
+already expanded E. I Don't
+
+need to do anything.
+
+OK?
+
+The dynamic expansion list is
+keeping track of the nodes
+
+I've already expanded.
+
+I already did E, there's nothing
+new to be learned.
+
+So that doesn't do anything.
+
+So the next one is G. Well I
+didn't do G yet, so add it to
+
+the expanded list.
+
+G is shorter than D and H. D was
+already there, H was not,
+
+so add H.
+
+The next one is F. I haven't
+expanded F yet, so let's do F.
+
+So F's children are C, E, I. C
+is not there, E is there, I is
+
+not there, so I add those.
+
+So next is this guy, H. H
+wasn't expended, so I
+
+add H to the list.
+
+H's children are E, G, I. EG are
+already there, I is not,
+
+so I add that.
+
+Try expanding H, but already
+did expand H so
+
+that doesn't count.
+
+Try expanding C, that's fine.
+
+Expand C, I haven't expanded C
+before, add it to the list.
+
+C's children are B and F. B and
+F are both there, didn't
+
+add any new children.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why'd you expand
+that C, why not H?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh look at
+that, you're right.
+
+Oh, thank you very much.
+
+My slide is wrong.
+
+Ignore that, you're absolutely
+correct, thank you.
+
+So let's say I guess this
+proves that 200 people
+
+watching the lecturer have
+greater insight--
+
+well anyway.
+
+Yes, that's wrong.
+
+Don't bother with that because
+it's got the wrong priority.
+
+Jump straight to that.
+
+I'll fix the slide on the web.
+
+You're absolutely right.
+
+I should have gone straight to
+there and when I tried to
+
+expand I, I realize that that's
+my answer, so I'm done.
+
+OK?
+
+Questions?
+
+OK it's a little tedious.
+
+The point is that it really
+wasn't very much different
+
+from doing breadth-first
+search.
+
+The same ideas still work.
+
+The same idea of organizing the
+search on a tree, looking
+
+for the minimum cost
+answer on a tree,
+
+that's the big picture.
+
+That's what we want
+you to know about.
+
+I mean, we may ask you a quiz
+question about breadth-first
+
+search or depth-first search
+or dynamic programming or
+
+whatever, but the big picture,
+the thing we really want you
+
+to know is how to think
+about a search.
+
+The way to think about a search
+is a sequence of states
+
+organized in a tree
+that you can then
+
+systematically search.
+
+That's the idea, and the point
+of going through the uniform
+
+cost search is to see first and
+foremost, that it fits the
+
+same structure, it's the
+same kind of problem.
+
+Secondly, there are very tiny
+details and so I've tried go
+
+over those details.
+
+The details have to do with
+keeping track of the action
+
+cost and keeping track of which
+one to do next by way of
+
+a priority queue.
+
+But the big picture is
+the same idea works.
+
+States, nodes, trees,
+search, cues.
+
+Questions?
+
+Comments?
+
+OK.
+
+The other important thing that
+I want to talk about today is
+
+again, this idea of trying
+to minimize the
+
+length of your search.
+
+The other point that you're
+supposed to get from these two
+
+lectures is depending on exactly
+how you set up the
+
+search, you can do a lot
+of work or less work.
+
+And we're always interested to
+do less, especially because if
+
+you can do a lot less, you can
+do a lot harder problem.
+
+So the other thing I want to
+talk about next is the idea
+
+that our searches so far have
+been starting state centric.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+Every search has a starting
+state and a goal, and the
+
+ordering of our searches so
+far have been go to the
+
+starting state, think of all
+the steps you can make from
+
+the starting state and just
+keep widening your search
+
+wider and wider and
+wider until you
+
+stumble onto the goal.
+
+OK, can you all see that that's
+what we've been doing?
+
+So nowhere in our code was the
+code aware of the goal other
+
+than am I there yet?
+
+So the search algorithm so
+far has been start at the
+
+beginning state, ask if I'm
+there yet, try the closest
+
+place I can go, am
+I there yet?
+
+Am I at the goal yet?
+
+Try the next closest place I can
+go from the start, am I at
+
+the goal yet?
+
+Try the next closest
+place I can start
+
+from, am I there yet?
+
+Everything has been starting
+state centric.
+
+Obviously, that's wrong.
+
+Somehow, when you do a search,
+if you were asked to find the
+
+shortest route through the
+interstate highway system from
+
+Kansas to Boston, there's a good
+chance you wouldn't be
+
+looking at Wyoming.
+
+Everybody knows enough
+geography to
+
+do that one, right?
+
+So the idea is that in the
+searches we've done so far,
+
+you would look at Wyoming
+before you'd look at
+
+Massachusetts.
+
+OK?
+
+That's stupid, right?
+
+Everybody sort of see that?
+
+So the searches we've done
+so far have been
+
+starting state centric.
+
+So what I'd like to
+do is think about
+
+a way to undo that.
+
+But again, to set things
+up, let's think about
+
+what I mean by that.
+
+Let's imagine a search very much
+like what we did before,
+
+except let's go from E to I,
+from Kansas to Boston, and I
+
+guess it's Kansas
+to Tallahassee,
+
+but you get the idea.
+
+So we start at E and
+let's think about
+
+how our search proceeds.
+
+So if you start at E, think
+about if we push E in the
+
+agenda, so I'm doing the uniform
+cost search with
+
+dynamic programing.
+
+I'm keeping track of the
+expanded state as my dynamic
+
+programming state.
+
+I'm starting at E. The cost of
+being at E is 0 because that's
+
+where I started.
+
+And now, I think about expanding
+E. So E goes on the
+
+expanded list.
+
+I think about all the children
+of E, the children are
+
+B,D,F,H. All of those children
+have distance 1, so when I
+
+look among them to figure out
+the next one that I should do,
+
+I do the first guy, EB.
+
+B's children are A and C, so I
+take off EB from the beginning
+
+of the agenda.
+
+Start again, B. B's children
+are A, C, E.
+
+E is already expanded.
+
+Push A and C. Pop D, D's
+children are A, E, G push A
+
+and G because E's
+already there.
+
+Expand F. F's children
+are C, E, I. E is
+
+already there, push CI.
+
+Expand H. H's children are G,
+I, E, G, I. E is already
+
+there, push GI.
+
+Expand A. A's children are B and
+D. They're already there,
+
+don't need to do anything.
+
+Expand C. C's children are BF.
+
+BF are there, I don't
+need to do anything.
+
+Expand A. BD are already
+there, I
+
+don't need to do anything.
+
+Expand G. G's children are DH,
+DH are both there, I don't
+
+need to do anything.
+
+Expand C. BF, BF nothing.
+
+Expand I, I'm there.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Were you supposed
+adding ACE?
+
+PROFESSOR: Was I supposed
+to be adding AC?
+
+You add A when you expand it.
+
+Ah, yes, yes, yes.
+
+Thank you.
+
+I'll fix this one, too.
+
+So the question was when I
+expanded A, when I did this
+
+one for example, when I tried
+to expand A, I should have
+
+added it to the list here so
+I don't try to do it again.
+
+It wouldn't have affected the
+outcome, but I should have
+
+added it to that list.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Class --
+
+2 Freeman --
+
+0.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What if you
+didn't expand it?
+
+I mean, do you consider it
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] you
+
+should expand it?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry, I didn't
+hear the question.
+
+AUDIENCE: We didn't actually
+expand it.
+
+We considered expanding it,
+but then we noticed that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Correct, correct.
+
+So what I really should do is go
+back and read the code and
+
+figure out what I should do.
+
+What I'm trying to do
+is emulate the code.
+
+So your point is, it's a
+technical definition about
+
+whether I want to think about
+whether I actually
+
+expanded it or not.
+
+If I don't add any children,
+was it a real expansion?
+
+And that's a question that is
+determined by where was the if
+
+statement in the code, and
+frankly I don't remember.
+
+It does not expand it, ah
+I have the right answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: It does expand it.
+
+PROFESSOR: It does expand it.
+
+So I have the wrong answer.
+
+Class --
+
+2 and a 1/2.
+
+OK so the point of this is that
+the search was symmetric
+
+around E, even though
+the goal is not.
+
+OK?
+
+And the question is, how could
+we fix it so the search is not
+
+symmetric around E --
+the starting point.
+
+How do I fix it so the search is
+biased toward going toward
+
+the answer?
+
+And so the way we think about
+this is with something we
+
+called heuristics.
+
+So if you think about the
+searches we've been doing,
+
+either breadth-first or
+depth-first from last time
+
+where we counted the number of
+hops or today where we counted
+
+the lengths of paths, each of
+those considered what thing to
+
+do next based on the path from
+the starting point to the
+
+point under consideration.
+
+The idea of a heuristic is to
+add something that informs the
+
+search about how distance, how
+much distance we're expecting
+
+to add from the point under
+consideration to the goal.
+
+So the idea of the heuristic is
+to put in the second part
+
+of the path.
+
+The problem with a heuristic
+is that finding the second
+
+part of the path is just as hard
+as finding the first part
+
+of the path, and it would be a
+terrible idea to -- for every
+
+point in the search tree run a
+new search to find the best
+
+answer from that point
+to the goal --
+
+because that would increase the
+length of the search time
+
+enormously.
+
+So it's a bad idea.
+
+So the problems are of equal
+complexity, the problem of
+
+getting from the start point to
+the place of interest and
+
+the problem of going from the
+place of interest to the goal
+
+are problems of equal
+complexity.
+
+We don't want to try to solve
+the problem of making the
+
+search better informed by
+increasing the complexity of
+
+the search drastically.
+
+So that's the issue.
+
+So a heuristic is going to be
+a way of approximating the
+
+amount of work we have to do
+yet, where what we would like
+
+it to be is not all that
+terribly difficult to compute.
+
+So one way we could think
+about that would be to
+
+consider as an approximation
+to how much work we have to
+
+do, the Manhattan distance for
+example, to complete the path.
+
+The Manhattan distance is the
+sum of the x and y distance.
+
+Generally speaking, Manhattan
+distance is not a good idea
+
+for map-like problems because
+generally you can cut across
+
+corners in such searches.
+
+In this particular search, since
+I've excluded cutting
+
+across diagonals, since the
+search space is already
+
+Manhattan, thinking about a
+heuristic that's based on
+
+Manhattan distance
+is probably OK.
+
+So the idea is to develop a
+heuristic and he what I'm
+
+going to think about is, what
+if I complete the path by
+
+adding the Manhattan distance
+from the point under
+
+consideration to the goal.
+
+OK, so now if I started at E
+like before and I'm going
+
+toward I like before, then I
+start with the agenda having
+
+just E and having expanded
+nothing.
+
+However, the cost associated
+with E is no longer 0.
+
+The cost of going from E, the
+starting point to E, the point
+
+under consideration is still 0,
+but I'm estimating the cost
+
+of going from E to I by the
+Manhattan distance between E
+
+and I, which is 2.
+
+The Manhattan distance between
+E and I is you have to
+
+increment x by 1 and you have
+to document y by 1.
+
+So instead of saying that the
+cost of state E is 0, I'm
+
+saying that it's 2.
+
+Is that clear why
+I'm doing that?
+
+So now I expand E, I think about
+the children B,D,F,H --
+
+BDFH, and those children now
+are not the same cost.
+
+Even though it costs the same
+amount to go from E to each of
+
+its children, going from its
+children to the goal, going
+
+from each child to the goal does
+not cost the same amount.
+
+If I were to go from E to
+B, that's a cost of 1.
+
+But the Manhattan distance
+from B to I is 3.
+
+So I'm estimating, then, that
+the cost of making the
+
+decision go from E to B is 4.
+
+The real cost of going from E
+to B plus the estimated cost
+
+of going from B to I. Similarly,
+if I go from E to
+
+D, the Manhattan distance is
+3, so that's a length 4.
+
+If I go from E to F, Manhattan
+distance from F to I is just
+
+1, so the total cost
+is just 2.
+
+So now rather than circling out
+from the starting point,
+
+my next step is biased
+toward the goal.
+
+So my next step is biased toward
+so the remaining items,
+
+the smallest cost is 2,
+so the next place
+
+that I expand is EF.
+
+F's children are C, E, I.
+E is already here, so I
+
+only think of CI.
+
+C and I also have different
+costs, So the cost of going
+
+EFC, EFC, the direct cost is 2
+and the estimated distance,
+
+the Manhattan distance between C
+and I is also 2, so that's a
+
+cost 4 whereas the cost of EFI,
+EFI has a direct cost of
+
+2 and the Manhattan distance
+from I to I is 0.
+
+So now I look for the minimum
+distance that's remaining, so
+
+that's going to be H. I expand
+H, the children are E, G, I.
+
+So E is already here.
+
+I think about GI.
+
+Same sort of deal, some of them
+are short, some of them
+
+are long and as I proceed to
+the search, I very quickly
+
+find I without having ever
+looked in the wrong direction,
+
+or at least having
+looked minimally
+
+in the wrong direction.
+
+Is that clear?
+
+So the idea in a heuristic is to
+add an estimate of how much
+
+it will cost to complete the
+path so that you bias the
+
+search toward the goal.
+
+Rather than making circles
+that spiral out from the
+
+starting point, make
+the spirals
+
+biased toward the goal.
+
+And here's the way
+you do that.
+
+It's very easy.
+
+All you do is every place we
+would have looked at cost
+
+before, add the heuristic
+function.
+
+So you have to add a heuristic
+function, that's the part
+
+that's hard.
+
+The code, given the heuristic
+function, is easy.
+
+The really hard part is actually
+figuring out what a
+
+reasonable heuristic is.
+
+The reason that's hard is that
+you have to be careful not to
+
+miss the solution.
+
+So the heuristic function
+can't be bigger than the
+
+actual distance.
+
+OK, why is that?
+
+The agenda is trying to keep
+track of all the possible
+
+places that you could
+look next.
+
+If your heuristic function makes
+the next step look too
+
+big, it'll be taken out of the
+agenda and never appear again,
+
+and you'll never
+find that path.
+
+So when you're making a
+heuristic function, you have
+
+to be very careful not to ever
+overestimate the distance from
+
+where you are to the goal.
+
+If you ever overestimate it,
+then you can exclude forever
+
+more, so think about the agenda
+as a pruning operation.
+
+We did this starting
+last time.
+
+When we think about pruning,
+we pop off
+
+things from the agenda.
+
+We say --
+
+don't ever need to look there,
+don't need to look there.
+
+We pruned it.
+
+If you have a heuristic that it
+is too big you can prune a
+
+path that was the answer.
+
+So you have to be careful
+never to do that.
+
+So it's asymmetrical.
+
+If you were to put in a
+heuristic that is too small,
+
+that causes you to underestimate
+the penalty of
+
+going in the wrong direction.
+
+So if you said, I'm trying to
+go from Kansas to Boston and
+
+you inadvertently said that
+Wyoming really didn't cost
+
+anything, then you would not
+necessarily exclude the
+
+correct answer, but you would
+include and cause the search
+
+to consider a necessary path.
+
+So the idea is that you would
+like the heuristic to be the
+
+same as the real cost
+or smaller.
+
+You don't want to end up solving
+another search problem
+
+in order to calculate it,
+because that will increase the
+
+cost of doing the
+search too much.
+
+So you would like some number
+that's easy to calculate that
+
+has the guarantee that it will
+always be less than or equal
+
+to the actual cost, and that's
+the art of doing a heuristic.
+
+If you satisfy those, then that
+previous algorithm that
+
+we looked at, which is --
+
+in the literature it's call
+the A-Star Algorithm for
+
+historical reasons.
+
+That algorithm, if you obey
+these rules for finding
+
+admission an admissible
+heuristic, if you find an
+
+admissible heuristic, then the
+A-Star search will be a lot
+
+faster and still find a solution
+with the same length.
+
+OK, so now just to see if you're
+following what I'm
+
+saying, here's a question
+to ask yourself.
+
+Remember the tiles problem?
+
+The tiles problem is the first
+problem that I did last time.
+
+The idea was, imagine
+starting in this
+
+configuration 12345678.
+
+Move one tile at a time by
+moving the tile into the free
+
+spot, so I could move 8 to
+the right or 6 down.
+
+Keep doing that until you
+perturb this configuration
+
+into this configuration.
+
+We saw last time that there are
+a large number of states--
+
+there's a third of a
+million states--
+
+so this is a big search problem,
+even though it's
+
+something you've almost
+certainly
+
+also solved as a child.
+
+And in fact, my version, it
+was the same as yours, I'm
+
+sure, was a 4-by-4.
+
+I did the 15 puzzle, not
+the eight puzzle, but
+
+it's the same idea.
+
+So what I want to do is
+consider heuristics.
+
+Consider three heuristics.
+
+Heuristic A is 0.
+
+It always returns 0.
+
+That's an easy heuristic
+to calculate, right?
+
+Heuristic B is sum the number
+of tiles that are
+
+in the wrong position.
+
+What is heuristic B
+for this state?
+
+AUDIENCE: 8?
+
+PROFESSOR: 8 -- there's 8 tiles
+
+that are out of position.
+
+So heuristic C is the sum of
+the Manhattan Distances
+
+required to move each title to
+their respective locations and
+
+then calculate two
+partial sums.
+
+Consider MI to be the number of
+moves and the best solution
+
+if you use heuristic I and EI
+is the number of states that
+
+are expanded while you're
+doing the search.
+
+If you use heuristic I,
+which of the following
+
+statements are true?
+
+OK, take a minute, talk to your
+neighbor, figure it out
+
+which of these are true.
+
+[CLASS TALKING]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so what's
+the smallest
+
+numbered correct answer?
+
+The smallest numbered
+correct answer.
+
+Oh, come on.
+
+Volunteer.
+
+Explain it with your neighbor.
+
+OK, very good.
+
+The smallest numbered correct
+answer is (1).
+
+MA equals MB equals MC.
+
+Why is that?
+
+How can I prove that MA
+equals MB equals MC.
+
+What do I have to do?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: You'll have
+to reach the
+
+shortest possible solution.
+
+PROFESSOR: So under what
+conditions will they all reach
+
+the same length solution?
+
+AUDIENCE: They're all
+doing backflips.
+
+PROFESSOR: They're all
+doing backflips.
+
+There's another condition.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: That they're all
+either exactly [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So the heuristics,
+all three heuristics have to
+
+be admissible, which means
+that they have to be
+
+non-negative numbers.
+
+To be admissible, a heuristic
+has to be non-negative.
+
+And it has to generate an answer
+that's smaller than the
+
+actual number of moves
+necessary to
+
+complete the path.
+
+So we have to prove that these
+are all admissible.
+
+So, are they all non-negative?
+
+Yes.
+
+Are they all less than or
+equal to the number?
+
+So let's do that.
+
+Let's first of all
+get an answer.
+
+So we'll do that after we
+do the second part.
+
+What's the second smallest
+correct statement?
+
+Let me see if I can
+answer it, yes?
+
+OK, the answer is 4.
+
+So, how do you know that
+EA is bigger than EB
+
+is bigger than EC?
+
+So the number of states expanded
+has to do with the
+
+size of the heuristic.
+
+If the size of the heuristic is
+0, that's the same as not
+
+using a heuristic.
+
+That will search all possible
+states in a breadth-first
+
+search fashion.
+
+If the heuristic is anything
+that's bigger, the number of
+
+searches will go down.
+
+What's the greater than or equal
+to thing doing here?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Number (3) is
+technically also true, because
+
+if (1) is true, then
+(3) has to be true.
+
+PROFESSOR: If the number
+(3) is technically
+
+the number M. [LAUGHTER]
+
+OK, OK, OK.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+OK, class, three plus.
+
+Freeman, oh well.
+
+Yes, you're right.
+
+Yes, I agree.
+
+Did you raise your
+hand for (3)?
+
+So (3) is technically the
+second, yes that's right,
+
+that's right.
+
+OK so moving on.
+
+Number (5) --
+
+the same best solution
+will result for all
+
+the heuristics --
+
+true or false?
+
+Come on, things can only
+go downhill for me.
+
+So the same best solution will
+result for all of the
+
+heuristics?
+
+How could it possibly
+be false?
+
+Right?
+
+Didn't we already said MA was
+equal to MB equals MC.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's the same amount
+of moves, but maybe not
+
+exactly the same solutions.
+
+So if there are multiple
+solutions of the same length,
+
+the difference heuristics don't
+have to give you the
+
+same solution exactly.
+
+They have to give you solutions
+
+with the same length.
+
+So what happens with the
+heuristics is you perturb the
+
+order of search.
+
+If you perturb the order of
+search, the only thing that is
+
+proved is that you get a minimum
+length solution, not
+
+the same minimum length
+solution.
+
+This particular problem has lots
+of solutions and so you
+
+don't necessarily get the same
+solution when you use
+
+different heuristics, OK?
+
+So the final point is that the
+addition of the heuristics can
+
+be extremely effective.
+
+If you run this problem with
+our search algorithm, you
+
+always get solutions with
+22 moves in them.
+
+That's good because all the
+heuristics were admissible so
+
+you always get a right answer
+-- a shortest answer.
+
+But the number of visited and
+expanded are drastically
+
+different when you add
+the heuristics.
+
+So if you use here heuristic A,
+which is equivalent to no
+
+heuristic, you end up visiting
+170,000 states to find this
+
+answer, where if you used the
+Manhattan distance to the
+
+goal, the sum of the Manhattan
+distances, you do a very small
+
+fraction of that.
+
+So the point is that this stuff
+matters, especially when
+
+you do a higher-dimension
+search, which is all of the
+
+searches that we'll will
+be interested in.
+
+So the idea is that the order
+really does matter and with
+
+that, I'll conclude with a
+reminder that tomorrow evening
+
+is the makeup/retake day
+for Nano Quizzes.
+
+Please come to the lab if
+you'd like to make up or
+
+retake the Nano Quiz.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wHaBjy75VZw.txt b/wHaBjy75VZw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c709b06d4de18945c3176ac4f59846ea2aa8bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wHaBjy75VZw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14970 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get started so today is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started so today is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started so today is the
+second class and also the first session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second class and also the first session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second class and also the first session
+of the uh of the economics uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the economics uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the economics uh in this
+class so we we are going to use two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we we are going to use two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we we are going to use two
+classes to this and also next um next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to this and also next um next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to this and also next um next
+next today is today is Thursday right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next today is today is Thursday right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next today is today is Thursday right
+okay next Tuesday we will have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next Tuesday we will have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next Tuesday we will have two
+sessions on the economics of green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions on the economics of green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions on the economics of green
+buildings today is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so a little bit of
+recap in our intro session we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap in our intro session we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap in our intro session we talk about
+why we're going to start a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're going to start a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're going to start a green
+buildings and what's a unique feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and what's a unique feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and what's a unique feature of
+this class compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class compared to other
+sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability
+classes and remember we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and remember we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and remember we talk about the
+triple bottom lines so when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bottom lines so when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bottom lines so when we talk
+about climate change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate change and
+sustainability we care about the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability we care about the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability we care about the planet
+which is carbon emission how to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is carbon emission how to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is carbon emission how to reduce
+carbon emission and how to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emission and how to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emission and how to better
+improve the quality of life for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the quality of life for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the quality of life for example
+healthy buildings and all these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy buildings and all these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy buildings and all these uh
+people's of wellbeing but then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's of wellbeing but then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's of wellbeing but then we also
+have the third bubble here the PPP right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the third bubble here the PPP right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the third bubble here the PPP right
+the third bubble is a profit this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third bubble is a profit this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third bubble is a profit this is
+important because we cannot just say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because we cannot just say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because we cannot just say we
+are going to do good things for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do good things for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do good things for the
+planet and for people but we are keep we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet and for people but we are keep we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet and for people but we are keep we
+are keeping losing money so that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are keeping losing money so that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are keeping losing money so that doesn't
+work and especially it won't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and especially it won't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and especially it won't work for
+the private sector it's very clear for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector it's very clear for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector it's very clear for
+the all the building stock in cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the building stock in cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the building stock in cities
+more than 80% of the buildings they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 80% of the buildings they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 80% of the buildings they are
+supplied by the private sector so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by the private sector so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by the private sector so that
+you must remember that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must remember that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must remember that we need to
+incentivize the private sector to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize the private sector to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize the private sector to supply
+those some sustainable buildings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some sustainable buildings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some sustainable buildings and the
+cities so then this basically our Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities so then this basically our Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities so then this basically our Focus
+are our perspective for today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our perspective for today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our perspective for today's lecture
+how to make a business case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make a business case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make a business case for the
+green buildings that will be remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings that will be remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings that will be remember
+the big picture I have this big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture I have this big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture I have this big picture
+for the entire uh entire course so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire uh entire course so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire uh entire course so the
+the fundamental driving forces of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental driving forces of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental driving forces of this
+sustainable real estate from this un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate from this un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate from this un
+users of us of and user the the the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users of us of and user the the the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users of us of and user the the the blue
+individuals from the users perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals from the users perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals from the users perspective
+from the space market and then also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the space market and then also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the space market and then also from
+this individual investors also offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual investors also offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual investors also offers
+from the Capital Market so this is money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Capital Market so this is money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Capital Market so this is money
+that is a people and basically the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a people and basically the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a people and basically the point
+is if they want to leave and use and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if they want to leave and use and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if they want to leave and use and if
+they want have a higher willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want have a higher willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want have a higher willingness to
+pay for green buildings from the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for green buildings from the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for green buildings from the users
+perspective either office or residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective either office or residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective either office or residential
+then you have a better cash flow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a better cash flow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a better cash flow that's
+a cash flow remember the performer is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cash flow remember the performer is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cash flow remember the performer is a
+cash flow then you have a higher this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow then you have a higher this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow then you have a higher this
+noi and then you have a higher MPV that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noi and then you have a higher MPV that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noi and then you have a higher MPV that
+makes sense for business or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for business or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for business or from the
+Capital Market if those individuals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Market if those individuals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Market if those individuals they
+really want to make impact investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to make impact investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to make impact investment
+they want in invest ESG which aligns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want in invest ESG which aligns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want in invest ESG which aligns
+with their value then they will push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their value then they will push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their value then they will push
+they put their money in the pension fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put their money in the pension fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put their money in the pension fund
+in Insurance then they will push those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Insurance then they will push those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Insurance then they will push those
+institutional investors to put money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors to put money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors to put money in
+Greener areas in M and then they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener areas in M and then they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener areas in M and then they will
+further push those uh uh Market key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further push those uh uh Market key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further push those uh uh Market key
+players not to invest in those uh green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players not to invest in those uh green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players not to invest in those uh green
+real estate so that's the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate so that's the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate so that's the idea of the
+sandwich Story the sandwich we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich Story the sandwich we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich Story the sandwich we have the
+upper level of individuals lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper level of individuals lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper level of individuals lower level
+of individuals they push the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals they push the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals they push the middle
+layer which are those developers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer which are those developers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer which are those developers and
+investors to go g and today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors to go g and today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors to go g and today we're going
+to start from the oper level the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start from the oper level the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start from the oper level the upper
+level means those uh buildings right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level means those uh buildings right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level means those uh buildings right so
+this is a today's Focus will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a today's Focus will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a today's Focus will be a
+building because the building is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building because the building is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building because the building is a
+fundamental basic element of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental basic element of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental basic element of the entire
+thing so we look at the building and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we look at the building and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we look at the building and we
+look at the cash flow so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cash flow so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cash flow so that's a
+position so when we look at building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so when we look at building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so when we look at building
+last session in the in session remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last session in the in session remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last session in the in session remember
+Jen provide some examples at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen provide some examples at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen provide some examples at the
+beginning as a motivation right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning as a motivation right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning as a motivation right so
+several like datas company they build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several like datas company they build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several like datas company they build
+some buildings some are not green at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some buildings some are not green at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some buildings some are not green at all
+some are this lead uh Platinum some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are this lead uh Platinum some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are this lead uh Platinum some are
+lead gold like that and that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead gold like that and that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead gold like that and that's a very
+good story that even for one developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good story that even for one developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good story that even for one developer
+for one developer not always from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one developer not always from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one developer not always from the
+heart see all the buildings I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart see all the buildings I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart see all the buildings I'm going to
+build will be green buildings will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build will be green buildings will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build will be green buildings will be
+like the perfect uh lead Platinum they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the perfect uh lead Platinum they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the perfect uh lead Platinum they
+they always have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always have their own
+considerations those considerations will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations those considerations will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations those considerations will
+be changing over time and in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing over time and in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing over time and in different
+Market Market contact so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Market contact so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Market contact so I'm going to
+tell a similar story of this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a similar story of this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a similar story of this big
+developer here is a millennium Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer here is a millennium Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer here is a millennium Partners
+so this this Millennium partner is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this Millennium partner is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this Millennium partner is a big
+developer I'm not sure some maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer I'm not sure some maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer I'm not sure some maybe some
+of you know this this developer anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know this this developer anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know this this developer anyone
+know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this
+developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please yes Millennium Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes Millennium Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes Millennium Tower
+where Boston right yes any anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Boston right yes any anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Boston right yes any anyone else
+who knows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows this
+developer oh please go ahead Andy yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer oh please go ahead Andy yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer oh please go ahead Andy yeah a
+big developer across the country in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big developer across the country in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big developer across the country in
+Boston a number of high profile luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston a number of high profile luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston a number of high profile luxury
+project and some other projects the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and some other projects the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and some other projects the big
+one is right now is passive house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is right now is passive house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is right now is passive house
+building downtown yes what's the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building downtown yes what's the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building downtown yes what's the name of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+building Square I it's a winrop center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Square I it's a winrop center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Square I it's a winrop center
+oh okay good so this this is as as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay good so this this is as as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay good so this this is as as we
+just now some of you know this a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now some of you know this a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now some of you know this a very
+big developer and they built luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big developer and they built luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big developer and they built luxury
+condos in Gateway cities luxury condos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condos in Gateway cities luxury condos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condos in Gateway cities luxury condos
+for rich people so that's their key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rich people so that's their key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rich people so that's their key
+their their their compartive expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their their compartive expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their their compartive expertise
+Advantage is building luxury condos at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage is building luxury condos at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage is building luxury condos at
+very very good locations always in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very good locations always in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very good locations always in the
+center of the city in some Gateway City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the city in some Gateway City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the city in some Gateway City
+big cities and many buildings here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cities and many buildings here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cities and many buildings here in
+Boston and this is a private company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and this is a private company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and this is a private company
+this is not like uh public private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not like uh public private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not like uh public private
+company now they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company now they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company now they have
+like they already built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they already built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they already built
+20900 condo units all over those big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20900 condo units all over those big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20900 condo units all over those big
+cities and they also build luxury hotels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and they also build luxury hotels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and they also build luxury hotels
+hotels and Office Buildings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels and Office Buildings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels and Office Buildings and the
+retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail
+Etc so this is like three Partners three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so this is like three Partners three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so this is like three Partners three
+fing partners and then later Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fing partners and then later Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fing partners and then later Partners
+they have this 4 billion money in hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this 4 billion money in hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this 4 billion money in hold
+asset in hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this I just want I have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this I just want I have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this I just want I have four
+buildings here as you can see I we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings here as you can see I we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings here as you can see I we have
+four buildings of be in partner the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four buildings of be in partner the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four buildings of be in partner the
+first one is this one in San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is this one in San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is this one in San Francisco
+do you know the story of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know the story of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know the story of this
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+please is this the one that was falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please is this the one that was falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please is this the one that was falling
+the foundation system failed and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation system failed and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation system failed and so
+there's differential settlement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's differential settlement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's differential settlement in the
+foundation and the building has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and the building has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and the building has
+completely shifted it's tied up in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely shifted it's tied up in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely shifted it's tied up in all
+kinds of lawsuits right now by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of lawsuits right now by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of lawsuits right now by the
+individual contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so basically very uh very correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so basically very uh very correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so basically very uh very correct
+although this uh Millennium Partners now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this uh Millennium Partners now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this uh Millennium Partners now
+they are building very green passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are building very green passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are building very green passive
+house building here but back to 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house building here but back to 2008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house building here but back to 2008
+they built a millennium Tower as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a millennium Tower as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a millennium Tower as a
+signature asset of their company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature asset of their company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature asset of their company and
+that time they never s about theability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time they never s about theability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time they never s about theability
+instead they just focus on uh electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they just focus on uh electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they just focus on uh electric
+candles because they can sell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles because they can sell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles because they can sell to the
+rich uh buyers and even it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich uh buyers and even it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich uh buyers and even it's very very
+bad news of this building negative news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news of this building negative news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news of this building negative news
+of this company as Andy just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this company as Andy just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this company as Andy just mentioned
+they didn't do a very good design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't do a very good design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't do a very good design and
+structural design and later because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural design and later because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural design and later because the
+foundation has some flaws and started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation has some flaws and started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation has some flaws and started to
+to and sink into the ground there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and sink into the ground there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and sink into the ground there's a
+structural problem but they sold because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural problem but they sold because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural problem but they sold because
+they they are Developer they sold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are Developer they sold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are Developer they sold this
+in 2013 I think but this problem still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 I think but this problem still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 I think but this problem still
+continued and they cannot get get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued and they cannot get get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued and they cannot get get get
+get uh away from this then lawsuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh away from this then lawsuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh away from this then lawsuit and
+all go to the court try to resolve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go to the court try to resolve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go to the court try to resolve this
+issue so basically say this developer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so basically say this developer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so basically say this developer as
+beginning nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning nothing to do with
+sustainability and even got into a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and even got into a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and even got into a big
+trouble of this just want to make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of this just want to make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of this just want to make money
+then got big trouble and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got big trouble and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got big trouble and then another
+one is this some of you you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this some of you you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this some of you you know this
+they have some luxury uh condo buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some luxury uh condo buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some luxury uh condo buildings
+and here is the 2013 they came to Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the 2013 they came to Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the 2013 they came to Boston
+they they build this Millennium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they build this Millennium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they build this Millennium
+Place and uh so this is another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place and uh so this is another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place and uh so this is another uh
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+one could you guess it's also like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could you guess it's also like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could you guess it's also like a
+game could you guess at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game could you guess at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game could you guess at that time
+whether they said they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they said they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they said they are going to
+build a sustainable or green or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a sustainable or green or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a sustainable or green or
+something like that this building you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that this building you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that this building you
+have some idea I don't think so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some idea I don't think so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some idea I don't think so okay so
+what do you think at that time they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think at that time they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think at that time they they
+they they marketed this building or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they marketed this building or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they marketed this building or they
+promoted this building what's what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted this building what's what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted this building what's what was
+the selling point do you think at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selling point do you think at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selling point do you think at that
+time will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right so that's why when a developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so that's why when a developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so that's why when a developer
+they are very rational they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very rational they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very rational they're not going
+to like just for society yes that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like just for society yes that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like just for society yes that's true
+but always they need to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always they need to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always they need to be very very
+clear about their own profit the p bble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about their own profit the p bble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about their own profit the p bble
+and then at that time of course luur CLE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that time of course luur CLE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that time of course luur CLE
+always uh there selling point but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh there selling point but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh there selling point but that
+time they they need to get this permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they they need to get this permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they they need to get this permit
+from the city this Boston City at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the city this Boston City at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the city this Boston City at that
+time the mayor Boston City uh is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the mayor Boston City uh is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the mayor Boston City uh is uh
+manino do know mayor manino for 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manino do know mayor manino for 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manino do know mayor manino for 10 years
+of Boston and uh our very beloved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Boston and uh our very beloved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Boston and uh our very beloved
+Professor kyos Shen he was the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor kyos Shen he was the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor kyos Shen he was the chief
+planner of Boston for uh mayor uh B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner of Boston for uh mayor uh B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner of Boston for uh mayor uh B uh
+manino for 10 years so basically caros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manino for 10 years so basically caros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manino for 10 years so basically caros
+our caros and that mayor work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our caros and that mayor work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our caros and that mayor work together
+for 10 years and build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 years and build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 years and build this
+uh SE Port area and those uh places all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh SE Port area and those uh places all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh SE Port area and those uh places all
+the permits if Kyo said yes then yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permits if Kyo said yes then yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permits if Kyo said yes then yes
+they can get the permit at that time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get the permit at that time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get the permit at that time but
+how can they get permit they cannot say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can they get permit they cannot say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can they get permit they cannot say
+oh we're going to build elur condos then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're going to build elur condos then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're going to build elur condos then
+the city say that's nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city say that's nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city say that's nothing to do with
+me you you you you want to make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you you you you want to make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you you you you want to make money
+and that time this mayor uh manino they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that time this mayor uh manino they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that time this mayor uh manino they
+really care about job opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about job opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about job opportunities
+because that's a after still after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a after still after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a after still after some
+recession is this was finished in 20 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession is this was finished in 20 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession is this was finished in 20 30
+but started like several years uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but started like several years uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but started like several years uh before
+so it's just the financial crisis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the financial crisis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the financial crisis and
+lot a lot of jobs and the recession so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot a lot of jobs and the recession so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot a lot of jobs and the recession so
+they pitched to the city say they focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pitched to the city say they focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pitched to the city say they focus
+on job creation and the downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on job creation and the downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on job creation and the downtown
+revitalization so that was really needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revitalization so that was really needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revitalization so that was really needed
+at that time after the financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time after the financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time after the financial crisis
+and the mayor was happy and caros was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mayor was happy and caros was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mayor was happy and caros was
+happy and they got the permit and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and they got the permit and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and they got the permit and start
+to build this so that's nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this so that's nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this so that's nothing to do
+with sustainability of this company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sustainability of this company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sustainability of this company and
+then then another idea another then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then another idea another then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then another idea another then they
+got so successful they made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so successful they made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so successful they made a lot of
+money then they start to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then they start to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then they start to build this
+millenum Tower in Boston in finished in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millenum Tower in Boston in finished in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millenum Tower in Boston in finished in
+2017 again condo luxury condo but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 again condo luxury condo but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 again condo luxury condo but how
+they pitch to uh the market and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pitch to uh the market and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pitch to uh the market and also the
+city at that time it's not about job uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city at that time it's not about job uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city at that time it's not about job uh
+creation but another idea anyone anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation but another idea anyone anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation but another idea anyone anyone
+knows some background of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows some background of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows some background of this
+it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the best in Boston okay so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best in Boston okay so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best in Boston okay so you'll
+know some story about this no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some story about this no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some story about this no you
+guess okay yes that's very good yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay yes that's very good yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay yes that's very good yes so
+basically at that time uh I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at that time uh I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at that time uh I think the
+permit was issued still by the by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit was issued still by the by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit was issued still by the by that
+mayor the same mayor and at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor the same mayor and at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor the same mayor and at that time
+the mayor really worried about the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mayor really worried about the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mayor really worried about the big
+hole there before the building there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole there before the building there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole there before the building there was
+a very big hole nothing and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very big hole nothing and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very big hole nothing and like
+abandoned area in a very good location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned area in a very good location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned area in a very good location
+in Boston nobody can really build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston nobody can really build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston nobody can really build
+something significantly there and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something significantly there and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something significantly there and this
+the then the mayor said this is perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then the mayor said this is perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then the mayor said this is perhaps
+his number one development priority to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his number one development priority to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his number one development priority to
+solell this big hole area who can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solell this big hole area who can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solell this big hole area who can build
+a good thing and fill in this place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing and fill in this place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing and fill in this place and
+make this a better place of the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a better place of the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a better place of the Boston
+and that's how they pitched to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how they pitched to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how they pitched to the city
+well and then canot just a city and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then canot just a city and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then canot just a city and also
+the buyers they want to get people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyers they want to get people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyers they want to get people to
+buy in and and uh and pay money and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy in and and uh and pay money and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy in and and uh and pay money and then
+at lot time as about health and wellness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lot time as about health and wellness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lot time as about health and wellness
+so this is a the largest for that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a the largest for that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a the largest for that time
+for entire Boston City largest only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entire Boston City largest only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entire Boston City largest only
+residents only only those electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents only only those electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents only only those electric
+condle owners they can use this Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condle owners they can use this Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condle owners they can use this Fitness
+uh facility and fitness big fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facility and fitness big fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facility and fitness big fitness
+center uh as a as see ground floor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center uh as a as see ground floor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center uh as a as see ground floor of
+this building so that at that time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building so that at that time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building so that at that time they
+understand I think at that time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I think at that time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I think at that time they
+understood a very good selling point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood a very good selling point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood a very good selling point to
+buyers will be this house and the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers will be this house and the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers will be this house and the life
+lifestyle and uh this say wellness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle and uh this say wellness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle and uh this say wellness and
+for the city they just uh went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the city they just uh went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the city they just uh went to the
+city say we can help you solve this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city say we can help you solve this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city say we can help you solve this big
+ho problem the mayor got happy and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho problem the mayor got happy and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho problem the mayor got happy and they
+got this so that's different stories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this so that's different stories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this so that's different stories and
+then the last one is the ongoing one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last one is the ongoing one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last one is the ongoing one uh
+Andy just mentioned this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy just mentioned this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy just mentioned this this is a
+windtop center so it's still under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windtop center so it's still under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windtop center so it's still under
+construction I think they will finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction I think they will finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction I think they will finish
+very soon this year and this will be J's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon this year and this will be J's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon this year and this will be J's
+first case that she will teach next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case that she will teach next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case that she will teach next week
+so that's a winrop center and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a winrop center and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a winrop center and at that
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+suddenly they became such a uh advocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly they became such a uh advocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly they became such a uh advocate
+for sustainability for uh green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sustainability for uh green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sustainability for uh green
+buildings so this one is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so this one is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so this one is different from
+this uh house or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh house or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh house or
+is different from this of job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from this of job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from this of job
+description of course is from this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of course is from this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of course is from this from
+a problem and they the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and they the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and they the important
+starting point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is
+sustainability and they got all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and they got all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and they got all kinds of
+certificates as many as they can and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates as many as they can and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates as many as they can and the
+very top level of those certificants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top level of those certificants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top level of those certificants
+this the passive house for the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the passive house for the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the passive house for the office
+this is lower part is office the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lower part is office the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lower part is office the higher
+part is the condo and Val for for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the condo and Val for for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the condo and Val for for and
+the gold and the lead the Platinum all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold and the lead the Platinum all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold and the lead the Platinum all
+the things they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things they can get
+so because they understand at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because they understand at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because they understand at this
+time sustainability climate change is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sustainability climate change is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sustainability climate change is so
+important and especially for those their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and especially for those their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and especially for those their
+customers who are rich people for rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers who are rich people for rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers who are rich people for rich
+people they always have a they many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they always have a they many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they always have a they many of
+them they really care and they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they really care and they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they really care and they also have
+the ability to pay for that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to pay for that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to pay for that so this is
+what they are doing so this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are doing so this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are doing so this story
+lines told us it's not like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines told us it's not like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines told us it's not like the
+developer from the beginning to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer from the beginning to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer from the beginning to the end
+always put sustainability as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always put sustainability as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always put sustainability as the first
+priority say no matter what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority say no matter what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority say no matter what I'm going to
+do this no they are very rational that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this no they are very rational that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this no they are very rational that's
+why we need to understand economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need to understand economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need to understand economics
+they're very rational and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very rational and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very rational and they
+understand fitness center is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand fitness center is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand fitness center is important
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+this now the sustainability important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now the sustainability important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now the sustainability important
+for that and jobs important for the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and jobs important for the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and jobs important for the city
+for them to get a permit so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to get a permit so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to get a permit so that's the
+that's the that's me take message I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's me take message I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's me take message I want
+to you to learn from the Min partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to learn from the Min partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to learn from the Min partners
+and uh then that's we we have a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then that's we we have a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then that's we we have a critical
+thinking the critical thinking is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the critical thinking is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the critical thinking is for
+example if we invite guest speakers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we invite guest speakers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we invite guest speakers from
+this to our classroom with you uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to our classroom with you uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to our classroom with you uh from
+from from Millennium Partners who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Millennium Partners who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Millennium Partners who are
+Developer of this and if we give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Developer of this and if we give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Developer of this and if we give you a
+talk of course he will say why it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk of course he will say why it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk of course he will say why it will
+have different story like me but he will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different story like me but he will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different story like me but he will
+say always theability is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say always theability is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say always theability is so important
+for them from the very beginning they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them from the very beginning they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them from the very beginning they
+put this in their heart and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in their heart and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in their heart and it's so
+important for for their company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for for their company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for for their company and
+business that's partially true yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that's partially true yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that's partially true yes it's
+important but then we need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but then we need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but then we need to have a
+critical thinking I hope you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thinking I hope you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thinking I hope you can ask
+questions to our guest speaker when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to our guest speaker when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to our guest speaker when he
+is here why and why in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here why and why in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here why and why in the past
+buildings you didn't say that and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings you didn't say that and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings you didn't say that and why
+you are not saying that what's rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not saying that what's rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not saying that what's rational
+and how you align your social value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you align your social value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you align your social value and
+your business value together right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business value together right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business value together right if
+there is any misalignment what you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any misalignment what you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any misalignment what you going
+to choose these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose these kind of
+questions okay so that's um motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so that's um motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so that's um motivation
+of today's um class which means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's um class which means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's um class which means we
+really need this critical thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need this critical thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need this critical thinking
+instead we just uh blend Blended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we just uh blend Blended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we just uh blend Blended to
+accept this is such a good thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this is such a good thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this is such a good thing and
+everyone need to do that that's nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone need to do that that's nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone need to do that that's nonsense
+and then we are going to the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are going to the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are going to the structure
+of today's lecture two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture two
+parts one is how Market may work since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts one is how Market may work since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts one is how Market may work since I
+always uh advocate for Market that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh advocate for Market that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh advocate for Market that's
+true because in this classroom in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because in this classroom in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because in this classroom in this
+msrd real estate program we size The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msrd real estate program we size The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msrd real estate program we size The
+Market Force the invisible hands make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Force the invisible hands make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Force the invisible hands make
+things happen the Invisible Hand demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen the Invisible Hand demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen the Invisible Hand demand
+Supply the invisible hands make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply the invisible hands make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply the invisible hands make things
+happen but we also have this critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but we also have this critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but we also have this critical
+thinking that market has imitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that market has imitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that market has imitations
+Market has failures market failure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market has failures market failure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market has failures market failure is
+always exist so I structure this session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exist so I structure this session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exist so I structure this session
+so that you have this uh very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you have this uh very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you have this uh very clear
+memory that sometimes the market may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that sometimes the market may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that sometimes the market may
+work sometimes the market may not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sometimes the market may not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sometimes the market may not work
+right market failure so first let's be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right market failure so first let's be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right market failure so first let's be a
+little bit optimistic about the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit optimistic about the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit optimistic about the market
+and then say how Market can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say how Market can work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say how Market can work with
+the market markeet mechanism uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market markeet mechanism uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market markeet mechanism uh to be
+optimistic of the entire thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic of the entire thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic of the entire thing and then
+we will talk about several aspects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about several aspects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about several aspects the
+market may not work and how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market may not work and how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market may not work and how we can
+address those issues right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address those issues right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address those issues right so that's a
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+structure now again some questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now again some questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now again some questions so
+basically when we talk about market now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when we talk about market now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when we talk about market now
+we are all Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are all Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are all Market
+uh Market Advocates market so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Market Advocates market so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Market Advocates market so let's
+think about Market mechanisms that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Market mechanisms that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Market mechanisms that's
+Market me there's no free lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market me there's no free lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market me there's no free lunch
+incentive always you need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive always you need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive always you need to understand
+the every player's incentive and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the every player's incentive and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the every player's incentive and then
+Behavior so then we we look at the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so then we we look at the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so then we we look at the three
+case stakeholders now we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case stakeholders now we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case stakeholders now we have three
+bubbles another three bubbles and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles another three bubbles and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles another three bubbles and let's
+think about hypothetically let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about hypothetically let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about hypothetically let's say
+this is the office building this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the office building this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the office building this is the
+office building and because office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office building and because office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office building and because office
+building is a income producing property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is a income producing property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is a income producing property
+you have a hold period holding period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hold period holding period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hold period holding period so
+so we have three key uh stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three key uh stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three key uh stakeholders
+developer which develop and then sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer which develop and then sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer which develop and then sell
+and then owner maybe a investor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then owner maybe a investor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then owner maybe a investor who
+holds that office building for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that office building for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that office building for many many
+years and then tenants some companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then tenants some companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then tenants some companies
+they come to to to to rent the space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to to to to rent the space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to to to to rent the space so
+if we think about all all three they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about all all three they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about all all three they are
+all the three stakeholder they they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the three stakeholder they they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the three stakeholder they they are
+thinking green buildings good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking green buildings good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking green buildings good
+I'm goingon to pursue green Beauty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm goingon to pursue green Beauty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm goingon to pursue green Beauty and
+what other benefit they can think of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other benefit they can think of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other benefit they can think of for
+each bubble some maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bubble some maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bubble some maybe
+intersection can you can you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection can you can you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection can you can you just
+randomly come with some idea of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly come with some idea of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly come with some idea of these um
+this many elements in different Bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many elements in different Bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many elements in different Bubbles
+and any idea because they are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any idea because they are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any idea because they are different
+from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different
+perspectives any idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower cost of Maintenance operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost of Maintenance operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost of Maintenance operational
+cost right so do you think that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right so do you think that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right so do you think that also
+matters for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for for
+tenant yes right if T need to pay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant yes right if T need to pay some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant yes right if T need to pay some
+bills right so let's say uh operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+lower so that may be in the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so that may be in the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so that may be in the intersection
+of the owner and the Tenant what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the owner and the Tenant what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the owner and the Tenant what else
+yeah please call for the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please call for the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please call for the developer
+access to different de vehicles that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to different de vehicles that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to different de vehicles that for
+example institutional investors that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example institutional investors that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example institutional investors that may
+have mandates of investing part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mandates of investing part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mandates of investing part of their
+uh uh Endowment in green development or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Endowment in green development or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Endowment in green development or
+efficiencies something related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies something related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies something related to
+sustainability which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability which is
+very FS lower fin financing cost you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very FS lower fin financing cost you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very FS lower fin financing cost you are
+saying right if a normal building maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right if a normal building maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right if a normal building maybe
+get a loan of like 5% and if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a loan of like 5% and if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a loan of like 5% and if this is
+green maybe get a loan of about 4.5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green maybe get a loan of about 4.5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green maybe get a loan of about 4.5%
+like that do you that you mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that do you that you mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that do you that you mention that
+is matters for developer do that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is matters for developer do that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is matters for developer do that also
+matters for owner yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for owner yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for owner yeah right
+intersection because developer need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection because developer need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection because developer need to
+borrow loans and then when the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow loans and then when the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow loans and then when the owner
+later also need to borrow a debt so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later also need to borrow a debt so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later also need to borrow a debt so that
+will be lower fi financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be lower fi financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be lower fi financing
+cost lower any other things Christoper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost lower any other things Christoper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost lower any other things Christoper
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+perm I'm sorry easier permit easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perm I'm sorry easier permit easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perm I'm sorry easier permit easier
+permit okay that's maybe the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit okay that's maybe the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit okay that's maybe the story of
+the center right they oh this green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center right they oh this green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center right they oh this green
+and the the Cur mayor get so high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the Cur mayor get so high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the Cur mayor get so high and
+give them permit so this permit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them permit so this permit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them permit so this permit that's
+good permit I think mainly the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good permit I think mainly the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good permit I think mainly the developer
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+permit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here cost in the future health right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cost in the future health right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cost in the future health right the
+health so which B it will be it I me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health so which B it will be it I me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health so which B it will be it I me it
+depends both on owner and ten who of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends both on owner and ten who of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends both on owner and ten who of
+living there yeah mainly this owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living there yeah mainly this owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living there yeah mainly this owner
+won't leave there this is just a remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't leave there this is just a remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't leave there this is just a remote
+investors for example so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors for example so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors for example so we'll be
+tenants right if the tenants they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants right if the tenants they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants right if the tenants they really
+care about their uh for example their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about their uh for example their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about their uh for example their
+companies they really care about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they really care about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they really care about their
+employees house and in such a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees house and in such a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees house and in such a building
+I'm a little healthier and Hyer and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a little healthier and Hyer and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a little healthier and Hyer and work
+so hard so that will be house good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard so that will be house good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard so that will be house good and
+similarly maybe also productivity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly maybe also productivity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly maybe also productivity right
+so anyways let's take this for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+productivity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity or
+increase oh please you to build off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase oh please you to build off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase oh please you to build off that
+last point about health and productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last point about health and productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last point about health and productivity
+um from the tenants perspective it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the tenants perspective it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the tenants perspective it could
+be uh employee Recruitment and employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh employee Recruitment and employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh employee Recruitment and employee
+retention because employees are happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention because employees are happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention because employees are happier
+and they feel more comfortable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they feel more comfortable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they feel more comfortable that's
+very important office yeah Talent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important office yeah Talent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important office yeah Talent uh
+retention Lo higher valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention Lo higher valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention Lo higher valuation
+and rent prices at the owner Prov please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rent prices at the owner Prov please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rent prices at the owner Prov please
+be clear inage P I have evaluation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear inage P I have evaluation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear inage P I have evaluation for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+owner evaluation the market the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner evaluation the market the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner evaluation the market the value
+right Market value and the why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Market value and the why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Market value and the why the
+market value be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value be
+higher it would be a more desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it would be a more desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it would be a more desirable
+product because of the benefits in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product because of the benefits in yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product because of the benefits in yeah
+10 is are have higher willings to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is are have higher willings to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is are have higher willings to pay
+right so that mean higher rent so higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that mean higher rent so higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that mean higher rent so higher
+rent than higher market value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent than higher market value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent than higher market value and
+another why just a higher run per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another why just a higher run per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another why just a higher run per square
+feet but other things that can can lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet but other things that can can lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet but other things that can can lead
+to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher
+noi lower occupancy higher occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noi lower occupancy higher occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noi lower occupancy higher occupancy
+lower weaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower weaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower weaky
+yes that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right
+so uh wak cancy go down because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh wak cancy go down because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh wak cancy go down because you are
+you are very popular it's higher uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are very popular it's higher uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are very popular it's higher uh
+occupancy and the rent maybe go up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy and the rent maybe go up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy and the rent maybe go up so
+all this noi will go up right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this noi will go up right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this noi will go up right and then
+market value will go up market value go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value will go up market value go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value will go up market value go
+up good for for the owner and also good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up good for for the owner and also good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up good for for the owner and also good
+for the developer right for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the developer right for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the developer right for the
+developer so market value market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer so market value market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer so market value market the
+value go up anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value go up anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value go up anything
+else please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes yes maintenance cost let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes yes maintenance cost let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes yes maintenance cost let's say
+operational cost both the utility cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational cost both the utility cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational cost both the utility cost
+and the maintenance cost Wilson you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maintenance cost Wilson you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maintenance cost Wilson you want
+to say something um just want to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something um just want to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something um just want to add a
+little bit about market value like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about market value like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about market value like now
+day people are being able to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day people are being able to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day people are being able to recognize
+the sustainable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+haveg ESG in heart so doing ESG we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haveg ESG in heart so doing ESG we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haveg ESG in heart so doing ESG we put
+there this Buble bubble or in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this Buble bubble or in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this Buble bubble or in the middle
+I think middle in the middle so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think middle in the middle so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think middle in the middle so okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ESG and what else yes yeah simn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reputation thing reputation thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation thing reputation thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation thing reputation thing it's
+not reputation thing but also that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reputation thing but also that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reputation thing but also that also
+matters for owner for example I own um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for owner for example I own um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for owner for example I own um
+like where is the the greenest Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where is the the greenest Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where is the the greenest Building
+C yeah for good for okay so maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C yeah for good for okay so maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C yeah for good for okay so maybe that's
+a yes G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yes G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yes G and
+reputation build good for devel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation build good for devel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation build good for devel
+own yes so that's still in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own yes so that's still in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own yes so that's still in the middle
+right the reputation and the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the reputation and the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the reputation and the long-term
+value and uh do thing for developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and uh do thing for developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and uh do thing for developers
+developers Circle still a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers Circle still a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers Circle still a little bit uh
+not so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah easier to sell or sell faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah easier to sell or sell faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah easier to sell or sell faster
+right faster and easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right faster and easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right faster and easier
+sell faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell faster
+sell okay almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so faster cell yes yes because the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faster cell yes yes because the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faster cell yes yes because the owner
+maybe later sell to another one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later sell to another one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later sell to another one right
+resell and also another thing is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resell and also another thing is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resell and also another thing is when
+you resell the market value means now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you resell the market value means now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you resell the market value means now
+and the later so which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the later so which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the later so which means
+depreciation lower right slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation lower right slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation lower right slower
+depreciation won't won't depreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation won't won't depreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation won't won't depreciate that
+much so depression lower EXA okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so depression lower EXA okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so depression lower EXA okay good
+so overall it's almost there I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall it's almost there I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall it's almost there I have some
+small things and we covered almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things and we covered almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things and we covered almost all
+them so still remember now we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so still remember now we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so still remember now we are in a
+very optimistic State I think oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very optimistic State I think oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very optimistic State I think oh the
+very very best scenario the best case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very best scenario the best case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very best scenario the best case
+scenario will be like this right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario will be like this right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario will be like this right so now
+we are going to dive into all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to dive into all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to dive into all those
+items and see what will happen and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and see what will happen and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and see what will happen and some
+empirical evidence whether they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical evidence whether they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical evidence whether they will be
+true we cannot just say oh higher lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we cannot just say oh higher lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we cannot just say oh higher lower
+not like that empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like that empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like that empirical
+evidence so first of all will be this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence so first of all will be this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence so first of all will be this uh
+cost benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit
+analysis and this I don't need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and this I don't need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and this I don't need to go
+through but you learn all this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but you learn all this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but you learn all this in the
+basic uh Finance course or economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh Finance course or economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh Finance course or economics of
+course that's still there's no no free L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's still there's no no free L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's still there's no no free L
+thing right B if a cost and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right B if a cost and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right B if a cost and then you
+decide whether to go ahead or not and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to go ahead or not and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to go ahead or not and uh
+so that's basic uh methodology the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basic uh methodology the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basic uh methodology the key
+thing is it's not like stat static will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it's not like stat static will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it's not like stat static will
+but it's Dynamic wheel because always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's Dynamic wheel because always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's Dynamic wheel because always
+the building we have a holding period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building we have a holding period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building we have a holding period of
+many many years that's different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years that's different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years that's different from
+the other uh products so you have year T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh products so you have year T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh products so you have year T
+50 years from zero year to 50 year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years from zero year to 50 year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years from zero year to 50 year so
+you always need to discount so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always need to discount so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always need to discount so that's a
+unique feature of the real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique feature of the real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique feature of the real estate
+discount because you need to discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount because you need to discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount because you need to discount
+for many many years cash flow using um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many many years cash flow using um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many many years cash flow using um
+discount rate R which is the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate R which is the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate R which is the cost of
+capital to discount so that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital to discount so that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital to discount so that's why you
+need to understand this um this Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand this um this Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand this um this Dynamic
+view to have a very very precise way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view to have a very very precise way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view to have a very very precise way to
+show I use a hypothetical office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show I use a hypothetical office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show I use a hypothetical office
+building this is totally hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this is totally hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this is totally hypothetical
+but not so fake with still uh use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so fake with still uh use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so fake with still uh use the
+numbers relatively real and rela real I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers relatively real and rela real I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers relatively real and rela real I
+mean for for those rent and uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for for those rent and uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for for those rent and uh and uh
+and the vacancy rate and operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacancy rate and operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacancy rate and operating
+income ex so but this easier for for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income ex so but this easier for for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income ex so but this easier for for us
+first look at the hypothetical thing see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the hypothetical thing see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the hypothetical thing see
+re recap a little bit of your finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re recap a little bit of your finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re recap a little bit of your finance
+class or any of this cash flow analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or any of this cash flow analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or any of this cash flow analysis
+engineering economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering economics
+class let's first look at the because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class let's first look at the because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class let's first look at the because
+the owner will hold the building for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner will hold the building for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner will hold the building for
+many years years I say 10 years so 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years years I say 10 years so 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years years I say 10 years so 10
+years then we have always you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years then we have always you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years then we have always you have a
+performance like in this way remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance like in this way remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance like in this way remember
+Excel like in this way we have year zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel like in this way we have year zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel like in this way we have year zero
+then you buy in year zero you you invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you buy in year zero you you invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you buy in year zero you you invest
+and buy that from a developer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy that from a developer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy that from a developer that's
+your year zero and year one you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your year zero and year one you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your year zero and year one you start to
+operate the building you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the building you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the building you start to
+operate the building then now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the building then now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the building then now for
+example you have a potential gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have a potential gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have a potential gross
+income that's assume that you you lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income that's assume that you you lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income that's assume that you you lease
+out all space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all space that
+50k and and then of course you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k and and then of course you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k and and then of course you have some
+vacancy then minor some vacancy then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy then minor some vacancy then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy then minor some vacancy then you
+get effective gross income that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get effective gross income that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get effective gross income that's your
+income then you need to operate so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income then you need to operate so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income then you need to operate so you
+spend money you spend money on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend money you spend money on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend money you spend money on this
+operational expense for example some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational expense for example some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational expense for example some
+like bills energy bills and you hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bills energy bills and you hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bills energy bills and you hire
+some labor to for for to operate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some labor to for for to operate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some labor to for for to operate the
+building and Etc and then you have noi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and Etc and then you have noi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and Etc and then you have noi
+the net operating income of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net operating income of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net operating income of this
+28 uh ,500 so that's the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 uh ,500 so that's the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 uh ,500 so that's the very
+traditional way and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way and then you have a
+capital Improvement expenditure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Improvement expenditure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Improvement expenditure for
+example the elevator you need to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the elevator you need to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the elevator you need to really
+uh change to a new elevator all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh change to a new elevator all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh change to a new elevator all this
+Capital uh reinvestment uh cap and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh reinvestment uh cap and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh reinvestment uh cap and then
+you have a next cash flow that's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a next cash flow that's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a next cash flow that's minus
+uh capex right so that you have this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capex right so that you have this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capex right so that you have this and
+then this you repeat this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this you repeat this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this you repeat this over and over
+for 10 years then after 10 years you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 years then after 10 years you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 years then after 10 years you
+sell you sell and always we know how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you sell and always we know how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you sell and always we know how we
+decide on the resell sell price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on the resell sell price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on the resell sell price is
+assume another owner the SE the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume another owner the SE the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume another owner the SE the
+subsequent owner the 11 11th years cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent owner the 11 11th years cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent owner the 11 11th years cash
+flow and use see last year 11 years cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and use see last year 11 years cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and use see last year 11 years cash
+flow and is uh to divide by the cap rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and is uh to divide by the cap rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and is uh to divide by the cap rat
+at that time that's a willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time that's a willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time that's a willing to pay for
+the subsequent uh owner to you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent uh owner to you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent uh owner to you as a
+resell price so you get this resell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resell price so you get this resell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resell price so you get this resell
+price and then you have all the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and then you have all the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and then you have all the cash
+flows you discount then you decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows you discount then you decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows you discount then you decide on
+discount rate now we assume 8% so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate now we assume 8% so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate now we assume 8% so that's
+a discount rate because you evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discount rate because you evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discount rate because you evaluate the
+risk and that's your cost of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and that's your cost of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and that's your cost of capital
+then you get this MP so this is MP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get this MP so this is MP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get this MP so this is MP so
+this MP helps the owner to understand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this MP helps the owner to understand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this MP helps the owner to understand if
+they want to buy the building and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to buy the building and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to buy the building and how
+much they're will to pay to buy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they're will to pay to buy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they're will to pay to buy this
+building from the developer right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building from the developer right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building from the developer right so if
+this MP is higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this MP is higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this MP is higher than the
+developers uh willing to accept then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers uh willing to accept then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers uh willing to accept then
+they will they will just buy otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will they will just buy otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will they will just buy otherwise
+they w't by so that's a basic idea now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they w't by so that's a basic idea now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they w't by so that's a basic idea now
+the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is
+following this is like a baseline this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this is like a baseline this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this is like a baseline this
+is not a Green Building at all so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a Green Building at all so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a Green Building at all so if
+this is a green building and which cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a green building and which cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a green building and which cells
+on this performer will be affected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this performer will be affected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this performer will be affected and
+to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction just now we discuss the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction just now we discuss the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction just now we discuss the three
+bubbles and how this quanitative ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles and how this quanitative ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles and how this quanitative ideas
+will affect this quantitative numbers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect this quantitative numbers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect this quantitative numbers on
+this performer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the end could be compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end could be compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end could be compression
+considering you have a building if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering you have a building if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering you have a building if you
+it so you have higher value at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you have higher value at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you have higher value at the end
+compared to the assets on the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the assets on the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the assets on the market and
+also your Alex might not go as at at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also your Alex might not go as at at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also your Alex might not go as at at a
+higher rate as you have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rate as you have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rate as you have in this
+performance okay so you you pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay so you you pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay so you you pointed out
+that this opacs may go down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this opacs may go down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this opacs may go down right
+because you have you have a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you have a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you have a smaller
+bills for example you you use less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills for example you you use less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills for example you you use less
+energy and then you said this resell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then you said this resell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then you said this resell
+price may go up but could you be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price may go up but could you be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price may go up but could you be clear
+why it will go up which number will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it will go up which number will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it will go up which number will go
+up oh go down the sale price at year 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh go down the sale price at year 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh go down the sale price at year 10
+yes the sale price the year 11 cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the sale price the year 11 cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the sale price the year 11 cash flow
+and you'll divide it for for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll divide it for for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll divide it for for more
+compressed Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed Maybe
+May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5il so the cap rate may go down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5il so the cap rate may go down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5il so the cap rate may go down a little
+bit because lower risk and uh it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because lower risk and uh it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because lower risk and uh it's more
+favored by the market Etc although has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored by the market Etc although has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored by the market Etc although has a
+lower cap rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inas very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go down yes because it's more popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down yes because it's more popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down yes because it's more popular
+this is a lower we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lower we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lower we
+cancy yeah last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yeah don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah don't know
+right okay and how about this this cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and how about this this cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and how about this this cap
+rate for now this discount rate may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for now this discount rate may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for now this discount rate may also
+go down if lower risk right if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down if lower risk right if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down if lower risk right if this
+building is in Boston city for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is in Boston city for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is in Boston city for for
+example or in New York City let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or in New York City let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or in New York City let's say
+New York City because last session we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City because last session we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City because last session we
+talked about New York City's local law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about New York City's local law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about New York City's local law
+97 they are so stringent and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 they are so stringent and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 they are so stringent and then if you
+have Green Building later you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Green Building later you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Green Building later you know you
+will pay less penalty to the city or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay less penalty to the city or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay less penalty to the city or you
+will pay zero penalty but you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay zero penalty but you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay zero penalty but you are not
+you are bronze building that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are bronze building that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are bronze building that you need to
+pay penalty so the the owner understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay penalty so the the owner understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay penalty so the the owner understand
+the risk and this is green so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk and this is green so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk and this is green so they are
+they have a lower risk and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lower risk and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lower risk and that's a
+lower Capital uh lower cost of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Capital uh lower cost of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Capital uh lower cost of capital
+so I think we cover all so we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we cover all so we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we cover all so we talk about
+this uh increase of the potential um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh increase of the potential um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh increase of the potential um
+potential uh gross income and decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh gross income and decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh gross income and decrease
+of vacancy and decrease operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vacancy and decrease operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vacancy and decrease operational
+upack and uh here I I I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upack and uh here I I I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upack and uh here I I I'm more
+optimistic that we will be a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic that we will be a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic that we will be a lower
+Capital Improvement expenditure later we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Improvement expenditure later we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Improvement expenditure later we
+will explain a little bit on this and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will explain a little bit on this and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will explain a little bit on this and uh
+and also lower risk then you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also lower risk then you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also lower risk then you have two
+lower uh discount rate so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh discount rate so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh discount rate so that's the
+that's how like we materialize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how like we materialize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how like we materialize this
+impact of the Green Building benefit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the Green Building benefit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the Green Building benefit and
+cost onto the sales numbers on performer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost onto the sales numbers on performer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost onto the sales numbers on performer
+so you understand how this work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you understand how this work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you understand how this work out
+because of this then finally because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this then finally because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this then finally because you
+you are calculating MPV then will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are calculating MPV then will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are calculating MPV then will be
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+MPV this one will go up right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MPV this one will go up right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MPV this one will go up right because
+all of this change this MPV will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this change this MPV will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this change this MPV will go up
+the MPV goes up and does higher we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MPV goes up and does higher we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MPV goes up and does higher we need
+to pay this this the owner will say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay this this the owner will say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay this this the owner will say okay
+I'm so happy with this Green Building I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so happy with this Green Building I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so happy with this Green Building I
+have a higher willingness to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher willingness to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher willingness to be
+wtp for the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wtp for the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wtp for the Green
+Building so that's basically uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building so that's basically uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building so that's basically uh the
+point of uh of of this uh entire circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of uh of of this uh entire circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of uh of of this uh entire circle
+so now we have a very very good diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a very very good diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a very very good diagram
+here is a cash flow conceptual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a cash flow conceptual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a cash flow conceptual level
+cash flow this conceptual level cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow this conceptual level cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow this conceptual level cash
+flow will always show up later so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow will always show up later so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow will always show up later so I just
+want to every time reiterate reiterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to every time reiterate reiterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to every time reiterate reiterate
+so that you understand this so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you understand this so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you understand this so we know
+three stakeholders we I call I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stakeholders we I call I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stakeholders we I call I always
+like to call this the CH process it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call this the CH process it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call this the CH process it's a
+chin they connected there are chin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin they connected there are chin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin they connected there are chin
+process the three three stakeholders we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the three three stakeholders we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the three three stakeholders we
+have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh
+developer then we have the investor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer then we have the investor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer then we have the investor who
+is the owner then we have the tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the owner then we have the tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the owner then we have the tenants
+right just now I use a performa then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just now I use a performa then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just now I use a performa then you
+understand the most most important guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the most most important guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the most most important guy
+the Investor's point the owner's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Investor's point the owner's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Investor's point the owner's point
+the performer and then let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performer and then let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performer and then let's look at
+just now we still show numbers numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now we still show numbers numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now we still show numbers numbers
+numbers but let's look at the behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but let's look at the behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but let's look at the behaviors
+when we talk about behaviors we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about behaviors we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about behaviors we will use
+a way we will reverse the thing and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way we will reverse the thing and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way we will reverse the thing and we
+will first look at tent because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will first look at tent because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will first look at tent because remember
+the green individuals in my big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green individuals in my big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green individuals in my big picture
+the green individuals in top are users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green individuals in top are users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green individuals in top are users
+we need to from the very very end those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to from the very very end those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to from the very very end those
+end users they are in a green building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end users they are in a green building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end users they are in a green building
+so they have a higher wiing to pay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have a higher wiing to pay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have a higher wiing to pay right
+if they have a higher wiing to pay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a higher wiing to pay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a higher wiing to pay this
+High willing to pay then that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High willing to pay then that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High willing to pay then that will be
+translated to the higher rent that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated to the higher rent that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated to the higher rent that the
+owner can charge right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner can charge right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner can charge right so this is the
+symmetric this is owner so this is owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric this is owner so this is owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric this is owner so this is owner
+this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is
+owner this part is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner this part is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner this part is a
+developer this part is the tenant so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer this part is the tenant so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer this part is the tenant so the
+tenant's cash flow out will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant's cash flow out will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant's cash flow out will be the
+owner's cash flow in is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner's cash flow in is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner's cash flow in is that right
+because the tenants pay the rent and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the tenants pay the rent and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the tenants pay the rent and the
+owner will receive that rent so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner will receive that rent so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner will receive that rent so the
+logic is the following if the tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is the following if the tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is the following if the tenants
+has the higher rings to pay for rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the higher rings to pay for rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the higher rings to pay for rent
+then the owner will get more higher rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the owner will get more higher rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the owner will get more higher rent
+revenue from the tenants so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue from the tenants so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue from the tenants so that's why
+we start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end the tenants has the have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the tenants has the have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the tenants has the have a higher
+willing willingness to pay for the rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing willingness to pay for the rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing willingness to pay for the rent
+yes we call it wtp that's a terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we call it wtp that's a terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we call it wtp that's a terminology
+later maybe I will just say wtp just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later maybe I will just say wtp just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later maybe I will just say wtp just a
+willingness to pay you are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay you are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay you are willing to
+pay how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money yes so this is the willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money yes so this is the willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money yes so this is the willingness to
+pay so this is chin a chin process if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so this is chin a chin process if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so this is chin a chin process if
+this is longer then that one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is longer then that one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is longer then that one will be
+longer and then later that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and then later that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and then later that will be
+further translate to the developer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further translate to the developer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further translate to the developer but
+let's look at the end user if this won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the end user if this won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the end user if this won't
+happen if this story is fake if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if this story is fake if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if this story is fake if this
+won't happen nothing will happen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't happen nothing will happen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't happen nothing will happen right
+this this won't work this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this won't work this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this won't work this is a
+fundamental driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental driving
+force okay let's look at it so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force okay let's look at it so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force okay let's look at it so here is
+like uh then just now we discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh then just now we discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh then just now we discuss the
+potential benefits are higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential benefits are higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential benefits are higher
+productivity better health benefit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity better health benefit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity better health benefit and
+uh easier to re the retention of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easier to re the retention of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easier to re the retention of your
+employees talents and also if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees talents and also if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees talents and also if you are
+you need to pay energy bills maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay energy bills maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay energy bills maybe some
+lower operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower operational
+cost so here let's look at every atem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so here let's look at every atem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so here let's look at every atem
+first operational cost so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first operational cost so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first operational cost so you can see
+that this is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is from the
+reading uh I think this also from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh I think this also from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh I think this also from the
+read I just need to emphasize again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read I just need to emphasize again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read I just need to emphasize again you
+need to read the readings before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read the readings before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read the readings before you
+come to the class I already simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the class I already simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the class I already simplified
+the readings last year we had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings last year we had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings last year we had more
+readings each session we we had two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings each session we we had two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings each session we we had two or
+three accurate to remember that now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three accurate to remember that now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three accurate to remember that now we
+understand then is I I became more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand then is I I became more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand then is I I became more and
+more realistic of you so okay if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more realistic of you so okay if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more realistic of you so okay if I put
+three you will read zero no I put one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you will read zero no I put one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you will read zero no I put one so
+I each session I have one Reading Please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I each session I have one Reading Please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I each session I have one Reading Please
+read okay please read that uh then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read okay please read that uh then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read okay please read that uh then they
+say oh the report is so long also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh the report is so long also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh the report is so long also it's
+one reading like this 100 page no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reading like this 100 page no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reading like this 100 page no
+problem glance over that right Gras me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem glance over that right Gras me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem glance over that right Gras me
+information from that report because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from that report because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from that report because
+that report is very important they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that report is very important they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that report is very important they show
+up in that report so it says the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in that report so it says the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in that report so it says the green
+buildings have smaller operational cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings have smaller operational cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings have smaller operational cost
+and they use some data of all this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use some data of all this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use some data of all this data
+of many many buildings they show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many many buildings they show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many many buildings they show you the
+maintenance and operational cost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and operational cost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and operational cost uh
+operations that will save money so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that will save money so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that will save money so we'll
+save money and uh we understand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save money and uh we understand it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save money and uh we understand it's
+easier to understand that energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand that energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand that energy and
+resource savings for example you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource savings for example you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource savings for example you use
+less electricity you L less gas uh Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less electricity you L less gas uh Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less electricity you L less gas uh Etc
+and uh batter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh batter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh batter
+insulation and for the maintenance cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and for the maintenance cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and for the maintenance cost
+reduction from the statistic ICS not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from the statistic ICS not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from the statistic ICS not all
+building like that statistics also lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building like that statistics also lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building like that statistics also lower
+do you have any intuition why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any intuition why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any intuition why the
+maintenance cost may also be lower for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance cost may also be lower for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance cost may also be lower for
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buildings any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea also the P every year may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+espe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espe
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+develop market failure later I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop market failure later I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop market failure later I will
+touch on that let's not believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on that let's not believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on that let's not believe in
+market for now and later I will discard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for now and later I will discard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for now and later I will discard
+China I have two papers of China why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China I have two papers of China why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China I have two papers of China why
+this won't work then we will answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this won't work then we will answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this won't work then we will answer your
+question but for now let's still believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but for now let's still believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but for now let's still believe
+in ch uh not believe in market now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ch uh not believe in market now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ch uh not believe in market now why
+the maintenance cost may be lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance cost may be lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance cost may be lower in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+cases uh if there's more electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh if there's more electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh if there's more electrical
+systems than gas or oil heated there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems than gas or oil heated there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems than gas or oil heated there's
+few removing parts that could eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few removing parts that could eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few removing parts that could eventually
+fail just like in a car electric car is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail just like in a car electric car is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail just like in a car electric car is
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+maintenance gas good yes so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance gas good yes so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance gas good yes so basically
+the the system like the uh building this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the system like the uh building this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the system like the uh building this
+uh uh building management system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh building management system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh building management system or
+Green Building system they have better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building system they have better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building system they have better
+monitoring technology and are sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring technology and are sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring technology and are sometimes
+smarter because there new technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter because there new technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter because there new technology and
+they run more efficiently and with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run more efficiently and with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run more efficiently and with less
+H hiccups so that's one possibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H hiccups so that's one possibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H hiccups so that's one possibility and
+they can hire less people for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can hire less people for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can hire less people for example
+this building to operate we need a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building to operate we need a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building to operate we need a team
+of 10 people now we may need a team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 people now we may need a team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 people now we may need a team of
+three people because it's more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people because it's more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people because it's more efficient
+than the spatter so you can you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the spatter so you can you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the spatter so you can you can just
+reduce your your salary and also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your your salary and also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your your salary and also because
+the lifespan always will be longer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifespan always will be longer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifespan always will be longer for
+these green buildings because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these green buildings because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these green buildings because they
+depreciate less and then they have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciate less and then they have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciate less and then they have less
+we and here over time every five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and here over time every five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and here over time every five years
+or every several years you need to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every several years you need to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every several years you need to um
+this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital
+investment and then think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and then think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and then think about this
+think about this this who will pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this this who will pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this this who will pay the
+bills who will pay yes of course when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills who will pay yes of course when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills who will pay yes of course when we
+look at physical building yes it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at physical building yes it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at physical building yes it will be
+less but who are going to pay that who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but who are going to pay that who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but who are going to pay that who
+will benefit who will recoup that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will benefit who will recoup that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will benefit who will recoup that
+benefit of reduced energy bills so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of reduced energy bills so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of reduced energy bills so
+that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit
+complicated it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's a little bit
+complicated because that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because that depends on the
+lease structure then next next session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease structure then next next session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease structure then next next session
+we will touch on this lease structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will touch on this lease structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will touch on this lease structure
+who will pay which part of the energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will pay which part of the energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will pay which part of the energy so
+that's different types but let's see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different types but let's see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different types but let's see now
+without going to the details let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going to the details let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going to the details let's say
+they split some part of the common part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they split some part of the common part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they split some part of the common part
+like Lobby and those common space owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lobby and those common space owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lobby and those common space owner
+need to pay because it's so hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay because it's so hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay because it's so hard to
+attribute to tenants but for tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute to tenants but for tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute to tenants but for tenants
+maybe tenants also need to pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe tenants also need to pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe tenants also need to pay the
+inside of the space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the space okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the space okay
+so then you will see I have 01 and O2 If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you will see I have 01 and O2 If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you will see I have 01 and O2 If
+You observe if you look at my my cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You observe if you look at my my cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You observe if you look at my my cash
+flow carefully I have a 01 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow carefully I have a 01 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow carefully I have a 01 that's
+owner's operational cost we have O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner's operational cost we have O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner's operational cost we have O2
+that's tenant operational cost so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tenant operational cost so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tenant operational cost so that's
+why we have the subscript of one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have the subscript of one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have the subscript of one to two
+so the owner have this 01 reduce maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the owner have this 01 reduce maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the owner have this 01 reduce maybe
+and tenant have a O2 so the O2 will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tenant have a O2 so the O2 will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tenant have a O2 so the O2 will not
+directly ref reflect into the owner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly ref reflect into the owner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly ref reflect into the owner's
+cash flow but because O2 will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow but because O2 will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow but because O2 will become
+smaller then tenant save money if tenant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller then tenant save money if tenant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller then tenant save money if tenant
+save some money they are willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some money they are willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some money they are willing to pay
+higher rent that's the logic so I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent that's the logic so I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent that's the logic so I put
+this a this channel this is the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a this channel this is the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a this channel this is the middle
+Channel but the point is they are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel but the point is they are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel but the point is they are going
+to pay higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay higher
+rent more importantly let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent more importantly let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent more importantly let's look at this
+piie the piie is important I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piie the piie is important I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piie the piie is important I think uh
+just now you also mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now you also mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now you also mentioned this
+retention of the talents right this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention of the talents right this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention of the talents right this so
+important because if I'm a tenant I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if I'm a tenant I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if I'm a tenant I'm
+I'm not a real estate person I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a real estate person I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a real estate person I'm a
+tenant uh I'm a Google for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant uh I'm a Google for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant uh I'm a Google for example you
+know Google Google just run a big space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Google Google just run a big space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Google Google just run a big space
+in me on Main Street very close kandle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in me on Main Street very close kandle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in me on Main Street very close kandle
+Square this um Boston properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square this um Boston properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square this um Boston properties
+building that's a new renovation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that's a new renovation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that's a new renovation of the
+kandle square this Boston properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kandle square this Boston properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kandle square this Boston properties
+building Google run all the building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Google run all the building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Google run all the building and
+you you saw the Google Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you saw the Google Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you saw the Google Google
+headquarters uh uh logo there so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters uh uh logo there so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters uh uh logo there so if I'm
+the Google I'm not real sa company I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google I'm not real sa company I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google I'm not real sa company I and
+then I look at my cost pie then always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I look at my cost pie then always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I look at my cost pie then always
+the important thing is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is for a
+company energy is so little 1% because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company energy is so little 1% because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company energy is so little 1% because
+I'm not like a Energy company right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not like a Energy company right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not like a Energy company right if
+if I just a IT company to pay my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just a IT company to pay my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just a IT company to pay my office
+energy 1% and run 10% right one 10% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy 1% and run 10% right one 10% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy 1% and run 10% right one 10% and
+the rest of which W is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of which W is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of which W is the largest
+larger component of the cost of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger component of the cost of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger component of the cost of the uh
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+and and then this is so important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then this is so important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then this is so important the
+human capital to a company not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital to a company not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital to a company not the
+physical like energy builds or all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical like energy builds or all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical like energy builds or all the
+Run yes run will be high if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Run yes run will be high if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Run yes run will be high if you want to
+have good fancy office building but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good fancy office building but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good fancy office building but here
+is the same and then if you pay money if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same and then if you pay money if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same and then if you pay money if
+you pay W to to employees and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay W to to employees and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay W to to employees and all
+employees always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees always get
+sick one show up all the six days is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick one show up all the six days is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick one show up all the six days is the
+loss you pay money you pay wage then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss you pay money you pay wage then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss you pay money you pay wage then
+they all get sick because the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all get sick because the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all get sick because the building
+so bad they always get sick no good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad they always get sick no good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad they always get sick no good so
+if you can help them keep their health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can help them keep their health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can help them keep their health
+and productivity you pay wage you gain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and productivity you pay wage you gain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and productivity you pay wage you gain a
+lot from their productivity that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot from their productivity that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot from their productivity that's good
+so that will be more important from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be more important from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be more important from the
+From tenance perspective and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From tenance perspective and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From tenance perspective and we will
+have healthy building lecture to dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have healthy building lecture to dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have healthy building lecture to dive
+into this so but you understand why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this so but you understand why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this so but you understand why this
+building is good then not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is good then not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is good then not just the
+direct thing but also indir thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct thing but also indir thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct thing but also indir thing that
+tenants get so happy and willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants get so happy and willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants get so happy and willing to pay
+higher rent and the and the rent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question hit sometimes the human Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question hit sometimes the human Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question hit sometimes the human Capital
+Health and the wellbe came into conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health and the wellbe came into conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health and the wellbe came into conflict
+with maintenance costs and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maintenance costs and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maintenance costs and energy
+reductions and saving specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions and saving specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions and saving specifically
+looking at the hbac systems so recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the hbac systems so recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the hbac systems so recycling
+the air is a good way to save energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is a good way to save energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is a good way to save energy
+because you don't have to heat it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have to heat it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have to heat it or
+cool it as much and then the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it as much and then the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it as much and then the thing is
+you're recycling that air so it's clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recycling that air so it's clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recycling that air so it's clean
+or fresh so it's sometimes it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fresh so it's sometimes it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fresh so it's sometimes it's hard to
+keep going in the same direction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going in the same direction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going in the same direction with
+both these goals Sometimes they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these goals Sometimes they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these goals Sometimes they come in
+the confli very good point very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confli very good point very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confli very good point very good
+point so you are seeing this ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you are seeing this ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you are seeing this ventilation
+cost and uh and uh the maintenance cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and uh and uh the maintenance cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and uh and uh the maintenance cost
+they are like treat off right you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are like treat off right you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are like treat off right you cannot
+just all save money and a save cost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all save money and a save cost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all save money and a save cost a
+save energy no ventilation and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save energy no ventilation and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save energy no ventilation and a very
+low ventilation but then will cost more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low ventilation but then will cost more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low ventilation but then will cost more
+for the healthy part I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the healthy part I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the healthy part I think that's
+that's very clear it's not like always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very clear it's not like always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very clear it's not like always
+win-win it's sometimes straight off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win-win it's sometimes straight off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win-win it's sometimes straight off and
+if you look at the higher level that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the higher level that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the higher level that's
+basically three circles p p p that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically three circles p p p that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically three circles p p p that's
+some tension between the planet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tension between the planet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tension between the planet and the
+people right it's not yes we we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right it's not yes we we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right it's not yes we we want
+insulation for example insulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation for example insulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation for example insulation is
+good for energy saving but we we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for energy saving but we we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for energy saving but we we don't
+want to leave in plastic back plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave in plastic back plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave in plastic back plastic
+back bad we cannot breathe although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back bad we cannot breathe although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back bad we cannot breathe although it's
+a it's very good insulation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's very good insulation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's very good insulation so that's
+the idea nobody want to live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea nobody want to live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea nobody want to live in a
+plastic back so that's a that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic back so that's a that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic back so that's a that's a very
+good point and then give you iCal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point and then give you iCal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point and then give you iCal
+evidence there's a paper very good paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence there's a paper very good paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence there's a paper very good paper
+this is a meta analysis meta analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a meta analysis meta analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a meta analysis meta analysis
+means they collect many many empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they collect many many empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they collect many many empirical
+studies from different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies from different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies from different countries
+different contct different data then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contct different data then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contct different data then
+they summarize and they say okay for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they summarize and they say okay for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they summarize and they say okay for all
+the green real estate studies there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green real estate studies there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green real estate studies there's so
+many studies you can see overall the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies you can see overall the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies you can see overall the the
+the studies find significant run premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies find significant run premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies find significant run premium
+of on average 6% so that's the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on average 6% so that's the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on average 6% so that's the evidence
+and you can see this more on residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see this more on residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see this more on residential
+side and 5% on the on the um commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and 5% on the on the um commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and 5% on the on the um commercial
+side keep in mind this number but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side keep in mind this number but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side keep in mind this number but this
+is also this is not like a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also this is not like a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also this is not like a universal
+right this those studies and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this those studies and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this those studies and for the
+scholars like me we found some papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars like me we found some papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars like me we found some papers
+and actually they summarize all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually they summarize all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually they summarize all the
+papers if you can see but I I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers if you can see but I I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers if you can see but I I'm sure you
+cannot see this one paper called Jung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see this one paper called Jung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see this one paper called Jung
+here it's my paper I feel so proud that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's my paper I feel so proud that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's my paper I feel so proud that
+my paper got into this analysis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my paper got into this analysis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my paper got into this analysis that's
+the most exciting time moment of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most exciting time moment of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most exciting time moment of a
+scholar right I I I I I pish a paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar right I I I I I pish a paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar right I I I I I pish a paper and
+then my paper got some impact attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my paper got some impact attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my paper got some impact attention
+then they summarize they have Jun paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they summarize they have Jun paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they summarize they have Jun paper
+here so yes so that's the that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so yes so that's the that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so yes so that's the that's why
+that's my that's my first paper of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my that's my first paper of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my that's my first paper of the
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+okay now we talk about just now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we talk about just now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we talk about just now remember
+is a tenant that's un user point then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tenant that's un user point then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tenant that's un user point then we
+move on to the owner okay assume we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the owner okay assume we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the owner okay assume we are
+so optimistic assume tenants are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so optimistic assume tenants are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so optimistic assume tenants are so
+happy they have higher ratings to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy they have higher ratings to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy they have higher ratings to pay
+for green buildings then they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for green buildings then they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for green buildings then they have a
+longer like this Arrow of rent that rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer like this Arrow of rent that rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer like this Arrow of rent that rent
+be translated into the owner perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be translated into the owner perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be translated into the owner perspective
+it's a cost for the tenant but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cost for the tenant but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cost for the tenant but it's
+benefit for the owner right this a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for the owner right this a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for the owner right this a this
+um symmetric thing okay then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um symmetric thing okay then look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um symmetric thing okay then look at
+this now we look at the owner owner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now we look at the owner owner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now we look at the owner owner is
+not stupid they're also rational they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stupid they're also rational they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stupid they're also rational they
+understand maybe highly effective rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand maybe highly effective rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand maybe highly effective rent
+lower we cany and higher rent per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower we cany and higher rent per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower we cany and higher rent per square
+feet and then if we are so optimistic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet and then if we are so optimistic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet and then if we are so optimistic we
+think about the operational cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the operational cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the operational cost
+uh uh energy reduction then this o1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh energy reduction then this o1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh energy reduction then this o1 will
+also becom smaller and then suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also becom smaller and then suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also becom smaller and then suppose
+later this will be more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later this will be more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later this will be more and more
+appreciated by the market so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated by the market so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated by the market so there's a
+lower depreciation and higher resell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower depreciation and higher resell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower depreciation and higher resell
+price so all to the positive side higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so all to the positive side higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so all to the positive side higher
+higher lower cost and then we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher lower cost and then we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher lower cost and then we already
+mentioned that because the because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that because the because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that because the because of
+the some some risk consideration then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some some risk consideration then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some some risk consideration then
+the cost of capital also low so then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of capital also low so then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of capital also low so then is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+higher then this is absolute value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then this is absolute value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then this is absolute value this
+will be small this this minor is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be small this this minor is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be small this this minor is a
+smaller thing that will be bigger right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller thing that will be bigger right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller thing that will be bigger right
+all these are bigger this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are bigger this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are bigger this
+bigger so that's so good then that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so that's so good then that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so that's so good then that all
+translate to in a higher purchase price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to in a higher purchase price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to in a higher purchase price
+so I'm willing to pay higher price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm willing to pay higher price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm willing to pay higher price to
+buy that building from a Dev ER right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy that building from a Dev ER right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy that building from a Dev ER right if
+this is true then this will be later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true then this will be later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true then this will be later
+translated as a chin to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated as a chin to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated as a chin to the
+developers sale price so that's a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers sale price so that's a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers sale price so that's a point
+that's a chin so now we have this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a chin so now we have this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a chin so now we have this uh
+cash flow we know this one Higher this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow we know this one Higher this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow we know this one Higher this
+one Higher and uh how about the risk we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Higher and uh how about the risk we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Higher and uh how about the risk we
+we can of intuitively we think the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can of intuitively we think the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can of intuitively we think the risk
+may be lower the eye may go down but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be lower the eye may go down but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be lower the eye may go down but why
+can can we have some solid example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can we have some solid example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can we have some solid example
+of why this risk may go down some what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why this risk may go down some what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why this risk may go down some what
+kind of risks what kind of risk you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of risks what kind of risk you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of risks what kind of risk you can
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of energy cost why this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk okay but if we invent some nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay but if we invent some nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay but if we invent some nuclear
+energy things the energy may be cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy things the energy may be cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy things the energy may be cheaper
+but now it's true that's uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's true that's uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's true that's uncertainty
+especially the Ukraine and the Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the Ukraine and the Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the Ukraine and the Russia
+War then the gas more and more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War then the gas more and more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War then the gas more and more expensive
+right it's a lot of uncertainy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what's
+risk exit risk yes if you have brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk exit risk yes if you have brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk exit risk yes if you have brown
+building nobody want to buy then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building nobody want to buy then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building nobody want to buy then you you
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck
+okay policy what kind of policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay policy what kind of policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay policy what kind of policy
+government May impose tax sure you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government May impose tax sure you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government May impose tax sure you want
+to see yeah it's the same policy yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see yeah it's the same policy yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see yeah it's the same policy yes so
+now we have a big category of policy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a big category of policy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a big category of policy uh
+regulation and uh we also have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and uh we also have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and uh we also have something
+uh let's see so basically we has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so basically we has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so basically we has three
+baskets I'm not sure whether it's um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baskets I'm not sure whether it's um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baskets I'm not sure whether it's um can
+cover all but at least big baskets first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all but at least big baskets first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all but at least big baskets first
+policy risk for example Local 97 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy risk for example Local 97 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy risk for example Local 97 we have
+this also in Boston cambrid as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also in Boston cambrid as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also in Boston cambrid as you
+know and uh Market risk like guess stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and uh Market risk like guess stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and uh Market risk like guess stock
+cannot sell if you are so brown right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot sell if you are so brown right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot sell if you are so brown right
+you go and if the market really value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and if the market really value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and if the market really value
+the green buildings then green buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green buildings then green buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green buildings then green buildings
+no matter whether you're premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether you're premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether you're premium
+remember 6% premium but if you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember 6% premium but if you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember 6% premium but if you are so
+Brown you may have a brown discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown you may have a brown discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown you may have a brown discount
+right Brown discount so if if all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Brown discount so if if all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Brown discount so if if all all
+other your counterparts they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other your counterparts they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other your counterparts they are so
+green and only one building is so bad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and only one building is so bad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and only one building is so bad in
+the market then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market then you have a
+discount and uh actually this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount and uh actually this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount and uh actually this is really
+real it's not like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real it's not like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real it's not like uh
+speculation this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation this a
+paper they started the after Pand not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they started the after Pand not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they started the after Pand not
+after after financial crisis 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after after financial crisis 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after after financial crisis 2009
+financial crisis they they say in Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis they they say in Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis they they say in Good
+Times green buildings have the premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times green buildings have the premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times green buildings have the premium
+bad times nobody all people were losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad times nobody all people were losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad times nobody all people were losing
+money in bad times financial crisis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in bad times financial crisis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in bad times financial crisis but
+they found the residence are much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the residence are much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the residence are much higher
+than in in the down times even for Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in in the down times even for Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in in the down times even for Green
+Building so if all the buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building so if all the buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building so if all the buildings are
+were losing tenant the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were losing tenant the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were losing tenant the Green Building
+are relatively better they keeping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively better they keeping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively better they keeping a
+little bit more tenants that paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more tenants that paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more tenants that paper was
+very famous and now I think there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous and now I think there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous and now I think there's some
+other papers after this pandemic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other papers after this pandemic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other papers after this pandemic so
+that's a financial crisis they are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a financial crisis they are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a financial crisis they are more
+resilient after pandemic healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient after pandemic healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient after pandemic healthy
+buildings they are more resilient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings they are more resilient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings they are more resilient
+because now work from home right all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now work from home right all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now work from home right all the
+CBD buildings they become weaken but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBD buildings they become weaken but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBD buildings they become weaken but if
+you compare those relatively better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare those relatively better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare those relatively better
+Greener and healthier buildings the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener and healthier buildings the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener and healthier buildings the can
+keep more tenants for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep more tenants for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep more tenants for example the
+tenants they still need to keep some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants they still need to keep some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants they still need to keep some
+office in downtown they will go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office in downtown they will go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office in downtown they will go to the
+healthy buildings and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy buildings and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy buildings and then finally
+physical risk so this for example Miami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical risk so this for example Miami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical risk so this for example Miami
+or Boston seport that's how will be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Boston seport that's how will be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Boston seport that's how will be our
+project final project and uh and the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project final project and uh and the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project final project and uh and the p
+number two if you happen to be on place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two if you happen to be on place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two if you happen to be on place
+that maybe next 10 years you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe next 10 years you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe next 10 years you will have
+flooding risk will be something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding risk will be something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding risk will be something uh
+higher then you really have this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then you really have this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then you really have this right
+you have this um this physical risk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this um this physical risk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this um this physical risk but
+if you are in high land you are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are in high land you are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are in high land you are on
+Highland that's not so much for you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highland that's not so much for you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highland that's not so much for you but
+you still are exposed to this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still are exposed to this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still are exposed to this type of
+risk okay now we have the entire almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay now we have the entire almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay now we have the entire almost
+we close the loop we almost close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we close the loop we almost close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we close the loop we almost close the
+loop from the tenants from the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop from the tenants from the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop from the tenants from the owner
+then go to owner then we we will we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to owner then we we will we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to owner then we we will we will
+soon go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon go to the
+developer about the previous slide about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer about the previous slide about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer about the previous slide about
+the risk so I think it makes perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk so I think it makes perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk so I think it makes perfect
+sense when you're developing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when you're developing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when you're developing a new
+building the risk to be lower what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the risk to be lower what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the risk to be lower what if
+you're buying and retrofitting it to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying and retrofitting it to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying and retrofitting it to to
+become aable build yeah that's very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become aable build yeah that's very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become aable build yeah that's very good
+that reduce the risk right increase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduce the risk right increase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduce the risk right increase it
+you have to make a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make a capital
+investment to R the building and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment to R the building and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment to R the building and you
+don't know if it's going to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's going to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's going to work out
+that's a good point actually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point actually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point actually another
+case study that Jen will teach will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study that Jen will teach will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study that Jen will teach will be a
+private Equity whose expertise who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Equity whose expertise who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Equity whose expertise who have
+very strong expertise in retrofiting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong expertise in retrofiting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong expertise in retrofiting all
+the buildings and that company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings and that company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings and that company
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+they have the special expertise they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the special expertise they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the special expertise they are
+specialized they have energy team Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized they have energy team Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized they have energy team Etc
+better than other teams so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other teams so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other teams so they they
+have they are more Brave to do this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they are more Brave to do this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they are more Brave to do this kind
+of business for others they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business for others they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business for others they don't know
+as you said this higher risk but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you said this higher risk but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you said this higher risk but for
+some they have done so many buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some they have done so many buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some they have done so many buildings
+then they okay we will buy this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they okay we will buy this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they okay we will buy this building
+we know we will get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we will get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we will get things
+done higher resence during down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done higher resence during down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done higher resence during down you
+mentioned earlier that these buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier that these buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier that these buildings
+have higher rent so you know I'm aany of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher rent so you know I'm aany of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher rent so you know I'm aany of
+my employers our employees are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my employers our employees are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my employers our employees are not
+coming to work because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to work because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to work because of
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ler so for The Greener it's pandemic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ler so for The Greener it's pandemic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ler so for The Greener it's pandemic if
+the tenants really value healthier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenants really value healthier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenants really value healthier
+indoor air qualtity for example so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor air qualtity for example so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor air qualtity for example so they
+will shrink their office space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shrink their office space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shrink their office space for
+example at first they rent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at first they rent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at first they rent a lot of
+space in B and downtown now they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in B and downtown now they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in B and downtown now they don't
+need because 80% of the employees they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need because 80% of the employees they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need because 80% of the employees they
+don't come in every day so they shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come in every day so they shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come in every day so they shrink
+or they move to a smaller space and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they move to a smaller space and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they move to a smaller space and then
+when they move to smaller space they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they move to smaller space they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they move to smaller space they
+they have more choices and they will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have more choices and they will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have more choices and they will go
+to Greener and the healthier buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Greener and the healthier buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Greener and the healthier buildings
+so that's why those buildings they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why those buildings they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why those buildings they are
+more resilient but other Brown buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more resilient but other Brown buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more resilient but other Brown buildings
+and the bad buildings they lose totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bad buildings they lose totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bad buildings they lose totally
+completely all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely all the
+tenants okay now there's a table in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants okay now there's a table in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants okay now there's a table in your
+reading please read so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading please read so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading please read so to
+summarize why G build have higher asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize why G build have higher asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize why G build have higher asset
+value remember asset value good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value remember asset value good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value remember asset value good for
+owner and also for the developer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner and also for the developer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner and also for the developer because
+developer will sell at a higher value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer will sell at a higher value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer will sell at a higher value
+basically higher rent higher occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically higher rent higher occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically higher rent higher occupancy
+lower turnover always keep the tenant th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower turnover always keep the tenant th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower turnover always keep the tenant th
+d r go up lower operational cost D 01 go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d r go up lower operational cost D 01 go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d r go up lower operational cost D 01 go
+down that's for the owner perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's for the owner perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's for the owner perspective
+and uh and the lower expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the lower expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the lower expected return
+return that's cost of capital in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that's cost of capital in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that's cost of capital in the
+denominator becom smaller alog together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator becom smaller alog together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator becom smaller alog together
+think about the cash flow think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the cash flow think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the cash flow think about
+this uh discount equation higher wtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh discount equation higher wtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh discount equation higher wtp
+willing is to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing is to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing is to pay
+wtp and then if the owner has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wtp and then if the owner has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wtp and then if the owner has a higher
+willing to pay then developer so happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay then developer so happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay then developer so happy
+because they can sell at a good price so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can sell at a good price so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can sell at a good price so
+this the summary of the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the summary of the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the summary of the empirical
+studies then you always it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies then you always it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies then you always it's not like
+only one value that will be stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one value that will be stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one value that will be stupid
+always a range right rental sometimes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a range right rental sometimes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a range right rental sometimes no
+premium at all zero to 23% mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium at all zero to 23% mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium at all zero to 23% mean
+6.3% and the occupancy also like big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.3% and the occupancy also like big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.3% and the occupancy also like big
+range so which give you a sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so which give you a sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so which give you a sense and
+operational cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see I think someone you you just ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think someone you you just ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think someone you you just ask a
+question about operation C go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about operation C go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about operation C go up and
+down so it's very clear inconclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's very clear inconclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's very clear inconclusive
+sometimes goes up sometime goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes goes up sometime goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes goes up sometime goes down
+it's very hard to see definitely will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to see definitely will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to see definitely will go
+down or go up because ventilation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or go up because ventilation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or go up because ventilation for
+example like those things so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like those things so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like those things so then you
+can say it's a negative4 to positive 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say it's a negative4 to positive 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say it's a negative4 to positive 25%
+so this a big range and overall sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this a big range and overall sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this a big range and overall sales
+price maybe some zero and 43% but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price maybe some zero and 43% but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price maybe some zero and 43% but with a
+mean optimistic view is a mean still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean optimistic view is a mean still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean optimistic view is a mean still
+positive so that give you a very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that give you a very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that give you a very clear
+understanding is that you cannot think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that you cannot think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that you cannot think
+about this in the deterministic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the deterministic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the deterministic way
+always positive always negative no but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive always negative no but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive always negative no but
+in this way it's a range so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way it's a range so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way it's a range so this is
+perfect time to talk about this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect time to talk about this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect time to talk about this again
+remember in the intros section I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the intros section I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the intros section I use
+this to show you how to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to show you how to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to show you how to connect
+economics and business right economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and business right economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and business right economics
+we will show a lot of statistics and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show a lot of statistics and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show a lot of statistics and uh
+and the overall big picture like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overall big picture like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overall big picture like that
+and but business we look at the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but business we look at the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but business we look at the cases
+this company this building that building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company this building that building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company this building that building
+so just now we show all these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just now we show all these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just now we show all these parameters
+all these parameter has a range means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these parameter has a range means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these parameter has a range means
+they always have a distribution not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always have a distribution not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always have a distribution not one
+point the cost side have a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the cost side have a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the cost side have a b
+distribution the benefit has a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the benefit has a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the benefit has a b
+distribution cannot think you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution cannot think you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution cannot think you a very
+very narrow way and then those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow way and then those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow way and then those guys
+those companies or buildings they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies or buildings they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies or buildings they are
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+in this space in this way so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space in this way so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space in this way so you
+understand some think GRE building is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some think GRE building is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some think GRE building is a
+very very good business some they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very good business some they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very good business some they don't
+think so because for some of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so because for some of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so because for some of them the
+cost is much higher and benefit so low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is much higher and benefit so low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is much higher and benefit so low
+no rent premium at all maintenance cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rent premium at all maintenance cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rent premium at all maintenance cost
+is much higher then you will end up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much higher then you will end up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much higher then you will end up here
+right high cost no benefit why I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right high cost no benefit why I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right high cost no benefit why I'm going
+to do this so stupid doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so stupid doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so stupid doesn't make sense
+so then business case maybe we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then business case maybe we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then business case maybe we look at
+this one this is a business case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this is a business case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this is a business case
+so whereing no matter whether it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whereing no matter whether it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whereing no matter whether it's so
+brilliant investor or this Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant investor or this Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant investor or this Market
+condition so good or this just a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so good or this just a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so good or this just a just
+have a very good skill or expertise no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very good skill or expertise no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very good skill or expertise no
+matter what higher benefit the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what higher benefit the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what higher benefit the lower
+cost go green no no breiner so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost go green no no breiner so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost go green no no breiner so this will
+be a case but you cannot use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a case but you cannot use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a case but you cannot use that to
+apply to all say because that guy thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to all say because that guy thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to all say because that guy thinks
+this is a good deal all all of us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good deal all all of us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good deal all all of us we
+need to go down no so be clear in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go down no so be clear in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go down no so be clear in this
+thing when we look a specific company or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when we look a specific company or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when we look a specific company or
+specific case and think about the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case and think about the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case and think about the range
+and the range is confirmed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the range is confirmed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the range is confirmed by the
+scientific study this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific study this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific study this is a
+range okay so now we already went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range okay so now we already went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range okay so now we already went
+through all this I think that's all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this I think that's all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this I think that's all very
+clear that the Green Building hase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the Green Building hase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the Green Building hase the
+same performer by I already Chang the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same performer by I already Chang the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same performer by I already Chang the
+numbers I already Chang the numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I already Chang the numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I already Chang the numbers in
+the way that now we use mean value mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that now we use mean value mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that now we use mean value mean
+value then higher run lower we cancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then higher run lower we cancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then higher run lower we cancy
+like that higher sell price andow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that higher sell price andow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that higher sell price andow
+discount rate then you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate then you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate then you will see
+clearly the P NP become higher right The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the P NP become higher right The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the P NP become higher right The
+Greener is the new one become higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener is the new one become higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener is the new one become higher
+because all the parameter I use the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the parameter I use the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the parameter I use the mean
+value so all this now it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so all this now it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so all this now it's very
+clear if you were the owner in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if you were the owner in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if you were the owner in this case
+just in case that you are the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case that you are the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case that you are the medium
+person you are the average person in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you are the average person in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you are the average person in our
+space then you have this uh green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then you have this uh green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then you have this uh green and
+MPV another Brown building Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MPV another Brown building Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MPV another Brown building Baseline
+building have this brown MPV a green MPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building have this brown MPV a green MPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building have this brown MPV a green MPV
+much higher than a brown MPV so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than a brown MPV so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than a brown MPV so if you
+you are owner you you are buyer you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are owner you you are buyer you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are owner you you are buyer you look
+at two developers one is building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two developers one is building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two developers one is building a
+green building this GRE there are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building this GRE there are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building this GRE there are this
+Brown building all else equal are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown building all else equal are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown building all else equal are you
+willing to pay higher price to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay higher price to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay higher price to buy the
+Green Building from a Ral perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building from a Ral perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building from a Ral perspective
+yes right Brown building NP is so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right Brown building NP is so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right Brown building NP is so small
+green building is so big by the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building is so big by the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building is so big by the Green
+Building and you're willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building and you're willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building and you're willing to pay
+higher price so that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price so that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price so that's basically
+rational then is I show this again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational then is I show this again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational then is I show this again and
+again I have my paper here just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I have my paper here just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I have my paper here just want to
+highlight it's a little guy here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight it's a little guy here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight it's a little guy here but
+they summarize all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they summarize all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they summarize all the
+papers overall price premium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers overall price premium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers overall price premium of
+7.6% of this papers and you give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.6% of this papers and you give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.6% of this papers and you give the
+numbers so this is still average person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is still average person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is still average person
+remember average average average and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember average average average and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember average average average and
+actually I think for my purpose zero no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think for my purpose zero no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think for my purpose zero no
+price premium in China's case that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price premium in China's case that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price premium in China's case that's I
+say CH your your point china market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say CH your your point china market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say CH your your point china market
+failure maybe so my paper is point is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure maybe so my paper is point is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure maybe so my paper is point is a
+data point of zero but on average still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point of zero but on average still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point of zero but on average still
+positive so last point and finally we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so last point and finally we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so last point and finally we go
+to the developer from the remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the developer from the remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the developer from the remember we
+have the tenants just now show up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the tenants just now show up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the tenants just now show up here
+and the owner show up here with all ke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the owner show up here with all ke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the owner show up here with all ke
+go here and then not go here this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here and then not go here this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here and then not go here this the
+chin the chin the following okay if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin the chin the following okay if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin the chin the following okay if a
+average person every person will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average person every person will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average person every person will have a
+higher sale price then the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher sale price then the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher sale price then the developer
+understand oh if I anticipate that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand oh if I anticipate that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand oh if I anticipate that later
+I can sell higher price of a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sell higher price of a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sell higher price of a green
+building but it's not like oh n must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but it's not like oh n must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but it's not like oh n must
+build because it's still benefit cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build because it's still benefit cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build because it's still benefit cost
+analysis it's no free lunch Not Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's no free lunch Not Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's no free lunch Not Like
+Green Building higher price but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building higher price but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building higher price but you also
+higher cost construction cost upfront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cost construction cost upfront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cost construction cost upfront
+cost may be higher so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost may be higher so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost may be higher so you need to
+compare The Upfront construction cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare The Upfront construction cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare The Upfront construction cost
+and the later sale price if the sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the later sale price if the sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the later sale price if the sale
+price okay go up 5% unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay go up 5% unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay go up 5% unfortunately
+constru cost is 10% higher then no still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constru cost is 10% higher then no still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constru cost is 10% higher then no still
+no so that need to compare why is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so that need to compare why is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so that need to compare why is higher
+I think this um no question why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this um no question why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this um no question why the
+construction cost is higher because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction cost is higher because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction cost is higher because we
+need more technology like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more technology like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more technology like the
+instulation passive house uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instulation passive house uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instulation passive house uh more
+advanced uh HV AC ventil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh HV AC ventil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh HV AC ventil
+and uh and some lighting new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and some lighting new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and some lighting new technology
+things so those are all actual things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so those are all actual things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so those are all actual things
+you need to invest and you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to invest and you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to invest and you to
+buy Here form staries again you you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Here form staries again you you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Here form staries again you you will
+find this in your report is that for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this in your report is that for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this in your report is that for new
+buildings 0% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings 0% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings 0% to
+12.5% wide range of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5% wide range of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5% wide range of the cost
+premium and then it's are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and then it's are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and then it's are a little bit
+higher for the uh retrofit because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher for the uh retrofit because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher for the uh retrofit because you
+need to retrofit from very old building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to retrofit from very old building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to retrofit from very old building
+Canal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal
+control question why there's any chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control question why there's any chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control question why there's any chance
+that there's no cost premium just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no cost premium just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no cost premium just like a
+free lunch thing why why in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lunch thing why why in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lunch thing why why in some cases
+the green buildings even have no cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green buildings even have no cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green buildings even have no cost
+premium any guess on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but the interesting if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the interesting if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the interesting if you have
+some free money from the government yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some free money from the government yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some free money from the government yeah
+but besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but besides
+that passive house you you you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passive house you you you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passive house you you you need to
+invest more that's very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah not very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes and do you have any s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but CH to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but CH to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but CH to
+Z more stringent permitting actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z more stringent permitting actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z more stringent permitting actually
+reques them to kind of reach closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reques them to kind of reach closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reques them to kind of reach closer to
+Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green
+Building but most St per meting will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building but most St per meting will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building but most St per meting will get
+higher cost I guess not material cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cost I guess not material cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cost I guess not material cost
+but you will delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you can get a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you can get a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you can get a very good
+contractor say I don't care I I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor say I don't care I I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor say I don't care I I can do
+this uh for you without any exual cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for you without any exual cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for you without any exual cost
+do you have any was an echo was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any was an echo was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any was an echo was saying
+which was I think it's a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was I think it's a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was I think it's a question of
+definition so you building in Boston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so you building in Boston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so you building in Boston and
+they're requiring you to do read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're requiring you to do read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're requiring you to do read
+certifiable your Baseline is green if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certifiable your Baseline is green if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certifiable your Baseline is green if
+you're defining that a c premium of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're defining that a c premium of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're defining that a c premium of an
+error you're but the technology still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error you're but the technology still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error you're but the technology still
+Advan versus more basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yes I think you you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yes I think you you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yes I think you you already
+covered uh most of this but I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered uh most of this but I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered uh most of this but I I just
+want to give you a sense but I'm not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a sense but I'm not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a sense but I'm not an
+expert on Building Technology I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on Building Technology I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on Building Technology I need to
+say and we have caros not not you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and we have caros not not you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and we have caros not not you but
+another caros a guest instructor later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another caros a guest instructor later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another caros a guest instructor later
+will come after midterm to teach three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come after midterm to teach three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come after midterm to teach three
+design sustainable design sessions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design sustainable design sessions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design sustainable design sessions I
+know some of you you are very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of you you are very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of you you are very good
+designers so but the concept conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers so but the concept conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers so but the concept conceptual
+level is the following for the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is the following for the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is the following for the Green
+Design sustainable design there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design sustainable design there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design sustainable design there are two
+at least two levels one called passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two levels one called passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two levels one called passive
+passive passive sustainable design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive passive sustainable design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive passive sustainable design the
+other is active sustainable design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is active sustainable design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is active sustainable design
+passive design sometimes is really free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive design sometimes is really free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive design sometimes is really free
+really really really you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really you don't need
+money for example you just um you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for example you just um you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for example you just um you the
+you use nature you use nature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use nature you use nature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use nature you use nature for
+example your orientation your window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example your orientation your window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example your orientation your window and
+uh you just uh do this uh daylight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you just uh do this uh daylight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you just uh do this uh daylight and
+orientation of you have better design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of you have better design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of you have better design
+now fit into this natural environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fit into this natural environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fit into this natural environment
+you get better like air flow in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get better like air flow in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get better like air flow in a
+building and it doesn't cost too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and it doesn't cost too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and it doesn't cost too much
+money but active design you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but active design you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but active design you need
+mechanical systems you need hbac you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems you need hbac you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems you need hbac you
+need all the mechanical system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all the mechanical system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all the mechanical system that
+purchase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase the
+energy if you cannot just use the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if you cannot just use the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if you cannot just use the nature
+to give a very cool environment then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a very cool environment then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a very cool environment then you
+have to do AC if you do AC you you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do AC if you do AC you you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do AC if you do AC you you spend
+money so if you can use nature in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so if you can use nature in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so if you can use nature in the
+best way in some cases then they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way in some cases then they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way in some cases then they have
+zero% cost premium because you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero% cost premium because you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero% cost premium because you just use
+nature but if you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature but if you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature but if you have all these
+mechanical things then you you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical things then you you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical things then you you you you
+you just spend money but you said very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just spend money but you said very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just spend money but you said very
+clearly that's true cost premiums going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's true cost premiums going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's true cost premiums going
+down on average is going down if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on average is going down if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on average is going down if you
+look at the time theories for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the time theories for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the time theories for example
+later in J's case the wind SW Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in J's case the wind SW Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in J's case the wind SW Center
+pass House cost premium when they design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass House cost premium when they design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass House cost premium when they design
+the cost when they design that time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost when they design that time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost when they design that time they
+make the decision they are 3 to 10% when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the decision they are 3 to 10% when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the decision they are 3 to 10% when
+planned the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned the cost
+premium and when they implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and when they implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and when they implement it
+because they need to get a permit and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need to get a permit and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need to get a permit and it
+takes some time like that and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some time like that and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some time like that and after
+about two years went to 3% because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two years went to 3% because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two years went to 3% because this
+technology become more mature and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology become more mature and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology become more mature and they
+may found another bad good contractor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may found another bad good contractor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may found another bad good contractor uh
+construction team they they build other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction team they they build other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction team they they build other
+passive house they accumulate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house they accumulate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house they accumulate some
+expertise they know how to do this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise they know how to do this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise they know how to do this at
+first they didn't know they need to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they didn't know they need to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they didn't know they need to send
+people to Germany to learn because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to Germany to learn because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to Germany to learn because that
+is the Germany thing they send team to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Germany thing they send team to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Germany thing they send team to
+Germany to learn how to build passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany to learn how to build passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany to learn how to build passive
+house and later in Massachusetts more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and later in Massachusetts more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and later in Massachusetts more
+and more passive house projects like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more passive house projects like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more passive house projects like 10
+or 20 then is more like mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 then is more like mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 then is more like mature
+technology and unfortunately it go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and unfortunately it go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and unfortunately it go one
+two three so the key point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three so the key point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three so the key point is the
+following is is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is is still
+Dynamic think about this a function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic think about this a function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic think about this a function the
+cost premium is a function of skills as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost premium is a function of skills as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost premium is a function of skills as
+I said more and more skills at first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said more and more skills at first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said more and more skills at first the
+sustainable design is not easy they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable design is not easy they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable design is not easy they need
+to hire external design firm to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hire external design firm to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hire external design firm to do so
+the developer like a kpf like our Kos uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer like a kpf like our Kos uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer like a kpf like our Kos uh
+instructor and then later they they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and then later they they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and then later they they did
+several passive house or other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several passive house or other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several passive house or other things
+and they have their internal team to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have their internal team to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have their internal team to do
+so no need to hire Innovation more new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no need to hire Innovation more new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no need to hire Innovation more new
+technology pop up and the new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology pop up and the new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology pop up and the new technology
+become cheaper and cheaper supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become cheaper and cheaper supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become cheaper and cheaper supply chain
+you need new materials now it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need new materials now it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need new materials now it's a
+disruptive uh because of pandemic then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive uh because of pandemic then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive uh because of pandemic then
+you so hard to shift the parts from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so hard to shift the parts from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so hard to shift the parts from from
+the supplier to you then I wait wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplier to you then I wait wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplier to you then I wait wait
+wait with a new window no new window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait with a new window no new window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait with a new window no new window and
+if the supply chain become better that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the supply chain become better that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the supply chain become better that's
+can reduce cost so that's all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce cost so that's all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce cost so that's all the things
+so you need to think about you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to think about you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to think about you know very
+Dynamic way can also say oh always 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic way can also say oh always 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic way can also say oh always 5%
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+10% okay so now I'm going to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% okay so now I'm going to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% okay so now I'm going to summarize
+the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market
+side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so
+this um cash flow chart always will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um cash flow chart always will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um cash flow chart always will show
+up in my class to remind you how Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in my class to remind you how Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in my class to remind you how Market
+works three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works three
+stakeholders and you user as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and you user as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and you user as
+tenant owner and developer and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant owner and developer and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant owner and developer and this is
+the chin process the chin is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chin process the chin is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chin process the chin is this one
+and this one they are chin this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one they are chin this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one they are chin this one and
+this one they are collect right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one they are collect right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one they are collect right one
+person's one stakeholders costes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's one stakeholders costes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's one stakeholders costes the
+other stakeholders benefit and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stakeholders benefit and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stakeholders benefit and the other
+one's costes and the others benefit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's costes and the others benefit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's costes and the others benefit if
+this work should go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work should go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work should go this
+way not like develop speculate oh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way not like develop speculate oh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way not like develop speculate oh if I
+build this and I will be so popular I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this and I will be so popular I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this and I will be so popular I
+can sell no it's from the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell no it's from the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell no it's from the market
+fundamentals from the end users they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals from the end users they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals from the end users they are
+willing to pay and then trigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay and then trigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay and then trigger the
+investors then trigger the developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors then trigger the developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors then trigger the developers
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+point okay so then we put all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so then we put all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so then we put all the things
+in three bubbles as a recap that's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three bubbles as a recap that's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three bubbles as a recap that's we
+every item in here here and there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every item in here here and there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every item in here here and there and
+all the things so that's point now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things so that's point now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things so that's point now I
+still have some minute left I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have some minute left I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have some minute left I'm going to
+touch on a little bit on how market May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on a little bit on how market May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on a little bit on how market May
+Fail now we cannot be always oh Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fail now we cannot be always oh Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fail now we cannot be always oh Market
+perfect if we have this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect if we have this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect if we have this three
+stakeholders all chin together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders all chin together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders all chin together
+everything will happen no market May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will happen no market May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will happen no market May
+Fail in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fail in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fail in some
+circumstances and this the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and this the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and this the market
+failure so basically it's a mckeny very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so basically it's a mckeny very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so basically it's a mckeny very
+famous report I'm not sure whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous report I'm not sure whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous report I'm not sure whether you
+you you read that or not they Reas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you read that or not they Reas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you read that or not they Reas a
+question this mcy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this mcy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this mcy
+report this is uh this is a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report this is uh this is a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report this is uh this is a uh a
+so-called Energy Efficiency uh dilemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Energy Efficiency uh dilemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Energy Efficiency uh dilemma
+or something Energy Efficiency curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something Energy Efficiency curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something Energy Efficiency curve in
+this one is a they point out many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a they point out many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a they point out many many
+this building techn building Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building techn building Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building techn building Energy
+Efficiency Technologies they are npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency Technologies they are npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency Technologies they are npv
+positive means additional cost but later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive means additional cost but later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive means additional cost but later
+we'll see more energy additional benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see more energy additional benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see more energy additional benefit
+and always the benefit will exceed cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and always the benefit will exceed cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and always the benefit will exceed cost
+so that's why when you look at the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why when you look at the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why when you look at the cost
+they are negative means positive npv so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are negative means positive npv so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are negative means positive npv so
+all the things a negative cost means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things a negative cost means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things a negative cost means
+negative life type cycle up front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative life type cycle up front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative life type cycle up front of
+course you have cost but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have cost but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have cost but if you think
+about life cycle negative cost positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life cycle negative cost positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life cycle negative cost positive
+npv npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv npv
+positive for example I'm not sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for example I'm not sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for example I'm not sure it's
+too small but it's a it's a retrofit H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small but it's a it's a retrofit H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small but it's a it's a retrofit H
+AC system residential commercial and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC system residential commercial and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC system residential commercial and the
+retrofit buildings water heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit buildings water heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit buildings water heating and
+this and that all here only a few like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that all here only a few like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that all here only a few like
+very trans are positive cost then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very trans are positive cost then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very trans are positive cost then they
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+question since is so good an MPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question since is so good an MPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question since is so good an MPV
+positive why it's not that easy not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive why it's not that easy not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive why it's not that easy not all
+building suddenly start to retrofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building suddenly start to retrofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building suddenly start to retrofit
+themselves no right why not all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves no right why not all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves no right why not all the all
+the market suddenly becomes all green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market suddenly becomes all green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market suddenly becomes all green
+no so why those opportunities were left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so why those opportunities were left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so why those opportunities were left
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+without exploited so that's a their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exploited so that's a their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exploited so that's a their
+question so they raise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so they raise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so they raise this
+question the the point is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the the point is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the the point is the following
+we always say PPP all intersection all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always say PPP all intersection all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always say PPP all intersection all
+win win win solution no in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win win win solution no in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win win win solution no in many
+circumstances they will diverge like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances they will diverge like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances they will diverge like
+three bubbles three balloons will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bubbles three balloons will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bubbles three balloons will just
+diverge and with no intersection at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge and with no intersection at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge and with no intersection at all
+no intersection if you care about planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intersection if you care about planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intersection if you care about planet
+you lose money if only look at people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose money if only look at people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose money if only look at people
+you cannot make profit if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot make profit if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot make profit if you make
+profit you cannot protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit you cannot protect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit you cannot protect the
+environment so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so like
+that so then three major market failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then three major market failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then three major market failures
+but today I will just start the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today I will just start the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today I will just start the first
+one which is information symmetry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is information symmetry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is information symmetry the
+information problem then the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem then the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem then the information
+problem and the second one is a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the second one is a split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the second one is a split
+incentive next next class split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive next next class split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive next next class split
+incentive tance and the land law they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive tance and the land law they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive tance and the land law they
+fighting with each other that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting with each other that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting with each other that's the
+problem third will be externality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem third will be externality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem third will be externality that
+policy need to step in the city mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy need to step in the city mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy need to step in the city mayor
+need to step in the uh the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to step in the uh the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to step in the uh the government
+need to step in so three major market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to step in so three major market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to step in so three major market
+failures make your hope become like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures make your hope become like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures make your hope become like this
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+solution then of course we are not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then of course we are not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then of course we are not so
+like a completely pessimistic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a completely pessimistic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a completely pessimistic we
+understand we know this after we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we know this after we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we know this after we know
+this we try to fix a problem we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we try to fix a problem we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we try to fix a problem we try to
+fix those market failures with some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix those market failures with some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix those market failures with some new
+innovative ways right so so that's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative ways right so so that's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative ways right so so that's we
+have different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different ways to
+fix let's look at information problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix let's look at information problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix let's look at information problem
+first so the point is all of you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so the point is all of you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so the point is all of you of
+course I have been doing this research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I have been doing this research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I have been doing this research
+for more than 10 years now you are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than 10 years now you are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than 10 years now you are in a
+class a core class then you learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a core class then you learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a core class then you learn this
+all we all of us we are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we all of us we are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we all of us we are more
+sophisticated than the average Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than the average Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than the average Market
+person every person in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person every person in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person every person in the market
+because we here learning this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we here learning this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we here learning this you know
+professional way you know sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional way you know sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional way you know sophisticated
+way in the classroom but not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the classroom but not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the classroom but not all the
+home buyers they understand this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home buyers they understand this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home buyers they understand this we
+cannot assume everyone understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot assume everyone understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot assume everyone understand
+immediately all green is good so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately all green is good so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately all green is good so that's
+why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if
+if we have Supply but if the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have Supply but if the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have Supply but if the demand for
+the consumers in the market they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers in the market they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers in the market they don't
+understand benefit they won't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand benefit they won't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand benefit they won't have a
+higher Vance to pay then that will lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Vance to pay then that will lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Vance to pay then that will lower
+the demand that's a problem so but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand that's a problem so but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand that's a problem so but how
+to Advocate the market is Market this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Advocate the market is Market this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Advocate the market is Market this
+function then how we Advocate the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then how we Advocate the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then how we Advocate the market
+so that's one paper I did back to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one paper I did back to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one paper I did back to 20
+16 so I that time China's uh Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 so I that time China's uh Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 so I that time China's uh Green
+Building Market residential Market was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Market residential Market was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Market residential Market was
+so immature and only me like a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so immature and only me like a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so immature and only me like a professor
+we knew but the common buyers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew but the common buyers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew but the common buyers they
+didn't understand they didn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand they didn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand they didn't understand
+especially in that market the first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in that market the first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in that market the first four
+problem is housing affordability so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is housing affordability so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is housing affordability so high
+housing price they cannot buy a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing price they cannot buy a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing price they cannot buy a small
+house how can I have so luxury s about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house how can I have so luxury s about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house how can I have so luxury s about
+the environment that's not my business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment that's not my business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment that's not my business
+how I have luxury s about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I have luxury s about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I have luxury s about this uh
+environment protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment protection
+no and then they also don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then they also don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then they also don't understand
+they say oh Green Building just good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh Green Building just good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh Green Building just good for
+the society but what it's nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society but what it's nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society but what it's nothing to do
+with me how can I benefit from this no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me how can I benefit from this no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me how can I benefit from this no
+idea and then I sent my student teams I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and then I sent my student teams I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and then I sent my student teams I
+sign my student teams to but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign my student teams to but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign my student teams to but there are
+there were some scatter around Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some scatter around Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some scatter around Green
+Building new green building project I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building new green building project I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building new green building project I
+say where first movers of the developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where first movers of the developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where first movers of the developers
+they build some green buildings here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build some green buildings here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build some green buildings here and
+there but very few I sent students two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but very few I sent students two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but very few I sent students two
+three green buildings and three non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three green buildings and three non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three green buildings and three non-
+green buildings which like peered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings which like peered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings which like peered
+together one Green Building and nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together one Green Building and nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together one Green Building and nearby
+found a very similar location but non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a very similar location but non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a very similar location but non
+Green Building I sent my students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building I sent my students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building I sent my students to
+those complex and then to interview the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complex and then to interview the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complex and then to interview the
+residents for the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents for the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents for the Green Building
+residents and the non- Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents and the non- Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents and the non- Green Building
+residents interview them and I interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents interview them and I interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents interview them and I interview
+them our student interview them and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them our student interview them and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them our student interview them and we
+found out for the green buildings they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out for the green buildings they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out for the green buildings they
+have really are higher ratings to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really are higher ratings to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really are higher ratings to pay
+for greenness for this Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for greenness for this Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for greenness for this Energy Efficiency
+this 300 R&B per square meter like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 300 R&B per square meter like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 300 R&B per square meter like that
+so we have we asked question hypothetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we asked question hypothetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we asked question hypothetic
+question if you later have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you later have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you later have another
+chance to buy a house buy a greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to buy a house buy a greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to buy a house buy a greenhouse
+are you willing to pay a higher price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you willing to pay a higher price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you willing to pay a higher price
+for the next one we ask that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next one we ask that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next one we ask that question
+the Green Building residency understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building residency understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building residency understand
+the benefit they have this waiting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit they have this waiting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit they have this waiting to
+pay the Brown building res they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the Brown building res they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the Brown building res they didn't
+have any idea they they don't have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea they they don't have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea they they don't have have
+a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low
+and then the following is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the following is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the following is the
+same we show a information card we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we show a information card we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we show a information card we
+educated them Green Building is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated them Green Building is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated them Green Building is not just
+about carbon it's about this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon it's about this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon it's about this and that
+daylight the indoor air quantity your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daylight the indoor air quantity your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daylight the indoor air quantity your
+energy builds and this and that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy builds and this and that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy builds and this and that and we
+we had some technology students they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some technology students they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some technology students they
+really mattered that and then we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mattered that and then we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mattered that and then we ask
+them again then you can see it's jump up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again then you can see it's jump up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again then you can see it's jump up
+for this non Green Building residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this non Green Building residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this non Green Building residents
+now they got some new information they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they got some new information they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they got some new information they
+adjusted their understanding of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted their understanding of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted their understanding of this and
+they have higher willings to pay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have higher willings to pay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have higher willings to pay so that
+was my paper just a small example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my paper just a small example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my paper just a small example to
+show information really matters but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show information really matters but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show information really matters but of
+course it's so all hypothetical question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's so all hypothetical question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's so all hypothetical question
+that's a that's a limitation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a limitation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a limitation of this
+questioning approach right when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning approach right when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning approach right when you say
+so maybe you won't do so but anyway it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you won't do so but anyway it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you won't do so but anyway it's
+a first try to show so many people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first try to show so many people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first try to show so many people they
+are less educated about the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less educated about the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less educated about the benefit of
+the Green Building and if you give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building and if you give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building and if you give them
+information they will change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they will change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they will change their
+mind this is very true for Real Estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind this is very true for Real Estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind this is very true for Real Estate
+because as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we
+understand this are some different Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this are some different Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this are some different Goods
+some so-called experience good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so-called experience good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so-called experience good that's
+some good you cannot immediately judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good you cannot immediately judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good you cannot immediately judge
+the whether good or not you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whether good or not you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whether good or not you need
+experience right and even for some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience right and even for some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience right and even for some like
+material building materials Credence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material building materials Credence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material building materials Credence
+good means even you experience you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good means even you experience you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good means even you experience you don't
+know unless you are expert because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know unless you are expert because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know unless you are expert because you
+cannot say you cannot feel so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say you cannot feel so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say you cannot feel so that's
+even further like information became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further like information became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further like information became
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+but real say very clear the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but real say very clear the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but real say very clear the buildings
+IND quanity and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND quanity and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND quanity and an
+efficiency if you only look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if you only look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if you only look at the
+brochure of the marketing materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brochure of the marketing materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brochure of the marketing materials from
+the Builder you cannot just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Builder you cannot just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Builder you cannot just really
+believe in that or you will be cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in that or you will be cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in that or you will be cheated
+and after you leave in that house for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after you leave in that house for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after you leave in that house for a
+few years you really understand that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years you really understand that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years you really understand that so
+that called experienced good what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that called experienced good what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that called experienced good what other
+examples of experienced good can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of experienced good can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of experienced good can you
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of experience good besides real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience good besides real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience good besides real estate
+do I have another example in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have another example in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have another example in the real
+world that you must experience otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you must experience otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you must experience otherwise
+you don't understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand the
+qualtity that bring a lot of uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualtity that bring a lot of uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualtity that bring a lot of uncertainty
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+decide food yes can't until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide food yes can't until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide food yes can't until you
+eat I think another example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat I think another example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat I think another example is
+people right I have a lot of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right I have a lot of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right I have a lot of experience
+people right so now we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right so now we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right so now we are in the
+admission cycle right now we I I I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission cycle right now we I I I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission cycle right now we I I I work
+to midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to midnight
+uh the day before to review all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the day before to review all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the day before to review all the
+applications to our M mCP Das program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to our M mCP Das program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to our M mCP Das program
+and then later we will admit MD students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later we will admit MD students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later we will admit MD students
+so now all MIT professors are busy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now all MIT professors are busy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now all MIT professors are busy with
+reviewing all these applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing all these applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing all these applications and
+then we can only read you know teach CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can only read you know teach CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can only read you know teach CV
+and statement and transcript and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statement and transcript and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statement and transcript and these
+three reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three reference
+letters however a person is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters however a person is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters however a person is the
+experience good right in the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience good right in the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience good right in the labor
+market so so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so so basically
+if you only read CV and the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only read CV and the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only read CV and the reference
+letter so good this person is perfect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter so good this person is perfect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter so good this person is perfect so
+good all the A's and all this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all the A's and all this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all the A's and all this and this
+and all this and all Award of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this and all Award of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this and all Award of 10
+Publications like that however when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications like that however when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications like that however when you
+admit that person later you find out oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that person later you find out oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that person later you find out oh
+now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that
+true so I feel it's very hard to jge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I feel it's very hard to jge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I feel it's very hard to jge a
+CV that's a experience good so we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV that's a experience good so we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV that's a experience good so we really
+prefer if I want to admit a student I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer if I want to admit a student I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer if I want to admit a student I
+really prefer to have a short period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prefer to have a short period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prefer to have a short period of
+together being together work together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together being together work together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together being together work together on
+something then we can experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then we can experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then we can experience and
+that St can also experience whether I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that St can also experience whether I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that St can also experience whether I'm
+a very bad Professor or very okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very bad Professor or very okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very bad Professor or very okay
+Professor so real estate is same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor so real estate is same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor so real estate is same thing
+so that's why some developers some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why some developers some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why some developers some real
+estate people they take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate people they take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate people they take advantage of
+this information seem because buyer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information seem because buyer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information seem because buyer is
+so Blended especially common people then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Blended especially common people then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Blended especially common people then
+they do green washing I think you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do green washing I think you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do green washing I think you heard
+this word so many times green washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word so many times green washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word so many times green washing
+green washing green washing so green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green washing green washing so green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green washing green washing so green
+means is you are not Green Building but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is you are not Green Building but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is you are not Green Building but
+you just plant some trees and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plant some trees and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plant some trees and you put
+some plants on your balcony say oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plants on your balcony say oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plants on your balcony say oh so
+green that's green building so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green that's green building so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green that's green building so that's a
+green wishing it's no Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green wishing it's no Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green wishing it's no Energy
+Efficiency and you just see the image or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency and you just see the image or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency and you just see the image or
+you print this uh brocher fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you print this uh brocher fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you print this uh brocher fancy
+marketing materials so green that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing materials so green that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing materials so green that's
+called green washing green Wasing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called green washing green Wasing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called green washing green Wasing is not
+good but why green washing exist we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but why green washing exist we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but why green washing exist we
+understand because of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand because of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand because of information
+problem that's a information problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's a information problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's a information problem so
+if you have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a very good
+CV but actually you are not that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV but actually you are not that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV but actually you are not that good
+you are green wishing yourself right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are green wishing yourself right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are green wishing yourself right
+that's that's way and some smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's way and some smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's way and some smart
+Professor will find out okay my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor will find out okay my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor will find out okay my research
+to study green washing in Beijing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study green washing in Beijing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study green washing in Beijing but I
+won't go into details because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go into details because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go into details because we are
+going to run out of time but point is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of time but point is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of time but point is at
+that time even even earlier than my that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time even even earlier than my that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time even even earlier than my that
+paper the information paper China had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the information paper China had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the information paper China had no
+green certificate at all no green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green certificate at all no green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green certificate at all no green
+certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate
+all the developers they self advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the developers they self advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the developers they self advertise
+they oh my building is a Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they oh my building is a Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they oh my building is a Green Building
+Green Building is so good and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building is so good and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building is so good and you will
+you will have so much benefit from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have so much benefit from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have so much benefit from my
+building so for those developers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so for those developers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so for those developers they
+self uh advertise without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self uh advertise without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self uh advertise without any
+certificate without any data and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate without any data and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate without any data and in that
+time the market was um pre-sale stage no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the market was um pre-sale stage no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the market was um pre-sale stage no
+building at all we can land and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building at all we can land and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building at all we can land and uh they
+building the foundation maybe a big hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the foundation maybe a big hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the foundation maybe a big hole
+and then they all so good I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they all so good I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they all so good I look at the
+pictures then the consumer got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures then the consumer got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures then the consumer got so
+excited and and bought the building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and and bought the building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and and bought the building and
+then the the buyers got into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the buyers got into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the buyers got into the
+building and after a few years found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and after a few years found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and after a few years found out
+the energy B so high and not good at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy B so high and not good at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy B so high and not good at all
+our plastic B problem all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plastic B problem all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plastic B problem all the things
+happened and then when they resell their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and then when they resell their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and then when they resell their
+buildings resell their houses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings resell their houses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings resell their houses on the
+resale Market the developer is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resale Market the developer is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resale Market the developer is already
+gone disappeared I don't know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone disappeared I don't know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone disappeared I don't know where the
+developer is and then it turned out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer is and then it turned out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer is and then it turned out that
+they they couldn't sell any premium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they couldn't sell any premium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they couldn't sell any premium so
+the first the first run of buyers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the first run of buyers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the first run of buyers will
+become victims of this right so later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become victims of this right so later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become victims of this right so later
+they find out but the first round of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find out but the first round of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find out but the first round of the
+buyers got this problem and got stock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers got this problem and got stock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers got this problem and got stock in
+so the key point of this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key point of this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key point of this I'm going to
+only show two slides right now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only show two slides right now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only show two slides right now for the
+sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of
+time understand this because there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time understand this because there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time understand this because there no
+Market signal it's no market certificant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market signal it's no market certificant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market signal it's no market certificant
+for example this cost this called worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this cost this called worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this cost this called worse
+selection that's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that's a very important
+economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+concept suppose we have a good developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept suppose we have a good developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept suppose we have a good developer
+we have a bad developer not bad de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bad developer not bad de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bad developer not bad de
+average developer we have green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average developer we have green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average developer we have green
+developer and we have a average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer and we have a average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer and we have a average
+developer we know that when we build um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer we know that when we build um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer we know that when we build um
+green house there's a cost premium right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green house there's a cost premium right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green house there's a cost premium right
+it's not free lunch suppose every house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not free lunch suppose every house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not free lunch suppose every house
+is 95 million and the green is 1.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 95 million and the green is 1.25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 95 million and the green is 1.25
+million that's a cost and if a buyer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that's a cost and if a buyer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that's a cost and if a buyer are
+so sophicated and we have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sophicated and we have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sophicated and we have a very good
+certificant system then they can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant system then they can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant system then they can tell
+the buyer not it they can tell the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyer not it they can tell the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyer not it they can tell the Green
+Building is good and the non green not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building is good and the non green not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building is good and the non green not
+good then they have willings to pay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then they have willings to pay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then they have willings to pay this
+one is higher this one is lower so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is higher this one is lower so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is higher this one is lower so you
+can clearly say at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clearly say at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clearly say at any time
+the at this time this one is higher is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at this time this one is higher is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at this time this one is higher is
+higher than the cost so that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the cost so that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the cost so that give
+incentive for the Builder to build right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for the Builder to build right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for the Builder to build right
+because they know they can sell at 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know they can sell at 1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know they can sell at 1.4
+million the cost 1.25 million and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million the cost 1.25 million and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million the cost 1.25 million and this
+Market also exist because some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market also exist because some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market also exist because some people
+they don't care and they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care and they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care and they don't want to
+invest that's fine they go to the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest that's fine they go to the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest that's fine they go to the this
+market so if some differentiated Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so if some differentiated Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so if some differentiated Market
+exist that Green Building will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist that Green Building will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist that Green Building will
+exist however if it's so blanded no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist however if it's so blanded no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist however if it's so blanded no
+certificate like that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate like that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate like that and then the
+buyers couldn't tell which one is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers couldn't tell which one is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers couldn't tell which one is which
+they they couldn't tell which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they couldn't tell which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they couldn't tell which one is
+green which one is not green and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green which one is not green and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green which one is not green and they
+don't want to be cheated uh they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be cheated uh they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be cheated uh they are not
+so then they say okay I don't know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they say okay I don't know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they say okay I don't know they
+just say that this say how can I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that this say how can I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that this say how can I believe
+I I'm I just put them together there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm I just put them together there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm I just put them together there no
+difference then they have 1. million 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference then they have 1. million 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference then they have 1. million 1.2
+million so this create a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so this create a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so this create a problem that
+will dein incentivize this part right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will dein incentivize this part right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will dein incentivize this part right
+because now all put together they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now all put together they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now all put together they are
+willing to pay the same 1.2 million no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay the same 1.2 million no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay the same 1.2 million no
+matter whether you're agreen or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you're agreen or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you're agreen or not
+because I don't know then for this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know then for this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know then for this part
+they don't want to build they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to build they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to build they have no
+incentive because the cost exceeds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive because the cost exceeds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive because the cost exceeds the
+benefit so that will Crow out the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit so that will Crow out the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit so that will Crow out the good
+guys and only this Lem bad guys will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and only this Lem bad guys will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and only this Lem bad guys will
+stay in the market so that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the market so that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the market so that's a problem
+to sell another problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell another problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell another problem is
+certification so I want to give credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification so I want to give credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification so I want to give credit
+of course many people they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course many people they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course many people they are
+criticized are lead this problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized are lead this problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized are lead this problem that
+problem but the fundamental the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but the fundamental the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but the fundamental the first
+order benefit of this certification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order benefit of this certification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order benefit of this certification is
+to solve this information symmetry at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this information symmetry at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this information symmetry at
+least you have a certificate instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you have a certificate instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you have a certificate instead of
+a China's case in 2012 nothing you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a China's case in 2012 nothing you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a China's case in 2012 nothing you just
+promote by yourself you have the C on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote by yourself you have the C on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote by yourself you have the C on
+the wall and you show this the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall and you show this the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall and you show this the lead
+platinum and the lead gold then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum and the lead gold then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum and the lead gold then you
+understand this one is not um cheater so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this one is not um cheater so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this one is not um cheater so
+that's the to help with the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the to help with the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the to help with the information
+asymmetry and then this is just a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry and then this is just a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry and then this is just a first
+impression of what's the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of what's the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of what's the problem of
+information problem and how to solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem and how to solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem and how to solve and
+when they solve they oh the limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they solve they oh the limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they solve they oh the limitation
+of this limitation of this limitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this limitation of this limitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this limitation of this limitation of
+this and they improve gradually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they improve gradually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they improve gradually this
+certification but first the first other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification but first the first other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification but first the first other
+thing is this good thing this a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this good thing this a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this good thing this a public
+good the government provider are the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the government provider are the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the government provider are the non
+NGO provid this who help the buyers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NGO provid this who help the buyers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NGO provid this who help the buyers to
+be not so Blended and became like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not so Blended and became like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not so Blended and became like this
+and kill this good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill this good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill this good
+market and uh to solve this adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and uh to solve this adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and uh to solve this adverse
+selection problem okay I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection problem okay I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection problem okay I'm going to stop
+here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wPPf9S7IiAs.txt b/wPPf9S7IiAs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3f2b431c6b80242a81f5f9804b4ed74d94337a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wPPf9S7IiAs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4262 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right,
+let's get started.
+
+So today we're continuing
+the theme of locked linkages.
+
+Last time we talked about the
+Carpenter's Rule Theorem, which
+
+brought together all of the
+rigidity theory and tensegrity
+
+theory we had
+built, essentially,
+
+and showed that there
+were no locked 2D
+
+chains, paths or
+cycles, as graphs.
+
+And in general you can think
+in 2D, you can think in 3D,
+
+and you can think
+in 4D and higher.
+
+I drew this table way at
+the beginning of class.
+
+And you can think
+about chains, which
+
+are-- these are so-called open
+chains, like robotic arms.
+
+Paths is a graph.
+
+And polygons are closed chains.
+
+And then another case it's
+interesting to think about,
+
+and there's been a lot of
+work on, are trees where
+
+you don't have any
+cycles in your graph,
+
+but you could have branching
+points with degree more than 2.
+
+You may recall Carpenter's
+Rule Theorem worked whenever
+
+you had a graph of
+maximum degree 2.
+
+So it allowed even
+multiple chains
+
+in one graph that
+could be disconnected.
+
+But it forbade any kind
+of tree branching stuff.
+
+So Carpenter's Rule
+Theorem is that there's
+
+no locked chains in 2D.
+
+So we did that.
+
+But trees, there are
+locked trees in 2D.
+
+3D there are locked chains.
+
+And these are two
+results that we
+
+will talk about in
+today's lecture.
+
+And that implies that there are
+locked trees, sort of obvious.
+
+Trees are more general
+than open chains.
+
+And because there's a
+locked open chain in 3D,
+
+there's also a locked tree.
+
+In 4D, though, it switches.
+
+So none of these
+things are locked.
+
+Of course, there are
+locked graphs in general.
+
+But if you look at trees, or
+paths, or cycles, none of them
+
+can lock.
+
+We won't have time to talk
+about that today, maybe
+
+another class.
+
+Essentially we're
+always thinking
+
+about an intrinsically
+one dimensional structure.
+
+These edges, bars, are
+always one dimensional.
+
+In 2D, where the
+space are living in,
+
+the ambient dimension is just
+one more than the dimension
+
+of your edges, it's
+really interesting.
+
+And that's what
+we saw for chains
+
+and what we'll see for trees.
+
+In 3D it gets tricky.
+
+This mismatch of
+two in dimension
+
+allows you to lock things,
+kind of like knots.
+
+And in 4D there's such--
+there's so much freedom
+
+in the way you move,
+somehow, nothing
+
+can lock, in the same way
+that there are no knots in 4D.
+
+Cool.
+
+So that's the reminder
+summary about locked linkages,
+
+what they are, and
+what's known about them.
+
+Now we've seen that
+chains aren't locked.
+
+But before I get trees I
+want to talk about algorithms
+
+for actually doing this.
+
+This is, after all,
+geometric folding algorithms.
+
+We've seen a proof
+that they exist,
+
+that in fact if we
+had a chain, there's
+
+an expansive motion
+increases all the distances
+
+and therefore doesn't
+collide with itself,
+
+and eventually straightens
+all the outermost open chains
+
+and convexifies all the closed
+chains that are outermost,
+
+not containing anything.
+
+But how do we actually
+find such a motion?
+
+And this has been the
+subject of some study.
+
+There are three
+algorithms for doing it.
+
+So we'll call this
+unfolding 2D chains,
+
+unfolding being the goal of
+straightening or convexifying.
+
+And the first algorithm is just
+to mimic the proof that we saw.
+
+I call that proof CDR, because
+it's Connelly-Demain-Rote.
+
+And if you think
+about what we proved,
+
+we just looked at the sort
+of infinitesimal case.
+
+We said, if we're at some
+position then at least,
+
+for an infinitesimal
+amount of time,
+
+we can increase
+all the distances.
+
+All the struts can
+increase in length,
+
+and the bars stay
+the same length.
+
+That's really only specifying
+the first derivative
+
+of a motion.
+
+So if you think of motion
+as being, I don't know,
+
+some configuration C
+that's a function of time,
+
+and you take the derivative
+with respect to t,
+
+then we computed what
+that derivative should be.
+
+That was the first order motion.
+
+I think we called it d,
+which is a little confusing.
+
+This is the d that we computed.
+
+And we said, well that's
+an infinitesimal motion
+
+of some tensegrity.
+
+We can find it with
+linear programming.
+
+So at any moment in
+time we can figure out
+
+what our derivative should be.
+
+This is what's called an
+ordinary differential equation,
+
+for those who have
+taking 1803 or whatever.
+
+You just solve it.
+
+And a very easy
+way to solve it is
+
+if you imagine configuration
+space, you start somewhere,
+
+you compute which
+way to go, you move
+
+a little bit in that direction.
+
+You're only supposed to go
+for an infinitesimal amount.
+
+But it goes some
+positive epsilon.
+
+Then recompute
+your new direction,
+
+follow that, recompute
+your new direction,
+
+follow that for a little
+bit, and keep going.
+
+And you're almost tracking
+the intended curve.
+
+It's not quite perfect.
+
+But as your step
+size, this epsilon,
+
+goes to 0 you approximate
+the intended path.
+
+And that's, I mean how
+close you approximate
+
+is computed in the textbook.
+
+You can see that for details.
+
+This is a method
+called forward Euler.
+
+It's like the simplest way to
+solve an ordinary differential
+
+equation.
+
+There are much better ways.
+
+But it's easiest to think
+about, and reason about.
+
+And so it gives you some
+approximate solution.
+
+Let me show it to you.
+
+I'm going to show
+you three methods.
+
+The top one is the
+one I'm talking about.
+
+So we're starting
+with the same polygon
+
+on the left, simple
+little v shape.
+
+A second method is called
+pseudo-triangulation.
+
+We'll talk about that next.
+
+The third method's
+called energy.
+
+That one's one you've seen.
+
+Let's start with
+the first method,
+
+where we take some example
+like this teeth example,
+
+and we, at each
+step, compute what
+
+is the, in some
+sense, the biggest
+
+expanse of motion you could do.
+
+We go a little bit
+in that direction.
+
+So in these animations,
+the edge links
+
+are changing a little bit.
+
+And I've chosen the step size
+so the edge lengths change
+
+by, at most, 10%,
+something like that.
+
+And here, this one,
+left side we're
+
+zooming, right side
+we're not zooming.
+
+These are somewhat
+older animations.
+
+So apologies for the frame rate.
+
+What else do I want to say?
+
+This is an example--
+well, notice
+
+it's pulling the teeth
+off sort of from the end.
+
+If you want to be expensive you
+cannot pull the teeth apart.
+
+We're going to see other ways
+to do the teeth in a moment.
+
+Here's another example.
+
+Both of these
+examples at some point
+
+we're conjectured to be locked.
+
+Before the Carpenter's
+Rule Theorem was proved,
+
+a lot of people were trying
+to find counter examples.
+
+There aren't any.
+
+So this is nice.
+
+It preserve five-fold
+rotational symmetry.
+
+And you can do it for
+multiple shapes as well.
+
+So here we have one polygon
+in the center, four arcs,
+
+four paths on the outside.
+
+In this case, the simulation
+stopped when one of them
+
+convexified because I didn't
+implement all of the algorithm.
+
+At that point you just have
+to rigidify that polygon
+
+and expand the rest.
+
+So that gives you an
+idea sort of visually
+
+what this looks like.
+
+Qualitatively, we can say
+a bunch of cool things
+
+about this method.
+
+One is that's it's the
+only method that's strictly
+
+expansive, strictly meaning not
+only do the struts not decrease
+
+in length, but they
+also don't stay the same
+
+whenever that's possible.
+
+They strictly increase.
+
+Now, there are some exceptions.
+
+If I have a bar, obviously,
+if I add a strut here
+
+it's not going to strictly
+increase in length.
+
+Also, if I have a bunch
+of bars that are collinear
+
+and I add a strut
+from here to here,
+
+that's not going to
+increase in length.
+
+It's not possible.
+
+But all other struts will
+strictly increase in length.
+
+You can check.
+
+That's what we proved here.
+
+So that's nice.
+
+Another fun fact, I
+didn't write it here,
+
+but it preserves symmetry
+if you do it right.
+
+You may notice in
+this example actually,
+
+it was originally four-fold
+rotationally symmetric.
+
+It does rotate a little bit.
+
+That's from computational error.
+
+And you could correct for that.
+
+I didn't correct for it.
+
+It should, in theory, preserve
+the four-fold symmetry there.
+
+Good.
+
+We can compute one step.
+
+So how fast can you
+compute this thing?
+
+We can compute one step
+in polynomial time.
+
+That's finding an infinitesimal
+motion of a tensegrity.
+
+That's linear programming.
+
+But how many steps does it make?
+
+We don't really know.
+
+There is a bound
+in the textbook.
+
+It's not very small.
+
+It's also-- with forward Euler
+you lose a bit of accuracy.
+
+Now you could
+correct for accuracy,
+
+force all the edge
+lengths to be the same,
+
+then you won't
+preserve the symmetry.
+
+There's a bit of trade off here.
+
+I don't want to spend
+too much time on it.
+
+This is the first algorithm.
+
+Although it's the only one
+that's strictly expensive,
+
+to me it's not the nicest.
+
+So I'm going to move on
+to the next method which
+
+is pointed
+pseudo-triangulations.
+
+This is a method
+by Ileana Streinu,
+
+basically at the same
+time as the original
+
+Carpenter's Rule Theorem.
+
+And these are
+examples of what are
+
+called pointed
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+for a given set of points.
+
+So in general, a
+pseudo-triangle is a polygon
+
+that has three convex vertices.
+
+So a triangle has three
+convex vertices and that's it.
+
+A pseudo-triangle, I allow
+a bunch of reflex vertices
+
+in between those guys.
+
+So this should be a polygon.
+
+I've drawn it curved.
+
+And if you check in this
+figure, all of the faces
+
+are pseudo-triangles.
+
+Most of them here are
+actually quadrilaterals.
+
+But in particular,
+that's a pseudo-triangle.
+
+Sometimes there's
+actual triangles.
+
+Here they're all
+quads or triangles.
+
+And a pointed
+pseudo-triangulation
+
+has the property
+that at every vertex
+
+all of the edges incident
+to it lie in a half plane.
+
+They all lie on that side.
+
+In other words, there's an angle
+that's bigger than 180 degrees.
+
+So this was a pseudo-triangle,
+and this is pointed.
+
+And if you check this
+example, every vertex
+
+has an angle that's
+bigger than 180 degrees.
+
+Obviously the ones on
+the outside have to.
+
+They're always convex.
+
+And pointed
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+are-- they're not only supposed
+to have these two properties,
+
+but you're also supposed to
+have as many edges as possible,
+
+subject to having
+these two properties.
+
+If you tried to add any edge
+to either of these examples,
+
+you would violate
+the pointed property.
+
+If I added this edge, then I'd
+destroy this 180 degree angle.
+
+Any edge you
+consider, either you
+
+get a crossing--
+which is not allowed--
+
+or one of the vertices
+loses a 180 degree angle.
+
+So this is actually a
+really powerful concept.
+
+And it was introduced by this
+paper by Streinu in 2000.
+
+It has lots of theory
+built around it by now.
+
+I'm not going to talk
+about that theory.
+
+I want to talk about how it
+applies to Carpenter's Rule
+
+problem.
+
+I guess the first
+thing to say is
+
+that if you have,
+say, a polygon-- maybe
+
+I should do a real example,
+so I'll make it not so giant.
+
+OK, you take a polygon.
+
+So far it's pointed, right?
+
+Every vertex-- one
+of the two sides
+
+has an angle bigger than 180.
+
+So just add as many edges as you
+can while still being pointed.
+
+Do, do, do.
+
+This one, that looks OK.
+
+I think that's it.
+
+I think this is a
+pseudo-triangulation.
+
+I've added as many edges as I
+can while still being point.
+
+It turns out if you start
+with something that's pointed,
+
+you'll be able to keep adding
+edges, keep it pointed.
+
+And in the end all of the
+faces will be pseudo-triangles.
+
+So mission accomplished.
+
+This is a pointed
+pseudo-triangulation
+
+that contains, as a subgraph,
+my original polygon.
+
+So these are the edge
+lengths I want to preserve.
+
+Those should stay rigid.
+
+I'm going to be kind of
+crazy and also preserve
+
+the lengths of all
+of these edges.
+
+Now if you did that, this
+thing would be rigid,
+
+which is not so exciting.
+
+All you need to do to fix that
+is remove one of these added
+
+edges that's on the convex hull
+on the outer boundary here.
+
+Then it will have one
+degree of freedom.
+
+So there will be
+two ways to move it.
+
+One is to expand this distance,
+the other is to contract it.
+
+And the one that
+expands that distance
+
+will expand all distances.
+
+So if you look at some
+other pair, like this guy,
+
+every other pair of distances
+will expand or stay the same.
+
+So this thing is expansive.
+
+But not strictly
+expensive, because we're
+
+preserving these lengths.
+
+These ones will stay the same.
+
+So let me show you some of
+the things that can happen.
+
+So this is sort of at the
+heart of the algorithm.
+
+I'm not going to go
+into all the details.
+
+This can happen like n
+cubed times, where you say,
+
+OK I've added in
+all these edges.
+
+Here's a nice
+pseudo-triangle here.
+
+It happens to be a triangle with
+some stuff on the bottom, stuff
+
+on the top.
+
+As I flex this to
+expand the distances
+
+this is going to move like that.
+
+At some point,
+those three points
+
+will become collinear,
+got to deal with that.
+
+And the way you deal with it
+is as you continue moving,
+
+it's no longer the case
+that those two blue edges
+
+are the edges in the
+pseudo-triangulation.
+
+Now it's this one red edge.
+
+This is called a flip.
+
+And you see, we used
+to have a quadrilateral
+
+up here an a triangle down here.
+
+Now we have a triangle up here
+and a quadrilateral over here.
+
+That's pretty intuitive.
+
+You preserve that it's
+a pseudo-triangulation
+
+as you move this.
+
+If you tried to go
+too far here you
+
+would actually get a
+convex quadrilateral.
+
+If this kept going
+then this would
+
+be a convex quadrilateral.
+
+That's not a
+pseudo-triangulation,
+
+that's bad.
+
+But you can always
+do these flips
+
+to fix it as you go along.
+
+And it turns out
+this will only happen
+
+a polynomial number of times.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Like shown,
+is how I flipped it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it
+[INAUDIBLE] to a red?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, the red edge
+now goes from here to there.
+
+Whereas before there
+were two segments that
+
+went from here to
+there, now I'm going
+
+to go straight from
+there to there.
+
+That's the difference.
+
+This is the general picture,
+you have to believe me,
+
+because I want to talk
+about other things.
+
+And, cool.
+
+So here's an example
+of it actually running.
+
+So we have some polygon
+in the top left.
+
+We've deleted the
+edge that's cyan.
+
+So that one's going to expand.
+
+And we move a little bit.
+
+This is moving a little bit.
+
+This is moving a
+little bit more.
+
+At this point, these three
+points are collinear.
+
+Actually, the way it's drawn
+it looks like a little bit
+
+too far.
+
+But they should be collinear.
+
+That would be a
+violation, because this
+
+would be-- if we go
+any farther-- that
+
+would be a violation because
+this would be a convex
+
+quadrilateral.
+
+So we do a flip here, and we
+end up with that edge instead.
+
+So now everything's
+a pseudo-triangle,
+
+everything's pointed,
+everything's happy.
+
+You keep going, then these
+three points become collinear.
+
+So you end up getting that edge.
+
+And you keep going.
+
+And all throughout this
+motion all pairwise distances
+
+are not decreasing.
+
+Everything's expanding
+or staying the same.
+
+And then the wrap
+up looks like this.
+
+In the end, you get
+a convex polygon.
+
+Then you're stuck,
+because there's
+
+no edge to remove
+on the outside.
+
+You've got to keep
+all of those edges.
+
+So that is the
+pseudo-triangulation method
+
+in a nutshell.
+
+And it's expansive.
+
+It has a polynomial
+in n number of moves.
+
+It's not clear how quickly
+you can compute the moves.
+
+I know an exponential
+time algorithm.
+
+There might be faster one.
+
+I don't think this
+has been resolved.
+
+Let me just check my notes here.
+
+It says best algorithm
+is exponential to compute
+
+one move.
+
+In these examples,
+where they're all
+
+quadrilaterals or
+triangles, it's
+
+really easy to compute them.
+
+In general, if you get
+complicated things,
+
+it's unclear.
+
+Pseudo-triangulations though
+have a lot of nice structure.
+
+So maybe it's easier than
+general linkage folding.
+
+This, I have here,
+implementing this algorithm
+
+would be a cool project.
+
+Oh, another open problem
+is how many steps
+
+does this algorithm really need?
+
+Can you prove a
+pseudo-polynomial bound?
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+But let me tell you about my
+personal favorite algorithm,
+
+the energy method.
+
+This is also the
+most recent, in 2004.
+
+The weird thing
+about this algorithm
+
+is that it is not expansive.
+
+It's really easy to compute
+one step of the algorithm.
+
+I can do it in quadratic
+time, even exactly.
+
+This one you have to specify
+some error tolerance epsilon.
+
+This one you have to specify
+some error tolerance epsilon.
+
+Here you can do it perfectly
+if you have exact square roots.
+
+And the number of
+steps is also small.
+
+It has a pseudo-polynomial
+number of steps.
+
+Have I talked about
+pseudo-polynomial yet?
+
+Maybe, briefly at some point.
+
+Let me tell you what I mean.
+
+I want to be polynomial
+in the number vertices
+
+n and another parameter r.
+
+r is going to be, basically,
+the maximum distance
+
+in your initial
+configuration divided
+
+by the minimum distance.
+
+Exactly how you define
+distance, don't worry about it.
+
+Not a big deal.
+
+So this is a geometric
+feature of the input.
+
+It has nothing to do with n.
+
+n could stay fixed
+and you could change
+
+this to whatever
+you want by making
+
+nastier and nastier examples.
+
+Nastiness is measured here by
+how big your linkages versus
+
+how tight things get.
+
+So as long as that's
+reasonable, this
+
+is going to be a
+polynomial number of moves.
+
+So this is a good bound.
+
+It's better than all the others
+that's been proved anyway.
+
+It might hold for some
+of the other methods.
+
+Here, of course, we have a
+better bound on the number
+
+moves.
+
+But each move is
+kind of complicated.
+
+It's pseudo-triangulation.
+
+So there is a trade
+off between complexity
+
+of move and number of moves.
+
+But this gets a decent
+bound for everything.
+
+You've seen this method.
+
+I showed it in lecture one.
+
+But it's interesting to contrast
+it with the CDR method, which
+
+sort of unrolled the
+teeth from the end.
+
+Here, this method basically
+pulls the teeth right apart.
+
+And that's possible because it's
+not required to be expansive.
+
+And we have the double tree.
+
+This one looks more
+or less the same.
+
+It's a little smoother, I would
+say, than the other method.
+
+I don't have it side by side.
+
+So it's a little hard to guess.
+
+And what's really exciting
+about this method, to me,
+
+is that you can run it
+for really large examples
+
+in like a minute or so.
+
+500 vertices, no big deal.
+
+Whereas, because each
+step is pretty easy
+
+to compute in quadratic
+time, with this method
+
+you need it to solve
+a convex program.
+
+And that's a little
+costly for large examples.
+
+Cool.
+
+So that's the energy method.
+
+Now I'm going to actually
+tell you how it works.
+
+Big difference is
+it's not expansive.
+
+And the idea is,
+well, being expansive
+
+on every edge,
+that's kind of hard.
+
+How do I figure that out?
+
+Oh, it makes my brain hurt.
+
+I've got to solve
+this tensegrity.
+
+But if I was just
+expansive on average,
+
+maybe that would be good enough.
+
+That's the crazy idea.
+
+So we define this energy
+function that does just that.
+
+It's a function
+on configurations.
+
+So I'm going to write E of
+C. No M in this equation.
+
+We're going to sum over all
+edges Ew, and then sum over all
+
+vertices U different
+from V and W.
+
+And we're going to take 1
+over the distance from U
+
+to the edge.
+
+This is just saying sum over
+all non-incident vertices
+
+and edges, take their
+distance-- there's
+
+many ways you could define
+that, like the minimum distance
+
+between them would be
+fine-- take the reciprocal,
+
+add them all up.
+
+This is my energy function.
+
+Kind of weird.
+
+But it's averaging
+not of distances,
+
+but 1 over distances.
+
+So why is that so interesting?
+
+Because distances
+are always positive.
+
+So I only have to go over here.
+
+If I write distance
+in the x-axis,
+
+and 1 over the
+distance in the y-axis,
+
+the plot of that
+function looks like this.
+
+It has this vertical
+asymptote at 0.
+
+So if the distance were to
+go to 0, which is bad for me
+
+because that's one thing start
+crossing-- they will start
+
+touching at d equals 0, and
+after that they might cross--
+
+the energy shoots to
+positive infinity.
+
+So if I take the sum over all
+these, if any of the distances
+
+decrease to 0 then the energy
+will shoot to infinity.
+
+What if my distances increase?
+
+Because I know
+expansive motions exist.
+
+That's what we proved last time.
+
+I'm not going to compute them.
+
+But I know they're
+out there somewhere.
+
+If I had an expansive motion,
+all of these distances
+
+increase.
+
+So that means this
+reciprocal decreases.
+
+So I have-- it's
+hard to imagine--
+
+I have this giant dimensional
+configuration space.
+
+It has d times n
+dimensions, whatever.
+
+A lot of stuff.
+
+I'm somewhere.
+
+But if I now plotted--
+imagine that's
+
+in two dimensions,
+in the plane here,
+
+so that's there-- and then
+in the third dimension I
+
+plot what is this
+energy landscape.
+
+For each of these configurations
+I compute some height.
+
+What is my energy?
+
+I get some 3D surface here.
+
+In general, it's going to be
+d times n plus 1 dimensions.
+
+Here's the configuration space.
+
+We plot over that.
+
+What I'm saying is, because
+expansive motions exist,
+
+there has to be a motion
+for every point that
+
+decreases energy.
+
+Because if you decrease
+every distance,
+
+you also decrease them
+on average in this sense.
+
+If every term decreases,
+then of course, the sum will.
+
+So this means energy
+decreasing motions exist.
+
+Now energy decreasing
+feels like a good thing.
+
+Because I start somewhere, it
+has some energy, not infinity.
+
+If I decrease the energy,
+it's really hard for my energy
+
+to go to plus infinity.
+
+It can't happen.
+
+So all I need to do is follow
+any energy decreasing motion.
+
+It might be an expansive
+one, but probably not.
+
+We know that there are
+energy decreasing motions
+
+because there are
+expansive motions.
+
+But let's just take
+any energy decreasing
+
+motion, sort of
+expansive on average.
+
+Then it won't self-intersect
+because if energy decreases
+
+it will never get
+to plus infinity.
+
+And therefore none of the
+distances will go to 0.
+
+So what this algorithm does
+is follow the gradient.
+
+So I should say something
+about what this notation is.
+
+This is whatever,
+higher order calculus.
+
+You live in some space.
+
+You're on like some
+hill, or whatever.
+
+You're on some surface.
+
+And you say well I'd really
+like to go downhill from here.
+
+And there might be
+many downhill options.
+
+There might be many
+uphill options.
+
+This is some crazy high
+dimensional choice.
+
+Just take the option
+that decreases energy
+
+the fastest, the most downhill.
+
+That is negative gradient of
+E. Believe me that it exists.
+
+It exists because this
+energy function is smooth,
+
+in some sense.
+
+You're basically taking
+first derivatives.
+
+That gives you the
+highest chain--
+
+or you take the place that has
+the highest change and boom.
+
+That gives it to you.
+
+It's very easy to compute
+because this function has
+
+quadratically many terms.
+
+It takes about n
+squared time to find it.
+
+And that gives you some
+energy decrease in motion.
+
+It's just an easy one to find.
+
+And that's what we're
+animating all the time.
+
+So we just find energy
+decreasing motion,
+
+move a little bit
+in that direction.
+
+Not too much,
+because if you go--
+
+it's again a first derivative.
+
+This is only an
+infinitesimal motion.
+
+But we're actually going
+to move in that direction
+
+for a positive amount of time.
+
+As long as we don't go too
+far, and we can find how
+
+far by binary search,
+we won't self-intersect.
+
+Because we know locally
+it's decreasing energy.
+
+If we go small enough step it
+really will decrease energy,
+
+and then life is good.
+
+So it's really easy to do this.
+
+Super simple algorithm.
+
+Good.
+
+It's non-expansive
+because we're only
+
+decreasing the average,
+not each of the terms.
+
+Do, do, do, do, do.
+
+You can prove the
+number of steps--
+
+this is the part I'm most proud
+of here-- is pseudo-polynomial,
+
+polynomial in n and r.
+
+What is the polynomial?
+
+n to the 123 times r to the 81.
+
+This is the largest
+polynomial bound
+
+I know of that's not
+dependent on dimension.
+
+So I'm very proud.
+
+In practice, the number of
+steps is much, much smaller
+
+than this.
+
+This is what we could
+prove in an easy way.
+
+If you want a project,
+it's a little tedious,
+
+but it would be easy,
+I'm pretty sure.
+
+You could decrease
+this to, I don't know,
+
+at least n to the
+20 or something
+
+by being a little more
+careful on the analysis.
+
+But once we got something
+that was pseudo-polynomial
+
+we were happy.
+
+So we could leave others to
+figure out the right bound.
+
+It's a little tricky with these
+gradient descent algorithms
+
+to get good bounds.
+
+In practice they
+work really well,
+
+because the gradient
+is not as nasty
+
+as you might imagine it
+to be in the worst case.
+
+But the worst case bound,
+hey, it's pseudo-polynomial.
+
+It's a nice
+theoretical guarantee.
+
+And in practice it
+also happens to work.
+
+Like these examples
+only take, I don't know,
+
+a few hundred steps,
+1,000 steps, whatever.
+
+AUDIENCE: Where do
+those numbers come from?
+
+PROFESSOR: Where
+does 123 come from?
+
+We really wanted
+it to be 1, 2, 3.
+
+81 is my birth year.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's why I
+like this number so much.
+
+Oh, actually here
+I have 41 written.
+
+I'm pretty sure it's 81 though.
+
+I should correct the notes,
+double check, something.
+
+It's really you're just adding
+up twos and threes a lot,
+
+and fours, and things like
+that a whole bunch of times.
+
+And then just luckily it
+came out to a nice number.
+
+As far as I know,
+not intentional.
+
+There are few authors
+though, so I don't know.
+
+Maybe one of them increased
+a bound to make it a little
+
+cooler number in the end.
+
+Good.
+
+So that's pseudo-polynomial
+number of steps.
+
+It's interesting,
+each of the steps
+
+is actually a very nice motion.
+
+It just moves along
+a straight line
+
+in the configuration space.
+
+I would be nice to know
+whether you can actually
+
+achieve a polynomial number
+of steps independent of r.
+
+I think the answer
+is no, it's not
+
+possible for some linkages
+that are really tight.
+
+I think you need a dependence,
+a polynomial dependence,
+
+on r-- at least a
+linear dependence on r.
+
+But I don't know
+how to prove that.
+
+It's a nice open problem.
+
+Another fun problem, these
+examples with polygons
+
+end up with a particular
+convex shape in the end.
+
+Is that shape unique?
+
+If I gave you the sequence
+of edge lengths here,
+
+they're all 1, or
+they're almost 1.
+
+Not quite the same.
+
+No, sorry, they get tinier
+as you go to the center.
+
+But for that sequence
+of edge lengths,
+
+is there a unique minimum
+energy configuration?
+
+I think so.
+
+But I don't know.
+
+We know that this method
+will get to convex,
+
+because only at the
+convex configuration
+
+do you no longer have
+an expansive motion
+
+and no longer have a decreasing
+energy motion, maybe.
+
+Cool.
+
+Those are the three algorithms.
+
+Any questions about them?
+
+Before we go to trees, again,
+tell you a cool application
+
+to origami, which
+is to rigid origami.
+
+Remember, rigid origami, we're
+not allowed to add any creases.
+
+And all of the faces between
+creases have to stay flat.
+
+They're like made
+of-- imagine you
+
+have pieces of metal
+representing the faces.
+
+You have piano hinges
+making the edges.
+
+That's rigid origami.
+
+That's kind of like a linkage.
+
+In particular, when you
+have a single vertex
+
+origami-- say that's five
+foldable, I don't know.
+
+And if you say each
+of these wedges
+
+is a rigid piece of
+metal, well we already
+
+know this kind of set up can
+be modeled by its boundary.
+
+Ignore the interior.
+
+Just think of there
+being hinges of this one
+
+dimensional structure like that.
+
+So that looks a
+lot like a linkage.
+
+These have to stay rigid.
+
+They're not straight lines.
+
+It's a little different.
+
+It's almost the same.
+
+If you think about how you're
+allowed to fold these things--
+
+really you should
+think about it here,
+
+I guess-- what happens, by
+a continuous motion what
+
+happens is that you're
+living on a sphere.
+
+So you start out on the
+equator of the sphere.
+
+This thing, just plop
+it down the equator.
+
+The boundary lies on the
+boundary of the sphere.
+
+The interior of the paper
+is inside the sphere,
+
+right along the flat part there.
+
+As you fold, these points
+will stay on the sphere.
+
+And these edge links
+will be preserved,
+
+their arcs on the spheres.
+
+There will be great
+circular arcs at all times.
+
+So folding this
+thing in three space
+
+is really equivalent to folding
+this linkage on the sphere.
+
+And that looks an awful lot
+like a polygon on a sphere.
+
+What we really want is a
+spherical Carpenter's Rule
+
+Theorem.
+
+And there is.
+
+This is by Streinu and Whiteley.
+
+So if you have a closed chain,
+a polygon, of total length
+
+at most 2 pi on a
+unit sphere then you
+
+have a connected
+configuration space.
+
+So in the plane,
+closed chain always
+
+had a connected
+configuration space.
+
+On the sphere you need that
+the chain is not too long,
+
+because there's only sort
+of a bounded amount of room
+
+on the sphere.
+
+The equator has total length 2
+pi, perimeter of the equator.
+
+For unit sphere it's 2 pi.
+
+So we're just canonically
+making it a unit sphere.
+
+And 2 pi really corresponds
+to this situation,
+
+which is 360 degrees.
+
+That's how much
+total length we have.
+
+So it just fits in the
+equator, life is good.
+
+The reason you want
+it to have length
+
+at most 2 pi is because
+then you actually do
+
+have a convex configuration.
+
+In the case of 2 pi, it
+lies along the equator.
+
+If it's smaller than 2 pi it'll
+be like some smaller portion.
+
+This would be less than
+2 pi on the sphere.
+
+If it's greater than 2 pi,
+you can't draw it convexly
+
+on the sphere.
+
+You can draw something.
+
+Like I could draw
+something like this,
+
+that'll have really long
+length on the sphere.
+
+But there will be no
+way to convexify it.
+
+You get stuck at some point.
+
+And as long as you don't
+have that situation,
+
+you can take this--
+what this actually
+
+implies is that your
+polygon at all times
+
+will lie in a hemisphere.
+
+You take that hemisphere
+and you sort of unroll it,
+
+you splay it out, you
+project it to the plane.
+
+You apply the planar
+Carpenter's Rule Theorem.
+
+You apply the fact that
+unrolling operation,
+
+or that projection
+if you will-- I
+
+think it's like
+projection from some point
+
+here out to the plane--
+that projection preserves
+
+infinitesimal flexibility
+of tensegrities.
+
+So it'll still have the
+expensive motion in the plane.
+
+And then you could turn in to an
+expansive motion on the sphere.
+
+And eventually you'll
+get a convex polygon.
+
+So that's sort of
+how this is proved.
+
+Then you can apply
+it to rigid origami,
+
+and say for single
+vertex origami,
+
+it's always rigidly foldable.
+
+Any state you want
+to reach can be
+
+reached by continuous
+motion, without bending
+
+any of the faces.
+
+So a fun little application.
+
+And one of the few things
+we know about rigid origami,
+
+for multiple vertices
+it gets a lot harder.
+
+Not always possible,
+and we don't
+
+have a nice characterization.
+
+So finally, let's move onto
+locked trees in the plane.
+
+So these are sort of
+the classic examples.
+
+The top two were
+in a 1998 paper.
+
+This was when I started
+working on folding stuff, very
+
+beginning.
+
+A whole bunch of people
+from a big workshop.
+
+First example is this one.
+
+And it's a bunch of sort of
+arms tucked into their armpits,
+
+and in a cyclic way.
+
+And the dotted circles
+mean objects in this mirror
+
+are closer than they appear.
+
+So imagine that
+all of these points
+
+are actually really, really
+close and tight in here.
+
+And this guy's actually
+really close and tight
+
+against this edge.
+
+So I've drawn it
+with lots of slack
+
+so you can see the
+combinatorial structure.
+
+But geometrically
+it's much tighter.
+
+Then the intuition is that you
+can't get any of these arms
+
+open unless you could somehow
+expand one of these wedges.
+
+It's like, if you could
+expand this angle then
+
+this guy would have
+room to come out.
+
+But how do I expand that angle?
+
+Well I'd have to compress
+the other angles because
+
+of the cyclic picture.
+
+And I can't, if I look at some
+other angle like this one,
+
+I can't compress it because
+the arm is in the way.
+
+So I can't open an arm until
+I've closed some other arm.
+
+And I can't close an arm
+before I've opened it.
+
+And so nothing can happen.
+
+That's the intuition
+behind the proof.
+
+The details are very
+messy, because you
+
+have to define open
+and closed, and what
+
+things must happen
+before what things.
+
+This example should
+look familiar
+
+because if you double it, if
+you replace every edge with two
+
+edges, we get one
+of the examples that
+
+was expanding with the
+five-fold symmetry.
+
+So people have sort
+of known for a while,
+
+and then we finally proved,
+that this is locked.
+
+If you double it, people thought
+well maybe it's still locked.
+
+Turns out no, because the center
+vertex can expand in a polygon,
+
+but with a tree it can't.
+
+OK, big deal.
+
+These examples, this is just
+yet another way to do that.
+
+But what's interesting is if
+you double some of the edges
+
+you get this tree.
+
+So you have 1 degree 3
+vertex in the center.
+
+And you go around,
+you visit this arm.
+
+You go back, you visit this arm.
+
+Turns out this really
+does simulate this tree,
+
+because we haven't touched
+the central degree 3 vertex.
+
+And this is nice because
+it has one degree 3 vertex.
+
+Everything else
+is degree 2 or 1.
+
+So in the Carpenter's
+Rule theorem
+
+where we said maximum
+degree 2, it's really tight.
+
+And as soon as you add
+one vertex of degree 3
+
+you can be locked.
+
+That was the point
+of this example.
+
+What other fun things
+can you do with trees?
+
+Well, three years
+ago in this class
+
+we started thinking
+about other locked trees.
+
+How low could you go?
+
+How many edges do
+need to get locked?
+
+This example-- no I guess
+this example would be minimum.
+
+Here I've drawn it
+with eight petals.
+
+You can get away
+with five petals,
+
+or are five arms,
+each of length 3.
+
+So that's 15 edges.
+
+That was the state of the art.
+
+And then we had this crazy
+idea in a problem session
+
+of this locked
+chain, locked tree.
+
+It has two degree 3 vertices.
+
+And it kind of just
+winds in there.
+
+We're going to see why
+these things are locked.
+
+But OK, that's kind of neat.
+
+11, that's much better than 15.
+
+Can we do better?
+
+And every week we improved
+it, for a few weeks.
+
+This one looks messier,
+but it has one fewer edge.
+
+And then this one came
+along, and we're like whoa.
+
+So symmetric, so beautiful.
+
+What's interesting is it doesn't
+have the cyclic structure.
+
+It's almost flat, in fact.
+
+You could think of all these
+guys being in one point.
+
+All these guys
+being in one point.
+
+All those guys
+being in one point.
+
+It's like they're,
+all three, collinear.
+
+So it's a very different
+kind of example.
+
+Before we thought
+locked trees required
+
+this kind of cyclic condition.
+
+And so, for example,
+we conjectured--
+
+or I guess Poon,
+one of the authors
+
+here-- conjectured that
+there would be no way
+
+to lock something if
+all the edges were
+
+horizontal and vertical.
+
+Because if you have
+that you couldn't
+
+have five things in a circle.
+
+Now suddenly we think,
+oh, this is interesting.
+
+Because it has two
+degree 3 vertices.
+
+It's so symmetric.
+
+Surely this is the
+fewest possible edges
+
+we could get away with.
+
+But no, then we found
+the eight edge example.
+
+And this is kind of funny.
+
+It's like instead of
+being nice and symmetric,
+
+essentially, what we're
+doing is removing this edge.
+
+And we want to instead
+attach it in here.
+
+But then we have to futz
+around with the vertices
+
+to make it work
+out and be a tree.
+
+And now has only
+one degree 3 vertex.
+
+So it also has
+that nice property.
+
+It only has eight edges.
+
+And this, we
+believe, is optimal.
+
+And we can actually prove
+something along those lines.
+
+So a linear tree is one where
+all the vertices lie nearly
+
+on the line.
+
+So this is a linear locked tree.
+
+And we can prove that among
+all linear locked trees,
+
+they must have at
+least eight edges.
+
+Locked linear tree has
+at least eight edges.
+
+So at least among linear locked
+trees that example is optimal.
+
+But maybe you could use
+the second dimension
+
+to do something better
+than eight edges.
+
+But I don't think so.
+
+That's an open problem.
+
+What other good
+things can we do?
+
+You can make it orthogonal.
+
+You can mimic exactly
+this structure
+
+with an orthogonal
+structure, all the edges
+
+horizontal and vertical.
+
+Just expand each of these
+vertices into very tiny,
+
+and if this is drawn
+really squished,
+
+these are super short edges.
+
+So they really don't change
+the motion space hardly at all.
+
+You can actually prove that.
+
+And this is also locked.
+
+That's one of the nice things
+you do once you get out
+
+of the cyclic kind of structure.
+
+I think I have
+something else, no.
+
+OK, stay there.
+
+Yeah, actually maybe
+I do want to go there.
+
+This is an example, it has
+a cyclic structure again.
+
+Same paper, last year.
+
+This is a newer example.
+
+And it has the property
+that all of the edge lengths
+
+are the same, and
+nothing touches.
+
+Now you'll appreciate this in
+a little while, how crazy this
+
+is.
+
+Because all of the
+previous examples
+
+required things to be
+very close and tight.
+
+And we crucially use
+very tight proximity
+
+in order to prove
+things are locked.
+
+And if you take the example
+that looks like this, with six
+
+arms-- I didn't
+draw it very well.
+
+But if you draw
+it with six arms,
+
+these are like
+equilateral triangles,
+
+the edge lengths will
+be almost all the same.
+
+In fact, if you
+allow them to touch
+
+they will be exactly the same.
+
+So there was this
+open question, well,
+
+if I want them to be exactly
+the same but not touch,
+
+can you still lock?
+
+We thought no, but in
+fact you can do it.
+
+And this is very
+tricky to prove locked
+
+because we can't make
+these arbitrarily tight.
+
+It really has to look like
+this, because the edge lengths
+
+are all the same.
+
+Now this has
+seven-fold symmetry.
+
+Because sixfold they
+would all touch.
+
+It's tricky.
+
+Cool.
+
+A big open question
+here, of course,
+
+is to characterize locked trees.
+
+I think that's quite hard,
+because in particular,
+
+if you're given a tree
+and you want to know
+
+does that go from
+this configuration
+
+to this configuration,
+that's known to be p space
+
+complete, which is
+really, really hard.
+
+But all of those
+examples are locked.
+
+So maybe unlocked trees
+have some special structure
+
+that's easy to find.
+
+I guess not.
+
+But who knows?
+
+What I do think has
+a nice structure
+
+are these linear locked trees.
+
+They're pretty simple.
+
+They're basically
+one dimensional.
+
+And I think we could
+characterize linear lock trees
+
+in polynomial time.
+
+Maybe we'll work on
+that this afternoon.
+
+But that is open.
+
+All right, next thing
+I want to talk about
+
+is how the heck do you prove
+that these things are locked?
+
+Now historically there have
+been lots of different proofs.
+
+And this tree still does
+not have a nice proof
+
+that it's locked.
+
+But all the other trees I
+can give you very succinct
+
+proofs that they're locked.
+
+And so I want to tell
+you how we do that.
+
+Because it uses tensegrity
+theory, our good friend.
+
+This is the idea of
+infinitesimally locked
+
+linkages.
+
+So ignore this part of
+the picture for now.
+
+If we take some tree,
+most of the examples
+
+I drew these little
+scion circles to say,
+
+well, these guys
+are really tight.
+
+And the intuition
+is the tighter you
+
+make it, the less that
+configuration can move.
+
+If you look, we're
+claiming the configuration
+
+space is disconnected.
+
+But not only that, we
+have this configuration
+
+and we say there's a
+small ball of motions
+
+that you could possibly do.
+
+It does wiggle a little bit.
+
+And then there's
+other stuff over here
+
+that you can never reach because
+this can't move very much.
+
+Well in fact, if you make these
+circles tighter and tighter,
+
+the claim is that this,
+in the space of motions,
+
+you get less and less freedom.
+
+How could we formalize that?
+
+As you draw the thing tighter
+you get less and less motion.
+
+Well, let's go to the limit.
+
+Suppose we went all
+the way to the point
+
+that these things are touching.
+
+Now this is going to be a
+little tricky mathematically,
+
+because we have to remember that
+this vertex is in this wedge,
+
+even though it's actually
+right on top of this point.
+
+So we have to remember, sort
+of, how things look locally.
+
+But geometrically the picture
+is going to look like that.
+
+If you look from
+afar, you won't be
+
+able to tell that there's
+three edges along here,
+
+because they're right
+on top of each other.
+
+But if you, sort of, imagine
+zooming in infinitesimally
+
+in each of these
+vertices, it's going
+
+to be whatever the heck it is.
+
+So you remember the fact
+that right here there
+
+are four vertices.
+
+And this is how they're
+connected to incident edges.
+
+There's actually three edges
+here, and two edges here,
+
+and so on.
+
+So that's how you
+describe one of these,
+
+we call them,
+self-touching linkages.
+
+Because the edges are
+touching each other.
+
+They're right on
+top of each other.
+
+Now normally, if you wanted to
+capture this notion of wiggling
+
+a little bit, we
+could define the idea
+
+of being locked within epsilon.
+
+So a configuration is
+locked within epsilon
+
+if it's impossible
+to get farther
+
+than epsilon in
+configuration space.
+
+So that's this little ball,
+thinking about radius epsilon
+
+here.
+
+And if you can't get
+outside that ball,
+
+you have some weird
+space you can get to.
+
+But if it's bounded by
+a ball of radius epsilon
+
+then I say you're
+locked within epsilon.
+
+And if epsilon is
+small that really
+
+means there are other
+things you can't get to.
+
+Well as soon as I
+get to self-touching
+
+I can actually think about
+being locked within epsilon
+
+for epsilon equals 0,
+also known as being rigid.
+
+We've already talked about
+being locked within 0.
+
+If you can't move it
+all, that's rigid.
+
+So this thing could
+actually be rigid.
+
+Whereas all the
+locked trees, they
+
+can never be rigid
+because I don't
+
+want them to really touch.
+
+This is an analysis tool.
+
+I don't like trees
+that are self-touching.
+
+It's kind of ugly and cheating.
+
+And so real trees,
+non-self-touching touching
+
+trees could only be locked
+within some positive epsilon.
+
+But if we consider
+for the moment
+
+the extreme when
+they're touching then
+
+we could hope for rigidity.
+
+Rigidity is good because we know
+how to prove things are rigid.
+
+We know how to test things
+are rigid in two dimensions.
+
+It's pretty easy.
+
+We could test is it
+infinitesimally rigid?
+
+If it's infinitesimally
+rigid we know it's rigid.
+
+It's a little bit
+trickier because we
+
+have to represent the
+non-crossing constraints.
+
+And that's what these
+purple edges do.
+
+So the idea is,
+well I definitely
+
+want to preserve the
+lengths of these edges.
+
+I'm not interested
+in expansive motions,
+
+because that's a subset
+of possible motions.
+
+But I do know that this
+vertex should move away
+
+from this edge, or
+stay on the edge.
+
+It's not allowed to go to
+the other side of the edge.
+
+So I imagine there's a
+little tiny strut here.
+
+It's of infinitesimal
+length right now.
+
+It can get longer, but it has
+to get longer in that direction.
+
+You have to move
+away-- you have to stay
+
+on the right side of this edge.
+
+And you have to stay on
+the left side of this edge.
+
+It turns out you really can
+represent that by a strut.
+
+It's now a strut between
+a vertex and an edge,
+
+because this guy can slide along
+the edge, or move away from it.
+
+But it's a strut.
+
+And you can think of
+this as a tensegrity,
+
+all the usual tensegrity
+theory applies.
+
+You can define equilibrium
+stresses, polyhedral liftings,
+
+infinitesimal rigidity.
+
+And so what's
+actually drawn here--
+
+you should look at the
+book for more details.
+
+I don't want to go
+into details on this.
+
+But originally the state of
+the art for proving something
+
+like this is locked
+is you basically
+
+give-- you show an
+equilibrium stress that
+
+is positive on all the struts.
+
+We know that if you
+find a stress that's
+
+positive on all struts
+than all the struts in fact
+
+must act as bars.
+
+What that means is that this
+length, which is currently 0,
+
+must stay 0.
+
+Therefore this
+vertex is actually
+
+pinned because it has
+to both be on this edge
+
+and be on this edge.
+
+That's what a 0 length bar
+here and here would mean.
+
+It really has to be right here.
+
+It can't move it all.
+
+And therefore this whole thing
+is rigid, and nothing moves.
+
+Clear?
+
+So we can use all
+the tensegrity stuff
+
+to prove that when this thing
+is actually self-touching,
+
+and all these distances
+are 0, it is rigid.
+
+But so what?
+
+Who cares about the
+self-touching thing
+
+being rigid?
+
+It's nice, but what
+I really care about
+
+is the non-self-touching
+configurations
+
+are locked within epsilon,
+for some tiny epsilon.
+
+Well good news.
+
+Rigidity of the
+self-touching configuration
+
+implies what's called
+strongly locked,
+
+yet another term which
+I need to define.
+
+Strongly locked means
+that sufficiently small,
+
+sufficiently small
+perturbations of the linkage,
+
+or I should say of the
+linkage configuration,
+
+are locked within
+epsilon for any epsilon.
+
+This is exactly the property
+I wanted to formalize,
+
+saying that if you draw
+the example tighter
+
+it can move less.
+
+For any epsilon, we
+want to say you can only
+
+move within epsilon,
+there's some notion
+
+of sufficiently small such
+that if I take this example
+
+and imagine currently
+all the vertices are
+
+on top of each other.
+
+But now I perturb
+it a little bit,
+
+which involves changing not
+only the vertex coordinates,
+
+but also the edge lengths--
+but a tiny amount, some delta
+
+that's a function of epsilon.
+
+Whatever epsilon
+you choose, there's
+
+a very small disk I
+can draw like this,
+
+such that as long as all the
+vertices stay within that disk
+
+your example will be
+locked within epsilon.
+
+This is great because it lets
+us analyze rigidity, which
+
+is easy for self-touching
+configurations, which are not
+
+interesting in some sense.
+
+But we get to conclude something
+about the perturbations which
+
+are not self-touching
+and therefore nice.
+
+And we get the property
+we want, that you're
+
+locked within epsilon
+for any epsilon you want.
+
+You just draw it
+tighter you'll be
+
+locked within a smaller epsilon.
+
+So this is pretty cool.
+
+And I didn't defined
+perturbation.
+
+But I just mean every vertex
+stays within a radius delta
+
+disk.
+
+And sufficiently
+small here is delta,
+
+which is a function of epsilon.
+
+So this is pretty cool.
+
+And it turns out also--
+this is proved much later--
+
+these results are like 2002.
+
+And then 2006 proved
+that if you take
+
+any self-touching configuration,
+which is like this,
+
+you specify the geometry
+where things are all
+
+on top of each other.
+
+And then you'd say what you
+want every vertex to look like.
+
+It turns out there really
+is a valid perturbation that
+
+preserves that
+combinatorial structure
+
+and is arbitrarily small.
+
+So here, of course, I've
+drawn it so it's clear.
+
+You can perturb things.
+
+And I changed the edge
+lengths a little bit.
+
+But I can actually realize
+this combinatorial structure.
+
+It turns out that's
+always possible.
+
+So you can take any
+self-touching linkage,
+
+you can perturb it so
+it's not self-touching,
+
+and it is arbitrarily
+locked within epsilon.
+
+And the way you
+prove it, or one way
+
+to prove that
+something is rigid,
+
+is to say well this
+proof is infinitesimally
+
+rigid by constructing an
+equilibrium stress that's
+
+positive on all these
+0 length struts.
+
+As long as it's positive
+all those 0 length
+
+struts you know that
+they're effectively bars.
+
+Usually once they're
+bars it's really obvious
+
+that the thing is rigid because
+it pins vertices into corners.
+
+Then you know that the whole
+thing is infinitesimally rigid,
+
+therefore it's rigid,
+therefore it's strongly locked.
+
+And you could see some examples
+of doing that in the book.
+
+But this is no longer
+the state of the art.
+
+There are now
+easier ways to prove
+
+that trees are
+locked-- some trees.
+
+It doesn't always work.
+
+Of course, it might be
+infinitesimally flexible.
+
+Lots of things could fail.
+
+But if it succeeds in
+proving something is rigid,
+
+then you know it's strongly
+locked and you're happy.
+
+So it's a conservative
+test, you might say.
+
+It would be a cool
+thing to implement.
+
+This is not hard, it's
+just linear programming.
+
+But there's a cooler way
+that's even more-- like one
+
+where I can really
+draw the pictures here,
+
+you know we had to
+draw all these diagrams
+
+and figure out that stress
+positive numbers worked on all
+
+these edges, and
+eh, it's tedious.
+
+There's a much slicker way.
+
+And for whatever reason, they
+have become known as the rules.
+
+There are two of them.
+
+Although we've tried to come
+up with various rule threes,
+
+the ones that have been
+tried and tested and used
+
+all over the place are
+rule one and rule two.
+
+So rule one.
+
+You'll see why this is
+interesting in a moment.
+
+I have some linkage,
+self-touching linkage.
+
+We're in the same framework.
+
+Suppose these two edges
+have the same length.
+
+I'm drawing this
+one slightly smaller
+
+just so I can show you,
+which is on which side.
+
+But suppose they
+have the same length.
+
+And suppose that
+both of these angles
+
+are acute, strictly,
+less than 90.
+
+What do you think
+happens in this picture?
+
+I have this bar floating around.
+
+And I have these three bars.
+
+What happens to this bar?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's confined to
+be against the other bar.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's confined to
+be right against this edge.
+
+It can't move at all until
+this angle-- both of these,
+
+and I guess at least one of
+them would have to get to 90,
+
+then you could try
+to slide it out.
+
+Like if this one goes beyond
+90 then you can slide out.
+
+As long as they're both less
+than 90 it's pinned there.
+
+So what I'm going to do
+is redraw this diagram as
+
+with two edges there, which
+I mean, you can just ignore.
+
+The point is if there's
+something attached here
+
+and here-- maybe many things,
+it's a tree, who knows?--
+
+you can just attach
+them right there.
+
+This is a simplification
+to the linkage.
+
+It does not behave the same.
+
+But it has the same rigidity.
+
+Because if all I care
+about is rigidity,
+
+I care about can I move at all?
+
+So in order for this
+guy to move and all,
+
+these guys would
+first have to move
+
+for quite a while, a
+positive amount of time.
+
+I just want to know can
+I move 0 or more than 0?
+
+If I can move more than 0 I
+could move this guy more than 0
+
+without this guy moving at all.
+
+So really I don't care
+about how this guy moves.
+
+He's effectively pinned for at
+least a small amount of time.
+
+I really care about can
+the rest move it all?
+
+So you can simplify
+your linkage like this,
+
+and the rigidity
+will be preserved.
+
+This is awesome because it's
+easy to see when this applies.
+
+And you just
+simplify your linkage
+
+until you can just tell
+whether it's rigid.
+
+All right rule two is
+sort of a special case.
+
+It looks like this.
+
+So here, this bar and this bar
+actually share an endpoint.
+
+And again, I need that
+this angle is acute.
+
+And I need that these
+two have the same length.
+
+And I can simplify
+to that, where
+
+if anything was attached here
+it just gets attached there.
+
+Let's try it out.
+
+Actually, I could
+use some more boards.
+
+So I'm just going to copy the
+example we had from before.
+
+And this will work on
+basically all the examples
+
+I've shown you except
+the equilateral one.
+
+This is the one, two, three,
+four, five, six, seven,
+
+eight bar example.
+
+This is conjectured minimum.
+
+Let's prove that it's locked.
+
+See any rule one's
+we could apply?
+
+Do you see any edges
+that are effectively
+
+wedged against another edge?
+
+Remember, all of these
+vertices are actually
+
+on top of each
+other, we're thinking
+
+about the self-touching version.
+
+These guys are
+actually touching,
+
+and these guys are
+actually touching.
+
+AUDIENCE: This rule
+one [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: There's a rule one--
+
+AUDIENCE: That one, there.
+
+PROFESSOR: --here?
+
+Yeah, good.
+
+This edge is pinned
+against this edge.
+
+Because look, we have acute
+angles here, namely 0.
+
+There's an acute
+angle here, that's 0.
+
+And this edge, if these guys
+are on top of each other,
+
+and these guys aer
+on top of each other,
+
+these two edges have
+the same length.
+
+Therefore these are
+pinned together.
+
+So let me redraw it when
+they're pinned together.
+
+I'm drawing things with curves
+just so it's easier to draw,
+
+but you understand this
+is also basically flat.
+
+Again these guys are all
+on top of each other,
+
+these are on top of each other,
+these are on top of each other.
+
+Did I do that right?
+
+I think so, yep.
+
+Anymore?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes,
+on the right side.
+
+It's another rule one.
+
+Here it's actually
+pretty symmetric.
+
+Is this locked?
+
+Is this rigid?
+
+It's kind of hard to say.
+
+But now it's going
+to be pretty obvious.
+
+Because when these
+guys join together
+
+that means these
+two vertices really
+
+are on top of each
+other for positive time.
+
+Same for these.
+
+So a new example looks
+like two triangles
+
+with an edge floating there.
+
+Now it's pretty
+obvious this is rigid.
+
+But if you really want
+to make it obvious
+
+you can apply rule
+two to this guy.
+
+And then these guys
+are pinned together.
+
+And then you have two triangles.
+
+Two triangles are rigid.
+
+I think that's pretty obvious.
+
+You could check it, whether
+they're infinitesimally rigid,
+
+whatever you feel like.
+
+But because that's rigid,
+this is rigid, this is rigid,
+
+this is ridged.
+
+Because these operations
+preserve rigidity.
+
+They don't preserve
+locked or whatever,
+
+but they preserve rigidity.
+
+Once you know that
+this is rigid you
+
+know that it's strongly locked.
+
+So when you perturb it
+so these guys are not
+
+on top of each other, but
+they're slightly spread out,
+
+it will be locked
+within epsilon,
+
+for any epsilon you want.
+
+Now this is super easy.
+
+And this is how we
+were able to iterate
+
+through all those locked
+trees, and say, oh yeah,
+
+this is still rigid, so
+it's still strongly locked.
+
+Now this doesn't always work.
+
+But it seems pretty good.
+
+And one of the
+conjectures on the tables
+
+is that for linear
+trees rules one and two
+
+are kind of almost enough.
+
+It's not literally true.
+
+But it's hopefully mostly true.
+
+AUDIENCE: It seems that
+that argument would
+
+mean you wouldn't need
+one of the n's on--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so we could
+think about this example.
+
+And you're asking do you need--
+does this need to be that long
+
+or could we throw
+away the last bar?
+
+Right, it looks
+like that's good.
+
+If you throw away this
+bar it's still the case
+
+that this edge you
+can apply rule one,
+
+and say that it's pinned
+against this edge.
+
+And once those are there,
+this thing basically
+
+acts as a single triangle,
+and life is good.
+
+Yeah, so you can
+remove this one edge.
+
+You could not remove both of
+the edges, at least for rule one
+
+to apply, because then this
+guy's not wedged into anything.
+
+He's wedged on this side but
+he's not wedged on that side.
+
+But you can remove this edge.
+
+And that's a super
+easy way to prove
+
+that this thing is locked.
+
+We didn't know this when
+we wrote the textbook,
+
+otherwise we would
+have given that proof.
+
+There's one based on
+stresses in the textbook.
+
+But here, yeah, you can make
+very easy judgments like that.
+
+Now it doesn't
+mean that it's not
+
+locked when you remove
+two of the edges.
+
+I'm not sure, no I
+think it's not locked.
+
+But just because the
+rules don't apply
+
+doesn't tell you
+that's not locked.
+
+But it at least makes
+it hard to prove.
+
+And it's a good
+sort of guideline.
+
+Questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Did the perturbations
+that are positive and finite
+
+have numbers?
+
+Like, what's-- it's sort of
+disturbing that they get very,
+
+very small-- what are they?
+
+PROFESSOR: So you want
+to know how big is delta?
+
+How big is epsilon?
+
+Well it depends, of course, how
+much motion you want to allow,
+
+how small the
+perturbations have to be.
+
+And I don't have a great answer.
+
+I do recall that we computed
+a bound, probably in terms
+
+of something like r, the
+maximum distance divided
+
+by the smallest non 0 distance.
+
+So it depends how close to
+tight you are in other places.
+
+And it depends on your epsilon.
+
+There is an explicit bound.
+
+I think it's polynomial
+on those two things.
+
+But I don't quite remember.
+
+So you can actually compute
+how much perturbation
+
+will give you locked
+within epsilon.
+
+But it's certainly not clean.
+
+It's actually not too hard
+to prove this statement
+
+just using topology.
+
+Should I try to remember
+how to prove it?
+
+Basically, yeah, so
+there's this fun fact.
+
+Suppose you have
+some tensegrity.
+
+So tensegrities
+are kind of hard.
+
+They say, look, a bar has
+this length, ain't changing.
+
+Let's be a little more flexible.
+
+What if you said, oh, this
+bar can change within epsilon?
+
+Because in reality you could
+probably pull the metal
+
+a little bit, just
+not very much.
+
+Struts, it's not
+supposed to get smaller.
+
+Let's say it can get epsilon
+smaller than it's supposed to.
+
+It turns out if you take
+some tensegrity that's rigid,
+
+and then you add this
+little bit of flexibility
+
+so the edges can change
+in length a tiny amount,
+
+then before you made this change
+your configuration was a point,
+
+and there might have
+been other stuff.
+
+But locally you
+couldn't move at all.
+
+If you add this
+flexibility, the new picture
+
+is a point with a
+tiny ball around it.
+
+And whatever, I mean this
+might change a little bit also.
+
+But the point is this point
+doesn't get much bigger when
+
+you add just a little
+bit of flexibility.
+
+This is a fact that was
+known in rigidity theory.
+
+It's called sloppy rigidity.
+
+And it's essentially what's
+going on here-- that we're
+
+adding a little bit
+of perturbation.
+
+Before you couldn't move at all.
+
+Now you can move a little bit.
+
+We just had to generalize
+from regular tensegrity
+
+so these weird tensegrities
+with sliding struts.
+
+And this is kind of intuitive.
+
+To really check it
+you just need to check
+
+that the constraints on edges
+and struts are closed sets,
+
+and then the have
+to behave this way.
+
+But you can actually compute
+how quickly they change.
+
+It's just messy.
+
+So I'll leave it at that.
+
+Hey, there's a little
+proof addition,
+
+glad I still remember it.
+
+Other questions?
+
+This is the end of 2D trees.
+
+And now I want to talk
+briefly about 3D chains.
+
+So we did this one, now
+I want to do this one.
+
+Actually this is one of the
+oldest results, from 1998.
+
+So right around the same
+time as the locked trees.
+
+I may have shown this example
+last time, or in lecture one.
+
+But here it is again.
+
+Three bars in the
+center, and two
+
+really long bars in the ends.
+
+We call this knitting needles,
+because it's like two knitting
+
+needles with a short
+string connecting them,
+
+tied in a knot, sort of.
+
+Topologically this
+is not knotted.
+
+If you could add
+extra creases here
+
+you could pull that
+through, no problem.
+
+But if this is rigid,
+like a linkage,
+
+then this thing
+is locked provided
+
+each end bar has
+length strictly greater
+
+than the sum of the middle bars.
+
+So there's three middle bars
+here, add up their lengths,
+
+it should be shorter
+than this one
+
+and it should be
+shorter than this one.
+
+That's the cutoff.
+
+And I believe once it's
+the other way around,
+
+this is not locked.
+
+Sadly, rules one and do not
+prove this thing is locked.
+
+They only work in
+two dimensions.
+
+But for this one example--
+and to tell you the truth,
+
+this is pretty much the only
+example of a locked open chain
+
+that we have-- there's a
+really simple, nice proof.
+
+Let me draw the picture again.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you
+need the bottom one?
+
+PROFESSOR: You're asking do I
+need three bars in the center,
+
+or could I get away with two?
+
+In fact, to draw this in
+3D you need three bars.
+
+That's maybe not obvious.
+
+But if you tried to draw
+it would just four bars,
+
+like this, it's
+not really possible
+
+because these three
+points are coplanar,
+
+as all three points
+are, and then yeah.
+
+You can't get this
+weaving pattern.
+
+This guy's going to be either
+above or below the plane.
+
+And this guy's going to be
+above or below the plane.
+
+And in all cases, you
+don't get this weaving.
+
+So you really need the five.
+
+This is the minimum.
+
+You can prove all four
+bar 3D chains to not lock.
+
+But with five you can do it.
+
+Good question.
+
+So here's how we're
+going to prove
+
+that this thing is locked.
+
+So there are these three edges,
+they have various lengths,
+
+who knows?
+
+But add up the lengths, divide
+by 2, and measure out that far.
+
+So I'm going to call that
+the midpoint of those three
+
+segments.
+
+I want to center a ball here.
+
+It's going to look
+something like that.
+
+It's a 3D ball centered there.
+
+So it's a ball, diameter equal
+to the sum of the middle bars.
+
+So radius is half that.
+
+And the center is the midpoint
+of the sum of the middle bars,
+
+whatever.
+
+So the radius is half the
+sum of the middle bars.
+
+And this is at half the
+sum of the middle bars.
+
+Therefore these middle
+bars stay inside the ball.
+
+Maybe they touch the boundary.
+
+But they're inside or on
+the boundary of the ball.
+
+So that means the middle
+bars are in the ball.
+
+Maybe just barely, but no
+matter how you move this thing--
+
+I mean if you move this point
+then the ball moves with it.
+
+So no matter how
+this thing folds,
+
+those three bar stay
+inside the ball.
+
+What about these bars?
+
+Or what about the endpoints?
+
+Well if this point is
+inside the ball, which
+
+it is, and this point is
+inside the ball, which it is,
+
+then this thing is longer
+than the diameter of the ball.
+
+This thing is greater than
+the sum of the middle bars.
+
+The diameter of the ball is
+the sum of the middle bars.
+
+So if I take any
+point inside the ball
+
+and move straight from there
+by the radius of the-- more
+
+than the diameter of the ball,
+I must go outside the ball.
+
+So the endpoints are
+outside the ball.
+
+How the heck are you
+going untie that not when
+
+all of the interior vertices
+stay inside of the ball,
+
+and these guys stay
+outside the ball?
+
+To formalize how the
+heck, you can say well
+
+if you ignore what's inside the
+ball-- something's happening
+
+there, who knows?
+
+But outside it's
+like there's a ball
+
+and there's two sticks
+coming out of it.
+
+So you can just
+imagine, for example,
+
+tying a string
+between the two ends.
+
+And something happens
+in the inside.
+
+But if you think of just
+from the outside perspective,
+
+these sticks just move around.
+
+It's really easy to
+not tangle this cord
+
+when these sticks move around.
+
+So now, in order for
+this thing to become
+
+unlocked, to straighten
+out for example,
+
+somehow inside you
+have to do some magic
+
+to get rid of this topology.
+
+Well what do I mean?
+
+Well if you could do it inside,
+you could do that motion even
+
+when there's a
+string tied out here.
+
+But when I tie the string
+out here, it is a knot.
+
+It's a trefoil know.
+
+There's no way to untie a
+trefoil know without crossing.
+
+So either there's
+crossing in here--
+
+which better be-- or
+there's crossing out here.
+
+There can't be
+crossing out here.
+
+It's just two
+sticks and a string.
+
+You can easily arrange
+the motion of the string
+
+to not cross the two sticks.
+
+Therefore this thing
+in fact cannot untie.
+
+Therefore this thing is
+locked, cannot straighten out.
+
+So that's locked 3D chains.
+
+Let me tell you a bunch
+of cool open problems.
+
+This is really the only good
+example of a locked 3D chain
+
+we have.
+
+And it has length ratios,
+the best you could do
+
+is like 1 to 3 plus epsilon.
+
+If each of these
+is length 1, these
+
+have to be 3 plus epsilon.
+
+Is that the best?
+
+Or could it be, for
+example, that all the edges
+
+or between length 1 and 2,
+and the chain is locked?
+
+We don't know.
+
+In the extreme case, what if all
+the edge lengths of the same,
+
+all length 1?
+
+Is there a locked 3D chain?
+
+We now know there's
+a locked 2D tree,
+
+but for chains it's tricky.
+
+It's even open if
+you add thickness.
+
+You say, hey, let's
+think about a 3D chain,
+
+all the edge lengths
+are the same,
+
+and you get to specify
+some radius of the bars.
+
+For a while I thought
+maybe this was locked.
+
+I don't think it is.
+
+We can unfold.
+
+All of these questions are
+open, and pretty fascinating.
+
+Especially because proteins
+are a lot like equilateral--
+
+like all the edge lengths
+the same-- 3D chains.
+
+It's even open for
+equilateral 3D trees.
+
+So we know 2D equilateral
+trees can lock.
+
+But 3D, it's open.
+
+I think that's
+enough open problems.
+
+Lots of cool questions here.
+
+All right, I have one more.
+
+It's just fun.
+
+Even if you have a 3D chain
+where all the edges are
+
+on top of each other
+on a line segment--
+
+it's like a linear
+tree but now it's
+
+a linear 3D chain-- it's
+like a bundle of segments.
+
+Is that locked?
+
+I don't think so.
+
+But even that is tricky
+to come up with algorithm.
+
+Maybe we'll work on some of
+these in the problem session.
+
+That's it.
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/wzUaJmN9Mf0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3647 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I want to start out
+today by reviewing what we
+
+covered last time.
+
+We sort of covered two lectures
+of material, but a
+
+little bit lightly last time
+because I want to spend more
+
+time starting today dealing with
+wave forms and functions.
+
+We will get notes on that
+very, very shortly.
+
+To review quantization, we
+started out by talking about
+
+scalar quantizers, in other
+words, the thing that we want
+
+to do is to take a sequence of
+real numbers and each of those
+
+real numbers we want to
+quantizers it into one of a
+
+finite set of symbols.
+
+Then, of course, the symbols
+we're going to
+
+encode later on.
+
+So basically what we're doing is
+we're taking the real line,
+
+we're splitting it into a bunch
+of regions, r1, r2, r3.
+
+The last region of the
+first region goes
+
+off to minus infinity.
+
+The last region goes off
+to plus infinity.
+
+So that clearly, if there's a
+lot of probability over in
+
+here or a lot of probably over
+in here, you're going to have
+
+a very large distortion.
+
+So, when we talk more about that
+later and talk about how
+
+to avoid it and why we
+should avoid it and
+
+all of these things.
+
+We then talked about these
+Lloyd-Max conditions for
+
+minimum mean square error.
+
+What we said last time was
+suppose somebody gives you
+
+these representation points,
+which you're going to use to
+
+represent the actual number on
+the real line that comes out.
+
+Then you ask when some
+particular number occurs
+
+should we encode it into this
+point or into this point?
+
+If our criterion is mean square
+error, and that's what
+
+our criterion is normally going
+to be, then we're going
+
+to minimize the mean square
+error for this particular
+
+point by mapping it here, if
+that's the most probable --
+
+we're going to map it here if
+this is the closest point, and
+
+we're going to map it here if
+that's the closest point.
+
+Because by doing this we
+minimize the squared error
+
+between b and a1 or b and a2.
+
+So, that says that we're going
+to define these regions to
+
+have the separations between
+the regions at the bisector
+
+points between the
+representation points.
+
+So that says that one of the
+Lloyd-Max conditions for
+
+minimum mean square error is you
+always want to choose the
+
+regions in such a way that
+they're the mid-points between
+
+the representation points.
+
+Any minimum mean square error
+quantizers has to satisfy this
+
+condition for each of the j's.
+
+Namely, for each of these
+points they have to be
+
+mid-points.
+
+Then the other thing that we
+observed is that once we
+
+choose these regions, the way
+we want to choose the
+
+representation points to
+minimize the mean square error
+
+is we now have to look at the
+probability density on this
+
+real line and we have to choose
+these points to be the
+
+conditional means within the
+representation area.
+
+That just comes out by formula
+to be the expected value of
+
+the random variable u, which is
+this value as it occurs on
+
+the real line.
+
+The expected value of that
+conditional on being in region
+
+rj is just the integral
+of u times the
+
+conditional density of u.
+
+The conditional density of u
+is the real density of u
+
+divided by the probability
+of being in that region.
+
+So all of this is very simple.
+
+I hope you see it as something
+which is almost trivial,
+
+because if you don't see it as
+something simple, go back and
+
+look at it because, in fact,
+this is not rocket science
+
+here, this is just what
+you would normally do.
+
+So Lloyd-Max algorithm then
+says alternate between the
+
+conditions for the mid-points
+between the regions and the
+
+conditional means.
+
+The Lloyd-Max conditions are
+necessary but not sufficient.
+
+In other words, any time you
+find a minimum mean square
+
+error quantization, it's going
+to satisfy those conditions.
+
+But if you find a set of points,
+b sub j, and a set of
+
+points, a sub j, which satisfy
+those conditions, it doesn't
+
+necessarily mean that
+you have a minimum.
+
+In other words, there are often
+multiple sets of points
+
+which satisfy the Lloyd-Max
+conditions, and one or more of
+
+those is going to be optimum,
+is going to be the smallest
+
+one, and the others are not
+going to be optimum.
+
+In other words, the algorithm
+is a local hill-climbing
+
+algorithm, which finds the best
+thing it can find which
+
+is close to where it's starting
+at some very strange
+
+sense of close.
+
+The close is not any sense of
+mean square error, but close
+
+is defined in terms of where the
+algorithm happens to go.
+
+So an example of that that we
+talked about last time is
+
+where you have three spikes
+of probability.
+
+Two of them are smaller and
+one of them is bigger.
+
+One of them is at minus 1, one
+of them is at zero, one of
+
+them is at plus 1.
+
+One solution to the Lloyd-Max
+conditions is this one here
+
+where a1 is sitting right in
+the middle of the spike.
+
+Therefore, any time that the
+sample value of the random
+
+variable is over here, you get
+virtually no distortion.
+
+The other point is sitting at
+the conditional mean between
+
+these two points.
+
+So it's a little closer
+to this one than it
+
+is to this one --
+
+I hope the figure shows that.
+
+Any time you wind up here or
+here, you get this amount of
+
+the distortion.
+
+Now without making any
+calculations you just look at
+
+this and you say well,
+this spike is bigger
+
+than this spike is.
+
+Therefore, it makes sense if
+we're going to do this kind of
+
+strategy to put a 2 underneath
+that spike, therefore, getting
+
+a very small distortion any
+time the big spike occurs.
+
+Then a1 is going to be midway
+between these two points, and
+
+you get the larger amount of
+distortion there but now it's
+
+a less probable event.
+
+So you can easily check that
+both of these solutions
+
+satisfy the Lloyd-Max
+conditions, but one of them
+
+turns out to be optimal and the
+other one turns out to be
+
+not optimal.
+
+If you fiddle around with it
+for a while, you can pretty
+
+much convince yourself that
+those are the only solutions
+
+to the Lloyd-Max algorithm for
+this particular problem.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: When there's a
+region that has zero
+
+probability throughout, and the
+Lloyd-Max algorithm tries
+
+to find the mean for that
+region, it's going to find
+
+somewhere outside the region,
+it will find zero as the
+
+expected value.
+
+But that might not necessarily
+be inside that region, what
+
+does it do in that case?
+
+PROFESSOR: What does
+it do in that case?
+
+Well, I don't think you
+can argue that it's
+
+going to be at zero.
+
+I think you have to argue that
+it might be anywhere that it
+
+wants to be.
+
+Therefore, what the algorithm is
+going to do when you start
+
+with a certain set of
+representation points --
+
+well, if you start with a
+certain set of representation
+
+points that picks that separater
+wherever it happens
+
+to be, than this particular
+point you're talking about is
+
+going to be at some completely
+unimportant place.
+
+You know eventually the thing
+that's going to happen is that
+
+this thing that's in a region of
+no probability is going to
+
+spread out and include something
+that has some
+
+probability, and then you're
+going to nail that region with
+
+some probability.
+
+I can't prove this to you, and
+I'm not even sure that it's
+
+always true, but I think if you
+try a couple of examples
+
+you will see that it sort
+of does the right thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: But in the algorithm,
+you replace the
+
+point at the point of expected
+value in that region.
+
+So, the algorithm doesn't know
+what to do at that point.
+
+It crashes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, unless you're
+smart enough to write the
+
+program to do something
+sensible, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And you have to write
+it so it'll do
+
+something reasonable then.
+
+The best thing to do is to start
+out without having any
+
+of the regions have
+zero probability.
+
+AUDIENCE: We have that
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Well then you have to use
+some common sense on it.
+
+So, after that we say OK, well
+just like when we were dealing
+
+with discrete source coding,
+any time we finish talking
+
+about encoding a single letter,
+we talk about what
+
+happens when you
+encode multiple
+
+letters in the same way.
+
+Somebody is bound to think of
+the idea of encoding multiple
+
+real numbers all together.
+
+So they're going to think of
+the idea of taking this
+
+sequence of real numbers,
+segmenting it into blocks of n
+
+numbers each and then taking
+the set of n numbers and
+
+trying to find a reasonable
+quantization for that.
+
+In that case, the quantization
+points are
+
+going to be n vectors.
+
+The regions are going
+to be regions in
+
+n dimensional space.
+
+Well, if you think about it
+a little bit, these n
+
+dimensional representation
+points, if you're given them,
+
+the place where you're going to
+establish the regions then
+
+is on the perpendicular
+bisectors
+
+between any two points.
+
+Namely, for each two points
+you're going to establish a
+
+perpendicular bisector between
+those two points, you're going
+
+to do that for all
+sets of points.
+
+You're going to take regions
+which are enclosed by all of
+
+those perpendicular bisectors,
+and you call
+
+those the voronoi region.
+
+Remember, I drew an example of
+it last time that looked
+
+something like this.
+
+You have various
+points around.
+
+It's hard to draw it in more
+than two dimensions.
+
+So these perpendicular
+bisectors go
+
+like this and so forth.
+
+I think you can show that you've
+never had the situation
+
+-- interesting problem if you
+want to play with it.
+
+I don't think you can have that,
+but I'm not sure why.
+
+Anyway, you do have these
+voronoi regions.
+
+You have these perpendicular
+bisectors that you set up in
+
+two dimensional space or in
+high dimensional space.
+
+Then given those regions
+you can then establish
+
+representation points, which are
+at the conditional means
+
+within those regions.
+
+You really have the same problem
+that you had before,
+
+it's just a much grubbier
+problem because it's using
+
+vectors, it's an n dimensional
+space.
+
+For this reason this problem
+was enormously popular for
+
+many, many years, because
+many people loved the
+
+complexity of it.
+
+It was really neat
+to write computer
+
+programs that did this.
+
+Back in those days you had to
+be careful about computer
+
+programs because computation
+was very, very slow, and it
+
+was a lot of fun.
+
+When you get all done with it,
+you don't gain much by doing
+
+any of that.
+
+The one thing that you do gain
+is that if you take square
+
+regions, namely, if you take a
+whole bunch of points which
+
+are laid out on a rectangular
+grid and you take regions
+
+which are now little rectangles
+or little squares,
+
+and you look at them for a
+while, you say that's not a
+
+very good thing to do.
+
+A better thing to do is to take
+all this two dimensional
+
+space, for example, and to fill
+it in to tile it we say
+
+with hexagons as opposed to
+tiling it with rectangles or
+
+to tiling it with squares.
+
+If you tile it with hexagons,
+for given amount of area you
+
+get a smaller mean
+square error.
+
+If you could tile it with
+circles that would be the best
+
+of all, but when you try to tile
+it with circles you find
+
+out there's all this stuff left
+in the middle, like if
+
+you've ever tried to tile a
+floor with circles you find
+
+out you have to fill it
+in somehow and it's
+
+a little bit awkward.
+
+So hexagons work,
+circles don't.
+
+If you then go on to a higher
+number of dimensions, you get
+
+the same sort of thing
+happening, you get these nice
+
+n dimensional shapes
+which will tile
+
+n dimensional volume.
+
+As n gets larger and larger,
+these tiling volumes become
+
+closer and closer to spheres,
+and you can prove all sorts of
+
+theorems about that.
+
+But the trouble is when you
+get all done you haven't
+
+gained very much, except you
+have a much more complex
+
+problem to solve.
+
+But you don't have a much
+smaller mean square
+
+distortion.
+
+So you can still
+use Lloyd-Max.
+
+Lloyd-Max still has as many
+problems as it had before in
+
+finding local minima.
+
+With a little bit of thought
+about it you can see it's
+
+going to have a lot
+more problems.
+
+Because visualize starting
+Lloyd-Max out where your
+
+points are on a square grid and
+where your regions now are
+
+a little square.
+
+So in other words, like this.
+
+Try to think of how the
+algorithm is going to go from
+
+that to the hexagons that
+you would rather have.
+
+You can see pretty easily that
+it's very unlikely that the
+
+algorithm was ever going to
+find its way to hexagons,
+
+which by looking at it a little
+further away we can see
+
+it's clearly a good
+thing to do.
+
+In other words, Lloyd-Max
+algorithm
+
+doesn't have any vision.
+
+It can't see beyond
+its own nose.
+
+It just takes these points and
+looks for regions determined
+
+by neighboring points, but it
+doesn't have the sense to look
+
+for what kind of structure
+you want.
+
+So anyway, Lloyd-Max becomes
+worse and worse in those
+
+situations and the problem
+gets uglier and uglier.
+
+Then, as we said last time, we
+stop and think and we said
+
+well gee, we weren't solving
+the right problem anyway.
+
+As often happens when a problem
+gets very popular,
+
+people start out properly by
+saying well I don't know how
+
+to solve the real problem
+so I'll try
+
+to solve a toy problem.
+
+Then somehow the toy problem
+gets a life of its own because
+
+people write many papers about
+it and students think since
+
+there are many papers
+about it, it must be
+
+an important problem.
+
+Then since there are these open
+problems, students can
+
+solve those open problems and
+get PhD theses, and then they
+
+got a in a university, and the
+easiest thing for them to do
+
+is to get 10 students working on
+the same class of problems
+
+and you see what happens.
+
+I'm not criticizing the students
+who do that or the
+
+faculty members who do it,
+they're all trapped in this
+
+kind of crazy system.
+
+Anyway, the right problem that
+we should have started with is
+
+when we look at the problem of
+quantization followed by
+
+discrete source coding, we
+should have said that what
+
+we're interested in is not the
+number of quantization levels,
+
+but rather the entropy of the
+set of quantization levels.
+
+That's the important thing
+because that's the thing that
+
+determines how many bits we're
+going to need to encode these
+
+symbols that come out
+of the quantizer.
+
+So the problem we'd like to
+solve is to find the minimum
+
+mean square error quantizer
+for a given representation
+
+point entropy.
+
+In other words, whatever set of
+points you have, you want
+
+to minimize the entropy
+of that set of points.
+
+What that's going to do is to
+give you a larger set of
+
+points, but some points with
+a very small probability.
+
+Therefore, those points with a
+very small probability are not
+
+going to happen very often.
+
+Therefore, they don't affect
+the entropy very much, and
+
+therefore, you get a lot of gain
+in terms of mean square
+
+error by using these very
+improbable points.
+
+That's a very nasty
+problem to solve.
+
+And again, we said well
+let's try to solve a
+
+simpler version of it.
+
+A simpler version of it is first
+to go back to the one
+
+dimensional case and then say
+OK, what happens if we just
+
+use a uniform quantizer, because
+that's what most
+
+people use in practice anyway.
+
+If we use a uniform quantizer
+and we talk about a high rate
+
+uniform quantizer, in other
+words, we make the
+
+quantization points close
+together, what's going to
+
+happen in that case?
+
+Well, the probability of each
+quantization region in that
+
+case is going to be close to the
+size of the representation
+
+interval, in other words, of
+the quantization interval,
+
+times the probability density
+within that interval.
+
+Namely, if we have a probability
+density and that
+
+probability density is smooth,
+then if you take very, very
+
+small intervals you're going to
+have a probability density
+
+that doesn't change much
+within that interval.
+
+Therefore, the probability of
+the interval is just going to
+
+be the size of that quantization
+interval -- in a
+
+uniform quantizer you'll make
+all of the intervals the same
+
+-- times the density within
+that integral.
+
+Then we say OK, let's look at
+what the entropy is of that
+
+set of points, of the set of
+points where the probabilities
+
+are chosen to be some small
+delta times the probability
+
+density there.
+
+I'm going through a slightly
+simpler kind of argument today
+
+than I did last time, and I'll
+explain why I'm doing
+
+something simpler today and
+why I did something more
+
+complicated then.
+
+So this entropy is
+this quantity.
+
+If we now substitute delta times
+the density for pj here,
+
+we get the sum over j of this
+delta pj, which is the
+
+probability density times the
+logarithm of delta pj.
+
+Well now look, the logarithm of
+delta pj is just logarithm
+
+of delta plus logarithm of pj.
+
+So we're taking the sum over all
+the probability space of
+
+logarithm of delta.
+
+That comes out.
+
+So we get a minus log delta, and
+what's left is minus the
+
+sum of delta pj log pj.
+
+Does that look like something?
+
+That looks exactly like the
+approximation to an integral
+
+that you always talk about.
+
+Namely, if you look at a
+Reimann integral, the
+
+fundamental way to define a
+Reimann integral is in terms
+
+of splitting up that integral
+into lots of little
+
+increments, taking the value of
+the function in each one of
+
+those increments, multiplying
+it by the size of the
+
+increments and adding
+them all up.
+
+In fact, we're going to do that
+a little later today when
+
+I try to explain to you what
+the difference is between
+
+Reimann integration and
+Lebesgue integration.
+
+should Don't be frightened
+if you've never taken any
+
+mathematics courses, because
+if people had taught you
+
+Lebesgue integration when you
+were freshmen at MIT or
+
+seniors in high school or
+whenever you learned about
+
+integration, it would have
+been just as simple as
+
+teaching about Reimann
+integration.
+
+One is no simpler and no more
+complicated than the other, so
+
+we're really going back to study
+something you should
+
+have learned about five
+years ago, maybe.
+
+So anyway, when we represent
+this as an integral, we get
+
+this thing called the
+differential entropy, which is
+
+the integral of p of u minus
+p of u times log of p of u.
+
+So the entropy of the discrete
+representation is minus log
+
+delta plus this differential
+entropy.
+
+The mean square error in this
+uniform quantizer, the
+
+conditional means according to
+this approximation are right
+
+in the middle of
+the intervals.
+
+So we have a uniform probability
+interval of width
+
+delta, a point right in the
+middle of it, and even I can
+
+integrate that to find the mean
+square error in it, which
+
+is delta squared over 12, which
+I think you've done at
+
+least once in the
+homework by now.
+
+So I said I was going to tell
+you why I went through doing
+
+it this simpler way this time
+and put in a lot more
+
+notation last time.
+
+If you really try to trace
+through what the
+
+approximations are here, the
+way we did it last time is
+
+much, much better, because then
+you can trace through
+
+what's happening in those
+approximations, and you can
+
+see, as delta goes to zero,
+what's happened.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: This may be an obvious
+question, why did you
+
+substitute delta with pj
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, why did I--?
+
+OK, this is the probability of
+the representation of the j's
+
+representation point.
+
+This is the probability
+density around that
+
+representation point.
+
+The assumption I'm making here
+is that f of u was constant
+
+over that interval.
+
+And if the density is constant
+over the interval, if I have a
+
+density which is constant over
+an interval of width delta,
+
+than the probability of landing
+in that interval is
+
+the width times the height.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think there's
+a typo in your
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: A typo?
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, yes, yes.
+
+I'm sorry, yes.
+
+I'm blind today.
+
+I knew what I meant so
+well that I didn't --
+
+thank you.
+
+s of uj.
+
+s of uj.
+
+Yes.
+
+Then I take out the delta and
+what I'm left with is the
+
+delta f of uj times the
+log of f of uj.
+
+Thank you.
+
+When I look at that it's delta
+times the probability density
+
+times the log of the probability
+density.
+
+If I convert that now into an
+interval when delta is very
+
+small, I get this thing called
+the differential entropy.
+
+Does that make a little
+more sense?
+
+So your question was obvious,
+it was just that
+
+I was a total dummy.
+
+So let's summarize what
+all of that says.
+
+In the scalar case
+we're saying --
+
+I have said but I have
+not shown --
+
+that a uniform scalar quantizer
+approaches an
+
+optimal scaler quantizer.
+
+I haven't explained it all
+in class why that's true.
+
+There's an argument in the
+notes that points it out.
+
+You can read that there.
+
+It's just another optimization,
+but it's true if
+
+you're looking at a higher
+and higher rate, a scaler
+
+quantizer where delta gets
+smaller and smaller, then in
+
+general what you need is to take
+a different size delta
+
+for each quantization region and
+then look at what happens
+
+when you try to optimize over
+that and you find out that you
+
+want to make all of the
+deltas the same.
+
+The required number of encoded
+bits per symbol depends only
+
+on h of u and on delta.
+
+This is the most important
+part of all of this.
+
+It says that as you change this
+differential entropy, if
+
+you try to draw a curve between
+H of v and MSE, and
+
+there's a curve like that drawn
+in the notes, if you
+
+change the differential entropy,
+it just shift this
+
+curve left and right.
+
+For a given value of h of u,
+this is a universal curve.
+
+In other words, as you change
+delta, this quantity changes
+
+and this quantity changes.
+
+That's the only variable which
+is left in here at this point.
+
+When you make delta half as
+big, if you want to get a
+
+higher rate quantizer,
+what happens?
+
+Your mean square error goes
+down by a factor of four.
+
+Delta squared goes down to 1/4
+of its previous value.
+
+What happens here,
+at log of delta?
+
+Delta has changed by
+a factor of 1/2.
+
+H of v goes up by one bit.
+
+So you take one more bit in your
+quantizer and you get a
+
+mean square error, which
+is four times as small.
+
+Any time you think of what kind
+of accuracy you need on a
+
+computer or something, I think
+this is obvious to all of you,
+
+if you put it in terms of
+something you're already
+
+familiar with.
+
+If you use 16 bit quantization
+with fixed bit numbers and
+
+then you change it to
+24 bit accuracy,
+
+what's going to happen?
+
+Well, everything is going to get
+better by a factor of 256,
+
+and since we're talking about
+mean square error, it's going
+
+to be four times that.
+
+So that's just saying the same
+thing that you know.
+
+For vector quantization, uniform
+quantization again
+
+approaches optimal for
+a memoryless source.
+
+If you have a source with
+memory, vector quantization
+
+gains a great deal for you.
+
+But if you don't have any
+memory, vector quantization
+
+doesn't gain much at all.
+
+The only thing that vector
+quantization gains you is this
+
+thing we call a shaping
+gain now.
+
+We talk about that again when
+we start talking about
+
+modulation.
+
+If you change from a square set
+of points to a hexagonal
+
+set of points and you keep the
+areas the same, the mean
+
+square error goes down
+by a smidgen --
+
+something like 1.04
+or something.
+
+It's not a big deal but there's
+some gain, so the gain
+
+is not impressive.
+
+The big gains come when you look
+at the memory and when
+
+you take that into account.
+
+So now we want to get on to the
+last part of our trilogy
+
+when we're talking about
+source coding.
+
+Remember, when we were talking
+about source coding, we broke
+
+it up into three pieces.
+
+The first piece we called it
+sampling, which took a wave
+
+form, turned it into a
+sequence of numbers.
+
+That's what happens here.
+
+We then quantize the sequence of
+numbers, either one number
+
+at a time or with a vector
+quantizer n numbers at a time.
+
+We just finished talking
+about that.
+
+The first five lectures in the
+course were all talking about
+
+discrete encoding, and whenever
+you're going from
+
+wave forms to bits, you gotta go
+through all three of these.
+
+Now, sampling is only one way
+to go from wave form to
+
+sequence, and filtering is
+only one way to get back.
+
+We're going to talk
+about sampling.
+
+We're probably going to teach
+you more about sampling than
+
+you ever wanted to know.
+
+But it turns out that
+it's worth knowing.
+
+After you understand it
+you never forget it.
+
+There's a lot of stuff to go
+through to start with, but
+
+finally, I hope, it
+all makes sense.
+
+But anyway, the thing we're
+going to be talking about
+
+today is really the question
+of how do you go from wave
+
+forms to sequences,
+it's that simple.
+
+How do you in general
+take wave forms,
+
+turn them into sequences?
+
+How do you go back from
+sequences to wave forms?
+
+We're going to spend quite
+a bit of time on this.
+
+We're going to spend three
+lectures talking about it, and
+
+probably with today thrown in
+it'll be closer to three and a
+
+half lectures.
+
+It's not only because we want to
+talk about the problem with
+
+source coding, because as soon
+as we start talking about
+
+channels, we're going to have
+the same truck problem looked
+
+at in the opposite direction.
+
+We're going to start out
+with binary data.
+
+We're then going to go through
+a modulator, we're going to
+
+find symbols.
+
+From the symbols, from the
+numerical symbols, we're
+
+talking about a sequence of
+things and we have to go from
+
+the sequence to wave forms.
+
+So, both of those problems
+are really the same.
+
+We're talking about it first in
+terms of source coding, but
+
+whatever we learn about wave
+forms to sequences will be
+
+general and will be
+usable for both.
+
+So I want to review why it is
+that we want to spend so much
+
+time on this analog source
+to bit stream problem.
+
+I just told you one of the
+reasons which is not here,
+
+which is that it's a good way
+to get into the question of
+
+what do we do with channels.
+
+But the other reasons, and we've
+talked about them all,
+
+and they're all important and
+you ought to remember them,
+
+because often we get so used to
+doing things in a certain
+
+way that we don't know why
+we're doing them and then
+
+somebody suggests something else
+and we say oh, that's a
+
+terrible idea because we've
+always done it this way.
+
+One of the reasons why we want
+to go to bits is that a
+
+standard binary interface
+separates the problem of
+
+source and channel coding.
+
+This was, in a sense, one of
+Shannon's great discoveries,
+
+and he also showed that
+you could do it
+
+without really any loss.
+
+Another reason is you want
+to multiplex data
+
+on high speed channels.
+
+This is perfectly
+familiar to you.
+
+I think to everyone today we
+think of sending data over the
+
+web and we're all used to using
+the web all together.
+
+I send my stuff, you send your
+stuff, I get my stuff off, you
+
+get your stuff off, and this
+stuff was all going over
+
+common channels.
+
+It's going over optical fibers
+into MIT, and then it splits
+
+up at MIT and goes into many
+places and then it goes many
+
+places again.
+
+But this idea of multiplexing
+data is perfectly
+
+straightforward.
+
+If we didn't do any of this, if
+all of my stuff was really
+
+wave forms and all of your stuff
+was images and if all of
+
+somebody else's stuff was data
+and every piece of the
+
+internet had to worry about all
+those different things,
+
+when you start worrying about
+all those different things you
+
+create an awful lot of
+other things also.
+
+We just wouldn't have
+any internet today.
+
+So this multiplexing
+is a big deal, too.
+
+You can clean up digital data
+at each link in a network.
+
+In other words, if I'm sending
+analog data from here to San
+
+Francisco and I'm sending it
+over multiple different links,
+
+on every link a little bit of
+noise gets added to it.
+
+That noise keeps adding up
+because there's no way to
+
+clean it up, because nobody
+knows what I sent.
+
+If I'm sending digital data, at
+the receiver on each link,
+
+nobody knows what I sent, no,
+but they know that what I sent
+
+was one out of a finite
+collection of things.
+
+There's something called
+repeating going on there at
+
+every channel, which takes what
+is received as an analog
+
+signal and, in fact, knowing
+what the encoding process was,
+
+goes back to cleaning it up
+to a digital signal again.
+
+If you believe all of that
+and if you think it's
+
+simple, it's not.
+
+We're going to talk
+about it later.
+
+At this point, it's only
+plausible, and we're going to
+
+justify it as we move on.
+
+We can separate problems of
+wave form sampling from
+
+quantization from discrete
+source coding.
+
+In other words, we not only
+have the layering between
+
+sources and channels, but we
+also have this layering for
+
+sources, which goes between
+wave form to sequence
+
+separation, then sequence and
+quantization into a finite set
+
+of symbols.
+
+Then a finite set of symbols
+getting coded.
+
+So, three separate things we've
+learned about, we can
+
+separate them all very nicey.
+
+So we said that in this wave
+form, the sequence business,
+
+sampling is only
+one way to go.
+
+I'm going to show that to you
+right away at the beginning by
+
+talking about Fourier series.
+
+How many of you have studied
+Fourier series and say
+
+spending more than a couple of
+hours of your life thinking
+
+about Fourier series?
+
+OK, good, quite a few
+of you, that's nice.
+
+Because we have to assume that
+you know a little bit about
+
+this, but probably
+not a whole lot.
+
+There's a formula for a Fourier
+series, which is
+
+probably not the formula
+for a Fourier series
+
+that you're used to.
+
+It says the Fourier series of
+a time-limited function
+
+matched the function to a
+sequence of coefficients.
+
+Here's the formula.
+
+Here's the function.
+
+You can represent the function
+as a sum of coefficients times
+
+these complex exponentials.
+
+You do that over this interval
+minus capital T over 2 less
+
+than or equal to t, less than or
+equal to capital T over 2.
+
+The complex coefficients satisfy
+this equation here.
+
+That's just what you've
+seen before.
+
+The way this is different from
+what you've probably seen
+
+before is that most people think
+that you use Fourier
+
+series for periodic functions.
+
+In other words, if we leave out
+this part here, leave out
+
+this, then this quantity here
+is a periodic function,
+
+because each of the what have
+you are all squiggling around
+
+with a period which is a
+sub-multiple of capital T. So
+
+that, in fact, this
+is a periodic
+
+function with period t.
+
+If I think of it as a periodic
+function I don't have to worry
+
+about this, this still works
+for any periodic function.
+
+The problem is this isn't the
+way the Fourier series is
+
+usually used.
+
+Occasionally, you want to talk
+about periodic functions, but
+
+most often what you want to do
+is you want to take a function
+
+which exists only over some
+finite interval and you want
+
+some way of mapping that
+function into a set of
+
+coefficients.
+
+I take a function only over the
+interval minus t over 2 to
+
+capital T over 2, and I can map
+that into a sequence of
+
+coefficients, I have, in fact,
+done what I said we're
+
+interested in doing right now,
+which is turning a wave form
+
+into a sequence.
+
+The only problem with it is
+it's a fine duration wave
+
+form, which I'm turning
+into a sequence.
+
+Now how do you do
+speech coding?
+
+There's an almost universal way
+of doing speech coding now
+
+of turning speech, analog wave
+forms, into actual data, into
+
+binary data.
+
+The way that it always starts, I
+mean everybody has their own
+
+way of doing it, but almost
+everyone takes the speech wave
+
+form and segments it into 20
+millisecond intervals.
+
+Each 20 millisecond interval
+is then encoded into a
+
+sequence of coefficients.
+
+You can think of that as taking
+each 20 millisecond
+
+interval, creating a Fourier
+series for it, and the Fourier
+
+series coefficients
+then represent the
+
+function in that interval.
+
+You go on to the next interval,
+you get another
+
+sequence of Fourier coefficients
+and so forth.
+
+Now, most of these very
+sophisticated voice coders
+
+don't really use the Fourier
+series coefficients because
+
+there's a great deal of
+structure in voice, and the
+
+Fourier series is designed
+to deal with any
+
+old thing at all.
+
+But the Fourier series is a good
+first order approximation
+
+to what's going on when you're
+dealing with voice coding.
+
+when you're dealing with voice
+coding you are certainly
+
+looking at frequencies, you're
+looking at formats, which are
+
+ranges of frequencies.
+
+If you want to think about those
+problems, you better
+
+start to think in
+these ways here.
+
+So anyway, this is not just
+mathematics, this is one of
+
+the things that we need to
+understand how you do actual
+
+wave forms to sequences.
+
+We're not going to talk too
+much about where these
+
+formulas come from too much.
+
+It is interesting that this
+also works for complex
+
+functions as well as
+real functions.
+
+There's a nice sort of symmetry
+there, because the
+
+coefficients are all going to be
+complex anyway, because of
+
+these things here which
+are complex.
+
+Incidentally, we always use i in
+this course for the square
+
+root of minus 1.
+
+Electrical engineers have
+traditionally used the letter
+
+j for the square root of minus
+1 for the rather poor reason
+
+that they like to refer
+to current as i.
+
+In the first two years of an
+earlier electrical engineering
+
+education back 50 years or so
+ago, you spent so much time
+
+talking about voltages and
+currents that using the letter
+
+i for anything other than
+current was just an
+
+abomination.
+
+Well, everybody else in the
+world uses i for the square
+
+root of minus 1.
+
+So in this course we're going
+to do the same thing.
+
+I would urge you to get used
+to it because then you can
+
+talk to people other than
+electrical engineers, and
+
+you'll probably have to spend
+a lot of time in your life
+
+talking to other people.
+
+You shouldn't expect them to get
+used to your conventions,
+
+you should try to do a little
+to get used to their
+
+conventions.
+
+So there's that peculiarity.
+
+We're also using this complex
+notation throughout.
+
+You could do this in terms of
+sines and cosines, which is
+
+probably the way you
+first learned it.
+
+I'm sure for any of you who
+spent more than a very, very
+
+small amount of time dealing
+with Fourier series, you did
+
+enough with it to realize that
+just computationally going
+
+from sines and cosines to
+complex exponentials just
+
+makes life so much easier and
+makes your formula so much
+
+shorter that you
+want to do it.
+
+So anyway, we want to make this
+work for complex signals
+
+as well as anything else.
+
+I do want to verify the formula
+for these Fourier
+
+coefficients.
+
+Incidentally, the other thing
+that I'll be doing which is a
+
+little bit weird here is that
+most people when they talk
+
+about the Fourier integral and
+the Fourier series they use
+
+capital letters to talk about
+frequencies and they use
+
+little letters to talk
+about signals.
+
+For us, we really want to use
+capital letters to talk about
+
+random variables, and we do
+that pretty consistently.
+
+Believe me, when we start
+talking about random
+
+processes, you will get so
+confused going back and forth
+
+between sample values and random
+of variables, that
+
+having a notation way to keep
+them straight will be very
+
+valuable to you.
+
+When you start reading the
+literature you get even more
+
+confused because most people in
+the literature don't tell
+
+you what it is that they're
+talking about and they go back
+
+and forth between sample values
+and random variables,
+
+oftentimes using the same symbol
+in the same sentence
+
+for two different things.
+
+So I think that's a more
+important thing to keep
+
+straight, so we'll always use
+tildes to talk about frequency
+
+type things.
+
+You can see that these
+coefficients here are, in
+
+fact, frequency-like things
+because they're talking about
+
+how much of this wave form
+is at a certain discrete
+
+frequency, and we'll come back
+to talk about that later.
+
+But anyway, if you want to
+verify the formula for this,
+
+what we're going to do is to
+start out by looking at --
+
+this is where having smaller
+data would be a big help.
+
+u of t is equal to
+this sum here.
+
+So I'm going to replace u of t
+in this formula by this sum.
+
+I'm going to make the index
+m because I already
+
+have a k over here.
+
+When we have a k over here and
+you're talking about this, you
+
+don't want to get your
+indexes mixed.
+
+So if I'm trying to see what
+this looks like, I want to
+
+represent as the integral from
+minus t over 2 to plus t over
+
+2 of this representated as a sum
+with e to the minus 2 pi i
+
+kt over t taken into
+account over here.
+
+So what happens here?
+
+Here we have an integral
+of a sum.
+
+Later on we're going to be a
+little bit careful about
+
+interchanging integrals and
+sums, but for now let's not
+
+worry about that at all.
+
+I suggest to all of you, never
+worry about interchanging
+
+integrals and sums until
+after you understand
+
+what's going on.
+
+Because if you start asking
+about that --
+
+I mean that's a detail.
+
+You look at what's going on in
+a major way first, and then
+
+you go back to check that
+sort of thing out.
+
+So when we look at this integral
+here, when we take
+
+the sum outside, we have the sum
+over m of an integral over
+
+one cycle of these quantities
+here, of this times e to the 2
+
+pi i times m minus kt over t.
+
+Now, you look at this integral
+here of a complex exponential
+
+as it's rotating around.
+
+In the period of time t, this
+always rotates around some
+
+integer number of times.
+
+If m is equal to k, it doesn't
+rotate at all, it just sticks
+
+where it is, at 1.
+
+If m is unequal to k,
+it goes around some
+
+integer number of times.
+
+If I'm thinking of this as being
+real and this as being
+
+imaginary, I'm just running
+around this circle here.
+
+So what happens when I run
+around the circle once?
+
+The integral is zero because
+I'm up here as much as I'm
+
+down here, I'm over here as
+much as I'm over here.
+
+So this integral is always zero,
+which says that all of
+
+these terms except when m
+is equal to k disappear.
+
+So that means I wind up with
+just this one term u hat of k
+
+times the integral from minus
+t over 2 to t over 2dt.
+
+That's another integral I can
+evaluate, and it's equal to
+
+capital T times u sub k.
+
+So, u sub k is this quantity
+here divided by t, which is
+
+what we said over here.
+
+In fact, that argument,
+you can make it
+
+precise and it works.
+
+So what this is saying is that,
+in fact, if you look at
+
+these Fourier series formulas,
+this thing is pretty simple in
+
+terms of this.
+
+The question which is more
+difficult is what functions
+
+can you represent in this way
+and what functions can't you
+
+represent in this way.
+
+The easy answer is if you can
+think of it you can represent
+
+it in this way.
+
+But if you stop and think about
+it for six months, then
+
+that might not be
+true anymore.
+
+So if you become very good at
+this, you can find examples
+
+where it doesn't work,
+and we'll talk about
+
+that as we go on.
+
+Let's define this rectangular
+function because we're going
+
+to be using it all the time.
+
+You probably used it when
+dealing with the Fourier
+
+integral all the time because
+you all know that a
+
+rectangular function is a
+Fourier transform of a sync
+
+function where a sync
+function is a sine
+
+x over x type function.
+
+If you don't remember
+that, fine.
+
+But anyway, this function is 1
+in the interval minus 1/2 to
+
+plus 1/2 and it's 0 everywhere
+else, which is why it's called
+
+a rectangular function.
+
+It looks like this.
+
+We do it from minus 1/2 to plus
+1/2 so it has area 1.
+
+In terms of that, we can express
+the formula for a
+
+time-limited function as this
+sum here, uk times these
+
+complex exponentials times this
+rectangular function.
+
+How many of you can see it ought
+to be rectangle of t
+
+over capital T instead of
+rectangle of t times t?
+
+Good.
+
+I can't.
+
+I always have to take two
+minutes doing that every time
+
+I do it, and if you can
+see it in your mind
+
+you're extremely fortunate.
+
+When we work with these things
+for a while, you will become
+
+more adept at doing
+things like that.
+
+But anyway, this works.
+
+I want to look at
+an example now.
+
+And there's several reasons
+I want to look at this.
+
+One is to just look at what
+a Fourier series does.
+
+Suppose we expand the function,
+the rectangular
+
+function of t over 2.
+
+Now the rectangular function of
+t over 2 is going to be 1
+
+from minus 1/4 to plus 1/4,
+instead of minus 1/2 to plus
+
+1/2, because of the 2 in here.
+
+We want to expand it in a
+Fourier series over the
+
+interval minus 1/2
+to plus 1/2.
+
+One of the things this is
+telling you is that when
+
+you're expanding something in a
+Fourier series, you have to
+
+be quite explicit about what
+the interval is that you're
+
+expanding it over.
+
+Because I could also find a
+Fourier series here using the
+
+interval minus 1/4 to plus 1/4,
+which would be a whole
+
+lot easier.
+
+But we're gluttons
+for punishment.
+
+So we're expanding in a Fourier
+series over the bigger
+
+interval from here to there.
+
+We go through these formulas
+calculating u sub k.
+
+We can easily do it for
+the first one, which
+
+is just u sub zero.
+
+It's just the average value in
+this interval minus 1/2 to
+
+1/2, which is 1/2.
+
+The next term turns out to
+be 2 over pi times the
+
+cosine of 2 pi t.
+
+We can evaluate all of them just
+going through more and
+
+more junk like that.
+
+But look at what's happened.
+
+We started out with a
+rectangular function.
+
+When we evaluate more and more
+terms of this Fourier series,
+
+the Fourier series terms
+are all very smooth.
+
+So what we're doing is trying
+to represent something with
+
+sharp corners by a series
+of smooth functions.
+
+Which means if we're going to be
+able to represent it, we're
+
+only going to be able to
+represent it by adding on more
+
+and more terms, which hopefully
+are going to be
+
+coming closer and closer to
+approximating this the way it
+
+should be approximated.
+
+Now if you look at these terms
+here, these Fourier series,
+
+you will notice that every one
+of them, except this original
+
+one which is at 1/2 --
+
+so this is the first term here
+in the Fourier series.
+
+The second term is to add
+on that cosine term.
+
+The first term is sitting
+here at 1/2.
+
+Every other one of them is
+zero at minus 1/4 and
+
+zero at plus 1/4.
+
+So when we add up all of those
+terms, what we wind up with is
+
+not what we started out with,
+but something which is 0 from
+
+minus 1/2 to minus 1/4.
+
+It's 1/2 at the value
+minus 1/2.
+
+It's 1 all along here.
+
+It's 1/2 over here,
+and 0 down here.
+
+Every time you study Fourier
+series you find out about
+
+these bizarre things.
+
+Every time you have a
+discontinuity in the function,
+
+the Fourier series comes
+out to split the
+
+difference on you.
+
+So you like to define your
+functions at discontinuities
+
+as either being here at minus
+1/4 or here at minus 1/4.
+
+Then when you come back from the
+Fourier series, it forces
+
+you to be there.
+
+Well, what does this say?
+
+It says that u of t, which we
+started out defining to have a
+
+certain value at minus 1/4 and
+plus 1/4, is equal to its
+
+Fourier series everywhere
+except here and here.
+
+I have to ask you to
+take that on faith.
+
+But you can see that it's
+not equal to it at those
+
+discontinuities.
+
+And it shouldn't be surprising
+that it's not equal to its
+
+discontinuities.
+
+I could have defined it as being
+zero at minus 1/4 or 1
+
+at minus 1/4, and just that one
+point shouldn't change our
+
+integrals too much.
+
+Because of that as engineers,
+I mean at some level we have
+
+to say we don't care.
+
+It's only a modeling issue.
+
+Functions don't have
+perfectly straight
+
+discontinuities in them.
+
+If they do you don't care how
+you define it, it's a
+
+discontinuity.
+
+This Fourier series is sort
+of coming back and
+
+slapping us with that.
+
+And it's saying OK, the function
+u of t is not the
+
+same as its Fourier series
+because the two are different
+
+at these two points.
+
+You say OK, I don't care that
+they're not different at those
+
+two points.
+
+They're the same everywhere
+else.
+
+A mathematician comes back and
+says a function is a function
+
+is a function, and a function
+is defined at every value of
+
+t, and if u of t is equal to v
+of t, it means that at every
+
+value of t, u of t is
+equal to v of t.
+
+And you say ah.
+
+Well, turns out that by studying
+Lebesgue theory, all
+
+of those problems
+get resolved.
+
+Lebesgue was a very powerful
+mathematician.
+
+But you know at some
+level deep in his
+
+heart, he was an engineer.
+
+He was trying to get rid of all
+this nonsense that people
+
+talked about, and he resolved
+this question about how to
+
+talk about these functions
+in a nice way.
+
+I mean really, good
+engineers are
+
+mathematicians at heart, too.
+
+I mean at some level we
+all become the same.
+
+What Lebesgue tried to say is
+that two functions are said to
+
+be equivalent in
+the L2 sense --
+
+I'll talk about this L2 notation
+later -- if their
+
+difference has zero energy.
+
+In other words, Lebesgue said
+what's really important is not
+
+what functions are at each
+point, but really things about
+
+their energy.
+
+So what you would like to have
+is if u of t and v of t, if
+
+the difference between them, you
+take the magnitude of that
+
+and you square it, if that
+difference is equal to zero,
+
+you have to recognize that
+there's no possible way that
+
+you could ever distinguish those
+two functions, except
+
+just by fiat, by saying this
+is equal to this and
+
+not equal to that.
+
+That's the only way you
+could straighten
+
+that out in your minds.
+
+So we say the two functions
+are L2 equivalent if their
+
+difference has zero energy.
+
+Well, we have a couple
+of problems there.
+
+How do we define that?
+
+At this point, we're sort
+of already deep in the
+
+mathematical soup because, in
+fact, we're trying to make
+
+these small distinctions and
+make them make sense.
+
+We're also going to see, as we
+go on to two functions that
+
+have the same Fourier series,
+are L2 equivalent, because if
+
+two functions have the same
+Fourier series, put one of
+
+them there and one of them
+there, and we're going to see
+
+that when we expand it in a
+Fourier series they're both
+
+the same, and we're going to see
+that, in fact, what that
+
+means is that their energy
+difference has to be zero.
+
+Which says that if you don't
+talk about functions, but if
+
+you talk about their Fourier
+series, all of these
+
+confusions go away about things
+having to be equal
+
+point-wise.
+
+So let's go on and try to say
+a little more about this.
+
+One of the problems that we come
+up with is that not all
+
+time-limited functions, in fact,
+have Fourier series,
+
+even in a sense of
+L2 equivalents.
+
+You can think of functions which
+are so awful that they
+
+don't have a Fourier series,
+although it's
+
+hard to find them.
+
+We really want to make
+general statements
+
+about classes of functions.
+
+Why do we want to do that?
+
+Well, I can give you
+two reasons for it.
+
+The two reasons are both, I
+think, both good reasons.
+
+The first reason is that as
+we deal particularly with
+
+channels, we have to look at
+things both in a time domain
+
+and in a frequency domain.
+
+We look at things in the domain
+and the frequency
+
+domain, we have a function in
+a time domain, we have a
+
+Fourier transform in the
+frequency domain, and it turns
+
+out that nice properties in a
+time domain are not always
+
+carried over to the frequency
+domain and vice versa.
+
+Give me one example of that.
+
+Suppose you think
+of a constant.
+
+The constant function, which
+is equal to 1 everywhere on
+
+the real line.
+
+Nice function, right?
+
+It models various things
+very well.
+
+It doesn't model physical
+reality, really, because I
+
+mean you don't care what this
+function was before
+
+the fourth ice age.
+
+You don't care what it is after
+we all blow ourselves
+
+up, I hope in not
+too many years.
+
+I mean I hope in more than
+just a few years.
+
+Therefore, when we model
+something as a constant, what
+
+do we mean?
+
+We mean that over the interval
+of time that we're interested
+
+in, this function is equal
+to a constant.
+
+And it means we don't want to
+specify what the time interval
+
+is that we're interested in,
+which is a common thing,
+
+because you don't want to set
+time limits on something.
+
+Now, you take those functions
+which go on and on forever.
+
+Well, the Fourier series, you
+don't have any problem with
+
+them because we're going to
+truncate the function anyway
+
+before we take a
+Fourier series.
+
+But if we look at the Fourier
+integral, and we'll see this
+
+as soon as we get into the
+Fourier integral, the awful
+
+thing is that what has happened
+in the thousand years
+
+before the fourth ice age back,
+is just as important in
+
+the Fourier transform as
+what happens in the
+
+thousand years right now.
+
+In other words, everything
+is important.
+
+Things back in the dim
+past clobber you
+
+in a frequency domain.
+
+Things in the distant future
+clobber you in
+
+the frequency domain.
+
+Therefore, since we have to
+face the fact that we're
+
+dealing with approximations,
+since we have to face the fact
+
+that we want to ignore things
+-- back there we want to
+
+ignore things there.
+
+When we look at constants in the
+frequency domain, we don't
+
+mean that something is constant
+over all frequency.
+
+We mean it's constant over the
+range of frequencies that
+
+we're interested in and we don't
+want to specify what
+
+that range is.
+
+You have the same problems going
+from there back to time.
+
+So, as soon as we face the
+fact that we're really
+
+interested in approximations,
+and the approximations that we
+
+deal with normally in time
+are not the same as the
+
+approximations we deal with in
+frequency, at that point, we
+
+start to realize that we have
+to be able to make general
+
+statements about what
+functions do
+
+what kinds of things.
+
+We have to make general
+statements about what has a
+
+Fourier transform, what doesn't,
+what has a Fourier
+
+series, what doesn't have
+a Fourier series.
+
+Now, one of the things we're
+aiming at is to define a class
+
+of functions called
+L2 functions.
+
+These are basically functions
+which have finite energy.
+
+The nice thing about those
+functions is that every one of
+
+them has a Fourier transform,
+and the Fourier transform is
+
+also an L2 function.
+
+All the other things that you
+deal with -- continuity,
+
+things like that -- doesn't
+carry over at all.
+
+L2 is the only property that I
+know of that really carries
+
+over from time functions
+to Fourier transform.
+
+So we really want to be able
+to talk about that.
+
+So we want to talk about these
+finite energy functions.
+
+We want to be able to talk
+about representing finite
+
+energy functions.
+
+I say here, all physical wave
+forms have finite energy, but
+
+their models do not
+
+necessarily have finite energy.
+
+In other words, we look at a
+constant -- a constant does
+
+not have finite energy.
+
+How about an impulse?
+
+Does an impulse have
+finite energy?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+Yes?
+
+How many people think
+the answer is yes?
+
+The hands are going
+up very slow.
+
+Well, the answer is no.
+
+Let me explain why.
+
+It's something you
+should know.
+
+But it's something that you get
+blinded by studying too
+
+much signals and systems
+before you study any
+
+communication, because you're
+talking about all sorts of
+
+transforms, all sorts of things
+that you deal with as
+
+functions, which you're dealing
+with electronically,
+
+instead of those functions
+that you're interested in
+
+transmitting.
+
+If you think of a narrow pulse
+of height 1 over epsilon, and
+
+of width epsilon, it
+has unit area.
+
+So I make epsilon very,
+very small.
+
+This starts to look like
+a unit impulse, right?
+
+In fact, you usually define a
+unit impulse somehow or other
+
+as thinking of some limiting
+process for this kind of
+
+rectangular function.
+
+What's the energy of
+that function?
+
+What?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Energy is 1
+over epsilon, yes.
+
+What happens as epsilon
+goes to infinity?
+
+Bing.
+
+If you put an impulse into
+an electrical circuit
+
+it'll blow it up.
+
+You usually don't care about
+that because you don't see
+
+impulses in the physical
+world.
+
+You see things which are so
+narrow and so tall that in
+
+terms of the filters that you
+put them through, which have
+
+smaller bandwidth, those narrow
+pulses behave very
+
+nicely, and as you make those
+narrow impulses more and more
+
+high and more and more narrow,
+they behave the same way after
+
+they go through a filter.
+
+But before that they're ugly and
+they have infinite energy.
+
+In fact, you could determine
+that from two of the
+
+statements I made earlier, and
+I'm sure I can't blame any of
+
+you for not doing that.
+
+I said that all finite energy
+functions have Fourier
+
+transforms which are finite
+energy, and you all know that
+
+the Fourier transform of a unit
+impulse is a constant,
+
+and the Fourier transform of a
+constant is a unit impulse.
+
+Therefore, if the constant has
+infinite energy, the unit
+
+impulse has to have infinity
+energy also.
+
+So anyway, we have all these
+functions we like to deal with
+
+all the time which do not
+have finite energy.
+
+We don't want to deal with
+those in this course, not
+
+because they aren't very useful
+in signal processing,
+
+but because they aren't useful
+as wave forms which we will
+
+transmit, and they aren't very
+useful as source wave forms.
+
+Source wave forms do not
+behave that way.
+
+Source wave forms that we want
+to encode all have finite
+
+energy, and we'll see
+why as we go on.
+
+So now I want to try to tell
+you what the big theorem is
+
+about Fourier series.
+
+I will do this in terms of a
+bunch of things that you don't
+
+understand yet.
+
+The theorem says we're looking
+at a function u of t, which is
+
+time-limited --
+
+nothing strange there, that's
+what we've been looking at all
+
+along so far.
+
+It's a function that goes from
+minus t over 2 to t over 2,
+
+and we'll let it go into the
+complex numbers because we
+
+said it's just as easy
+to deal with complex
+
+functions as real functions.
+
+We're going to assume that
+it has finite energy.
+
+Then it says for each index k,
+the Lebesgue integral, u sub k
+
+equals this.
+
+In other words, this is the
+formula for finding the
+
+Fourier series coefficient.
+
+What we're saying here is we
+have to redefine that to be a
+
+Lebesgue integrall instead
+of a Reimann integral.
+
+But anyway, when you define it
+that way it always exists and
+
+it is always finite,
+necessarily.
+
+It can't be infinite,
+it can't not exist.
+
+It just is there.
+
+The other thing is -- now this
+formula is harder to swallow
+
+as a whole.
+
+Let's try to look at it.
+
+What's inside of here is the
+difference between u of t and
+
+a finite approximation to
+the Fourier series.
+
+Now if you're taking a Fourier
+series, whether you're taking
+
+it on a computer or calculating
+it or what you're
+
+doing with it, you're
+never going to take
+
+the infinite sum.
+
+You're always going to be
+dealing with some finite
+
+approximation.
+
+This says that the different
+between u of t and these
+
+finite approximations, if you
+take that difference and you
+
+find the energy in that
+difference, says the energy in
+
+that difference gets small.
+
+In other words, it says that
+as you take more and more
+
+terms in your Fourier series,
+you get a function which comes
+
+closer and closer to u of t in
+terms of energy difference.
+
+So that's the kind of statement
+that we want in this
+
+course, because we're aiming
+towards saying that this in
+
+the limit looks like that in
+terms of having zero energy
+
+difference between it.
+
+Namely, this is going to allow
+this function to converge to
+
+one of these strange functions
+that has bizarre values on
+
+discontinuities of u of t,
+because that doesn't make any
+
+difference in terms of energy.
+
+It says also the energy
+equation is satisfied.
+
+The energy equation --
+
+I didn't say it was the
+energy equation --
+
+I hope I said what it was.
+
+Blah blah blah.
+
+I have to write it down.
+
+The energy equation says that
+the integral of u of t
+
+magnitude squared dt from minus
+t over 2, the t over 2
+
+is equal to the sum over k of u
+hat of k magnitude squared.
+
+And there's a 1 over
+t in here.
+
+There's either a 1
+over t or a t --
+
+I'm pretty sure it's a 1 over t,
+but I wouldn't swear to it.
+
+I can't believe I didn't
+have that written down.
+
+At any rate it's in the notes.
+
+So you will find it there.
+
+I can't keep these constants
+straight.
+
+I think I did it wherever
+I stopped -- here.
+
+That's where I did it.
+
+That's the energy equation.
+
+Yeah, I got it right, amazing.
+
+The integral of u of t squared
+dt is equal to t times the sum
+
+of all the Fourier
+coefficients.
+
+I forgot to say this.
+
+This is something
+I wanted to say.
+
+This energy equation is
+important because in terms of
+
+source coding, if you take a
+function u of t, if you find
+
+this Fourier series, u of
+k, that's a sequence of
+
+coefficients.
+
+If we take that sequence of
+coefficients and we quantize
+
+them to some other set of
+values, v sub k, and then we
+
+recreate the function
+corresponding to this set up
+
+Fourier coefficients,
+we get sum v of t.
+
+So we start out with u of t, we
+go all the way through all
+
+of this chain, going through a
+channel and everything else,
+
+come back with some
+function v of t.
+
+This applied to u of t minus
+v of t says that the energy
+
+difference between u of t, and
+our re-created version v of t,
+
+is exactly the same as t times
+the sum of the differences
+
+between u sub k and
+v sub k squared.
+
+Now, that is the reason why most
+people talk about mean
+
+square error most of the time,
+because if you can control the
+
+mean square error on your
+coefficients, you're also
+
+controlling the mean square
+error on the functions.
+
+This formula does not work for
+magnitude or cubes or fourth
+
+powers or anything else.
+
+It only works for these
+square powers.
+
+That's why everybody uses
+mean square error
+
+rather than other things.
+
+It also makes sense for energy,
+because we believe in,
+
+in some sense, energy ought
+to be important
+
+and energy is important.
+
+So, the final part of the
+theorem says that finally, if
+
+you start out with a sequence
+of complex numbers and the
+
+sequence of numbers has finite
+energy in this sense, then
+
+there's an L2 function,
+u of t, which
+
+satisfies all of this stuff.
+
+In other words, you can go
+from function to Fourier
+
+series, you can go from Fourier
+series to function.
+
+You can go either way.
+
+So long as you have finite
+energy this all works.
+
+I want to spend just a couple
+of minutes talking about the
+
+difference between Reimann and
+Lebesgue integration to show
+
+you that, in fact, it isn't
+really any big deal.
+
+When you're talking about
+Reimann integration --
+
+I've just showed the integral
+for a function
+
+between zero and 1.
+
+How do you conceptually find the
+integral of a function --
+
+a Reimann integral, which
+is what you're used.
+
+You split up the interval on
+the horizontal axis into a
+
+bunch of equal intervals
+of size 1 over n each.
+
+So you split it into n
+intervals, each one
+
+a size 1 over n.
+
+You approximate the value of the
+function in each interval
+
+somehow, as the smallest value,
+the largest value, the
+
+mean value, whatever
+you want to do.
+
+That doesn't make any difference
+because as the
+
+intervals become smaller and
+smaller and smaller and you
+
+have a function which is sort of
+smooth in some sense, then
+
+this Reimann sum here is going
+to get close to this interval.
+
+In other words, the Reimann
+sum is going to approach a
+
+limit, and that limit
+is defined
+
+as the Reimann integral.
+
+So that's the thing
+you're used to.
+
+The Lebesgue integral is
+similar, oh and in a sense,
+
+it's no more complicated.
+
+What you do is instead of
+quantizing the horizontal axis
+
+into regions of size 1 over
+n and letting 1 over n get
+
+small, you quantize the vertical
+axis into intervals
+
+of size epsilon and you're
+going to let
+
+epsilon get small later.
+
+Then the thing that you do is
+you ask how much of the
+
+function is in each of
+these intervals here?
+
+So the amount of the function
+that lies between 2 epsilon
+
+and 3 epsilon is an interval
+t2 minus t1 -- there's that
+
+interval where the function
+is in this range.
+
+There's also this interval over
+here between t3 and t4.
+
+So you say the measure of the
+function in this interval here
+
+is t2 minus t1 plus
+t4 minus t3.
+
+You say the measure of the
+function in this region here,
+
+vertical region here, is t1,
+namely, this, plus 1 minus t4,
+
+namely, this region over here.
+
+So for any function you
+can do the same thing.
+
+That's the Lebesgue integral.
+
+Lebesgue integral says you
+do this and you let these
+
+epsilons get very small and
+you just add them up.
+
+Let me say just -- last slide.
+
+Turns out that whenever the
+Reimann integral exists,
+
+namely, that limit exists, the
+Lebesgue interval also exists
+
+and has the same value.
+
+All of the familiar rules for
+calculating Reimann integrals
+
+also apply for Lebesgue
+integrals.
+
+For some very weird functions,
+the Lebesgue integral exists,
+
+but the Reimann integral
+doesn't exist.
+
+For some extraordinarily weird
+functions, there aren't even
+
+any examples in the notes.
+
+I couldn't find an example which
+I thought was palatable,
+
+not even the Lebesgue
+integral exists.
+
+So the Lebesgue integral is
+much more general than the
+
+Reimann integral.
+
+But the nice thing is you can
+almost forget about it because
+
+everything you know to do still
+works, it's just that
+
+some of the things that didn't
+work before now work.
+
+Because those things that didn't
+work before now work,
+
+your theorems can be much more
+general than they were before.
+
+We'll talk more about
+that next time.
+
+This material we're talking
+about right now is in the
+
+appendix to the lectures that
+just got passed out.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xfbzRPUagPY.txt b/xfbzRPUagPY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2286cde0f090a3f5e26765881d1b5877164f0584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xfbzRPUagPY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I believe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yeah it's really cool so we quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it's really cool so we quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it's really cool so we quit
+secret customer model online and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret customer model online and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret customer model online and what it
+is funerals apparently it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is funerals apparently it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is funerals apparently it's actually
+split into a lot of different things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into a lot of different things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into a lot of different things too
+like the pelvis and then goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pelvis and then goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pelvis and then goes into the
+legs and then like me so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and then like me so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and then like me so basically what
+we did to move it like this is for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did to move it like this is for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did to move it like this is for like
+the like thigh we matched like the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like thigh we matched like the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like thigh we matched like the left
+hip and then needed me and so on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip and then needed me and so on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip and then needed me and so on just
+let's do each of the different parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do each of the different parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do each of the different parts and
+also one thing to keep notable got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one thing to keep notable got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one thing to keep notable got you
+in for easy access for the arms no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for easy access for the arms no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for easy access for the arms no
+lights because with connect like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights because with connect like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights because with connect like it
+would go weird like your arms would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go weird like your arms would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go weird like your arms would be
+going backwards so at first it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backwards so at first it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backwards so at first it was
+almost like my body's like what do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like my body's like what do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like my body's like what do those
+volumes backwards I got that back really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes backwards I got that back really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes backwards I got that back really
+really very scary so they are you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very scary so they are you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very scary so they are you were
+supposed to be good effect but we seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be good effect but we seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be good effect but we seem
+to be experiencing some issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we use these hats like a yeah so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use these hats like a yeah so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use these hats like a yeah so if
+you kill too many people then you lose
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zxg5hZ7WdjU.txt b/zxg5hZ7WdjU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b5a2492eab17159cb211a78e3384bfe5440c3f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zxg5hZ7WdjU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're really excited about highlights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really excited about highlights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really excited about highlights
+for high school we're excited to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high school we're excited to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high school we're excited to see how
+it's used there was an email that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used there was an email that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used there was an email that
+arrived by early this morning from China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived by early this morning from China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived by early this morning from China
+celebrating this new portal and dub it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating this new portal and dub it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating this new portal and dub it's
+an exciting new chapter we can't end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exciting new chapter we can't end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exciting new chapter we can't end the
+program without a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program without a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program without a special
+acknowledgement of ocw as many financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement of ocw as many financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement of ocw as many financial
+supporters and without whom is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters and without whom is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters and without whom is simply
+couldn't have been possible for MIT to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have been possible for MIT to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have been possible for MIT to
+develop ocw and won't be possible for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop ocw and won't be possible for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop ocw and won't be possible for us
+to sustain in the future except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sustain in the future except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sustain in the future except for
+their help among our many individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their help among our many individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their help among our many individual
+donors have been several MIT alumni who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors have been several MIT alumni who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors have been several MIT alumni who
+take pride in what lcw stands for pride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pride in what lcw stands for pride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pride in what lcw stands for pride
+in mi T's tradition of sharing what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mi T's tradition of sharing what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mi T's tradition of sharing what we
+have with the world I want to especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with the world I want to especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with the world I want to especially
+thank John Gruber from the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank John Gruber from the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank John Gruber from the class of
+nineteen sixty four and Larry buren bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen sixty four and Larry buren bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen sixty four and Larry buren bomb
+the class of nineteen sixty-nine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of nineteen sixty-nine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of nineteen sixty-nine for
+their leadership gifts that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their leadership gifts that will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their leadership gifts that will help
+have endowed will help to endow ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have endowed will help to endow ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have endowed will help to endow ocw
+generous support for hides from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous support for hides from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous support for hides from high
+school I just mentioned Charlene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I just mentioned Charlene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I just mentioned Charlene and
+dairy caps anel and Barry and Stacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dairy caps anel and Barry and Stacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dairy caps anel and Barry and Stacy
+Newman and also by the Lord foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman and also by the Lord foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman and also by the Lord foundation
+so we want to thank them again also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to thank them again also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to thank them again also
+finally MIT is extremely grateful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally MIT is extremely grateful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally MIT is extremely grateful
+extraordinarily grateful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily grateful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily grateful for
+contributions by three organizations who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions by three organizations who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions by three organizations who
+really made ocw a reality and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made ocw a reality and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made ocw a reality and let me
+mention each of them first of all under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention each of them first of all under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention each of them first of all under
+the leadership of CEO Cheryl handler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leadership of CEO Cheryl handler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leadership of CEO Cheryl handler
+graduated in nineteen eighty-five ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated in nineteen eighty-five ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated in nineteen eighty-five ab
+initio became a major corporate sponsor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initio became a major corporate sponsor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initio became a major corporate sponsor
+of ocw in 2005 ab initio substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ocw in 2005 ab initio substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ocw in 2005 ab initio substantial
+financial support has been crucial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial support has been crucial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial support has been crucial and
+enabling us to reach our 1800 course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling us to reach our 1800 course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling us to reach our 1800 course
+milestone I want to invite Cheryl up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone I want to invite Cheryl up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone I want to invite Cheryl up to
+thank her personally for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank her personally for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank her personally for her
+contributions her leadership team and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions her leadership team and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions her leadership team and
+we're going to have a gift for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a gift for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a gift for you
+Cheryl yes it's little one please we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheryl yes it's little one please we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheryl yes it's little one please we're
+presenting with the gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you for trying to be doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for trying to be doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for trying to be doing with
+the high school students is all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would say not so surprised we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say not so surprised we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say not so surprised we have
+actually what the gifts are this a globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the gifts are this a globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the gifts are this a globe
+and they with a plaque on it recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they with a plaque on it recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they with a plaque on it recognizing
+your contribution so thank you sure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contribution so thank you sure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contribution so thank you sure in
+2001 shortly after open course Wars was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 shortly after open course Wars was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 shortly after open course Wars was
+publicly announced the William and Flora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly announced the William and Flora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly announced the William and Flora
+Hewlett Foundation and the Andrew W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hewlett Foundation and the Andrew W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hewlett Foundation and the Andrew W
+mellon Foundation committed funding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mellon Foundation committed funding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mellon Foundation committed funding to
+support the development and launch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the development and launch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the development and launch of
+ocw and in doing so really became full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw and in doing so really became full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw and in doing so really became full
+partners on this journey clearly ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners on this journey clearly ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners on this journey clearly ocw
+wouldn't be what we what it is today was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be what we what it is today was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be what we what it is today was
+it not for the substantial contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not for the substantial contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not for the substantial contributions
+both financial and programmatic of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both financial and programmatic of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both financial and programmatic of these
+two foundations both have awarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two foundations both have awarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two foundations both have awarded
+multiple grants that support ocw from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple grants that support ocw from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple grants that support ocw from in
+the initial startup phase through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial startup phase through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial startup phase through the
+publication of the 1800 courses both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of the 1800 courses both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of the 1800 courses both
+foundations have also been generous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations have also been generous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations have also been generous in
+their wise counsel helping to steer us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wise counsel helping to steer us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wise counsel helping to steer us
+on a course for success I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a course for success I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a course for success I want to
+especially acknowledge the support we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially acknowledge the support we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially acknowledge the support we've
+received from the Hewlett Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received from the Hewlett Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received from the Hewlett Foundation
+program director Mike Smith the Hewlett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program director Mike Smith the Hewlett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program director Mike Smith the Hewlett
+Foundation program officer kathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation program officer kathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation program officer kathy
+casserly and mellon Foundation program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casserly and mellon Foundation program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casserly and mellon Foundation program
+officer I refuse we're fortunate to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer I refuse we're fortunate to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer I refuse we're fortunate to have
+Mike with us today for the celebration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike with us today for the celebration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike with us today for the celebration
+and I would like him to also come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like him to also come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like him to also come
+forward where's Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simply stated we wouldn't be here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply stated we wouldn't be here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply stated we wouldn't be here today
+celebrating were it not for Cheryl Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating were it not for Cheryl Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating were it not for Cheryl Mike
+their colleagues at Hewlett melon and ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their colleagues at Hewlett melon and ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their colleagues at Hewlett melon and ab
+initio thank you so much Mike I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initio thank you so much Mike I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initio thank you so much Mike I thought
+you had a few remarks if I could invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a few remarks if I could invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a few remarks if I could invite
+you to come up share them with us sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to come up share them with us sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to come up share them with us sorry
+to make you walk back and forth please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thank you uh Susan and and thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you uh Susan and and thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you uh Susan and and thank you
+chuck uh and thank you an weird and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuck uh and thank you an weird and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuck uh and thank you an weird and go
+she she leave oh there she is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she leave oh there she is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she leave oh there she is in the
+front row she should be um you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front row she should be um you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front row she should be um you know we
+were we ended up working most closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we ended up working most closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we ended up working most closely
+with an eye over the last five years an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an eye over the last five years an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an eye over the last five years an
+extraordinary time and a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary time and a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary time and a wonderful
+synergy developed I think that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synergy developed I think that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synergy developed I think that that we
+hope actually hope that helped ocw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope actually hope that helped ocw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope actually hope that helped ocw and
+an MIT also so I want to thank you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT also so I want to thank you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT also so I want to thank you also
+for up from Paul breast the president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for up from Paul breast the president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for up from Paul breast the president of
+the foundation and from Walter Hewlett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation and from Walter Hewlett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation and from Walter Hewlett
+the the chairman of the board and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chairman of the board and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chairman of the board and also
+from Cathy who couldn't be here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Cathy who couldn't be here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Cathy who couldn't be here today
+Ben and she's been the program officer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben and she's been the program officer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben and she's been the program officer
+for ocw for the last three or four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ocw for the last three or four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ocw for the last three or four years
+and and hopefully she'll be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and hopefully she'll be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and hopefully she'll be working with
+MIT and lots of areas and over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and lots of areas and over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and lots of areas and over the next
+few years 2001 has been mentioned as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years 2001 has been mentioned as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years 2001 has been mentioned as a
+as a date that that stands out I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a date that that stands out I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a date that that stands out I have
+this distinct memory I've Chuck vest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinct memory I've Chuck vest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinct memory I've Chuck vest
+walking into my office one day I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking into my office one day I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking into my office one day I I
+didn't I don't think we've met before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I don't think we've met before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I don't think we've met before
+but you know maybe we passed its in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know maybe we passed its in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know maybe we passed its in some
+point and he said something like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and he said something like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and he said something like if I
+got a deal for you from measly hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a deal for you from measly hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a deal for you from measly hundred
+million dollars shared with melon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars shared with melon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars shared with melon you
+can put you can help MIT put all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put you can help MIT put all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put you can help MIT put all of its
+courses on the web for free it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on the web for free it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on the web for free it turned
+out to be lots less than 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be lots less than 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be lots less than 100 million
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+but that was that that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was that that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was that that was the
+introduction and then we had a mmm half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction and then we had a mmm half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction and then we had a mmm half
+an hour three quarters of an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour three quarters of an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour three quarters of an hour
+discussion of it I the idea immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of it I the idea immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of it I the idea immediately
+sparked my interest and I took it to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparked my interest and I took it to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparked my interest and I took it to my
+president and he said yes let's do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and he said yes let's do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and he said yes let's do it I
+prepare it for the board so in april two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare it for the board so in april two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare it for the board so in april two
+months after chuck had walked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after chuck had walked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after chuck had walked in the
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+
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+
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+I almost feel as though I'm repeating
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+now I don't think any of us do changes
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+week we've heard from two different
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+great ride for the last six years and
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+ align:start position:0%
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+OpenCourseWare if you'll just come down
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+conclude Steve Carson of the open
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+thing is to thank all of you for coming
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+thing is to thank all of you for coming
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+following the closing these ceremonies
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+of artificial intelligence and a few
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+of artificial intelligence and a few
+other signature events in mi T's history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other signature events in mi T's history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other signature events in mi T's history
+in that same way it's my view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same way it's my view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same way it's my view that
+OpenCourseWare will be on that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare will be on that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare will be on that very
+short list of things that even in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short list of things that even in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short list of things that even in an
+illustrious history of an institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrious history of an institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrious history of an institution
+stand out and so I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand out and so I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand out and so I'm going to try to
+remember this moment remember this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this moment remember this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this moment remember this event
+I like to thank you for all coming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to thank you for all coming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to thank you for all coming and
+please join us for reception thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zyId5iqW6Ig.txt b/zyId5iqW6Ig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c29995f456bc97345c06afe49d5f6db92ccab17c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zyId5iqW6Ig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+is sort of a little bit thrown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a little bit thrown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a little bit thrown in
+between what you've done is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you've done is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you've done is you've
+essentially just finished doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just finished doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just finished doing the
+whole section on energy models remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole section on energy models remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole section on energy models remember
+we started all the way in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started all the way in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started all the way in the beginning
+with empirical potential models went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with empirical potential models went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with empirical potential models went to
+embedded atam methods and then Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atam methods and then Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atam methods and then Professor
+marzari did quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marzari did quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marzari did quantum mechanics
+um a lot of the rest of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of the rest of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of the rest of what you're
+going to see is on particular simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see is on particular simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see is on particular simulation
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+um that bring in Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that bring in Dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that bring in Dynamics and
+temperature into the problem uh what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature into the problem uh what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature into the problem uh what I
+wanted to do with this lecture um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do with this lecture um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do with this lecture um is
+sort of tell you the story of my life um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tell you the story of my life um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tell you the story of my life um
+you know you work so hard on doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you work so hard on doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you work so hard on doing
+quantum mechanics and you do it well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and you do it well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and you do it well and
+you come up with all these beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with all these beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with all these beautiful
+things you calculate and energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you calculate and energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you calculate and energies and
+you give a whole talk on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give a whole talk on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give a whole talk on that and
+there'll always be some smarty pants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll always be some smarty pants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll always be some smarty pants in
+the audience that will get up at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience that will get up at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience that will get up at the end
+of your talk and say you know but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your talk and say you know but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your talk and say you know but all
+your calculations are at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculations are at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculations are at zero
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+and so basically with one slide comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically with one slide comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically with one slide comment
+they basic basically wipe your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basic basically wipe your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basic basically wipe your whole
+talk off the table and half of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk off the table and half of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk off the table and half of the room
+suddenly sort of thinks you're just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly sort of thinks you're just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly sort of thinks you're just kind
+of a a funny curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a funny curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a funny curiosity
+um so what I want to do you today is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I want to do you today is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I want to do you today is is
+teach you sort of to what extent does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you sort of to what extent does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you sort of to what extent does
+temperature matter uh so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature matter uh so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature matter uh so first of all
+when are zero temperature calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when are zero temperature calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when are zero temperature calculations
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+um when are they extremely good to mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when are they extremely good to mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when are they extremely good to mimic
+the real world which is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world which is non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world which is non-zero
+temperature when is it so so and when do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when is it so so and when do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when is it so so and when do
+you absolutely need to temperature take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you absolutely need to temperature take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you absolutely need to temperature take
+temperature explicitly into account and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature explicitly into account and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature explicitly into account and
+then the next step is how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next step is how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next step is how do you do that
+I will give you hints of that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you hints of that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you hints of that today
+already how you do that um but later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already how you do that um but later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already how you do that um but later you
+the rest of the course is essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the course is essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the course is essentially uh
+on that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so
+to learn to push the right buttons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to push the right buttons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to push the right buttons here
+um so again these are the the objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again these are the the objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again these are the the objectives
+of today and maybe what I'll add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today and maybe what I'll add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today and maybe what I'll add a
+little is sort of why is it so hard um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little is sort of why is it so hard um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little is sort of why is it so hard um
+to include temperature um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include temperature um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include temperature um you know
+people who don't do simulations often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't do simulations often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't do simulations often
+think that um you know why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um you know why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um you know why don't you
+just turn on that button there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turn on that button there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turn on that button there's this
+button temperature and why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button temperature and why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button temperature and why don't you
+turn it turn it on why you just do zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it turn it on why you just do zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it turn it on why you just do zero
+temperature calculations so um but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature calculations so um but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature calculations so um but if
+you look at the col sham equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the col sham equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the col sham equations
+obviously there is no temperature in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there is no temperature in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there is no temperature in it
+okay um so this is not like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so this is not like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so this is not like some
+physical approximation that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical approximation that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical approximation that we can
+decide to turn on or off turns out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to turn on or off turns out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to turn on or off turns out if
+you want to deal with temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to deal with temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to deal with temperature
+effects there's a whole lot of work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects there's a whole lot of work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects there's a whole lot of work you
+have to do on top of your uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do on top of your uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do on top of your uh energy
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see why that is essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why that is essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why that is essentially what
+you're doing with quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing with quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing with quantum mechanics is
+you're calculating the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating the ground state
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+essentially temperature is no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially temperature is no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially temperature is no more
+uh when you're at non zero temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you're at non zero temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you're at non zero temperature
+it's exactly making it the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly making it the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly making it the same
+statement and saying you know I've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and saying you know I've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and saying you know I've put
+energy in my system to make it be above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in my system to make it be above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in my system to make it be above
+the ground state energy so at nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state energy so at nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state energy so at nonzero
+temperature you've pumped in extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you've pumped in extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you've pumped in extra
+energy there's many ways you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's many ways you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's many ways you can see
+that you can just see that from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just see that from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just see that from the the
+derivative of the energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the energy with
+temperature uh which is the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh which is the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh which is the heat
+capacity which is always positive which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity which is always positive which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity which is always positive which
+means as soon as you raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means as soon as you raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means as soon as you raise the
+temperature from zero the energy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from zero the energy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from zero the energy has
+gone up um above your ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up um above your ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up um above your ground state
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+where is that energy this is the going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that energy this is the going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that energy this is the going
+to be the key question when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the key question when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the key question when you want to
+deal with temperature simulation first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with temperature simulation first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with temperature simulation first
+of all let me tell you there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all let me tell you there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all let me tell you there is no
+generic temperature simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic temperature simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic temperature simulation
+um there is no one way to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no one way to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no one way to include
+temperature and this is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and this is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and this is going to be an
+important message and the reason is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important message and the reason is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important message and the reason is so
+that extra energy goes into excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extra energy goes into excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extra energy goes into excitations
+of the system okay it goes into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system okay it goes into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system okay it goes into you know
+displacements of atoms phon molds it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of atoms phon molds it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of atoms phon molds it can
+go into electronic excitations it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into electronic excitations it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into electronic excitations it can go
+into defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into defects
+and you will have to explicitly choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have to explicitly choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have to explicitly choose
+which of these excitations you include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these excitations you include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these excitations you include
+in your modeling so every time you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your modeling so every time you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your modeling so every time you do
+temperature modeling most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature modeling most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature modeling most of the time
+what that means is that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that you're going to
+have selected a series of excitations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have selected a series of excitations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have selected a series of excitations in
+which you allow energy to be pumped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you allow energy to be pumped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you allow energy to be pumped in
+for temperature but that means you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for temperature but that means you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for temperature but that means you will
+have excluded other ones there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have excluded other ones there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have excluded other ones there is
+essentially no technique that all ows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no technique that all ows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no technique that all ows
+for you know all possible excitations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know all possible excitations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know all possible excitations as
+you have in nature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in nature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in nature um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we will often go back between sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will often go back between sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will often go back between sort of
+the measure of temperature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of temperature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of temperature as
+temperature or simply the measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or simply the measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or simply the measure of
+excitation energy as temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation energy as temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation energy as temperature
+essentially the amount of energy you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the amount of energy you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the amount of energy you're
+above the ground state um can be used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground state um can be used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground state um can be used as
+a as a measure of temperature and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a measure of temperature and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a measure of temperature and let me
+show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um here's a little bit of um statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a little bit of um statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a little bit of um statistical
+mechanics in a sort of classical picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in a sort of classical picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in a sort of classical picture
+um some of you may have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of you may have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of you may have seen this
+already some of you may have not if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some of you may have not if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some of you may have not if you
+haven't seen this just try to maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this just try to maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this just try to maybe just
+get the general idea you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the general idea you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the general idea you know in
+classical mechanics you you often write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics you you often write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics you you often write
+the hamiltonian which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian which is essentially
+what's used to derive your equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's used to derive your equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's used to derive your equation of
+motion in generalized coordinates Qi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in generalized coordinates Qi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in generalized coordinates Qi and
+generalized momenta pi and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized momenta pi and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized momenta pi and the reason
+you have both is of course because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have both is of course because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have both is of course because you
+have potential and kinetic energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have potential and kinetic energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have potential and kinetic energy the
+momenta will represent the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta will represent the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta will represent the kinetic
+energy uh and the General's coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and the General's coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and the General's coordinates
+coordinates will represent uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates will represent uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates will represent uh the
+potential energy so the reason they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so the reason they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so the reason they're
+generalized coordinates is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinates is because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinates is because they
+don't just they're not just coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just they're not just coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just they're not just coordinates
+of atoms they could be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms they could be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms they could be linear
+combinations of those coordinates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those coordinates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those coordinates of
+atoms for example um so the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms for example um so the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms for example um so the hamiltonian
+is then essentially the um potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then essentially the um potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then essentially the um potential
+energy as a function of the two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of the two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of the two and the
+kinetic energy is a function of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is a function of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is a function of the two
+in general the kinetic energy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the kinetic energy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the kinetic energy can be
+function of both and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of both and the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of both and the potential
+energy can be function of both although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be function of both although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be function of both although
+normally you find that the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you find that the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you find that the internal
+energy is only function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is only function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is only function of the
+generalized coordinates and the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinates and the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinates and the kinetic
+energy is only function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is only function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is only function of the
+generalized momentum um the aqu the aqu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized momentum um the aqu the aqu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized momentum um the aqu the aqu
+partition theorem essentially tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition theorem essentially tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition theorem essentially tells you
+the definition of temperature it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of temperature it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of temperature it tells
+you that the expectation value of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the expectation value of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the expectation value of say
+the momentum times the Hamil I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum times the Hamil I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum times the Hamil I
+derivative with that momentum that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with that momentum that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with that momentum that the
+expectation value is KT and the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is KT and the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is KT and the same for
+the expectation value with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value with the
+generalized coordinate and sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinate and sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized coordinate and sort of you
+can kind of see a little bit what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see a little bit what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see a little bit what that
+means you know the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know the derivative of a
+hamiltonian which you think of as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian which you think of as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian which you think of as an
+energy function the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function the derivative of a
+hamiltonian with respect to a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian with respect to a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian with respect to a coordinate
+that's a force typically so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a force typically so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a force typically so this is a
+force times a coordinate and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force times a coordinate and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force times a coordinate and here you
+have a for force times the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a for force times the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a for force times the displacement
+so these These are energy terms these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these These are energy terms these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these These are energy terms these
+are work and power terms um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are work and power terms um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are work and power terms um the
+expectation value is the time average uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is the time average uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is the time average uh
+expectation value um this is the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value um this is the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value um this is the general
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+now for quadratic hamiltonians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for quadratic hamiltonians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for quadratic hamiltonians
+um you'll see we get a a a more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll see we get a a a more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll see we get a a a more useful
+and more common resolved um so quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more common resolved um so quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more common resolved um so quadratic
+Hamilton is one where the Hamilton the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton is one where the Hamilton the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton is one where the Hamilton the
+energy terms are second powers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy terms are second powers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy terms are second powers of the
+coordinates and this is what you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and this is what you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and this is what you very
+often get you know if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often get you know if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often get you know if you have a
+velocity then your kinetic energy is mv^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity then your kinetic energy is mv^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity then your kinetic energy is mv^
+2 over 2 so it's quadratic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over 2 so it's quadratic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over 2 so it's quadratic in the
+momentum the momentum being MV um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the momentum being MV um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the momentum being MV um if you
+had coordinates that move in a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had coordinates that move in a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had coordinates that move in a harmonic
+potential a quadratic potential you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential a quadratic potential you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential a quadratic potential you know
+if two things were connected by a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two things were connected by a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two things were connected by a spring
+an ideal harmonic spring then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal harmonic spring then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal harmonic spring then the
+potential energy would be quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy would be quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy would be quadratic in
+the spring distance okay so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring distance okay so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring distance okay so in that case
+you can can work through it because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can can work through it because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can can work through it because then
+the derivative of the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the hamiltonian
+with respect to any of these things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to any of these things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to any of these things is
+linear in the coordinates so since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the coordinates so since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the coordinates so since you
+multiply you get something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply you get something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply you get something that's
+quadratic in the coordinates so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the coordinates so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the coordinates so then
+what you get is that essentially up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is that essentially up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is that essentially up to
+some constant the average of the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant the average of the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant the average of the squared
+coordinate or squared momentum is KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate or squared momentum is KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate or squared momentum is KT
+over 2 um so what that's really telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 um so what that's really telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 um so what that's really telling
+you is that every degree of Freedom if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that every degree of Freedom if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that every degree of Freedom if
+you think of every Qi every Pi is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of every Qi every Pi is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of every Qi every Pi is a
+degree of Freedom every degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom every degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom every degree of
+Freedom contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom contains
+a thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thermal energy
+equivalent to KT over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to KT over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to KT over 2
+okay and this is sort of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is sort of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is sort of an interesting
+statement because it doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement because it doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement because it doesn't tell you
+anything about the stiffness of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the stiffness of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the stiffness of that
+degree of Freedom you know in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom you know in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom you know in principle
+if I have even a stiff a stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have even a stiff a stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have even a stiff a stiff
+spring or a loose spin a loose spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring or a loose spin a loose spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring or a loose spin a loose spring
+losing my words this morning um have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing my words this morning um have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing my words this morning um have the
+same thermal energy at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thermal energy at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thermal energy at a given
+temperature even though you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature even though you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature even though you know they
+will vibrate very differently the stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vibrate very differently the stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vibrate very differently the stiff
+spring will not vibrate a lot with will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring will not vibrate a lot with will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring will not vibrate a lot with will
+vibrate with small amplitude but at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate with small amplitude but at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate with small amplitude but at high
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+okay and the soft spring will vibrate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the soft spring will vibrate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the soft spring will vibrate at
+low frequency with lower amplitude but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency with lower amplitude but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency with lower amplitude but
+so they all have the same um degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they all have the same um degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they all have the same um degrees of
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and so this is how you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this is how you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this is how you can calculate
+um like typical heat capacities huh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like typical heat capacities huh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like typical heat capacities huh if
+you if you think of n atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you think of n atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you think of n atoms
+um how many degrees of freedom do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many degrees of freedom do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many degrees of freedom do you
+have if with n atoms you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if with n atoms you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if with n atoms you have three
+coordinates per atom so you have three n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates per atom so you have three n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates per atom so you have three n
+degrees of freedom for the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom for the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom for the coordinate
+wise you have three velocity components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise you have three velocity components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise you have three velocity components
+so you have three in components from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have three in components from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have three in components from the
+velocity so you have 6n degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so you have 6n degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so you have 6n degrees of
+freedom so what's the thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so what's the thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so what's the thermal energy
+when you have 3 atoms it's 6 n KT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have 3 atoms it's 6 n KT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have 3 atoms it's 6 n KT over
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+okay so it's 3 nkt and that's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's 3 nkt and that's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's 3 nkt and that's a sort of
+classical result you find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical result you find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical result you find that the
+thermal energy is 3 n KT so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy is 3 n KT so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy is 3 n KT so what's the
+heat capacity it's 3 * K and if those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity it's 3 * K and if those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity it's 3 * K and if those of
+you who've taken thermal for me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who've taken thermal for me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who've taken thermal for me that's
+the law of D if you remember that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of D if you remember that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of D if you remember that okay
+so it comes creight out of um the equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it comes creight out of um the equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it comes creight out of um the equ
+partition theorem um there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition theorem um there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition theorem um there's some
+subtleties um this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is only true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only true
+when the energy depends quadratically on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the energy depends quadratically on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the energy depends quadratically on
+these coordinates okay so people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coordinates okay so people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coordinates okay so people often
+sort of remember the statement but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of remember the statement but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of remember the statement but now
+where it comes from so if your particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from so if your particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from so if your particle
+is moving in a non-harmonic well which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving in a non-harmonic well which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving in a non-harmonic well which
+you'll typically see if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll typically see if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll typically see if you start
+getting oscillations far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting oscillations far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting oscillations far from
+equilibrium you know around equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you know around equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you know around equilibrium
+you tend to be quadratic in a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to be quadratic in a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to be quadratic in a potential
+well if you go far away start to see non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you go far away start to see non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you go far away start to see non
+quadratic Behavior this will not be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic Behavior this will not be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic Behavior this will not be true
+anymore okay and the same thing for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay and the same thing for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay and the same thing for um
+the velocities um but there's a maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities um but there's a maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities um but there's a maybe a
+more important subtlety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important subtlety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important subtlety
+this is only true what we did now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only true what we did now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only true what we did now is
+classical mechanics and the results we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics and the results we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics and the results we
+get are only true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get are only true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get are only true
+for the degrees of freedom for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the degrees of freedom for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the degrees of freedom for which
+there's enough energy for them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough energy for them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough energy for them to be
+excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited
+and what do I mean with that uh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I mean with that uh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I mean with that uh we know
+from Quantum statistical mechanics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Quantum statistical mechanics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Quantum statistical mechanics that
+um the states for degree of freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the states for degree of freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the states for degree of freedom and
+the energy associated with them um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy associated with them um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy associated with them um is
+quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized
+okay so you cannot move from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you cannot move from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you cannot move from the ground
+state continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state continuously
+in excitations the first excitation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in excitations the first excitation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in excitations the first excitation from
+the ground state takes a finite amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state takes a finite amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state takes a finite amount
+of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+if you're if you live on a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you live on a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you live on a temperature
+scale for which you don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale for which you don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale for which you don't have enough
+energy to get that first excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to get that first excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to get that first excitation
+then the system will essentially not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the system will essentially not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the system will essentially not be
+excited in those degrees of freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited in those degrees of freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited in those degrees of freedom and
+they will not contribute to the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not contribute to the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not contribute to the thermal
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+okay so you know if you live at say room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know if you live at say room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know if you live at say room
+temperature you know that's 25 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you know that's 25 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you know that's 25 M
+electron volt okay and your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt okay and your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt okay and your first
+excitation is one electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation is one electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation is one electron volt
+that degree of freedom is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that degree of freedom is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that degree of freedom is not going to
+contribute to the the the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the the the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the the the internal
+energy or the heat capacity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or the heat capacity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or the heat capacity okay
+so that's a bit of um um a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of um um a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of um um a bit of a
+subtlety that shows up with the agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety that shows up with the agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety that shows up with the agree
+partition theorem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is if you remember uh why so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is if you remember uh why so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is if you remember uh why so in
+in the class the classical heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class the classical heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class the classical heat capacity
+is U 3 KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U 3 KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U 3 KB
+from what I've shown you before but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I've shown you before but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I've shown you before but if
+you remember this is why if you plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this is why if you plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this is why if you plot it
+versus temperature the heat capacity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus temperature the heat capacity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus temperature the heat capacity it
+is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+3 KB at high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 KB at high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 KB at high temperature
+but then it sort of drops off to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it sort of drops off to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it sort of drops off to low
+temperature because essentially the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because essentially the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because essentially the heat
+capacity coming from the the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity coming from the the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity coming from the the atomic
+displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements
+uh gets frozen out because the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets frozen out because the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets frozen out because the atomic
+displacements are quantized they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements are quantized they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements are quantized they're not
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+uh in a Quantum mechanic sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in some sense this is the subtext of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense this is the subtext of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense this is the subtext of
+the lecture now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture now um
+if you if you're going to do a non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you're going to do a non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you're going to do a non-zero
+temperature simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature simulation
+um you know I assume you do that to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I assume you do that to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I assume you do that to get
+a certain see a certain Behavior or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain see a certain Behavior or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain see a certain Behavior or
+calculate a certain property um you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a certain property um you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a certain property um you need
+to understand right away which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand right away which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand right away which
+excitations you're going to sample okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations you're going to sample okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations you're going to sample okay
+um which excitation that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which excitation that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which excitation that are going to be
+present in your model to allow for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in your model to allow for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in your model to allow for the
+extra energy that comes with temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra energy that comes with temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra energy that comes with temperature
+okay so that means that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that you have to
+understand first the excitations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand first the excitations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand first the excitations that
+are relevant for the behavior you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relevant for the behavior you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relevant for the behavior you want
+to study okay and you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study okay and you have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study okay and you have to understand
+how they store energy and I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they store energy and I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they store energy and I'll give you
+some examples of that um try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of that um try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of that um try to make
+that a lot clear in a second so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot clear in a second so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot clear in a second so you know
+how do materials store energy here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do materials store energy here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do materials store energy here's
+some possible excitations mechanisms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some possible excitations mechanisms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some possible excitations mechanisms um
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+okay you know you calculate in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know you calculate in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know you calculate in quantum
+mechanics not only the atomic ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics not only the atomic ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics not only the atomic ground
+state you know you relax all the atoms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you know you relax all the atoms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you know you relax all the atoms I
+think you've done that in the lab now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've done that in the lab now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've done that in the lab now to
+the lowest energy position but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy position but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy position but you
+always always find the electronic ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always find the electronic ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always find the electronic ground
+state but at nonzero temperature you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but at nonzero temperature you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but at nonzero temperature you can
+have electronic excitations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electronic excitations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electronic excitations you know
+think of electron excitations across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of electron excitations across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of electron excitations across a
+band Gap um as if the band Gap is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap um as if the band Gap is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap um as if the band Gap is large
+it's a small number of electrons but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a small number of electrons but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a small number of electrons but if
+you have a metal you know then the fmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a metal you know then the fmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a metal you know then the fmy
+level is in the density of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is in the density of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is in the density of States
+there's no Gap there so you can have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Gap there so you can have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Gap there so you can have at
+any temperature excitations of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any temperature excitations of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any temperature excitations of electrons
+across that Gap and I'll show you later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that Gap and I'll show you later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that Gap and I'll show you later
+some actual results to see how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual results to see how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual results to see how important
+or non-important that can be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-important that can be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-important that can be um
+vibrational are the obvious ones that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational are the obvious ones that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational are the obvious ones that's
+the one you always think of if you raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you always think of if you raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you always think of if you raise
+the temperature what do atoms do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature what do atoms do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature what do atoms do they
+move kind of they start vibrating so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move kind of they start vibrating so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move kind of they start vibrating so
+that's kind of the the typical obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the the typical obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the the typical obvious
+one I know everybody's staring at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I know everybody's staring at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I know everybody's staring at this
+picture of Springs going it's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Springs going it's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Springs going it's amazing
+how we can hypnotize you um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can hypnotize you um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can hypnotize you um and then
+there's of course more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's of course more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's of course more subtle
+excitations um if you have a compound an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations um if you have a compound an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations um if you have a compound an
+ordered system um you know where atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered system um you know where atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered system um you know where atoms
+are say ordered in a pattern uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say ordered in a pattern uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say ordered in a pattern uh you know
+they might start interchanging positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might start interchanging positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might start interchanging positions
+so we think of these as configurational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think of these as configurational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think of these as configurational
+excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+um the the equivalent uh in polymers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the equivalent uh in polymers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the equivalent uh in polymers is
+that you start did you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you start did you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you start did you change the
+confirmation of polymers um at elevated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of polymers um at elevated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of polymers um at elevated
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what kind of changes might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what kind of changes might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what kind of changes might you
+want to look at uh where you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at uh where you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at uh where you think you
+need temperature uh there's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need temperature uh there's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need temperature uh there's obviously
+things you know obvious one crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know obvious one crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know obvious one crystal
+structure changes um sometimes you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure changes um sometimes you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure changes um sometimes you want
+to calculate what the structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate what the structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate what the structures of
+material and it's already a really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it's already a really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it's already a really hard
+problem to do that at Zer Kelvin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to do that at Zer Kelvin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to do that at Zer Kelvin so
+because it's a sort of nonlocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a sort of nonlocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a sort of nonlocal
+optimization problem if I give you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem if I give you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem if I give you you
+know gold silver and chlorine and I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gold silver and chlorine and I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gold silver and chlorine and I tell
+you I throw these together in a bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I throw these together in a bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I throw these together in a bucket
+what will they form I don't even know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will they form I don't even know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will they form I don't even know if
+they will form a solid but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will form a solid but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will form a solid but let's say
+they did um that's a global optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did um that's a global optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did um that's a global optimization
+problem you you cannot solve that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you you cannot solve that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you you cannot solve that by
+local optimization minimizing forces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local optimization minimizing forces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local optimization minimizing forces on
+coordinates okay so the zero temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay so the zero temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay so the zero temperature
+PR is already hard enough but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR is already hard enough but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR is already hard enough but then I
+tell you well crystal structure as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you well crystal structure as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you well crystal structure as we
+know can change as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can change as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can change as a function of
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+so now not only do you have to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now not only do you have to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now not only do you have to find the
+ground state but you have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state but you have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state but you have to figure out
+what are the sort of entropic factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sort of entropic factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sort of entropic factors
+the excitations that make um free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitations that make um free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitations that make um free energy
+different from energy and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from energy and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from energy and therefore
+structures change as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures change as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures change as a function of
+temperature um chemistry can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um chemistry can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um chemistry can be very
+important changes in chemistry at fun as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important changes in chemistry at fun as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important changes in chemistry at fun as
+function of temperature this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature this is sort of
+an off and overlooked one you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an off and overlooked one you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an off and overlooked one you know when
+you work with materials um many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with materials um many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with materials um many of them
+are open systems to the environment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open systems to the environment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open systems to the environment uh
+this is a perfect example is an oxide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a perfect example is an oxide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a perfect example is an oxide if
+you take an oxide that's by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an oxide that's by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an oxide that's by definition
+open to the environment because it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the environment because it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the environment because it can
+exchange oxygen with the environment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange oxygen with the environment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange oxygen with the environment so
+most people who work with Ceramics know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people who work with Ceramics know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people who work with Ceramics know
+that if you heat them high enough they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you heat them high enough they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you heat them high enough they
+start reducing so they start losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start reducing so they start losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start reducing so they start losing
+oxygen so this is one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so this is one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so this is one of these things
+where it's an obvious temperature effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's an obvious temperature effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's an obvious temperature effect
+uh properties you know there's obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh properties you know there's obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh properties you know there's obvious
+properties electrical conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties electrical conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties electrical conductivity
+thermal conductivity all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity all these things
+are very temperature dependent they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very temperature dependent they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very temperature dependent they're
+actually in some cases have trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some cases have trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some cases have trivial
+forms um at low temperature and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um at low temperature and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um at low temperature and then
+there's sort of trivial properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of trivial properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of trivial properties
+volume maybe you want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume maybe you want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume maybe you want to know what the
+thermal expansion does so I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion does so I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion does so I'll go
+through several of these and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several of these and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several of these and the reason
+I do it is because there's no unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it is because there's no unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it is because there's no unique
+method to do all of these so depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to do all of these so depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to do all of these so depending
+on what it is you're after you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what it is you're after you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what it is you're after you're going
+to have to uh come up with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to uh come up with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to uh come up with different
+signs and a different tool set so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and a different tool set so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and a different tool set so I
+thought I'd give you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd give you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd give you a very
+straightforward example here's a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward example here's a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward example here's a work
+done I think by and R kuang I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I think by and R kuang I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I think by and R kuang I don't
+remember at Livermore um showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at Livermore um showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at Livermore um showing the
+temperature dependence of the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of the bulk
+modulus of copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of copper
+and what you see here is three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see here is three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see here is three different
+results so that's the LDA result and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so that's the LDA result and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so that's the LDA result and you
+know know what that is local density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know what that is local density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know what that is local density
+approximation the GGA result notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the GGA result notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the GGA result notice that
+it's as you kind of expected and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as you kind of expected and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as you kind of expected and we
+discussed a little softer and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a little softer and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a little softer and then the
+experiment is the green points the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is the green points the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is the green points the
+experiments is the experiment is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is the experiment is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is the experiment is right
+in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's say somebody asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say somebody asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say somebody asked you to
+calculate the temperature dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the temperature dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the temperature dependence of
+the bulk models of material um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk models of material um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk models of material um you know
+how do you turn temperature on here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you turn temperature on here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you turn temperature on here in
+essence what I'm asking you is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence what I'm asking you is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence what I'm asking you is what is
+the essential physics that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essential physics that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essential physics that makes the
+bulk modulus temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk modulus temperature dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk modulus temperature dependent
+because if you know that then that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you know that then that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you know that then that's the
+physics you want to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you want to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you want to include
+okay so you could say well you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you could say well you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you could say well you know I'm
+going to do this Brute Force I'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this Brute Force I'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this Brute Force I'll do a
+big molecular Dynamic simulation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecular Dynamic simulation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecular Dynamic simulation and you
+know you'll after this we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll after this we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll after this we'll start
+molecular Dynamics in the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics in the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics in the class and
+that's definitely a way that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely a way that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely a way that you would
+get the temperature depends on the bul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the temperature depends on the bul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the temperature depends on the bul
+modelist but in some cases you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelist but in some cases you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelist but in some cases you can do
+this much faster if you're sort of smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much faster if you're sort of smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much faster if you're sort of smart
+about what the physics is that going let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the physics is that going let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the physics is that going let
+me sort of show you what the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of show you what the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of show you what the question
+really is um the bulk model is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is um the bulk model is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is um the bulk model is defined
+as the second derivative of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the second derivative of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the second derivative of the energy
+with respect to volume but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to volume but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to volume but there's some
+sub is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctly it's the second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly it's the second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly it's the second derivative of
+the free energy with respect to volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy with respect to volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy with respect to volume
+okay now you have to evaluate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you have to evaluate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you have to evaluate that
+derivative somewhere you have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative somewhere you have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative somewhere you have to you
+evaluate it at the equilibrium lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it at the equilibrium lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it at the equilibrium lce
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what do you do when you do the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do when you do the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do when you do the B
+modulus at zero temperature what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus at zero temperature what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus at zero temperature what we do
+is you don't have the free energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't have the free energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't have the free energy uh
+well the energy is equal to the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the energy is equal to the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the energy is equal to the free
+energy at zero temper so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at zero temper so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at zero temper so first of all
+you take the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the second derivative
+of the energy not of the free energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy not of the free energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy not of the free energy and
+you don't take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't take it
+at the finite temperature lce parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the finite temperature lce parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the finite temperature lce parameter
+you take it at the zero temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it at the zero temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it at the zero temperature
+latus parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus parameter
+okay so we have two sources of error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have two sources of error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have two sources of error and
+if one is they both require a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one is they both require a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one is they both require a different
+solution you know we use energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you know we use energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you know we use energy to
+calculate the B modulus at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the B modulus at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the B modulus at zero
+temperature rather than free energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rather than free energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rather than free energy and
+we use the zero temperature lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the zero temperature lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the zero temperature lce
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+rather than the finite temperature lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the finite temperature lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the finite temperature lce
+parameter so the question is which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so the question is which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so the question is which of
+the two is the dominant one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two is the dominant one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two is the dominant one
+okay or do they sort of if you're at a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or do they sort of if you're at a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or do they sort of if you're at a l
+they both kind of contribute the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both kind of contribute the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both kind of contribute the same
+effect which means you need to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which means you need to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which means you need to deal with
+both of them well that's what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them well that's what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them well that's what sort of
+this picture tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture tells us
+U what these two lines are is the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U what these two lines are is the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U what these two lines are is the bulk
+modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus
+artificially taken at different lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially taken at different lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially taken at different lce
+constants and the way you can do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and the way you can do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and the way you can do that is
+you can actually plot you know either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually plot you know either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually plot you know either
+energy or free energy as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or free energy as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or free energy as a function of
+latus parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus parameter
+and then you know in the minimum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know in the minimum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know in the minimum you
+have a bulk modulus it's the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bulk modulus it's the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bulk modulus it's the curvature
+there but you could also get it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you could also get it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you could also get it the
+curvature at other latus parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature at other latus parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature at other latus parameters and
+so you get the bulk models as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the bulk models as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the bulk models as a function
+of the lce parameter and it's done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lce parameter and it's done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lce parameter and it's done in
+two ways it's done by taking derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways it's done by taking derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways it's done by taking derivatives
+of the energy that's the purple curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy that's the purple curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy that's the purple curve
+here and then the brown one is done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the brown one is done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the brown one is done by
+taking derivatives of of the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivatives of of the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivatives of of the free energy
+so what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you see
+well what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you see is that
+neglecting the entropy in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting the entropy in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting the entropy in the second
+derivative is not a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is not a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is not a big deal
+okay because at a given lvus parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because at a given lvus parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because at a given lvus parameter
+whether I take the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I take the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I take the derivative of the
+energy or the fre energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or the fre energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or the fre energy
+is not a big error where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a big error where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a big error where does the
+biggest error come from it's that if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest error come from it's that if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest error come from it's that if I'm
+not at the right latus parameter so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the right latus parameter so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the right latus parameter so what
+causes the temperature dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the temperature dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the temperature dependence
+of the lce of the bulk modulus is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lce of the bulk modulus is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lce of the bulk modulus is the
+fact that the lce parameter changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the lce parameter changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the lce parameter changes with
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+okay and see now we've made a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and see now we've made a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and see now we've made a really big
+step forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward
+because you know if we're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if we're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if we're willing to
+work on the that approximation then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the that approximation then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the that approximation then all
+we need to do is get the lce parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do is get the lce parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do is get the lce parameter
+as a function of temperature and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature and just
+calculate the curvature of the energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the curvature of the energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the curvature of the energy in
+that lce parameter and we have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lce parameter and we have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lce parameter and we have a good
+approximation to the bulk modulus now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the bulk modulus now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the bulk modulus now um
+this is a slightly recursive problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a slightly recursive problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a slightly recursive problem
+because I'm going to show in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to show in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to show in a second
+that if you want the lce parameter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want the lce parameter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want the lce parameter if
+you want to predict it you'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to predict it you'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to predict it you'll actually
+need the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the entropy
+okay so you need the free energy anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you need the free energy anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you need the free energy anyway
+but sometimes you have the latus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes you have the latus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes you have the latus
+parameter okay sometimes you just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay sometimes you just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay sometimes you just you
+know you want the bulk model say at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want the bulk model say at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want the bulk model say at the
+experimental latus par you've measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental latus par you've measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental latus par you've measured
+it okay what I'm saying is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay what I'm saying is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay what I'm saying is if you have
+that information there is no need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information there is no need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information there is no need to do
+a temperature dependent simulation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature dependent simulation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature dependent simulation you
+just take the curvature in that lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the curvature in that lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the curvature in that lce
+parameter and you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and you're done
+okay so the physics here that drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the physics here that drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the physics here that drives the
+temperature dependence of the bul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of the bul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of the bul
+modulus is the thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+here's sort of a zoology of numbers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of a zoology of numbers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of a zoology of numbers um
+which I've taken out of this paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've taken out of this paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've taken out of this paper um
+you know I I'm a strong believer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I'm a strong believer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I'm a strong believer in
+numbers that's why I feed you so many I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that's why I feed you so many I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that's why I feed you so many I
+I believe that science without numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that science without numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that science without numbers
+is hot air um and so I'm sorry if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hot air um and so I'm sorry if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hot air um and so I'm sorry if that
+sort of bores you numbers but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bores you numbers but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bores you numbers but I do
+believe you know from actually looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you know from actually looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you know from actually looking
+at the facts um you know you separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the facts um you know you separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the facts um you know you separate
+fact from reality um no fiction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact from reality um no fiction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact from reality um no fiction from
+reality um Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality um Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality um Okay so
+here's sort of three different options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of three different options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of three different options
+for calculating the bulk modulus um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculating the bulk modulus um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculating the bulk modulus um so
+here the bulk model is calculated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the bulk model is calculated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the bulk model is calculated at the
+zero temperature lce parameter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero temperature lce parameter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero temperature lce parameter that's
+what you would typically do say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would typically do say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would typically do say for
+lithium um the last parameter that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium um the last parameter that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium um the last parameter that you
+calculate this is in LDA all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this is in LDA all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this is in LDA all
+is 341 and you get a bulk modulus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 341 and you get a bulk modulus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 341 and you get a bulk modulus that's
+15.4 gap Pascal and experimentally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.4 gap Pascal and experimentally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.4 gap Pascal and experimentally it's
+11.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.6
+okay just like you expect it's too stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like you expect it's too stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like you expect it's too stiff
+you know typically very typical in LDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically very typical in LDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically very typical in LDA
+same deal for the other metals although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal for the other metals although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal for the other metals although
+for aluminum it's not as bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aluminum it's not as bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aluminum it's not as bad
+okay then you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you could say
+well you know I remember what seder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know I remember what seder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know I remember what seder
+taught me in the lecture if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me in the lecture if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me in the lecture if I want to
+have the room temperature bulk modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the room temperature bulk modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the room temperature bulk modulus
+all I need to do is calculate the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do is calculate the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do is calculate the bulk
+modulus at the room temperature L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus at the room temperature L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus at the room temperature L is
+constant so that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so that's what this is
+so you take the room temperature lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take the room temperature lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take the room temperature lce
+constant you calculate the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you calculate the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you calculate the curvature
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and notice that now you're on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that now you're on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that now you're on the other
+end of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of experiment
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um then you can do something else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you can do something else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you can do something else you
+can do the sort of fullblown thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the sort of fullblown thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the sort of fullblown thing and
+actually try to find the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to find the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to find the equilibrium
+room temperature lus parameter of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature lus parameter of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature lus parameter of your
+LDA which isn't necessarily the real one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDA which isn't necessarily the real one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDA which isn't necessarily the real one
+remember LDA will tend to over contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember LDA will tend to over contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember LDA will tend to over contract
+things and calculate the the bul model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and calculate the the bul model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and calculate the the bul model
+is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there
+and that's what you get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you get here
+and of course this is better and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is better and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is better and it's
+sort of typical you know because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of typical you know because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of typical you know because you're
+in some sense working in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense working in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense working in a in a
+consistent solution of the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent solution of the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent solution of the hamiltonian
+you know this is the minimum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the minimum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the minimum the
+hamiltonian gives you um whereas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian gives you um whereas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian gives you um whereas you
+know at this lce parameter you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this lce parameter you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this lce parameter you're
+actually um above the the real minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um above the the real minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um above the the real minimum
+and with this one you're actually below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this one you're actually below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this one you're actually below
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you want to do the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to do the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to do the full
+solution you would go and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you would go and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you would go and look at the
+thermal expansion to predict the latus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion to predict the latus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion to predict the latus
+parameter well how do you do thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter well how do you do thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter well how do you do thermal
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+um well remember where thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well remember where thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well remember where thermal expansion
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+thermal expansion comes from essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion comes from essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion comes from essentially
+the volume dependence of the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume dependence of the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume dependence of the free energy
+um and that comes from two terms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that comes from two terms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that comes from two terms you
+have an energy that's volume dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy that's volume dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy that's volume dependent
+and you have an entropy that's volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an entropy that's volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an entropy that's volume
+dependent and the minimum volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and the minimum volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and the minimum volume is
+obtained by minimizing this with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by minimizing this with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by minimizing this with respect
+to uh the volume okay there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the volume okay there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the volume okay there's another
+way you can show where thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can show where thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can show where thermal expansion
+comes from and here I have to brush up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and here I have to brush up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and here I have to brush up
+my own Thermo again um but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own Thermo again um but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own Thermo again um but essentially
+you can show that it comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that it comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that it comes from the
+volume dependence that you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume dependence that you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume dependence that you can get it
+from only this term from the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from only this term from the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from only this term from the volume
+dependence of the entropy because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the entropy because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the entropy because the
+volume dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume dependence
+of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entropy
+here you can use all this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can use all this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can use all this beautiful
+stuff of maxal relations and etc etc uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of maxal relations and etc etc uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of maxal relations and etc etc uh
+you can write this as a chain derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write this as a chain derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write this as a chain derivative
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what you get is that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you get is that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you get is that this is the
+compressibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times dvdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times dvdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times dvdt
+and so D vdt this is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so D vdt this is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so D vdt this is essentially the
+thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion
+and so what you see is since DP DV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see is since DP DV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see is since DP DV is
+always positive pressure Rises well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive pressure Rises well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive pressure Rises well it's
+negative pressure to get a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative pressure to get a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative pressure to get a smaller
+volume you have to increase the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume you have to increase the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume you have to increase the pressure
+so the thermal expansion depends EX on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thermal expansion depends EX on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thermal expansion depends EX on
+how the entropy changes with volume so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the entropy changes with volume so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the entropy changes with volume so
+the critical part this is the hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical part this is the hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical part this is the hard part
+is calculating the entropy of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calculating the entropy of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calculating the entropy of the system
+and not just the entropy the entropy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just the entropy the entropy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just the entropy the entropy as
+a function of volume and to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of volume and to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of volume and to calculate
+the entropy is exactly the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy is exactly the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy is exactly the same problem
+as dealing with temperature because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dealing with temperature because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dealing with temperature because the
+entropy is essentially counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is essentially counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is essentially counting the
+excitations your system goes into and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations your system goes into and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations your system goes into and
+temperature is the average energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is the average energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is the average energy of
+those excitations but so to get entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those excitations but so to get entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those excitations but so to get entropy
+is the same problem as temperature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same problem as temperature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same problem as temperature you
+have to know which excitations you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know which excitations you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know which excitations you have
+to deal with and you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with and you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with and you have to have a
+model for them and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for them and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for them and you have to
+equilibrate them okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate them okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate them okay um
+where will most of that entropy come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will most of that entropy come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will most of that entropy come
+from um typically we think of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um typically we think of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um typically we think of thermal
+expansion uh largely caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh largely caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh largely caused by
+vibrational entropy by phonon entropy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational entropy by phonon entropy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational entropy by phonon entropy so
+um why does the entropy go up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why does the entropy go up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why does the entropy go up with
+volume which is what gives you thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is what gives you thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is what gives you thermal
+expansion because if you stretch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion because if you stretch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion because if you stretch a
+material the bonds get slightly softer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the bonds get slightly softer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the bonds get slightly softer
+Okay so the vibrational frequencies get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so the vibrational frequencies get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so the vibrational frequencies get
+smaller they get weaker the bonds get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller they get weaker the bonds get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller they get weaker the bonds get
+softer so you get more vibrations or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer so you get more vibrations or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer so you get more vibrations or in
+a quanti scheme remember that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quanti scheme remember that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quanti scheme remember that the the
+spacing between the zero level of a phon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the zero level of a phon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the zero level of a phon
+and the and the first excited one is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the first excited one is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the first excited one is H
+new H times the frequency so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new H times the frequency so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new H times the frequency so if the
+frequency becomes smaller your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency becomes smaller your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency becomes smaller your first
+excited state is closer so you excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state is closer so you excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state is closer so you excite
+more so you have more disorders you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so you have more disorders you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so you have more disorders you have
+more entropy and that's why most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more entropy and that's why most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more entropy and that's why most
+materials have positive thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials have positive thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials have positive thermal
+expansion because essentially they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion because essentially they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion because essentially they get
+softer um as you stretch them um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer um as you stretch them um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer um as you stretch them um so this
+is for example for lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for example for lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for example for lithium
+the energy as a function of this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy as a function of this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy as a function of this is at
+room temperature as a function of volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature as a function of volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature as a function of volume
+so this would be the room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the room temperature
+equilibrium lce constant and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lce constant and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lce constant and this is the
+free energy as a function of volume so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy as a function of volume so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy as a function of volume so
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+the room temperature um equilibrium lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room temperature um equilibrium lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room temperature um equilibrium lce
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we're not going to say much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to say much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to say much about the
+sort of subtle details about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of subtle details about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of subtle details about how you
+calculate uh thermal expansion um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh thermal expansion um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh thermal expansion um there
+is a sort of direct simulation approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of direct simulation approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of direct simulation approach
+um and that'll be the next lectures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that'll be the next lectures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that'll be the next lectures you
+could literally just do molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could literally just do molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could literally just do molecular
+Dynamics which again we'll come to later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics which again we'll come to later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics which again we'll come to later
+what that exactly means and equilibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that exactly means and equilibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that exactly means and equilibrate
+your cell size um the other is to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell size um the other is to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell size um the other is to go
+more explicitly to a calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicitly to a calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicitly to a calculation of
+entropy as a function of volume and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy as a function of volume and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy as a function of volume and so
+the way you would calculate the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you would calculate the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you would calculate the entropy
+is by calculating if you're only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by calculating if you're only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by calculating if you're only going
+to deal with vibrational entropy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with vibrational entropy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with vibrational entropy by
+calculating the phon density of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the phon density of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the phon density of States
+um so literally you would look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so literally you would look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so literally you would look at the
+quantized vibrations do the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized vibrations do the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized vibrations do the statistical
+mechanics on them um and those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics on them um and those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics on them um and those of you
+whove taken 320 may have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whove taken 320 may have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whove taken 320 may have sort of
+remember this and calculate the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this and calculate the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this and calculate the free
+energy associated with these phonons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy associated with these phonons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy associated with these phonons and
+I'll say a little more about this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say a little more about this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say a little more about this later
+for example this is the phonon Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this is the phonon Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this is the phonon Spectrum
+uh for silicon um so can actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for silicon um so can actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for silicon um so can actually quite
+accurately calculated uh remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately calculated uh remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately calculated uh remember that
+to get the thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the thermal expansion
+you it's not enough to just do the phons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's not enough to just do the phons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's not enough to just do the phons
+at one volume because you get need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one volume because you get need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one volume because you get need to
+get the entropy as a function of volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the entropy as a function of volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the entropy as a function of volume
+volum so at a few different volumes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volum so at a few different volumes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volum so at a few different volumes so
+that means you really have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you really have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you really have to do the
+phone on at several different volumes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone on at several different volumes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone on at several different volumes uh
+to get the thermal expansion right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the thermal expansion right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the thermal expansion right you
+know this sort of looks hard but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this sort of looks hard but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this sort of looks hard but um
+phone on calculations have become quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone on calculations have become quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone on calculations have become quite
+routine uh they're very welld developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine uh they're very welld developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine uh they're very welld developed
+there's in some cases even like codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's in some cases even like codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's in some cases even like codes
+that do it almost semi-automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do it almost semi-automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do it almost semi-automatically
+uh it's typically done either by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's typically done either by linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's typically done either by linear
+response techniques where you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response techniques where you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response techniques where you sort of
+perturb a lce lily by um a pH on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb a lce lily by um a pH on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb a lce lily by um a pH on with
+short wavelength so that you can Lally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short wavelength so that you can Lally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short wavelength so that you can Lally
+calculate the energy of it so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the energy of it so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the energy of it so it's like
+setting up a super cell with a phon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up a super cell with a phon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up a super cell with a phon in
+it it's called The Frozen pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's called The Frozen pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's called The Frozen pH
+approximation there are perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation there are perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation there are perturbation
+techniques the ne response techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques the ne response techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques the ne response techniques
+and then some people do it in real Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some people do it in real Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some people do it in real Space
+by calculating Force constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calculating Force constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calculating Force constants and
+setting up Force constant models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up Force constant models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up Force constant models for
+phonons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's sort of the result that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's sort of the result that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's sort of the result that you
+would get in LDA and GGA for copper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get in LDA and GGA for copper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get in LDA and GGA for copper with
+phons only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phons only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phons only
+um again the LDA number and the GGA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again the LDA number and the GGA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again the LDA number and the GGA
+number bracket the experiment but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number bracket the experiment but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number bracket the experiment but I
+would say overall seem to do very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say overall seem to do very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say overall seem to do very well
+okay again I think what you see is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again I think what you see is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again I think what you see is you
+know the LDA is a little on the stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the LDA is a little on the stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the LDA is a little on the stiff
+side the GGA is a little on the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the GGA is a little on the soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the GGA is a little on the soft
+side this is very typical for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is very typical for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is very typical for these two
+in metals um so the LDA expands a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metals um so the LDA expands a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metals um so the LDA expands a little
+less GGA expands a little more but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less GGA expands a little more but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less GGA expands a little more but you
+know if you sort of look at the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you sort of look at the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you sort of look at the scale
+here um it's pretty pretty amazing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um it's pretty pretty amazing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um it's pretty pretty amazing that
+this effect comes out uh quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what about you know other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about you know other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about you know other things
+remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thermal expansion comes from how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal expansion comes from how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal expansion comes from how the
+entropy changes with volume but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy changes with volume but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy changes with volume but that's
+the total entropy the calculation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total entropy the calculation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total entropy the calculation I
+showed you only had the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you only had the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you only had the vibrational
+entropy in it okay okay so any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in it okay okay so any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in it okay okay so any other
+level of excitations that changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of excitations that changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of excitations that changes with
+volume can affect your thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume can affect your thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume can affect your thermal expansion
+so you know an obvious one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know an obvious one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know an obvious one is the
+electronic excitations so anytime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic excitations so anytime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic excitations so anytime you're
+not working on an insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working on an insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working on an insulator
+um you will start getting electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will start getting electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will start getting electronic
+excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+and can they change with volume and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can they change with volume and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can they change with volume and the
+answer is yes what I'm showing you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes what I'm showing you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes what I'm showing you here
+is that um and I must admit I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um and I must admit I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um and I must admit I forgot
+which material this is which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which material this is which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which material this is which is really
+bad of me but I'm pretty sure it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad of me but I'm pretty sure it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad of me but I'm pretty sure it's a
+metal um so this is the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal um so this is the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal um so this is the ratio of the
+electronic thermal expansion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic thermal expansion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic thermal expansion is
+unfortunately called beta here not Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately called beta here not Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately called beta here not Alpha
+uh to the total expans thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the total expans thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the total expans thermal expansion
+the electronic plus the vibrational one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic plus the vibrational one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic plus the vibrational one
+and so what you see is only at very and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see is only at very and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see is only at very and
+this is on a reduced temperature scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on a reduced temperature scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on a reduced temperature scale
+this is the temperature in units of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the temperature in units of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the temperature in units of the
+Debby temperature think of the Dey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Debby temperature think of the Dey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Debby temperature think of the Dey
+temperature as sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as sort of the the
+temperatur scale at which the vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatur scale at which the vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatur scale at which the vibrations
+become classical uh you know which for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become classical uh you know which for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become classical uh you know which for a
+lot of materials is of the somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of materials is of the somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of materials is of the somewhere in
+the order of 2 to 500 Kelvin so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 2 to 500 Kelvin so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 2 to 500 Kelvin so it's not
+one Kelvin it's not a million Kelvin um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Kelvin it's not a million Kelvin um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Kelvin it's not a million Kelvin um
+so what you see is only at really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see is only at really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see is only at really low
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+um is the electronic thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the electronic thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the electronic thermal expansion
+important in these materials now why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in these materials now why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in these materials now why is
+it so important here anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually because the phoneon one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually because the phoneon one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually because the phoneon one is
+really small remember this is the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small remember this is the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small remember this is the ratio
+of the two um when you're at really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two um when you're at really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two um when you're at really low
+temperature the thermal expansion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the thermal expansion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the thermal expansion is
+very small in general and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small in general and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small in general and the reason is
+you're essentially harmonic in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially harmonic in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially harmonic in your
+phone on degrees of freedom so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone on degrees of freedom so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone on degrees of freedom so you have
+almost no thermal expansion you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no thermal expansion you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no thermal expansion you know if
+you have fully harmonic vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fully harmonic vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fully harmonic vibrations
+okay then the entropy does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the entropy does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the entropy does not change
+with volume because you know if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with volume because you know if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with volume because you know if you are
+in a quad erotic your curvature is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a quad erotic your curvature is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a quad erotic your curvature is the
+same everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same everywhere
+okay so your frequency is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your frequency is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your frequency is the same
+everywhere so your phon frequency is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so your phon frequency is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so your phon frequency is the
+same so your entropy is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so your entropy is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so your entropy is the same
+everywhere so at very low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so at very low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so at very low temperature
+you have almost no phon on thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have almost no phon on thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have almost no phon on thermal
+expansion so the electronic one plays an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so the electronic one plays an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so the electronic one plays an
+important role but all of them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role but all of them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role but all of them together
+are small anyway and here when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small anyway and here when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small anyway and here when you're
+only at say you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at say you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at say you know this is a
+logarithmic scale so let's say a roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale so let's say a roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale so let's say a roughly
+half of the de buide temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the de buide temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the de buide temperature the
+electronic effect is almost meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic effect is almost meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic effect is almost meaningless
+that doesn't mean you know there are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean you know there are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean you know there are not
+some esoteric materials where it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some esoteric materials where it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some esoteric materials where it does
+become important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important
+um there are some materials sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are some materials sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are some materials sort of
+complex oxides typically where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex oxides typically where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex oxides typically where you know
+you can you can start inducing veilance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can start inducing veilance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can start inducing veilance
+fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations
+um at elevated temperature but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at elevated temperature but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at elevated temperature but you know
+even 3 400 Kelvin um and you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 3 400 Kelvin um and you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 3 400 Kelvin um and you know in
+oxides if you change the veilance of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides if you change the veilance of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides if you change the veilance of an
+ion they often they sort of change size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion they often they sort of change size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion they often they sort of change size
+because because the orbitals are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the orbitals are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the orbitals are very
+localized so there you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized so there you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized so there you can see a
+substantial effect of of electrons on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial effect of of electrons on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial effect of of electrons on um
+thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion
+but in many cases uh we wouldn't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many cases uh we wouldn't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many cases uh we wouldn't worry
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+okay so that was the example of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was the example of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was the example of thermal
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+so there you you had to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you you had to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you you had to worry about
+phonons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonons
+maybe electrons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe electrons um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe electrons um
+here's another example where you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example where you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example where you would
+absolutely need a temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely need a temperature dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely need a temperature dependent
+study here's the the phase diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study here's the the phase diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study here's the the phase diagram of
+titanium zirconium titanium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium zirconium titanium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium zirconium titanium and
+zirconium are both hexagonal Clos packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconium are both hexagonal Clos packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconium are both hexagonal Clos packed
+hcp at low temperature um at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcp at low temperature um at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcp at low temperature um at high
+temperature they're actually both BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature they're actually both BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature they're actually both BCC
+and so this is the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the transition
+temperature on the titanium side this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the titanium side this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the titanium side this is
+the transition temperature on the zonum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition temperature on the zonum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition temperature on the zonum
+side you know let's say you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you know let's say you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you know let's say you wanted to
+know you wanted to be able to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you wanted to be able to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you wanted to be able to predict
+such transition temperatures so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such transition temperatures so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such transition temperatures so then you
+obviously need to get the subtle energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously need to get the subtle energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously need to get the subtle energy
+difference between hcp titanium and BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between hcp titanium and BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between hcp titanium and BCC
+titanium as a function of temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium as a function of temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium as a function of temperature so
+you need to know what contributes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what contributes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what contributes to the
+entropy of these phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of these phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of these phases
+and you could say well you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could say well you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could say well you know I'm
+really good at my abonal stuff so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at my abonal stuff so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at my abonal stuff so I'm
+going to do abinal molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do abinal molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do abinal molecular Dynamics
+and again I'm running a little bit ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'm running a little bit ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'm running a little bit ahead
+you know molecular Dynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know molecular Dynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know molecular Dynamics is
+essentially you know you let the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know you let the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know you let the atoms
+move according to Newton's equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move according to Newton's equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move according to Newton's equation of
+motion so it's essentially doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so it's essentially doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so it's essentially doing the
+vibrations of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations of the atoms
+and if you do that essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that essentially you
+include the vibrational entropy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the vibrational entropy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the vibrational entropy in the
+system okay because you've included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay because you've included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay because you've included
+the displacement of atoms as your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of atoms as your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of atoms as your model
+for thermal excitation so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thermal excitation so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thermal excitation so that's the
+same as vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as vibrations
+so would you get that transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean these are questions you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean these are questions you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean these are questions you're going
+to be faced with as you apply modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's when you deal with temperature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you deal with temperature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you deal with temperature that
+it becomes unfortunately rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes unfortunately rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes unfortunately rather
+important to understand the physics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand the physics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand the physics that
+drives your phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives your phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives your phenomena
+um so you can't sort of make a blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can't sort of make a blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can't sort of make a blind
+choice so let's say our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so let's say our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so let's say our
+abinal Hamilton you know was perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinal Hamilton you know was perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinal Hamilton you know was perfect
+like LDA or GGA had no errors and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LDA or GGA had no errors and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LDA or GGA had no errors and then
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+molecular Dynamics so we let the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics so we let the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics so we let the atoms
+kind of move around and we have infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move around and we have infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move around and we have infinite
+computer time so you know we can sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer time so you know we can sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer time so you know we can sample
+long enough and simulate long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough and simulate long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough and simulate long enough
+would we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean the question really translates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the question really translates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the question really translates to
+is that transition determined by atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that transition determined by atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that transition determined by atomic
+vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations
+because that's the excitation mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the excitation mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the excitation mode
+you've allowed by doing dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've allowed by doing dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've allowed by doing dynamics of
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I don't know do you know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know do you know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know do you know the answer
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+okay this is you know I'm giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is you know I'm giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is you know I'm giving you a
+topic here this is a hot topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic here this is a hot topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic here this is a hot topic of
+discussion among people who do alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion among people who do alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion among people who do alloy
+Theory what drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory what drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory what drives
+these hcp to BCC transitions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hcp to BCC transitions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hcp to BCC transitions which are
+actually very common in metals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very common in metals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very common in metals or
+anything close packed at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything close packed at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything close packed at low temperature
+to something less closep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something less closep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something less closep
+um most people will argue that it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most people will argue that it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most people will argue that it is the
+atomic vibrations that is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic vibrations that is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic vibrations that is essentially a
+vibrational entropy difference okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational entropy difference okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational entropy difference okay the
+close packed phase tends to be stiffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close packed phase tends to be stiffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close packed phase tends to be stiffer
+the less Clos P phas tends to be softer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less Clos P phas tends to be softer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less Clos P phas tends to be softer
+remember softer means lower frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember softer means lower frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember softer means lower frequencies
+lower frequencies means higher entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower frequencies means higher entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower frequencies means higher entropy
+higher entropy means you become favored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy means you become favored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy means you become favored
+at high temperature I know there a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature I know there a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature I know there a lot
+of steps to go through but if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps to go through but if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps to go through but if you've
+never done thermal you should get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never done thermal you should get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never done thermal you should get this
+by now okay so if that's true then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now okay so if that's true then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now okay so if that's true then our
+perfect abonal MD would get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect abonal MD would get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect abonal MD would get this
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+okay but what about other excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what about other excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what about other excitations
+there are some people who claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some people who claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some people who claim that
+this is really driven by electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really driven by electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really driven by electronic
+excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+okay because also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because also
+BCC phases tend to have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC phases tend to have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC phases tend to have higher
+electronic entropy and I'll show you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic entropy and I'll show you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic entropy and I'll show you in
+a second why that is and how you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second why that is and how you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second why that is and how you could
+sort of know that if that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of know that if that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of know that if that's the case
+then you shouldn't get this right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you shouldn't get this right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you shouldn't get this right just
+doing abon MD then you should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing abon MD then you should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing abon MD then you should start
+explicitly including the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly including the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly including the electronic
+excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+which can be done in abonal methods but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be done in abonal methods but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be done in abonal methods but
+routinely it's not done because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely it's not done because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely it's not done because it's a
+pain in the butt okay and remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the butt okay and remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the butt okay and remember you
+know we we often the problem is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we we often the problem is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we we often the problem is that as
+we do modeling we often tend to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do modeling we often tend to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do modeling we often tend to make
+approximations not because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations not because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations not because we can
+justify them because but because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify them because but because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify them because but because we
+don't know how to do them differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do them differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do them differently
+okay we tend to make approximations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we tend to make approximations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we tend to make approximations of
+convenience sometimes rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience sometimes rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience sometimes rather than
+justify them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another phase diagram you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another phase diagram you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another phase diagram you think
+the same deal huh this is copper gold we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same deal huh this is copper gold we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same deal huh this is copper gold we
+just talked about Titan tanium zium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about Titan tanium zium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about Titan tanium zium and
+there it was either vibrations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was either vibrations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was either vibrations or
+electronic excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic excitations
+um here it's totally it's driven totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here it's totally it's driven totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here it's totally it's driven totally
+differently uh these are FCC phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh these are FCC phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh these are FCC phases
+copper and gold and all these compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and gold and all these compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and gold and all these compounds
+in between are ordered FCC compounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between are ordered FCC compounds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between are ordered FCC compounds so
+they're literally just ordering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're literally just ordering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're literally just ordering of
+copper and gold atoms on the FCC lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and gold atoms on the FCC lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and gold atoms on the FCC lattice
+so this phase is completely driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this phase is completely driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this phase is completely driven by
+what we call configurational entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call configurational entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call configurational entropy
+okay so it's by the copper and the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's by the copper and the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's by the copper and the gold
+interchanging sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging sites
+on the FCC lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the FCC lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the FCC lce
+so if you wanted to model this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to model this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to model this as a
+function of temperature you would need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature you would need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature you would need a
+model that justes explicitly deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that justes explicitly deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that justes explicitly deals with
+that and the vibrations for example may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the vibrations for example may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the vibrations for example may
+be much less important and actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much less important and actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much less important and actually they
+are much less important in setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much less important in setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much less important in setting the
+topology of that diagram okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of that diagram okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of that diagram okay so
+different problems different physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems different physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems different physics and
+it's going to lead to different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to lead to different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to lead to different uh
+models for dealing with temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's the ultimate one I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the ultimate one I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the ultimate one I thought
+this didn't exist you know for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't exist you know for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't exist you know for for a
+long time you know us alloy theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time you know us alloy theorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time you know us alloy theorists
+have wiped away electronic entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wiped away electronic entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wiped away electronic entropy
+because we just don't know how to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just don't know how to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just don't know how to deal
+with it and we don't like to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and we don't like to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and we don't like to deal with
+it so we write in paper saying that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we write in paper saying that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we write in paper saying that it's
+not important um but here's a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important um but here's a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important um but here's a system
+that's completely driven by electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely driven by electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely driven by electronic
+entropy now you know agreed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy now you know agreed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy now you know agreed it's
+slightly esoteric it's vadium side uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly esoteric it's vadium side uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly esoteric it's vadium side uh
+which under go metal insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which under go metal insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which under go metal insulator
+transitions um this is its phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions um this is its phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions um this is its phase diagram
+in actually temperature pressure space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actually temperature pressure space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actually temperature pressure space
+since there's no compositional axis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's no compositional axis it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's no compositional axis it's
+a stochiometric compound and um at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stochiometric compound and um at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stochiometric compound and um at low
+temperature and low pressure it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and low pressure it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and low pressure it's an
+antiferromagnetic insulator um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiferromagnetic insulator um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiferromagnetic insulator um if you
+actually raise the temperature it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually raise the temperature it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually raise the temperature it
+becomes metallic and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes metallic and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes metallic and change the
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+um and it's completely driven by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's completely driven by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's completely driven by the
+fact that um in the metal the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that um in the metal the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that um in the metal the entropy of
+the electrons is higher than in the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons is higher than in the anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons is higher than in the anti
+ferromagnetic insulator so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferromagnetic insulator so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferromagnetic insulator so this is one
+of these things that again let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that again let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that again let's go back
+to our abon MD if it was perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our abon MD if it was perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our abon MD if it was perfect
+but all we did was let the atoms vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all we did was let the atoms vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all we did was let the atoms vibrate
+we should not get this right okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should not get this right okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should not get this right okay and
+it's amazing some people get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing some people get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing some people get it right
+but if you have completely the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have completely the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have completely the wrong
+physics that you allow in your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that you allow in your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that you allow in your model
+there's no reason you should get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason you should get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason you should get the
+phase Behavior right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one I like very much because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I like very much because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I like very much because this
+is a a topic that many people deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a topic that many people deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a topic that many people deal with
+this is a problem of interface energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem of interface energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem of interface energy
+this is um simply calculating the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um simply calculating the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um simply calculating the the
+coherent interface between silver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent interface between silver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent interface between silver and
+aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're both FTC Metals so you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both FTC Metals so you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both FTC Metals so you put them
+together and you calculate the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you calculate the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you calculate the interface
+energy this is something you very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is something you very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is something you very often
+need and um and so this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and um and so this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and um and so this is that
+interface as a function of interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as a function of interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as a function of interface
+energy as a function of temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of temperature and
+the the two types of uh dots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two types of uh dots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two types of uh dots are
+different interface orientations and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interface orientations and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interface orientations and I
+forget I think one is a 111 plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget I think one is a 111 plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget I think one is a 111 plane and
+one is a one0 but I'm not absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a one0 but I'm not absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a one0 but I'm not absolutely
+sure and I forgot to put the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I forgot to put the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I forgot to put the reference
+out this is out of Mark A's work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is out of Mark A's work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is out of Mark A's work in
+Northwestern but I'll put the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern but I'll put the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern but I'll put the reference
+on when I put the notes on the web um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when I put the notes on the web um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when I put the notes on the web um so
+obviously the interfacial energy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the interfacial energy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the interfacial energy goes
+down with temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with temperature
+okay you know and this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know and this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know and this is often
+something you need if you want want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you need if you want want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you need if you want want to
+study wetting and all that kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study wetting and all that kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study wetting and all that kind of cool
+stuff and nucleation problems and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and nucleation problems and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and nucleation problems and so so
+the question is where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is where does that
+temperature dependence come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you know we've already had sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we've already had sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we've already had sort
+of three different types of things induc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three different types of things induc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three different types of things induc
+temperature phenomena so where does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phenomena so where does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phenomena so where does it
+come from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if you don't know that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't know that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't know that your
+modeling is going to be irrelevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can get a hint that from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a hint that from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a hint that from the fact
+that it's getting really a lot smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's getting really a lot smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's getting really a lot smaller
+with temperature and actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature and actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature and actually kind of
+goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero
+what would happen to that interface as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to that interface as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to that interface as
+you heat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think you know you right to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know you right to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know you right to say
+diffusion yeah it inter diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion yeah it inter diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion yeah it inter diffuses
+uh silver and aluminum are somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh silver and aluminum are somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh silver and aluminum are somewhat
+imiss at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imiss at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imiss at low temperature
+but when um when you heat it up silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when um when you heat it up silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when um when you heat it up silver
+and aluminum inter diffuse they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aluminum inter diffuse they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aluminum inter diffuse they actually
+don't form a full solid solution until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't form a full solid solution until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't form a full solid solution until
+you're way up but they inter diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so essentially what's happening to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what's happening to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what's happening to that
+interface that's sort of getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that's sort of getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that's sort of getting more
+diffus you know on the silver side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffus you know on the silver side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffus you know on the silver side you
+have a lot more aluminum atoms and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot more aluminum atoms and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot more aluminum atoms and on
+the aluminum side you have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aluminum side you have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aluminum side you have a lot more
+silver atoms so it starts to look less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver atoms so it starts to look less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver atoms so it starts to look less
+and less like an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less like an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less like an interface
+and actually by here near the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually by here near the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually by here near the interface
+you've reached almost perfect solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've reached almost perfect solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've reached almost perfect solubility
+so that's why the interface energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the interface energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the interface energy is
+zero so this is why the it's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is why the it's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is why the it's because of
+the inter diffusion that the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter diffusion that the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter diffusion that the interface
+energy goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes down
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+let's say that this was experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that this was experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that this was experimental
+data that you gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you gotten
+if you had no idea about the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had no idea about the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had no idea about the physics of
+that interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface
+you would probably not apply the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would probably not apply the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would probably not apply the right
+simulation because if you took a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation because if you took a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation because if you took a hard
+silver aluminum interface you know pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver aluminum interface you know pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver aluminum interface you know pure
+silver pure aluminum and did all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver pure aluminum and did all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver pure aluminum and did all the
+beautiful stuff you know temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful stuff you know temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful stuff you know temperature
+dependent had the vibrations maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent had the vibrations maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent had the vibrations maybe even
+the electronic excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic excitations
+you should you will not even get nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you will not even get nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you will not even get nearly
+close to this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this answer
+because the decrease in interface energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the decrease in interface energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the decrease in interface energy
+with temperature purely driven by inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature purely driven by inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature purely driven by inter
+diffusion in this case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how is EN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how is EN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how is EN
+it's right it's it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right it's it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right it's it's not just
+configurational entropy that's driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational entropy that's driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational entropy that's driving
+it done well how is it defined it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it done well how is it defined it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it done well how is it defined it's um
+it's defined by U looking at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined by U looking at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined by U looking at the energy
+of the two pieces together and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two pieces together and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two pieces together and then um
+the energy of the two in the bulk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the two in the bulk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the two in the bulk with
+the same driving chemical potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same driving chemical potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same driving chemical potentials
+it's a good question because it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question because it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question because it is a
+little subtle um because they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little subtle um because they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little subtle um because they're both
+open systems that makes it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open systems that makes it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open systems that makes it a little
+subtle um but what drives it is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle um but what drives it is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle um but what drives it is you know
+it's the configurational entropy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the configurational entropy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the configurational entropy that
+disorder it but it's really the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder it but it's really the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder it but it's really the fact
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+it's really the temperature depends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the temperature depends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the temperature depends of
+the interfacial energy because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interfacial energy because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interfacial energy because they
+become so dis ordered the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so dis ordered the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so dis ordered the energy of
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+becomes almost niil the effective energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes almost niil the effective energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes almost niil the effective energy
+of interaction because they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction because they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction because they basically
+look the same on both sides so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same on both sides so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same on both sides so you have
+effectively no interaction energy left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively no interaction energy left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively no interaction energy left
+um this is one that I used to ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one that I used to ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one that I used to ask about
+um this is a thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a thermal conductivity
+uranium oxide this is a really old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium oxide this is a really old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium oxide this is a really old
+result I have to find the reference this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result I have to find the reference this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result I have to find the reference this
+is one of the very early simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the very early simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the very early simulation
+result that's why it's on uranium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that's why it's on uranium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that's why it's on uranium oxide
+you know I think I've told you the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think I've told you the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think I've told you the story
+potential modeling on oxide started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential modeling on oxide started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential modeling on oxide started in
+England with the nuclear industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England with the nuclear industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England with the nuclear industry and
+they thought it'd be good to do this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought it'd be good to do this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought it'd be good to do this on
+nuclear materials um so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials um so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials um so here's the
+calculated thermal conductivity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated thermal conductivity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated thermal conductivity as a
+function of temperature and I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and I'll tell
+you how they calculate this um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how they calculate this um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how they calculate this um they
+calculate this uh literally by doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this uh literally by doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this uh literally by doing a
+molecular Dynamic simulation um looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation um looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation um looking
+at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um
+you know essentially energy transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know essentially energy transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know essentially energy transport
+through phonons and the way you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through phonons and the way you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through phonons and the way you have you
+know thermal expansion is caused by phon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thermal expansion is caused by phon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thermal expansion is caused by phon
+scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+um you know you have a fon going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you have a fon going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you have a fon going through
+and at some point it needs to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point it needs to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point it needs to sort of
+that wave packet needs to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wave packet needs to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wave packet needs to become
+decoherent get scattered so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoherent get scattered so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoherent get scattered so it can
+deliver its energy okay but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver its energy okay but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver its energy okay but essentially
+um heat conduction comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heat conduction comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heat conduction comes
+at least some form of heat conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some form of heat conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some form of heat conduction
+comes from pH on transport and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from pH on transport and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from pH on transport and that's
+what the calculator what's the brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the calculator what's the brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the calculator what's the brown
+curve curve is and then the purple curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve curve is and then the purple curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve curve is and then the purple curve
+is the experiment and you see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the experiment and you see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the experiment and you see something
+kind of odd here there's obviously in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of odd here there's obviously in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of odd here there's obviously in a
+whole of temperature really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of temperature really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of temperature really good
+agreement you know if I'd written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement you know if I'd written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement you know if I'd written a
+paper I'd Chown just that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but then suddenly above 2000 or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then suddenly above 2000 or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then suddenly above 2000 or two
+really diverge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know when you see something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know when you see something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know when you see something like
+this it should always like make a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it should always like make a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it should always like make a light
+going there must the physics must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going there must the physics must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going there must the physics must be
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uranium oxide is an insulator it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uranium oxide is an insulator it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uranium oxide is an insulator it's a
+fluoride or anti fluoride structure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride or anti fluoride structure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride or anti fluoride structure I
+think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um
+you know you're pretty high up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're pretty high up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're pretty high up here
+2,000 de this is what happens here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 de this is what happens here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 de this is what happens here is
+that you it's you start getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you it's you start getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you it's you start getting an
+electronic contribution to the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic contribution to the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic contribution to the thermal
+conductivity you know when when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity you know when when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity you know when when you
+start um having hot electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um having hot electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um having hot electrons
+essentially electrons that can move they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially electrons that can move they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially electrons that can move they
+carry with them thermal energy I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry with them thermal energy I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry with them thermal energy I mean
+it's the you know it's the the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the you know it's the the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the you know it's the the basis of
+the thermoelectric effects the zbec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermoelectric effects the zbec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermoelectric effects the zbec
+coefficients the pel coefficient so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the pel coefficient so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the pel coefficient so at
+high temperature you typically see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature you typically see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature you typically see a
+contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution
+uh of the electrons to the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the electrons to the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the electrons to the thermal
+conductivity in most materials at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity in most materials at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity in most materials at low
+temperature the electronic thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the electronic thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the electronic thermal
+conductivity is small it's largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is small it's largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is small it's largely
+dominated by phonons um but in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by phonons um but in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by phonons um but in a lot of
+materials it does start start to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials it does start start to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials it does start start to show up
+at high temperature and now what's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature and now what's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature and now what's high
+and low depends a little bit on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low depends a little bit on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low depends a little bit on you know
+whether you have a metal or a insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have a metal or a insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have a metal or a insulator
+if you have a really big band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a really big band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a really big band Gap
+insulator it will never show up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator it will never show up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator it will never show up because
+you will never have mobile electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that was kind of the intro to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was kind of the intro to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was kind of the intro to set the
+stage that you have to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that you have to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that you have to think of the
+excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations
+um that you want to deal with when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you want to deal with when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you want to deal with when you
+work with temperature um now I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with temperature um now I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with temperature um now I was going
+to sort of quickly go through the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of quickly go through the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of quickly go through the two
+big lines of approach and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lines of approach and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lines of approach and this is really
+a kind of a table of contents for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a table of contents for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a table of contents for the
+rest of the course um one approach is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the course um one approach is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the course um one approach is to
+simulate Dynamics and this is what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate Dynamics and this is what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate Dynamics and this is what I've
+talked about before this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before this is what's
+called molec Dynamics and professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called molec Dynamics and professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called molec Dynamics and professor
+marar going to lecture on that uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marar going to lecture on that uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marar going to lecture on that uh for
+several lectures essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lectures essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lectures essentially
+it's Newtonian motion for atoms you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Newtonian motion for atoms you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Newtonian motion for atoms you know
+you say you you got a bunch of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say you you got a bunch of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say you you got a bunch of atoms
+together on each of them I can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on each of them I can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on each of them I can calculate
+the force coming from the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force coming from the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force coming from the other ones
+you know force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know force
+is minus the gradient of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's the derivative of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the derivative of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the derivative of the energy
+with respect to the positions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the positions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the positions of that
+atoms and then you say you know I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and then you say you know I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and then you say you know I know
+Newton's equation of motion Force tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's equation of motion Force tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's equation of motion Force tells
+me the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the acceleration
+so fals Ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I know the force I know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I know the force I know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I know the force I know how much
+to accelerate that atom and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerate that atom and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerate that atom and so you
+essentially keep track of velocities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially keep track of velocities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially keep track of velocities of
+atoms and positions and you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and positions and you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and positions and you do a
+numerical integration of the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration of the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration of the Newtonian
+equations of motion that's all molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion that's all molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion that's all molecular
+Dynamics is and you do that a lot a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is and you do that a lot a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is and you do that a lot a lot
+a lot a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot of times
+uh so you track the Dynamics of atoms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you track the Dynamics of atoms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you track the Dynamics of atoms um
+how do you set the temperature sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you set the temperature sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you set the temperature sort of a
+cool thing I mean Professor Mar will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing I mean Professor Mar will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing I mean Professor Mar will go
+into this in much more detail but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this in much more detail but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this in much more detail but the
+temperature is essentially the energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is essentially the energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is essentially the energy in
+your system but remember that Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system but remember that Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system but remember that Newtonian
+Dynamics is energy conserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is energy conserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is energy conserving
+so if you do your Newtonian Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do your Newtonian Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do your Newtonian Dynamics
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+then whatever energy you've put in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whatever energy you've put in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whatever energy you've put in in
+the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning
+is whatever energy you'll have at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever energy you'll have at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever energy you'll have at the
+end so the temperature of your system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so the temperature of your system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so the temperature of your system is
+determined by the energy input you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the energy input you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the energy input you start
+with and what people typically do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and what people typically do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and what people typically do in
+simulations uh is that you know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations uh is that you know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations uh is that you know if it's
+not quite right the way you started you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right the way you started you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right the way you started you
+sort of adjust it on the goal you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of adjust it on the goal you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of adjust it on the goal you know
+you take out a little bit of energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take out a little bit of energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take out a little bit of energy you
+put it back in if you want to adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back in if you want to adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back in if you want to adjust the
+temperature um again you'll hear a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um again you'll hear a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um again you'll hear a lot
+more of that in the coming uh lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of that in the coming uh lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of that in the coming uh lectures
+and um there are flavors of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um there are flavors of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um there are flavors of this you
+know depending on how you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on how you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on how you get your
+forces it's all the same electrodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces it's all the same electrodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces it's all the same electrodynamics
+but if you get your forces from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you get your forces from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you get your forces from
+empirical potential models then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical potential models then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical potential models then it goes
+fast your Force calculation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast your Force calculation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast your Force calculation because
+calculating the energy in empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the energy in empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the energy in empirical
+potential is fast if you get it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is fast if you get it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is fast if you get it from
+quantum mechanics then it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics then it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics then it's called
+abonal molecular Dynamics uh and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abonal molecular Dynamics uh and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abonal molecular Dynamics uh and then it
+it's slow you get have to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slow you get have to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slow you get have to get your
+forces from quantum mechanics but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces from quantum mechanics but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces from quantum mechanics but it's
+the same molec Dynamics essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the that's the first approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the first approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the first approach
+to simulate the Dynamics the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate the Dynamics the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate the Dynamics the other one
+which we also deal is to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we also deal is to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we also deal is to go through
+statistical mechanics I mean we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics I mean we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics I mean we sort of
+know how to average over microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to average over microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to average over microscopic
+degrees of freedom and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and that's what
+statistical mechanics tells us and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics tells us and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics tells us and in
+some cases that will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases that will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases that will be more
+advantageous so you build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous so you build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous so you build some
+approximate model for the degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate model for the degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate model for the degrees of
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+uh you try to get the energetics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you try to get the energetics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you try to get the energetics for
+those degrees of freedom and then rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those degrees of freedom and then rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those degrees of freedom and then rather
+than simulating you sort of do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than simulating you sort of do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than simulating you sort of do some more
+analytical or numerical integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical or numerical integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical or numerical integration of
+them and get say temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and get say temperature dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and get say temperature dependent
+properties and um we'll show you that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and um we'll show you that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and um we'll show you that as
+well how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can kind of see that this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see that this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see that this is what
+we're going to cover um I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover um I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover um I just wanted to
+give you perspective on what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you perspective on what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you perspective on what what's
+coming the sort of first piece here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming the sort of first piece here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming the sort of first piece here this
+is a direct simulation we do molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct simulation we do molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct simulation we do molecular
+Dynamics and then the rest here kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and then the rest here kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and then the rest here kind of
+largely this piece is sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely this piece is sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely this piece is sort of more
+I would say stat Mech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and making
+relevant models for your degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant models for your degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant models for your degrees of
+freedom uh that are not obtainable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom uh that are not obtainable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom uh that are not obtainable by
+direct simulation and then this the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct simulation and then this the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct simulation and then this the rest
+here is kind of a bunch of um case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is kind of a bunch of um case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is kind of a bunch of um case
+studies and separate applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I wanted to get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a molecular Dynamic simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a molecular Dynamic simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a molecular Dynamic simulation
+of a planetary gear I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a planetary gear I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a planetary gear I don't know if you
+ever seen this one it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen this one it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen this one it's one of the
+totally crazy ones um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally crazy ones um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally crazy ones um
+so somebody had the idea that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody had the idea that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody had the idea that you could
+make um in the world of Nano you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um in the world of Nano you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um in the world of Nano you could
+make a nano gear so these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nano gear so these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nano gear so these are actually
+molecules let me run it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see the molecules in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the molecules in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the molecules in the center
+turn faster and they kind of rotate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn faster and they kind of rotate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn faster and they kind of rotate over
+the other ones on the Outer Circle um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones on the Outer Circle um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones on the Outer Circle um
+run slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run slower
+and this is done by solving Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is done by solving Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is done by solving Newton's
+equations of Mo essentially for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of Mo essentially for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of Mo essentially for these
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+um I'll show you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not the right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here we go
+okay this is Bucky Balls shut onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is Bucky Balls shut onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is Bucky Balls shut onto a
+silicon surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can sort of see there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can sort of see there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can sort of see there you know
+kind of some stick some get shot at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some stick some get shot at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some stick some get shot at it
+some stick and some bounce back off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stick and some bounce back off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stick and some bounce back off and
+they kind of vibrate on the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of vibrate on the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of vibrate on the Silicon
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is all done the end simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is all done the end simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is all done the end simply
+by integrating Newton's equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating Newton's equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating Newton's equation of
+motion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+go back to the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um before you get totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before you get totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before you get totally
+enamored by the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+I'm going to say a little bit about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say a little bit about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say a little bit about sort
+of which route to go when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which route to go when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which route to go when you want to
+deal with temperature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know an obvious way is always to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an obvious way is always to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an obvious way is always to do
+the direct Dynamics um through molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct Dynamics um through molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct Dynamics um through molecular
+Dynamics it's a powerful approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics it's a powerful approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics it's a powerful approach
+it's it's in particular powerful if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in particular powerful if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in particular powerful if um
+to see phenomena that you didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see phenomena that you didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see phenomena that you didn't even
+sort of know were there because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of know were there because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of know were there because in
+almost all the other approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the other approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the other approximation
+approaches we're going to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches we're going to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches we're going to do for
+Dynamics or temperature we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics or temperature we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics or temperature we're going to
+assume that we know can and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we know can and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we know can and understand
+the phenomena that are responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomena that are responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomena that are responsible for
+the microscopic Behavior you see um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscopic Behavior you see um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscopic Behavior you see um in
+some sense molecular Dynamics is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense molecular Dynamics is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense molecular Dynamics is the
+only way where you don't presume much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way where you don't presume much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way where you don't presume much um
+I mean you presume something about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you presume something about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you presume something about your
+Hamilton your energy function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton your energy function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton your energy function but
+otherwise you just kind of let the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you just kind of let the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you just kind of let the you
+know the system run and you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the system run and you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the system run and you see what
+happens what you have to keep in mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what you have to keep in mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what you have to keep in mind of
+course is that the time scale over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that the time scale over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that the time scale over which
+you run is um extremely short I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run is um extremely short I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run is um extremely short I mean
+you're now living on the time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now living on the time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now living on the time in the
+world of atoms okay and atoms so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of atoms okay and atoms so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of atoms okay and atoms so you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+vibrate you know let's say somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate you know let's say somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate you know let's say somewhere
+between you know one terz maybe 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know one terz maybe 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know one terz maybe 10
+terahz that's actually pretty high 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terahz that's actually pretty high 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terahz that's actually pretty high 10
+terz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terz
+um so that's that would be 10^ the 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that would be 10^ the 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that would be 10^ the 13
+times per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times per second
+so remember you have to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember you have to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember you have to integrate
+equations of motion so think of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so think of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so think of an atom
+vibrating in some well or against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating in some well or against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating in some well or against
+another atom you know you probably need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another atom you know you probably need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another atom you know you probably need
+at least 10 discretization steps along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10 discretization steps along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10 discretization steps along
+that one vibration so your time step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one vibration so your time step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one vibration so your time step is
+of the order of 10- 15 seconds 10- 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of 10- 15 seconds 10- 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of 10- 15 seconds 10- 14
+seconds that's sort of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds that's sort of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds that's sort of the order of
+magnitude you know for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude you know for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude you know for different
+materials and different algorithms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and different algorithms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and different algorithms will
+be different but so that's 10 fto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different but so that's 10 fto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different but so that's 10 fto
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+so you have to kind of do an iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to kind of do an iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to kind of do an iteration
+step every 10 FAL seconds so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step every 10 FAL seconds so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step every 10 FAL seconds so that means
+even if you do 100,000 time steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you do 100,000 time steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you do 100,000 time steps you
+still only have one nond of time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still only have one nond of time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still only have one nond of time okay
+and so you'll see typical MD simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll see typical MD simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll see typical MD simulations
+are in the order of Picos seconds to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the order of Picos seconds to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the order of Picos seconds to you
+know 100 NS those are really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 100 NS those are really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 100 NS those are really long
+simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations
+um and you know it's amazing but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know it's amazing but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know it's amazing but you can
+see a lot of important physics occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of important physics occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of important physics occurring
+on that time scale sometimes a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that time scale sometimes a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that time scale sometimes a you know
+reaction between molecules or absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction between molecules or absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction between molecules or absorption
+desorption phenomena um if you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desorption phenomena um if you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desorption phenomena um if you sort of
+want to do MD the first thing you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do MD the first thing you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do MD the first thing you should
+do is a back of the envelope calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is a back of the envelope calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is a back of the envelope calculation
+it's like is the phenomena that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like is the phenomena that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like is the phenomena that I want
+to see or that I hope to see does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see or that I hope to see does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see or that I hope to see does it
+live anywhere near this time scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live anywhere near this time scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live anywhere near this time scale and
+sometimes you can give the system help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can give the system help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can give the system help
+you know you can raise the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can raise the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can raise the temperature
+because stuff will happen faster okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because stuff will happen faster okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because stuff will happen faster okay
+well but you should realize that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you should realize that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you should realize that there's
+certain stuff that you do not see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain stuff that you do not see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain stuff that you do not see on
+this time scale at all you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time scale at all you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time scale at all you know there
+are people who study solidification out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who study solidification out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who study solidification out
+of liquids with MD and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquids with MD and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquids with MD and you know and
+there maybe even some here it's stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe even some here it's stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe even some here it's stupid
+huh period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh period
+okay you do not see anything relevant on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you do not see anything relevant on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you do not see anything relevant on
+this time scale has to do with any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time scale has to do with any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time scale has to do with any real
+solidification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification
+the only thing you can do is enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you can do is enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you can do is enormously
+super cool a liquid overdrive it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cool a liquid overdrive it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cool a liquid overdrive it and
+really sort of induce extremely fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of induce extremely fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of induce extremely fast
+crystallization which has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization which has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization which has nothing to do
+with real solidification okay and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real solidification okay and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real solidification okay and so the
+one example I give is diffusion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example I give is diffusion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example I give is diffusion in
+solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids
+um you can St you can do Dynamics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can St you can do Dynamics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can St you can do Dynamics on
+Fast diffusers but most things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast diffusers but most things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast diffusers but most things are not
+fast diffusers so I did a back I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast diffusers so I did a back I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast diffusers so I did a back I show
+you the kind of back of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the kind of back of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the kind of back of the envelope
+calculation you should do you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you should do you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you should do you know a
+diffusivity is a length scale Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is a length scale Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is a length scale Square
+Times the jump rate where a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times the jump rate where a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times the jump rate where a is
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+the the distance which you jump okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distance which you jump okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distance which you jump okay so
+you know if you take a a relatively fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take a a relatively fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take a a relatively fast
+diffusion at room temperature 10us 14 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion at room temperature 10us 14 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion at room temperature 10us 14 cm
+squ per second is a respectable diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ per second is a respectable diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ per second is a respectable diff
+diffusivity at room temperature most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity at room temperature most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity at room temperature most
+materials you would never see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials you would never see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials you would never see that it's
+not quite a fast diffuser yet where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite a fast diffuser yet where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite a fast diffuser yet where this
+number will be more at 10 to- 11 10- 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number will be more at 10 to- 11 10- 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number will be more at 10 to- 11 10- 12
+um and you take a jump length of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you take a jump length of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you take a jump length of one
+angstrom so that's 10us 18 cm um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom so that's 10us 18 cm um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom so that's 10us 18 cm um then
+you you can show that the jump rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can show that the jump rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can show that the jump rate is
+about 100 per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 per second
+so if if you have a 10 14 diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you have a 10 14 diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you have a 10 14 diffusivity
+an atom jumps about 100 times per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom jumps about 100 times per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom jumps about 100 times per second
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+about you know one times per 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know one times per 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know one times per 10
+milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+so you see now the the enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see now the the enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see now the the enormous
+disparity in time scale from one nanc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to one to one to 10 milliseconds so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one to one to 10 milliseconds so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one to one to 10 milliseconds so you
+could wait forever in your Dynamics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wait forever in your Dynamics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wait forever in your Dynamics to
+see things okay if this is If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things okay if this is If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things okay if this is If you're
+sort of not smart um you'll see similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not smart um you'll see similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not smart um you'll see similar
+phenomena like you know you could study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like you know you could study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like you know you could study
+you could use Dynamics to look at say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use Dynamics to look at say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use Dynamics to look at say
+surface deposition let's say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface deposition let's say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface deposition let's say you know
+molecular beam epitaxy or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular beam epitaxy or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular beam epitaxy or something like
+that you know where you lay down layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know where you lay down layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know where you lay down layer
+by layer if you actually do the math of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by layer if you actually do the math of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by layer if you actually do the math of
+you know in a real MB experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a real MB experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a real MB experiment you
+tend to lay down about one layer per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to lay down about one layer per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to lay down about one layer per
+second that's the order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's the order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's the order of magnitude
+so you can actually never get that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually never get that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually never get that by
+direct simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct simulation
+um so what do people do you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do people do you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do people do you know well
+people do the short simulations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do the short simulations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do the short simulations to
+extract useful information that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract useful information that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract useful information that they can
+then use in other models okay to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use in other models okay to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use in other models okay to get the
+real time scales that they want and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time scales that they want and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time scales that they want and so
+that's some of the things we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some of the things we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some of the things we're going to
+to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay probably going to run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay probably going to run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay probably going to run out of
+time time here but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other option
+uh so if you don't if you cannot do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you don't if you cannot do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you don't if you cannot do the
+Dynamics is to use statistical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is to use statistical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is to use statistical mechanics
+and sort of integrate as far up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of integrate as far up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of integrate as far up the
+length scale and time scale as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale and time scale as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale and time scale as you can
+and just those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just those of you who
+may have never seen statistic me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have never seen statistic me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have never seen statistic me
+statistical mechanics I'm going to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics I'm going to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics I'm going to not
+totally confuse you um but the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally confuse you um but the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally confuse you um but the essential
+ideas are sort of in these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are sort of in these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are sort of in these four
+equations that um you now consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that um you now consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that um you now consider a
+microscopic State as a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic State as a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic State as a collection of
+microscopic states that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic states that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic states that you can
+fluctuate in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate in between
+the probability for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability for each of these
+microscopic States is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic States is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic States is proportional to
+the exponential of minus beta the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of minus beta the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of minus beta the energy
+and beta is 1 / KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta is 1 / KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta is 1 / KT
+okay so what does that mean microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that mean microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that mean microscopic
+states with low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with low energy
+show up with high probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up with high probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up with high probability and
+microscopic states with high energy show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic states with high energy show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic states with high energy show
+up with very low with very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with very low with very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with very low with very low
+probability okay makes sense um the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay makes sense um the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay makes sense um the sum
+of all these unnormalized probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these unnormalized probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these unnormalized probability
+terms is called the partition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is called the partition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is called the partition function
+and you can show that knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can show that knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can show that knowledge of the
+partition function is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function is exactly the same
+as knowledge of the free energy the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as knowledge of the free energy the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as knowledge of the free energy the free
+energy is essentially the logarithm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is essentially the logarithm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is essentially the logarithm of
+the partition function and the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition function and the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition function and the entropy
+is the product of the probability times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the probability times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the probability times
+the log of the probability summed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the probability summed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the probability summed over
+these things and again that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and again that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and again that makes sense
+because if you are in one microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you are in one microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you are in one microscopic
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+then Pi is one for that micro State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Pi is one for that micro State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Pi is one for that micro State and
+zero for all the other ones so one log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all the other ones so one log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all the other ones so one log
+one is zero and 0 Log 0 is also zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is zero and 0 Log 0 is also zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is zero and 0 Log 0 is also zero so
+your entropy is zero so you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entropy is zero so you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entropy is zero so you have no
+disorder okay so if you if you if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder okay so if you if you if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder okay so if you if you if your
+macroscopic state leads to only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic state leads to only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic state leads to only one
+microscopic realization that you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic realization that you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic realization that you can be
+in then you have zero entropy it's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then you have zero entropy it's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then you have zero entropy it's when
+you can be in multiple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be in multiple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be in multiple different
+microscopic states that you have entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic states that you have entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic states that you have entropy
+okay so you can think of atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can think of atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can think of atomic
+vibrations for example as really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations for example as really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations for example as really going
+between different microscopic states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different microscopic states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different microscopic states of
+the atoms of the positions of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms of the positions of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms of the positions of the atoms
+you can think of electronic entropy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of electronic entropy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of electronic entropy as
+going between different electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going between different electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going between different electronic
+uh microscopic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I want to show you one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to show you one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to show you one example
+and and and probably end with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and probably end with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and probably end with that um
+electronic entropy it's one that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic entropy it's one that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic entropy it's one that on the
+face of it looks very difficult to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of it looks very difficult to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of it looks very difficult to deal
+with okay because you have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay because you have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay because you have to deal with
+the excitations of the electron but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitations of the electron but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitations of the electron but
+actually in many cases it's much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in many cases it's much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in many cases it's much easier
+than you think um if you solve the Clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you think um if you solve the Clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you think um if you solve the Clone
+sham equations you get the igen states p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sham equations you get the igen states p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sham equations you get the igen states p
+and the igen values for the energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the igen values for the energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the igen values for the energy okay
+and typically we tend to treat these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically we tend to treat these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically we tend to treat these as
+one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron
+igen States so we sort of fill the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen States so we sort of fill the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen States so we sort of fill the we
+think of filling these with an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of filling these with an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of filling these with an electron
+well we have a bunch of them we fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a bunch of them we fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a bunch of them we fill
+them up to the firmy level um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to the firmy level um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to the firmy level um there's
+actually nothing in the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually nothing in the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually nothing in the theory of
+density function the that tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function the that tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function the that tells you that
+they are one electron States but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are one electron States but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are one electron States but we
+treat them like that um so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them like that um so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them like that um so if you think
+of I have a bunch of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I have a bunch of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I have a bunch of um
+let's say I draw them as discrete levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I draw them as discrete levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I draw them as discrete levels
+you know a bunch of energy levels E1 E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bunch of energy levels E1 E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bunch of energy levels E1 E2
+and of course in a solid this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course in a solid this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course in a solid this will
+become a density of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the level of uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the level of uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the level of uncertainty
+what do I need to know to characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to know to characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to know to characterize
+my electronic configuration all I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electronic configuration all I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electronic configuration all I need
+to know is is the level occupied or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I can characterize my electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can characterize my electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can characterize my electronic
+state by saying which levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by saying which levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by saying which levels are
+occupied or not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you do this on a solid now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you do this on a solid now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you do this on a solid now
+where you have a real density of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a real density of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a real density of states
+and I've shown you one here just um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've shown you one here just um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've shown you one here just um so
+this is a density of state electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a density of state electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a density of state electron
+States this is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this is energy
+and forget the bottom piece here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget the bottom piece here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget the bottom piece here just
+think of the top these are actually spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the top these are actually spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the top these are actually spin
+polarized one is up the up dos and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized one is up the up dos and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized one is up the up dos and one
+is the down dos um so my firmy level I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the down dos um so my firmy level I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the down dos um so my firmy level I
+don't know um it's actually at zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know um it's actually at zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know um it's actually at zero here
+but that makes it less interesting let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that makes it less interesting let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that makes it less interesting let
+me assume the firmy level is at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me assume the firmy level is at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me assume the firmy level is at minus
+two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here
+okay so at zero temperature I fill all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at zero temperature I fill all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at zero temperature I fill all
+the states below the firmy level okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states below the firmy level okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states below the firmy level okay
+at elevated temperature you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at elevated temperature you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at elevated temperature you know you
+apply the firir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the firir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the firir
+distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function
+and so you'll have a filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll have a filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll have a filling
+that's maybe a little different and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe a little different and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe a little different and I'm
+kind of exaggerating the width of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exaggerating the width of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exaggerating the width of the
+fir distribution fact is not nearly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fir distribution fact is not nearly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fir distribution fact is not nearly so
+it's one here and it's zero here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one here and it's zero here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one here and it's zero here it's
+not nearly as white at reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nearly as white at reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nearly as white at reasonable
+temperature so how can you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so how can you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so how can you get the
+entropy well you can get the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy well you can get the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy well you can get the entropy
+from the probability that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the probability that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the probability that each
+electronic state is filled or unfilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state is filled or unfilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state is filled or unfilled
+okay so if f is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if f is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if f is the probability that
+it's filled okay so this is the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's filled okay so this is the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's filled okay so this is the entropy
+coming from when the state is filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from when the state is filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from when the state is filled
+it's the entropy coming from when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the entropy coming from when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the entropy coming from when the
+state is unfilled and the sum overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is unfilled and the sum overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is unfilled and the sum overall
+these possibilities is the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possibilities is the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possibilities is the electronic
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+so if if in an initial calculation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if in an initial calculation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if in an initial calculation you
+calculate the density of States you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the density of States you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the density of States you
+actually have a trivial way of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a trivial way of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a trivial way of getting
+out the electronic entropy okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the electronic entropy okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the electronic entropy okay and this
+is getting the density of states is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting the density of states is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting the density of states is
+really rather simple so you just smear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rather simple so you just smear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rather simple so you just smear
+it with the firir distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the firir distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the firir distribution function
+and you sum or you do this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sum or you do this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sum or you do this as an
+integral typically rather than summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral typically rather than summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral typically rather than summing
+and you have the um electronic entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the um electronic entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the um electronic entropy
+okay it's very simple to do um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's very simple to do um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's very simple to do um so
+just as sort of a caution what I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as sort of a caution what I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as sort of a caution what I should
+tell you is that usually this works very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is that usually this works very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is that usually this works very
+well but the fundamental underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the fundamental underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the fundamental underlying
+approximation lies in the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation lies in the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation lies in the starting point
+it's in assuming that the the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in assuming that the the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in assuming that the the Epsilon
+eyes or the igen values are the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or the igen values are the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or the igen values are the are the
+igen states of the real electron system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen states of the real electron system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen states of the real electron system
+so so what I'm what I'm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what I'm what I'm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what I'm what I'm essentially
+saying is that if you excite an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that if you excite an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that if you excite an electron
+or remove one from the occupied States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remove one from the occupied States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remove one from the occupied States
+um you're essentially perturbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're essentially perturbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're essentially perturbing the
+system exactly by that energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system exactly by that energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system exactly by that energy of that
+state that I took out okay you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that I took out okay you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that I took out okay you know if I
+have if I have a COR shamen value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if I have a COR shamen value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if I have a COR shamen value of
+three electron volt with some State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three electron volt with some State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three electron volt with some State and
+I put the electron in there okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the electron in there okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the electron in there okay I
+assume that that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that that's exactly the
+perturbation that a real electron would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation that a real electron would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation that a real electron would
+do in the system um if you go back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the system um if you go back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the system um if you go back at
+the theory of density functional Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of density functional Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of density functional Theory
+there is nothing in the theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing in the theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing in the theory that
+tells you that that's right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that that's right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that that's right okay
+remember density function theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember density function theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember density function theory is
+based on the dens it and the K sham idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the dens it and the K sham idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the dens it and the K sham idea
+was essentially the smart way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially the smart way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially the smart way of writing
+the density in terms of things that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density in terms of things that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density in terms of things that look
+like one electron orbitals but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one electron orbitals but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one electron orbitals but they
+aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't
+okay so anigen state in density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anigen state in density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anigen state in density function
+theory is not a one electron orbital we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is not a one electron orbital we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is not a one electron orbital we
+just hope it is and it sometimes looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hope it is and it sometimes looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hope it is and it sometimes looks
+like it is but it's not and if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is but it's not and if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is but it's not and if it's not
+then you can't describe excitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't describe excitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't describe excitations of
+electrons as going between between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as going between between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as going between between one
+con shamon state to another con shamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con shamon state to another con shamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con shamon state to another con shamon
+State because they're not one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State because they're not one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State because they're not one electron
+States okay so what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so what we're doing is
+completely hokey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely hokey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely hokey
+it's just that you know in reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that you know in reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that you know in reasonable
+materials and metals and semiconductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and metals and semiconductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and metals and semiconductors
+they damn look very much like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they damn look very much like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they damn look very much like one
+electron State and this stuff works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron State and this stuff works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron State and this stuff works
+where it breaks down is typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it breaks down is typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it breaks down is typically you
+know in materials with very high degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in materials with very high degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in materials with very high degrees
+of correlation transition metal oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlation transition metal oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlation transition metal oxides
+where these things don't look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these things don't look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these things don't look at all
+like one electron igen States because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one electron igen States because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one electron igen States because
+what happens in those is as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in those is as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in those is as soon as you
+do an electron excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an electron excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an electron excitation
+the whole underlying igen value Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole underlying igen value Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole underlying igen value Spectrum
+changes okay and remember then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay and remember then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay and remember then it's not
+an igen State an IG state is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen State an IG state is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen State an IG state is supposed to
+be ortogonal to the rest so if filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ortogonal to the rest so if filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ortogonal to the rest so if filling
+or unfilling it changes the occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unfilling it changes the occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unfilling it changes the occupation
+of all the other ones and the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the other ones and the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the other ones and the wave
+function of all the other ones and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all the other ones and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all the other ones and it
+wasn't the nigen state okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the nigen state okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the nigen state okay so there
+this stuff uh fails um I'm kind of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff uh fails um I'm kind of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff uh fails um I'm kind of out
+of time so um what I was going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so um what I was going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so um what I was going to do
+was show you the next picture which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was show you the next picture which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was show you the next picture which you
+may just have a look at shows just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may just have a look at shows just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may just have a look at shows just the
+contribution of the electronic entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the electronic entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the electronic entropy
+and the vibrational entropy in metals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vibrational entropy in metals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vibrational entropy in metals so
+as a function of temperature so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature so you can
+sort of see how they compare uh to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see how they compare uh to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see how they compare uh to each
+other so actually let me end here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so actually let me end here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so actually let me end here and uh
+we'll see you back on Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file